TEXT
Table 1.  Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 2.  Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 3.  Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 4.  Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 5.  Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 6.  Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 7.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 8.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 9.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 10.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 11.  Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar)
Table 12.  Avg. annual compensation in manufacturing, nat. currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 13.  Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 14.  Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
Table 15.  Korea:  Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1993
Table 16.  Taiwan:  Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1993

 
Technical information                                                           USDL: 94-403
    (202) 606-5654                                                              For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact                                                                   Wednesday, August 17, 1994
    (202) 606-5902
 
 
 
                      INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY
                                      AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 1993
 
        The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today reported on 1993
developments in manufacturing productivity (output per hour) and unit labor costs in the United States and
other industrial economies.
 
        Manufacturing productivity in the United States increased by 4.2 percent in 1993, its largest annual
productivity increase since 1987.  This rate of growth placed the United States about in the middle of the
range exhibited by the 11 countries for which 1993 data are available.  Sweden had the largest increase in
productivity, at 9 percent, while Japan was the only country in the group to experience a decline in
productivity in 1993. (See table A and chart 1.)
 
        Unit labor costs decreased 0.6 percent in the United States in 1993.  Canada and the Scandinavian
countries also had declines in unit labor costs when measured on a national currency basis.  When adjusted
for changes in foreign currency values relative to the U.S. dollar, however, Canada, Korea, Taiwan, and all
the European countries studied had greater reductions in unit labor costs than the United States.  Japan was
the only economy in which U.S. dollar-based unit labor costs increased in 1993.  The increase of nearly 18
percent was primarily the result of a sharp appreciation of the yen.  (See table A and chart 2.)
 
        The 1993 measures of percent changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related
variables for the United States, Canada, Japan, and the eight European countries for which data are available
are summarized in table A on page 2.  Table A also shows percent changes in unit labor costs for Korea and
Taiwan, but comparable productivity figures are not available because adequate labor input measures have
not been developed.  Table B shows average annual percent changes for selected periods from 1979 for 14
economies, which include Belgium in addition to the 13 economies for which 1993 measures are available.
Indexes of the measures for the United States, Canada, Japan, and the European countries are in tables 1-14;
output and unit labor cost indexes for Korea and Taiwan are in tables 15 and 16.  U.S. indexes for most of
the measures are not currently available prior to 1977; see box on page 7.
 
                                                              -2-
Table A.  Manufacturing productivity* and labor costs in 13 countries or areas
Percent change, 1992-93
 
                Output                                  Hourly  Unit labor costs
                per                     Employ- Average compen- National U.S.    Exchange
Country         hour    Output  Hours   ment    hours   sation  currency dollars rate (1)
 
United States     4.2     4.8     0.5   - 0.3     0.8     3.6   - 0.6   - 0.6    ---
 
Canada            2.1     4.9     2.8      .7     2.0      .4   - 1.6   - 7.9   - 6.3
Japan           -  .6   - 4.2   - 3.6   - 1.1   - 2.5     2.7     3.3    17.9    14.1
Korea (2)         NA      5.0     NA      NA      NA      NA      1.6   - 1.1   - 2.7
Taiwan (2)        NA      2.8     NA      NA      NA      NA      3.0   - 1.9   - 4.8
Denmark           5.7      .6   - 4.8   - 4.1   -  .8     2.5   - 3.0   - 9.7   - 6.9
France            1.2   - 3.2   - 4.3   - 4.0   -  .3     3.6     2.4   - 4.4   - 6.6
 
Germany (3)       2.3   - 7.4   - 9.4   - 6.3   - 3.4     7.2     4.8   - 1.1   - 5.6
Italy             6.3   - 2.1   - 7.9   - 5.4   - 2.6     7.3      .9   -21.0   -21.7
Netherlands       1.2   - 2.5   - 3.6   - 3.6      .0     2.9     1.7   - 3.8   - 5.4
Norway            2.1     1.7   -  .4   -  .7      .3     1.0   - 1.1   -13.4   -12.5
Sweden            9.2     1.7   - 6.8   - 8.3     1.6   - 1.5   - 9.8   -32.6   -25.3
United Kingdom    5.2     1.7   - 3.3   - 2.6   -  .7     5.4      .2   -14.8   -15.0
 
* Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours of persons employed in manufacturing, it
does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production.  Rather, it reflects
the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization,
energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force.
 
(1)  Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.
(2)  See technical note.
(3)  Data relate to the former West Germany.
NA=Not Available.
 
 
Productivity, output, and labor input
 
        The U.S. manufacturing labor productivity increase of 4.2 percent  in 1993 resulted from output
growth of nearly 5 percent coupled with a slight increase, 0.5 percent, in labor input (as measured by hours
worked).  Of the 11 countries for which data are available, only the United States and Canada recorded
increases in both output and hours worked over the year.  The other countries that had manufacturing
productivity gains -- including Denmark, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, the countries where
productivity increases exceeded that of the United States -- did so primarily by reducing labor hours.
 
        Like the United States, Canada and Korea had manufacturing output increases of about 5 percent.
Five countries -- Japan, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands -- saw output fall in 1993.  The largest
decline, 7-1/2 percent, occurred in Germany.  The remaining economies experienced output growth of less
than 3 percent.
 
        Canada, with a nearly 3 percent increase in hours worked, was the only country to record a
substantial increase in labor input.  Hours fell in Japan and all of the European economies.  While hours in
Norway declined only slightly, the other countries studied had declines greater than 3 percent.  The sharpest
decreases occurred in Sweden (7 percent), Italy (8 percent), and Germany (9-1/2 percent).
 
                                                              -3-
 
 ****AT THIS POINT, PRINTED NEWS RELEASE CONTAINS CHART 1: PERCENT CHANGE IN MANUFACTURING OUTPUT PER HOUR, 1993
 
 
                                                              -4-
Hourly compensation and unit labor costs
 
        Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing -- which include wages and salaries, supplements, and
employer payments for social security and other employer-financed benefit plans -- rose 3.6 percent in the
United States in 1993.  Only 3 of the 10 foreign countries for which data are available had larger increases --
the United Kingdom,  up about 5-1/2 percent, and Germany and Italy, both up more than 7 percent.  At the
opposite end of the spectrum, hourly compensation costs rose only 1/2 of 1 percent in Canada and 1 percent
in Norway.  In Sweden, employer social contributions were cut and hourly compensation costs fell 1-1/2
percent.
 
        Since U.S. productivity growth exceeded the rise in hourly compensation costs, U.S. unit labor costs
fell about 1/2 of 1 percent from 1992 to 1993.  Measured on a national currency basis, four other countries
also experienced declines in unit labor costs over the year --  Denmark, where unit labor costs fell 3 percent,
Sweden, where they fell nearly 10 percent, Canada, and Norway.  In general, unit labor cost growth slowed
in 1993 relative to 1992.  Among the 13 economies studied,1 only France had a higher unit labor cost growth
rate in 1993 than in 1992.
 
 
Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars
 
        With the notable exception of Japan, the currencies of all the economies studied depreciated against
the U.S. dollar in 1993.  While the Japanese yen rose 14 percent relative to the U.S. dollar, the Canadian
dollar fell more than 6 percent, and the European currencies depreciated 5-1/2 percent or more between
1992 and 1993.  The currencies of Denmark, France, Germany, and the Netherlands depreciated between
5-1/2 and 7 percent, and the other European countries experienced much greater drops in the values of their
currencies.  The British pound fell 15 percent relative to the dollar, the Italian lira dropped almost 22 percent,
and the Swedish krona declined 25 percent.  The currencies of Korea and Taiwan depreciated about 2-1/2
percent and 5 percent, respectively.
 
        In evaluating competitive changes in unit labor costs, it is important to take into account changes in
relative currency values.  The strength of the yen caused Japanese unit labor costs, measured on a U.S. dollar
basis, to rise nearly 18 percent in 1993.  The other economies studied, however, all experienced declines in
U.S. dollar-based unit labor costs which exceeded the U.S. drop.  Germany, Korea, and Taiwan had unit
labor cost declines in the 1 to 2 percent range, only slightly larger than that of the United States, but the eight
remaining countries had decreases ranging from about 4 percent in France and the Netherlands to 21 percent
in Italy and over 32 percent in Sweden.
 
__________
1 As noted above, unit labor cost measures are compiled for Korea and Taiwan in addition to the 11
countries for which productivity and hourly compensation measures are computed.
                                                              -5-
 
 ****AT THIS POINT, PRINTED NEWS RELEASE CONTAINS CHART 2: PERCENT CHANGE IN MANUFACTURING UNIT LABOR COSTS
     (U.S. DOLLAR BASIS), 1993.
 
 
                                                              -6-
 
 ****AT THIS POINT, THE PRINTED NEWS RELEASE CONTAINS CHART 3: U.S. MANUFACTURING UNIT LABOR COSTS RELATIVE TO
     12 COMPETITORS, 19799-93.
 
Trade-weighted unit labor costs
 
        The countries covered by the BLS comparative measures differ greatly in their relative importance to
U.S. trade in manufactured goods.  Therefore, BLS constructs two summary measures:  A "competitors"
index, which is the trade-weighted geometric average of the unit labor cost indexes for the other economies;
and a relative index, which is the ratio of the U.S. index to the "competitors" index.  Chart 3 shows U.S.
relative unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and U.S. dollar basis over the 1979-93 period.
Because 1993 data are not available for Belgium, it has been excluded from this analysis; however, Belgium
accounts for less than 3 percent of the total trade in manufactured goods between the 13 foreign economies
and the United States.
 
        U.S. relative unit labor costs, expressed on a national currency basis (i.e., unadjusted for exchange
rate changes), fell gradually, with only minor interruptions, between 1979 and 1993.  The  overall decline
amounted to 11 percentage points.  Adjusted for relative changes in currency exchange rates, however, the
pattern was quite different.  The U.S. dollar appreciated by 42 percent on a trade-weighted basis between
1979 and 1985, and U.S. relative unit labor costs rose 41 percentage points.  The value of the U.S. dollar fell
between 1985 and 1988, rose in 1989, continued its decline between 1989 and 1992, and then rebounded in
1993 against all currencies except the Japanese yen.  U.S. relative unit labor costs as of 1993, measured on a
U.S. dollar basis, were down 56-1/2 percentage points over 1985 and 15-1/2 percentage points over 1979.
 
        The U.S. relative unit labor cost index increased 1-1/2 percentage points between 1992 and 1993,
measured on a U.S. dollar basis.  U.S. unit labor costs fell about 12 percentage points relative to Japan,
which has a weight of nearly 26 percent in the index, and rose 7-1/2 percentage points against the trade-
weighted average for the other 11 economies.
 
                                                              -7-
Recent exchange rate changes
 
        After having fallen toward the end of last year, the currencies of Europe appreciated gradually through
the first half of 1994, and in June all stood near their 1993 average levels.  July, however, saw stronger rises in
the European currencies and, as of July 1994, the currencies of  Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, and
the Netherlands were up 5-7 percent over their 1993 averages.  Unlike the European currencies, the
currencies of Korea and Taiwan did not fluctuate much in value over the first 7 months of 1994.  They
remained at nearly the same levels as in 1993.  By April, the Canadian dollar was down almost 7 percent
relative to its 1993 average, but it has since leveled off.  The Japanese yen continued to appreciate
sharply -- its value in July was nearly 13 percent above its 1993 average level.
 
 
 
Note on the U.S. output measures
 
The historical real manufacturing output data for the United States are the 1987 fixed-price-weighted
measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1977
through 1991.  The 1991-92 and 1992-93 percent changes in manufacturing output are based on the trend
shown by the industrial production indexes published by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board.  Comparable
manufacturing output data currently are not available prior to 1977.
 
