Internet address: http://www.bls.gov            USDL 03-89
Technical information: (202) 691-5654           For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: (202) 691-5902                   Wednesday, February 26, 2003


INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY
AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS,  REVISED DATA FOR 2001

    In 2001, output per hour in manufacturing declined in Canada, Japan, and the 
United States, according to revised data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
U.S. Department of Labor.  Labor productivity was unchanged in Sweden, and it 
grew in the remaining nine economies for which comparable data are available.  
Korea and Taiwan recorded the largest productivity gains, while Canada and Japan 
recorded the largest declines.  In all, the manufacturing productivity estimates 
were revised upward for five nations and downward for three and were unchanged 
for four.  Data for the Netherlands for 2001 were reported for the first time.

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT
Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 2001

-2-

  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency units, 
increased in 12 of the 14 economies for which comparable data on unit labor 
costs are available for 2001.  The largest increases occurred in Canada (5.5 
percent) and Korea (5.2 percent).  Unit labor costs increased 2.0 percent in 
U.S. manufacturing.  Taiwan and Denmark were the only two economies where unit 
labor costs expressed in national currency units declined in 2001. (See table A 
and chart 2.)
  Changes in exchange rates must be taken into account in order to assess 
international competitiveness in manufacturing.  Unlike unit labor costs in 
national currency units, unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars declined in 
9 of the 14 countries due to the relative strength of the U.S. dollar in 2001 
against all the other currencies.  The largest declines occurred in Taiwan (11.2 
percent) and Japan (9.2 percent).  (See table A and chart 2.)
  
PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT
Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs, 2000-2001

-3-

Table A.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 2000-2001


                 Output                                Total   Hourly   Unit labor costs
Country          per                   Employ- Average compen- compen-  National U.S.    Exchange
or area          hour   Output  Hours  ment    hours   sation  sation   currency dollars rate (1)


United States  - 0.4   - 6.0   - 5.6   - 4.1   - 1.6   - 4.2     1.5     2.0     2.0    ---

Canada         - 2.0   - 3.3   - 1.4   - 0.4   - 1.0     2.1     3.5     5.5     1.2   - 4.1
Japan          - 1.6   - 4.9   - 3.4   - 2.6   - 0.8   - 2.6     0.7     2.4   - 9.2   -11.3
Korea            3.2     1.7   - 1.5     0.8   - 2.3     7.0     8.7     5.2   - 7.9   -12.5
Taiwan           6.3   - 5.7   -11.3   - 4.5   - 7.1   - 9.4     2.2   - 3.9   -11.2   - 7.6
Belgium          1.2     0.3   - 1.0     0.1   - 1.1     4.1     5.2     3.9     0.7   - 3.0
Denmark          NA      4.7     NA    - 0.7     NA      3.2     NA    - 1.4   - 4.2   - 2.8
France           2.8     1.7   - 1.0     1.2   - 2.2     4.0     5.0     2.2   - 0.9   - 3.0

Germany          1.4     0.6   - 0.8     0.4   - 1.2     2.3     3.1     1.7   - 1.4   - 3.0
Italy            1.7     0.7   - 1.0     0.3   - 1.3     2.7     3.8     2.0   - 1.1   - 3.0
Netherlands      0.4     0.2   - 0.2   - 0.1   - 0.1     4.7     4.9     4.4     1.3   - 3.0
Norway           0.8   - 1.2   - 2.0   - 1.6   - 0.4     3.3     5.4     4.6     2.4   - 2.0
Sweden           0.0   - 2.4   - 2.4   - 1.0   - 1.4     0.9     3.4     3.4   - 8.3   -11.3
United Kingdom   1.3   - 2.4   - 3.6   - 4.2     0.6   - 0.3     3.4     2.1   - 3.0   - 5.0

(1)  Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.

NA=Not Available
  
  Table A summarizes changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, 
and related variables between 2000 and 2001.  Output and unit labor cost data 
are presented for 14 economies.  Comparable productivity data are not shown for 
Denmark.  (See technical notes.)
  This release is a revision of news release USDL 02-543, issued in September 
2002.  It examines comparative trends in manufacturing output per hour, unit 
labor costs, and related measures in 2001, the most recent year for which 
comparative data are available and for certain selected time periods.  Annual 
indexes of these variables also are estimated for the time period 1950-2001.  
  Table B (pages 8-12) shows average annual percent changes for selected 
periods, beginning in 1979.  Annual indexes of the data are in tables 1-15 
(pages 19-33).
  The historical series of the variables are available also at the Bureau of 
Labor Statistics, Division of Foreign Labor Statistics, web-site at address 
http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm.

