# Patent

## Title
Magnetically enhanced sputtering device having a plurality of magnetic

## Abstract

This is a division of application Ser. No. 326,644 filed Dec. 2, 1981, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,756.

## Background
This invention relates to pure enantiomers of bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones, processes for producing them by complete or partial ketalization and separation of the product mixture by chromatography and distillation and the use of the enantiomeric bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones.

P. K. Freeman, D. M. Balls and D. J. Brown, J. Org. Chem. 33,2211 (1968) (see also the publications 10 and 15 cited in S. Ranganathan, D. Ranganathan and A. K. Mehrotra, Syntheses 1977, 289) already described the synthesis of racemic mixtures of bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones starting from substituted cyclohexa-1,4-dienes. Similarly, I. Alfaro, W. Ashton, K. L. Rabone & N. A. J. Rogers, Tetrahedron, 30, 559 (1974) and R. P. Gregson & R. N. Mirrington, Chem. Commun. 1973, 598, described substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones using 2-acetoxy- or 2-chloroacrylonitriles as ene component.

The enrichment of an enantiomer has been described heretofore only by K. Mislow & J. G. Berger, Z. Am. Chem. Soc., 84, 1956 (1962) through recrystallization of ephedrine salts. This enrichment resulted in an about 40% optical purity.

The photochemical conversion of racemates of bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones to form racemic tricyclo[3.3.0.0.sup.2,8 ]octan-3-ones of bicyclo[4.2.0]octenones was described by R. S. Givens, W. F. Oettle, R. L. Coffin & R. G. Carlson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 3957 (1971). The photochemical conversion of racemates of bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones was also reported by C. Carter, S. Chandrasekhar, M. Demuth, K. Nakano & K. Schaffner in Contributed Paper No. 39 of the IUPAC VIII/1980 in Seefeld, Austria.

The racemic bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones having been described contain only H and one methyl group as substituents.

It is an object of the present invention to provide the technically important pure enantiomers of bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones to achieve from these the access to the pure enantiomers of tricyclo[3.3.0.0.sup.2,8 ]octanones and bicyclo[4.2.0]octenones.

Therefore, the invention relates to bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones of the formulae Ia and Ib in the form of pure enantiomers: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and hydroxylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds, and may also be Cl, Br, F and CN as well as COOH and/or esters thereof and ##STR2## (wherein R may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and a hydroxylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl group which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds and, moreover, the carbonyl group may be acetalized or ketalized), and R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and hydrolylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds.

It is another object of the invention to provide a process for the production of pure enantiomers of bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones of the formulae Ia and Ib wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are as defined above by Diels-Alder addition of cyclohexadienes of the formulae II and III ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are as defined above with enes of the formula ##STR4## wherein R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are as defined above and R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are hydrolyzable substituents such as halogens, --C.tbd.N, ##STR5## --OR.sub.11, NO.sub.2 or amines, wherein R.sub.11 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the process being characterized in that the racemates of the bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones obtained by Diels-Alder addition are either completely ketalized with pure enantiomers of diols and the ketals are separated by chromatography or, in case of only partial ketalization, the enantiomeric bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one which has not or less been ketalized is separated from the ketalized enantiomer(s) by distillation and/or chromatography and the latter are also separated by chromatography.

It is another object of the invention to provide a process for the regioselective production of bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones of the formula I wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are as defined above by Diels-Alder addition of cyclohexadienes of the formula II and III wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are as defined above with enes of the Formula IV wherein R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are as defined above and R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are hydrolyzable substituents such as halogens, --C.tbd.N, ##STR6## --OR.sub.11, NO.sub.2 or amines, wherein R.sub.11 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the process being characterized in that the Diels-Alder addition is carried out in the temperature range of 60.degree. to 120.degree. C. or in the temperature range of 140.degree. to 200.degree. C. in the presence of polymerization inhibitors such as, for example, hydroquinone.

It is another object of the invention to use the compounds according to claim 1 for the production of pure enantiomers of the formula V by the sensitized photoreaction and of compounds of the formula VI by the unsensitized photoreaction.

The C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and the hydroxylated and carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups are straight-chain and branched alkyl groups.

Specific examples of groups C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 in R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 and in R include H, methyl, ethyl, iso- and n-propyl, n-1-butyl, n-2-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl. Preferred of the C.sub.5 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, alkoxyl and hydroxylated and carbonylated alkyl groups are the n-alkyl groups and the 2- and 3-methyl-alkyl groups. The double bonds, triple bonds, OH groups and C.dbd.O groups in the C.sub.2 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, alkoxyl and hydroxylated and carbonylated alkyl groups are preferably in 1-, 2- and 3-position.

