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December 2020 
                    Report 1088

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		














































																						



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Composition of the labor force
Labor force participation
Employment
Educational attainment
Occupation
Industry
Families and parents
Unemployment
Not in the labor force
Earnings
 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by...Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational...Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or...Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race,...Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest...Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...
                          Technical Notes
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     Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2019
Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2019 imageIn 2019, the overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States was 3.7 percent, however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher than the national rate for Blacks or African Americans (6.1 percent), American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.1 percent), and people categorized as being of Two or More Races (5.3 percent). Jobless rates were lower than the national rate for Asians (2.7 percent), Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (3.2 percent), and Whites (3.3 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 4.3 percent, was higher than the rate of 3.5 percent for non-Hispanics.Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables.The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2019.Composition of the labor forceBy race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (77 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 24 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (14 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—17 percent—was classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who were of two or more Asian groups. (As calculated from the data in table 2.)People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race, made up 18 percent of the total labor force. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), Black (5 percent), and Asian (1 percent). By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans made up another 10 percent, over a third of whom were Salvadorans. Eight percent of Hispanics in the labor force were Puerto Rican, and 7 percent were South American. People of Cuban and Dominican ethnicity each represented 4 percent of the Hispanic labor force. An additional 5 percent were classified as Other Hispanic or Latino. (See table 2.)Labor force participationAmong the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.4 percent), people of Two or More Races (67.1 percent), and Hispanics (66.8 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates. The participation rate for Asians was 64.0 percent; Whites, 63.0 percent; Blacks, 62.5 percent; and American Indians and Alaska Natives, 60.8 percent. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)View Chart DataChart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averagesRacePercentTotal63.1White63.0Black or African American62.5Asian64.0American Indian and Alaska Native60.8Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander68.4Two or More Races67.1Hispanic or Latino66.8Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.2 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, and Blacks (68.1 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (75.1 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (62.5 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Hispanics (60.4 percent), Asians (59.3 percent), and Whites (57.9 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians (21.6 percent) were less likely to participate in the labor force than were Whites (37.5 percent), Hispanics (32.2 percent), and Blacks (30.1 percent). (See table 3.)EmploymentThe employment–population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 57.1 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 66.2 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 63.9 percent for Hispanics, 63.6 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 62.3 percent for Asians, 61.0 percent for Whites, and 58.7 percent for Blacks. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.4 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Black men (64.0 percent) had the lowest, also continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian adult men and White adult men were 73.1 percent and 69.6 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 59.4 percent for Blacks, 57.9 percent for Hispanics, 57.8 percent for Asians, and 56.2 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)The employment-population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (33.2 percent) was about 13 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (19.8 percent), about 9 percentage points higher than for Black teens (23.9 percent), and about 6 percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (27.2 percent).Educational attainmentAmong people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. Seventy-seven percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at least a high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 65 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 41 percent of Whites, 32 percent of Blacks, and 22 percent of Hispanics. (As calculated from the data in table 6 and chart 2.)View Chart DataChart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averagesRaceLess than a high school diplomaHigh school graduates, no collegeSome college, no degreeAssociate's degreeBachelor's degree and higherWhite725151141Black or African American630191232Asian5158765Hispanic or Latino233115922Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Data may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For almost all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across almost all major race and ethnicity groups. Among full-time wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,110) and Hispanics ($1,155) with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than for Whites ($1,380) and Asians ($1,579). (See table 17.)OccupationFifty-five percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 32 percent of employed Blacks, and 23 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)View Chart DataChart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averagesRaceProduction, transportation, and material movingNatural resources, construction, and maintenanceSales and officeServiceManagement, professional, and relatedWhite11.310.121.315.941.4Black or African American16.25.722.323.831.9Asian9.13.11715.855Hispanic or Latino15.416.420.624.223.3Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Data may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among employed men, 57 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 38 percent of Whites, 26 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 20 percent of employed Black and Hispanic men worked in service occupations, compared with 13 percent and 12 percent of employed White and Asian men, respectively. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material-moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 11 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 53 percent of Asian women, compared with 46 percent of White women, 37 percent of Black women, and 29 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 60 percent of Hispanics worked in two major occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 54 percent of Blacks, 47 percent of Whites, and 40 percent of Asians.Hispanics accounted for 18 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (56 percent); miscellaneous agricultural workers (54 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (37 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (30 percent); and taxi drivers and chauffeurs (30 percent). Asians accounted for 7 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (59 percent); software developers, applications and system software (38 percent); and physicians and surgeons (18 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, and accounted for 97 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; construction managers (91 percent); and carpenters (89 percent). (See table 8.)IndustryAmong employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (21 percent) than were Whites (14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (14 percent). Twenty-two percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (14 percent), Black men (12 percent), and Hispanic men (12 percent). A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (41 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (31 percent), and Hispanics (31 percent). (See table 9.)Families and parentsEighty-eight percent of both Asian families and Hispanic families had at least one family member employed. About 80 percent of White and Black families had at least one family member employed.Families maintained by women (no opposite-sex spouse present) accounted for 41 percent of Black families, 25 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 77 percent of Black families, 79 percent of White families, and 83 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member. (As calculated from the data in table 10.)Among mothers with children under 18 years old, Black mothers (77.6 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than White mothers (71.9 percent), Asian mothers (65.8 percent), or Hispanic mothers (64.9 percent). (See table 11.)Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18 years. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 94.1 percent for White men, 93.8 percent for Asian men, 93.8 percent for Hispanic men, and 88.6 percent for Black men.UnemploymentIn 2019, the unemployment rate averaged 6.1 percent for Blacks, 6.1 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives, 5.3 percent for people of Two or More Races, 3.3 percent for Whites, 3.2 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 2.7 percent for Asians. The unemployment rate was 4.3 percent for Hispanics. With the exception of Whites, the remaining groups experienced unemployment rates that were the lowest in the history of each series. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)View Chart DataChart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averagesRacePercentTotal3.7White3.3Black or African American6.1Asian2.7American Indian and Alaska Native6.1Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander3.2Two or More Races5.3Hispanic or Latino4.3Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Data may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).View Chart DataChart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2019 annual averagesYearAsianHispanic or LatinoWhiteBlack or African American19737.54.39.419748.15.010.5197512.27.814.8197611.57.014.0197710.16.214.019789.15.212.819798.35.112.3198010.16.314.3198110.46.715.6198213.88.618.9198313.78.419.5198410.76.515.9198510.56.215.1198610.66.014.519878.85.313.019888.24.711.719898.04.511.419908.24.811.4199110.06.112.5199211.66.614.2199310.86.113.019949.95.311.519959.34.910.419968.94.710.519977.74.210.019987.23.98.919996.43.78.020003.65.73.57.620014.56.64.28.620025.97.55.110.220036.07.75.210.820044.47.04.810.420054.06.04.410.020063.05.24.08.920073.25.64.18.320084.07.65.210.120097.312.18.514.820107.512.58.716.020117.011.57.915.820125.910.37.213.820135.29.16.513.120145.07.45.311.320153.86.64.69.620163.65.84.38.420173.45.13.87.520183.04.73.56.520192.74.33.36.1Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Data may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.Data for Asians are available only since 2000.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Blacks were the most likely to be jobless (with an unemployment rate of 6.0 percent), while Asians (2.6 percent) were the least likely. The jobless rate for White men (3.0 percent) was lower than the rate for Hispanic men (3.5 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (5.1 percent) were also the most likely to be jobless, while Asians (2.5 percent) were the least likely. The jobless rate for White women (3.0 percent) was lower than the rate for Hispanic women (4.1 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 20.7 percent, compared with 15.4 percent for Hispanics, 11.5 percent for Whites, and 8.2 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 10.8 weeks and 9.7 weeks, respectively, whereas the figure was 8.6 weeks for Whites and Hispanics. (See table 13.)Of the 6.0 million people unemployed in 2019, 46 percent were job losers (workers who were on temporary layoff, lost their jobs permanently, or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (30 percent), job leavers (14 percent), and new entrants (10 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, 48 percent of Whites and 47 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 43 percent of Blacks and 41 percent of Asians. Sixteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent of unemployed Hispanics, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, and 9 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)Not in the labor forceAs calculated from the data in table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, and 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force; wanted to work and were available to work; and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 77 percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached.Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (29 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them.EarningsAmong the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2019 were $706 for Hispanics, $735 for Blacks, $945 for Whites, and $1,174 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,036), Black men ($769), and Hispanic men ($747) were 78 percent, 58 percent, and 56 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($1,336). The median earnings of White women ($840), Black women ($704), and Hispanic women ($642) were 82 percent, 69 percent, and 63 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($1,025). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,851 and $1,549, respectively, were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,251) and Black men ($1,174) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $576 for Asians, $540 for Whites, $523 for Blacks, and $511 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were considerably higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                        


