TEXT
Table 1.  Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 2.  Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 3.  Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 4.  Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 5.  Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 6.  Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 7.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 8.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 9.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 10.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 11.  Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1992.
Table 12.  Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 13.  Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 14.  Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
Table 15.  Korea:  Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1992
Table 16.  Taiwan:  Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1992

Historical, technical                   USDL: 93-348
  information: (202) 606-5654           For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Current data:  (202) 606-7828           Wednesday, August 25, 1993
Media contact: (202) 606-5902
 
 
 
          INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY
                      AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 1992
 
     The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today
reported on 1992 developments in manufacturing labor productivity (output
per hour) and unit labor costs in the United States and other industrial
economies.
 
     The U.S. manufacturing productivity gain of 4.6 percent in 1992 was
below the gain recorded by the United Kingdom, was about the same as
Sweden's increase, and exceeded the increases found in Canada and the six
other European economies covered by the BLS comparative measures.  The only
decline in manufacturing productivity occurred in Japan.  (See table A.)
 
     The United States, with a 1.5 percent decrease, was the only economy
studied in which manufacturing unit labor costs, measured on a national
currency basis, declined in 1992.  Canadian unit labor costs were unchanged
in Canadian dollars, but fell 5 percent when measured in U.S. dollars.
Adjusted for changes in foreign currency values relative to the U.S. dollar,
the remaining economies experienced increases from 1/2 of 1 percent in Korea
to 18 percent in Japan.
 
     The 1992 measures of percent changes in manufacturing productivity,
unit labor costs, and related variables for the United States, Canada,
Japan, and the eight European countries for which data are available are
summarized in table A.1  Table A also shows percent changes in unit labor
costs for Korea and Taiwan, but comparable productivity figures are not
available because adequate labor input measures have not been developed.
Table B shows annual average percent changes for selected periods from 1979
for 14 economies.  Indexes of the measures for the United States, Canada,
Japan, and the European countries are in tables 1-14; output and unit labor
cost indexes for Korea and Taiwan are in tables 15 and 16.  U.S. indexes for
most of the measures are not currently available prior to 1977; see box on
page 11.
 
     __________
 
     1 Data for Germany relate to the former West Germany.
 
                                                             - 2 -
 
 
Productivity, output, and labor input
 
     The U.S. increase in manufacturing labor productivity of 4.6 percent in
1992 resulted from a 3.1 percent increase in output and a 1.4 percent
decline in labor hours.  The productivity increases recorded by both the
United Kingdom and Sweden resulted from substantially larger reductions in
labor input than in manufacturing output.  Japan's 6 percent decline in
productivity was largely attributable to a decline in output; labor hours
were reduced by only about 1 percent.
 
     Only Korea and Taiwan had larger manufacturing output increases than
the U.S.  Manufacturing output fell in Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands,
as well as in Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Japan.
 
     Labor input (as measured by hours worked) decreased in all of the
countries except Norway, where hours worked remained unchanged.  The U.S.
decrease of 1.4 percent was greater than the declines of about 1 percent in
Japan, Denmark, and the Netherlands, but less than those occurring in
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.  The
greatest decreases were in Sweden--about 7-1/2 percent--and the United
Kingdom--about 5-1/2 percent.
 
 
Hourly compensation and unit labor costs
 
     Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing--which include wages and
salaries, supplements, and employer payments for social security and other
employer-financed benefit plans--rose 3 percent in the U.S. in 1992.
Denmark and Norway had hourly compensation growth rates slightly lower than
the U.S. rate.  The remaining countries experienced increases ranging from
3-1/2 to nearly 7 percent for the year, with Italy and the United Kingdom
recording the largest increases.
 
     Manufacturing unit labor costs, which reflect changes in labor
productivity and hourly compensation costs, dropped 1-1/2 percent in the
United States from 1991 to 1992.  While the United States was the only
economy studied which experienced declining unit labor costs over the year,
several other countries also had very favorable unit labor cost
performances.  Unit labor costs were flat in Canada and Denmark and rose
only between 1/2 of 1 percent and 1-1/2 percent in France, Norway, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom.  Korea, Taiwan, and the remaining European countries
(Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands) posted unit labor cost growth ranging
from 3 to 7 percent.  Japanese unit labor costs, reflecting declining
productivity and a substantial hourly compensation cost increase, rose
11-1/2 percent.
 
                                                              - 3 -
 
           Table A.  Manufacturing productivity* and labor costs in 13 countries or areas
                                             Percent change, 1991-92
 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Output                                             Hourly   UNIT LABOR COSTS
                      per                         Employ-   Average   compen-  National    U.S.   Exchange
Country              hour     Output    Hours      ment     hours     sation   currency  dollars  rate (1)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
United States         4.6       3.1      -1.4      -2.1       0.7       3.0      -1.5      -1.5       ---
 
Canada                4.2       0.5      -3.6      -4.3       0.8       4.1      -0.0      -5.2      -5.2
Japan                -6.2      -7.3      -1.2       1.8      -3.0       4.6      11.5      18.3       6.2
Korea (2)              NA       4.8        NA        NA        NA        NA       7.0       0.5      -6.1
Taiwan (2)             NA       3.7        NA        NA        NA        NA       5.7      12.4       6.4
Denmark               2.6       1.6      -1.0      -1.3       0.3       2.8       0.2       6.2       6.1
France                2.9       0.5      -2.4      -2.6       0.2       3.4       0.5       7.2       6.7
 
Germany (3)           0.6      -1.3      -1.8      -1.7      -0.1       5.9       5.3      12.0       6.4
Italy                 3.7      -0.5      -4.0      -3.9      -0.1       6.8       3.0       3.8       0.7
Netherlands           0.8      -0.4      -1.2      -1.0      -0.2       5.4       4.6      11.3       6.4
Norway                1.8       1.8       0.0      -1.0       1.0       2.8       1.0       5.5       4.5
Sweden                4.7      -3.1      -7.4      -8.4       1.1       5.5       0.8       4.7       3.9
United Kingdom        5.1      -0.7      -5.6      -5.7       0.2       6.7       1.5       1.4      -0.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
* Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours of persons employed in manufacturing, it
does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production.  Rather, it
reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity
utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force.
 
(1)  Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.
(2)  See technical note.
(3)  Data relate to the former West Germany.
NA=Not Available
 
                                                             - 4 -
 
Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars
 
     In contrast to the previous year, the currencies of most of the foreign
economies appreciated relative to the U.S. dollar in 1992.  Except for the
United Kingdom, with essentially no change in its relative currency value,
and Italy, with a lira appreciation of less than 1 percent relative to the
dollar, the currencies of the European countries appreciated from about 4 to
6-1/2 percent.  The Japanese yen continued to appreciate strongly for the
second consecutive year, rising 6 percent relative to the dollar.  Only
Canada and Korea had substantial declines in relative currency values over
the year, 5 percent and 6 percent, respectively.  The currencies of Italy,
Sweden, and the United Kingdom, however, were down substantially by the end
of the year compared with the annual average values used in this release.
 
     In evaluating competitive changes in unit labor costs, changes in
relative currency values need to be taken into account.  Measured in U.S.
dollars, Canadian unit labor costs fell 5 percent.  Korea had the smallest
increase, just 1/2 of 1 percent; British unit labor costs rose 1-1/2
percent; the other European countries, except Germany and the Netherlands,
had increases ranging from about 4 to 7 percent; Germany, the Netherlands,
and Taiwan recorded increases of 11 to 12 percent; and Japan's unit labor
costs measured in U.S. dollars rose 18 percent.
 
 
Trade-weighted unit labor costs
 
     The countries covered by the BLS comparative measures differ greatly in
their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods.  Therefore,
BLS constructs two summary measures: A "competitors" index, which is the
trade-weighted geometric average of the unit labor cost indexes for the
other economies; and a relative index, which is the ratio of the U.S. index
to the "competitors" index.  The chart shows U.S. relative unit labor cost
indexes on both a national currency and U.S. dollar basis over the 1979-92
period.  Because 1992 data are not available for Belgium, it has been
excluded from this analysis; however, Belgium accounts for only about 3
percent of the total for the 13 foreign economies.
 
As the chart shows, U.S. relative unit labor costs, expressed on a national
currency basis (i.e., unadjusted for exchange rate changes), fell between
1979 and 1992, for an overall decline of 13 percentage points.  Adjusted for
relative changes in currency exchange rates, however, the pattern was quite
different.  The U.S. dollar appreciated by 42 percent on a trade-weighted
basis between 1979 and 1985, and U.S. relative unit labor costs rose 42
percentage points.  The value of the U.S. dollar fell between 1985 and 1988,
rose in 1989, and subsequently fell between 1989 and 1992, for an overall
decline of 36 percent.  Consequently, U.S. relative unit labor costs as of
1992, measured on a U.S. dollar basis, were down 62 percentage points over
1985 and by 20 percentage points over 1979.
 
                                                             - 5 -
 
 
 
****Chart titled "U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12
    competitors, 1979-92" appears at this point in the printed news release.
 
 
 
 
Recent exchange rate changes
 
     In the first 7 months of 1993, the currencies of Europe, Canada, Korea,
and Taiwan all depreciated against the U.S. dollar relative to their 1992
averages.  The Japanese yen, however, appreciated against the dollar; as of
June and July of 1993, it was up by 18 percent relative to its 1992 average
value.  As of  July 1993, the Korean won was down 3 percent relative to its
1992 average; the Canadian and Taiwanese dollars were down 6 percent;
several European currencies, those of Denmark, France, Germany, and the
Netherlands, were down nearly 10 percent; the British pound and the
Norwegian krone were down 15 percent; and the currencies of Italy and Sweden
were down 22 and 27 percent, respectively.
 
                                                             - 6 -
 
   Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
                   Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-92
 
                                   Average annual rates of change (1)
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country           1979-92   1979-85   1985-92      1988      1989      1990      1991      1992
or area
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                              Output per hour
 
United States         2.4       2.0       2.8       2.3       0.5       1.2       1.7       4.6
 
Canada                1.5       2.4       0.8       0.4      -0.4       1.3       0.6       4.2
Japan                 3.6       3.9       3.4       5.8       6.9       6.9       4.3      -6.2
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                NA       6.1        NA       4.2       4.8       2.1       2.3        NA
Denmark               1.4       2.1       0.9       3.8       3.4       1.8       1.3       2.6
France                2.9       3.1       2.7       6.8       5.0       1.2      -0.1       2.9
 
Germany (2)           1.8       2.0       1.6       3.6       3.0       3.3       2.0       0.6
Italy                 4.0       5.0       3.1       2.6       3.6       4.4       3.3       3.7
Netherlands           2.8       4.2       1.6       3.1       3.3       1.3       0.9       0.8
Norway                2.4       2.9       1.9      -0.5       5.2       2.5       0.7       1.8
Sweden                2.7       3.2       2.3       1.2       3.2       1.7       1.6       4.7
United Kingdom        4.5       4.6       4.5       5.5       4.5       2.4       4.0       5.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                       Continued on next page
 
                                                             - 7 -
 
    Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
                    Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-92--continued
 
                                    Average annual rates of change (1)
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country           1979-92   1979-85   1985-92      1988      1989      1990      1991      1992
or area
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
                                                  Output
 
United States         1.4       0.7       2.0       5.3       0.8      -1.0      -2.5       3.1
 