-4-

BOX: Notes about the measures

The measures in this release are based on data available to BLS as of December 
2002.  Revisions for 2000 and earlier years were made to the measures for 
several countries to incorporate data not available at the time of the September 
2002 report.

U.S. manufacturing output measure
The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chain-weighted 
index of real gross domestic product by industry (deflated value added), 
published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce.  
This series is based on annually changing price weights.  Because this measure 
is not available for years prior to 1977, U.S. measures of output, output per 
hour, and unit labor costs begin with 1977.

The United States real output data through 2001 used in this report were 
released by the BEA in November 2002.  The estimates are described in the Survey 
of Current Business, November 2002.

The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from the 
manufacturing series that BLS publishes as part of its major sector productivity 
and costs measures for the U.S.  While both series are based on annually-
changing price weights, the international comparisons program uses a value added 
output concept, while the U.S. manufacturing series is on a sectoral output 
basis.  For information on the differences between the value added and the 
sectoral output measures, see technical notes.

Germany
From 1991 forward, the estimated growth rates pertain to unified Germany; prior 
to 1991 the rates pertained to the former West Germany.  The two data series 
have been linked in 1991.  See technical notes for additional information.

Netherlands
2001 data for the Netherlands were not included in the preliminary estimates 
issued in September 2002 because data for that year were not available.  The 
revised 2001 estimates include data for the Netherlands.

New measures of National Accounts
Member states of the European Union are in the process of implementing the 
European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95).  Some other countries 
are adopting the System of National Accounts recommended by the United Nations 
(SNA 93), on which ESA 95 is based.  Revisions due to these conversions to new 
systems are being incorporated into the BLS estimates.

END OF BOX: Notes about the measures

-5-

Manufacturing productivity, output, and labor input

  In 2001, revised labor productivity in U.S. manufacturing declined by 0.4 
percent.  This resulted from the combination of a 6.0 percent decline in 
manufacturing output that was only partially offset by a 5.6 percent decline in 
hours worked.
  Of the 13 economies for which comparable data are available, labor 
productivity in 2001 increased in nine, declined in three, and remained 
unchanged in one.  While Taiwan and Korea achieved the largest productivity 
increases (6.3 and 3.2 percent, respectively), Canada and Japan recorded the 
steepest declines (2.0 and 1.6 percent, respectively).  (See table A and chart 
1.)
  The 0.4 percent decline in U.S. manufacturing productivity in 2001 was the 
first annual decline since 1989 and followed accelerating annual productivity 
increases throughout the 1990s.  (See table 1.)  All the other economies except 
Taiwan, Italy, and Norway, also recorded slower productivity increases or 
declines in 2001 than their preceding 5-year and 10-year average growth rates.  
(See tables B and 1.)
  In 2001, manufacturing output grew in half of the economies compared and 
declined in the other half.  The United States recorded the largest output 
decline among the economies compared (6.0 percent), followed by Taiwan (5.7 
percent).
  The preliminary estimate of U.S. manufacturing output for 2001 (released in 
September 2002) showed a 3.8 percent drop.  This estimate was derived by 
extrapolating the 2000 number forward, using the annual growth rate of the 
Federal Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for Total Manufacturing.  
The revised U.S. output number is based on manufacturing Real Gross Domestic 
Product, released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis in November 2002.
  For the United States, this was the first year-over-year decline in 
manufacturing output since 1991.  In all the economies except Denmark, 
manufacturing output grew less or declined in 2001 than its average annual 
growth rate during the preceding five years.
  In 2001, total hours worked in manufacturing declined in all 13 economies for 
which this statistic is available.  In the United States, hours worked fell by 
5.6 percent, the second largest decline after Taiwan's 11.3 percent drop.  
Elsewhere, the declines ranged between 0.2 and 3.6 percent.  In the three 
countries where labor productivity fell in 2001 (United States, Canada, and 
Japan), manufacturing output declined more than hours worked.
  The reductions in hours worked continued a general trend during the last 
decades in the manufacturing sectors of these economies.  In most of the 
countries, hours worked in manufacturing reached their maximum levels in the 
1960s and 1970s (the United States in 1979) and have trended downward since 
then.  In Taiwan and Korea, manufacturing hours have been declining since the 
late 1980s.  The only exception to this general trend was Canada.  In Canada, 
total hours worked in manufacturing, though down from 2000, was greater in 2001 
than in any other previous year.  (See table 4.)
  For most countries, the decline in manufacturing hours through the years was 
the result of declines in both manufacturing employment and average hours 
worked.  The reduction in average hours began earlier, but the decline in 
employment has been steeper and steadier.  