The U.S. real output measures normally constructed by the Bureau of Economic Analysis are based on fixed
price weights of a single year.  Fixed-weighted real output series have several advantages, but, if there are
major changes in relative prices over the period covered, the change in real output becomes sensitive to the
choice of price weights.  This issue is discussed in Robert P. Parker, "Gross Product by Industry, 1977-90,"
Survey of Current Business, May 1993.  The article shows alternative measures of real output growth, using
"benchmark-years-weighted quantity index" numbers for total gross domestic product (GDP) and for
manufacturing for the years 1977-87.  The 1977-87 growth rate for manufacturing output is 2.5 percent; the
growth rate based on the 1987 fixed-weighted measure is 1.7 percent.  BLS is considering introducing
manufacturing output measures based on changing price weights for use in its productivity calculations.
 
Most of the foreign economies link fixed-weighted measures covering various periods, but some also produce
annual chain-weighted indexes.  The output measures used in this article are fixed weighted, with the following
exception: The measures for Norway for 1987-92 are based on relative prices of the preceding year (the
1993 measure is currently based on 1991 prices).
 
                                                              -8-
 
Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-93
 
Average annual rates of change (1)
 
Country       1979-93    1979-85    1985-93       1989       1990       1991       1992       1993
or area
 
                                          Output per hour
 
United States     2.5        2.0        2.9        0.6        1.8        2.0        3.7        4.2
 
Canada            1.7        2.4        1.2        0.4        2.1        1.5        3.8        2.1
Japan             3.8        3.9        3.7        6.9        6.9        4.8       -0.6       -0.6
Korea              NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Taiwan             NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Belgium            NA        6.1         NA        4.8        2.1        2.2        4.3         NA
Denmark           1.5        2.1        1.0        3.4       -0.1       -0.0        2.1        5.7
France            2.8        3.1        2.5        5.0        1.5        0.2        2.2        1.2
 
Germany (2)       1.9        2.1        1.8        3.3        4.3        3.0       -0.8        2.3
Italy             4.1        5.0        3.4        3.1        3.9        3.2        4.8        6.3
Netherlands       2.6        4.2        1.5        3.3        1.3        1.0        0.6        1.2
Norway            2.3        2.9        1.9        5.2        2.5        0.7        1.8        2.1
Sweden            3.2        3.0        3.4        3.2        1.7        1.2        7.2        9.2
United Kingdom    4.1        4.1        4.1        3.6        1.2        3.8        4.6        5.2
 
                                                                     Continued on next page
 
                                                              -9-
Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-93--continued
 
Average annual rates of change (1)
 
Country       1979-93    1979-85    1985-93       1989       1990       1991       1992       1993
or area
 
 
                                          Output
 
United States     1.7        0.7        2.4        0.9       -0.4       -2.2        3.1        4.8
 
Canada            1.2        1.5        0.9        0.9       -3.3       -5.8        0.2        4.9
Japan             4.5        5.8        3.6        8.0        7.6        6.3       -1.8       -4.2
Korea             9.8        9.1       10.3        4.2        9.7        9.1        5.1        5.0
Taiwan            6.9        8.3        6.0        3.7       -0.2        6.6        3.5        2.8
Belgium            NA        2.6         NA        6.4        3.6       -0.4        0.3         NA
Denmark           1.1        2.9       -0.2        1.2       -1.0       -1.2        1.2        0.6
France            0.3       -0.4        0.9        5.5        1.9       -1.6       -0.8       -3.2
 
Germany (2)       0.5        0.2        0.7        3.4        5.5        3.6       -1.5       -7.4
Italy             2.0        1.8        2.2        3.8        2.0       -0.2        0.2       -2.1
Netherlands       1.6        1.6        1.6        4.6        3.3        0.5       -0.7       -2.5
Norway            0.2        1.0       -0.3       -1.6        0.7       -2.1        1.8        1.7
Sweden            1.1        2.1        0.3        1.2       -0.7       -5.6       -0.8        1.7
United Kingdom    0.4       -1.2        1.5        4.5       -0.2       -5.3       -0.8        1.7
 
 
                                          Total hours
 
United States    -0.8       -1.2       -0.5        0.4       -2.2       -4.1       -0.6        0.5
 
Canada           -0.6       -0.9       -0.3        0.5       -5.3       -7.2       -3.5        2.8
Japan             0.7        1.8       -0.1        1.1        0.6        1.5       -1.2       -3.6
Korea              NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Taiwan             NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Belgium            NA       -3.3         NA        1.6        1.5       -2.6       -3.8         NA
Denmark          -0.4        0.8       -1.2       -2.2       -1.0       -1.1       -0.9       -4.8
France           -2.4       -3.4       -1.6        0.5        0.4       -1.8       -2.9       -4.3
 
Germany (2)      -1.4       -1.8       -1.1        0.1        1.1        0.6       -0.7       -9.4
Italy            -2.0       -3.1       -1.2        0.7       -1.9       -3.3       -4.4       -7.9
Netherlands      -1.0       -2.5        0.1        1.3        2.0       -0.5       -1.3       -3.6
Norway           -2.1       -1.9       -2.2       -6.5       -1.8       -2.8        0.0       -0.4
Sweden           -2.1       -0.9       -3.0       -2.0       -2.3       -6.7       -7.4       -6.8
United Kingdom   -3.5       -5.0       -2.4        0.8       -1.4       -8.8       -5.2       -3.3
 
                                                                     Continued on next page
 
                                                              -10-
Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-93--continued
 
Average annual rates of change (1)
 
Country       1979-93    1979-85    1985-93       1989       1990       1991       1992       1993
or area
 
                                         Employment
 
United States    -1.1       -1.4       -0.8        0.4       -1.5       -3.5       -1.7       -0.3
 
Canada           -0.7       -0.8       -0.7        1.2       -5.2       -7.1       -4.2        0.7
Japan             1.4        1.7        1.1        2.2        2.2        3.8        1.8       -1.1
Korea              NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Taiwan             NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Belgium            NA       -2.7         NA        2.1        0.3       -0.9       -3.8         NA
Denmark          -0.1        1.0       -0.9       -1.0        0.2       -1.4       -1.2       -4.1
France           -1.9       -2.3       -1.6        0.7        0.8       -1.5       -3.1       -4.0
 
Germany (2)      -0.5       -1.1       -0.1        1.4        2.8        1.6       -1.8       -6.3
Italy            -2.0       -2.9       -1.3        0.9        0.5       -2.2       -4.3       -5.4
Netherlands      -0.8       -2.1        0.2        1.5        2.0       -0.3       -1.1       -3.6
Norway           -2.0       -1.8       -2.2       -7.1       -1.8       -3.3       -1.0       -0.7
Sweden           -2.6       -1.2       -3.6       -1.6       -3.4       -6.6       -9.2       -8.3
United Kingdom   -3.2       -4.6       -2.1        1.0       -0.7       -7.1       -5.2       -2.6
 
 
                                          Average hours
 
United States     0.2        0.2        0.3       -0.1       -0.7       -0.6        1.2        0.8
 
Canada            0.2       -0.1        0.3       -0.7       -0.1       -0.1        0.7        2.0
Japan            -0.7        0.1       -1.2       -1.1       -1.6       -2.3       -3.0       -2.5
Korea              NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Taiwan             NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Belgium            NA       -0.6         NA       -0.5        1.2       -1.7       -0.0         NA
Denmark          -0.3       -0.3       -0.3       -1.2       -1.2        0.3        0.3       -0.8
France           -0.5       -1.1       -0.0       -0.3       -0.4       -0.4        0.2       -0.3
 
Germany (2)      -0.9       -0.7       -1.0       -1.2       -1.6       -1.0        1.1       -3.4
Italy             0.0       -0.1        0.1       -0.2       -2.4       -1.1       -0.1       -2.6
Netherlands      -0.3       -0.4       -0.1       -0.2        0.0       -0.2       -0.2       -0.0
Norway           -0.1       -0.1       -0.1        0.7       -0.1        0.5        1.0        0.3
Sweden            0.5        0.4        0.6       -0.3        1.2       -0.1        2.0        1.6
United Kingdom   -0.4       -0.5       -0.3       -0.1       -0.8       -1.8        0.0       -0.7
 
                                                                     Continued on next page
 
                                                              -11-
Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-93--continued
 
Average annual rates of change (1)
 
Country       1979-93    1979-85    1985-93       1989       1990       1991       1992       1993
or area
 
                                    Hourly compensation(3):  National currency basis
 
United States     5.3        6.9        4.1        3.9        5.3        5.3        4.2        3.6
 
Canada            5.9        8.7        3.9        3.8        5.6        5.7        4.4        0.4
Japan             4.6        4.7        4.5        6.3        7.9        5.8        4.6        2.7
Korea              NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Taiwan             NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Belgium            NA        7.8         NA        5.2        5.9        6.4        4.6         NA
Denmark           6.0        8.1        4.5        5.7        6.2        3.6        3.0        2.5
France            7.8       12.8        4.2        5.4        5.3        4.3        3.4        3.6
 
Germany (2)       5.6        5.9        5.4        4.8        7.1        6.6        4.7        7.2
Italy            11.3       16.7        7.4        9.9       11.2       10.6        7.1        7.3
Netherlands       3.7        4.8        2.9        0.5        2.6        4.8        5.7        2.9
Norway            7.7       10.0        6.0        4.4        5.6        4.7        2.8        1.0
Sweden            7.9        9.6        6.5       10.6       10.3        8.9        3.4       -1.5
United Kingdom    9.4       11.8        7.6       13.5        3.4       11.2        8.1        5.4
 
 
                                    Unit labor costs:  National currency basis
 
United States     2.7        4.9        1.1        3.3        3.5        3.3        0.5       -0.6
 
Canada            4.1        6.1        2.6        3.3        3.4        4.2        0.6       -1.6
Japan             0.8        0.7        0.8       -0.5        0.9        0.9        5.2        3.3
Korea             7.6        8.2        7.1       20.6        9.2        5.5        6.4        1.6
Taiwan            4.9        7.1        3.3        4.4        7.0        1.6        4.3        3.0
Belgium            NA        1.6         NA        0.4        3.7        4.1        0.4         NA
Denmark           4.5        5.9        3.4        2.2        6.3        3.7        0.9       -3.0
France            4.9        9.4        1.6        0.4        3.7        4.1        1.2        2.4
 
Germany (2)       3.6        3.8        3.5        1.4        2.6        3.6        5.5        4.8
Italy             6.9       11.1        3.9        6.6        7.0        7.1        2.2        0.9
Netherlands       1.1        0.6        1.4       -2.7        1.3        3.8        5.1        1.7
Norway            5.2        6.9        4.0       -0.8        3.0        3.9        1.0       -1.1
Sweden            4.5        6.4        3.0        7.2        8.5        7.6       -3.6       -9.8
United Kingdom    5.1        7.4        3.4        9.5        2.1        7.0        3.3        0.2
 
                                                                     Continued on next page
 
                                                              -12-
Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-93--continued
 
Average annual rates of change (1)
 
Country       1979-93    1979-85    1985-93       1989       1990       1991       1992       1993
or area
 
                                Unit labor costs:  U.S. dollar basis
 
United States     2.7        4.9        1.1        3.3        3.5        3.3        0.5       -0.6
 
Canada            3.4        3.4        3.4        7.4        4.9        6.0       -4.6       -7.9
Japan             5.8       -0.8       10.9       -7.7       -3.9        8.7       11.7       17.9
Korea             3.8       -1.9        8.2       31.3        3.6        1.8       -0.1       -1.1
Taiwan            7.3        5.3        8.7       13.1        5.0        2.2       10.9       -1.9
Belgium            NA       -9.7         NA       -6.2       22.3        1.7        6.8         NA
Denmark           2.9       -5.8       10.0       -5.9       25.8        0.2        7.0       -9.7
France            2.8       -3.4        7.7       -6.2       21.5        0.4        7.9       -4.4
 
Germany (2)       4.4       -4.1       11.2       -5.2       19.4        0.8       12.2       -1.1
Italy             2.1       -3.3        6.4        1.2       22.5        3.4        2.9      -21.0
Netherlands       1.6       -7.5        9.0       -9.3       18.1        1.0       11.9       -3.8
Norway            2.7       -2.1        6.5       -6.4       13.9        0.1        5.5      -13.4
Sweden            0.1       -5.2        4.3        1.9       18.2        5.3        0.2      -32.6
United Kingdom    2.5       -1.0        5.3        0.7       11.2        6.0        3.3      -14.8
 