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Gender and race
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
259,175
163,539
63.1
157,538
60.8
6,001
3.7
95,636Men
125,353
86,687
69.2
83,460
66.6
3,227
3.7
38,667Women
133,822
76,852
57.4
74,078
55.4
2,774
3.6
56,970White
200,827
126,600
63.0
122,441
61.0
4,159
3.3
74,227Men
98,220
68,367
69.6
66,100
67.3
2,266
3.3
29,853Women
102,607
58,233
56.8
56,341
54.9
1,893
3.2
44,374Black
33,036
20,632
62.5
19,381
58.7
1,251
6.1
12,404Men
15,102
9,790
64.8
9,145
60.6
645
6.6
5,312Women
17,934
10,842
60.5
10,236
57.1
607
5.6
7,092Asian
16,351
10,460
64.0
10,179
62.3
280
2.7
5,891Men
7,666
5,502
71.8
5,353
69.8
149
2.7
2,164Women
8,685
4,958
57.1
4,826
55.6
132
2.7
3,727American Indian and Alaska Native
2,832
1,721
60.8
1,617
57.1
104
6.1
1,110Men
1,383
901
65.1
842
60.9
59
6.5
483Women
1,448
821
56.7
775
53.5
46
5.6
628Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
963
659
68.4
638
66.2
21
3.2
304Men
470
347
73.9
336
71.5
11
3.3
123Women
493
312
63.2
302
61.2
10
3.2
181Two or More Races
5,165
3,467
67.1
3,283
63.6
184
5.3
1,699Men
2,512
1,780
70.9
1,683
67.0
97
5.4
731Women
2,654
1,686
63.5
1,599
60.3
87
5.2
968Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
259,175
163,539
63.1
157,538
60.8
6,001
3.7
95,636Men
125,353
86,687
69.2
83,460
66.6
3,227
3.7
38,667Women
133,822
76,852
57.4
74,078
55.4
2,774
3.6
56,970Asian
16,351
10,460
64.0
10,179
62.3
280
2.7
5,891Men
7,666
5,502
71.8
5,353
69.8
149
2.7
2,164Women
8,685
4,958
57.1
4,826
55.6
132
2.7
3,727Asian Indian
3,709
2,535
68.3
2,470
66.6
64
2.5
1,174Chinese
3,688
2,284
61.9
2,227
60.4
58
2.5
1,403Filipino
2,277
1,500
65.9
1,455
63.9
45
3.0
777Japanese
902
518
57.4
506
56.1
12
2.3
384Korean
1,280
786
61.4
771
60.3
15
1.9
494Vietnamese
1,756
1,100
62.6
1,076
61.2
24
2.2
657Other Asian
2,739
1,737
63.4
1,674
61.1
62
3.6
1,003Hispanic or Latino
43,507
29,053
66.8
27,805
63.9
1,248
4.3
14,454Men
21,660
16,439
75.9
15,782
72.9
657
4.0
5,221Women
21,846
12,614
57.7
12,023
55.0
591
4.7
9,232Mexican
26,251
17,611
67.1
16,836
64.1
775
4.4
8,640Men
13,265
10,198
76.9
9,795
73.8
403
4.0
3,068Women
12,985
7,413
57.1
7,041
54.2
372
5.0
5,573Puerto Rican
3,941
2,448
62.1
2,325
59.0
124
5.0
1,493Men
1,915
1,297
67.7
1,222
63.8
75
5.8
618Women
2,026
1,151
56.8
1,102
54.4
49
4.2
875Cuban
2,043
1,304
63.8
1,265
62.0
39
3.0
738Men
1,004
708
70.5
685
68.3
22
3.2
296Women
1,039
596
57.4
580
55.8
16
2.7
442Central American
4,254
3,032
71.3
2,917
68.6
114
3.8
1,223Men
2,159
1,769
82.0
1,712
79.3
57
3.2
390Women
2,096
1,262
60.2
1,205
57.5
57
4.5
833Salvadoran
1,608
1,158
72.0
1,120
69.7
38
3.3
450Men
817
661
81.0
640
78.4
22
3.3
155Women
791
496
62.7
480
60.7
16
3.3
295Other Central American
2,647
1,874
70.8
1,798
67.9
76
4.1
773Men
1,342
1,108
82.5
1,072
79.9
36
3.2
234Women
1,305
766
58.7
726
55.6
41
5.3
538South American
3,072
2,175
70.8
2,097
68.3
78
3.6
897Men
1,485
1,175
79.2
1,140
76.8
36
3.1
309Women
1,587
999
63.0
957
60.3
42
4.2
588Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino
3,946
2,484
62.9
2,365
59.9
119
4.8
1,462Men
1,832
1,292
70.5
1,227
67.0
64
5.0
541Women
2,114
1,192
56.4
1,138
53.8
55
4.6
921Dominican
1,590
1,028
64.7
969
60.9
60
5.8
561Men
698
506
72.6
477
68.4
29
5.7
191Women
892
522
58.5
491
55.1
31
5.9
370Other Hispanic or Latino
2,356
1,456
61.8
1,396
59.3
59
4.1
901Men
1,135
785
69.2
750
66.1
35
4.5
349Women
1,222
670
54.9
646
52.9
24
3.5
551Hispanic or Latino
43,507
29,053
66.8
27,805
63.9
1,248
4.3
14,454Men
21,660
16,439
75.9
15,782
72.9
657
4.0
5,221Women
21,846
12,614
57.7
12,023
55.0
591
4.7
9,232White Hispanic or Latino
38,660
25,817
66.8
24,716
63.9
1,101
4.3
12,843Men
19,286
14,703
76.2
14,123
73.2
580
3.9
4,583Women
19,375
11,114
57.4
10,593
54.7
521
4.7
8,261Black Hispanic or Latino
2,095
1,350
64.4
1,277
61.0
72
5.4
745Men
971
669
68.9
636
65.5
33
5.0
302Women
1,124
680
60.5
641
57.1
39
5.7
444Asian Hispanic or Latino
451
300
66.5
292
64.8
8
2.6
151Men
224
163
73.0
158
70.4
6
3.6
60Women
227
137
60.1
135
59.2
2
1.5
91Non-Hispanic or Latino
215,668
134,486
62.4
129,733
60.2
4,753
3.5
81,183Men
103,693
70,248
67.7
67,679
65.3
2,569
3.7
33,445Women
111,975
64,238
57.4
62,054
55.4
2,183
3.4
47,738White non-Hispanic or Latino
162,167
100,783
62.1
97,725
60.3
3,058
3.0
61,384Men
78,935
53,664
68.0
51,977
65.8
1,686
3.1
25,271Women
83,232
47,119
56.6
45,748
55.0
1,371
2.9
36,113Black non-Hispanic or Latino
30,941
19,282
62.3
18,103
58.5
1,179
6.1
11,659Men
14,131
9,120
64.5
8,509
60.2
611
6.7
5,010Women
16,810
10,162
60.5
9,594
57.1
568
5.6
6,648Asian non-Hispanic or Latino
15,900
10,160
63.9
9,887
62.2
273
2.7
5,740Men
7,443
5,339
71.7
5,196
69.8
143
2.7
2,104Women
8,457
4,821
57.0
4,691
55.5
130
2.7
3,636Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Age, gender, race, andHispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotalTotal, 16 years and older
259,175
163,539
63.1
157,538
60.8
6,001
3.7
95,63616 to 19 years
16,693
5,896
35.3
5,150
30.9
746
12.7
10,79620 years and older
242,482
157,642
65.0
152,388
62.8
5,254
3.3
84,84020 to 24 years
21,055
15,196
72.2
14,172
67.3
1,024
6.7
5,86025 to 54 years
126,281
104,180
82.5
100,976
80.0
3,204
3.1
22,10255 to 64 years
42,241
27,603
65.3
26,893
63.7
710
2.6
14,63865 years and older
52,905
10,663
20.2
10,347
19.6
317
3.0
42,241Men, 16 years and older
125,353
86,687
69.2
83,460
66.6
3,227
3.7
38,66716 to 19 years
8,445
2,950
34.9
2,543
30.1
408
13.8
5,49520 years and older
116,908
83,737
71.6
80,917
69.2
2,819
3.4
33,17220 to 24 years
10,530
7,789
74.0
7,187
68.3
602
7.7
2,74125 to 54 years
62,304
55,531
89.1
53,845
86.4
1,686
3.0
6,77355 to 64 years
20,335
14,547
71.5
14,187
69.8
361
2.5
5,78765 years and older
23,740
5,869
24.7
5,699
24.0
170
2.9
17,871Women, 16 years and older
133,822
76,852
57.4
74,078
55.4
2,774
3.6
56,97016 to 19 years
8,247
2,946
35.7
2,607
31.6
339
11.5
5,30120 years and older
125,574
73,906
58.9
71,470
56.9
2,435
3.3
51,66820 to 24 years
10,525
7,406
70.4
6,985
66.4
421
5.7
3,11925 to 54 years
63,977
48,648
76.0
47,131
73.7
1,517
3.1
15,32955 to 64 years
21,906
13,056
59.6
12,706
58.0
350
2.7
8,85065 years and older
29,165
4,795
16.4
4,648
15.9
147
3.1
24,370WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
200,827
126,600
63.0
122,441
61.0
4,159
3.3
74,22716 to 19 years
12,247
4,594
37.5
4,067
33.2
528
11.5
7,65320 years and older
188,580
122,006
64.7
118,374
62.8
3,631
3.0
66,57520 to 24 years
15,427
11,395
73.9
10,739
69.6
656
5.8
4,03225 to 54 years
94,893
79,027
83.3
76,857
81.0
2,170
2.7
15,86655 to 64 years
33,915
22,599
66.6
22,046
65.0
553
2.4
11,31665 years and older
44,346
8,986
20.3
8,733
19.7
253
2.8
35,360Men, 16 years and older
98,220
68,367
69.6
66,100
67.3
2,266
3.3
29,85316 to 19 years
6,227
2,330
37.4
2,030
32.6
299
12.8
3,89720 years and older
91,993
66,037
71.8
64,070
69.6
1,967
3.0
25,95620 to 24 years
7,769
5,930
76.3
5,543
71.3
387
6.5
1,83925 to 54 years
47,539
42,920
90.3
41,766
87.9
1,154
2.7
4,61855 to 64 years
16,532
12,130
73.4
11,840
71.6
290
2.4
4,40365 years and older
20,153
5,057
25.1
4,921
24.4
136
2.7
15,096Women, 16 years and older
102,607
58,233
56.8
56,341
54.9
1,893
3.2
44,37416 to 19 years
6,020
2,265
37.6
2,036
33.8
228
10.1
3,75520 years and older
96,587
55,968
57.9
54,304
56.2
1,664
3.0
40,61920 to 24 years
7,658
5,465
71.4
5,196
67.8
269
4.9
2,19325 to 54 years
47,354
36,106
76.2
35,090
74.1
1,016
2.8
11,24855 to 64 years
17,382
10,469
60.2
10,206
58.7
263
2.5
6,91365 years and older
24,193
3,928
16.2
3,812
15.8
116
3.0
20,264Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
33,036
20,632
62.5
19,381
58.7
1,251
6.1
12,40416 to 19 years
2,463
741
30.1
588
23.9
153
20.7
1,72220 years and older
30,573
19,891
65.1
18,793
61.5
1,098
5.5
10,68220 to 24 years
3,104
2,186
70.4
1,935
62.3
251
11.5
91825 to 54 years
17,317
13,861
80.0
13,164
76.0
697
5.0
3,45655 to 64 years
5,095
2,905
57.0
2,799
54.9
106
3.6
2,19065 years and older
5,058
939
18.6
895
17.7
44
4.6
4,119Men, 16 years and older
15,102
9,790
64.8
9,145
60.6
645
6.6
5,31216 to 19 years
1,222
336
27.5
262
21.4
74
22.0
88620 years and older
13,881
9,454
68.1
8,883
64.0
571
6.0
4,42620 to 24 years
1,499
1,062
70.9
916
61.1
147
13.8
43625 to 54 years
8,018
6,635
82.8
6,277
78.3
358
5.4
1,38355 to 64 years
2,311
1,336
57.8
1,291
55.8
45
3.4
97665 years and older
2,053
421
20.5
400
19.5
21
5.0
1,631Women, 16 years and older
17,934
10,842
60.5
10,236
57.1
607
5.6
7,09216 to 19 years
1,241
405
32.7
326
26.3
79
19.6
83620 years and older
16,693
10,437
62.5
9,910
59.4
527
5.1
6,25620 to 24 years
1,605
1,124
70.0
1,019
63.5
105
9.3
48225 to 54 years
9,300
7,227
77.7
6,887
74.1
339
4.7
2,07355 to 64 years
2,783
1,569
56.4
1,508
54.2
61
3.9
1,21465 years and older
3,005
518
17.2
495
16.5
22
4.3
2,487AsianTotal, 16 years and older
16,351
10,460
64.0
10,179
62.3
280
2.7
5,89116 to 19 years
978
211
21.6
194
19.8
17
8.2
76720 years and older
15,373
10,249
66.7
9,986
65.0
263
2.6
5,12420 to 24 years
1,353
730
54.0
688
50.8
42
5.8
62325 to 54 years
9,304
7,479
80.4
7,303
78.5
176
2.3
1,82455 to 64 years
2,183
1,489
68.2
1,458
66.8
32
2.1
69465 years and older
2,533
550
21.7
537
21.2
14
2.5
1,983Men, 16 years and older
7,666
5,502
71.8
5,353
69.8
149
2.7
2,16416 to 19 years
478
106
22.1
96
20.2
9
8.6
37220 years and older
7,189
5,396
75.1
5,257
73.1
140
2.6
1,79220 to 24 years
672
340
50.6
320
47.7
20
5.8
33225 to 54 years
4,423
3,989
90.2
3,895
88.0
95
2.4
43455 to 64 years
996
778
78.1
760
76.3
18
2.3
21965 years and older
1,097
290
26.4
282
25.7
7
2.6
807Women, 16 years and older
8,685
4,958
57.1
4,826
55.6
132
2.7
3,72716 to 19 years
500
106
21.1
97
19.4
8
7.8
39520 years and older
8,185
4,852
59.3
4,729
57.8
124
2.5
3,33220 to 24 years
681
390
57.3
367
54.0
23
5.8
29125 to 54 years
4,880
3,490
71.5
3,409
69.9
81
2.3
1,39055 to 64 years
1,187
712
60.0
698
58.8
14
2.0
47565 years and older
1,436
261
18.1
254
17.7
6
2.3
1,176Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
43,507
29,053
66.8
27,805
63.9
1,248
4.3
14,45416 to 19 years
3,989
1,283
32.2
1,085
27.2
198
15.4
2,70620 years and older
39,517
27,770
70.3
26,720
67.6
1,050
3.8
11,74820 to 24 years
4,760
3,472
73.0
3,242
68.1
230
6.6
1,28725 to 54 years
25,061
20,076
80.1
19,398
77.4
679
3.4
4,98555 to 64 years
5,081
3,321
65.4
3,217
63.3
104
3.1
1,76065 years and older
4,615
900
19.5
862
18.7
37
4.2
3,715Men, 16 years and older
21,660
16,439
75.9
15,782
72.9
657
4.0
5,22116 to 19 years
2,020
682
33.7
578
28.6
104
15.3
1,33920 years and older
19,640
15,757
80.2
15,204
77.4
553
3.5
3,88320 to 24 years
2,401
1,851
77.1
1,717
71.5
133
7.2
55125 to 54 years
12,749
11,520
90.4
11,178
87.7
341
3.0
1,22955 to 64 years
2,470
1,874
75.9
1,816
73.5
58
3.1
59665 years and older
2,020
513
25.4
492
24.4
21
4.1
1,507Women, 16 years and older
21,846
12,614
57.7
12,023
55.0
591
4.7
9,23216 to 19 years
1,969
602
30.6
508
25.8
94
15.6
1,36720 years and older
19,877
12,012
60.4
11,516
57.9
497
4.1
7,86520 to 24 years
2,358
1,622
68.8
1,525
64.7
97
6.0
73625 to 54 years
12,313
8,557
69.5
8,219
66.8
337
3.9
3,75655 to 64 years
2,612
1,447
55.4
1,401
53.6
46
3.2
1,16465 years and older
2,595
387
14.9
370
14.3
17
4.3
2,208Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
60.4
78.9
43.9
60.4
79.6
43.2
59.9
73.6
48.7
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
60.8
78.8
44.7
60.8
79.4
44.1
60.2
73.4
49.3
-
-
-
60.2
81.5
41.01974
61.3
78.7
45.7
61.4
79.4
45.2
59.8
72.9
49.0
-
-
-
61.1
81.7
42.41975
61.2
77.9
46.3
61.5
78.7
45.9
58.8
70.9
48.8
-
-
-
60.8
80.7
43.21976
61.6
77.5
47.3
61.8
78.4
46.9
59.0
70.0
49.8
-
-
-
60.8
79.6
44.31977
62.3
77.7
48.4
62.5
78.5
48.0
59.8
70.6
50.8
-
-
-
61.6
80.9
44.31978
63.2
77.9
50.0
63.3
78.6
49.4
61.5
71.5
53.1
-
-
-
62.9
81.1
46.61979
63.7
77.8
50.9
63.9
78.6
50.5
61.4
71.3
53.1
-
-
-
63.6
81.3
47.41980
63.8
77.4
51.5
64.1
78.2
51.2
61.0
70.3
53.1
-
-
-
64.0
81.4
47.41981
63.9
77.0
52.1
64.3
77.9
51.9
60.8
70.0
53.5
-
-
-
64.1
80.6
48.31982
64.0
76.6
52.6
64.3
77.4
52.4
61.0
70.1
53.7
-
-
-
63.6
79.7
48.11983
64.0
76.4
52.9
64.3
77.1
52.7
61.5
70.6
54.2
-
-
-
63.8
80.3
47.71984
64.4
76.4
53.6
64.6
77.1
53.3
62.2
70.8
55.2
-
-
-
64.9
80.6
49.61985
64.8
76.3
54.5
65.0
77.0
54.1
62.9
70.8
56.5
-
-
-
64.6
80.3
49.31986
65.3
76.3
55.3
65.5
76.9
55.0
63.3
71.2
56.9
-
-
-
65.4
81.0
50.11987
65.6
76.2
56.0
65.8
76.8
55.7
63.8
71.1
58.0
-
-
-
66.4
81.0
52.01988
65.9
76.2
56.6
66.2
76.9
56.4
63.8
71.0
58.0
-
-
-
67.4
81.9
53.21989
66.5
76.4
57.4
66.7
77.1
57.2
64.2
71.0
58.7
-
-
-
67.6
82.0
53.51990
66.5
76.4
57.5
66.9
77.1
57.4
64.0
71.0
58.3
-
-
-
67.4
81.4
53.11991
66.2
75.8
57.4
66.6
76.5
57.4
63.3
70.4
57.5
-
-
-
66.5
80.3
52.41992
66.4
75.8
57.8
66.8
76.5
57.7
63.9
70.7
58.5
-
-
-
66.8
80.7
52.81993
66.3
75.4
57.9
66.8
76.2
58.0
63.2
69.6
57.9
-
-
-
66.2
80.2
52.11994
66.6
75.1
58.8
67.1
75.9
58.9
63.4
69.1
58.7
-
-
-
66.1
79.2
52.91995
66.6
75.0
58.9
67.1
75.7
59.0
63.7
69.0
59.5
-
-
-
65.8
79.1
52.61996
66.8
74.9
59.3
67.2
75.8
59.1
64.1
68.7
60.4
-
-
-
66.5
79.6
53.41997
67.1
75.0
59.8
67.5
75.9
59.5
64.7
68.3
61.7
-
-
-
67.9
80.1
55.11998
67.1
74.9
59.8
67.3
75.6
59.4
65.6
69.0
62.8
-
-
-
67.9
79.8
55.61999
67.1
74.7
60.0
67.3
75.6
59.6
65.8
68.7
63.5
-
-
-
67.7
79.8
55.92000
67.1
74.8
59.9
67.3
75.5
59.5
65.8
69.2
63.1
67.2
76.1
59.2
69.7
81.5
57.52001
66.8
74.4
59.8
67.0
75.1
59.4
65.3
68.4
62.8
67.2
76.2
59.0
69.5
81.0
57.62002
66.6
74.1
59.6
66.8
74.8
59.3
64.8
68.4
61.8
67.2
75.9
59.1
69.1
80.2
57.62003
66.2
73.5
59.5
66.5
74.2
59.2
64.3
67.3
61.9
66.4
75.6
58.3
68.3
80.1
55.92004
66.0
73.3
59.2
66.3
74.1
58.9
63.8
66.7
61.5
65.9
75.0
57.6
68.6
80.4
56.12005
66.0
73.3
59.3
66.3
74.1
58.9
64.2
67.3
61.6
66.1
74.8
58.2
