Technical USDL 06-1476 

 information: (202) 691-5618 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EDT 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Tuesday, August 22, 2006 

Internet: http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm 

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

WHOLESALE TRADE, RETAIL TRADE, 

AND FOOD SERVICES AND DRINKING PLACES, 2005 

The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today on 

productivity and costs for wholesale trade, retail trade, and food services and drinking 

places. Labor productivity⎯defined as output per hour⎯rose 0.6 percent in wholesale 

trade, 3.4 percent in retail trade, and 1.6 percent in food services and drinking places in 

2005. Output and hours also grew in each of these sectors. (See chart 1.) Unit labor costs 

fell in retail trade, but increased in wholesale trade, and in food services and drinking 

places. Productivity advanced in 34 of the 50 detailed industries studied, as output grew 

in 47 industries while hours declined in 20 industries. Unit labor costs declined in 26 of 

the 50 industries measured. (See tables 1 and 2.) 

From 1987 to 2005, labor productivity increased at an average annual rate of 3.5 

percent in wholesale trade, 3.3 percent in retail trade, and 0.7 percent in food services and 

drinking places, as output and hours rose in each. (See chart 2.) Unit labor costs fell in 

retail trade, but rose in wholesale trade and in food services and drinking places during 

this period. Output and productivity increased in 47 of the 50 detailed industries between 

1987 and 2005, while hours fell in 12 industries. Unit labor costs declined in 20 

industries. 

Measures for industries in other sectors have been published in separate releases 

and can be accessed online at: http://www.bls.gov/schedule/archives/all_nr.htm

2004-2005 change 

Wholesale trade: Output per hour grew 0.6 percent as output rose 3.1 percent and 

hours increased 2.5 percent. Within wholesale trade, overall productivity growth of 3.1 

percent for durable merchant wholesalers (NAICS 423) exceeded the 0.6 percent 
2

productivity growth for nondurable merchant wholesalers (NAICS 424), although output 

and hours grew in each of these subsectors. However, the fastest productivity growth 

among individual wholesale trade industries was recorded for two nondurable wholesale 

industries. Productivity rose 10.5 percent in paper and paper products wholesaling 

(NAICS 4241) and 10.2 percent in apparel, piece goods, and notions wholesaling (NAICS 

4243). In 2005, productivity increased in 10 of the 19 detailed wholesale trade measures 

studied. Output grew in 17 of the industries, while hours fell in six. Unit labor costs 

declined in six of the 19 detailed wholesale trade industries but rose 2.6 percent in 

wholesale trade overall. 

Retail trade: Output per hour increased 3.4 percent as output and hours grew 4.3 

percent and 0.9 percent, respectively. Labor productivity rose in 21 of the 27 detailed 

retail trade industries in 2005. Florists (NAICS 4531) and beer, wine, and liquor stores 

(NAICS 4453) registered the highest productivity growth rates23.8 percent and 13.6 

percent, respectively. Productivity also grew in five of the six largest retail trade 

industries, those with more than 1.0 million employees. Output increased in all but one 

industry, while hours declined in 13 industries. Unit labor costs fell 0.3 percent in the 

retail trade sector and declined in 18 of the 27 detailed retail trade industries, led by an 

11.8 percent decline in specialty food stores (NAICS 4452). 

Food services and drinking places: Output per hour rose 1.6 percent as output 

increased 3.5 percent and hours grew 1.9 percent. Three of the four industries in food 

services and drinking places recorded productivity gains in 2005. The fastest productivity 

growth, 6.4 percent, occurred in drinking places (NAICS 7224). Productivity grew 2.6 

percent in full-service restaurants (NAICS 7221), the largest industry in this group. 

Output increased in all four industries and hours grew in three industries. Unit labor costs 

increased 1.1 percent in the sector, although two of the detailed industries registered 

declines in unit labor costs. 