 
                                    Exchange rates (4)
 
United States     0.0        0.0        0.0        0.0        0.0        0.0        0.0        0.0
 
Canada           -0.7       -2.5        0.7        3.9        1.5        1.8       -5.2       -6.3
Japan             4.9       -1.5       10.0       -7.2       -4.8        7.7        6.2       14.1
Korea            -3.5       -9.3        1.0        8.9       -5.1       -3.5       -6.1       -2.7
Taiwan            2.2       -1.7        5.3        8.3       -1.9        0.6        6.4       -4.8
Belgium          -1.2      -11.1        7.0       -6.7       17.9       -2.3        6.4       -7.0
Denmark          -1.5      -11.0        6.3       -7.9       18.3       -3.3        6.1       -6.9
France           -2.0      -11.7        5.9       -6.6       17.1       -3.5        6.7       -6.6
 
Germany (2)       0.7       -7.6        7.5       -6.6       16.3       -2.7        6.4       -5.6
Italy            -4.5      -12.9        2.4       -5.1       14.5       -3.5        0.7      -21.7
Netherlands       0.5       -8.0        7.5       -6.8       16.5       -2.7        6.4       -5.4
Norway           -2.4       -8.4        2.4       -5.6       10.5       -3.7        4.5      -12.5
Sweden           -4.2      -11.0        1.2       -4.9        9.0       -2.1        3.9      -25.3
United Kingdom   -2.4       -7.9        1.8       -8.0        8.9       -0.9       -0.1      -15.0
 
(1)  Rates of change based on the compound             (3)  Adjusted to include employment taxes
     rate method.                                           that are not compensation to employees
                                                            but are labor costs to employers.
(2)  Data relate to the former West Germany.
                                                       (4) Value of foreign currency relative to
NA = Not available.                                         the U.S. dollar.
 
                                                              -13-
TECHNICAL NOTE
 
The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour),
hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregative measures---output, total labor
hours, and total compensation.  The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons,
including self-employed persons and unpaid family workers, in the United States and Canada and to all
employees (wage and salary earners) in the other economies.  Hours refer to hours worked in all countries.
(The figures for Canada in this release are the official measures prepared by Statistics Canada.)
 
The historical data have been revised to reflect the most recent series available and may differ from previously
published figures.
 
In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial
Classification (ISIC).  However, the measures for France and Italy (beginning 1970) refer to mining and
manufacturing less energy-related products; the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude
manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966; and the measures for the Netherlands exclude petroleum
refining and include coal mining from 1969 to 1976.
 
Output:  In general, the output measures are value added in manufacturing (gross product originating) in
constant prices from the national accounts of each country.  However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and the
Netherlands from 1969 to 1977 are indexes of industrial production.  The national accounts measures for the
United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production.  While methods of deriving
national accounts measures differ substantially from country to country, the use of different procedures does
not, in itself, connote lack of comparability--rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability
and reliability of underlying data series.
 
Labor Input:  The total hours measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and
average hours.  The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series
published with the national accounts.  Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are
developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive
employment series, and estimates of annual hours worked.
 
For the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, the Bureau publishes only measures of unit labor costs and the data
on output and total compensation that underlie the computations of unit labor costs.  Total hours, and
consequently productivity, are not computed for Korea and Taiwan because BLS has not yet developed
adequate labor input series.
 
Compensation (labor cost):  The compensation measures are from the national accounts except those for
Belgium, which are developed by the Bureau using statistics on employment, average hours, and hourly
compensation.  Compensation includes all payments in cash or kind made directly to employees plus
employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans.  In
addition, for some countries, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll or
employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies).  Self-employed workers are included in the U.S. and Canadian
figures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees.
 
                                                              -14-
Current Indicators:  For most countries, the measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of
manufacturing output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly
compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available.
 
Trade-Weighted Measures:  The economies covered by the BLS measures differ greatly in their relative
importance to U.S. trade in manufactured products.  Therefore, the Bureau constructs trade-weighted
measures that take account of these differences.  The trade weights used were derived by rescaling a series
covering 21 economies that was developed by the International Monetary Fund.  These weights are based on
disaggregated 1980 trade data for manufactured goods, and take account of both bilateral trade and the
relative importance of "third country" markets.  The following are rescaled weights for the 12 economies for
which the 1993 unit labor cost measures are available:
 
Country      Weight           Country      Weight         Country        Weight
 
Canada       19.43            Germany      14.70          Sweden           2.10
Japan        25.63            Italy         5.66          United Kingdom  12.27
Denmark       0.66            Norway        0.59          Korea            3.31
France        8.41            Netherlands   2.77          Taiwan          4.48
 
The weights given to Korea and Taiwan would be larger based on more current weights.
 
Level Comparisons:  The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons.  BLS does not prepare level
comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical
problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries.  Each country measures
manufacturing output in its own currency units.  To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of
measure--such as the U.S.  dollar--is needed.  Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for
comparing output levels.  What are needed are purchasing-power-parity (PPP) exchange rates, that is, the
number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with
one unit of U.S. currency.
 
PPP exchange rates are available for total gross domestic product (GDP).  However, these PPP exchange
rates are derived from the expenditure side of the national accounts (consumer, business, and government final
expenditures for goods and services) and not from the output side of the accounts (gross product originating
by industry, or value added).  Therefore, they do not provide PPP exchange rates by industry.  The PPP
exchange rates for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing.
Table 1.  Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950      NA    35.5     7.6      NA    24.5    20.0    18.6    16.6    16.7    34.3    25.8    41.1
 
   1955      NA    43.6    12.7      NA    26.7    24.5    26.6    23.2    20.9    38.0    28.3    44.3
 
   1960      NA    51.6    18.6    24.2    32.4    31.2    38.6    29.1    26.5    47.8    36.2    50.3
   1961      NA    54.4    21.1    24.5    34.3    33.0    40.3    31.4    27.9    49.3    37.9    50.3
   1962      NA    58.2    22.0    25.8    36.0    35.0    43.1    34.8    28.8    49.3    40.7    51.5
   1963      NA    60.3    23.8    26.8    37.2    36.7    44.8    35.7    29.8    51.8    43.1    54.2
   1964      NA    63.2    27.0    28.5    40.2    39.4    48.5    36.1    32.4    54.7    46.6    57.8
   1965      NA    66.1    28.1    29.9    42.2    42.1    51.3    40.2    34.5    58.0    50.0    59.5
   1966      NA    67.6    30.9    32.0    44.3    45.4    53.4    43.7    36.7    60.4    52.0    61.4
   1967      NA    68.9    35.5    33.8    47.6    48.2    56.8    45.9    39.3    62.5    56.4    64.3
   1968      NA    74.0    40.0    36.8    51.9    53.3    61.3    49.5    43.9    66.4    61.5    68.9
   1969      NA    77.9    46.2    40.2    54.0    56.4    65.2    51.3    48.0    72.6    66.2    70.6
 
   1970      NA    76.9    52.0    44.3    57.2    59.6    67.1    54.6    52.9    74.5    69.0    72.1
   1971      NA    82.4    54.8    47.0    61.1    62.8    69.6    55.6    55.7    77.2    71.9    75.6
   1972      NA    86.4    60.5    52.3    66.0    65.5    73.8    60.3    60.6    81.4    75.5    80.6
   1973      NA    91.9    66.1    57.8    72.7    69.9    78.4    65.2    67.3    86.4    81.1    86.2
   1974      NA    93.3    66.9    61.1    75.1    71.3    81.1    69.8    72.9    90.0    84.4    87.4
   1975      NA    90.1    69.6    63.5    82.6    73.8    84.5    67.4    71.3    88.6    85.6    86.0
   1976      NA    96.4    74.6    70.0    85.7    78.1    90.5    76.5    79.3    91.4    86.9    89.6
   1977    96.2   101.8    77.9    73.4    87.3    82.6    93.1    78.2    82.7    90.8    85.5    90.2
   1978    96.3   102.9    82.3    77.9    88.5    86.2    96.3    83.3    88.1    92.2    87.9    91.2
   1979    94.9   103.8    88.8    82.2    92.9    90.1   100.4    91.1    92.9    97.7    94.8    91.6
 
   1980    92.9    99.9    92.1    87.5    98.0    90.5    98.5    95.5    93.9    96.3    96.3    91.0
   1981    96.2   104.8    95.5    94.2    99.6    93.2   100.4    97.8    97.5    96.5    96.3    95.1
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   102.2   107.3   101.9   110.9   104.9   102.6   105.5   105.2   106.6   105.2   106.9   107.3
   1984   103.5   116.3   106.1   115.8   104.3   104.3   109.2   115.7   115.0   112.6   112.0   112.4
   1985   106.7   119.8   112.0   117.2   105.0   108.2   113.4   122.3   118.7   116.0   113.2   116.4
   1986   109.5   117.9   110.3   118.2    98.9   110.0   114.1   123.7   120.1   114.6   115.2   120.6
   1987   116.6   119.0   119.5   120.1    98.4   112.1   112.3   127.2   120.7   120.4   117.6   126.9
   1988   119.2   119.5   126.5   125.2   102.1   119.7   116.4   130.0   124.4   119.7   119.0   133.5
   1989   119.9   120.0   135.2   131.2   105.6   125.7   120.2   134.0   128.5   125.9   122.8   138.4
 
   1990   122.1   122.6   144.5   133.9   105.5   127.6   125.4   139.3   130.1   129.1   124.9   140.1
   1991   124.5   124.4   151.4   136.9   105.5   127.8   129.2   143.8   131.4   130.1   126.5   145.5
   1992   129.1   129.1   150.5   142.7   107.7   130.7   128.2   150.8   132.2   132.4   135.5   152.2
   1993   134.5   131.8   149.6      NA   113.9   132.3   131.1   160.3   133.8   135.2   147.9   160.1
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 2.  Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950      NA    39.6     8.1      NA    33.1    24.0    25.6    18.9    21.0    43.0    35.8    48.2
 
   1955      NA    46.8    14.3      NA    35.4    29.2    36.6    27.0    26.3    47.9    39.0    52.6
 
   1960      NA    55.1    21.8    30.4    40.8    37.4    47.8    34.2    33.8    57.8    47.2    58.5
   1961      NA    57.8    24.3    30.7    41.9    39.7    49.0    36.6    34.1    58.8    48.9    57.8
   1962      NA    62.5    24.7    32.4    44.4    42.0    51.0    39.3    34.9    58.6    52.2    58.5
   1963      NA    65.0    26.5    33.6    45.1    44.1    52.3    40.5    36.0    61.3    54.6    61.5
   1964      NA    68.4    29.8    35.6    49.2    47.1    56.6    40.9    38.8    65.4    58.6    66.1
   1965      NA    71.6    30.5    36.8    51.5    49.8    59.6    44.1    41.1    67.4    62.2    67.1
   1966      NA    72.7    33.8    39.0    53.1    54.0    61.2    48.4    43.5    70.4    64.8    68.1
   1967      NA    73.8    38.8    40.8    56.3    56.7    63.3    51.5    46.4    72.3    69.0    70.7
   1968      NA    79.3    43.6    44.4    60.1    60.9    69.2    55.6    50.9    74.9    73.8    76.4
   1969      NA    83.2    49.6    47.9    61.7    66.0    73.8    57.2    54.9    80.0    78.0    78.3
 