Canada                0.6       1.5      -0.1       5.1       0.2      -5.1      -6.6       0.5
Japan                 4.7       5.8       3.8       9.2       8.0       7.6       5.8      -7.3
Korea                10.0       9.1      10.9      13.4       3.7       9.1       8.9       4.8
Taiwan                7.3       8.3       6.5       3.6       3.7      -0.2       6.6       3.7
Belgium                NA       2.6        NA       5.1       6.4       3.6      -0.4        NA
Denmark               1.4       2.9       0.1       1.6       1.2       1.2      -0.8       1.6
France                0.7      -0.4       1.6       5.7       5.5       1.9      -1.9       0.5
 
Germany (2)           1.0       0.2       1.6       3.2       3.1       4.5       2.6      -1.3
Italy                 2.3       1.8       2.7       7.5       3.8       2.0      -0.6      -0.5
Netherlands           1.9       1.6       2.1       3.7       4.6       3.3       0.0      -0.4
Norway                0.1       1.0      -0.6      -4.8      -1.6       0.7      -2.1       1.8
Sweden                1.0       2.3      -0.1       3.1       1.2      -0.7      -4.7      -3.1
United Kingdom        0.4      -1.0       1.6       7.0       4.3      -0.5      -5.2      -0.7
 
 
                                                 Total hours
 
United States        -1.0      -1.2      -0.8       2.9       0.3      -2.2      -4.1      -1.4
 
Canada               -0.9      -0.9      -0.9       4.6       0.6      -6.3      -7.2      -3.6
Japan                 1.0       1.8       0.4       3.2       1.1       0.6       1.5      -1.2
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                NA      -3.3        NA       0.9       1.6       1.5      -2.6        NA
Denmark              -0.1       0.8      -0.8      -2.1      -2.2      -0.6      -2.0      -1.0
France               -2.1      -3.4      -1.1      -1.0       0.5       0.7      -1.8      -2.4
 
Germany (2)          -0.8      -1.8       0.0      -0.4       0.1       1.2       0.7      -1.8
Italy                -1.6      -3.1      -0.4       4.8       0.2      -2.3      -3.8      -4.0
Netherlands          -0.8      -2.5       0.6       0.7       1.3       2.0      -0.9      -1.2
Norway               -2.2      -1.9      -2.5      -4.3      -6.5      -1.8      -2.8       0.0
Sweden               -1.7      -0.9      -2.4       1.8      -2.0      -2.3      -6.2      -7.4
United Kingdom       -4.0      -5.3      -2.8       1.5      -0.2      -2.8      -8.9      -5.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                       Continued on next page
 
                                                             - 8 -
 
   Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
                   Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-92--continued
 
                                   Average annual rates of change (1)
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country           1979-92   1979-85   1985-92      1988      1989      1990      1991      1992
or area
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
                                                Employment
 
United States        -1.1      -1.4      -0.9       1.8       0.4      -1.5      -3.5      -2.1
 
Canada               -0.8      -0.8      -0.9       4.4       1.2      -5.2      -7.1      -4.3
Japan                 1.6       1.7       1.5       2.2       2.2       2.2       3.9       1.8
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                NA      -2.7        NA      -0.7       2.1       0.3      -0.9        NA
Denmark               0.2       1.0      -0.6      -2.2      -1.0       0.6      -2.3      -1.3
France               -1.7      -2.3      -1.2      -1.4       0.7       0.8      -1.5      -2.6
 
Germany (2)           0.0      -1.1       0.8      -0.2       1.4       2.9       1.7      -1.7
Italy                -1.9      -2.9      -0.9       1.2       0.4       0.1      -2.7      -3.9
Netherlands          -0.6      -2.1       0.7       0.8       1.5       2.0      -0.7      -1.0
Norway               -2.1      -1.8      -2.4      -4.6      -7.1      -1.8      -3.3      -1.0
Sweden               -2.1      -1.2      -2.9       2.0      -1.6      -3.4      -7.3      -8.4
United Kingdom       -3.7      -4.9      -2.6       0.9      -0.1      -2.1      -7.2      -5.7
 
 
                                                 Average hours
 
United States         0.2       0.2       0.1       1.1      -0.1      -0.7      -0.6       0.7
 
Canada                0.0      -0.1       0.0       0.2      -0.6      -1.2      -0.1       0.8
Japan                -0.5       0.1      -1.0       1.1      -1.1      -1.6      -2.3      -3.0
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                NA      -0.6        NA       1.6      -0.5       1.2      -1.7        NA
Denmark              -0.3      -0.3      -0.3       0.1      -1.2      -1.2       0.3       0.3
France               -0.5      -1.1       0.1       0.4      -0.3      -0.1      -0.3       0.2
 
Germany (2)          -0.8      -0.7      -0.8      -0.2      -1.2      -1.7      -1.0      -0.1
Italy                 0.2      -0.1       0.6       3.5      -0.2      -2.4      -1.1      -0.1
Netherlands          -0.3      -0.4      -0.2      -0.1      -0.2       0.0      -0.2      -0.2
Norway               -0.1      -0.1      -0.1       0.3       0.7      -0.1       0.5       1.0
Sweden                0.5       0.4       0.5      -0.2      -0.3       1.2       1.2       1.1
United Kingdom       -0.3      -0.5      -0.2       0.5      -0.1      -0.8      -1.8       0.2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                       Continued on next page
 
                                                             - 9 -
 
   Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
                   Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-92--continued
 
                                   Average annual rates of change (1)
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country           1979-92   1979-85   1985-92      1988      1989      1990      1991      1992
or area
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                    Hourly compensation(3):  National currency basis
 
United States         5.3       6.9       3.9       3.9       3.9       5.1       5.1       3.0
 
Canada                6.6       8.7       4.8       4.4       5.3       7.0       6.0       4.1
Japan                 4.8       4.7       4.8       1.7       6.3       7.9       5.8       4.6
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                NA       7.7        NA       1.8       5.3       5.9       5.7        NA
Denmark               6.3       8.1       4.7       3.6       5.7       5.3       4.4       2.8
France                8.0      12.8       4.1       3.8       5.4       3.9       4.2       3.4
 
Germany (2)           5.6       5.9       5.4       3.8       4.8       7.1       7.0       5.9
Italy                11.7      16.7       7.6       4.2      10.4      11.6      10.7       6.8
Netherlands           3.8       4.8       3.0       0.6       0.5       2.6       5.2       5.4
Norway                8.2      10.0       6.7       6.1       4.4       5.6       4.7       2.8
Sweden                8.7       9.6       8.0       6.6      10.6      10.3       8.5       5.5
United Kingdom        9.6      11.2       8.1       5.5       8.8      11.9      10.5       6.7
 
 
                                      Unit labor costs:  National currency basis
 
United States         2.8       4.9       1.1       1.5       3.4       3.9       3.4      -1.5
 
Canada                5.0       6.1       4.0       4.0       5.7       5.6       5.3       0.0
Japan                 1.1       0.7       1.4      -3.8      -0.5       0.9       1.5      11.5
Korea                 8.2       8.2       8.2      11.2      21.2       9.8       5.7       7.0
Taiwan                5.2       7.1       3.5       3.2       4.4       7.0       1.6       5.7
Belgium                NA       1.5        NA      -2.3       0.5       3.7       3.3        NA
Denmark               4.8       5.9       3.8      -0.2       2.2       3.3       3.1       0.2
France                5.0       9.4       1.3      -2.8       0.4       2.7       4.4       0.5
 
Germany (2)           3.8       3.8       3.7       0.3       1.7       3.7       4.9       5.3
Italy                 7.4      11.1       4.4       1.6       6.6       6.9       7.1       3.0
Netherlands           1.0       0.6       1.4      -2.4      -2.7       1.3       4.3       4.6
Norway                5.7       6.9       4.7       6.6      -0.8       3.0       3.9       1.0
Sweden                5.9       6.2       5.6       5.3       7.2       8.5       6.7       0.8
United Kingdom        4.8       6.3       3.5       0.0       4.1       9.3       6.2       1.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                       Continued on next page
 
                                                             - 10 -
 
    Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
                   Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-92--continued
 
                                   Average annual rates of change (1)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country           1979-92   1979-85   1985-92      1988      1989      1990      1991      1992
or area
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                       Unit labor costs:  U.S. dollar basis
 
United States         2.8       4.9       1.1       1.5       3.4       3.9       3.4      -1.5
 
Canada                4.7       3.4       5.8      12.0       9.8       7.2       7.3      -5.2
Japan                 5.4      -0.8      11.0       8.5      -7.7      -3.9       9.3      18.3
Korea                 4.3      -1.9       9.9      25.0      32.1       4.2       2.0       0.5
Taiwan                8.1       5.3      10.6      14.5      13.1       5.0       2.2      12.4
Belgium                NA      -9.7        NA      -0.7      -6.2      22.3       1.0        NA
Denmark               3.7      -5.8      12.5       1.4      -5.9      22.2      -0.3       6.2
France                3.2      -3.4       9.3      -2.0      -6.2      20.2       0.7       7.2
 
Germany (2)           5.1      -4.0      13.5       2.6      -5.0      20.6       2.1      12.0
Italy                 4.2      -3.3      11.1       1.2       1.2      22.4       3.4       3.8
Netherlands           2.1      -7.5      11.0       0.0      -9.3      18.1       1.5      11.3
Norway                4.1      -2.1       9.7      10.2      -6.4      13.9       0.1       5.5
Sweden                3.4      -5.4      11.6       8.9       1.9      18.2       4.4       4.7
United Kingdom        3.3      -2.0       8.1       8.6      -4.3      19.0       5.2       1.4
 
 
                                               Exchange rates (4)
 
United States         0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0
 
Canada               -0.2      -2.5       1.8       7.7       3.9       1.5       1.8      -5.2
Japan                 4.3      -1.5       9.4      12.8      -7.2      -4.8       7.7       6.2
Korea                -3.6      -9.3       1.6      12.5       8.9      -5.1      -3.5      -6.1
Taiwan                2.8      -1.7       6.8      11.0       8.3      -1.9       0.6       6.4
Belgium              -0.7     -11.1       9.2       1.6      -6.7      17.9      -2.3       6.4
Denmark              -1.1     -11.0       8.4       1.6      -7.9      18.3      -3.3       6.1
France               -1.7     -11.7       7.8       0.9      -6.6      17.1      -3.5       6.7
 
Germany (2)           1.2      -7.6       9.5       2.3      -6.6      16.3      -2.7       6.4
Italy                -3.0     -12.9       6.5      -0.4      -5.1      14.5      -3.5       0.7
Netherlands           1.0      -8.0       9.5       2.5      -6.8      16.5      -2.7       6.4
Norway               -1.6      -8.4       4.7       3.3      -5.6      10.5      -3.7       4.5
Sweden               -2.3     -11.0       5.7       3.4      -4.9       9.0      -2.1       3.9
United Kingdom       -1.4      -7.9       4.5       8.6      -8.0       8.9      -0.9      -0.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
(1)  Rates of change based on the compound           (3)  Adjusted to include employment taxes
     rate method.                                         that are not compensation to employees
                                                          but are labor costs to employers.
(2)  Data relate to the former West Germany.
                                                     (4)  Value of foreign currency relative to
NA = Not available.                                       the U.S. dollar.
                                                             - 11 -
 
****(The following section appears as a box in the printed news release.)****
 
                      NOTE ON THE U.S. OUTPUT MEASURES
 
     The historical data for the United States reflect revised
 manufacturing output measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis
 (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1977 through 1989 and new
 estimates for 1990.  The revised output measures were released by BEA on
 June 10 and were used by BLS in its June 17 news release on productivity
 and costs in the U.S. economy.  The 1990-91 and 1991-92 percent changes in
 manufacturing output are based on the trend shown by the industrial
 production indexes published by the Federal Reserve Board.  Comparable
 manufacturing output data are not currently available prior to 1977.
 