Chart 1. Percent change in output per hour, output, and hours, 2004-2005

(Wholesale Trade, Retail Trade, and Food Services and Drinking Places)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Output

per Hour

Output Hours Output

per Hour

Output Hours Output

per Hour

Output Hours

Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Food Services and Drinking

Places

% Change 
3

Long-term trends 

Wholesale trade: Output per hour increased 3.5 percent per year, on average, 

between 1987 and 2005, as output increased 4.1 percent and hours rose 0.6 percent. At 

the subsector level, average annual productivity growth of 5.5 percent in durable merchant 

wholesale trade (NAICS 423) exceeded the 1.3 percent growth in nondurable merchant 

wholesale trade (NAICS 424). Labor productivity increased in all but one industry in 

wholesale trade; chemicals wholesalers (NAICS 4246) registered a decline of 0.1 percent 

per year on average over the period. Output per hour rose most rapidly in commercial 

equipment wholesalers (NAICS 4234) and in electric goods wholesalers (NAICS 4236), 

advancing at average annual rates of 15.2 percent per year and 9.0 percent per year, 

respectively. Output also increased in 18 of the 19 detailed industries in wholesale trade, 

while hours declined in six of them. Unit labor costs declined in three of the wholesale 

trade industries over the period, but rose 0.8 percent per year for wholesale trade overall. 

Retail trade: Output per hour rose an average 3.3 percent per year from 1987 to 

2005, as output increased 4.2 percent per year and hours grew 0.9 percent. Output per 

hour increased in all but one of the 27 detailed retail trade industries; specialty food stores 

(NAICS 4452) recorded no change in productivity over the period. Labor productivity 

rose 13.4 percent per year, on average, in electronics and appliance stores (NAICS 443) 

and 11.6 percent per year in electronic shopping and mail order houses (NAICS 4541). 

Output increased in 26 of the 27 retail industries, while hours increased in 19 industries. 

Unit labor costs declined in 17 of the 27 retail trade industries between 1987 and 2005 and 

declined by 0.2 percent per year in retail trade overall. 

Food services and drinking places: Output per hour increased at an average 

annual rate of 0.7 percent per year, as output rose 2.4 percent and hours increased 1.7 

percent. The three food services industries recorded growth in labor productivity, output, 

and hours from 1987 to 2005. During the same period, labor productivity in drinking 

places (NAICS 7224) declined 0.7 percent per year as output declined by 0.4 percent and 

hours increased 0.3 percent. Unit labor costs increased in each industry and rose by 3.0 

percent per year in food services and drinking places overall. 

Chart 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and hours, 1987-2005

(Wholesale Trade, Retail Trade, and Food Services and Drinking Places)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Output

per Hour

Output Hours Output

per Hour

Output Hours Output

per Hour

Output Hours

Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Food Services and Drinking

Places

% Change 
4

Technical Note 

Output

Industry output is measured as sectoral output, the total value, in real terms, of 

goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Wherever possible, the indexes 

of industry output are calculated with a Törnqvist formula. This formula aggregates the 

growth rates of the various industry outputs between two periods, using their relative 

shares in industry value of production, averaged over the two periods, as weights. 

Industry output measures for the trade and food services and drinking places 

industries generally are constructed using data from the economic censuses and annual 

surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes from BLS. 

Labor Hours 

The industry labor input measures represent the hours of all workers in the 

industry. The primary source of data on employment and hours is the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey, which provides monthly data on the number of jobs 

held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments. The CES survey also 

provides data on the average weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers in 

these establishments. 

 

Data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) are used to supplement the CES 

data. The Office of Productivity and Technology (OPT) estimates the average weekly 

hours of supervisory and nonproduction workers by industry using data from the CPS 

together with the CES data. CPS data are also used to estimate the employment and hours 

of self-employed and unpaid family workers in the trade and food services and drinking 

places industries. The hours of nonsupervisory workers, supervisory workers, and selfemployed and unpaid family workers are treated as homogeneous and are directly 

aggregated. 