   1970      NA    81.5    55.2    51.5    63.3    68.9    75.5    59.8    59.3    81.5    79.6    78.7
   1971      NA    86.8    57.1    53.7    67.3    72.1    76.5    59.2    61.9    83.7    82.7    80.6
   1972      NA    91.0    62.8    58.5    71.2    74.5    80.4    63.8    66.4    87.4    84.6    85.1
   1973      NA    96.4    68.1    63.1    74.2    78.3    84.8    69.8    72.3    92.6    89.1    92.3
   1974      NA    97.3    65.8    64.9    78.2    78.9    85.9    72.1    75.9    95.6    91.8    90.5
   1975      NA    92.9    66.7    63.9    83.3    79.2    87.3    68.4    72.9    94.4    91.2    88.8
   1976      NA    99.3    73.8    71.7    86.8    84.2    96.1    77.7    80.9    95.0    91.5    93.3
   1977    99.8   105.1    77.3    74.9    87.6    88.2    97.3    79.0    84.0    92.7    89.4    94.5
   1978    99.9   106.5    82.2    79.3    87.8    91.3    99.2    83.9    88.6    93.2    89.4    95.2
   1979    97.9   106.6    89.6    83.6    92.1    95.3   103.0    91.1    92.4    97.5    94.9    95.2
 
   1980    94.6   102.2    92.9    87.7    97.8    95.8    99.8    95.7    93.9    96.7    95.3    91.5
   1981    97.9   105.9    95.7    92.2    98.2    97.4   100.5    98.0    97.0    96.7    95.8    94.1
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   105.0   108.7   102.5   108.1   106.3   102.0   105.2   105.2   106.5   105.8   108.2   107.6
   1984   107.9   119.1   108.1   112.3   105.4   103.8   108.8   115.7   114.1   112.5   115.6   113.7
   1985   111.3   122.6   113.3   115.2   102.6   107.1   111.3   121.2   115.2   115.1   116.0   117.7
   1986   114.1   120.6   110.8   116.3    98.8   109.0   111.1   125.7   116.4   113.4   117.4   121.7
   1987   122.1   122.6   120.6   119.3    96.1   111.7   108.8   131.6   116.6   115.7   121.4   129.0
   1988   126.3   123.5   129.0   126.3    99.8   119.8   112.5   139.3   120.0   115.5   122.6   136.4
   1989   126.9   123.1   136.3   131.7   101.9   125.4   114.8   143.3   123.7   122.2   126.1   141.2
 
   1990   128.3   125.6   143.5   136.1   100.6   126.8   117.8   145.3   125.3   125.3   129.7   141.8
   1991   130.0   127.3   146.9   136.8   100.9   126.6   120.1   148.3   126.3   126.8   131.2   144.6
   1992   136.4   133.2   141.6   142.6   103.4   129.7   120.4   155.3   126.8   130.4   143.4   151.3
   1993   143.3   138.7   137.2      NA   108.4   130.8   119.0   160.8   128.3   133.5   159.0   158.1
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 3.  Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950      NA    29.1     3.1      NA    29.8    20.9    17.8    12.3    22.6    37.9    34.8    61.0
 
   1955      NA    37.7     6.9      NA    32.8    26.0    33.8    19.0    30.9    46.4    40.3    71.7
 
   1960      NA    44.1    15.1    37.8    45.4    35.1    51.0    28.0    42.7    56.0    51.8    82.9
   1961      NA    45.9    18.1    39.5    47.9    37.7    54.0    30.8    44.2    58.3    55.3    83.0
   1962      NA    51.1    19.7    42.6    52.0    40.5    56.7    34.1    46.3    58.8    59.5    83.2
   1963      NA    54.5    21.9    44.6    52.7    43.6    57.8    36.3    48.3    62.3    62.5    86.1
   1964      NA    60.0    25.5    48.6    58.9    47.6    62.8    36.8    52.9    66.8    68.0    94.0
   1965      NA    66.0    26.5    50.2    62.7    50.0    67.5    38.7    56.6    70.3    72.8    96.7
   1966      NA    70.3    30.0    53.1    64.0    54.6    68.7    42.3    59.6    74.5    74.9    98.4
   1967      NA    71.8    36.0    53.8    64.7    57.2    67.1    46.5    62.0    76.9    77.3    99.1
   1968      NA    76.6    41.6    57.5    69.7    60.4    74.1    50.8    67.8    78.8    81.3   106.0
   1969      NA    82.0    48.4    64.3    73.5    67.6    82.8    54.1    74.4    84.5    87.7   110.1
 
   1970      NA    78.5    55.1    70.9    75.7    72.7    87.0    58.4    80.3    88.4    91.1   110.5
   1971      NA    83.5    57.8    74.1    77.2    77.2    87.9    59.3    82.3    91.5    91.7   109.3
   1972      NA    90.3    63.8    79.6    83.9    80.8    90.6    62.7    85.3    95.9    92.2   111.6
   1973      NA   100.0    71.8    86.9    88.5    87.0    96.4    70.7    91.2   101.3    98.7   121.9
   1974      NA   103.0    69.7    90.4    89.9    88.7    95.4    75.6    95.2   106.4   104.1   120.4
   1975      NA    96.1    67.1    83.6    87.7    86.9    91.0    71.1    88.3   104.1   104.4   112.1
   1976      NA   103.1    73.6    89.9    91.9    92.0    98.0    81.6    94.2   104.3   104.4   114.2
   1977   104.3   106.9    76.4    90.2    92.3    96.2    99.8    84.6    95.2   102.2    98.5   116.4
   1978   108.7   111.7    79.8    91.5    92.0    98.4   101.7    88.8    97.9    99.8    95.8   117.0
   1979   109.3   115.9    86.5    93.9    97.3   101.3   106.9    97.9   101.0   102.7   102.0   116.8
 
   1980   102.0   110.7    91.5    96.4   101.7   100.6   104.7   103.1   101.5   101.7   102.4   106.7
   1981   105.0   114.8    95.7    95.8    98.4    99.0   103.6   101.1   101.5   100.7    99.7   100.1
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   103.2   106.5   104.3   105.6   106.7    99.9   101.5   100.8   101.9    99.3   105.8   102.1
   1984   111.3   120.2   113.2   108.4   111.7    98.7   104.6   105.4   107.9   105.0   113.6   105.9
   1985   114.0   127.0   121.2   109.6   115.3    99.1   108.4   108.9   111.1   108.8   115.7   108.9
   1986   115.2   127.9   117.9   108.9   115.3    99.1   110.1   111.5   113.8   108.8   117.1   110.3
   1987   123.5   134.1   126.5   109.0   110.6    98.9   108.1   116.3   115.4   110.8   120.0   115.5
   1988   130.0   140.9   138.2   114.6   112.3   104.6   111.5   125.0   119.7   105.5   123.7   123.6
   1989   131.2   142.1   149.3   121.9   113.6   110.3   115.4   129.7   125.2   103.8   125.1   129.1
 
   1990   130.6   137.5   160.6   126.4   112.4   112.4   121.7   132.3   129.3   104.5   124.3   128.9
   1991   127.8   129.5   170.8   125.9   111.1   110.6   126.0   132.1   129.9   102.3   117.4   122.0
   1992   131.7   129.8   167.7   126.3   112.5   109.8   124.1   132.4   129.0   104.2   116.5   121.0
   1993   138.0   136.1   160.7      NA   113.2   106.3   114.9   129.6   125.8   105.9   118.5   123.1
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 4.  Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950    87.4    82.0    40.7      NA   121.8   104.4    95.4    74.0   135.2   110.6   134.9   148.4
 
   1955    96.6    86.5    54.3      NA   122.9   106.2   126.9    81.9   147.9   122.0   142.5   161.6
 
   1960    94.1    85.5    81.2   156.2   140.0   112.5   131.9    96.2   160.9   117.3   143.3   164.9
   1961    91.6    84.3    86.0   161.0   139.7   114.3   134.1    98.2   158.0   118.3   146.0   164.9
   1962    95.4    87.9    89.4   165.0   144.3   115.7   131.6    98.1   160.9   119.4   146.4   161.7
   1963    96.3    90.4    92.3   166.4   141.6   118.8   128.9   101.7   162.0   120.4   145.1   159.0
   1964    98.4    95.0    94.6   170.7   146.3   120.7   129.5   102.0   163.0   122.1   145.9   162.8
   1965   104.1    99.8    94.3   167.6   148.6   118.6   131.7    96.3   163.9   121.3   145.6   162.6
   1966   110.8   103.9    97.1   166.1   144.4   120.1   128.6    96.8   162.5   123.4   143.9   160.2
   1967   110.2   104.2   101.5   158.9   136.1   118.6   118.1   101.4   157.8   122.9   137.1   154.0
   1968   111.8   103.6   104.1   156.4   134.3   113.1   120.9   102.7   154.6   118.5   132.1   153.8
   1969   113.1   105.3   104.8   160.0   136.1   120.0   126.9   105.5   154.9   116.4   132.4   155.9
 
   1970   106.5   102.1   105.9   159.9   132.3   122.0   129.7   107.0   152.0   118.6   131.9   153.3
   1971   102.6   101.4   105.6   157.6   126.5   122.9   126.2   106.8   147.9   118.6   127.5   144.6
   1972   107.2   104.5   105.4   152.1   127.0   123.5   122.8   104.0   140.7   117.8   122.1   138.5
   1973   112.6   108.8   108.6   150.3   121.8   124.5   122.9   108.3   135.6   117.3   121.8   141.4
   1974   110.2   110.3   104.1   148.0   119.7   124.3   117.6   108.4   130.6   118.3   123.3   137.8
   1975    99.3   106.6    96.4   131.6   106.2   117.7   107.7   105.6   123.8   117.4   121.9   130.4
   1976   104.0   106.9    98.7   128.5   107.3   117.8   108.3   106.7   118.8   114.1   120.1   127.5
   1977   108.4   105.0    98.2   122.9   105.8   116.5   107.2   108.2   115.1   112.6   115.2   129.0
   1978   112.9   108.6    97.0   117.4   104.0   114.2   105.6   106.6   111.1   108.3   109.0   128.3
   1979   115.1   111.6    97.4   114.3   104.7   112.4   106.5   107.4   108.7   105.1   107.6   127.5
 
   1980   109.8   110.8    99.3   110.1   103.7   111.2   106.3   108.0   108.1   105.5   106.3   117.3
   1981   109.2   109.6   100.2   101.7    98.8   106.2   103.1   103.4   104.1   104.3   103.5   105.3
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   101.0    99.2   102.4    95.2   101.7    97.4    96.2    95.8    95.6    94.3    99.0    95.1
   1984   107.6   103.3   106.6    93.6   107.1    94.6    95.8    91.1    93.8    93.2   101.4    94.2
   1985   106.8   106.0   108.2    93.5   109.8    91.5    95.6    89.0    93.6    93.8   102.2    93.5
   1986   105.2   108.5   106.9    92.2   116.6    90.0    96.5    90.1    94.8    94.9   101.7    91.5
   1987   106.0   112.7   105.8    90.7   112.4    88.3    96.2    91.4    95.6    92.1   102.1    91.0
   1988   109.0   117.9   109.3    91.5   110.0    87.4    95.8    96.1    96.2    88.1   103.9    92.6
   1989   109.4   118.4   110.4    93.0   107.6    87.8    95.9    96.8    97.4    82.5   101.8    93.3
 
   1990   107.0   112.2   111.2    94.4   106.6    88.1    97.0    95.0    99.4    80.9    99.5    92.0
   1991   102.6   104.1   112.8    92.0   105.3    86.5    97.6    91.8    98.9    78.6    92.8    83.9
   1992   102.0   100.5   111.4    88.5   104.4    84.0    96.9    87.8    97.6    78.7    85.9    79.5
   1993   102.6   103.3   107.4      NA    99.4    80.4    87.7    80.8    94.0    78.4    80.1    76.9
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 5.  Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950    81.4    73.5    37.9      NA    90.2    87.2    69.5    65.1   107.6    88.0    97.3   126.6
 
