U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 1

Access to Wellness and Employee Assistance Programs in the United States

by Eli R. Stoltzfus

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Originally Posted: April 22, 2009

Wellness programs and employee assistance programs are important benefits for workers and their employers; data from the

National Compensation Survey (NCS) show that workers in the public and private sectors had greater access to these kinds

of benefits in 2008 than they did a decade earlier. Moreover, for all worker groups examined in this study, public sector

workers have higher rates of access to wellness programs and employee assistance programs than do private sector

workers.

In an age of ever-increasing health care costs and health risk awareness, services that promote health and wellness have

become an important element of U.S. society. A discussion paper recently published by the Brookings Institution points out

that there is an “emerging, multibillion dollar wellness industry”1 in the United States that provides services such as nutrition

education, physical fitness, and stress management--proactive measures aimed at reducing medical care costs and

improving the quality of life. Many workers in the United States have access to these services through their employers

benefits packages, some of which include wellness programs and employee assistance programs. Wellness programs are considered to be an important component of employer benefits packages because they offer workers

and their families choices for pursuing healthier lifestyles with less illness, ultimately leading to less costly benefits

packages.2 Wellness programs often include a health education and awareness component and, according to some analysts,

these programs address issues that increase worker satisfaction and productivity. Employee assistance programs typically

deal with more serious personal problems than the essentially medical issues included in wellness programs. Employee

assistance programs provide employees with access to referral or counseling services for problems such as alcohol or drug

abuse, as well as for financial and legal difficulties. (See the glossary for more information on these benefits.)

The National Compensation Survey (NCS) collects and publishes benefits data on the civilian economy, with separate

estimates for State and local government (referred to here as the public sector) and for private industry.3 Benefits data

include information on the prevalence of wellness programs and employee assistance programs in the workplace for a variety

of employer and employee characteristics.

NCS data show that public sector workers have greater access to wellness programs and employee assistance programs

than do private sector workers. The difference in access can be attributed to a number of factors, including occupational

composition and the different job functions of public and private sector workers.4 For example, the ratio of public sector

workers in education and public safety jobs is relatively high compared with private sector workers. According to NCS data,

about 55 percent of public sector workers are employed in management, professional, and related jobs, which includes

teachers and university professors; and about 45 percent of public sector service workers are employed in protective service

jobs such as police officers and firefighters. (See exhibit 1.) These jobs require a high degree of specialized education and

training, as well as physical fitness, and in some cases, a considerable amount of personal risk; and generally these jobs are

associated with relatively higher pay and greater access to benefits.

A larger percentage of public sector workers than private sector workers are represented by union contracts. According to

data from the Current Population Survey, in 2008, 35 percent of State government workers and 46 percent of local

government workers were represented by union contracts, while only 8 percent of private sector workers were represented

by union contracts.5 Union representation generally is positively correlated to higher pay and access to benefits.6

In recent years, for both public and private sector workers, there has been a considerable increase in employee access to

wellness programs and employee assistance programs. The charts that follow show access rates for part-time and full-time

public and private sector employees by a number of characteristics. In the charts that show historical comparisons, the data

are for 1998 for the public sector and for 1999 for the private sector.7
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 2

• Chart 1 shows that employee access to employer-provided wellness programs increased markedly over the last

decade for part-time and full-time public sector workers and for part-time and full-time private sector workers. • From 1998 to 2008, access increased from 35 percent to 54 percent for public sector full-time workers; from 1999 to

2008, access increased from 19 percent to 28 percent for private sector full-time workers. • Chart 1 also shows that public sector workers, whether they work part-time or full-time, had higher rates of access

than their private sector counterparts.

• Chart 2 shows that public sector workers in management, professional, and related occupations and in service

occupations had access to wellness programs at about the same rate in 2008; private sector workers in management,

professional, and related occupations, however, had a notably higher rate of access than did private sector workers in

service occupations.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 3

• Chart 2 also shows that public sector union and nonunion workers had access to wellness programs at about the

same rate, but private sector union workers had higher rates of access than did private sector nonunion workers.

• Chart 3 shows that public sector wage earners in the 50th to 89th percentiles had access to wellness programs at

about the same rate.8

• Chart 3 also shows that private sector wage earners in lower percentile groupings had notably lower rates of access

than did those in higher percentile groupings.