68.0
80.1
55.32006
66.2
73.5
59.4
66.5
74.3
59.0
64.1
67.0
61.7
66.2
75.0
58.3
68.7
80.7
56.12007
66.0
73.2
59.3
66.4
74.0
59.0
63.7
66.8
61.1
66.5
75.1
58.6
68.8
80.5
56.52008
66.0
73.0
59.5
66.3
73.7
59.2
63.7
66.7
61.3
67.0
75.3
59.4
68.5
80.2
56.22009
65.4
72.0
59.2
65.8
72.8
59.1
62.4
65.0
60.3
66.0
74.6
58.2
68.0
78.8
56.52010
64.7
71.2
58.6
65.1
72.0
58.5
62.2
65.0
59.9
64.7
73.2
57.0
67.5
77.8
56.52011
64.1
70.5
58.1
64.5
71.3
58.0
61.4
64.2
59.1
64.6
73.2
56.8
66.5
76.5
55.92012
63.7
70.2
57.7
64.0
71.0
57.4
61.5
63.6
59.8
63.9
72.2
56.5
66.4
76.1
56.62013
63.2
69.7
57.2
63.5
70.5
56.9
61.2
63.5
59.2
64.6
73.0
57.1
66.0
76.3
55.72014
62.9
69.2
57.0
63.1
69.8
56.7
61.2
63.6
59.2
63.6
72.4
55.8
66.1
76.1
56.02015
62.7
69.1
56.7
62.8
69.7
56.2
61.5
63.8
59.7
62.8
71.4
55.2
65.9
76.2
55.72016
62.8
69.2
56.8
62.9
69.8
56.3
61.6
64.1
59.4
63.2
72.1
55.5
65.8
76.0
55.82017
62.9
69.1
57.0
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.6
60.3
63.6
71.9
56.4
66.1
75.8
56.42018
62.9
69.1
57.1
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.8
60.2
63.5
71.6
56.4
66.3
75.7
57.02019
63.1
69.2
57.4
63.0
69.6
56.8
62.5
64.8
60.5
64.0
71.8
57.1
66.8
75.9
57.7

Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
64.4
71.0
58.0
68.9
75.0
63.9
67.6
73.2
62.42004
63.8
70.9
57.1
71.8
76.6
67.7
67.0
74.0
60.32005
63.5
70.0
57.2
73.4
77.1
69.8
67.0
72.0
62.32006
63.1
68.6
57.9
74.5
80.8
68.6
65.9
72.3
59.72007
63.3
69.9
57.0
73.0
78.4
68.2
66.3
71.9
60.82008
63.7
70.2
57.6
72.5
78.9
66.6
65.5
70.7
60.42009
59.0
64.1
54.2
69.4
77.3
62.3
65.6
70.4
61.02010
57.7
64.0
51.8
68.4
71.3
65.5
65.4
70.9
60.32011
59.2
65.2
53.2
69.4
75.6
63.6
64.0
68.9
59.52012
59.3
66.4
52.6
71.4
73.9
69.1
65.3
70.4
60.52013
59.2
65.3
53.3
70.0
73.7
66.6
63.3
69.2
57.82014
60.9
67.2
54.7
67.6
73.8
61.6
64.2
69.7
59.02015
60.6
65.9
55.5
66.6
73.7
59.7
64.5
68.4
60.92016
61.1
67.2
55.4
68.7
76.0
61.3
65.0
68.1
62.12017
60.3
65.8
54.8
67.0
72.6
61.7
66.9
70.7
63.32018
59.6
63.7
55.6
68.5
74.1
63.1
66.6
71.1
62.52019
60.8
65.1
56.7
68.4
73.9
63.2
67.1
70.9
63.5Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
57.0
75.0
41.0
57.4
76.0
40.7
53.7
66.8
43.0
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
57.8
75.5
42.0
58.2
76.5
41.8
54.5
67.5
43.8
-
-
-
55.6
76.0
37.31974
57.8
74.9
42.6
58.3
75.9
42.4
53.5
65.8
43.5
-
-
-
56.2
75.7
38.41975
56.1
71.7
42.0
56.7
73.0
42.0
50.1
60.6
41.6
-
-
-
53.4
71.5
37.41976
56.8
72.0
43.2
57.5
73.4
43.2
50.8
60.6
42.8
-
-
-
53.8
71.1
38.61977
57.9
72.8
44.5
58.6
74.1
44.5
51.4
61.4
43.3
-
-
-
55.4
73.6
39.11978
59.3
73.8
46.4
60.0
75.0
46.3
53.6
63.3
45.8
-
-
-
57.2
74.9
41.31979
59.9
73.8
47.5
60.6
75.1
47.5
53.8
63.4
46.0
-
-
-
58.3
75.6
42.51980
59.2
72.0
47.7
60.0
73.4
47.8
52.3
60.4
45.7
-
-
-
57.6
73.5
42.41981
59.0
71.3
48.0
60.0
72.8
48.3
51.3
59.1
45.1
-
-
-
57.4
72.4
43.01982
57.8
69.0
47.7
58.8
70.6
48.1
49.4
56.0
44.2
-
-
-
54.9
68.9
41.31983
57.9
68.8
48.0
58.9
70.4
48.5
49.5
56.3
44.1
-
-
-
55.1
69.4
41.11984
59.5
70.7
49.5
60.5
72.1
49.8
52.3
59.2
46.7
-
-
-
57.9
72.1
44.21985
60.1
70.9
50.4
61.0
72.3
50.7
53.4
60.0
48.1
-
-
-
57.8
72.1
43.81986
60.7
71.0
51.4
61.5
72.3
51.7
54.1
60.6
48.8
-
-
-
58.5
72.5
44.71987
61.5
71.5
52.5
62.3
72.7
52.8
55.6
62.0
50.3
-
-
-
60.5
74.0
47.41988
62.3
72.0
53.4
63.1
73.2
53.8
56.3
62.7
51.2
-
-
-
61.9
75.3
48.81989
63.0
72.5
54.3
63.8
73.7
54.6
56.9
62.8
52.0
-
-
-
62.2
75.8
48.81990
62.8
72.0
54.3
63.7
73.3
54.7
56.7
62.6
51.9
-
-
-
61.9
74.9
48.61991
61.7
70.4
53.7
62.6
71.6
54.2
55.4
61.3
50.6
-
-
-
59.8
72.1
47.31992
61.5
69.8
53.8
62.4
71.1
54.2
54.9
59.9
50.8
-
-
-
59.1
71.2
46.81993
61.7
70.0
54.1
62.7
71.4
54.6
55.0
60.0
50.9
-
-
-
59.1
71.7
46.31994
62.5
70.4
55.3
63.5
71.8
55.8
56.1
60.8
52.3
-
-
-
59.5
71.7
47.21995
62.9
70.8
55.6
63.8
72.0
56.1
57.1
61.7
53.4
-
-
-
59.7
72.1
47.31996
63.2
70.9
56.0
64.1
72.3
56.3
57.4
61.1
54.4
-
-
-
60.6
73.3
47.91997
63.8
71.3
56.8
64.6
72.7
57.0
58.2
61.4
55.6
-
-
-
62.6
74.5
50.21998
64.1
71.6
57.1
64.7
72.7
57.1
59.7
62.9
57.2
-
-
-
63.1
74.7
51.01999
64.3
71.6
57.4
64.8
72.8
57.3
60.6
63.1
58.6
-
-
-
63.4
75.3
51.72000
64.4
71.9
57.5
64.9
73.0
57.4
60.9
63.6
58.6
64.8
73.3
57.1
65.7
77.4
53.62001
63.7
70.9
57.0
64.2
72.0
57.0
59.7
62.1
57.8
64.2
72.7
56.4
64.9
76.2
53.32002
62.7
69.7
56.3
63.4
70.8
56.4
58.1
61.1
55.8
63.2
71.3
55.8
63.9
74.5
52.92003
62.3
68.9
56.1
63.0
70.1
56.3
57.4
59.5
55.6
62.4
70.9
54.9
63.1
74.3
51.22004
62.3
69.2
56.0
63.1
70.4
56.1
57.2
59.3
55.5
63.0
71.6
55.1
63.8
75.1
51.82005
62.7
69.6
56.2
63.4
70.8
56.3
57.7
60.2
55.7
63.4
71.8
55.9
64.0
75.8
51.52006
63.1
70.1
56.6
63.8
71.3
56.6
58.4
60.6
56.5
64.2
72.7
56.5
65.2
76.8
52.82007
63.0
69.8
56.6
63.6
70.9
56.7
58.4
60.7
56.5
64.3
72.8
56.6
64.9
76.2
53.02008
62.2
68.5
56.2
62.8
69.7
56.3
57.3
59.1
55.8
64.3
72.2
57.2
63.3
74.1
51.92009
59.3
64.5
54.4
60.2
66.0
54.8
53.2
53.7
52.8
61.2
68.7
54.4
59.7
68.9
50.12010
58.5
63.7
53.6
59.4
65.1
54.0
52.3
53.1
51.7
59.9
67.5
53.0
59.0
68.0
49.62011
58.4
63.9
53.2
59.4
65.3
53.7
51.7
52.8
50.8
60.0
68.2
52.6
58.9
67.9
49.32012
58.6
64.4
53.1
59.4
65.8
53.3
53.0
54.1
52.2
60.1
68.1
53.1
59.5
68.6
50.42013
58.6
64.4
53.2
59.4
65.7
53.3
53.2
54.5
52.0
61.2
69.0
54.3
60.0
69.6
50.42014
59.0
64.9
53.5
59.7
66.1
53.7
54.3
55.9
52.9
60.4
68.6
53.3
61.2
71.0
51.42015
59.3
65.3
53.7
59.9
66.5
53.7
55.7
57.2
54.4
60.4
68.6
53.2
61.6
71.5
51.82016
59.7
65.8
54.1
60.2
66.7
54.0
56.4
58.3
54.8
60.9
69.6
53.4
62.0
71.9
52.32017
60.1
66.0
54.6
60.4
66.9
54.2
57.6
59.4
56.1
61.5
69.5
54.5
62.7
72.3
53.22018
60.4
66.3
54.9
60.7
67.1
54.5
58.3
60.3
56.6
61.6
69.4
54.7
63.2
72.4
54.12019
60.8
66.6
55.4
61.0
67.3
54.9
58.7
60.6
57.1
62.3
69.8
55.6
63.9
72.9
55.0

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
57.7
63.1
52.4
63.6
69.8
58.4
61.4
66.4
56.82004
57.7
64.0
51.8
67.4
71.4
64.1
61.2
67.6
55.02005
57.6
63.9
51.5
70.2
73.4
67.1
61.6
66.3
57.22006
58.1
63.2
53.3
70.6
75.7
65.7
61.5
67.0
56.22007
58.1
64.3
52.3
69.4
74.2
65.3
61.5
66.5
56.62008
57.4
62.6
52.5
67.8
72.8
63.3
59.3
63.6
55.22009
51.2
54.2
48.3
61.8
68.3
56.0
56.7
60.4
53.22010
49.0
53.0
45.2
60.1
61.6
58.7
56.5
60.8
52.52011
50.5
55.2
45.9
62.2
67.0
57.7
55.3
59.2
51.72012
52.1
58.5
45.9
63.0
64.7
61.4
57.6
61.9
53.52013
51.6
56.6
46.9
62.9
65.5
60.4
56.4
61.3
51.72014
54.0
59.2
48.9
63.5
69.6
57.5
57.6
62.1
53.42015
54.6
58.6
50.8
62.8
69.5
56.3
59.0
62.8
55.62016
55.7
61.0
50.6
65.7
72.7
58.5
60.2
62.9
57.62017
55.6
60.3
50.9
62.9
68.7
57.4
62.4
65.8
59.22018
55.6
59.3
52.1
64.9
70.3
59.7
62.9
66.8
59.32019
57.1
60.9
53.5
66.2
71.5
61.2
63.6
67.0
60.3Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 yearsand older
Less than ahigh schooldiploma
High schoolgraduates,no college(1)
Some college,no degree
Associate'sdegree
Bachelor'sdegree andhigher(2)TotalCivilian noninstitutional population
221,427
21,627
62,460
34,711
22,802
79,827Civilian labor force
142,446
9,976
36,162
21,592
15,829
58,889Percent of population
64.3
46.1
57.9
62.2
69.4
73.8Employed
138,216
9,441
34,837
20,882
15,400
57,655Employment-population ratio
62.4
43.7
55.8
60.2
67.5
72.2Unemployed
4,230
535
1,324
709
429
1,234Unemployment rate
3.0
5.4
3.7
3.3
2.7
2.1MenCivilian noninstitutional population
106,378
10,832
31,429
16,557
10,022
37,538Civilian labor force
75,947
6,356
21,277
11,503
7,597
29,214Percent of population
71.4
58.7
67.7
69.5
75.8
77.8Employed
73,731
6,047
20,512
11,161
7,406
28,605Employment-population ratio
69.3
55.8
65.3
67.4
73.9
76.2Unemployed
2,217
309
765
342
191
609Unemployment rate
2.9
4.9
3.6
3.0
2.5
2.1WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
115,049
10,795
31,030
18,154
12,780
42,290Civilian labor force
66,499
3,619
14,884
10,089
8,232
29,675Percent of population
57.8
33.5
48.0
55.6
64.4
70.2Employed
64,485
3,394
14,325
9,722
7,994
29,051Employment-population ratio
56.1
31.4
46.2
53.6
62.6
68.7Unemployed
2,014
226
559
367
237
625Unemployment rate
3.0
6.2
3.8
3.6
2.9
2.1WhiteCivilian noninstitutional population
173,154
16,426
48,922
27,043
18,194
62,569Civilian labor force
110,611
7,906
28,081
16,474
12,500
45,649Percent of population
63.9
48.1
57.4
60.9
68.7
73.0Employed
107,636
7,519
27,183
15,992
12,190
44,752Employment-population ratio
62.2
45.8
55.6
59.1
67.0
71.5Unemployed
2,975
387
898
483
310
897Unemployment rate
2.7
4.9
3.2
2.9
2.5
2.0MenCivilian noninstitutional population
84,224
8,457
24,821
13,028
8,130
29,788Civilian labor force
60,107
5,219
16,916
8,985
6,134
22,853Percent of population
71.4
61.7
68.2
69.0
75.4
76.7Employed
58,527
4,988
16,389
8,749
5,993
22,407Employment-population ratio
69.5
59.0
66.0
67.2
73.7
75.2Unemployed
1,580
231
526
236
141
446Unemployment rate
2.6
4.4
3.1
2.6
2.3
2.0WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
88,929
7,969
24,101
14,015
10,064
32,781Civilian labor force
50,504
2,687
11,166
7,489
6,365
22,796Percent of population
56.8
33.7
46.3
53.4
63.3
69.5Employed
49,109
2,531
10,794
7,243
6,197
22,345Employment-population ratio
55.2
31.8
44.8
51.7
61.6
68.2Unemployed
1,395
156
372
247
169
451Unemployment rate
2.8
5.8
3.3
3.3
2.6
2.0Black or African AmericanCivilian noninstitutional population
27,470
3,062
9,055
5,167
2,885
7,300Civilian labor force
17,705
1,142
5,337
3,438
2,121
5,667Percent of population
64.5
37.3
58.9
66.5
73.5
77.6Employed
16,858
1,029
5,007
3,275
2,041
5,506Employment-population ratio
61.4
33.6
55.3
63.4
70.7
75.4Unemployed
847
113
330
163
80
161Unemployment rate
4.8
9.9
6.2
4.7
3.8
2.8MenCivilian noninstitutional population
12,382
1,419
4,463
2,343
1,125
3,032Civilian labor force
8,392
610
2,834
1,636
878
2,434Percent of population
67.8
42.9
63.5
69.8
78.1
80.3Employed
7,968
553
2,646
1,560
845
2,364Employment-population ratio
64.3
39.0
59.3
66.6
75.1
78.0Unemployed
424
56
188
76
33
70Unemployment rate
5.1
9.3
6.6
4.7
3.8
2.9WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
15,088
1,643
4,592
2,824
1,761
4,269Civilian labor force
9,313
533
2,503
1,802
1,243
3,233Percent of population
61.7
32.4
54.5
63.8
70.6
75.7Employed
8,891
476
2,361
1,715
1,196
3,143Employment-population ratio
58.9
29.0
51.4
60.7
67.9
73.6Unemployed
423
57
141
87
47
91Unemployment rate
4.5
10.6
5.6
4.8
3.8
2.8AsianCivilian noninstitutional population
14,020
1,255
2,421
1,146
956
8,243Civilian labor force
9,519
483
1,411
754
670
6,202Percent of population
67.9
38.4
58.3
65.8
70.1
75.2Employed
9,298
468
1,384
734
653
6,059Employment-population ratio
66.3
37.3
57.2
64.1
68.3
73.5Unemployed
221
15
27
20
17
142Unemployment rate
2.3
3.0
1.9
2.7
2.5
2.3MenCivilian noninstitutional population
6,517
483
1,074
542
431
3,986Civilian labor force
5,056
248
753
401
335
3,319Percent of population
77.6
51.3
70.1
74.0
77.9
83.3Employed
4,937
238
739
390
327
3,243Employment-population ratio
75.8
49.2
68.8
72.0
75.9
81.3Unemployed
120
10
14
11
8
76Unemployment rate
2.4
4.2
1.8
2.7
2.5
2.3WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
7,504
773
1,346
603
525
4,256Civilian labor force
4,462
235
658
353
334
2,882Percent of population
59.5
30.4
48.9
58.5
63.7
67.7Employed
4,361
230
645
344
326
2,816Employment-population ratio
58.1
29.8
47.9
57.0
62.1
66.2Unemployed
101
4
13
9
8
66Unemployment rate
2.3
1.8
2.0
2.6
2.5
2.3Hispanic or Latino ethnicityCivilian noninstitutional population
34,758
9,651
10,838
4,754
2,822
6,692Civilian labor force
24,297
5,660
7,639
3,531
2,169
5,299Percent of population
69.9
58.6
70.5
74.3
76.8
79.2Employed
23,477
5,411
7,394
3,411
2,097
5,164Employment-population ratio
67.5
56.1
68.2
71.8
74.3
77.2Unemployed
820
248
245
120
71
135Unemployment rate
3.4
4.4
3.2
3.4
3.3
2.6MenCivilian noninstitutional population
17,239
4,933
5,707
2,336
1,244
3,019Civilian labor force
13,907
3,729
4,650
1,900
1,055
2,573Percent of population
80.7
75.6
81.5
81.3
84.8
85.2Employed
13,487
3,590
4,522
1,844
1,024
2,507Employment-population ratio
78.2
72.8
79.2
79.0
82.3
83.0Unemployed
420
138
128
56
32
66Unemployment rate
3.0
3.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.6WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
17,519
4,719
5,131
2,418
1,579
3,672Civilian labor force
10,391
1,931
2,989
1,632
1,113
2,725Percent of population
59.3
40.9
58.3
67.5
70.5
74.2Employed
9,991
1,821
2,872
1,567
1,074
2,657Employment-population ratio
57.0
38.6
56.0
64.8
68.0
72.3Unemployed
400
110
117
64
39
69Unemployment rate
3.8
5.7
3.9
3.9
3.5
2.5Footnotes(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
157,538
122,441
19,381
10,179
27,805Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
40.8
41.4
31.9
55.0
23.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
17.1
18.1
11.7
18.5
10.1Management occupations
12.1
13.0
7.6
11.4
7.3Business and financial operations occupations
5.1
5.1
4.1
7.1
2.7Professional and related occupations
23.6
23.3
20.2
36.6
13.3Computer and mathematical occupations
3.4
2.9
2.4
12.2
1.5Architecture and engineering occupations
2.1
2.1
1.2
4.3
1.1Life, physical, and social science occupations
0.9
0.9
0.5
2.1
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.7
1.6
2.8
1.0
1.3Legal occupations
1.2
1.3
0.8
1.2
0.7Education, training, and library occupations
6.0
6.3
5.0
4.9
3.7Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.1
2.2
1.3
1.9
1.4Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
6.1
6.0
6.2
9.1
3.1Service occupations
17.1
15.9
23.8
15.8
24.2Healthcare support occupations
2.4
2.0
5.2
1.9
2.6Protective service occupations
2.0
1.9
3.3
0.7
1.7Food preparation and serving related occupations
5.3
5.0
6.0
5.7
8.1Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.6
3.6
4.4
1.6
7.9Personal care and service occupations
3.8
3.4
5.0
5.9
3.9Sales and office occupations
21.2
21.3
22.3
17.0
20.6Sales and related occupations
9.9
10.2
9.0
8.2
9.4Office and administrative support occupations
11.3
11.1
13.3
8.8
11.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
9.1
10.1
5.7
3.1
16.4Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.2
2.0Construction and extraction occupations
5.3
5.9
3.1
1.3
10.9Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
3.1
3.3
2.3
1.6
3.6Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
11.8
11.3
16.2
9.1
15.4Production occupations
5.4
5.4
5.9
5.1
7.1Transportation and material moving occupations
6.4
5.9
10.4
4.0
8.3Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
83,460
66,100
9,145
5,353
15,782Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