   1955    89.8    80.5    48.2      NA    92.7    89.1    92.4    70.3   117.4    96.9   103.5   136.1
 
   1960    89.3    80.1    69.2   124.3   111.3    94.0   106.6    81.7   126.4    96.9   109.9   141.7
   1961    86.9    79.4    74.7   128.4   114.4    95.0   110.3    84.3   129.5    99.2   113.1   143.7
   1962    89.6    81.8    79.5   131.4   117.2    96.3   111.2    86.9   132.9   100.4   114.1   142.3
   1963    90.2    83.8    82.8   132.6   116.8    98.9   110.6    89.7   134.2   101.6   114.5   140.1
   1964    91.5    87.7    85.5   136.4   119.7   101.1   111.0    90.0   136.3   102.1   116.2   142.2
   1965    95.8    92.2    86.8   136.3   121.8   100.3   113.4    87.9   137.5   104.2   116.9   144.1
   1966   101.7    96.6    88.9   136.1   120.6   101.0   112.3    87.4   137.1   105.8   115.6   144.5
   1967   103.0    97.4    92.7   131.9   114.9   100.8   106.0    90.2   133.6   106.3   111.9   140.0
   1968   104.6    96.6    95.4   129.7   116.0    99.2   107.0    91.4   133.3   105.1   110.1   138.7
   1969   106.7    98.6    97.6   134.1   119.1   102.4   112.1    94.5   135.5   105.7   112.3   140.6
 
   1970   102.6    96.3    99.9   137.7   119.6   105.4   115.2    97.6   135.4   108.5   114.4   140.3
   1971    98.6    96.2   101.2   137.8   114.7   107.1   114.8   100.2   133.0   109.4   110.8   135.6
   1972   101.3    99.2   101.6   136.0   117.7   108.6   112.7    98.3   128.4   109.7   109.0   131.2
   1973   106.6   103.7   105.5   137.8   119.3   111.1   113.6   101.2   126.2   109.5   110.8   132.1
   1974   106.2   105.8   105.9   139.3   115.0   112.5   111.0   104.9   125.4   111.3   113.4   133.0
   1975    97.1   103.4   100.6   130.8   105.3   109.8   104.2   104.0   121.1   110.3   114.4   126.3
   1976   100.7   103.9    99.8   125.5   105.9   109.2   102.0   105.1   116.4   109.8   114.2   122.4
   1977   104.5   101.7    98.9   120.5   105.3   109.0   102.6   107.1   113.3   110.2   110.2   123.1
   1978   108.8   105.0    97.2   115.4   104.8   107.8   102.5   105.8   110.5   107.1   107.2   122.9
   1979   111.7   108.7    96.6   112.3   105.6   106.2   103.8   107.4   109.3   105.3   107.5   122.6
 
   1980   107.8   108.4    98.5   109.9   103.9   105.0   104.9   107.8   108.1   105.2   107.4   116.7
   1981   107.2   108.4   100.0   103.9   100.2   101.6   103.0   103.2   104.7   104.1   104.0   106.4
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983    98.3    98.0   101.8    97.6   100.4    97.9    96.6    95.8    95.7    93.8    97.8    94.9
   1984   103.1   100.9   104.7    96.5   106.0    95.1    96.1    91.1    94.5    93.3    98.3    93.2
   1985   102.4   103.6   106.9    95.1   112.4    92.5    97.4    89.8    96.5    94.5    99.7    92.5
   1986   100.9   106.1   106.4    93.7   116.6    90.8    99.1    88.7    97.8    95.9    99.7    90.7
   1987   101.1   109.3   104.9    91.4   115.1    88.5    99.3    88.4    98.9    95.8    98.8    89.5
   1988   102.9   114.1   107.2    90.7   112.6    87.3    99.1    89.8    99.7    91.4   100.9    90.6
   1989   103.4   115.4   109.5    92.6   111.5    87.9   100.5    90.5   101.2    84.9    99.2    91.5
 
   1990   101.9   109.5   112.0    92.9   111.7    88.7   103.3    91.0   103.2    83.4    95.8    90.9
   1991    98.3   101.7   116.2    92.0   110.1    87.4   104.9    89.0   102.9    80.7    89.5    84.4
   1992    96.6    97.4   118.4    88.6   108.8    84.6   103.1    85.2   101.7    79.9    81.2    80.0
   1993    96.3    98.2   117.1      NA   104.4    81.3    96.6    80.6    98.0    79.4    74.5    77.9
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 6.  Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950   107.4   111.6   107.4      NA   135.1   119.8   137.3   113.6   125.7   125.7   138.7   117.3
 
   1955   107.5   107.5   112.6      NA   132.6   119.1   137.4   116.5   126.0   126.0   137.7   118.8
 
   1960   105.3   106.8   117.3   125.6   125.9   119.8   123.8   117.7   127.2   121.1   130.3   116.3
   1961   105.5   106.2   115.2   125.3   122.2   120.3   121.6   116.5   122.0   119.2   129.1   114.8
   1962   106.5   107.4   112.5   125.6   123.1   120.0   118.3   112.8   121.1   118.8   128.2   113.6
   1963   106.8   107.8   111.4   125.5   121.2   120.2   116.5   113.4   120.7   118.5   126.7   113.5
   1964   107.5   108.3   110.7   125.1   122.2   119.4   116.6   113.4   119.6   119.6   125.6   114.4
   1965   108.6   108.3   108.6   123.0   122.0   118.3   116.2   109.6   119.2   116.3   124.5   112.8
   1966   109.0   107.5   109.3   122.0   119.8   118.9   114.6   110.8   118.6   116.7   124.5   110.9
   1967   107.0   107.0   109.4   120.5   118.4   117.6   111.4   112.4   118.0   115.7   122.5   110.0
   1968   106.8   107.2   109.1   120.5   115.7   114.1   112.9   112.4   116.0   112.8   120.0   110.9
   1969   106.0   106.7   107.4   119.3   114.3   117.2   113.2   111.6   114.3   110.2   117.9   110.9
 
   1970   103.8   106.0   106.1   116.2   110.7   115.7   112.5   109.6   112.2   109.3   115.3   109.2
   1971   104.1   105.4   104.3   114.4   110.3   114.8   110.0   106.6   111.2   108.4   115.1   106.6
   1972   105.8   105.4   103.8   111.8   107.9   113.7   108.9   105.8   109.6   107.3   112.0   105.6
   1973   105.7   104.9   103.0   109.1   102.1   112.0   108.2   107.1   107.5   107.2   109.9   107.1
   1974   103.7   104.2    98.4   106.3   104.1   110.5   105.9   103.3   104.1   106.3   108.7   103.6
   1975   102.2   103.1    95.8   100.6   100.8   107.3   103.4   101.5   102.2   106.5   106.5   103.2
   1976   103.3   102.9    98.9   102.4   101.3   107.8   106.2   101.5   102.0   103.9   105.2   104.1
   1977   103.7   103.2    99.2   102.0   100.4   106.8   104.5   101.0   101.6   102.1   104.5   104.8
   1978   103.7   103.5    99.8   101.7    99.2   106.0   103.0   100.8   100.6   101.1   101.7   104.4
   1979   103.1   102.7   100.9   101.8    99.1   105.8   102.6   100.0    99.4    99.8   100.1   104.0
 
   1980   101.8   102.3   100.8   100.2    99.8   105.8   101.4   100.3   100.0   100.4    99.0   100.5
   1981   101.9   101.1   100.2    97.9    98.6   104.5   100.1   100.3    99.5   100.1    99.5    99.0
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   102.7   101.3   100.6    97.5   101.4    99.4    99.7   100.0    99.9   100.5   101.2   100.3
   1984   104.3   102.4   101.8    96.9   101.1    99.5    99.7   100.0    99.2    99.9   103.2   101.1
   1985   104.3   102.4   101.2    98.3    97.7    98.9    98.1    99.1    97.0    99.3   102.5   101.1
   1986   104.2   102.3   100.4    98.4   100.0    99.1    97.4   101.6    96.9    99.0   101.9   100.9
   1987   104.8   103.1   100.9    99.3    97.7    99.7    96.9   103.5    96.6    96.1   103.2   101.6
   1988   105.9   103.3   102.0   100.9    97.7   100.1    96.7   107.1    96.5    96.4   103.0   102.2
   1989   105.8   102.6   100.8   100.4    96.5    99.8    95.5   106.9    96.3    97.1   102.7   102.0
 
   1990   105.1   102.5    99.3   101.6    95.4    99.4    93.9   104.3    96.3    97.0   103.8   101.3
   1991   104.4   102.4    97.0    99.9    95.6    99.0    93.0   103.1    96.1    97.5   103.7    99.4
   1992   105.7   103.1    94.1    99.9    96.0    99.2    94.0   103.0    95.9    98.5   105.8    99.4
   1993   106.5   105.2    91.8      NA    95.2    98.9    90.8   100.3    95.9    98.7   107.4    98.7
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 7.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany   Italy   lands  Norway Sweden* Kingdom*
 
   1950      NA     9.0     2.7      NA     4.2     2.8     5.6     2.1     4.3     4.6     4.2     3.7
 
   1955      NA    12.7     4.8      NA     5.7     5.0     8.3     3.0     6.3     7.0     6.7     5.3
 
   1960      NA    16.4     6.6     9.1     7.7     7.5    13.5     3.9     8.9     9.9     9.3     7.1
   1961      NA    16.9     7.6     9.7     8.7     8.3    15.1     4.4    10.1    10.8    10.2     7.6
   1962      NA    17.4     8.7    10.4     9.5     9.2    17.1     5.1    10.8    11.8    11.4     8.0
   1963      NA    18.1     9.7    11.5    10.3    10.0    18.3     6.1    11.9    12.6    12.6     8.3
   1964      NA    18.9    11.0    13.0    11.2    10.8    19.8     6.5    13.8    13.5    13.7     8.9
   1965      NA    19.9    12.3    14.4    12.4    11.8    21.8     6.9    15.5    14.9    15.1     9.7
   1966      NA    21.5    13.6    15.9    14.1    12.4    23.6     7.4    17.3    16.3    16.6    10.5
   1967      NA    22.8    15.2    17.4    15.8    13.4    24.9     8.2    19.2    18.2    18.4    10.9
   1968      NA    24.6    17.7    18.6    17.4    15.2    26.8     8.7    21.4    20.1    20.0    11.6
   1969      NA    26.6    21.0    20.3    19.5    16.1    29.3     9.6    24.2    22.1    21.7    12.7
 
   1970      NA    28.7    25.0    23.2    22.3    18.1    34.5    11.6    27.8    24.6    24.4    14.7
   1971      NA    30.9    28.9    26.5    25.6    20.4    38.6    13.4    31.8    28.1    27.4    17.0
   1972      NA    33.2    33.3    30.6    28.4    22.5    42.7    15.0    36.3    31.3    30.6    19.8
   1973      NA    35.9    40.7    35.5    34.5    25.9    48.2    17.7    43.4    35.3    34.3    22.5
   1974      NA    41.3    53.3    43.2    41.7    30.9    54.9    23.1    51.6    41.4    40.3    26.9
   1975      NA    47.3    62.1    52.4    49.7    37.9    60.4    29.2    59.0    49.6    49.4    36.0
   1976      NA    54.1    66.9    59.4    55.5    43.5    65.2    36.2    66.1    57.3    57.8    41.7
   1977    62.8    59.9    73.8    66.3    61.4    49.4    71.2    42.9    71.8    64.2    63.2    47.0
   1978    67.9    64.4    78.7    71.5    67.6    55.7    76.7    49.4    77.9    70.9    70.4    54.7
   1979    74.4    71.0    83.7    77.9    75.6    63.1    82.3    59.8    84.0    74.7    76.0    64.8
 
   1980    83.3    78.6    89.0    86.3    83.4    72.7    89.2    70.2    88.5    81.2    84.5    78.5
   1981    91.5    90.4    95.3    95.9    91.9    84.2    94.9    84.8    93.5    90.3    93.2    90.8
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   102.7   106.1   102.7   106.0   106.9   110.4   105.0   117.0   104.5   110.3   110.2   107.1
   1984   106.0   111.1   105.8   114.8   113.0   119.8   110.0   134.3   106.6   120.9   119.6   115.4
   1985   111.3   116.8   110.1   122.0   120.6   129.7   116.3   150.9   111.5   132.2   131.8   126.4
   1986   115.8   121.3   115.8   127.0   123.1   135.2   121.2   157.1   115.4   145.0   142.4   133.8
   1987   118.4   125.0   118.6   130.0   134.6   140.2   126.9   166.0   118.8   165.6   151.9   145.9
   1988   123.1   130.5   120.6   132.7   139.4   145.5   131.8   172.5   119.5   175.7   161.8   153.1
   1989   127.9   135.4   128.2   139.6   147.3   153.3   138.2   189.5   120.1   183.4   179.0   173.7
 