     The U.S. real output measures constructed by BEA are based on fixed
 price weights of a single year.  Fixed-weighted real output series have
 several advantages, but, if there are major changes in relative prices
 over the period covered, the change in real output becomes sensitive to
 the choice of price weights.  This issue is discussed by BEA in the April
 1992 issue of the Survey of Current Business in which alternative measures
 of real output growth are shown using "chain-type annual weighted quantity
 index" numbers (for total gross domestic product--GDP) and "benchmark-
 years-weighted quantity index" numbers (for total GDP and for
 manufacturing).  In manufacturing, preliminary estimates presented in the
 Survey article indicated that the differences in the trends since 1977
 based on "benchmark-years-weighted" and "fixed-weighted" indexes can
 average one percentage point or more over some time periods.  BLS is
 studying these new BEA alternative measures and will consider introducing
 them in future computations of manufacturing productivity.
 
 Most of the foreign economies link fixed-weighted measures covering
 various time periods, but some also produce annual chain-weighted indexes.
 The output measures used in this release are fixed weighted, with the
 following exception: The measures for Norway for each year from 1987
 forward are based on relative prices of the preceding year.
 
                                                             - 12 -
 
                               TECHNICAL NOTE
 
The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing
labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation costs, and unit
labor costs from three basic aggregative measures---output, total labor
hours, and total compensation.  The hours and compensation measures refer to
all employed persons, including self-employed persons and unpaid family
workers, in the United States and Canada and to all employees (wage and
salary earners) in the other economies.  Hours refer to hours worked in all
countries.  (The figures for Canada in this release are the official
measures prepared by Statistics Canada.)
 
In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the
International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).  However, the
measures for France, Italy (beginning 1970), and the United Kingdom
(beginning 1971) refer to mining and manufacturing less energy-related
products; the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing
handicrafts from 1960 to 1966; and the measures for the Netherlands exclude
petroleum refining and include coal mining from 1969 to 1976.
 
Output:  In general, the output measures are value added in manufacturing
(gross product originating) in constant prices from the national accounts of
each country.  However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and the Netherlands
from 1969 to 1977 are indexes of industrial production.  The national
accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their
indexes of industrial production.  While methods of deriving national
accounts measures differ substantially from country to country, the use of
different procedures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparability--
rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and
reliability of underlying data series.
 
Labor Input:  The total hours measures are developed from statistics of
manufacturing employment and average hours.  The series used for France
(from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with
the national accounts.  Where official total hours series are not available,
the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with
the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and
estimates of annual hours worked.
 
For the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, the Bureau publishes only measures of
unit labor costs and its components--output and total compensation.  Total
hours, and consequently productivity, are not computed for Korea and Taiwan
because BLS has not yet developed adequate labor input series.
 
                                                             - 13 -
 
Compensation (labor cost):  The compensation measures are from the national
accounts except those for Belgium, which are developed by the Bureau using
statistics on employment, average hours, and hourly compensation.
Compensation includes all payments in cash or kind made directly to
employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs
and contractual and private benefit plans.  In addition, for some countries,
compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll
or employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies).  Self-employed workers are
included in the U.S. and Canadian figures by assuming that their hourly
compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees.
 
Current Indicators:  For most countries, the measures for recent years may
be based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial
production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation
until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures
become available.
 
Level Comparisons:  The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons.  BLS
does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit
labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing
the levels of manufacturing output among countries.  Each country measures
manufacturing output in its own currency units.  To compare outputs among
countries, a common unit of measure--such as the U.S.  dollar--is needed.
Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output
levels.  What are needed are purchasing-power-parity (PPP) exchange rates,
that is, the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and
services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency.
 
PPP exchange rates are available for total gross domestic product (GDP).
However, these PPP exchange rates are derived from the expenditure side of
the national accounts (consumer, business, and government final expenditures
for goods and services) and not from the output side of the accounts (gross
product originating by industry, or value added).  Therefore, they do not
provide PPP exchange rates by industry.  The PPP exchange rates for total
GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing.
Table 1.  Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         United                          Bel-       Den                                 Nether-                        United
 Year    States    Canada     Japan      gium      mark    France   Germany     Italy     lands    Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950        NA      35.5       7.6        NA      24.5      20.0      18.4      16.6      16.7      34.3      25.9      40.4
 
 1955        NA      43.6      12.7        NA      26.7      24.5      26.6      23.2      20.9      38.0      28.4      43.6
 
 1960        NA      51.6      18.6      24.2      32.4      31.2      38.6      29.1      26.5      47.8      36.3      49.4
 1961        NA      54.4      21.1      24.5      34.3      33.0      40.2      31.4      27.9      49.3      38.0      49.5
 1962        NA      58.2      22.0      25.8      36.0      35.0      42.9      34.8      28.8      49.3      40.8      50.6
 1963        NA      60.3      23.8      26.8      37.2      36.7      44.7      35.7      29.8      51.8      43.2      53.3
 1964        NA      63.2      27.0      28.5      40.2      39.4      48.4      36.1      32.4      54.7      46.8      56.8
 1965        NA      66.1      28.1      29.9      42.2      42.1      51.2      40.2      34.5      58.0      50.1      58.5
 1966        NA      67.6      30.9      32.0      44.3      45.4      53.4      43.7      36.7      60.4      52.2      60.4
 1967        NA      68.9      35.5      33.8      47.6      48.2      56.8      45.9      39.3      62.5      56.5      63.2
 1968        NA      74.0      40.0      36.8      51.9      53.3      61.3      49.5      43.9      66.4      61.7      67.7
 1969        NA      77.9      46.2      40.2      54.0      56.3      65.1      51.3      48.0      72.6      66.4      69.4
 
 1970        NA      76.9      52.0      44.3      57.2      59.6      67.0      54.6      52.9      74.5      69.2      70.9
 1971        NA      82.4      54.8      47.0      61.1      62.8      69.6      55.6      55.7      77.2      72.1      74.3
 1972        NA      86.4      60.5      52.3      66.0      65.5      73.9      60.3      60.6      81.4      75.7      78.5
 1973        NA      91.9      66.1      57.8      72.7      69.9      78.5      65.2      67.3      86.4      81.3      84.1
 1974        NA      93.3      66.9      61.1      75.1      71.3      81.2      69.8      72.9      90.0      84.7      85.5
 1975        NA      90.1      69.6      63.5      82.6      73.8      84.5      67.4      71.3      88.6      85.9      83.7
 1976        NA      96.4      74.6      70.0      85.7      78.1      90.5      76.5      79.3      91.4      87.2      87.3
 1977      96.3     101.8      77.9      73.4      87.3      82.6      93.1      78.2      82.7      90.8      85.7      88.1
 1978      96.4     102.9      82.3      77.9      88.5      86.2      96.3      83.3      88.1      92.2      88.1      89.3
 1979      95.0     103.8      88.8      82.2      92.9      90.1     100.2      91.1      92.9      97.7      95.1      90.3
 
 1980      92.9      99.9      92.1      87.5      98.0      90.5      98.4      95.5      93.9      96.3      96.6      89.9
 1981      96.2     104.8      95.5      94.2      99.6      93.2     100.5      97.8      97.5      96.5      96.2      94.5
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     102.2     107.3     101.9     110.9     104.9     102.5     105.3     105.2     106.6     105.2     107.6     108.5
 1984     103.5     116.3     106.1     115.8     104.3     104.2     108.9     115.7     115.0     112.6     113.4     114.0
 1985     106.8     119.8     112.0     117.2     105.0     108.2     112.9     122.3     118.7     116.0     114.5     118.2
 1986     109.6     117.9     110.3     118.2      98.9     110.0     113.4     123.7     120.1     114.6     116.5     122.9
 1987     116.7     119.0     119.5     120.1      98.4     112.1     111.5     127.2     120.7     120.4     118.9     130.4
 1988     119.4     119.5     126.5     125.2     102.1     119.7     115.5     130.5     124.4     119.7     120.4     137.5
 1989     120.0     119.0     135.2     131.2     105.6     125.6     119.0     135.1     128.5     125.9     124.3     143.7
 
 1990     121.4     120.6     144.5     133.9     107.5     127.2     122.9     141.1     130.1     129.1     126.4     147.2
 1991     123.4     121.4     150.7     137.0     108.9     127.0     125.4     145.8     131.3     130.1     128.4     153.1
 1992     129.1     126.4     141.4        NA     111.7     130.7     126.1     151.2     132.3     132.4     134.4     161.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 2.  Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                                                                         Nether-                        United
 Year   States    Canada    Japan    Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950        NA      39.6       8.1        NA      33.1      24.0      25.3      18.9      21.0      43.0      35.9      47.4
 
 1955        NA      46.8      14.3        NA      35.4      29.2      36.5      27.0      26.3      47.9      39.1      51.7
 
 1960        NA      55.1      21.8      30.4      40.8      37.4      47.7      34.2      33.8      57.8      47.3      57.5
 1961        NA      57.8      24.3      30.7      41.9      39.7      48.9      36.6      34.1      58.8      49.1      56.8
 1962        NA      62.5      24.7      32.4      44.4      42.0      50.8      39.3      34.9      58.6      52.3      57.5
 1963        NA      65.0      26.5      33.6      45.1      44.1      52.0      40.5      36.0      61.3      54.7      60.4
 1964        NA      68.4      29.8      35.6      49.2      47.1      56.4      40.9      38.8      65.4      58.7      65.0
 1965        NA      71.6      30.5      36.8      51.5      49.8      59.5      44.1      41.1      67.4      62.4      66.0
 1966        NA      72.7      33.8      39.0      53.1      54.0      61.1      48.4      43.5      70.4      65.0      66.9
 1967        NA      73.8      38.8      40.8      56.3      56.7      63.3      51.5      46.4      72.3      69.3      69.5
 1968        NA      79.3      43.6      44.4      60.1      60.9      69.2      55.6      50.9      74.9      74.0      75.1
 1969        NA      83.2      49.6      47.9      61.7      66.0      73.8      57.2      54.9      80.0      78.3      76.9
 
 1970        NA      81.5      55.2      51.5      63.3      68.9      75.4      59.8      59.3      81.5      79.8      77.4
 1971        NA      86.8      57.1      53.7      67.3      72.1      76.5      59.2      61.9      83.7      83.0      79.2
 1972        NA      91.0      62.8      58.5      71.2      74.5      80.5      63.8      66.4      87.4      84.8      82.9
 1973        NA      96.4      68.1      63.1      74.2      78.3      84.9      69.8      72.3      92.6      89.4      90.0
 1974        NA      97.3      65.8      64.9      78.2      78.9      86.0      72.1      75.9      95.6      92.0      88.6
 1975        NA      92.9      66.7      63.9      83.3      79.2      87.4      68.4      72.9      94.4      91.5      86.4
 1976        NA      99.3      73.8      71.7      86.8      84.2      96.1      77.7      80.9      95.0      91.8      90.9
 1977      99.9     105.1      77.3      74.9      87.6      88.2      97.2      79.0      84.0      92.7      89.6      92.4
 1978      99.9     106.5      82.2      79.3      87.8      91.3      99.2      83.9      88.6      93.2      89.7      93.3
 1979      97.9     106.6      89.6      83.6      92.1      95.3     102.8      91.1      92.4      97.5      95.1      93.8
 