Labor Productivity 

The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship between output 

and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to 

period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Industry output per hour 

indexes are prepared from data published by various public and private agencies, using the 

greatest level of industry detail available. 

Although the labor productivity measures relate output to hours of employees or 

all persons engaged in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor, 

capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many 

influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization 
5

of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and 

the characteristics and effort of the workforce. 

Year-to-year movements in productivity measures for some industries might be 

erratic, particularly in the smaller industries. The annual changes in an industry’s output 

and use of labor may reflect cyclical changes in the economy rather than long-term trends. 

Also, annual productivity indexes are based on sample data, which are likely to differ 

from data generated by a census of establishments in the industry. As a result, long-term 

trends tend to be more reliable indicators of the performance of an industry than are the 

year-to-year changes. 

Unit Labor Costs 

The unit labor cost series represents the cost of labor input required to produce one 

unit of output. The indexes of unit labor costs for each industry are computed by dividing 

an index of industry labor compensation by an index of industry output. Compensation, 

defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a measure of the cost to the employer of 

securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal 

pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. Supplemental 

payments include legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. 

The legally required portion consists primarily of Federal old age and survivors’ 

insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for 

voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as 

the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. 

Notes

The measures in this news release replace the wholesale trade, retail trade, and 

food services and drinking places series published in table 51 of the Monthly Labor 

Review and in the news release Productivity and Costs by Industry: Wholesale Trade, 

Retail Trade, and Food Services and Drinking Places, 2004 (released September 27, 

2005), and may reflect revisions to those series. All of the measures for 2005 in this 

release are preliminary and subject to revision. 

Estimates of employment and hours of self-employed and unpaid family workers 

for all years have been revised to more accurately account for employment and hours of 

proprietors in secondary jobs. Previously, a proprietor’s hours worked at secondary jobs 

were attributed to the industry of the proprietor’s primary job. Hours worked at secondary 

jobs are now included in a proprietor’s hours only if the person is a proprietor in the 

secondary job, and these hours are classified in the industry of the secondary job. 

Published productivity and unit labor cost indexes for selected NAICS industries, 

including the industries covered in this report, can be accessed electronically by visiting 

the Labor Productivity and Costs Web site: http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm. While 

the index numbers and rates of change reported by BLS in this news release are rounded 
6

to one decimal place, all percent changes in this release and on the BLS web site are 

calculated using index numbers to three decimal places. 

Measures for selected detailed industries are available upon request by calling the 

Division of Industry Productivity Studies (202-691-5618) or by sending a request by email: dipsweb@bls.gov. Data on industry employment, annual hours, the net value of 

production, and the implicit price deflator for output also are available upon request. 

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be 

used without permission. Information in this report will be made available to sensoryimpaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral 

phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 
2005 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