   1990   134.7   143.0   138.3   147.8   156.5   161.5   147.9   210.8   123.3   193.7   197.5   179.6
   1991   141.9   151.1   146.2   157.2   162.2   168.5   157.7   233.1   129.2   202.8   215.1   199.6
   1992   147.9   157.8   153.0   164.6   167.2   174.3   165.1   249.7   136.6   208.4   222.3   215.8
   1993   153.3   158.4   157.1      NA   171.4   180.5   176.9   267.9   140.5   210.4   219.0   227.4
 
NA:  Not Available
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 8.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany   Italy   lands  Norway Sweden* Kingdom*
 
   1950      NA    10.1     1.9      NA     5.0     5.3     3.2     4.5     3.0     4.2     5.1     6.0
 
   1955      NA    15.9     3.3      NA     6.9     9.4     4.8     6.5     4.4     6.3     8.1     8.5
 
   1960      NA    20.9     4.5     8.4     9.3    10.1     7.9     8.6     6.3     8.9    11.3    11.4
   1961      NA    20.6     5.3     8.9    10.5    11.1     9.2     9.5     7.4     9.7    12.4    12.2
   1962      NA    20.1     6.0     9.6    11.5    12.3    10.4    11.2     8.0    10.7    13.9    12.8
   1963      NA    20.7     6.7    10.5    12.5    13.4    11.1    13.2     8.8    11.4    15.2    13.4
   1964      NA    21.6     7.5    11.9    13.5    14.6    12.1    14.1    10.2    12.2    16.7    14.2
   1965      NA    22.8     8.5    13.3    14.9    15.8    13.2    15.1    11.5    13.5    18.4    15.6
   1966      NA    24.7     9.3    14.6    17.0    16.7    14.3    16.0    12.8    14.7    20.2    16.8
   1967      NA    26.1    10.5    16.0    18.9    17.9    15.2    17.7    14.2    16.4    22.4    17.1
   1968      NA    28.2    12.2    17.0    19.4    20.2    16.3    18.9    15.8    18.1    24.3    15.9
   1969      NA    30.4    14.6    18.6    21.7    20.5    18.1    20.6    17.9    20.0    26.4    17.4
 
   1970      NA    33.9    17.4    21.3    24.8    21.6    22.9    25.1    20.6    22.2    29.5    20.1
   1971      NA    37.7    20.7    25.0    28.9    24.4    27.0    29.4    24.3    25.8    33.7    23.7
   1972      NA    41.3    27.3    31.8    34.1    29.4    32.5    34.9    30.2    30.7    40.4    28.3
   1973      NA    44.3    37.4    41.8    47.7    38.4    44.2    41.2    41.7    39.7    49.4    31.6
   1974      NA    52.2    45.6    50.9    57.2    42.1    51.6    48.1    51.4    48.5    57.1    36.1
   1975      NA    57.3    52.1    65.4    72.3    58.2    59.7    60.5    62.5    61.4    75.0    45.8
   1976      NA    67.7    56.2    70.5    76.6    59.9    62.9    59.0    66.8    67.7    83.4    43.1
   1977    62.8    69.5    68.6    84.7    85.3    66.1    74.5    65.7    78.2    77.9    88.9    46.9
   1978    67.9    69.8    94.0   104.2   102.5    81.4    92.8    78.8    96.3    87.3    98.0    60.0
   1979    74.4    74.8    95.5   121.6   119.9    97.5   109.1    97.4   111.9    95.2   111.3    78.7
 
   1980    83.3    83.0    98.3   135.4   123.7   113.3   119.3   111.1   119.1   106.2   125.5   104.4
   1981    91.5    93.1   107.6   118.5   107.4   101.8   102.2   100.9   100.4   101.6   115.6   105.1
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   102.7   106.2   107.7    94.9    97.5    95.3    99.9   104.3    97.8    97.5    90.2    92.9
   1984   106.0   105.9   111.0    91.0    91.0    90.2    93.9   103.5    88.8    95.7    90.9    88.2
   1985   111.3   105.6   115.0    94.2    95.0    95.0    96.0   107.0    89.7    99.3    96.3    93.8
   1986   115.8   107.8   171.2   130.2   126.9   128.4   135.6   142.7   125.9   126.5   125.6   112.3
   1987   118.4   116.3   204.2   159.3   164.1   153.4   171.4   173.3   156.7   158.7   150.4   136.9
   1988   123.1   130.9   234.4   165.1   172.6   160.6   182.1   179.3   161.4   173.9   165.7   156.0
   1989   127.9   141.2   231.2   162.2   167.9   158.1   178.4   187.0   151.2   171.3   174.3   162.8
 
   1990   134.7   151.2   237.5   202.5   211.0   195.1   222.2   238.1   180.8   200.0   209.5   183.3
   1991   141.9   162.8   270.6   210.5   211.4   196.3   230.5   254.3   184.4   201.7   223.3   201.8
   1992   147.9   161.2   300.5   234.3   231.0   216.6   256.7   274.4   207.5   216.6   239.8   218.1
   1993   153.3   151.5   352.2      NA   220.5   209.5   259.6   230.5   202.0   191.4   176.5   195.4
 
NA:  Not Available
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 9.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950      NA    25.3    35.5      NA    17.0    14.2    30.0    12.6    25.8    13.4    16.4     9.1
 
   1955      NA    29.2    37.5      NA    21.3    20.3    31.3    12.9    30.1    18.4    23.7    12.0
 
   1960      NA    31.9    35.3    37.7    23.8    24.0    34.9    13.5    33.4    20.6    25.7    14.1
   1961      NA    31.0    36.2    39.4    25.3    25.1    37.5    13.9    36.2    21.9    26.9    15.1
   1962      NA    29.9    39.7    40.3    26.3    26.2    39.8    14.7    37.5    24.0    28.0    15.5
   1963      NA    30.0    41.0    42.8    27.7    27.2    40.8    17.0    39.9    24.4    29.2    15.4
   1964      NA    29.9    40.7    45.5    27.7    27.5    40.8    18.0    42.5    24.7    29.4    15.4
   1965      NA    30.1    43.9    48.0    29.3    27.9    42.4    17.3    44.8    25.7    30.3    16.4
   1966      NA    31.8    44.0    49.7    31.7    27.4    44.2    16.9    47.2    27.0    31.9    17.2
   1967      NA    33.1    42.9    51.3    33.2    27.8    43.8    17.8    48.9    29.1    32.6    16.9
   1968      NA    33.3    44.4    50.5    33.5    28.5    43.7    17.6    48.7    30.2    32.4    16.9
   1969      NA    34.1    45.5    50.6    36.2    28.6    44.9    18.6    50.5    30.5    32.8    18.0
 
   1970      NA    37.3    48.0    52.2    39.0    30.4    51.4    21.3    52.7    33.0    35.3    20.3
   1971      NA    37.5    52.8    56.4    42.0    32.5    55.4    24.1    57.1    36.5    38.1    22.4
   1972      NA    38.4    55.0    58.5    43.0    34.4    57.8    24.9    60.0    38.5    40.5    24.5
   1973      NA    39.1    61.6    61.3    47.4    37.1    61.6    27.1    64.5    40.9    42.3    26.1
   1974      NA    44.3    79.7    70.8    55.5    43.4    67.7    33.1    70.8    46.1    47.7    30.8
   1975      NA    52.4    89.3    82.5    60.2    51.3    71.5    43.3    82.8    55.9    57.7    41.9
   1976      NA    56.1    89.7    84.9    64.8    55.6    72.0    47.3    83.3    62.7    66.5    46.6
   1977    65.3    58.8    94.7    90.3    70.3    59.8    76.5    54.8    86.8    70.8    73.9    52.1
   1978    70.5    62.6    95.6    91.8    76.4    64.6    79.6    59.3    88.4    76.9    80.1    60.0
   1979    78.4    68.4    94.3    94.8    81.4    70.0    82.0    65.6    90.4    76.5    80.1    70.7
 
   1980    89.7    78.7    96.7    98.7    85.1    80.3    90.6    73.5    94.2    84.3    87.7    86.3
   1981    95.1    86.3    99.8   101.7    92.2    90.3    94.5    86.8    95.9    93.6    96.8    95.5
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   100.5    98.9   100.8    95.6   101.9   107.6    99.5   111.2    98.1   104.8   103.1    99.9
   1984   102.4    95.5    99.7    99.1   108.3   114.9   100.8   116.1    92.7   107.4   106.8   102.6
   1985   104.2    97.6    98.4   104.1   114.9   119.9   102.6   123.4    93.9   114.0   116.4   108.6
   1986   105.8   102.9   104.9   107.5   124.5   122.8   106.3   127.1    96.1   126.5   123.7   110.9
   1987   101.6   105.0    99.2   108.2   136.8   125.1   113.0   130.5    98.4   137.6   129.2   115.0
   1988   103.2   109.2    95.4   106.0   136.5   121.6   113.3   132.6    96.0   146.7   136.0   114.7
   1989   106.7   112.8    94.8   106.5   139.5   122.0   114.9   141.4    93.5   145.6   145.7   125.5
 
   1990   110.4   116.7    95.7   110.4   148.3   126.6   117.9   151.3    94.7   150.0   158.1   128.2
   1991   114.0   121.5    96.6   114.9   153.8   131.8   122.1   162.1    98.3   155.8   170.1   137.2
   1992   114.6   122.2   101.6   115.3   155.1   133.3   128.8   165.6   103.3   157.4   164.1   141.8
   1993   114.0   120.2   105.0      NA   150.5   136.5   135.0   167.2   105.1   155.7   148.0   142.1
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 10.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950      NA    28.5    24.6      NA    20.6    26.6    17.4    27.2    18.1    12.1    19.9    14.5
 
   1955      NA    36.6    26.0      NA    25.8    38.2    18.1    27.9    21.1    16.6    28.8    19.2
 
   1960      NA    40.6    24.4    34.6    28.8    32.2    20.3    29.5    23.7    18.7    31.3    22.7
   1961      NA    37.8    25.0    36.2    30.5    33.6    22.7    30.2    26.7    19.8    32.7    24.2
   1962      NA    34.6    27.4    37.0    31.8    35.1    24.2    32.2    27.8    21.7    34.1    24.9
   1963      NA    34.3    28.3    39.3    33.5    36.5    24.8    37.1    29.6    22.0    35.4    24.7
   1964      NA    34.2    28.0    41.9    33.4    36.9    24.9    38.9    31.5    22.3    35.9    24.6
   1965      NA    34.4    30.3    44.3    35.4    37.4    25.8    37.4    33.3    23.2    36.9    26.2
   1966      NA    36.5    30.2    45.6    38.3    36.7    26.9    36.7    34.8    24.4    38.8    27.4
   1967      NA    37.9    29.5    47.3    39.7    37.1    26.7    38.6    36.2    26.3    39.7    26.6
   1968      NA    38.1    30.7    46.3    37.3    37.8    26.6    38.2    35.9    27.3    39.4    23.1
   1969      NA    39.1    31.6    46.2    40.1    36.3    27.8    40.2    37.2    27.6    39.9    24.6
 