37.1
37.5
26.0
56.6
19.4Management, business, and financial operations occupations
18.1
19.2
11.0
18.6
9.9Management occupations
13.7
14.7
7.9
12.7
7.8Business and financial operations occupations
4.4
4.5
3.2
5.8
2.1Professional and related occupations
19.0
18.2
14.9
38.1
9.5Computer and mathematical occupations
4.8
4.1
3.3
16.5
2.0Architecture and engineering occupations
3.3
3.3
1.8
6.4
1.6Life, physical, and social science occupations
0.9
0.9
0.5
2.1
0.4Community and social service occupations
1.1
1.0
1.8
0.7
0.7Legal occupations
1.1
1.2
0.5
0.9
0.4Education, training, and library occupations
3.0
3.0
2.7
3.5
1.5Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.4Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
2.9
2.7
2.5
6.1
1.5Service occupations
13.7
12.8
19.6
11.7
19.0Healthcare support occupations
0.6
0.5
1.5
0.7
0.6Protective service occupations
2.9
2.8
4.5
1.1
2.4Food preparation and serving related occupations
4.6
4.1
5.9
5.4
7.2Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
4.0
4.0
5.1
1.7
7.3Personal care and service occupations
1.6
1.4
2.6
2.9
1.5Sales and office occupations
15.8
15.7
17.4
14.3
14.4Sales and related occupations
9.6
9.9
8.1
8.5
7.9Office and administrative support occupations
6.2
5.7
9.2
5.8
6.5Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
16.3
17.7
11.3
5.5
27.2Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1.0
1.2
0.4
0.3
2.5Construction and extraction occupations
9.6
10.6
6.4
2.4
18.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5.6
6.0
4.5
2.9
6.0Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17.2
16.4
25.8
11.8
20.1Production occupations
7.3
7.3
8.3
5.5
8.3Transportation and material moving occupations
9.9
9.1
17.5
6.3
11.8Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
74,078
56,341
10,236
4,826
12,023Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
44.9
46.1
37.2
53.3
28.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
16.1
16.7
12.3
18.3
10.3Management occupations
10.2
10.9
7.4
9.8
6.7Business and financial operations occupations
5.8
5.8
4.9
8.5
3.6Professional and related occupations
28.8
29.3
24.9
34.9
18.2Computer and mathematical occupations
1.9
1.5
1.6
7.4
0.9Architecture and engineering occupations
0.7
0.6
0.5
2.0
0.4Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.0
1.0
0.5
2.1
0.6Community and social service occupations
2.5
2.4
3.7
1.2
2.1Legal occupations
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.0Education, training, and library occupations
9.4
10.2
7.0
6.5
6.6Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.2
2.4
0.9
2.0
1.4Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9.9
9.8
9.5
12.4
5.3Service occupations
21.0
19.5
27.6
20.2
31.1Healthcare support occupations
4.4
3.7
8.5
3.2
5.2Protective service occupations
0.9
0.8
2.1
0.3
0.9Food preparation and serving related occupations
6.2
6.1
6.1
5.9
9.4Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.3
3.2
3.8
1.6
8.6Personal care and service occupations
6.2
5.7
7.0
9.2
7.0Sales and office occupations
27.3
27.9
26.7
20.0
28.7Sales and related occupations
10.3
10.4
9.8
7.9
11.3Office and administrative support occupations
17.0
17.5
17.0
12.2
17.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.0
1.2
0.7
0.4
2.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.1
1.3Construction and extraction occupations
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.8Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
5.8
5.3
7.7
6.1
9.3Production occupations
3.3
3.1
3.7
4.6
5.6Transportation and material moving occupations
2.5
2.3
4.0
1.5
3.7Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation
Totalemployed
Percent of total employedWhite
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
157,538
77.7
12.3
6.5
17.6Management, professional, and related occupations
64,218
79.0
9.6
8.7
10.1Management, business, and financial operations occupations
26,981
82.1
8.4
7.0
10.4Management occupations
18,985
83.6
7.8
6.1
10.7Chief executives
1,602
88.8
4.1
5.8
6.2General and operations managers
1,058
86.4
6.6
3.5
12.5Legislators
19
-
-
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
55
89.5
0.7
7.0
9.0Marketing and sales managers
1,184
86.1
6.1
5.6
8.9Public relations and fundraising managers
73
89.8
8.0
0.4
1.4Administrative services managers
184
83.9
10.5
3.2
10.9Computer and information systems managers
654
72.7
9.6
15.8
4.7Financial managers
1,194
80.2
8.5
9.4
11.4Compensation and benefits managers
24
-
-
-
-Human resources managers
321
77.8
11.1
7.1
10.1Training and development managers
46
-
-
-
-Industrial production managers
274
87.2
5.4
5.5
10.9Purchasing managers
227
75.1
14.4
5.9
10.0Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
281
85.1
9.6
2.4
17.3Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
962
96.6
0.9
1.0
5.7Construction managers
994
90.9
3.5
2.5
13.9Education administrators
958
78.6
15.3
3.3
11.8Architectural and engineering managers
154
81.5
6.0
11.8
6.7Food service managers
1,249
76.3
9.8
9.6
19.8Funeral service managers
13
-
-
-
-Gaming managers
19
-
-
-
-Lodging managers
162
80.9
7.0
9.3
14.6Medical and health services managers
677
79.0
12.7
5.7
11.8Natural sciences managers
15
-
-
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
30
-
-
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
780
83.6
8.9
4.5
12.8Social and community service managers
470
79.9
12.3
3.2
10.6Emergency management directors
7
-
-
-
-Managers, all other
5,299
83.4
7.5
6.8
10.3Business and financial operations occupations
7,996
78.4
9.9
9.0
9.5Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
47
-
-
-
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
16
-
-
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
226
87.0
6.9
3.5
14.6Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
279
82.5
9.9
4.2
10.3Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
318
73.6
19.5
4.4
9.5Compliance officers
298
80.7
10.2
6.1
10.5Cost estimators
127
90.0
3.1
5.8
8.1Human resources workers
770
75.7
13.8
7.1
13.8Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
51
76.0
19.0
3.7
6.0Training and development specialists
125
77.3
15.4
4.0
10.6Logisticians
154
77.1
15.5
2.7
8.2Management analysts
950
76.1
7.5
13.7
8.6Meeting, convention, and event planners
146
82.0
8.8
7.4
11.9Fundraisers
93
89.3
5.1
2.5
5.2Market research analysts and marketing specialists
369
80.6
5.9
11.4
7.2Business operations specialists, all other
269
75.8
10.3
10.9
10.5Accountants and auditors
1,964
77.1
8.5
12.0
8.9Appraisers and assessors of real estate
84
93.2
2.7
4.1
8.3Budget analysts
51
64.6
19.3
12.2
3.6Credit analysts
28
-
-
-
-Financial analysts
345
77.8
8.6
11.7
8.3Personal financial advisors
551
82.2
6.9
8.6
6.3Insurance underwriters
105
87.0
5.9
5.4
6.2Financial examiners
21
-
-
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
403
81.7
12.2
4.2
11.6Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
53
58.8
25.8
12.8
12.1Tax preparers
97
77.5
16.6
5.6
15.2Financial specialists, all other
57
68.6
17.9
8.7
15.9Professional and related occupations
37,237
76.7
10.5
10.0
9.9Computer and mathematical occupations
5,352
65.7
8.7
23.1
7.8Computer and information research scientists
24
-
-
-
-Computer systems analysts
663
67.8
9.7
20.3
8.3Information security analysts
125
74.6
16.6
7.6
12.9Computer programmers
454
67.8
8.5
21.8
8.7Software developers, applications and systems software
1,815
54.0
5.8
37.7
5.1Web developers
193
77.6
6.7
12.0
4.6Computer support specialists
547
74.2
10.5
12.7
11.3Database administrators
106
72.0
6.8
16.7
6.2Network and computer systems administrators
199
77.2
9.7
11.7
8.5Computer network architects
106
76.1
13.1
10.3
14.1Computer occupations, all other
808
70.5
12.7
14.1
9.7Actuaries
33
-
-
-
-Mathematicians
3
-
-
-
-Operations research analysts
152
80.5
6.8
8.3
9.7Statisticians
101
69.6
8.2
21.1
7.7Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
22
-
-
-
-Architecture and engineering occupations
3,305
77.5
6.8
13.3
9.2Architects, except naval
208
82.6
6.3
8.8
8.5Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
48
-
-
-
-Aerospace engineers
134
78.0
6.5
14.5
7.3Agricultural engineers
6
-
-
-
-Biomedical engineers
25
-
-
-
-Chemical engineers
87
75.6
4.0
17.1
2.4Civil engineers
475
80.3
5.9
12.2
8.4Computer hardware engineers
77
54.3
5.7
38.4
10.2Electrical and electronics engineers
285
71.3
7.3
19.9
8.7Environmental engineers
25
-
-
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
245
80.7
7.9
9.4
5.9Marine engineers and naval architects
12
-
-
-
-Materials engineers
44
-
-
-
-Mechanical engineers
351
80.4
5.1
11.6
8.4Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
8
-
-
-
-Nuclear engineers
8
-
-
-
-Petroleum engineers
24
-
-
-
-Engineers, all other
582
71.8
5.4
20.6
9.8Drafters
113
90.8
3.5
2.7
14.7Engineering technicians, except drafters
496
76.5
12.1
8.3
12.7Surveying and mapping technicians
53
86.3
6.6
3.5
10.9Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,485
76.9
6.3
14.4
9.5Agricultural and food scientists
37
-
-
-
-Biological scientists
104
81.0
3.4
14.4
8.7Conservation scientists and foresters
20
-
-
-
-Medical scientists
170
64.1
7.3
27.8
8.8Life scientists, all other
2
-
-
-
-Astronomers and physicists
17
-
-
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
10
-
-
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
97
75.7
7.0
13.7
8.2Environmental scientists and geoscientists
119
85.1
4.8
7.4
12.4Physical scientists, all other
298
68.3
3.4
25.7
7.1Economists
35
-
-
-
-Survey researchers
0
-
-
-
-Psychologists
234
89.9
5.8
3.5
10.3Sociologists
2
-
-
-
-Urban and regional planners
25
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
39
-
-
-
-Agricultural and food science technicians
20
-
-
-
-Biological technicians
23
-
-
-
-Chemical technicians
56
80.1
10.6
6.3
12.2Geological and petroleum technicians
20
-
-
-
-Nuclear technicians
3
-
-
-
-Social science research assistants
1
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
152
72.8
8.6
15.0
13.4Community and social service occupations
2,717
72.9
20.1
3.6
13.0Counselors
927
72.7
21.2
2.7
12.7Social workers
823
69.6
23.0
3.7
14.3Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
97
70.6
26.7
0.4
15.8Social and human service assistants
238
65.2
25.5
4.3
16.4Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
78
71.1
22.5
2.5
21.9Clergy
413
79.1
12.2
5.9
7.7Directors, religious activities and education
72
92.3
5.1
2.3
13.4Religious workers, all other
69
89.6
5.1
4.7
8.3Legal occupations
1,955
83.0
8.3
6.1
9.5Lawyers
1,240
86.6
5.9
5.7
5.8Judicial law clerks
7
-
-
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
70
81.5
13.4
4.8
8.6Paralegals and legal assistants
444
77.1
11.8
6.7
17.7Miscellaneous legal support workers
193
74.2
13.2
8.0
13.9Education, training, and library occupations
9,455
81.7
10.2
5.3
11.0Postsecondary teachers
1,386
75.3
7.0
15.1
8.3Preschool and kindergarten teachers
655
75.8
15.7
5.2
14.9Elementary and middle school teachers
3,604
84.7
10.2
2.6
10.2Secondary school teachers
1,015
87.1
7.3
3.3
8.8Special education teachers
331
85.2
9.2
3.5
6.5Other teachers and instructors
1,017
78.4
11.7
6.1
11.6Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
48
-
-
-
-Librarians
179
87.8
6.0
3.2
9.8Library technicians
33
-
-
-
-Teacher assistants
999
79.0
13.4
4.1
18.0Other education, training, and library workers
189
82.4
12.6
3.5
12.2Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,285
82.8
7.7
5.9
11.6Artists and related workers
248
86.8
4.5
3.8
11.1Designers
983
82.2
5.7
9.0
11.0Actors
40
-
-
-
-Producers and directors
186
86.7
6.4
3.5
8.0Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
345
81.1
9.3
4.3
10.8Dancers and choreographers
23
-
-
-
-Musicians, singers, and related workers
202
78.9
12.4
3.9
9.7Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
50
86.4
5.0
0.3
7.3Announcers
58
75.6
15.7
5.3
19.2News analysts, reporters and correspondents
93
82.4
6.9
9.7
9.3Public relations specialists
137
83.6
9.9
5.8
13.6Editors
147
91.3
3.0
2.4
10.6Technical writers
61
84.2
11.8
2.9
8.8Writers and authors
225
89.6
5.9
3.4
4.8Miscellaneous media and communication workers
118
67.8
14.6
11.2
35.3Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
119
78.3
9.1
7.9
14.0Photographers
188
84.3
8.6
3.5
12.3Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
60
83.0
10.7
0.6
12.7Media and communication equipment workers, all other
0
-
-
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,684
75.3
12.5
9.6
9.0Chiropractors
61
86.1
2.8
5.3
6.4Dentists
162
74.3
0.8
23.6
7.2Dietitians and nutritionists
128
77.9
15.2
5.9
9.0Optometrists
43
-
-
-
-Pharmacists
341
64.5
10.5
22.0
2.7Physicians and surgeons
1,098
72.0
8.2
18.0
7.6Physician assistants
131
84.3
4.5
6.8
8.6Podiatrists
10
-
-
-
-Audiologists
14
-
-
-
-Occupational therapists
136
75.7
10.2
12.4
10.2Physical therapists
304
76.4
5.9
14.1
4.0Radiation therapists
16
-
-
-
-Recreational therapists
10
-
-
-
-Respiratory therapists
112
66.2
23.2
8.9
8.6Speech-language pathologists
180
93.7
3.9
2.2
6.7Exercise physiologists
2
-
-
-
-Therapists, all other
235
81.1
12.2
5.1
11.9Veterinarians
104
89.8
0.0
6.1
1.6Registered nurses
3,242
75.9
12.4
9.2
7.2Nurse anesthetists
33
-
-
-
-Nurse midwives
10
-
-
-
-Nurse practitioners
225
76.6
12.2
9.9
2.6Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
35
-
-
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
323
71.1
15.3
10.0
13.0Dental hygienists
208
88.2
5.1
5.0
11.3Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
398
76.7
12.8
5.8
9.7Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
206
86.6
10.5
0.8
11.5Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
710
74.7
15.6
5.4
16.5Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
687
67.0
27.0
3.3
13.8Medical records and health information technicians
185
72.8
17.5
6.0
14.4Opticians, dispensing
49
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
152
64.6
19.6
13.7
16.3Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
133
80.9
12.5
4.3
12.1Service occupations
26,978
72.2
17.1
5.9
25.0Healthcare support occupations
3,758
64.2
26.7
5.1
19.1Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
2,086
54.3
37.2
4.4
17.6Occupational therapy assistants and aides
29
-
-
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
101
83.2
6.8
6.5
7.2Massage therapists
183
72.3
8.8