 1980      94.6     102.2      92.9      87.7      97.8      95.8      99.8      95.7      93.9      96.7      95.6      90.3
 1981      98.0     105.9      95.7      92.2      98.2      97.4     100.6      98.0      97.0      96.7      95.8      93.6
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     105.0     108.7     102.5     108.1     106.3     102.0     105.0     105.2     106.5     105.8     108.9     108.8
 1984     107.9     119.1     108.1     112.3     105.4     103.8     108.5     115.7     114.1     112.5     117.0     115.3
 1985     111.4     122.6     113.3     115.2     102.6     107.1     110.8     121.2     115.2     115.1     117.4     119.5
 1986     114.2     120.6     110.8     116.3      98.8     109.0     110.4     125.7     116.4     113.4     118.8     124.0
 1987     122.3     122.6     120.6     119.3      96.1     111.7     108.0     131.6     116.6     115.7     122.8     132.5
 1988     126.5     123.5     129.0     126.3      99.8     119.8     111.7     139.7     120.0     115.5     124.0     140.5
 1989     127.0     122.3     136.3     131.7     101.9     125.4     113.6     144.4     123.7     122.2     127.6     146.6
 
 1990     127.6     122.4     143.5     136.1     102.6     126.8     115.4     147.2     125.3     125.3     131.3     149.0
 1991     128.9     123.0     146.2     136.8     104.1     126.3     116.5     150.4     126.2     126.8     134.9     152.2
 1992     135.8     129.1     133.0        NA     107.2     130.3     117.0     155.7     126.9     130.4     142.8     160.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 3.  Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                                                                         Nether-                        United
 Year   States    Canada    Japan    Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950        NA      29.1       3.1        NA      29.8      20.9      17.6      12.3      22.6      37.9      34.9      60.6
 
 1955        NA      37.7       6.9        NA      32.8      26.0      33.7      19.0      30.9      46.4      40.4      71.2
 
 1960        NA      44.1      15.1      37.8      45.4      35.1      50.9      28.0      42.7      56.0      52.0      82.3
 1961        NA      45.9      18.1      39.5      47.9      37.7      53.9      30.8      44.2      58.3      55.5      82.4
 1962        NA      51.1      19.7      42.6      52.0      40.5      56.5      34.1      46.3      58.8      59.7      82.7
 1963        NA      54.5      21.9      44.6      52.7      43.6      57.6      36.3      48.3      62.3      62.7      85.6
 1964        NA      60.0      25.5      48.6      58.9      47.6      62.7      36.8      52.9      66.8      68.2      93.4
 1965        NA      66.0      26.5      50.2      62.7      50.0      67.4      38.7      56.6      70.3      73.0      96.1
 1966        NA      70.3      30.0      53.1      64.0      54.6      68.6      42.3      59.6      74.5      75.1      97.7
 1967        NA      71.8      36.0      53.8      64.7      57.2      67.1      46.5      62.0      76.9      77.5      98.4
 1968        NA      76.6      41.6      57.5      69.7      60.4      74.0      50.8      67.8      78.8      81.5     105.3
 1969        NA      82.0      48.4      64.3      73.5      67.6      82.7      54.1      74.4      84.5      87.9     109.3
 
 1970        NA      78.5      55.1      70.9      75.7      72.7      86.9      58.4      80.3      88.4      91.3     109.8
 1971        NA      83.5      57.8      74.1      77.2      77.2      87.8      59.3      82.3      91.5      91.9     108.6
 1972        NA      90.3      63.8      79.6      83.9      80.8      90.7      62.7      85.3      95.9      92.5     110.9
 1973        NA     100.0      71.8      86.9      88.5      87.0      96.4      70.7      91.2     101.3      99.0     121.2
 1974        NA     103.0      69.7      90.4      89.9      88.7      95.5      75.6      95.2     106.4     104.4     119.6
 1975        NA      96.1      67.1      83.6      87.7      86.9      91.0      71.1      88.3     104.1     104.7     111.4
 1976        NA     103.1      73.6      89.9      91.9      92.0      98.0      81.6      94.2     104.3     104.8     113.5
 1977     104.3     106.9      76.4      90.2      92.3      96.2      99.8      84.6      95.2     102.2      98.8     115.7
 1978     108.7     111.7      79.8      91.5      92.0      98.4     101.7      88.8      97.9      99.8      96.1     116.3
 1979     109.3     115.9      86.5      93.9      97.3     101.3     106.7      97.9     101.0     102.7     102.3     116.2
 
 1980     102.0     110.7      91.5      96.4     101.7     100.6     104.7     103.1     101.5     101.7     102.7     106.1
 1981     105.0     114.8      95.7      95.8      98.4      99.0     103.6     101.1     101.5     100.7      99.6      99.8
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     103.2     106.5     104.3     105.6     106.7      99.9     101.3     100.8     101.9      99.3     106.5     102.9
 1984     111.3     120.2     113.2     108.4     111.7      98.7     104.3     105.4     107.9     105.0     115.0     106.8
 1985     114.0     127.0     121.2     109.6     115.3      99.1     107.9     108.9     111.1     108.8     117.1     109.6
 1986     115.2     127.9     117.9     108.9     115.3      99.1     109.4     111.5     113.8     108.8     118.5     111.1
 1987     123.5     134.1     126.5     109.0     110.6      98.9     107.3     116.3     115.4     110.8     121.4     116.9
 1988     130.1     140.9     138.2     114.6     112.3     104.6     110.7     125.0     119.7     105.5     125.1     125.1
 1989     131.2     141.2     149.3     121.9     113.6     110.3     114.2     129.7     125.2     103.8     126.5     130.5
 
 1990     129.8     134.0     160.6     126.4     115.0     112.4     119.3     132.3     129.3     104.5     125.7     129.8
 1991     126.7     125.1     170.0     125.9     114.0     110.2     122.5     131.5     129.4     102.3     119.8     123.0
 1992     130.6     125.7     157.6        NA     115.9     110.8     120.9     130.9     128.8     104.2     116.1     122.1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 4.  Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                                                                         Nether-                        United
 Year   States    Canada    Japan    Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950      87.3      82.0      40.7        NA     121.8     104.4      95.4      74.0     135.2     110.6     134.9     150.0
 
 1955      96.5      86.5      54.3        NA     122.9     106.2     126.9      81.9     147.9     122.0     142.5     163.3
 
 1960      94.0      85.5      81.2     156.2     140.0     112.6     131.9      96.2     160.9     117.3     143.3     166.6
 1961      91.5      84.3      86.0     161.0     139.7     114.4     134.1      98.2     158.0     118.3     146.0     166.7
 1962      95.3      87.9      89.4     165.0     144.3     115.7     131.6      98.1     160.9     119.4     146.4     163.4
 1963      96.3      90.4      92.3     166.4     141.6     118.9     128.9     101.7     162.0     120.4     145.1     160.7
 1964      98.3      95.0      94.6     170.7     146.3     120.8     129.5     102.0     163.0     122.1     145.9     164.5
 1965     104.0      99.8      94.3     167.6     148.6     118.6     131.7      96.3     163.9     121.3     145.6     164.3
 1966     110.8     103.9      97.1     166.1     144.4     120.1     128.6      96.8     162.5     123.4     143.9     161.9
 1967     110.1     104.2     101.5     158.9     136.1     118.6     118.1     101.4     157.8     122.9     137.1     155.7
 1968     111.7     103.6     104.1     156.4     134.3     113.2     120.9     102.7     154.6     118.5     132.1     155.5
 1969     113.1     105.3     104.8     160.0     136.1     120.0     126.9     105.5     154.9     116.4     132.4     157.6
 
 1970     106.5     102.1     105.9     159.9     132.3     122.0     129.7     107.0     152.0     118.6     131.9     154.9
 1971     102.5     101.4     105.6     157.6     126.5     123.0     126.2     106.8     147.9     118.6     127.5     146.1
 1972     107.1     104.5     105.4     152.1     127.0     123.5     122.8     104.0     140.7     117.8     122.1     141.3
 1973     112.6     108.8     108.6     150.3     121.8     124.5     122.9     108.3     135.6     117.3     121.8     144.0
 1974     110.1     110.3     104.1     148.0     119.7     124.4     117.6     108.4     130.6     118.3     123.3     139.9
 1975      99.2     106.6      96.4     131.6     106.2     117.8     107.7     105.6     123.8     117.4     121.9     133.1
 1976     104.0     106.9      98.7     128.5     107.3     117.8     108.3     106.7     118.8     114.1     120.1     129.9
 1977     108.3     105.0      98.2     122.9     105.8     116.5     107.2     108.2     115.1     112.6     115.2     131.3
 1978     112.8     108.6      97.0     117.4     104.0     114.2     105.6     106.6     111.1     108.3     109.0     130.2
 1979     115.0     111.6      97.4     114.3     104.7     112.4     106.5     107.4     108.7     105.1     107.6     128.8
 
 1980     109.8     110.8      99.3     110.1     103.7     111.2     106.3     108.0     108.1     105.5     106.3     118.1
 1981     109.2     109.6     100.2     101.7      98.8     106.2     103.1     103.4     104.1     104.3     103.5     105.6
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     101.0      99.2     102.4      95.2     101.7      97.4      96.2      95.8      95.6      94.3      99.0      94.8
 1984     107.5     103.3     106.6      93.6     107.1      94.7      95.8      91.1      93.8      93.2     101.4      93.7
 1985     106.7     106.0     108.2      93.5     109.8      91.6      95.6      89.0      93.6      93.8     102.2      92.8
 1986     105.1     108.5     106.9      92.2     116.6      90.0      96.5      90.1      94.8      94.9     101.7      90.4
 1987     105.9     112.7     105.8      90.7     112.4      88.3      96.2      91.4      95.6      92.1     102.1      89.7
 1988     109.0     117.9     109.3      91.5     110.0      87.4      95.8      95.8      96.2      88.1     103.9      91.0
 1989     109.3     118.6     110.4      93.0     107.6      87.8      95.9      96.0      97.4      82.5     101.8      90.8
 
 1990     106.9     111.1     111.2      94.4     106.9      88.4      97.1      93.7      99.4      80.9      99.5      88.2
 1991     102.6     103.1     112.8      91.9     104.7      86.8      97.7      90.2      98.5      78.6      93.3      80.4
 1992     101.2      99.4     111.5        NA     103.7      84.7      95.9      86.6      97.4      78.7      86.3      75.9
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 5.  Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                                                                         Nether-                        United
 Year   States    Canada    Japan    Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950      81.3      73.5      37.9        NA      90.2      87.2      69.5      65.1     107.6      88.0      97.3     127.9
 
 1955      89.8      80.5      48.2        NA      92.7      89.1      92.4      70.3     117.4      96.9     103.5     137.6
 
 1960      89.3      80.1      69.2     124.3     111.3      94.0     106.6      81.7     126.4      96.9     109.9     143.2
 1961      86.8      79.4      74.7     128.4     114.4      95.0     110.3      84.3     129.5      99.2     113.1     145.2
 1962      89.5      81.8      79.5     131.4     117.2      96.3     111.2      86.9     132.9     100.4     114.1     143.8
 1963      90.2      83.8      82.8     132.6     116.8      98.9     110.6      89.7     134.2     101.6     114.5     141.6
 1964      91.5      87.7      85.5     136.4     119.7     101.1     111.0      90.0     136.3     102.1     116.2     143.7
 1965      95.8      92.2      86.8     136.3     121.8     100.3     113.4      87.9     137.5     104.2     116.9     145.6
 1966     101.6      96.6      88.9     136.1     120.6     101.0     112.3      87.4     137.1     105.8     115.6     146.0
 1967     102.9      97.4      92.7     131.9     114.9     100.8     106.0      90.2     133.6     106.3     111.9     141.5
 1968     104.6      96.6      95.4     129.7     116.0      99.2     107.0      91.4     133.3     105.1     110.1     140.2
 1969     106.7      98.6      97.6     134.1     119.1     102.4     112.1      94.5     135.5     105.7     112.3     142.1
 