   1970      NA    44.1    33.4    48.2    43.4    36.2    34.2    46.0    38.9    29.8    42.8    27.9
   1971      NA    45.8    37.9    53.2    47.3    38.8    38.7    52.9    43.7    33.4    46.9    31.4
   1972      NA    47.9    45.2    60.8    51.6    44.9    44.0    57.8    49.9    37.7    53.5    35.1
   1973      NA    48.2    56.6    72.3    65.7    55.0    56.4    63.1    62.0    46.0    61.0    36.6
   1974      NA    55.9    68.1    83.3    76.2    59.1    63.7    69.0    70.5    53.9    67.7    41.3
   1975      NA    63.6    74.9   102.9    87.6    78.8    70.7    89.8    87.7    69.2    87.5    53.2
   1976      NA    70.2    75.4   100.7    89.5    76.7    69.5    77.2    84.2    74.1    95.9    48.1
   1977    65.3    68.3    88.1   115.4    97.8    80.1    80.1    84.1    94.5    85.9   103.9    52.0
   1978    70.5    67.8   114.2   133.7   115.7    94.4    96.4    94.6   109.3    94.7   111.5    65.8
   1979    78.4    72.1   107.6   148.0   129.1   108.2   108.6   106.9   120.4    97.5   117.5    85.9
 
   1980    89.7    83.1   106.7   154.7   126.2   125.2   121.2   116.3   126.8   110.2   130.3   114.8
   1981    95.1    88.9   112.6   125.8   107.8   109.2   101.7   103.2   103.0   105.2   120.0   110.6
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   100.5    99.0   105.7    85.6    92.9    92.9    94.6    99.1    91.8    92.7    84.4    86.6
   1984   102.4    91.0   104.6    78.6    87.3    86.5    86.0    89.5    77.2    85.0    81.1    78.5
   1985   104.2    88.2   102.7    80.3    90.4    87.8    84.6    87.5    75.6    85.7    85.0    80.6
   1986   105.8    91.4   155.2   110.2   128.3   116.7   118.9   115.4   104.8   110.4   109.0    93.1
   1987   101.6    97.8   170.8   132.6   166.7   136.9   152.6   136.3   129.8   131.8   127.9   107.9
   1988   103.2   109.5   185.3   131.9   169.0   134.2   156.5   137.9   129.8   145.2   139.2   116.8
   1989   106.7   117.6   171.1   123.7   159.0   125.8   148.3   139.5   117.7   136.0   141.9   117.6
 
   1990   110.4   123.4   164.4   151.2   200.0   152.9   177.1   170.9   138.9   154.9   167.7   130.8
   1991   114.0   130.9   178.7   153.8   200.4   153.6   178.5   176.8   140.3   155.0   176.6   138.7
   1992   114.6   124.8   199.7   164.2   214.4   165.7   200.3   182.0   157.0   163.5   176.9   143.3
   1993   114.0   115.0   235.4      NA   193.6   158.4   198.1   143.8   151.0   141.6   119.3   122.0
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 11.  Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar)
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950   100.0   112.9    69.2      NA   120.9   188.0    57.9   216.8    70.1    90.5   121.5   160.2
 
   1955   100.0   125.2    69.2      NA   120.8   187.9    57.7   216.6    70.1    90.4   121.5   159.7
 
   1960   100.0   127.3    69.2    91.8   121.0   134.1    58.2   218.0    70.8    90.5   121.6   160.6
   1961   100.0   121.9    69.0    91.8   120.8   134.1    60.5   218.0    73.6    90.4   121.6   160.3
   1962   100.0   115.5    69.0    92.0   120.9   134.3    60.7   218.1    74.2    90.5   121.9   160.6
   1963   100.0   114.4    68.9    91.8   120.9   134.2    60.9   217.8    74.2    90.3   121.1   160.2
   1964   100.0   114.4    68.8    92.0   120.7   134.2    61.1   216.8    74.1    90.2   122.0   159.7
   1965   100.0   114.5    68.9    92.2   120.7   134.2    60.8   216.7    74.2    90.3   121.8   159.9
   1966   100.0   114.6    68.7    91.9   120.8   133.9    60.7   216.8    73.8    90.3   121.6   159.8
   1967   100.0   114.4    68.8    92.1   119.5   133.7    60.9   216.9    74.2    90.3   121.7   157.3
   1968   100.0   114.6    69.1    91.7   111.5   132.8    60.8   217.2    73.8    90.4   121.6   136.9
   1969   100.0   114.6    69.5    91.3   111.0   127.0    61.9   215.8    73.7    90.4   121.5   136.7
 
   1970   100.0   118.3    69.5    92.2   111.3   119.0    66.6   215.9    73.9    90.3   121.2   137.1
   1971   100.0   122.2    71.7    94.3   112.7   119.4    69.8   219.0    76.5    91.7   123.1   139.8
   1972   100.0   124.6    82.2   104.0   120.0   130.4    76.2   232.0    83.2    98.0   132.1   143.1
   1973   100.0   123.4    91.9   117.9   138.5   148.3    91.7   232.8    96.1   112.4   144.3   140.2
   1974   100.0   126.2    85.4   117.7   137.2   136.2    94.0   208.1    99.6   117.0   141.8   133.9
   1975   100.0   121.3    83.9   124.8   145.5   153.7    98.9   207.5   105.9   123.8   151.7   127.1
   1976   100.0   125.2    84.0   118.7   138.1   137.8    96.5   163.1   101.1   118.3   144.3   103.2
   1977   100.0   116.2    93.0   127.8   139.0   133.9   104.6   153.4   108.9   121.3   140.6    99.8
   1978   100.0   108.3   119.5   145.6   151.5   146.2   121.1   159.5   123.7   123.2   139.1   109.7
   1979   100.0   105.4   114.2   156.1   158.6   154.6   132.5   162.9   133.2   127.5   146.6   121.4
 
   1980   100.0   105.6   110.4   156.8   148.2   155.9   133.8   158.3   134.6   130.8   148.6   133.1
   1981   100.0   103.0   112.9   123.6   116.9   121.0   107.7   118.9   107.4   112.4   124.0   115.8
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   100.0   100.2   104.8    89.5    91.2    86.3    95.1    89.1    93.6    88.4    81.9    86.7
   1984   100.0    95.3   104.9    79.3    80.6    75.3    85.3    77.1    83.3    79.1    76.0    76.5
   1985   100.0    90.4   104.4    77.2    78.7    73.3    82.5    70.9    80.5    75.1    73.0    74.2
   1986   100.0    88.8   147.9   102.5   103.1    95.0   111.9    90.8   109.1    87.3    88.2    84.0
   1987   100.0    93.1   172.2   122.5   121.9   109.4   135.0   104.4   131.9    95.8    99.0    93.8
   1988   100.0   100.3   194.3   124.5   123.8   110.4   138.2   104.0   135.1    99.0   102.4   101.9
   1989   100.0   104.2   180.4   116.2   114.0   103.1   129.1    98.7   125.9    93.4    97.3    93.7
 
   1990   100.0   105.8   171.8   137.0   134.8   120.8   150.2   113.0   146.7   103.2   106.1   102.1
   1991   100.0   107.7   185.1   133.9   130.3   116.5   146.2   109.1   142.7    99.5   103.8   101.1
   1992   100.0   102.1   196.5   142.4   138.2   124.3   155.5   109.9   151.9   103.9   107.9   101.0
   1993   100.0    95.7   224.2   132.4   128.6   116.1   146.8    86.0   143.8    91.0    80.6    85.9
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 12.  Avg. annual compensation in manufacturing, nat. currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany   Italy   lands  Norway Sweden* Kingdom*
 
   1950      NA    10.0     2.9      NA     5.6     3.4     7.7     2.4     5.4     5.8     5.9     4.4
 
   1955      NA    13.7     5.4      NA     7.6     5.9    11.5     3.5     7.9     8.8     9.2     6.3
 
   1960      NA    17.6     7.7    11.5     9.7     9.0    16.7     4.6    11.3    11.9    12.1     8.3
   1961      NA    17.9     8.8    12.1    10.6    10.0    18.4     5.1    12.3    12.9    13.2     8.7
   1962      NA    18.7     9.8    13.0    11.7    11.0    20.3     5.8    13.1    14.1    14.6     9.1
   1963      NA    19.5    10.9    14.4    12.5    12.0    21.3     6.9    14.4    15.0    15.9     9.5
   1964      NA    20.4    12.1    16.2    13.6    12.9    23.1     7.3    16.5    16.1    17.2    10.2
   1965      NA    21.6    13.4    17.7    15.1    13.9    25.3     7.6    18.4    17.3    18.8    11.0
   1966      NA    23.1    14.9    19.4    16.9    14.8    27.1     8.2    20.5    19.0    20.6    11.7
   1967      NA    24.4    16.7    20.9    18.7    15.8    27.7     9.2    22.7    21.0    22.5    11.9
   1968      NA    26.4    19.3    22.4    20.1    17.3    30.2     9.8    24.8    22.6    23.9    12.9
   1969      NA    28.4    22.6    24.3    22.3    18.9    33.2    10.7    27.7    24.4    25.6    14.1
 
   1970      NA    30.4    26.5    26.9    24.7    21.0    38.8    12.7    31.2    26.9    28.1    16.0
   1971      NA    32.5    30.2    30.3    28.3    23.4    42.4    14.3    35.4    30.5    31.5    18.1
   1972      NA    35.0    34.5    34.2    30.6    25.6    46.5    15.9    39.8    33.6    34.3    20.9
   1973      NA    37.7    41.9    38.7    35.2    29.0    52.2    18.9    46.6    37.9    37.7    24.1
   1974      NA    43.1    52.5    45.9    43.4    34.2    58.2    23.9    53.8    44.0    43.8    27.9
   1975      NA    48.7    59.5    52.7    50.1    40.6    62.5    29.6    60.3    52.8    52.6    37.2
   1976      NA    55.7    66.1    60.8    56.2    46.9    69.2    36.8    67.4    59.5    60.8    43.4
   1977    65.1    61.8    73.2    67.6    61.6    52.8    74.4    43.3    72.9    65.6    66.0    49.3
   1978    70.4    66.7    78.5    72.8    67.1    59.0    79.0    49.7    78.3    71.7    71.6    57.1
   1979    76.7    72.9    84.5    79.3    74.9    66.7    84.5    59.8    83.5    74.5    76.0    67.3
 
   1980    84.8    80.4    89.8    86.5    83.3    76.9    90.5    70.3    88.5    81.5    83.6    78.9
   1981    93.2    91.4    95.5    93.9    90.5    88.0    95.0    85.0    93.0    90.5    92.8    89.9
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   105.5   107.4   103.3   103.4   108.4   109.7   104.7   117.0   104.4   110.8   111.5   107.4
   1984   110.5   113.7   107.7   111.3   114.2   119.2   109.7   134.3   105.8   120.8   123.4   116.7
   1985   116.0   119.6   111.5   120.0   117.8   128.3   114.1   149.6   108.1   131.2   135.1   127.9
   1986   120.7   124.1   116.3   125.0   123.1   133.9   118.0   159.7   111.8   143.5   145.2   135.0
   1987   124.1   128.8   119.6   129.0   131.5   139.7   122.9   171.8   114.8   159.2   156.8   148.3
   1988   130.4   134.8   123.0   133.9   136.2   145.6   127.4   184.7   115.3   169.4   166.7   156.4
   1989   135.4   138.9   129.3   140.2   142.2   153.0   131.9   202.6   115.7   178.0   183.8   177.2
 
   1990   141.6   146.5   137.3   150.2   149.3   160.5   138.9   219.9   118.7   187.9   205.1   181.8
   1991   148.2   154.7   141.9   157.1   155.2   166.9   146.6   240.4   124.1   197.6   223.1   198.4
   1992   156.3   162.7   144.0   164.4   160.4   172.9   155.1   257.3   131.0   205.3   235.2   214.6
   1993   163.3   166.7   144.1      NA   163.2   178.5   160.7   268.8   134.8   207.8   235.3   224.5
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 13.  Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950      NA    39.4    17.9      NA    31.9    22.9    15.7    22.4    19.8    31.4    29.7    36.1
 