• Chart 4 shows that, from 1998 to 2008, access to employee assistance programs increased from 70 percent to 76

percent for full-time public sector workers; for full-time private sector workers, access increased from 36 percent to 46

percent between 1999 and 2008. • Chart 4 also shows that public sector workers, whether part-time or full-time, had higher rates of access than their

private sector counterparts.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 4

• Chart 5 shows that public sector workers in management, professional, and related occupations and in service

occupations had access to employee assistance programs at about the same rate in 2008; private sector workers in

management, professional, and related occupations, however, had access to employee assistance programs at more

than twice the rate of private sector workers in service occupations. • Chart 5 also shows that both public sector union workers and private sector union workers had higher rates of access

to employee assistance programs than did their nonunion counterparts.

• Chart 6 shows that public sector wage earners in the 50th to 89th percentiles had access to employee assistance

programs at about the same rate. • Chart 6 also shows that private sector wage earners in lower percentile groupings had notably lower rates of access

than did those in higher percentile groupings.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 5

• Chart 7 shows that, among public sector workers, State government workers had higher rates of access to wellness

programs and employee assistance programs than did local government workers.

NOTE: For the 1998 and 1999 data used in this study, standard errors have not been calculated. Consequently, the

inferences made using data from 1998 and 1999 cannot be verified by a statistical test. For the 2008 data, standard errors

are available and the inferences made when comparing different elements of 2008 data have been verified.

Glossary

Wellness programs, as defined by NCS, offer employees two or more of the following benefits: • Smoking cessation clinics

• Exercise/physical fitness programs

• Weight control programs

• Nutrition education

• Hypertension tests

• Periodic physical examinations

• Stress management courses

• Back care courses

Employee assistance programs provide employee referral services or counseling concerning any of the following: • Alcoholism

• Drug abuse

• Marital difficulties

• Financial problems

• Emotional problems

• Legal problems
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 6

Exhibit 1.

Number Of Workers Represented By NCS, March 2008

Occupational Group State and local governmentPrivate industry

All workers 19,328,100 107,406,000

 Management, professional,

 and related 10,619,000 24,528,900

 Service 4,127,400 22,459,300

 Protective Service 1,864,300 Data not available

The number of workers represented by the survey is rounded to the nearest 100. Estimates of the number of workers provide a description

of size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. Estimates are not intended, however, for comparison to other statistical

series to measure employment trends or levels. For more information on the data, see Employee Benefits in the United States, (Bureau of

Labor Statistics, March 2008), appendix table 2; available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/home.htm. Occupations are classified using the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system (available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/

soc/home.htm). The SOC uses a six-digit hierarchical classification system that categorizes more than 800 individual occupations into 23

major groups.

Eli R. Stoltzfus

Economist, Division of National Compensation Survey, Office of Field Operations, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Telephone: (202) 691-6506; E-mail: Stoltzfus.Eli@bls.gov. Notes

1 Jeanne M. Lambrew, A Wellness Trust to Prioritize Disease Prevention (Brookings, April 2007); quote, p.14; available on the internet at

www.hamiltonproject.org.

2 Carolyne Foster, “A Proactive Choice to Wellness,” OR Today, May 2007, pp. 32-35.

3 Workers represented in this study are public sector workers excluding Federal government workers, and workers in the private nonfarm

economy excluding household workers and self-employed workers.

4 Ken McDonnell, “Benefit Cost Comparisons Between State and Local Governments and Private-Sector Employers,” EBRI Notes (Employee

Benefits Research Institute, June 2008).

5 Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Household Data Annual Averages, table 3, Union affiliation of employed wage

and salary workers by occupation and industry. For more information, visit the CPS page on the BLS website at http://www.bls.gov/cps/.

The Current Population Survey defines workers “represented by unions” as union members, as well as workers who have no

union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. About 1.7 million wage and

salary workers were represented by a union on their main job in 2008, while not being union members themselves. About half

of these workers were employed in government. For more information, see Union Members in 2008, USDL 09-0095 (U.S.

Department of Labor) Jan. 28, 2009; available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.toc.htm.