 1970     102.5      96.3      99.9     137.7     119.6     105.4     115.2      97.6     135.4     108.5     114.4     141.8
 1971      98.5      96.2     101.2     137.8     114.7     107.1     114.8     100.2     133.0     109.4     110.8     137.0
 1972     101.2      99.2     101.6     136.0     117.7     108.6     112.7      98.3     128.4     109.7     109.0     133.8
 1973     106.5     103.7     105.5     137.8     119.3     111.1     113.6     101.2     126.2     109.5     110.8     134.6
 1974     106.2     105.8     105.9     139.3     115.0     112.5     111.0     104.9     125.4     111.3     113.4     135.1
 1975      97.1     103.4     100.6     130.8     105.3     109.8     104.2     104.0     121.1     110.3     114.4     128.9
 1976     100.6     103.9      99.8     125.5     105.9     109.2     102.0     105.1     116.4     109.8     114.2     124.8
 1977     104.4     101.7      98.9     120.5     105.3     109.0     102.6     107.1     113.3     110.2     110.2     125.2
 1978     108.8     105.0      97.2     115.4     104.8     107.8     102.5     105.8     110.5     107.1     107.2     124.7
 1979     111.6     108.7      96.6     112.3     105.6     106.2     103.8     107.4     109.3     105.3     107.5     123.9
 
 1980     107.8     108.4      98.5     109.9     103.9     105.0     104.9     107.8     108.1     105.2     107.4     117.5
 1981     107.2     108.4     100.0     103.9     100.2     101.6     103.0     103.2     104.7     104.1     104.0     106.6
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983      98.3      98.0     101.8      97.6     100.4      97.9      96.6      95.8      95.7      93.8      97.8      94.6
 1984     103.1     100.9     104.7      96.5     106.0      95.1      96.1      91.1      94.5      93.3      98.3      92.6
 1985     102.3     103.6     106.9      95.1     112.4      92.5      97.4      89.8      96.5      94.5      99.7      91.7
 1986     100.9     106.1     106.4      93.7     116.6      90.8      99.1      88.7      97.8      95.9      99.7      89.6
 1987     101.0     109.3     104.9      91.4     115.1      88.5      99.3      88.4      98.9      95.8      98.8      88.2
 1988     102.8     114.1     107.2      90.7     112.6      87.3      99.1      89.4      99.7      91.4     100.9      89.0
 1989     103.3     115.4     109.5      92.6     111.5      87.9     100.5      89.8     101.2      84.9      99.2      89.0
 
 1990     101.8     109.5     112.0      92.9     112.1      88.6     103.4      89.9     103.2      83.4      95.8      87.1
 1991      98.2     101.7     116.3      92.0     109.5      87.3     105.1      87.5     102.5      80.7      88.8      80.8
 1992      96.2      97.4     118.4        NA     108.1      85.0     103.3      84.0     101.5      79.9      81.3      76.2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 6.  Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                                                                         Nether-                        United
 Year   States    Canada    Japan    Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950     107.4     111.6     107.4        NA     135.1     119.8     137.3     113.6     125.7     125.7     138.7     117.3
 
 1955     107.5     107.5     112.6        NA     132.6     119.1     137.4     116.5     126.0     126.0     137.7     118.8
 
 1960     105.3     106.8     117.3     125.6     125.9     119.8     123.8     117.7     127.2     121.1     130.3     116.3
 1961     105.5     106.2     115.2     125.3     122.2     120.4     121.6     116.5     122.0     119.2     129.1     114.8
 1962     106.5     107.4     112.5     125.6     123.1     120.1     118.3     112.8     121.1     118.8     128.2     113.6
 1963     106.8     107.8     111.4     125.5     121.2     120.3     116.5     113.4     120.7     118.5     126.7     113.5
 1964     107.5     108.3     110.7     125.1     122.2     119.5     116.6     113.4     119.6     119.6     125.6     114.4
 1965     108.6     108.3     108.6     123.0     122.0     118.3     116.2     109.6     119.2     116.3     124.5     112.8
 1966     109.0     107.5     109.3     122.0     119.8     118.9     114.6     110.8     118.6     116.7     124.5     110.9
 1967     107.0     107.0     109.4     120.5     118.4     117.7     111.4     112.4     118.0     115.7     122.5     110.0
 1968     106.8     107.2     109.1     120.5     115.7     114.1     112.9     112.4     116.0     112.8     120.0     110.9
 1969     106.0     106.7     107.4     119.3     114.3     117.2     113.2     111.6     114.3     110.2     117.9     110.9
 
 1970     103.9     106.0     106.1     116.2     110.7     115.7     112.5     109.6     112.2     109.3     115.3     109.2
 1971     104.1     105.4     104.3     114.4     110.3     114.9     110.0     106.6     111.2     108.4     115.1     106.6
 1972     105.8     105.4     103.8     111.8     107.9     113.7     108.9     105.8     109.6     107.3     112.0     105.6
 1973     105.7     104.9     103.0     109.1     102.1     112.1     108.2     107.1     107.5     107.2     109.9     107.1
 1974     103.7     104.2      98.4     106.3     104.1     110.5     105.9     103.3     104.1     106.3     108.7     103.6
 1975     102.2     103.1      95.8     100.6     100.8     107.3     103.4     101.5     102.2     106.5     106.5     103.2
 1976     103.3     102.9      98.9     102.4     101.3     107.8     106.2     101.5     102.0     103.9     105.2     104.1
 1977     103.7     103.2      99.2     102.0     100.4     106.9     104.5     101.0     101.6     102.1     104.5     104.8
 1978     103.7     103.5      99.8     101.7      99.2     106.0     103.0     100.8     100.6     101.1     101.7     104.4
 1979     103.1     102.7     100.9     101.8      99.1     105.8     102.6     100.0      99.4      99.8     100.1     104.0
 
 1980     101.8     102.3     100.8     100.2      99.8     105.8     101.4     100.3     100.0     100.4      99.0     100.5
 1981     101.9     101.1     100.2      97.9      98.6     104.5     100.1     100.3      99.5     100.1      99.5      99.0
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     102.7     101.3     100.6      97.5     101.4      99.5      99.7     100.0      99.9     100.5     101.2     100.3
 1984     104.3     102.4     101.8      96.9     101.1      99.6      99.7     100.0      99.2      99.9     103.2     101.1
 1985     104.3     102.4     101.2      98.3      97.7      99.0      98.1      99.1      97.0      99.3     102.5     101.1
 1986     104.3     102.3     100.4      98.4     100.0      99.1      97.4     101.6      96.9      99.0     101.9     100.9
 1987     104.8     103.1     100.9      99.3      97.7      99.7      96.9     103.5      96.6      96.1     103.2     101.6
 1988     105.9     103.3     102.0     100.9      97.7     100.1      96.7     107.1      96.5      96.4     103.0     102.2
 1989     105.9     102.7     100.8     100.4      96.5      99.8      95.5     106.9      96.3      97.1     102.7     102.0
 
 1990     105.1     101.5      99.3     101.6      95.4      99.7      93.9     104.3      96.3      97.0     103.9     101.3
 1991     104.4     101.4      97.0      99.9      95.6      99.4      92.9     103.1      96.1      97.5     105.1      99.4
 1992     105.2     102.1      94.1        NA      96.0      99.7      92.8     103.0      95.9      98.5     106.2      99.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 7.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                           Bel-      Den-                                  Nether-                        United
 Year   States      Canada    Japan      gium      mark    France    Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1950        NA       9.0       2.7        NA       4.2       2.8       5.6       2.1       4.3       4.6       4.2       3.8
 
 1955        NA      12.7       4.8        NA       5.7       5.0       8.3       3.0       6.3       7.0       6.7       5.4
 
 1960        NA      16.4       6.6       9.1       7.7       7.5      13.5       3.9       8.9       9.9       9.3       7.2
 1961        NA      16.9       7.6       9.7       8.7       8.3      15.1       4.4      10.1      10.8      10.2       7.7
 1962        NA      17.4       8.7      10.4       9.5       9.2      17.1       5.1      10.8      11.8      11.4       8.1
 1963        NA      18.1       9.7      11.5      10.3      10.0      18.3       6.1      11.9      12.6      12.6       8.5
 1964        NA      18.9      11.0      13.0      11.2      10.8      19.8       6.5      13.8      13.5      13.7       9.0
 1965        NA      19.9      12.3      14.4      12.4      11.8      21.8       6.9      15.5      14.9      15.1       9.9
 1966        NA      21.5      13.6      15.9      14.1      12.4      23.6       7.4      17.3      16.3      16.6      10.7
 1967        NA      22.8      15.2      17.4      15.8      13.4      24.9       8.2      19.2      18.2      18.4      11.0
 1968        NA      24.6      17.7      18.6      17.4      15.2      26.8       8.7      21.4      20.1      20.0      11.8
 1969        NA      26.6      21.0      20.3      19.5      16.1      29.3       9.6      24.2      22.1      21.7      12.9
 
 1970        NA      28.7      25.0      23.2      22.3      18.1      34.5      11.6      27.8      24.6      24.4      14.9
 1971        NA      30.9      28.9      26.5      25.6      20.4      38.6      13.4      31.8      28.1      27.4      17.2
 1972        NA      33.2      33.3      30.6      28.4      22.5      42.7      15.0      36.3      31.3      30.6      19.9
 1973        NA      35.9      40.7      35.5      34.5      25.9      48.2      17.7      43.4      35.3      34.3      22.6
 1974        NA      41.3      53.3      43.2      41.7      30.9      54.9      23.1      51.6      41.4      40.3      27.1
 1975        NA      47.3      62.1      52.4      49.7      37.9      60.4      29.2      59.0      49.6      49.4      36.1
 1976        NA      54.1      66.9      59.4      55.5      43.5      65.2      36.2      66.1      57.3      57.9      41.8
 1977      62.8      59.9      73.8      66.3      61.4      49.4      71.2      42.9      71.8      64.2      63.2      47.2
 1978      67.9      64.4      78.7      71.5      67.6      55.7      76.7      49.4      77.9      70.9      70.5      55.1
 1979      74.4      71.0      83.7      77.9      75.6      63.1      82.3      59.8      84.0      74.7      76.0      65.6
 
 1980      83.3      78.6      89.0      86.3      83.4      72.7      89.2      70.2      88.5      81.2      84.5      79.8
 1981      91.5      90.4      95.3      95.9      91.9      84.2      94.9      84.8      93.5      90.3      93.4      91.4
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     102.7     106.1     102.7     106.0     106.9     110.3     105.0     117.0     104.5     110.3     110.1     106.9
 1984     105.9     111.1     105.8     114.8     113.0     119.7     110.0     134.3     106.6     120.9     119.5     114.6
 1985     111.2     116.8     110.1     121.6     120.6     129.7     116.3     150.9     111.5     132.2     131.7     124.2
 1986     115.8     121.3     115.8     126.3     123.1     135.1     121.2     157.1     115.4     145.0     142.3     133.7
 1987     118.4     125.0     118.6     128.8     134.6     140.2     126.9     166.0     118.8     165.6     151.8     142.0
 1988     123.0     130.5     120.6     131.2     139.4     145.5     131.8     173.1     119.5     175.7     161.8     149.8
 1989     127.9     137.4     128.2     138.1     147.3     153.3     138.2     191.1     120.1     183.4     179.0     162.9
 