   1955      NA    49.5    23.2      NA    35.5    30.9    21.3    26.0    24.5    35.1    35.9    39.5
 
   1960      NA    58.1    29.5    29.3    43.1    34.9    31.5    29.9    30.5    43.4    41.5    46.3
   1961      NA    59.1    32.6    30.7    46.5    37.3    34.5    32.2    34.4    46.2    44.6    47.9
   1962      NA    60.2    34.8    32.5    47.4    39.4    38.0    36.1    35.9    48.1    47.5    48.2
   1963      NA    61.6    36.2    35.2    48.9    41.0    39.3    39.8    38.3    50.1    51.0    49.4
   1964      NA    63.0    39.2    38.1    51.0    43.1    41.6    40.0    41.9    50.7    53.8    51.1
   1965      NA    64.9    41.0    40.7    53.2    45.6    44.2    41.1    45.2    53.7    56.5    53.3
   1966      NA    67.6    43.0    43.1    56.7    47.0    46.4    42.9    47.9    56.8    58.1    55.5
   1967      NA    69.3    46.3    45.8    59.1    49.3    48.3    46.3    51.3    60.8    61.8    56.8
   1968      NA    71.7    51.1    47.7    60.2    53.7    51.2    48.8    55.0    64.7    65.9    58.3
   1969      NA    74.1    57.6    50.3    65.5    55.1    54.9    52.1    58.1    69.2    69.2    60.1
 
   1970      NA    77.4    63.6    55.1    70.1    59.2    62.6    60.3    63.9    69.5    72.6    65.0
   1971      NA    81.1    69.3    60.5    76.2    62.8    66.7    66.3    67.9    75.0    75.3    68.5
   1972      NA    83.1    76.0    66.2    79.2    65.2    70.0    70.3    71.9    77.8    79.3    74.5
   1973      NA    83.7    83.2    71.8    87.9    69.5    74.1    74.9    79.5    81.7    82.0    77.5
   1974      NA    86.8    88.5    77.6    92.3    72.7    78.9    82.0    86.3    87.6    87.9    80.0
   1975      NA    89.6    92.3    83.4   100.4    79.3    81.9    88.3    89.5    93.8    98.3    86.4
   1976      NA    95.3    90.8    86.6   102.8    82.9    84.6    94.1    92.1    99.3   103.9    85.9
   1977   100.0    97.7    92.6    90.3   102.3    86.0    89.4    93.3    93.8   102.1   101.2    83.3
   1978   100.4    96.5    94.8    93.3   102.5    88.7    93.8    95.6    97.8   104.2   104.5    89.1
   1979    98.9    97.5    97.2    97.2   104.5    90.9    97.0   100.0   101.2   104.8   105.6    92.9
 
   1980    97.5    97.9    96.0   101.0   102.6    92.2    99.9    96.9   100.0   102.7   103.0    95.6
   1981    97.1   100.2    97.9   104.2   101.2    94.2    99.9    98.7    99.1   100.6   101.5    99.3
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983    99.5   100.3   100.8    98.5   100.0   100.7   101.8   101.8   101.7   101.7    99.2   102.5
   1984    98.4   100.6   101.6   100.3    99.4   101.7   104.1   105.6   100.4   105.0   100.1   104.9
   1985    99.8   101.8   103.6   101.6   101.4   103.9   107.9   109.3   102.7   108.6   102.6   108.4
   1986   102.0   101.6   108.2   104.4    99.8   105.5   112.7   107.2   106.2   111.1   106.2   110.9
   1987   100.6   100.2   110.8   105.2   105.0   106.1   117.9   108.3   109.9   116.4   108.6   116.1
   1988   100.4   100.5   111.9   106.1   104.0   107.3   121.1   107.2   109.7   116.1   110.6   116.1
   1989    99.5    99.4   116.3   108.4   104.8   109.1   123.3   110.5   108.9   115.8   115.4   122.2
 
   1990    99.5   100.1   121.7   110.9   108.6   111.3   128.6   115.9   109.2   117.6   114.4   115.5
   1991   100.5   100.2   124.6   114.1   109.8   112.4   132.4   120.3   110.1   119.0   114.2   121.2
   1992   101.7   103.1   128.2   116.6   110.9   113.6   133.3   122.3   112.3   119.5   115.7   126.3
   1993   102.4   101.6   129.8      NA   112.3   115.2   137.6   125.8   113.2   117.9   110.6   131.1
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
Table 14.  Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993
(Indexes:  1982=100)
 
         United                                                         Nether-                  United
   Year  States  Canada   Japan Belgium Denmark  France Germany   Italy   lands  Norway  Sweden Kingdom
 
   1950      NA    43.9    19.2      NA    43.0    27.5    21.6    25.4    24.9    39.5    41.2    42.3
 
   1955      NA    53.2    26.1      NA    47.1    36.8    29.3    30.3    30.9    44.2    49.4    46.9
 
   1960      NA    62.0    34.6    36.8    54.3    41.8    39.0    35.2    38.8    52.5    54.2    53.8
   1961      NA    62.7    37.5    38.5    56.8    44.9    42.0    37.5    42.0    55.1    57.5    55.0
   1962      NA    64.7    39.2    40.8    58.3    47.4    45.0    40.7    43.5    57.2    60.9    54.8
   1963      NA    66.4    40.3    44.1    59.3    49.3    45.8    45.1    46.2    59.4    64.6    56.1
   1964      NA    68.2    43.4    47.7    62.3    51.5    48.5    45.4    50.1    60.6    67.5    58.4
   1965      NA    70.3    44.5    50.0    64.9    54.0    51.4    45.1    53.9    62.5    70.3    60.1
   1966      NA    72.7    46.9    52.6    67.9    55.9    53.2    47.5    56.7    66.3    72.4    61.5
   1967      NA    74.2    50.7    55.1    70.0    58.0    53.7    52.0    60.5    70.3    75.7    62.5
   1968      NA    76.9    55.8    57.5    69.7    61.3    57.8    54.8    63.8    73.0    79.0    64.7
   1969      NA    79.1    61.9    60.0    74.8    64.5    62.2    58.2    66.4    76.3    81.5    66.6
 
   1970      NA    82.0    67.5    64.0    77.6    68.5    70.4    66.1    71.7    76.0    83.7    70.9
   1971      NA    85.4    72.3    69.2    84.0    72.1    73.3    70.6    75.5    81.3    86.7    73.1
   1972      NA    87.6    78.9    74.1    85.4    74.2    76.2    74.4    78.8    83.5    88.9    78.7
   1973      NA    87.8    85.7    78.3    89.8    77.9    80.2    80.2    85.4    87.6    90.1    83.0
   1974      NA    90.5    87.1    82.5    96.1    80.4    83.6    84.7    89.9    93.1    95.5    82.9
   1975      NA    92.3    88.4    83.9   101.2    85.0    84.6    89.6    91.5    99.9   104.7    89.1
   1976      NA    98.1    89.8    88.7   104.2    89.3    89.8    95.5    94.0   103.2   109.3    89.4
   1977   103.7   100.9    91.9    92.1   102.8    91.9    93.4    94.3    95.3   104.3   105.9    87.4
   1978   104.2    99.9    94.6    94.9   101.7    94.0    96.6    96.3    98.4   105.4   106.3    93.0
   1979   102.0   100.1    98.1    98.9   103.6    96.1    99.5   100.0   100.6   104.6   105.7    96.6
 
   1980    99.3   100.2    96.8   101.3   102.4    97.6   101.3    97.1   100.0   103.1   102.0    96.1
   1981    98.9   101.3    98.2   102.0    99.7    98.4   100.0    98.9    98.5   100.7   101.0    98.3
   1982   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0
   1983   102.2   101.6   101.4    96.0   101.4   100.1   101.4   101.8   101.6   102.2   100.5   102.8
   1984   102.6   103.0   103.4    97.2   100.5   101.3   103.7   105.6    99.7   104.9   103.3   106.1
   1985   104.1   104.2   104.9    99.9    99.0   102.8   105.9   108.3    99.7   107.8   105.1   109.6
   1986   106.3   103.9   108.7   102.8    99.8   104.5   109.7   109.0   102.9   110.0   108.3   111.9
   1987   105.4   103.3   111.7   104.5   102.5   105.7   114.2   112.1   106.1   111.9   112.1   118.0
   1988   106.3   103.9   114.1   107.1   101.6   107.4   117.0   114.8   105.8   111.9   113.9   118.7
   1989   105.3   102.0   117.3   108.8   101.2   108.9   117.7   118.1   104.9   112.4   118.4   124.7
 
   1990   104.5   102.6   120.8   112.7   103.5   110.6   120.8   120.9   105.2   114.0   118.8   116.9
   1991   105.0   102.6   120.9   114.0   105.1   111.3   123.1   124.1   105.8   116.0   118.5   120.5
   1992   107.5   106.3   120.6   116.5   106.4   112.7   125.2   126.0   107.8   117.6   122.4   125.6
   1993   109.1   107.0   119.1      NA   106.9   113.9   124.9   126.3   108.6   116.4   118.9   129.4
 
NA:  Not Available
 
Note:  The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and
Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
 
Table 15.  Korea:  Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1993
 
(Indexes:  1982=100)
                                                   Unit Labor Costs
 
                                   National        U.S.
                       Compen-     currency      dollar    Exchange
   Year     Output      sation       basis        basis      rate*
 
   1970       20.2         3.1        15.2         35.7      235.4
   1971       23.8         3.9        16.2         34.1      210.6
   1972       27.0         4.9        18.0         33.4      186.1
   1973       34.8         7.4        21.4         39.3      183.5
   1974       40.4        10.7        26.5         47.9      180.8
   1975       45.2        13.8        30.4         46.0      151.1
   1976       55.9        21.6        38.6         58.4      151.1
   1977       64.3        29.1        45.2         68.3      151.1
   1978       77.8        42.1        54.1         81.8      151.1
   1979       85.9        56.5        65.8         99.3      151.1
   1980       85.3        70.6        82.8         99.7      120.4
   1981       93.7        89.1        95.1        102.1      107.4
   1982      100.0       100.0       100.0        100.0      100.0
   1983      115.4       121.9       105.6         99.6       94.2
   1984      135.4       144.0       106.3         96.4       90.7
   1985      145.0       152.9       105.4         88.6       84.0
   1986      171.6       178.5       104.0         86.3       82.9
   1987      203.7       222.7       109.3         97.2       88.9
   1988      231.1       280.9       121.5        121.5       99.9
   1989      240.9       353.0       146.5        159.5      108.9
   1990      264.3       423.1       160.1        165.3      103.3
   1991      288.3       486.9       168.9        168.3       99.7
   1992      303.0       544.2       179.6        168.2       93.7
   1993      318.1       580.8       182.6        166.3       91.1
 
*Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.
 
 
 
 
 
Table 16.  Taiwan:  Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1993
 
(Indexes:  1982=100)
                                                      Unit Labor Costs
 
                                   National        U.S.
                       Compen-     currency      dollar    Exchange
   Year     Output      sation       basis        basis      rate*
 
   1970       26.9         8.1        30.0         29.3       97.8
   1971       32.8        10.3        31.6         30.9       97.8
   1972       39.4        12.6        32.0         31.3       97.8
   1973       46.1        17.2        37.2         38.1      102.3
   1974       43.6        24.5        56.3         58.0      103.0
   1975       45.7        26.0        57.0         58.7      103.0
   1976       55.8        33.0        59.0         60.8      103.0
   1977       63.0        38.8        61.6         63.4      103.0
   1978       75.7        47.1        62.3         65.8      105.6
   1979       81.6        57.8        70.8         76.8      108.5
   1980       90.2        73.4        81.4         88.4      108.6
   1981       97.6        91.7        93.9         99.7      106.2
   1982      100.0       100.0       100.0        100.0      100.0
   1983      110.8       109.3        98.6         96.3       97.7
   1984      126.8       130.5       102.9        101.7       98.8
   1985      131.5       140.4       106.8        104.8       98.2
   1986      152.5       167.7       109.9        113.7      103.4
   1987      172.0       189.2       110.0        135.6      123.3
   1988      178.2       202.3       113.5        155.3      136.9
   1989      184.8       219.0       118.5        175.6      148.2
   1990      184.4       233.9       126.9        184.4      145.3
   1991      196.5       253.1       128.8        188.4      146.2
   1992      203.3       273.2       134.4        209.0      155.5
   1993      208.9       289.3       138.4        205.0      148.1
 
*Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar.
 
Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.