Wholesale Trade

42 Wholesale trade 5987 3.5 4.1 0.6 0.6 3.1 2.5

423 Durable goods 3109 5.5 6.0 0.4 3.1 5.0 1.8

4231 Motor vehicles and parts 361 4.1 4.0 -0.1 6.3 4.8 -1.3

4232 Furniture and furnishings 120 2.6 2.7 0.1 -2.0 0.7 2.8

4233 Lumber and construction supplies 261 1.0 2.9 1.8 -5.3 0.8 6.4

4234 Commercial equipment 650 15.2 15.7 0.4 8.1 7.7 -0.4

4235 Metals and minerals 125 0.2 0.4 0.2 -3.6 1.9 5.7

4236 Electric goods 352 9.0 8.9 -0.1 3.6 4.4 0.7

4237 Hardware and plumbing 251 1.4 2.6 1.2 -1.6 3.5 5.3

4238 Machinery and supplies 681 2.6 2.6 0.0 5.6 6.9 1.3

4239 Miscellaneous durable goods 308 2.3 3.1 0.7 0.7 5.2 4.5

424 Nondurable goods 2132 1.3 1.6 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.3

4241 Paper and paper products 159 3.0 2.3 -0.6 10.5 3.8 -6.1

4242 Druggists' goods 223 2.6 5.1 2.5 5.3 5.9 0.5

4243 Apparel and piece goods 161 2.9 2.6 -0.3 10.2 6.3 -3.5

4244 Grocery and related products 734 0.8 1.7 0.9 -1.7 0.5 2.2

4245 Farm product raw materials 80 1.2 -1.4 -2.6 -7.8 -2.3 6.0

4246 Chemicals 136 -0.1 0.9 1.1 -2.2 2.3 4.6

4247 Petroleum 103 3.4 0.3 -3.0 -8.5 -8.7 -0.2

4248 Alcoholic beverages 149 0.5 2.0 1.5 5.7 6.6 0.9

4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods 387 0.7 0.7 0.0 5.8 3.3 -2.4

425 Electronic markets and agents and brokers 745 2.4 5.1 2.7 -8.6 2.7 12.4

Retail Trade

44-45 Retail trade 16461 3.3 4.2 0.9 3.4 4.3 0.9

441 Motor vehicle and parts dealers 2024 2.8 4.0 1.2 0.5 1.3 0.7

4411 Automobile dealers 1319 2.5 3.8 1.3 -1.0 -0.6 0.5

4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 186 4.3 7.2 2.8 5.4 18.4 12.3

4413 Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores 519 2.8 3.4 0.6 7.5 5.1 -2.2

442 Furniture and home furnishings stores 640 3.9 5.2 1.2 1.7 5.9 4.2

4421 Furniture stores 324 3.3 4.5 1.1 -0.7 5.4 6.2

4422 Home furnishings stores 316 4.7 6.1 1.3 4.2 6.5 2.1

443 Electronics and appliance stores 570 13.4 15.4 1.7 9.1 15.5 5.9

444 Building material and garden supply stores 1346 3.3 5.3 2.0 0.4 6.6 6.2

4441 Building material and supplies dealers 1174 3.1 5.5 2.3 0.5 6.5 5.9

4442 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 172 4.2 4.2 0.0 -0.6 7.8 8.4

445 Food and beverage stores 2922 0.4 0.3 -0.1 5.3 2.6 -2.5

4451 Grocery stores 2503 0.3 0.3 0.0 4.5 2.1 -2.3

4452 Specialty food stores 268 0.0 0.3 0.3 13.5 10.7 -2.5

4453 Beer, wine and liquor stores 152 2.5 0.6 -1.8 13.6 5.7 -7.0

446 Health and personal care stores 999 2.6 3.9 1.3 -0.9 2.5 3.5

447 Gasoline stations 892 2.4 1.9 -0.5 5.9 3.6 -2.2

448 Clothing and clothing accessories stores 1527 4.5 4.9 0.4 5.9 6.9 0.9

4481 Clothing stores 1129 4.7 5.4 0.7 9.0 8.5 -0.4

4482 Shoe stores 183 3.9 2.6 -1.2 3.7 1.4 -2.1

4483 Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 216 4.3 4.8 0.5 -5.1 3.7 9.2

451 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores 720 4.5 4.9 0.4 8.7 3.4 -4.8

4511 Sporting goods and musical instrument stores 501 5.1 5.4 0.3 7.9 4.3 -3.3

4512 Book, periodical, and music stores 218 3.2 4.0 0.7 10.8 1.6 -8.3

452 General merchandise stores 2951 3.9 5.6 1.7 3.8 5.9 1.9

4521 Department stores 1620 1.3 2.7 1.4 0.6 0.2 -0.4

4529 Other general merchandise stores 1331 7.6 9.6 1.9 5.5 10.2 4.4

Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2005 and 2004-2005

Annual percent change, 1987-2005 Annual percent change, 2004-2005
2005 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