 1990     134.4     146.9     138.3     146.3     155.1     159.3     148.0     213.3     123.3     193.7     197.5     182.4
 1991     141.2     155.8     146.3     154.6     161.9     166.1     158.3     236.1     129.7     202.8     214.2     201.4
 1992     145.5     162.2     153.0        NA     166.4     171.7     167.7     252.2     136.7     208.4     226.0     214.9
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
Table 8.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                           Bel-      Den-                                  Nether-                        United
 Year   States      Canada    Japan      gium      mark    France    Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1950        NA      10.1       1.9        NA       5.0       5.3       3.2       4.5       3.0       4.2       5.1       6.0
 
 1955        NA      15.9       3.3        NA       6.9       9.3       4.8       6.5       4.4       6.3       8.1       8.6
 
 1960        NA      20.9       4.5       8.4       9.3      10.1       7.9       8.6       6.3       8.9      11.3      11.6
 1961        NA      20.6       5.3       8.9      10.5      11.1       9.2       9.5       7.4       9.7      12.4      12.4
 1962        NA      20.1       6.0       9.6      11.5      12.3      10.4      11.2       8.0      10.7      13.9      13.0
 1963        NA      20.7       6.7      10.5      12.5      13.4      11.1      13.2       8.8      11.4      15.2      13.6
 1964        NA      21.6       7.5      11.9      13.5      14.5      12.1      14.1      10.2      12.2      16.7      14.4
 1965        NA      22.8       8.5      13.3      14.9      15.8      13.2      15.1      11.5      13.5      18.4      15.8
 1966        NA      24.7       9.3      14.6      17.0      16.7      14.3      16.0      12.8      14.7      20.2      17.1
 1967        NA      26.1      10.5      16.0      18.9      17.9      15.2      17.7      14.2      16.4      22.4      17.3
 1968        NA      28.2      12.2      17.0      19.4      20.2      16.3      18.9      15.8      18.1      24.3      16.2
 1969        NA      30.4      14.6      18.6      21.7      20.5      18.1      20.6      17.9      20.0      26.4      17.6
 
 1970        NA      33.9      17.4      21.3      24.8      21.6      22.9      25.1      20.6      22.2      29.6      20.4
 1971        NA      37.7      20.7      25.0      28.9      24.4      27.0      29.4      24.3      25.8      33.7      24.0
 1972        NA      41.3      27.3      31.8      34.1      29.4      32.5      34.9      30.2      30.7      40.4      28.4
 1973        NA      44.3      37.4      41.8      47.7      38.4      44.2      41.2      41.7      39.7      49.5      31.7
 1974        NA      52.2      45.6      50.9      57.2      42.1      51.6      48.1      51.4      48.5      57.2      36.3
 1975        NA      57.3      52.1      65.4      72.3      58.2      59.7      60.5      62.5      61.4      75.0      45.9
 1976        NA      67.7      56.2      70.5      76.6      59.9      62.9      59.0      66.8      67.7      83.5      43.1
 1977      62.8      69.5      68.6      84.7      85.3      66.1      74.5      65.7      78.2      77.9      88.9      47.2
 1978      67.9      69.8      94.0     104.2     102.5      81.4      92.8      78.8      96.3      87.3      98.0      60.5
 1979      74.4      74.8      95.5     121.6     119.9      97.5     109.1      97.4     111.9      95.2     111.4      79.7
 
 1980      83.3      83.0      98.3     135.4     123.7     113.3     119.3     111.1     119.1     106.2     125.6     106.1
 1981      91.5      93.1     107.6     118.5     107.4     101.8     102.2     100.9     100.4     101.6     115.9     105.9
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     102.7     106.2     107.7      94.9      97.5      95.3      99.9     104.3      97.8      97.5      90.2      92.7
 1984     105.9     105.9     111.0      91.0      91.0      90.2      93.9     103.5      88.8      95.7      90.8      87.7
 1985     111.2     105.6     115.0      93.8      95.0      95.0      96.0     107.0      89.7      99.3      96.2      92.2
 1986     115.8     107.8     171.2     129.4     126.9     128.4     135.6     142.7     125.9     126.5     125.5     112.2
 1987     118.4     116.3     204.2     157.9     164.1     153.4     171.4     173.3     156.7     158.7     150.3     133.2
 1988     123.0     130.9     234.4     163.3     172.6     160.6     182.1     179.9     161.4     173.9     165.7     152.6
 1989     127.9     143.2     231.2     160.4     167.9     158.1     178.4     188.5     151.2     171.3     174.3     152.7
 
 1990     134.4     155.5     237.5     200.4     209.0     192.4     222.2     241.0     180.8     200.0     209.5     186.1
 1991     141.2     167.8     270.8     207.0     211.0     193.5     231.4     257.5     185.2     201.7     222.4     203.7
 1992     145.5     165.7     300.6        NA     230.0     213.5     260.6     277.1     207.7     216.6     243.7     217.1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
Table 9.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                           Bel-      Den-                                  Nether-                        United
 Year   States      Canada    Japan      gium      mark    France    Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950        NA      25.3      35.5        NA      17.0      14.2      30.3      12.6      25.8      13.4      16.3       9.3
 
 1955        NA      29.2      37.5        NA      21.3      20.3      31.4      12.9      30.1      18.4      23.6      12.4
 
 1960        NA      31.9      35.3      37.7      23.8      24.0      35.0      13.5      33.4      20.6      25.7      14.6
 1961        NA      31.0      36.2      39.4      25.3      25.1      37.6      13.9      36.2      21.9      26.8      15.6
 1962        NA      29.9      39.7      40.3      26.3      26.2      40.0      14.7      37.5      24.0      27.9      16.0
 1963        NA      30.0      41.0      42.8      27.7      27.2      40.9      17.0      39.9      24.4      29.2      15.9
 1964        NA      29.9      40.7      45.5      27.7      27.5      40.9      18.0      42.5      24.7      29.3      15.9
 1965        NA      30.1      43.9      48.0      29.3      27.9      42.5      17.3      44.8      25.7      30.2      16.9
 1966        NA      31.8      44.0      49.7      31.7      27.4      44.3      16.9      47.2      27.0      31.8      17.7
 1967        NA      33.1      42.9      51.3      33.2      27.8      43.9      17.8      48.9      29.1      32.5      17.4
 1968        NA      33.3      44.4      50.5      33.5      28.5      43.7      17.6      48.7      30.2      32.4      17.4
 1969        NA      34.1      45.5      50.6      36.2      28.6      45.0      18.6      50.5      30.5      32.7      18.6
 
 1970        NA      37.3      48.0      52.2      39.0      30.4      51.4      21.3      52.7      33.0      35.2      21.0
 1971        NA      37.5      52.8      56.4      42.0      32.5      55.5      24.1      57.1      36.5      38.0      23.1
 1972        NA      38.4      55.0      58.5      43.0      34.4      57.8      24.9      60.0      38.5      40.4      25.3
 1973        NA      39.1      61.6      61.3      47.4      37.1      61.5      27.1      64.5      40.9      42.2      26.9
 1974        NA      44.3      79.7      70.8      55.5      43.4      67.6      33.1      70.8      46.1      47.6      31.7
 1975        NA      52.4      89.3      82.5      60.2      51.3      71.5      43.3      82.8      55.9      57.6      43.2
 1976        NA      56.1      89.7      84.9      64.8      55.6      72.0      47.3      83.3      62.7      66.3      47.8
 1977      65.2      58.8      94.7      90.3      70.3      59.8      76.6      54.8      86.8      70.8      73.7      53.6
 1978      70.4      62.6      95.6      91.8      76.4      64.6      79.6      59.3      88.4      76.9      80.0      61.7
 1979      78.4      68.4      94.3      94.8      81.4      70.0      82.2      65.6      90.4      76.5      79.9      72.7
 
 1980      89.6      78.7      96.7      98.7      85.1      80.3      90.6      73.5      94.2      84.3      87.5      88.7
 1981      95.1      86.3      99.8     101.7      92.2      90.3      94.4      86.8      95.9      93.6      97.1      96.8
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     100.4      98.9     100.8      95.6     101.9     107.6      99.7     111.2      98.1     104.8     102.3      98.6
 1984     102.4      95.5      99.7      99.1     108.3     114.9     101.1     116.1      92.7     107.4     105.3     100.5
 1985     104.2      97.6      98.4     103.8     114.9     119.9     103.0     123.4      93.9     114.0     115.0     105.1
 1986     105.7     102.9     104.9     106.9     124.5     122.8     106.9     127.1      96.1     126.5     122.2     108.8
 1987     101.5     105.0      99.2     107.3     136.8     125.1     113.8     130.5      98.4     137.6     127.7     108.9
 1988     103.0     109.2      95.4     104.8     136.5     121.6     114.1     132.6      96.0     146.7     134.4     108.9
 1989     106.6     115.4      94.8     105.3     139.5     122.0     116.1     141.4      93.5     145.6     144.1     113.4
 
 1990     110.7     121.8      95.7     109.2     144.2     125.3     120.3     151.2      94.7     150.0     156.3     123.9
 1991     114.4     128.4      97.1     112.9     148.7     130.7     126.3     161.9      98.8     155.8     166.8     131.6
 1992     112.7     128.3     108.3        NA     148.9     131.4     133.0     166.8     103.3     157.4     168.1     133.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 10.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                           Bel-      Den-                                  Nether-                        United
 Year   States      Canada    Japan      gium      mark    France    Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950        NA      28.5      24.6        NA      20.6      26.6      17.6      27.2      18.1      12.1      19.8      15.0
 
 1955        NA      36.6      26.0        NA      25.8      38.2      18.1      27.9      21.1      16.6      28.7      19.8
 
 1960        NA      40.6      24.4      34.6      28.8      32.2      20.4      29.5      23.7      18.7      31.2      23.4
 1961        NA      37.8      25.0      36.2      30.5      33.6      22.8      30.2      26.7      19.8      32.6      25.0
 1962        NA      34.6      27.4      37.0      31.8      35.1      24.3      32.2      27.8      21.7      34.0      25.7
 1963        NA      34.3      28.3      39.3      33.5      36.5      24.9      37.1      29.6      22.0      35.3      25.5
 1964        NA      34.2      28.0      41.9      33.4      36.9      25.0      38.9      31.5      22.3      35.8      25.4
 1965        NA      34.4      30.3      44.3      35.4      37.4      25.8      37.4      33.3      23.2      36.8      27.0
 1966        NA      36.5      30.2      45.6      38.3      36.7      26.9      36.7      34.8      24.4      38.6      28.3
 1967        NA      37.9      29.5      47.3      39.7      37.1      26.7      38.6      36.2      26.3      39.6      27.4
 1968        NA      38.1      30.7      46.3      37.3      37.8      26.6      38.2      35.9      27.3      39.3      23.8
 1969        NA      39.1      31.6      46.2      40.1      36.3      27.8      40.2      37.2      27.6      39.8      25.4
 
 1970        NA      44.1      33.4      48.2      43.4      36.2      34.2      46.0      38.9      29.8      42.7      28.7
 1971        NA      45.8      37.9      53.2      47.3      38.8      38.8      52.9      43.7      33.4      46.8      32.3
 1972        NA      47.9      45.2      60.8      51.6      44.9      44.0      57.8      49.9      37.7      53.4      36.2
 1973        NA      48.2      56.6      72.3      65.7      55.0      56.4      63.1      62.0      46.0      60.8      37.7
 1974        NA      55.9      68.1      83.3      76.2      59.1      63.6      69.0      70.5      53.9      67.5      42.5
 1975        NA      63.6      74.9     102.9      87.6      78.8      70.7      89.8      87.7      69.2      87.3      54.9
 1976        NA      70.2      75.4     100.7      89.5      76.7      69.5      77.2      84.2      74.1      95.7      49.4
 1977      65.2      68.3      88.1     115.4      97.8      80.1      80.1      84.1      94.5      85.9     103.7      53.5
 1978      70.4      67.8     114.2     133.7     115.7      94.4      96.4      94.6     109.3      94.7     111.2      67.7
 1979      78.4      72.1     107.6     148.0     129.1     108.2     108.9     106.9     120.4      97.5     117.2      88.3
 