-6-

In some countries, average hours have risen slightly since 1979.  (See tables 5, 
6, and B.)
  In 2001, manufacturing employment grew in five of the economies and declined 
in nine.  The largest declines in employment were recorded in Taiwan, the United 
Kingdom, and the United States (down 4.5, 4.2, and 4.1 percent, respectively).  
Employment increased most in France (1.2 percent).  In the five countries that 
experienced employment growth in 2001 (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and 
Korea), total hours worked still dropped due to relatively greater declines in 
average hours.
  Average hours fell in 12 of the 13 economies for which manufacturing hours are 
available for 2001.  The declines ranged from 0.1 percent in the Netherlands to 
7.1 percent in Taiwan.  In the United States, manufacturing average hours fell 
by 1.6 percent.  The United Kingdom, the only country where average hours 
increased, nonetheless experienced a drop in total hours as a result of a sharp 
decline in employment.
  
Manufacturing hourly compensation and unit labor costs
  
  Hourly compensation in manufacturing increased in all 13 economies in 2001.  
For most economies, the increases ranged between 3.1 and 5.4 percent.  The U.S. 
hourly compensation growth rate was the second lowest (1.5 percent), after 
Japan's 0.7 percent.  This increase in U.S. hourly compensation is below the 
average annual increases of the last 15 years.  (See table B.)
  Manufacturing unit labor costs, in national currency units, increased 
everywhere in 2001, except in Taiwan (down 3.9 percent) and Denmark (down 1.4 
percent).  The U.S. increase of 2.0 percent was the second lowest after 
Germany's 1.7 percent.  The largest increases in unit labor costs occurred in 
Canada (5.5 percent) and Korea (5.2 percent).  While in most countries the 
higher unit labor costs were the result of hourly compensation rising more than 
labor productivity, in the United States, Canada, and Japan, declining labor 
productivity was the cause.
  While the 2001 increase in unit labor costs in the United States was low by 
comparison with the other countries, it was above the average U.S. annual 
increases for the post-1985 period.  Since 1985, the average annual growth rate 
in U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs was 0.5 percent per year.  (See tables 9 
and B.)
  To compare changes in competitiveness across economies in terms of U.S. 
dollars, unit labor costs in national currency units must be adjusted for 
changes in the currency's exchange rate against the dollar.  When a foreign 
currency depreciates against the U.S. dollar, fewer dollars must be paid in 
exchange for each national currency unit.  This will lead to a smaller increase 
or a larger decline in unit labor costs converted from the foreign currency into 
U.S. dollars.
  In 2001, the U.S. dollar strengthened against the currencies of all the 
countries compared.  The change in value was greatest against the currencies of 
Korea (12.5 percent), and Japan and Sweden (both 11.3 percent).  The Norwegian 
krone declined least (2.0 percent), while the euro weakened by 3.0 percent.  
This continued a trend of a stronger U.S. dollar that had persisted for the 
previous five years.  (See table B.)

-7-

  As a result of the dollar's revaluation, only four countries besides the 
United States showed increases in manufacturing unit labor costs in 2001, 
denominated in U.S. dollars: Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Norway.  In 
these four countries, the decline in the values of their currencies was less 
than the increase in unit labor costs denominated in their national currency 
units.
  Because of these exchange rate movements, the 2.0 percent increase in U.S. 
unit labor costs went from being the second lowest in terms of national 
currencies to being the second highest in U.S. dollar terms.