453 Miscellaneous store retailers 1117 4.4 5.1 0.7 8.3 5.8 -2.3

4531 Florists 127 2.8 0.8 -1.9 23.8 8.8 -12.1

4532 Office supplies, stationery and gift stores 443 6.2 6.8 0.5 5.5 4.5 -1.0

4533 Used merchandise stores 185 5.5 6.6 1.1 8.0 8.9 0.9

4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 362 2.4 4.3 1.8 7.3 5.7 -1.5

454 Nonstore retailers 752 8.6 9.4 0.8 2.8 8.8 5.8

4541 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 311 11.6 16.1 4.0 4.2 12.3 7.8

4542 Vending machine operators 69 0.9 -0.9 -1.8 2.1 4.1 2.0

4543 Direct selling establishments 373 3.4 2.7 -0.7 -2.3 2.3 4.8

Food Services and Drinking Places 

722 Food services and drinking places 9336 0.7 2.4 1.7 1.6 3.5 1.9

7221 Full-service restaurants 4359 0.9 2.7 1.8 2.6 3.9 1.3

7222 Limited-service eating places 3947 0.6 2.5 2.0 -0.1 3.3 3.5

7223 Special food services 651 1.8 2.6 0.8 3.4 4.7 1.3

7224 Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 380 -0.7 -0.4 0.3 6.4 0.1 -5.9

Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2005 and 2004-2005--Continued

Annual percent change, 1987-2005 Annual percent change, 2004-2005
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2005 and 2004-2005

2005 Annual percent change, 1987-2005 Annual percent change, 2004-2005

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

Wholesale Trade

42 Wholesale trade 5987 4.9 4.1 0.8 5.8 3.1 2.6

423 Durable goods 3109 5.0 6.0 -0.9 5.2 5.0 0.2

4231 Motor vehicles and parts 361 4.4 4.0 0.4 6.5 4.8 1.6

4232 Furniture and furnishings 120 5.1 2.7 2.3 2.3 0.7 1.5

4233 Lumber and construction supplies 261 4.5 2.9 1.6 7.9 0.8 7.0

4234 Commercial equipment 650 5.3 15.7 -9.1 2.5 7.7 -4.8

4235 Metals and minerals 125 4.8 0.4 4.4 8.9 1.9 6.9

4236 Electric goods 352 5.1 8.9 -3.5 1.1 4.4 -3.2

4237 Hardware and plumbing 251 5.3 2.6 2.6 9.9 3.5 6.1

4238 Machinery and supplies 681 4.6 2.6 1.9 6.9 6.9 0.0

4239 Miscellaneous durable goods 308 5.6 3.1 2.5 9.2 5.2 3.8

424 Nondurable goods 2132 5.1 1.6 3.5 4.3 0.9 3.4

4241 Paper and paper products 159 4.2 2.3 1.8 4.8 3.8 1.0

4242 Druggists' goods 223 11.1 5.1 5.7 2.3 5.9 -3.4

4243 Apparel and piece goods 161 4.3 2.6 1.7 5.0 6.3 -1.2

4244 Grocery and related products 734 4.9 1.7 3.2 4.8 0.5 4.3

4245 Farm product raw materials 80 3.5 -1.4 5.0 12.5 -2.3 15.2

4246 Chemicals 136 4.9 0.9 3.9 5.3 2.3 2.9

4247 Petroleum 103 2.7 0.3 2.4 5.9 -8.7 16.0

4248 Alcoholic beverages 149 4.9 2.0 2.9 4.7 6.6 -1.8

4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods 387 3.7 0.7 3.0 2.1 3.3 -1.2

425 Electronic markets and agents and brokers 745 4.2 5.1 -0.9 12.9 2.7 9.9

Retail Trade

44-45 Retail trade 16461 4.1 4.2 -0.2 4.1 4.3 -0.3

441 Motor vehicle and parts dealers 2024 4.5 4.0 0.5 3.5 1.3 2.2

4411 Automobile dealers 1319 4.6 3.8 0.7 2.9 -0.6 3.5

4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 186 6.9 7.2 -0.3 12.7 18.4 -4.8