 1980      89.6      83.1     106.7     154.7     126.2     125.2     121.2     116.3     126.8     110.2     130.0     118.1
 1981      95.1      88.9     112.6     125.8     107.8     109.2     101.7     103.2     103.0     105.2     120.4     112.1
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     100.4      99.0     105.7      85.6      92.9      92.9      94.8      99.1      91.8      92.7      83.8      85.5
 1984     102.4      91.0     104.6      78.6      87.3      86.5      86.2      89.5      77.2      85.0      80.0      76.9
 1985     104.2      88.2     102.7      80.1      90.4      87.8      85.0      87.5      75.6      85.7      84.0      78.0
 1986     105.7      91.4     155.2     109.5     128.3     116.7     119.5     115.4     104.8     110.4     107.7      91.3
 1987     101.5      97.8     170.8     131.4     166.7     136.9     153.7     136.3     129.8     131.8     126.4     102.2
 1988     103.0     109.5     185.3     130.5     169.0     134.2     157.7     137.9     129.8     145.2     137.6     111.0
 1989     106.6     120.3     171.1     122.3     159.0     125.8     149.9     139.5     117.7     136.0     140.2     106.2
 
 1990     110.7     128.9     164.4     149.6     194.4     151.3     180.8     170.8     138.9     154.9     165.8     126.5
 1991     114.4     138.3     179.7     151.2     193.8     152.3     184.6     176.6     141.0     155.0     173.1     133.0
 1992     112.7     131.1     212.7        NA     205.9     163.3     206.7     183.3     157.0     163.5     181.3     134.9
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 11.  Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1992.
      (Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar)
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                           Bel-      Den-                                  Nether-                        United
 Year   States      Canada    Japan      gium      mark    France    Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950     100.0     112.9      69.2        NA     120.9     188.0      57.9     216.8      70.1      90.5     121.5     160.2
 
 1955     100.0     125.2      69.2        NA     120.8     187.9      57.7     216.6      70.1      90.4     121.5     159.7
 
 1960     100.0     127.3      69.2      91.8     121.0     134.1      58.2     218.0      70.8      90.5     121.6     160.6
 1961     100.0     121.9      69.0      91.8     120.8     134.1      60.5     218.0      73.6      90.4     121.6     160.3
 1962     100.0     115.5      69.0      92.0     120.9     134.3      60.7     218.1      74.2      90.5     121.9     160.6
 1963     100.0     114.4      68.9      91.8     120.9     134.2      60.9     217.8      74.2      90.3     121.1     160.2
 1964     100.0     114.4      68.8      92.0     120.7     134.2      61.1     216.8      74.1      90.2     122.0     159.7
 1965     100.0     114.5      68.9      92.2     120.7     134.2      60.8     216.7      74.2      90.3     121.8     159.9
 1966     100.0     114.6      68.7      91.9     120.8     133.9      60.7     216.8      73.8      90.3     121.6     159.8
 1967     100.0     114.4      68.8      92.1     119.5     133.7      60.9     216.9      74.2      90.3     121.7     157.3
 1968     100.0     114.6      69.1      91.7     111.5     132.8      60.8     217.2      73.8      90.4     121.6     136.9
 1969     100.0     114.6      69.5      91.3     111.0     127.0      61.9     215.8      73.7      90.4     121.5     136.7
 
 1970     100.0     118.3      69.5      92.2     111.3     119.0      66.6     215.9      73.9      90.3     121.2     137.1
 1971     100.0     122.2      71.7      94.3     112.7     119.4      69.8     219.0      76.5      91.7     123.1     139.8
 1972     100.0     124.6      82.2     104.0     120.0     130.4      76.2     232.0      83.2      98.0     132.1     143.1
 1973     100.0     123.4      91.9     117.9     138.5     148.3      91.7     232.8      96.1     112.4     144.3     140.2
 1974     100.0     126.2      85.4     117.7     137.2     136.2      94.0     208.1      99.6     117.0     141.8     133.9
 1975     100.0     121.3      83.9     124.8     145.5     153.7      98.9     207.5     105.9     123.8     151.7     127.1
 1976     100.0     125.2      84.0     118.7     138.1     137.8      96.5     163.1     101.1     118.3     144.3     103.2
 1977     100.0     116.2      93.0     127.8     139.0     133.9     104.6     153.4     108.9     121.3     140.6      99.8
 1978     100.0     108.3     119.5     145.6     151.5     146.2     121.1     159.5     123.7     123.2     139.1     109.7
 1979     100.0     105.4     114.2     156.1     158.6     154.6     132.5     162.9     133.2     127.5     146.6     121.4
 
 1980     100.0     105.6     110.4     156.8     148.2     155.9     133.8     158.3     134.6     130.8     148.6     133.1
 1981     100.0     103.0     112.9     123.6     116.9     121.0     107.7     118.9     107.4     112.4     124.0     115.8
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     100.0     100.2     104.8      89.5      91.2      86.3      95.1      89.1      93.6      88.4      81.9      86.7
 1984     100.0      95.3     104.9      79.3      80.6      75.3      85.3      77.1      83.3      79.1      76.0      76.5
 1985     100.0      90.4     104.4      77.2      78.7      73.3      82.5      70.9      80.5      75.1      73.0      74.2
 1986     100.0      88.8     147.9     102.5     103.1      95.0     111.9      90.8     109.1      87.3      88.2      84.0
 1987     100.0      93.1     172.2     122.5     121.9     109.4     135.0     104.4     131.9      95.8      99.0      93.8
 1988     100.0     100.3     194.3     124.5     123.8     110.4     138.2     104.0     135.1      99.0     102.4     101.9
 1989     100.0     104.2     180.4     116.2     114.0     103.1     129.1      98.7     125.9      93.4      97.3      93.7
 
 1990     100.0     105.8     171.8     137.0     134.8     120.8     150.2     113.0     146.7     103.2     106.1     102.1
 1991     100.0     107.7     185.1     133.9     130.3     116.5     146.2     109.1     142.7      99.5     103.8     101.1
 1992     100.0     102.1     196.5     142.4     138.2     124.3     155.5     109.9     151.9     103.9     107.9     101.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 12.  Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                           Bel-      Den-                                  Nether-                        United
 Year   States      Canada    Japan      gium      mark    France    Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1950        NA      10.0       2.9        NA       5.6       3.4       7.7       2.4       5.4       5.8       5.9       4.4
 
 1955        NA      13.7       5.4        NA       7.6       5.9      11.5       3.5       7.9       8.8       9.2       6.4
 
 1960        NA      17.6       7.7      11.5       9.7       9.0      16.7       4.6      11.3      11.9      12.1       8.4
 1961        NA      17.9       8.8      12.1      10.6      10.0      18.4       5.1      12.3      12.9      13.2       8.8
 1962        NA      18.7       9.8      13.0      11.7      11.0      20.3       5.8      13.1      14.1      14.6       9.2
 1963        NA      19.5      10.9      14.4      12.5      12.0      21.3       6.9      14.4      15.0      16.0       9.6
 1964        NA      20.4      12.1      16.2      13.6      12.9      23.1       7.3      16.5      16.1      17.2      10.3
 1965        NA      21.6      13.4      17.7      15.1      13.9      25.3       7.6      18.4      17.3      18.9      11.1
 1966        NA      23.1      14.9      19.4      16.9      14.8      27.1       8.2      20.5      19.0      20.6      11.8
 1967        NA      24.4      16.7      20.9      18.7      15.8      27.7       9.2      22.7      21.0      22.5      12.1
 1968        NA      26.4      19.3      22.4      20.1      17.3      30.2       9.8      24.8      22.6      23.9      13.1
 1969        NA      28.4      22.6      24.3      22.3      18.9      33.2      10.7      27.7      24.4      25.6      14.3
 
 1970        NA      30.4      26.5      26.9      24.7      21.0      38.8      12.7      31.2      26.9      28.1      16.2
 1971        NA      32.5      30.2      30.3      28.3      23.4      42.4      14.3      35.4      30.5      31.5      18.3
 1972        NA      35.0      34.5      34.2      30.6      25.6      46.5      15.9      39.8      33.6      34.3      21.0
 1973        NA      37.7      41.9      38.7      35.2      29.0      52.2      18.9      46.6      37.9      37.7      24.2
 1974        NA      43.1      52.5      45.9      43.4      34.2      58.2      23.9      53.8      44.0      43.8      28.1
 1975        NA      48.7      59.5      52.7      50.1      40.6      62.5      29.6      60.3      52.8      52.7      37.3
 1976        NA      55.7      66.1      60.8      56.2      46.9      69.2      36.8      67.4      59.5      60.9      43.5
 1977      65.1      61.8      73.2      67.6      61.6      52.8      74.4      43.3      72.9      65.6      66.1      49.5
 1978      70.4      66.7      78.5      72.8      67.1      59.0      79.0      49.7      78.3      71.7      71.7      57.5
 1979      76.7      72.9      84.5      79.3      74.9      66.7      84.5      59.8      83.5      74.5      76.1      68.2
 
 1980      84.8      80.4      89.8      86.5      83.3      76.9      90.5      70.3      88.5      81.5      83.6      80.2
 1981      93.2      91.4      95.5      93.9      90.5      88.0      95.0      85.0      93.0      90.5      93.0      90.6
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     105.5     107.4     103.3     103.4     108.4     109.7     104.7     117.0     104.4     110.8     111.4     107.2
 1984     110.5     113.7     107.7     111.3     114.2     119.2     109.7     134.3     105.8     120.8     123.3     115.9
 1985     116.0     119.6     111.5     119.6     117.8     128.3     114.1     149.6     108.1     131.2     135.0     125.6
 1986     120.7     124.1     116.3     124.3     123.1     133.9     118.0     159.7     111.8     143.5     145.1     134.9
 1987     124.1     128.8     119.6     127.9     131.5     139.7     122.9     171.8     114.8     159.2     156.7     144.3
 1988     130.4     134.8     123.0     132.4     136.2     145.6     127.4     185.3     115.3     169.4     166.7     153.0
 1989     135.4     141.1     129.3     138.7     142.2     153.0     131.9     204.2     115.7     178.0     183.8     166.2
 
 1990     141.2     149.1     137.3     148.7     147.9     158.8     138.9     222.5     118.7     187.9     205.1     184.6
 1991     147.5     157.9     142.0     154.4     154.9     165.1     147.1     243.5     124.7     197.6     225.0     200.3
 1992     153.0     165.6     144.0        NA     159.7     171.2     155.6     259.8     131.1     205.3     240.0     214.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
Table 13.  Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                           Bel-      Den-                                  Nether-                        United
 Year   States      Canada    Japan      gium      mark    France    Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950        NA      39.4      17.9        NA      31.9      22.6      15.7      22.4      19.8      31.4      29.7      36.6
 
 1955        NA      49.5      23.2        NA      35.5      30.5      21.3      26.0      24.5      35.1      35.9      40.0
 