13.1
11.1Dental assistants
284
85.5
6.7
3.1
28.9Medical assistants
596
75.1
15.3
4.8
29.0Medical transcriptionists
41
-
-
-
-Pharmacy aides
49
-
-
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
59
97.2
2.1
0.4
3.7Phlebotomists
124
70.5
24.6
2.9
14.9Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
206
64.7
25.7
7.1
13.7Protective service occupations
3,128
73.9
20.3
2.2
15.3First-line supervisors of correctional officers
44
-
-
-
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
83
89.2
7.6
0.4
5.6First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
42
-
-
-
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
78
69.8
20.7
2.2
11.3Firefighters
318
86.7
8.5
1.3
11.6Fire inspectors
21
-
-
-
-Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
372
60.5
34.2
1.7
12.3Detectives and criminal investigators
164
82.7
12.7
1.9
8.4Fish and game wardens
4
-
-
-
-Parking enforcement workers
4
-
-
-
-Police and sheriff's patrol officers
716
82.9
12.6
1.5
17.0Transit and railroad police
5
-
-
-
-Animal control workers
10
-
-
-
-Private detectives and investigators
97
72.6
23.5
3.0
17.7Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
937
62.9
29.6
3.5
18.8Crossing guards
52
76.3
17.6
1.3
21.0Transportation security screeners
43
-
-
-
-Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
139
87.7
6.4
0.7
14.7Food preparation and serving related occupations
8,378
73.7
13.9
6.9
27.0Chefs and head cooks
474
63.0
14.3
16.4
26.0First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
597
76.7
14.9
4.8
22.6Cooks
2,031
70.4
18.1
6.2
36.7Food preparation workers
1,079
73.5
13.2
8.3
28.1Bartenders
464
86.1
6.3
2.8
16.5Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
372
70.2
19.6
5.4
19.9Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
200
76.0
11.3
5.2
18.6Waiters and waitresses
2,038
75.5
11.1
7.6
23.4Food servers, nonrestaurant
191
68.4
19.2
6.6
21.6Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
338
77.1
12.6
6.2
34.2Dishwashers
264
73.4
16.1
4.2
28.9Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
322
77.6
8.6
4.0
17.7Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
7
-
-
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,746
77.3
14.9
2.9
38.2First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
352
78.5
15.0
3.2
27.5First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
285
88.0
7.5
1.1
28.1Janitors and building cleaners
2,265
74.0
18.2
3.4
31.6Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,475
72.2
17.4
4.1
49.2Pest control workers
96
85.2
8.5
1.6
18.5Grounds maintenance workers
1,273
86.0
8.2
0.9
43.6Personal care and service occupations
5,968
69.4
16.1
10.1
18.2First-line supervisors of gaming workers
211
82.7
9.1
4.1
10.3First-line supervisors of personal service workers
213
72.4
4.5
19.8
13.0Animal trainers
63
86.7
4.6
2.0
12.3Nonfarm animal caretakers
296
88.8
5.0
2.1
12.5Gaming services workers
93
40.5
19.6
27.3
12.2Motion picture projectionists
1
-
-
-
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
38
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
210
79.6
10.8
5.4
15.5Embalmers and funeral attendants
15
-
-
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
26
-
-
-
-Barbers
137
61.8
31.1
4.5
29.0Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
803
77.3
13.9
6.1
17.0Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
409
30.7
7.7
59.2
11.6Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
92
58.1
26.2
12.4
30.6Tour and travel guides
61
82.3
1.7
5.5
5.3Childcare workers
1,193
76.0
17.4
3.3
24.6Personal care aides
1,458
60.2
25.1
8.4
21.6Recreation and fitness workers
440
81.6
10.8
3.4
10.2Residential advisors
30
-
-
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
178
73.8
14.3
7.0
18.1Sales and office occupations
33,370
78.1
13.0
5.2
17.1Sales and related occupations
15,582
79.8
11.2
5.4
16.7First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,232
81.0
9.5
5.5
14.7First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,247
86.2
6.5
5.7
14.4Cashiers
3,164
69.2
17.9
7.3
24.1Counter and rental clerks
97
72.8
18.3
6.6
15.8Parts salespersons
142
84.9
10.4
1.3
19.8Retail salespersons
3,105
78.9
12.4
4.5
18.7Advertising sales agents
190
81.9
10.8
3.7
13.7Insurance sales agents
595
81.2
10.1
5.6
13.4Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
231
85.9
5.4
7.5
11.9Travel agents
82
81.6
9.5
7.1
6.7Sales representatives, services, all other
557
85.2
7.7
5.0
12.3Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,281
88.8
5.9
3.9
10.9Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
62
79.5
11.3
3.1
16.0Real estate brokers and sales agents
1,095
85.0
7.9
5.2
10.7Sales engineers
35
-
-
-
-Telemarketers
49
-
-
-
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
135
85.4
9.4
1.2
24.9Sales and related workers, all other
284
83.9
10.6
1.1
13.9Office and administrative support occupations
17,789
76.6
14.5
5.0
17.5First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,306
80.2
13.4
3.7
13.3Switchboard operators, including answering service
21
-
-
-
-Telephone operators
42
-
-
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
12
-
-
-
-Bill and account collectors
116
63.6
30.2
1.3
17.8Billing and posting clerks
459
81.5
10.3
4.7
15.7Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,015
85.2
6.9
5.4
13.0Gaming cage workers
13
-
-
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
155
79.8
8.4
6.9
17.9Procurement clerks
29
-
-
-
-Tellers
294
80.0
9.9
4.8
20.0Financial clerks, all other
119
83.2
10.9
3.8
15.4Brokerage clerks
3
-
-
-
-Correspondence clerks
5
-
-
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
95
81.6
14.5
1.2
17.3Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
41
-
-
-
-Customer service representatives
2,552
73.3
17.7
5.3
19.6Eligibility interviewers, government programs
70
70.1
22.2
1.1
23.0File clerks
175
75.3
16.8
4.1
14.2Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
116
60.7
21.6
7.4
22.3Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
131
72.9
18.1
4.7
18.3Library assistants, clerical
88
78.2
12.0
8.9
12.6Loan interviewers and clerks
116
75.2
16.3
4.3
13.3New accounts clerks
22
-
-
-
-Order clerks
112
66.9
18.2
9.9
18.3Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
60
74.2
12.7
3.8
18.5Receptionists and information clerks
1,288
75.8
15.4
4.6
21.8Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
119
51.4
27.9
9.1
13.5Information and record clerks, all other
99
79.9
13.4
2.3
22.8Cargo and freight agents
20
-
-
-
-Couriers and messengers
402
73.3
17.4
4.4
21.4Dispatchers
261
80.8
14.2
2.5
15.2Meter readers, utilities
17
-
-
-
-Postal service clerks
96
47.4
35.8
13.0
6.7Postal service mail carriers
331
72.7
19.6
5.5
14.4Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
76
35.8
42.3
17.8
5.8Production, planning, and expediting clerks
297
80.0
14.0
3.3
12.5Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
563
74.7
15.5
4.2
25.1Stock clerks and order fillers
1,512
70.3
18.2
5.0
23.1Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
66
75.8
10.6
8.5
21.1Secretaries and administrative assistants
2,688
85.2
8.7
3.5
13.4Computer operators
72
76.3
11.9
9.1
19.4Data entry keyers
250
75.1
14.7
6.5
20.3Word processors and typists
57
77.8
12.6
3.3
16.1Desktop publishers
0
-
-
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
269
71.3
21.8
2.4
15.5Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
68
67.6
24.0
4.1
14.2Office clerks, general
1,355
74.0
13.6
8.6
20.9Office machine operators, except computer
32
-
-
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
7
-
-
-
-Statistical assistants
58
67.4
0.0
32.3
4.9Office and administrative support workers, all other
618
77.7
15.5
3.4
13.6Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,343
86.2
7.7
2.2
31.9Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,156
89.3
4.4
1.8
47.6First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
51
88.8
1.2
1.3
28.4Agricultural inspectors
18
-
-
-
-Animal breeders
10
-
-
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
88
71.2
21.3
3.6
49.9Miscellaneous agricultural workers
866
92.5
2.6
1.2
54.0Fishers and related fishing workers
36
-
-
-
-Hunters and trappers
0
-
-
-
-Forest and conservation workers
21
-
-
-
-Logging workers
66
83.2
2.7
2.9
16.0Construction and extraction occupations
8,325
87.1
7.3
1.6
36.4First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
682
88.0
7.5
1.2
24.8Boilermakers
24
-
-
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
152
91.6
5.2
1.2
37.7Carpenters
1,292
89.1
5.1
1.5
37.3Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
170
90.8
5.1
0.5
59.7Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
65
89.5
4.4
1.1
53.5Construction laborers
2,051
85.3
8.6
1.6
46.7Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
22
-
-
-
-Pile-driver operators
1
-
-
-
-Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
375
85.1
8.9
0.9
14.9Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
178
91.1
2.5
1.7
67.7Electricians
914
87.4
6.8
2.6
21.1Glaziers
38
-
-
-
-Insulation workers
59
91.8
5.9
1.4
43.3Painters, construction and maintenance
599
87.4
8.1
0.6
55.5Paperhangers
7
-
-
-
-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
637
87.1
8.4
0.9
27.1Plasterers and stucco masons
23
-
-
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
6
-
-
-
-Roofers
222
87.7
5.2
0.7
50.7Sheet metal workers
140
89.1
6.7
2.3
28.9Structural iron and steel workers
66
75.7
11.7
7.8
18.7Solar photovoltaic installers
18
-
-
-
-Helpers, construction trades
50
86.6
3.4
4.5
35.2Construction and building inspectors
105
82.0
8.3
6.8
12.8Elevator installers and repairers
20
-
-
-
-Fence erectors
41
-
-
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
40
-
-
-
-Highway maintenance workers
113
83.6
12.7
0.4
13.3Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
4
-
-
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
8
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
32
-
-
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
29
-
-
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
22
-
-
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
8
-
-
-
-Mining machine operators
56
85.2
9.3
0.0
13.1Roof bolters, mining
1
-
-
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
8
-
-
-
-Helpers--extraction workers
2
-
-
-
-Other extraction workers
46
-
-
-
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,862
84.0
9.1
3.3
20.3First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
272
85.7
9.9
1.5
16.1Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
184
74.7
11.7
9.3
15.9Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
131
73.1
15.8
4.9
15.0Avionics technicians
13
-
-
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
16
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
7
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
17
-
-
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
9
-
-
-
-Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
32
-
-
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
58
76.9
14.3
4.6
23.5Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
152
82.4
10.5
4.8
12.4Automotive body and related repairers
125
92.4
3.4
1.8
29.6Automotive glass installers and repairers
21
-
-
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
880
83.8
8.7
3.2
27.7Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
347
87.3
6.5
3.7
14.1Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
211
88.3
6.0
2.6
15.8Small engine mechanics
45
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
73
77.0
12.2
3.6
31.0Control and valve installers and repairers
22
-
-
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
466
84.0
9.1
3.0
20.2Home appliance repairers
51
86.3
11.7
1.8
18.8Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
408
85.6
8.7
2.5
18.1Maintenance and repair workers, general
579
83.9
9.4
3.2
20.1Maintenance workers, machinery
21
-
-
-
-Millwrights
52
88.9
7.9
1.8
10.3Electrical power-line installers and repairers
133
89.8
3.0
0.6
15.4Telecommunications line installers and repairers
184
82.2
12.5
2.3
24.7Precision instrument and equipment repairers
69
73.7
11.9
12.6
11.4Wind turbine service technicians
2
-
-
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
28
-
-
-
-Commercial divers
2
-
-
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
32
-
-
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
5
-
-
-
-Riggers
12
-
-
-
-Signal and track switch repairers
7
-
-
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
19
-
-
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
179
88.4
8.1
0.9
27.1Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
18,628
74.2
16.9
5.0
23.0Production occupations
8,565
76.6
13.3
6.0
23.1First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
844
80.3
12.2
3.8
17.2Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
8
-
-
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
101
64.5
8.0
20.2
20.1Engine and other machine assemblers
9
-
-
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
25
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
1,001
67.0
19.7
9.6
21.7Bakers
228
74.0
11.7
9.6
30.7Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
297
71.2
17.1
6.2
37.3Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
17
-
-
-
-Food batchmakers
82
87.9
7.3
1.6
36.2Food cooking machine operators and tenders
3
-
-
-
-Food processing workers, all other
147
72.1
18.1
7.0
38.8Computer control programmers and operators
108
87.0
6.6
5.0
11.4Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
13
-
-
-
-Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
7
-
-
-
-Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
13
-
-
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
70
75.2
17.3
0.3
13.9Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
6
-
-
-
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
44
-
-
-
-Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
6
-
-
-
-Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-
-
-
-Machinists
375
84.8
7.0
4.9
11.5Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
23
-
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
5
-
-
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
45
-
-
-
-Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
2
-
-
-
-Tool and die makers
55
95.1
3.7
0.3