Thus, the object has been accomplished by either completely ketalizing the racemic mixtures of the bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones recovered by Diels-Alder addition of cyclohexadienes followed by chromatographic separation of the ketals or by ketalizing them only partially. The non-ketalized enantiomer was then either separated by distillation followed by chromatographic separation of the ketals having been formed or the mixture of non-ketalized and ketalized enantiomers was separated by chromatography without a distillation step. It has been found surprisingly that both optical antipodes of the bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones could be recovered in pure form by separating by chromatography the ketals which have been obtained by reacting the bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones with optically pure diols. Suitable diols include those which contain the OH groups in vicinal position or in 1,3-position such as, for example, butane-2,3-diols, pentane-2,4-diols, but especially L(+) and D(-)-tartaric acid and esters thereof.

It has further been found surprisingly that the ketalization can be controlled to a great extent by the selection of the substituents on the diol used, the selection of the ester groups of the tartaric acid esters and the selection of the substituents on the bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one and the degree of reaction.

Thus, ketalization of racemic 1-methyl-1-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one with L(+) ethyl tartrate results in preferred ketalization of (-)-1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one in a ratio of 1:0.4 as compared with (+)-1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one. When using as ketalization agent L(+)-diisopropyltartrate, substantially only the (-)-1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one is ketalized with a 50% conversion while (+)-1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one remains almost unchanged and can be distilled off.

Further preferred esters are phenyl and methyl esters.

To produce the racemic bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones, there are useful 1,4-cyclohexadienes and 1,3-cyclohexadienes in which the substituents R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and hydroxylated and carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds and may also be Cl, Br, F and CN as well as COOH and/or esters thereof and/or COR (wherein R may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and hydroxyllated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds and, moreover, the carbonyl group may be acetalized and ketalized, respectively). As ene component, use is made of the olefin according to formula IV wherein R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are as defined above and R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are hydrolyzable substituents such as halogens, --C.tbd.N, ##STR7## or --OR.sub.11, NO.sub.2 or amines, wherein R.sub.11 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

The Diels-Alder addition may be carried out under usual conditions. However, it has been found surprisingly that high regioselectivity of the addition may be achieved if specific temperature ranges are maintained. For example, if the addition of 1-methylcyclohexadiene and 2-chloroacrylonitrile as the ene component is carried out in the presence of polymerization inhibitors such as hydroquinone in the temperature range of 60.degree. to 120.degree. C. and preferably at 110.degree. C., there is obtained a 5:1 mixture of the isomers 7 and 8. On the other hand, when operating in the temperature range of 140.degree. to 200.degree. C. and preferably at 150.degree. C., the isomer 8 is obtained in pure form (7=formula Ia or Ib with R.sub.1 =methyl; 8=formula Ia or Ib with R.sub.1 =methyl).

Ketalization of the bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones with diols is carried out in usual manner in the presence of acids. The reaction may be effected both in solvents and also without solvents while continuously withdrawing advantageously the water which is formed during the reaction. The separation of the ketals is carried out by column chromatography but may also be effected by other chromatographic methods. Once the separation has been effected, the pure enantiomers of the bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones can be obtained by usual hydrolytic cleavage of the ketals.

If the pure enantiomers of the bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones are irradiated in the presence of sensitizers such as, for example, acetophenone, acetone, benzophenone or benzene, especially in a range of wave lengths of 254 to 400 nm, there is surprisingly obtained in a selective manner the corresponding pure enantiomer of tricyclo[3.3.0.0.sup.2,8 ]octan-3-one of the formula V. If a pure enantiomer of bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one is irradiated without the addition of sensitizers, there is surprisingly obtained a pure enantiomeric bicyclo[4.2.0]octenone of the formula VI. Therefore, it is possible for the first time by the use of the pure enantiomer of bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones to recover these commercially valuable products selectively in an optically pure form by synthesis.

In order to illustrate the invention in greater detail, the following examples are given.

A mixture of 1-[pentenyl-3]-1,4-cyclohexadiene and 2-chloroacrylonitrile was heated for 10 hours at 120.degree. C. in the presence of hydroquinone as polymerization inhibitor. The raw product was distilled at 71.degree. to 73.degree. C./0.13 millibars and the distillate was hydrolyzed in an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide at 120.degree. C. for 30 minutes. The mixture was then poured on ice. Extraction with pentane gave a racemic mixture of 4-[pentenyl-3]bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one in a yield of 58%.