The National Compensation Survey defines union workers as workers whose wages are determined by a collective

bargaining agreement. For more information, see National Compensation Survey: Occupational Earnings in the United

States, 2007, Bulletin 2704 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2008), available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/

ncswage2007.htm.

6 See McDonnell, “Benefit Cost Comparisons Between State and Local Governments and Private-Sector Employers.”

7 As defined by the National Compensation Survey, an employee has access to a benefit plan if the employee is in an occupation that is

offered the plan. By definition, either all employees in an occupation have access to a benefit or none has access. Historical data for both 1998

(public sector) and 1999 (private sector) are being used for this study because prior to 2000 surveys were conducted in alternating years on

different sectors of the economy: public sector establishments were surveyed during even years and private sector establishments during odd

years. In addition, in the 1998 survey of public sector workers, data for full-time employees were aggregated separately from data for part-time
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 7

employees; an all worker aggregation was not published for public sector workers. This explains the use of the full-time workers category in

charts 1 and 4. Beginning in 2000, benefits data were published annually for the private sector. The 2008 public sector benefits data used in

this study, however, are only the second release of benefits data on State and local government workers since 1998.

8 Averages for occupations within an establishment were used to produce estimates for worker groups averaging hourly pay within the six

earnings percentiles: Below the 10th percentile, 10th to under the 25th percentile, 25th to under the 50th percentile, 50th to under the 75th

percentile, 75th to under the 90th percentile, and the 90th percentile and greater. Individual workers can fall into an earnings category different

from the average for an occupation and establishment into which they are classified. The percentile breakouts are based on the average wage

for each occupation surveyed, which may include workers both above and below the threshold. The percentile values are based on wages

published in National Compensation Survey: Occupational Earnings in the United States, 2007, Bulletin 2704 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,

August 2008), available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ncswage2007.htm.

Data for Chart 1: Percent of part-time and full-time workers with access to wellness programs for selected years

Public sector, 1998 Private sector, 1999 Public sector, 2008 Private sector, 2008

Part-time workers 27 11 39 15

Full-time workers 35 19 54 28

Data for Chart 2: Percent of workers with access to wellness programs by selected occupational group and collective

bargaining status, 2008

Sector and establishment characteristic Public sector Private sector

All workers 52 25

Management, professional, and related 53 43

Service 49 13

Union 55 37

Non-union 50 24

Data for Chart 3: Percent of workers with access to wellness programs by percentile group, 2008

Sector and establishment characteristic Public sector Private sector

All workers 52 25

Average wage in the 10th to 24th percentiles 49 12

Average wage in the 25th to 49th percentiles 51 21

Average wage in the 50th to 74th percentiles 57 29

Average wage in the 75th to 89th percentiles 55 41

Data for Chart 4: Percent of part-time and full-time workers with access to employee assistance programs for selected

years

Public sector, 1998 Private sector, 1999 Public sector, 2008 Private sector, 2008

Part-time workers 43 21 53 29

Full-time workers 70 36 76 46

Data for Chart 5: Percent of workers with access to employee assistance programs by selected occupational group

and collective bargaining status, 2008

Sector and Establishment Characteristic Public sector Private sector

All workers 73 42
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 8

Sector and Establishment Characteristic Public sector Private sector

Management, professional, and related 73 60

Service 71 26

Union 82 65

Non-union 65 39

Data for Chart 6: Percent of workers with access to employee assistance programs by percentile group, 2008

Sector and Establishment Characteristic Public sector Private sector

All workers 73 42

Average wage in the 10th to 24th percentiles 69 27

Average wage in the 25th to 49th percentiles 75 40

Average wage in the 50th to 74th percentiles 79 46

Average wage in the 75th to 89th percentiles 76 58

Data for Chart 7: Percent of workers with access to wellness and employee assistance programs by establishment

ownership, 2008

Local and state government establishments Wellness programs Employee assistance programs

Public sector 52 73

State government 69 86

Local government 46 68

Private sector 25 42

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | Division of Information and Marketing Services, PSB Suite 2850, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE Washington, DC

20212-0001 | www.bls.gov/OPUB | Telephone: 1-202-691-5200 | Contact Us