3.4Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
592
85.3
8.8
2.3
22.8Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
4
-
-
-
-Layout workers, metal and plastic
10
-
-
-
-Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
13
-
-
-
-Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
1
-
-
-
-Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
392
72.0
14.5
8.2
26.0Prepress technicians and workers
27
-
-
-
-Printing press operators
133
84.3
7.2
4.0
23.1Print binding and finishing workers
14
-
-
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
134
55.9
25.1
12.2
37.9Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
28
-
-
-
-Sewing machine operators
179
69.3
11.0
15.3
35.4Shoe and leather workers and repairers
7
-
-
-
-Shoe machine operators and tenders
5
-
-
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
86
66.3
9.5
23.7
20.9Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
2
-
-
-
-Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
4
-
-
-
-Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
9
-
-
-
-Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
10
-
-
-
-Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
1
-
-
-
-Fabric and apparel patternmakers
0
-
-
-
-Upholsterers
30
-
-
-
-Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
13
-
-
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
65
88.2
7.7
1.1
21.3Furniture finishers
18
-
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, wood
0
-
-
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
33
-
-
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
12
-
-
-
-Woodworkers, all other
23
-
-
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
43
-
-
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
52
84.3
5.2
5.5
9.8Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
110
84.6
8.4
3.5
9.7Miscellaneous plant and system operators
51
83.2
11.6
3.9
14.7Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
73
86.8
11.0
1.0
8.1Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
90
80.8
11.4
1.9
26.1Cutting workers
60
78.3
18.8
2.5
25.2Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
27
-
-
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
17
-
-
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
802
77.6
11.5
5.4
17.5Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
40
-
-
-
-Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
91
81.8
4.6
10.5
17.7Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
262
68.8
20.4
6.3
37.3Painting workers
171
81.5
13.0
1.8
41.8Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
13
-
-
-
-Semiconductor processors
0
-
-
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
10
-
-
-
-Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
2
-
-
-
-Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
2
-
-
-
-Etchers and engravers
8
-
-
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
31
-
-
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
24
-
-
-
-Tire builders
8
-
-
-
-Helpers--production workers
54
74.9
17.2
4.0
30.3Production workers, all other
1,141
73.8
16.1
5.7
24.6Transportation and material moving occupations
10,063
72.2
20.0
4.1
22.9Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
206
72.2
19.4
6.7
20.3Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
141
93.7
2.6
3.4
2.2Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
43
-
-
-
-Flight attendants
110
73.7
17.5
5.4
15.3Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
15
-
-
-
-Bus drivers
546
67.2
27.0
3.1
15.0Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,608
75.2
18.1
2.9
20.5Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
790
55.5
29.5
13.1
23.6Motor vehicle operators, all other
66
83.6
10.6
5.5
18.6Locomotive engineers and operators
42
-
-
-
-Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
2
-
-
-
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
52
66.7
24.0
3.1
5.4Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
9
-
-
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
19
-
-
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
45
-
-
-
-Ship engineers
5
-
-
-
-Bridge and lock tenders
0
-
-
-
-Parking lot attendants
83
72.6
19.3
5.7
31.0Automotive and watercraft service attendants
88
68.9
12.1
13.7
14.5Transportation inspectors
42
-
-
-
-Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
43
-
-
-
-Other transportation workers
38
-
-
-
-Conveyor operators and tenders
2
-
-
-
-Crane and tower operators
63
90.1
6.3
0.0
10.6Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
28
-
-
-
-Hoist and winch operators
9
-
-
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
571
69.0
25.8
1.7
31.4Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
344
76.1
19.4
1.4
34.8Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
2,235
72.4
19.8
2.7
23.1Machine feeders and offbearers
24
-
-
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
628
69.2
19.0
7.7
41.5Pumping station operators
16
-
-
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
99
74.0
18.2
3.6
29.7Mine shuttle car operators
2
-
-
-
-Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
6
-
-
-
-Material moving workers, all other
41
-
-
-
-Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Industry and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
157,538
122,441
19,381
10,179
27,805Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
1.5
1.8
0.3
0.4
2.4Mining
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.5Construction
7.2
8.2
3.7
2.1
12.4Manufacturing
10.0
10.2
8.4
10.5
9.5Durable goods
6.3
6.5
4.9
7.1
5.3Nondurable goods
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.4
4.2Wholesale and retail trade
12.5
12.7
11.9
11.0
12.9Wholesale trade
2.2
2.4
1.6
1.8
2.2Retail trade
10.3
10.3
10.3
9.2
10.7Transportation and utilities
5.7
5.2
9.3
4.9
6.1Information
1.8
1.7
1.6
2.3
1.2Financial activities
6.8
7.0
5.8
7.9
5.0Professional and business services
12.4
12.4
10.1
18.5
11.3Education and health services
22.8
22.1
28.0
22.6
17.4Leisure and hospitality
9.3
8.9
9.9
9.9
12.7Other services
4.8
4.8
4.2
6.3
5.5Other services, except private households
4.3
4.3
3.7
6.0
4.2Other services, private households
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
1.2Public administration
4.6
4.4
6.5
3.3
3.2Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
83,460
66,100
9,145
5,353
15,782Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2.1
2.5
0.5
0.6
3.1Mining
0.8
0.8
0.3
0.4
0.8Construction
12.2
13.6
7.3
3.3
20.5Manufacturing
13.3
13.6
11.8
12.6
11.1Durable goods
8.9
9.2
7.0
9.2
6.7Nondurable goods
4.4
4.4
4.8
3.4
4.4Wholesale and retail trade
13.2
13.3
13.2
11.6
12.8Wholesale trade
3.0
3.2
2.5
2.1
2.7Retail trade
10.2
10.1
10.6
9.5
10.1Transportation and utilities
8.2
7.5
14.0
7.1
8.3Information
2.0
1.9
1.9
2.8
1.4Financial activities
6.1
6.2
5.0
8.2
4.2Professional and business services
13.8
13.5
11.7
21.8
11.6Education and health services
10.8
10.1
13.8
14.7
7.1Leisure and hospitality
8.6
8.0
10.4
9.5
11.4Other services
4.2
4.2
3.9
4.4
4.8Other services, except private households
4.1
4.1
3.8
4.3
4.6Other services, private households
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2Public administration
4.7
4.6
6.2
3.2
2.9Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
74,078
56,341
10,236
4,826
12,023Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
0.9
1.1
0.1
0.2
1.5Mining
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2Construction
1.6
1.8
0.6
0.9
1.8Manufacturing
6.3
6.2
5.4
8.2
7.4Durable goods
3.4
3.3
3.0
4.9
3.5Nondurable goods
2.9
2.9
2.4
3.4
4.0Wholesale and retail trade
11.8
11.9
10.8
10.3
13.0Wholesale trade
1.4
1.4
0.9
1.5
1.6Retail trade
10.4
10.5
9.9
8.8
11.4Transportation and utilities
2.9
2.6
5.1
2.5
3.2Information
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.0Financial activities
7.6
7.9
6.6
7.6
6.0Professional and business services
10.9
11.0
8.6
14.9
10.8Education and health services
36.2
36.1
40.6
31.2
30.8Leisure and hospitality
10.1
10.0
9.5
10.3
14.4Other services
5.5
5.5
4.4
8.4
6.4Other services, except private households
4.5
4.5
3.5
7.8
3.8Other services, private households
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.6
2.6Public administration
4.5
4.1
6.8
3.5
3.6Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal families
82,633
65,082
9,966
5,078
13,281With at least one family member employed
67,006
52,435
7,975
4,487
11,721As a percent of total families
81.1
80.6
80.0
88.4
88.3With at least one family member unemployed
4,076
2,903
791
206
879As a percent of total families
4.9
4.5
7.9
4.1
6.6Some family member(s) employed
2,902
2,139
476
170
650As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
71.2
73.7
60.2
82.4
73.9Some family member(s) employed full time
2,542
1,871
416
154
568As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
62.4
64.5
52.6
74.6
64.6Married-couple families(1)
60,300
50,160
4,610
4,105
8,162With at least one family member employed
48,984
40,276
3,825
3,635
7,348As a percent of total families
81.2
80.3
83.0
88.6
90.0With at least one family member unemployed
2,367
1,869
266
154
472As a percent of total families
3.9
3.7
5.8
3.7
5.8Some family member(s) employed
1,942
1,525
218
133
387As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
82.1
81.6
81.9
86.3
81.9Some family member(s) employed full time
1,744
1,365
198
120
347As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
73.7
73.0
74.3
78.1
73.6Families maintained by women(2)
15,317
9,882
4,118
601
3,335With at least one family member employed
12,025
7,799
3,152
510
2,760As a percent of total families
78.5
78.9
76.5
84.8
82.8With at least one family member unemployed
1,163
677
397
26
260As a percent of total families
7.6
6.9
9.6
4.3
7.8Some family member(s) employed
624
390
189
15
164As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
53.7
57.6
47.5
56.0
63.0Some family member(s) employed full time
506
312
159
12
133As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
43.5
46.0
40.1
47.0
51.0Families maintained by men(2)
7,016
5,040
1,238
372
1,784With at least one family member employed
5,998
4,361
998
342
1,613As a percent of total families
85.5
86.5
80.6
92.0
90.4With at least one family member unemployed
547
357
128
26
147As a percent of total families
7.8
7.1
10.3
7.1
8.2Some family member(s) employed
336
224
70
23
99As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
61.4
62.9
54.5
86.1
67.6Some family member(s) employed full time
292
194
59
21
87As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
53.4
54.4
46.2
81.6
59.6Footnotes(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year
Total
White
Black orAfrican American
Asian
Hispanic orLatino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenWith no children under 18 years1994
60.2
67.1
53.6
60.6
67.7
53.8
57.2
62.0
52.4
-
-
-
62.3
71.5
51.51995
60.2
67.0
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
57.5
62.3
52.7
-
-
-
61.2
70.9
50.21996
60.1
66.8
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
56.9
61.5
52.3
-
-
-
61.6
71.3
50.51997
60.4
67.0
53.8
60.8
67.8
53.8
57.3
61.2
53.5
-
-
-
62.6
72.1
51.41998
60.3
67.0
53.9
60.6
67.6
53.8
58.0
62.0
54.2
-
-
-
62.8
72.1
51.71999
60.4
66.8
54.1
60.7
67.5
53.9
58.3
62.1
54.6
-
-
-
62.5
71.6
52.22000
60.6
67.0
54.3
60.9
67.7
54.3
58.4
62.5
54.5
-
-
-
63.7
73.2
52.62001
60.4
66.7
54.3
60.8
67.4
54.3
57.9
61.7
54.4
-
-
-
63.0
72.4
52.62002
60.0
66.2
53.9
60.4
66.8
54.0
56.8
61.0
52.7
61.2
67.8
55.0
63.9
72.7
53.22003
59.7
65.4
54.1
60.1
66.1
54.1
56.5
60.0
53.2
59.7
66.4
53.7
62.8
72.1
51.52004
59.6
65.3
54.0
60.0
66.1
54.0
56.4
59.5
53.5
59.1
65.0
53.5
63.5
72.6
52.52005
59.8
65.5
54.2
60.1
66.2
54.1
57.3
60.8
53.9
59.9
66.0
54.3
63.0
72.1
51.92006
60.0
65.8
54.2
60.4
66.5
54.2
57.1
60.5
53.9
60.0
66.2
54.1
63.7
73.0
52.22007
59.8
65.6
54.0
60.3
66.4
54.1
56.5
60.1
53.0
60.2
66.6
54.0
63.7
72.8
52.42008
59.9
65.6
54.3
60.3
66.3
54.3
56.9
60.4
53.6
60.3
66.6
54.4
63.5
72.7
52.12009
59.3
64.6
54.0
59.9
65.4
54.3
55.9
59.3
52.7
59.0
65.3
53.1
62.6
70.7
52.82010
58.7
63.8
53.6
59.1
64.5
53.7
56.0
59.1
52.9
58.1
64.3
52.4
62.0
69.8
52.32011
58.1
63.1
53.0
58.6
63.8
53.2
55.1
58.4
51.8
58.0
63.9
52.6
60.8
68.3
51.62012
57.5
62.6
52.5
58.1
63.7
52.4
55.2
57.6
52.8
58.1
63.2
53.4
60.7
68.1
52.02013
57.2
62.3
52.1
57.4
62.9
52.0
54.5
57.1
52.0
58.8
64.5
53.6
60.6
68.2
51.92014
56.7
61.7
51.7
56.9
62.2
51.6
54.8
57.5
52.1
57.0
63.0
51.7
60.5
68.0
51.82015
56.5
61.6
51.5
56.7
62.1
51.2
55.3
58.0
52.7
56.5
61.7
51.7
60.4
68.1
51.92016
56.7
61.9
51.6
56.8
62.3
51.4
55.2
58.4
52.2
57.1
63.1
51.8
60.3
67.9
52.02017
56.8
61.9
51.9
56.8
62.2
51.4
56.1
59.2
53.2
57.4
62.9
52.5
61.0
68.2
53.22018
56.8
61.7
51.9
56.7
62.1
51.3
56.3
59.1
53.8
57.0
62.0
52.5
60.7
67.8
53.02019
57.0
62.0
52.2
57.0
62.4
51.6
56.4
59.0
54.0
57.7
62.6
53.2
61.3
68.3
53.8With children under 18 years1994
79.8
94.1
69.0
80.9
94.8
69.5
74.9
89.5
68.4
-
-
-
70.2
92.1
54.71995
80.3
94.1
69.8
81.3
94.9
70.3
76.3
89.6
70.3
-
-
-
71.0
92.2
55.61996
81.1
94.5
70.8
81.8
95.3
70.7
78.5
89.7
73.3
-
-
-
72.3
93.7
56.71997
81.8
94.6
71.9
82.4
95.4
71.7
79.6
89.6
75.0
-
-
-
74.0
93.4
59.61998
81.8
94.6
71.8
82.2
95.3
71.3
81.0
90.4
76.7
-
-
-
74.2
92.9
60.21999
82.0
94.6
72.2
82.3
95.4
71.5
82.0
89.3
78.5
-
-
-
74.6
93.8
60.32000
82.1
94.7
72.3
82.3
95.3
71.6
82.2
90.3
78.2
-
-
-
75.7
93.8
62.02001
81.9
94.6
72.1
82.2
95.3
71.5
81.8
89.7
77.9
-
-
-
75.7
93.6
62.02002
81.6
94.3
71.8
81.9
94.8
71.1
81.9
90.3
77.7
78.3
93.2
66.6
75.8
93.2
62.72003
81.2
94.1
71.1
81.4
94.7
70.3
81.5
89.7
77.5
78.9
93.5
67.0
75.1
93.4
61.22004
80.7
94.1
70.4
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.5
88.4
76.5
77.9
93.8
64.9
74.9
93.9
60.42005
80.7
94.1
70.5
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.4
88.7
76.3
77.9
93.1
65.6
74.5
94.2
59.62006
81.0
94.1
70.9
81.4
94.9
70.2
80.5
88.1
76.9
78.3
93.2
66.3
75.3
94.2
60.92007
81.4
94.3
71.0
81.7
95.0
70.3
81.2
89.6
76.6
78.9
93.1
67.1
76.5
94.8
61.42008
81.5
94.1
71.4
81.8
94.8
70.8
81.1
89.7
76.7
80.0
93.0
68.8
76.4
94.4
61.42009
81.3
93.8
71.4
81.8
94.5
70.9
80.2
87.7
76.3
80.1
94.1
68.0
76.5
94.2
61.52010
80.9
93.7
70.8
81.4
94.5
70.5
79.7
89.0
74.9
78.2
92.2
66.2
76.6
93.9
62.12011
80.6
93.5
70.6
81.1
94.3
70.2
79.6
87.9
75.3
78.3
93.0
65.4
76.1
93.5
61.82012
80.4
93.1
70.3
81.0
94.0
70.3
80.0
88.9
75.4
76.7
93.0
63.2
76.4
93.7