 1960        NA      58.1      29.5      29.3      43.1      34.4      31.5      29.9      30.5      43.4      41.5      46.9
 1961        NA      59.1      32.6      30.7      46.5      36.8      34.5      32.2      34.4      46.2      44.6      48.5
 1962        NA      60.2      34.8      32.5      47.4      38.8      38.0      36.1      35.9      48.1      47.5      48.9
 1963        NA      61.6      36.2      35.2      48.9      40.4      39.3      39.8      38.3      50.1      51.0      50.1
 1964        NA      63.0      39.2      38.1      51.0      42.4      41.6      40.0      41.9      50.7      53.8      51.8
 1965        NA      64.9      41.0      40.7      53.2      44.9      44.2      41.1      45.2      53.7      56.5      54.0
 1966        NA      67.6      43.0      43.1      56.7      46.3      46.4      42.9      47.9      56.8      58.1      56.2
 1967        NA      69.3      46.3      45.8      59.1      48.5      48.3      46.3      51.3      60.8      61.8      57.6
 1968        NA      71.7      51.1      47.7      60.2      52.9      51.2      48.8      55.0      64.7      65.9      59.2
 1969        NA      74.1      57.6      50.3      65.5      54.2      54.9      52.1      58.1      69.2      69.2      60.9
 
 1970        NA      77.4      63.6      55.1      70.1      58.3      62.6      60.3      63.9      69.5      72.6      65.9
 1971        NA      81.1      69.3      60.5      76.2      62.0      66.7      66.3      67.9      75.0      75.3      69.5
 1972        NA      83.1      76.0      66.2      79.2      64.5      70.0      70.3      71.9      77.8      79.3      74.8
 1973        NA      83.7      83.2      71.8      87.9      68.9      74.1      74.9      79.5      81.7      82.0      78.0
 1974        NA      86.8      88.5      77.6      92.3      72.4      78.9      82.0      86.3      87.6      87.9      80.6
 1975        NA      89.6      92.3      83.4     100.4      79.2      81.9      88.3      89.5      93.8      98.3      86.7
 1976        NA      95.3      90.8      86.6     102.8      82.9      84.6      94.1      92.1      99.3     103.9      86.0
 1977     100.0      97.7      92.6      90.3     102.3      86.0      89.4      93.3      93.8     102.1     101.2      83.8
 1978     100.4      96.5      94.8      93.3     102.5      88.7      93.8      95.6      97.8     104.2     104.5      89.8
 1979      98.9      97.5      97.2      97.2     104.5      90.9      97.0     100.0     101.2     104.8     105.6      94.1
 
 1980      97.5      97.9      96.0     101.0     102.6      92.2      99.9      96.9     100.0     102.7     103.0      97.1
 1981      97.1     100.2      97.9     104.2     101.2      94.2      99.9      98.7      99.1     100.6     101.5     100.0
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983      99.5     100.3     100.8      98.5     100.0     100.7     101.8     101.8     101.7     101.7      99.2     102.3
 1984      98.4     100.6     101.6     100.3      99.4     101.7     104.1     105.6     100.4     105.0     100.1     104.3
 1985      99.8     101.8     103.6     101.3     101.4     103.9     107.9     109.3     102.7     108.6     102.6     106.4
 1986     102.0     101.6     108.2     103.8      99.8     105.4     112.7     107.2     106.2     111.1     106.2     110.8
 1987     100.6     100.2     110.8     104.3     105.0     106.0     117.9     108.3     109.9     116.4     108.6     113.0
 1988     100.4     100.5     111.9     105.0     104.0     107.3     121.1     107.6     109.7     116.1     110.6     113.6
 1989      99.5     100.8     116.3     107.2     104.8     109.1     123.3     111.4     108.9     115.8     115.4     114.7
 
 1990      99.2     102.9     121.7     109.8     107.5     109.8     128.6     117.3     109.2     117.6     114.4     117.2
 1991     100.0     103.3     124.7     112.2     109.6     110.8     132.9     121.8     110.6     119.0     114.2     122.3
 1992     100.1     106.0     128.2        NA     110.4     111.9     135.3     123.5     112.4     119.5     118.2     125.8
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 14.  Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992
      (Indexes:  1982=100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        United                           Bel-      Den-                                  Nether-                        United
 Year   States      Canada    Japan      gium      mark    France    Germany    Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 1950        NA      43.9      19.2        NA      43.0      27.1      21.6      25.4      24.9      39.5      41.2      42.9
 
 1955        NA      53.2      26.1        NA      47.1      36.3      29.3      30.3      30.9      44.2      49.4      47.5
 
 1960        NA      62.0      34.6      36.8      54.3      41.2      39.0      35.2      38.8      52.5      54.2      54.6
 1961        NA      62.7      37.5      38.5      56.8      44.3      42.0      37.5      42.0      55.1      57.5      55.7
 1962        NA      64.7      39.2      40.8      58.3      46.6      45.0      40.7      43.5      57.2      60.9      55.5
 1963        NA      66.4      40.3      44.1      59.3      48.5      45.8      45.1      46.2      59.4      64.6      56.9
 1964        NA      68.2      43.4      47.7      62.3      50.7      48.5      45.4      50.1      60.6      67.5      59.2
 1965        NA      70.3      44.5      50.0      64.9      53.1      51.4      45.1      53.9      62.5      70.3      61.0
 1966        NA      72.7      46.9      52.6      67.9      55.1      53.2      47.5      56.7      66.3      72.4      62.3
 1967        NA      74.2      50.7      55.1      70.0      57.1      53.7      52.0      60.5      70.3      75.7      63.4
 1968        NA      76.9      55.8      57.5      69.7      60.4      57.8      54.8      63.8      73.0      79.0      65.6
 1969        NA      79.1      61.9      60.0      74.8      63.6      62.2      58.2      66.4      76.3      81.5      67.6
 
 1970        NA      82.0      67.5      64.0      77.6      67.4      70.4      66.1      71.7      76.0      83.7      71.9
 1971        NA      85.4      72.3      69.2      84.0      71.2      73.3      70.6      75.5      81.3      86.7      74.1
 1972        NA      87.6      78.9      74.1      85.4      73.4      76.2      74.4      78.8      83.5      88.9      79.0
 1973        NA      87.8      85.7      78.3      89.8      77.2      80.2      80.2      85.4      87.6      90.1      83.5
 1974        NA      90.5      87.1      82.5      96.1      80.0      83.6      84.7      89.9      93.1      95.5      83.5
 1975        NA      92.3      88.4      83.9     101.2      84.9      84.6      89.6      91.5      99.9     104.7      89.4
 1976        NA      98.1      89.8      88.7     104.2      89.3      89.8      95.5      94.0     103.2     109.3      89.6
 1977     103.7     100.9      91.9      92.1     102.8      91.9      93.4      94.3      95.3     104.3     105.9      87.8
 1978     104.2      99.9      94.6      94.9     101.7      94.0      96.6      96.3      98.4     105.4     106.3      93.8
 1979     102.0     100.1      98.1      98.9     103.6      96.1      99.5     100.0     100.6     104.6     105.7      97.8
 
 1980      99.3     100.2      96.8     101.3     102.4      97.6     101.3      97.1     100.0     103.1     102.0      97.6
 1981      98.9     101.3      98.2     102.0      99.7      98.4     100.0      98.9      98.5     100.7     101.0      99.1
 1982     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
 1983     102.2     101.6     101.4      96.0     101.4     100.1     101.4     101.8     101.6     102.2     100.5     102.6
 1984     102.6     103.0     103.4      97.2     100.5     101.3     103.7     105.6      99.7     104.9     103.3     105.4
 1985     104.1     104.2     104.9      99.6      99.0     102.8     105.9     108.3      99.7     107.8     105.1     107.6
 1986     106.3     103.9     108.7     102.2      99.8     104.5     109.7     109.0     102.9     110.0     108.3     111.8
 1987     105.4     103.3     111.7     103.6     102.5     105.7     114.2     112.1     106.1     111.9     112.1     114.9
 1988     106.3     103.9     114.1     105.9     101.6     107.4     117.0     115.2     105.8     111.9     113.9     116.1
 1989     105.3     103.5     117.3     107.6     101.2     108.9     117.7     119.1     104.9     112.4     118.4     117.0
 
 1990     104.3     104.4     120.8     111.6     102.6     109.4     120.8     122.3     105.2     114.0     118.8     118.7
 1991     104.5     104.7     121.0     112.1     104.9     110.1     123.5     125.7     106.3     116.0     120.0     121.6
 1992     105.3     108.2     120.6        NA     105.9     111.5     125.6     127.2     107.8     117.6     125.6     125.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
Table 15.  Korea:  Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1992
 
                                 (Indexes:  1982=100)
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                UNIT LABOR COSTS
                                             National         U.S.
                                             currency        dollar        Exchange
  Year          Output        Compensation    basis          basis          rate*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1970           20.2            3.1           15.2           35.7          235.4
   1971           23.8            3.9           16.2           34.1          210.6
   1972           27.0            4.9           18.0           33.4          186.1
   1973           34.8            7.4           21.4           39.3          183.5
   1974           40.4           10.7           26.5           47.9          180.8
   1975           45.2           13.8           30.4           46.0          151.1
   1976           55.9           21.6           38.6           58.4          151.1
   1977           64.3           29.1           45.2           68.3          151.1
   1978           77.8           42.1           54.1           81.8          151.1
   1979           85.9           56.5           65.8           99.3          151.1
   1980           85.3           70.6           82.8           99.7          120.4
   1981           93.7           89.1           95.1          102.1          107.4
   1982          100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0
   1983          115.4          121.9          105.6           99.6           94.2
   1984          135.4          144.0          106.3           96.4           90.7
   1985          145.0          152.9          105.4           88.6           84.0
   1986          171.6          178.5          104.0           86.3           82.9
   1987          203.7          222.7          109.3           97.2           88.9
   1988          231.1          280.9          121.5          121.5           99.9
   1989          239.7          353.2          147.3          160.4          108.9
   1990          261.4          422.9          161.8          167.1          103.3
   1991          284.6          486.9          171.1          170.5           99.7
   1992          298.4          546.3          183.1          171.5           93.7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
*Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.
 
Table 16.  Taiwan:  Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1992
 
                                 (Indexes:  1982=100)
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                UNIT LABOR COSTS
                                             National         U.S.
                                             currency        dollar        Exchange
  Year          Output        Compensation    basis          basis          rate*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
   1970           26.9            8.1           30.0           29.3           97.8
   1971           32.8           10.3           31.6           30.9           97.8
   1972           39.4           12.6           32.0           31.3           97.8
   1973           46.1           17.2           37.2           38.1          102.3
   1974           43.6           24.5           56.3           58.0          103.0
   1975           45.7           26.0           57.0           58.7          103.0
   1976           55.8           33.0           59.0           60.8          103.0
   1977           63.0           38.8           61.6           63.4          103.0
   1978           75.7           47.1           62.3           65.8          105.6
   1979           81.6           57.8           70.8           76.8          108.5
   1980           90.2           73.4           81.4           88.4          108.6
   1981           97.6           91.7           93.9           99.7          106.2
   1982          100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0
   1983          110.8          109.3           98.6           96.3           97.7
   1984          126.8          130.5          102.9          101.7           98.8
   1985          131.5          140.4          106.8          104.8           98.2
   1986          152.5          167.7          109.9          113.7          103.4
   1987          172.0          189.2          110.0          135.6          123.3
   1988          178.2          202.3          113.5          155.3          136.9
   1989          184.8          219.0          118.5          175.6          148.2
   1990          184.4          233.9          126.9          184.4          145.3
   1991          196.5          253.1          128.8          188.4          146.2
   1992          203.8          277.5          136.2          211.8          155.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
*Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.