4413 Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores 519 3.3 3.4 -0.1 2.1 5.1 -2.9

442 Furniture and home furnishings stores 640 4.5 5.2 -0.6 5.1 5.9 -0.8

4421 Furniture stores 324 4.1 4.5 -0.3 4.8 5.4 -0.6

4422 Home furnishings stores 316 5.1 6.1 -1.0 5.4 6.5 -1.0

443 Electronics and appliance stores 570 4.9 15.4 -9.1 3.4 15.5 -10.5

444 Building material and garden supply stores 1346 4.7 5.3 -0.6 8.2 6.6 1.5

4441 Building material and supplies dealers 1174 5.0 5.5 -0.5 7.8 6.5 1.3

4442 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 172 3.2 4.2 -1.0 11.4 7.8 3.3

445 Food and beverage stores 2922 3.4 0.3 3.0 1.0 2.6 -1.6

4451 Grocery stores 2503 3.5 0.3 3.2 1.5 2.1 -0.6

4452 Specialty food stores 268 2.6 0.3 2.4 -2.4 10.7 -11.8

4453 Beer, wine and liquor stores 152 2.5 0.6 1.9 0.4 5.7 -5.0

446 Health and personal care stores 999 5.2 3.9 1.3 4.8 2.5 2.2

447 Gasoline stations 892 2.6 1.9 0.7 1.5 3.6 -2.0

448 Clothing and clothing accessories stores 1527 3.4 4.9 -1.4 4.7 6.9 -2.1

4481 Clothing stores 1129 3.8 5.4 -1.5 4.8 8.5 -3.4

4482 Shoe stores 183 1.7 2.6 -0.9 -2.5 1.4 -3.9

4483 Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 216 3.3 4.8 -1.4 8.7 3.7 4.9

451 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores 720 4.3 4.9 -0.6 -2.7 3.4 -5.9

4511 Sporting goods and musical instrument stores 501 4.3 5.4 -1.0 -1.7 4.3 -5.8

4512 Book, periodical, and music stores 218 4.2 4.0 0.2 -5.0 1.6 -6.5

452 General merchandise stores 2951 4.1 5.6 -1.4 5.5 5.9 -0.3

4521 Department stores 1620 3.2 2.7 0.5 1.5 0.2 1.3

4529 Other general merchandise stores 1331 5.4 9.6 -3.8 10.7 10.2 0.4
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2005 and 2004-2005--Continued

2005 Annual percent change, 1987-2005 Annual percent change, 2004-2005

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

453 Miscellaneous store retailers 1117 3.1 5.1 -1.9 1.8 5.8 -3.7

4531 Florists 127 1.1 0.8 0.3 -3.4 8.8 -11.2

4532 Office supplies, stationery and gift stores 443 3.7 6.8 -2.9 -0.3 4.5 -4.6

4533 Used merchandise stores 185 4.1 6.6 -2.4 5.6 8.9 -3.0

4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 362 2.8 4.3 -1.4 4.1 5.7 -1.5

454 Nonstore retailers 752 4.0 9.4 -4.9 11.2 8.8 2.2

4541 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 311 8.0 16.1 -7.0 18.8 12.3 5.8

4542 Vending machine operators 69 1.4 -0.9 2.3 3.7 4.1 -0.4

4543 Direct selling establishments 373 1.8 2.7 -0.8 4.8 2.3 2.5

Food Services and Drinking Places 

722 Food services and drinking places 9336 5.5 2.4 3.0 4.7 3.5 1.1

7221 Full-service restaurants 4359 6.6 2.7 3.8 5.6 3.9 1.7

7222 Limited-service eating places 3947 5.3 2.5 2.7 5.3 3.3 1.9

7223 Special food services 651 3.4 2.6 0.8 0.2 4.7 -4.3

7224 Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 380 2.2 -0.4 2.7 -1.0 0.1 -1.1