63.22013
80.0
92.8
69.9
80.6
93.6
69.6
80.0
87.9
75.6
77.0
92.7
64.2
75.3
92.9
61.22014
80.1
92.8
70.1
80.6
93.5
69.8
79.9
87.9
75.4
77.4
93.3
64.3
75.8
93.1
62.02015
80.0
92.7
69.9
80.4
93.5
69.4
80.4
87.3
76.6
76.2
92.9
62.4
75.7
93.4
61.42016
80.4
92.8
70.5
80.8
93.6
70.0
80.8
87.3
77.2
76.7
92.6
63.4
76.0
93.4
61.82017
80.8
92.8
71.1
81.2
93.7
70.5
81.6
87.3
78.4
77.8
93.1
65.0
76.0
93.1
61.92018
81.3
93.3
71.5
81.7
93.9
71.2
81.6
89.0
77.2
78.0
93.4
65.0
77.4
93.8
63.92019
81.8
93.4
72.3
82.2
94.1
71.9
81.7
88.6
77.6
78.5
93.8
65.8
78.0
93.8
64.9With children 6 to 17 years, none younger1994
83.5
93.1
76.1
84.3
93.9
76.5
79.6
88.0
75.5
-
-
-
74.9
89.7
64.51995
83.7
93.0
76.6
84.6
93.7
77.2
80.1
88.1
76.4
-
-
-
75.4
89.7
65.51996
84.5
93.5
77.5
85.3
94.4
77.7
81.3
87.9
78.1
-
-
-
77.3
92.3
66.71997
84.7
93.6
77.9
85.4
94.4
78.0
81.8
88.1
78.7
-
-
-
77.6
91.2
68.21998
84.5
93.5
77.6
84.9
94.2
77.3
83.1
88.2
80.6
-
-
-
77.5
90.6
68.11999
84.8
93.4
78.2
85.4
94.4
78.1
83.2
86.7
81.4
-
-
-
78.6
91.2
69.52000
85.1
93.5
78.7
85.7
94.3
78.6
83.3
87.8
81.0
-
-
-
79.3
91.5
70.52001
85.0
93.6
78.3
85.5
94.5
78.1
83.3
87.5
81.1
-
-
-
79.6
91.7
70.92002
84.8
93.3
78.2
85.1
94.0
77.8
84.3
89.2
81.8
82.6
91.6
75.7
79.0
91.1
70.22003
84.5
93.1
77.8
84.7
93.7
77.3
84.0
88.0
82.1
82.9
93.5
74.3
78.8
91.5
69.42004
84.1
93.1
77.3
84.5
93.9
76.9
82.7
86.3
80.9
82.6
93.8
73.4
79.6
92.8
70.22005
83.7
93.0
76.5
84.1
93.8
76.3
82.4
86.9
80.2
80.7
92.3
71.2
78.8
92.9
68.72006
83.8
93.1
76.7
84.3
94.0
76.3
82.4
85.7
80.8
80.8
91.8
72.0
79.1
92.6
69.42007
84.3
93.2
77.2
84.6
94.0
76.7
83.7
87.7
81.5
81.8
91.7
73.6
80.5
93.1
70.42008
84.3
93.1
77.3
84.7
93.9
77.0
83.1
87.8
80.6
82.7
91.8
74.9
80.4
93.2
70.02009
84.2
92.7
77.3
84.7
93.7
77.0
82.2
85.7
80.3
82.7
92.9
74.0
80.7
93.6
69.92010
83.7
92.8
76.5
84.2
93.6
76.3
81.9
87.1
79.2
81.8
92.2
73.1
80.1
92.6
69.92011
83.3
92.6
76.1
83.9
93.5
76.0
81.5
86.5
78.8
80.8
92.2
71.2
79.2
91.9
69.02012
82.6
92.2
75.1
83.2
93.0
75.1
81.9
87.3
79.1
78.4
91.6
67.7
79.4
92.7
69.12013
82.3
91.9
74.7
83.0
92.8
74.8
81.4
86.4
78.6
78.8
91.7
68.4
78.1
91.8
67.52014
82.2
91.6
74.7
82.7
92.4
74.6
81.7
86.5
79.0
80.1
92.6
70.1
78.4
91.9
68.22015
82.1
91.8
74.4
82.5
92.5
74.2
81.4
85.5
79.1
79.0
92.0
68.4
78.3
92.3
67.32016
82.5
91.9
75.0
82.8
92.7
74.6
81.9
85.6
79.9
80.0
92.2
69.9
78.5
92.4
67.72017
82.8
91.7
75.7
83.3
92.6
75.3
82.4
84.9
81.1
81.5
92.8
72.2
78.8
92.0
68.12018
83.4
92.2
76.4
83.9
93.0
76.1
82.1
87.0
79.5
81.5
92.0
72.9
80.1
93.1
69.72019
83.6
92.0
76.8
84.1
92.9
76.6
82.7
86.3
80.7
81.2
92.1
72.3
80.2
92.6
70.2With children under 6 years1994
75.8
95.2
61.2
77.1
95.9
61.6
70.0
91.3
61.2
-
-
-
66.6
94.0
47.01995
76.6
95.5
62.3
77.7
96.1
62.6
72.0
91.4
63.9
-
-
-
67.6
94.1
47.71996
77.2
95.6
63.2
77.9
96.3
62.7
75.4
91.9
68.2
-
-
-
68.5
94.8
48.71997
78.3
95.8
64.8
78.8
96.5
64.1
77.1
91.3
70.8
-
-
-
70.9
95.1
52.31998
78.6
96.1
64.9
78.9
96.6
64.1
78.5
93.0
72.0
-
-
-
71.3
94.9
53.01999
78.5
96.1
64.8
78.5
96.7
63.4
80.6
92.5
74.9
-
-
-
71.2
95.9
52.12000
78.4
96.1
64.6
78.2
96.5
63.0
80.9
93.3
74.9
-
-
-
72.5
95.7
54.52001
78.1
95.8
64.3
78.1
96.2
63.0
80.0
92.5
73.9
-
-
-
72.2
95.2
53.82002
77.7
95.5
63.7
77.9
95.9
62.7
78.9
91.8
72.5
73.5
94.8
56.3
73.1
94.8
56.12003
77.2
95.4
62.8
77.3
96.0
61.5
78.2
92.1
71.8
74.2
93.4
58.5
71.9
94.9
53.42004
76.5
95.4
61.8
76.8
96.0
60.7
77.6
91.1
70.8
73.1
93.8
56.0
70.6
94.8
51.22005
77.0
95.4
62.8
77.2
96.1
61.6
77.8
91.2
71.4
74.9
94.0
59.3
70.6
95.4
50.92006
77.5
95.4
63.5
77.7
95.9
62.5
78.0
91.1
71.8
75.6
94.8
59.9
71.7
95.6
52.72007
77.8
95.7
63.3
77.9
96.2
62.3
77.9
92.3
70.4
75.8
94.8
59.9
72.9
96.1
53.02008
77.9
95.4
64.0
78.0
95.9
62.9
78.6
92.4
71.7
77.1
94.3
61.9
72.7
95.5
53.02009
77.8
95.1
64.2
78.1
95.6
63.3
77.7
90.4
71.4
77.3
95.4
61.4
72.4
94.9
53.12010
77.5
94.7
63.9
78.0
95.5
63.4
77.1
91.3
69.8
74.3
92.2
58.3
73.2
95.2
54.62011
77.4
94.5
63.9
77.7
95.2
63.0
77.4
89.7
71.1
75.4
93.8
58.4
73.2
95.0
54.72012
77.7
94.2
64.6
78.2
95.1
64.3
77.6
91.0
71.0
74.7
94.5
57.8
73.3
94.6
57.02013
77.2
93.9
63.9
77.5
94.7
62.9
78.5
89.8
72.1
74.9
93.8
59.3
72.3
94.0
54.52014
77.5
94.2
64.2
78.0
94.9
63.7
77.6
89.6
71.0
74.3
94.0
57.4
73.1
94.4
55.22015
77.4
93.9
64.2
77.7
94.7
63.3
79.2
89.5
73.4
72.8
94.1
55.0
72.9
94.5
54.72016
77.8
94.0
64.7
78.2
94.8
63.9
79.4
89.5
73.6
72.8
93.2
55.6
72.9
94.6
54.82017
78.2
94.1
65.1
78.4
95.0
64.2
80.7
90.1
75.0
73.1
93.5
55.2
72.5
94.4
54.32018
78.5
94.5
65.1
78.9
95.1
64.7
80.9
91.4
74.4
73.8
95.0
55.1
74.0
94.6
56.52019
79.4
95.0
66.4
79.6
95.6
65.8
80.5
91.2
73.8
75.3
95.7
57.4
75.2
95.2
58.1With children under 3 years1994
74.0
95.3
57.7
75.6
96.0
58.6
66.0
91.5
55.6
-
-
-
64.4
94.1
42.21995
74.8
95.5
58.9
76.0
96.2
59.2
68.9
90.9
60.0
-
-
-
65.7
94.1
43.71996
75.4
95.8
59.4
76.2
96.5
59.2
72.1
92.2
63.1
-
-
-
66.2
94.6
44.71997
76.6
95.9
61.4
77.5
96.5
61.4
73.6
92.1
65.1
-
-
-
68.6
94.6
48.01998
77.2
96.2
61.9
77.7
96.7
61.5
75.8
93.2
67.5
-
-
-
69.5
95.0
48.91999
77.0
96.4
61.5
77.0
97.0
60.1
78.7
92.4
72.0
-
-
-
68.8
96.2
47.42000
76.3
96.4
60.4
76.3
96.7
59.0
77.6
93.6
69.8
-
-
-
70.4
96.2
50.02001
76.0
95.9
60.2
76.1
96.4
58.9
77.3
92.6
69.7
-
-
-
69.7
95.3
48.72002
76.1
95.8
60.2
76.3
96.2
59.2
76.9
93.2
68.6
72.1
95.4
53.5
70.3
95.1
50.32003
75.2
95.7
58.9
75.6
96.2
57.8
74.7
91.4
67.0
73.0
94.5
55.1
69.5
95.2
47.92004
74.4
95.7
57.5
74.9
96.3
56.8
74.7
91.0
66.4
70.2
93.8
50.4
68.2
95.2
46.02005
74.8
95.5
58.4
75.1
96.4
57.2
74.7
90.6
67.0
72.4
92.9
55.8
67.7
96.0
45.02006
75.8
95.5
60.2
76.2
96.2
59.3
75.0
90.6
67.2
73.4
94.2
56.8
69.5
95.9
48.62007
75.6
95.9
59.2
76.0
96.4
58.3
74.8
92.8
65.7
73.6
94.2
56.2
69.9
96.0
47.62008
76.1
95.7
60.4
76.4
96.2
59.4
75.0
92.4
66.7
75.9
94.4
59.5
70.3
95.9
47.92009
76.1
95.0
61.1
76.6
95.5
60.5
74.5
90.2
66.6
76.1
95.9
58.2
70.0
94.4
49.12010
75.7
94.7
60.7
76.4
95.7
60.3
74.2
91.0
65.6
72.2
91.2
55.3
71.3
95.3
50.82011
75.7
94.7
60.6
76.1
95.3
60.0
75.0
89.2
67.5
73.8
95.3
54.1
71.3
95.5
50.12012
76.0
95.0
61.2
76.6
95.5
61.2
75.5
92.2
67.0
72.4
94.3
53.7
71.2
95.5
52.42013
75.8
94.0
61.1
76.2
94.9
60.3
76.6
89.9
68.8
72.5
92.6
55.5
70.3
94.3
50.42014
76.0
94.4
61.0
76.6
95.0
60.8
75.9
90.2
67.6
72.6
94.5
53.4
70.8
95.1
50.62015
76.1
93.9
61.4
76.4
94.7
60.6
77.5
89.7
70.3
70.8
92.8
52.0
70.9
94.4
50.62016
76.5
94.2
61.8
77.1
95.1
61.3
78.2
90.2
70.8
69.3
92.5
49.8
70.9
94.5
50.62017
77.0
94.6
62.3
77.4
95.3
61.8
79.2
91.5
71.1
70.7
93.2
50.8
70.9
95.3
50.52018
76.9
94.8
61.9
77.4
95.4
61.6
79.0
91.0
71.2
71.2
95.0
50.2
71.2
94.4
51.42019
78.0
95.2
63.5
78.5
95.9
63.1
79.1
91.4
71.1
72.6
95.7
52.2
74.0
95.5
55.1Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
5.6
5.0
6.6
5.1
4.5
5.9
10.4
9.3
11.8
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
4.9
4.2
6.0
4.3
3.8
5.3
9.4
8.0
11.1
-
-
-
7.5
6.7
9.01974
5.6
4.9
6.7
5.0
4.4
6.1
10.5
9.8
11.3
-
-
-
8.1
7.3
9.41975
8.5
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.2
8.6
14.8
14.8
14.8
-
-
-
12.2
11.4
13.51976
7.7
7.1
8.6
7.0
6.4
7.9
14.0
13.7
14.3
-
-
-
11.5
10.8
12.71977
7.1
6.3
8.2
6.2
5.5
7.3
14.0
13.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.1
9.0
11.91978
6.1
5.3
7.2
5.2
4.6
6.2
12.8
11.8
13.8
-
-
-
9.1
7.7
11.31979
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.9
12.3
11.4
13.3
-
-
-
8.3
7.0
10.31980
7.1
6.9
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.5
14.3
14.5
14.0
-
-
-
10.1
9.7
10.71981
7.6
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
6.9
15.6
15.7
15.6
-
-
-
10.4
10.2
10.81982
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.8
8.3
18.9
20.1
17.6
-
-
-
13.8
13.6
14.11983
9.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
8.8
7.9
19.5
20.3
18.6
-
-
-
13.7
13.6
13.81984
7.5
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
15.9
16.4
15.4
-
-
-
10.7
10.5
11.11985
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
15.1
15.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.5
10.2
11.01986
7.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
14.5
14.8
14.2
-
-
-
10.6
10.5
10.81987
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
13.0
12.7
13.2
-
-
-
8.8
8.7
8.91988
5.5
5.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
-
-
-
8.2
8.1
8.31989
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
-
-
-
8.0
7.6
8.81990
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.8
4.9
4.7
11.4
11.9
10.9
-
-
-
8.2
8.0
8.41991
6.8
7.2
6.4
6.1
6.5
5.6
12.5
13.0
12.0
-
-
-
10.0
10.3
9.61992
7.5
7.9
7.0
6.6
7.0
6.1
14.2
15.2
13.2
-
-
-
11.6
11.7
11.41993
6.9
7.2
6.6
6.1
6.3
5.7
13.0
13.8
12.1
-
-
-
10.8
10.6
11.01994
6.1
6.2
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.5
12.0
11.0
-
-
-
9.9
9.4
10.71995
5.6
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.8
10.4
10.6
10.2
-
-
-
9.3
8.8
10.01996
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.5
11.1
10.0
-
-
-
8.9
7.9
10.21997
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
10.0
10.2
9.9
-
-
-
7.7
7.0
8.91998
4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
-
-
-
7.2
6.4
8.21999
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.8
8.0
8.2
7.8
-
-
-
6.4
5.6
7.62000
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
7.6
8.0
7.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
5.0
6.82001
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.1
8.6
9.3
8.1
4.5
4.5
4.4
6.6
5.9
7.52002
5.8
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
4.9
10.2
10.7
9.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.2
8.02003
6.0
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.8
10.8
11.6
10.2
6.0
6.2
5.7
7.7
7.2
8.42004
5.5
5.6
5.4
4.8
5.0
4.7
10.4
11.1
9.8
4.4
4.5
4.3
7.0
6.5
7.62005
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
10.0
10.5
9.5
4.0
4.0
3.9
6.0
5.4
6.92006
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.9
9.5
8.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
4.8
5.92007
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
8.3
9.1
7.5
3.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
5.3
6.12008
5.8
6.1
5.4
5.2
5.5
4.9
10.1
11.4
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.72009
9.3
10.3
8.1
8.5
9.4
7.3
14.8
17.5
12.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
12.1
12.5
11.52010
9.6
10.5
8.6
8.7
9.6
7.7
16.0
18.4
13.8
7.5
7.8
7.1
12.5
12.7
12.32011
8.9
9.4
8.5
7.9
8.3
7.5
15.8
17.8
14.1
7.0
6.8
7.3
11.5
11.2
11.82012
8.1
8.2
7.9
7.2
7.4
7.0
13.8
15.0
12.8
5.9
5.8
6.1
10.3
9.9
10.92013
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.5
6.8
6.2
13.1
14.2
12.1
5.2
5.6
4.8
9.1
8.8
9.52014
6.2
6.3
6.1
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.3
12.2
10.5
5.0
5.3
4.6
7.4
6.8
8.22015
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.6
4.7
4.5
9.6
10.3
8.9
3.8
4.0
3.7
6.6
6.3
7.12016
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.3
4.4
4.2
8.4
9.1
7.8
3.6
3.5
3.9
5.8
5.4
6.32017
4.4
4.4
4.3
3.8
3.8
3.8
7.5
8.1
6.9
3.4
3.4
3.4
5.1
4.7
5.72018
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.4
6.5
7.0
6.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.7
4.3
5.12019
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.2
6.1
6.6
5.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
4.3
4.0
4.7

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
10.5
11.2
9.6
7.7
6.9
8.6
9.1
9.3
8.92004
9.6
9.7
9.4
6.1
6.8
5.4
8.7
8.7
8.72005
9.3
8.7
10.1
4.3
4.8
3.9
8.0
7.9
8.22006
7.9
7.9
8.0
5.3
6.3
4.3
6.7
7.3
6.02007
8.1
7.9
8.4
4.8
5.4
4.3
7.1
7.4
6.82008
9.9
10.8
8.8
6.4
7.7
4.9
9.5
10.1
8.72009
13.3
15.5
10.8
10.8
11.6
10.0
13.6
14.2
12.92010
15.1
17.3
12.7
12.0
13.6
10.4
13.6
14.2
13.02011
14.6
15.4
13.7
10.4
11.4
9.3
13.6
14.0
13.12012
12.3
11.9
12.7
11.8
12.4
11.2
11.9
12.1
11.52013
12.8
13.3
12.1
10.2
11.1
9.3
11.0
11.4
10.52014
11.3
11.9
10.6
6.1
5.7
6.6
10.2
10.9
9.52015
9.9
11.1
8.5
5.7
5.7
5.6
8.4
8.1
8.72016
8.9
9.2
8.7
4.4
4.3
4.5
7.5
7.6
7.32017
7.8
8.5
7.1
6.1
5.4
7.0
6.7
6.9
6.42018
6.6
6.9
6.3
5.3
5.2
5.4
5.5
6.0
5.12019
6.1
6.5
5.6
3.2
3.3
3.2
5.3
5.4
5.2Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Duration of unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
6,001
4,159
1,251
280
1,248Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
34.8
36.6
29.0
32.6
37.25 to 14 weeks
29.8
29.8
30.4
30.9
29.715 to 26 weeks
14.3
14.1
14.9
14.0
14.427 weeks and over
21.1
19.6
25.7
22.4
18.6Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
21.6
20.2
25.3
23.1
20.1Median duration, in weeks
9.1
8.6
10.8
9.7
8.6Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,227
2,266
645
149
657Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
33.7
35.2
28.1
33.9
37.95 to 14 weeks
29.2
29.4
28.9
28.6
28.815 to 26 weeks
14.5
14.0
16.1
14.6
14.227 weeks and over
22.5
21.4
26.9
22.9
19.2Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
22.5
21.3
26.4
21.8
19.1Median duration, in weeks
9.6
9.1
11.7
9.8
8.5Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
2,774
1,893
607
132
591Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
36.0
38.2
30.1
31.1
36.55 to 14 weeks
30.5
30.2
31.9
33.5
30.715 to 26 weeks
14.1
14.1
13.7
13.4
14.827 weeks and over
19.4
17.5
24.3
22.0
18.0Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
20.5
18.9
24.1
24.5
21.1Median duration, in weeks
8.6
8.0
10.2
9.6
8.7Footnotes(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Reason for unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
6,001
4,159
1,251
280
1,248Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
46.4
48.2
43.2
41.3
47.1On temporary layoff
13.7
16.0
7.7
8.6
16.8Not on temporary layoff
32.7
32.2
35.5
32.8
30.3Permanent job losers
22.4
22.7
22.4
23.1
18.5Persons who completed temporary jobs
10.3
9.4
13.1
9.7
11.7Job leavers
13.6
13.7
13.2
14.7
11.2Reentrants
30.2
29.0
33.1
28.2
29.9New entrants
9.8
9.1
10.5
15.8
11.8Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,227
2,266
645
149
657Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
49.9
52.2
44.9
44.2
53.4On temporary layoff
14.8
17.4
7.4
8.5
20.0Not on temporary layoff
35.1
34.7
37.5
35.7
33.4Permanent job losers
23.5
24.1
22.5
25.9
20.5Persons who completed temporary jobs
11.6
10.6
15.0
9.8
12.9Job leavers
13.8
13.6
13.3
18.6
11.4Reentrants
26.4
25.0
30.6
23.1
25.0New entrants
9.9
9.2
11.2
14.1
10.2Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
2,774
1,893
607
132
591Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
42.4
43.5
41.4
38.1