Analysis in %: calculated: C, 82.11; H, 9.47; O, 8.42; found: C, 82.1; H, 9.5; O, 8.3.

A mixture of 1-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene and 2-chloroacrylonitrile was heated for 14 hours at 110.degree. C. in the presence of hydroquinone as polymerization inhibitor. The raw product was distilled at 60.degree. to 65.degree. C./0.13 millibars and the distillate was hydrolyzed in an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide for 30 minutes at 120.degree. C. The mixture was hereafter poured on ice. Extraction with pentane and separation by chromatography on a silica gel column resulted in a 5:1 mixture of 4-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one and 1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one in a yield of 50 to 55%.

Analysis in %: calculated: C, 79.41; H, 8.82; O, 11.76; found: C, 79.3; H, 8.9; O, 11.7.

If the same reaction was carried out at 150.degree. C., exclusively the 1-methyl derivative was obtained in a 54% yield. Both products were present in racemic form.

5.5 g. of 1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one were refluxed together with 12 g. of L(+)-ethyl tartrate and 350 mg of p-toluene sulfonic acid in 40 ml of benzene with the use of a water separator. After a conversion of 50% was achieved, the reaction product was processed by extraction of the benzene solution with water. Concentration of the organic phase by evaporation resulted in 12 g. of raw material which was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (0.043 to 0.063 mm., 400 g.) using toluene as the solvent. The resultant mixed fractions were repeatedly subjected to chromatography. There were obtained 2.75 g. of ketal of (-)-1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one and 1.2 g. of ketal of (+)-1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one. Both of the enantiomers could be recovered in pure form after conventional hydrolysis of the ketals. Unreacted starting product was recovered almost quantitatively.

6 g. of 1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one were refluxed together with 18 g. of L(+)-diisopropyl tartrate and 400 mg. of p-toluene sulfonic acid in 50 ml of benzene using a water separator.

At a conversion of 50%, the reaction product was processed by extraction of the benzene solution with water. Concentration of the organic phase by evaporation resulted in 14 g. of raw material which was distilled at 60.degree. C./1.3 millibars. The distilled product consisted almost exclusively of (+)-1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one. At 110.degree. C./1.3 millibars, the ketal consisting of substantially pure ketal of (-)-1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one distilled.

3.5 g. of racemic 4-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one were shaken with 14 g. lf L(+)-butyl tartrate and 1 g. of strongly acidic ion exchanger in 50 ml of cyclohexane for 48 hours at room temperature. After this time, 85% of the starting product had reacted. The mixture was then filtered and the filtrate washed thoroughly with water. The residue of the organic phase was subjected to chromatography with toluene on silica gel columns. After two purification passages, approximately identical amounts of the ketals of the pure enantiomers were obtained. Unreacted starting product was recovered almost quantitatively.

2 g. of racemic 1-butyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one were heated with 7 g. of D(-)-tartaric acid in 25 ml of methanol for 36 hours at 40.degree. C. in the presence of a molecular sieve. The reaction proceeded almost quantitatively. Separation of the raw product by chromatography with ethyl acetate/methanol (2:1) on silica gel resulted in the ketals of the pure enantiomers.

An acetone solution (1%, 1 g.) of (-)-1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one was degassed with argon and irradiated with a 3,000 Angstrom lamp in a water-cooled quartz vessel. After 72 hours, a conversion of 96% was measured. The acetone was distilled off and the residue subjected to chromatography on 15 g. of silica gel. Unreacted starting product was obtained with benzene and 0.86 g. of (+)-8-methyl-tricyclo[3.3.0.0.sup.2,8 ]octan-3-one was obtained with benzene/ether (9:1).

Analysis: calculated: C, 79.41; H, 8.82; O, 11.76; found: C, 79.5; H, 8.8; O, 11.6.

A 4% solution of (+)-1-butyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one (1.5 g.) in cyclohexane was irradiated in a Pyrex apparatus under argon and in the presence of 200 mg. of acetophenone with a 250 nm medium pressure mercury lamp. After 50 hours, a conversion of 98% was achieved. The solution was concentrated by evaporation and the residue subjected to chromatography on 100 g. of silica gel (70 to 230 mesh) with toluene to remove the acetophenone and with toluene/1% diethyl ether. Pure (-)-8-butyl-tricyclo[3.3.0.0.sup.2,8 ]octan-3-one was obtained.

Analysis: calculated: C, 80.9; H, 10.11; O, 8.99; found: C, 80.9; H, 10.0; O, 8.8.

A 4% solution of (+)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one was dissolved in cyclohexane and irradiated in a Pyrex apparatus under argon with a 250 w. medium pressure mercury lamp. After 50 hours, the starting product had been reacted quantitatively. The solution was concentrated by evaporation and the residue subjected to chromatography on 100 g. of silica gel with toluene/1% diethyl ether. Pure (-)-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-3-en-8-one was obtained.

Analysis in %: calculated: C, 78.69; H, 8.19; O, 13.11; found: C, 78.7; H, 8.2; O, 12.9.

NMR: 6.38 (m, 1H) 5.72 (m, 1H) 3.2/1.3 (7H) 1.2 (s, 3H) solvent, CDCl.sub.3.

IR: 3120, 3020, 2950, 1725, 1620, 1450, 1410, 1095 cm.sup.-1 (neat).

Amount of rotation: [.alpha.].sub.D + or -495.degree..+-.5% solvent, chloroform, 23.degree. C.

NMR: 5.95 (m, 2H) 2.9/1.3 (7H) 1.27 (s, 3H) solvent, CDCl.sub.3.

IR: 3110, 3020, 2930, 1720, 1650, 1460, 1360, 1250, 1190, 1100 (neat).

Amount of roration: [.alpha.].sub.D + or -515.degree..+-.5% solvent, CHCl.sub.3, 23.degree. C.

NMR: 6.35 (m, 2H) 4.7/4.6 (dd, 2H) 4.3/4.28 (each q, each 2H) 3.1/1.5 (7H) 1.35/1.38 (each t, each 3H) 1.25 (s, 3H solvent, CDCl.sub.3.

IR: 3000, 1755, 1750, 1460, 1435 1370, 1340, 1265, 1210, 1020 cm..sup.-1

[.alpha.].sub.D -85.degree..+-.5% solvent, CHCl.sub.3, 23.degree. C. (-)-1-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one

NMR 6.3 (m, 2H) 4.8/4.6 (dd, 2H) 4.29/4.26 (each q, each 2H) 3.1/1.5 (7H) 1.35/1.30 (each t, each 3H) 1.22 (s, 3H) solvent, CDCl.sub.3.

IR 3000, 1760, 1755, 1460, 1440, 1370, 1270, 1130, 1025 cm.sup.-1.

[.alpha.].sub.D +45.degree..+-.5% solvent, CHCl.sub.3, 23.degree. C.

## Claims

1. A process for the preparation of a pure enantiomers of the formula ##STR8## which comprises effecting a sensitized photoreaction of a bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one of one of the following formula, said one being in the form of a pure enantiomer: ##STR9## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and hydroxylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds, and may also be Cl, Br. F and CN as well as COOH and/or esters thereof and ##STR10## (wherein R may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and a hydroxylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl group which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds and, moreover, the carbonyl group may be acetalized or ketalized) and -alkoxyl and hydrolylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds.

2. A process according to claim 1, wherein said bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones is subjected to a photoreaction in the presence of a sensitizer selected from the group consisting of acetone, acetophenone, benzophenone, and benzene.

3. A process according to claim 2, wherein said process is effected by irradiating said bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones by applying light at a wavelength of 254 to 400 nm thereto.

4. A process for the preparation of a pure enantiomer of the formula ##STR11## which comprises effecting an unsensitized photoreaction of a bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one of one of the following formulae in the form of a pure enantiomer: ##STR12## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and hydroxylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds, and may also be Cl, Br. F and CN as well as COOH and/or esters thereof and ##STR13## (wherein R may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and a hydroxylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl group which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds and, moreover, the carbonyl group may be acetalized or ketalized) and -alkoxyl and hydrolylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds.

5. A process according to claim 4, wherein said bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones is irradiated by applying light of wavelength 254 to 400 nm thereto.

6. A process for the preparation of a pure enantiomer of the formula ##STR14## which comprises effecting a sensitized photoreaction of a bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one of one the following formulae, said one being in the form of a pure enantiomer: ##STR15## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and hydroxylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds, and may also be Cl, Br. F and CN as well as COOH and/or esters thereof and ##STR16## (wherein R may be H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyl and a hydroxylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl group which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds and, moreover, the carbonyl group may be acetalized or ketalized) and -alkoxyl and hydrolylated and/or carbonylated C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups which may contain one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds, in a solvent in the presence of a sensitizer at a temperature of 0.degree. C. up to the boiling point of the solvent by applying light at a wave length of 254 to 400 nm thereto, wherein said sensitizer is selected from the group consisting of acetone, acetophenone, benzophenone and benzene.