40.1On temporary layoff
12.4
14.4
8.1
8.6
13.3Not on temporary layoff
29.9
29.1
33.3
29.5
26.8Permanent job losers
21.1
21.1
22.3
19.9
16.3Persons who completed temporary jobs
8.9
8.0
11.0
9.6
10.5Job leavers
13.3
13.7
13.2
10.3
11.0Reentrants
34.6
33.8
35.7
33.9
35.3New entrants
9.7
9.0
9.7
17.7
13.5Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian laborforce(1)
Not in the labor forceTotal
Want a job
Do not want a job nowTotal
Searched for work in previous year,but not in past 4 weeksTotal
Marginally attached(available to work now)(2)Total
Discouraged workers(3)
Other(4)TotalTotal, 16 years and older
163,539
95,636
5,043
1,959
1,403
382
1,021
90,59316 to 24 years
21,092
16,656
1,503
620
391
86
306
15,15325 to 54 years
104,180
22,102
2,078
921
669
193
476
20,02355 years and older
38,267
56,879
1,462
418
343
103
240
55,417Men, 16 years and older
86,687
38,667
2,415
984
742
239
503
36,25216 to 24 years
10,740
8,235
810
327
217
53
163
7,42525 to 54 years
55,531
6,773
904
451
351
127
224
5,86855 years and older
20,416
23,659
700
206
174
59
115
22,959Women, 16 years and older
76,852
56,970
2,629
975
661
143
519
54,34116 to 24 years
10,352
8,420
693
293
175
32
142
7,72825 to 54 years
48,648
15,329
1,174
470
318
66
252
14,15555 years and older
17,851
33,221
762
212
169
44
125
32,458WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
126,600
74,227
3,487
1,322
942
241
701
70,74116 to 24 years
15,989
11,685
1,049
433
263
57
205
10,63625 to 54 years
79,027
15,866
1,336
579
420
107
313
14,53055 years and older
31,584
46,676
1,102
311
259
77
182
45,574Men, 16 years and older
68,367
29,853
1,677
662
501
151
350
28,17716 to 24 years
8,260
5,736
565
226
145
35
110
5,17225 to 54 years
42,920
4,618
568
273
216
69
147
4,05055 years and older
17,187
19,499
543
163
141
47
93
18,956Women, 16 years and older
58,233
44,374
1,810
661
441
90
351
42,56416 to 24 years
7,729
5,949
484
207
118
22
95
5,46525 to 54 years
36,106
11,248
768
306
204
38
166
10,48155 years and older
14,398
27,177
559
148
119
30
89
26,618Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
20,632
12,404
975
418
320
111
209
11,42916 to 24 years
2,927
2,639
263
120
90
23
68
2,37725 to 54 years
13,861
3,456
462
227
173
69
104
2,99455 years and older
3,844
6,309
251
71
56
19
37
6,058Men, 16 years and older
9,790
5,312
470
217
171
70
102
4,84316 to 24 years
1,398
1,322
149
69
53
15
38
1,17325 to 54 years
6,635
1,383
215
121
97
46
51
1,16855 years and older
1,757
2,607
106
27
21
9
13
2,501Women, 16 years and older
10,842
7,092
506
201
148
41
107
6,58616 to 24 years
1,529
1,317
114
52
37
8
30
1,20425 to 54 years
7,227
2,073
247
106
76
23
53
1,82655 years and older
2,087
3,701
144
43
35
11
24
3,557AsianTotal, 16 years and older
10,460
5,891
315
119
69
17
52
5,57716 to 24 years
941
1,390
82
24
10
2
8
1,30725 to 54 years
7,479
1,824
164
71
42
11
31
1,66055 years and older
2,040
2,677
68
23
17
4
13
2,609Men, 16 years and older
5,502
2,164
136
57
34
11
23
2,02816 to 24 years
446
704
42
13
7
2
5
66325 to 54 years
3,989
434
65
34
21
8
13
36955 years and older
1,067
1,026
29
10
7
1
6
997Women, 16 years and older
4,958
3,727
179
62
35
6
29
3,54816 to 24 years
496
685
41
12
4
1
3
64525 to 54 years
3,490
1,390
99
36
22
3
19
1,29255 years and older
972
1,651
39
14
10
2
7
1,612Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
29,053
14,454
1,025
382
282
77
205
13,42916 to 24 years
4,756
3,993
365
152
103
19
85
3,62825 to 54 years
20,076
4,985
462
175
131
38
93
4,52355 years and older
4,221
5,475
197
55
47
20
27
5,278Men, 16 years and older
16,439
5,221
450
183
141
47
94
4,77116 to 24 years
2,532
1,889
180
75
54
11
43
1,71025 to 54 years
11,520
1,229
166
78
62
24
38
1,06455 years and older
2,387
2,102
105
30
25
12
13
1,998Women, 16 years and older
12,614
9,232
574
199
141
30
111
8,65816 to 24 years
2,223
2,104
185
76
50
8
42
1,91925 to 54 years
8,557
3,756
297
97
69
14
55
3,46055 years and older
1,834
3,372
93
25
22
8
14
3,280Footnotes(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2019 annual averages
Year
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
6552018
886
916
694
1,095
6802019
917
945
735
1,174
706Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
6902018
973
1,002
735
1,241
7202019
1,007
1,036
769
1,336
747Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
6032018
789
817
654
937
6172019
821
840
704
1,025
642Women's earnings asa percent of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.42018
81.1
81.5
89.0
75.5
85.72019
81.5
81.1
91.5
76.7
85.9Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 25 years and older
$969
$995
$769
$1,232
$734Less than a high school diploma
592
604
536
538
583High school graduates, no college(1)
746
778
635
683
693Some college, no degree
833
869
712
846
765Associate's degree
887
922
733
838
799Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,367
1,380
1,110
1,579
1,155Men, 25 years and older
1,070
1,107
814
1,373
781Less than a high school diploma
644
658
575
616
622High school graduates, no college(1)
844
888
696
739
761Some college, no degree
967
1,003
780
932
863Associate's degree
1,023
1,081
802
939
922Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,573
1,612
1,144
1,823
1,290Women, 25 years and older
865
883
735
1,082
675Less than a high school diploma
494
497
478
487
493High school graduates, no college(1)
633
653
586
607
593Some college, no degree
717
735
645
765
677Associate's degree
763
781
688
789
737Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,195
1,197
1,077
1,416
1,044Footnotes(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
$917
$945
$735
$1,174
$706Management, professional, and related occupations
1,309
1,319
1,067
1,625
1,097Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,415
1,430
1,191
1,669
1,124Management occupations
1,478
1,498
1,268
1,874
1,150Business and financial operations occupations
1,285
1,295
1,120
1,520
1,036Professional and related occupations
1,237
1,237
1,011
1,602
1,083Computer and mathematical occupations
1,579
1,567
1,134
1,855
1,340Architecture and engineering occupations
1,550
1,549
1,483
1,696
1,386Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,334
1,311
1,236
1,546
1,142Community and social services occupations
968
998
904
1,128
928Legal occupations
1,562
1,614
1,262
1,752
1,253Education, training, and library occupations
1,057
1,065
963
1,245
942Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,151
1,150
1,058
1,322
902Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,180
1,196
955
1,525
1,079Service occupations
592
602
556
607
561Healthcare support occupations
591
603
566
626
581Protective service occupations
900
992
692
989
851Food preparation and serving related occupations
522
521
503
595
521Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
580
590
522
592
551Personal care and service occupations
565
574
515
591
535Sales and office occupations
758
775
672
801
676Sales and related occupations
830
878
649
810
658Office and administrative support occupations
732
739
683
796
684Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
869
877
805
947
713Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
574
573
586
545
543Construction and extraction occupations
866
877
783
970
726Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
939
957
853
976
834Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
727
755
660
666
646Production occupations
745
775
647
675
644Transportation and material-moving occupations
711
729
668
652
648Men, 16 years and older
$1,007
$1,036
$769
$1,336
$747Management, professional, and related occupations
1,539
1,549
1,174
1,851
1,251Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,598
1,626
1,351
1,907
1,240Management occupations
1,659
1,671
1,407
2,067
1,268Business and financial operations occupations
1,468
1,493
1,170
1,700
1,135Professional and related occupations
1,493
1,495
1,129
1,795
1,262Computer and mathematical occupations
1,658
1,644
1,170
1,905
1,374Architecture and engineering occupations
1,589
1,588
1,485
1,782
1,446Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,447
1,437
1,152
1,627
1,181Community and social services occupations
1,064
1,137
910
1,198
1,068Legal occupations
1,999
2,081
1,330
2,194
1,568Education, training, and library occupations
1,265
1,290
1,088
1,440
1,192Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,231
1,238
1,039
1,500
958Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,422
1,444
1,118
1,635
1,216Service occupations
659
685
597
668
604Healthcare support occupations
639
662
595
883
565Protective service occupations
953
1,027
745
1,034
852Food preparation and serving related occupations
576
572
538
624
564Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
618
635
563
606
598Personal care and service occupations
624
638
597
617
661Sales and office occupations
874
931
689
843
732Sales and related occupations
982
1,037
763
844
774Office and administrative support occupations
771
812
655
843
708Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
881
887
820
933
723Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
593
594
643
496
563Construction and extraction occupations
873
880
794
962
730Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
943
962
859
936
829Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
780
806
699
712
696Production occupations
814
847
703
737
709Transportation and material-moving occupations
747
768
696
678
686Women, 16 years and older
$821
$840
$704
$1,025
$642Management, professional, and related occupations
1,135
1,134
989
1,458
966Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,221
1,220
1,117
1,499
982Management occupations
1,266
1,267
1,147
1,538
998Business and financial operations occupations
1,148
1,139
1,056
1,441
950Professional and related occupations
1,085
1,084
944
1,441
957Computer and mathematical occupations
1,353
1,290
987
1,627
1,159Architecture and engineering occupations
1,339
1,263
1,479
1,466
1,138Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,237
1,220
1,271
1,365
1,083Community and social services occupations
941
962
902
963
901Legal occupations
1,266
1,251
1,261
1,554
1,139Education, training, and library occupations
987
994
914
1,159
867Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,077
1,058
1,135
1,239
840Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,130
1,140
929
1,484
1,041Service occupations
537
540
523
576
511Healthcare support occupations
585
597
559
605
584Protective service occupations
731
843
616
934
848Food preparation and serving related occupations
492
493
477
538
486Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
502
505
493
545
493Personal care and service occupations
531
541
495
573
508Sales and office occupations
713
719
664
779
643Sales and related occupations
677
708
582
770
582Office and administrative support occupations
721
722
696
782
670Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
614
610
603
1,179
523Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
513
507
561
815
504Construction and extraction occupations
711
731
593
1,513
618Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
850
857
784
1,090
948Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
593
596
592
592
530Production occupations
596
605
575
599
546Transportation and material-moving occupations
586
573
617
574
509Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.
Concepts and definitions
The *civilian noninstitutional population* is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
The *employed* are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.
The *unemployed* are people who had no employment during the reference week, but were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
*Duration of unemployment* refers to the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.
*Reason for unemployment* refers to the status of unemployed individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:
*Job losers,* comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
*Job leavers*, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.
*Reentrants*, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.
*New entrants*, people who had never worked.The *civilian labor force* includes all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
The *unemployment rate* represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
The *labor force participation rate* represents the number of people in the labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
The *employment––population ratio* represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
People *not in the labor force* are those who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.
Information on *occupation and industry* applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.1
*Race* is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality.2
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity* refers to people who identified themselves in the survey as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.3
*Usual weekly earnings* reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).
The *median of usual weekly earnings* reflects the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.
A *family* is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the person, or one of the people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:
*Married-couple families* refer to opposite-sex married couples only.
*Families maintained by women* and *families maintained by men* are each made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).
*Children* refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both *sampling error* and *nonsampling error*. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.4
1 Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and industry data from the Current Population Survey,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 30, 2018), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
2 More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
3 See Bowler, et al, www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
4 A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey Estimates,” Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2018), https://www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf.
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