-8-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related 
measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001

or area


Output per hour

United States          3.2       3.5       2.4       3.3       4.5      -0.4

Canada                 2.1       3.6       0.5       3.8       1.1      -2.0
Japan                  3.5       3.5       4.3       3.3       4.1      -1.6
Korea                  NA        NA        8.2       9.7      11.1       3.2
Taiwan                 5.9       5.1       7.9       5.3       5.5       6.3
Belgium                3.6       6.0       2.2       3.2       3.3       1.2
Denmark                NA        2.4       0.7       NA        NA        NA
France                 4.2       5.1       3.2       4.0       4.6       2.8

Germany 2/             2.4       2.1       2.1       3.3       2.4       1.4
Italy                  2.2       3.5       1.9       2.4       0.9       1.7
Netherlands            3.2       4.4       2.3       3.7       2.6       0.4
Norway                 1.3       2.4       1.4       0.6       0.7       0.8
Sweden                 4.3       3.1       1.9       5.7       7.8       0.0
United Kingdom         3.6       4.4       4.6       3.3       2.3       1.3


Output

United States          2.5       2.2       2.5       3.1       4.3      -6.0

Canada                 2.4       2.0       1.8       2.4       4.5      -3.3
Japan                  2.7       4.7       4.8       0.4       2.0      -4.9
Korea                  8.9       8.3      12.2       8.4       8.1       1.7
Taiwan                 6.0       8.2       7.0       5.0       5.7      -5.7
Belgium                2.2       2.6       2.5       0.6       3.2       0.3
Denmark                1.4       2.3      -0.6       1.7       1.7       4.7
France                 2.1       1.6       2.5       1.1       3.4       1.7

Germany 2/             0.7       0.2       2.3      -0.7       0.9       0.6
Italy                  1.6       0.9       3.2       1.5       1.2       0.7
Netherlands            2.3       1.8       3.2       1.9       2.7       0.2
Norway                 0.1       0.6      -1.6       1.2       0.5      -1.2
Sweden                 3.4       2.2       1.4       3.7       7.7      -2.4
United Kingdom         0.7      -1.2       3.4       0.4       1.0      -2.4

                                                       Continued on next page

-9-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related 
measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001
or area


Total hours

United States         -0.7      -1.2       0.0      -0.1      -0.2      -5.6

Canada                 0.3      -1.5       1.3      -1.3       3.4      -1.4
Japan                 -0.9       1.1       0.5      -2.8      -2.0      -3.4
Korea                  NA        NA        3.7      -1.2      -2.7      -1.5
Taiwan                 0.0       2.9      -0.8      -0.3       0.2     -11.3
Belgium               -1.4      -3.2       0.4      -2.5      -0.1      -1.0
Denmark                NA       -0.1      -1.3       NA        NA        NA
France                -2.0      -3.3      -0.7      -2.7      -1.1      -1.0

Germany 2/            -1.7      -1.9       0.2      -3.9      -1.5      -0.8
Italy                 -0.6      -2.5       1.3      -0.9       0.3      -1.0
Netherlands           -0.9      -2.5       0.9      -1.7       0.0      -0.2
Norway                -1.2      -1.8      -2.9       0.6      -0.2      -2.0
Sweden                -0.9      -0.8      -0.5      -1.9      -0.1      -2.4
United Kingdom        -2.8      -5.3      -1.2      -2.8      -1.3      -3.6


Employment

United States         -0.8      -1.4      -0.1      -0.6      -0.1      -4.1

Canada                 0.2      -1.3       1.2      -1.5       3.0      -0.4
Japan                 -0.4       1.2       0.8      -1.6      -1.9      -2.6
Korea                  NA        NA        5.4      -0.9      -2.5       0.8
Taiwan                 0.8       4.1      -0.5      -0.3       0.5      -4.5
Belgium               -1.4      -2.6      -0.3      -2.2      -0.7       0.1
Denmark               -0.5       0.2      -0.8      -1.2      -0.3      -0.7
France                -1.4      -2.3      -0.8      -2.5      -0.2       1.2

Germany 2/            -1.2      -1.1       1.1      -4.2      -0.8       0.4
Italy                 -1.0      -2.3      -0.2      -1.8       0.3       0.3
Netherlands           -0.7      -2.2       1.0      -1.6       0.2      -0.1
Norway                -1.1      -1.8      -2.7       0.3       0.1      -1.6
Sweden                -1.4      -1.2      -0.8      -3.5       0.0      -1.0
United Kingdom        -2.6      -4.6      -0.9      -3.1      -1.0      -4.2

                                                       Continued on next page

-10-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related 
measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001
or area


Average hours

United States          0.1       0.2       0.1       0.4      -0.1      -1.6

Canada                 0.1      -0.2       0.1       0.3       0.4      -1.0
Japan                 -0.4       0.0      -0.3      -1.3      -0.1      -0.8
Korea                  NA        NA       -1.6      -0.2      -0.1      -2.3
Taiwan                -0.8      -1.1      -0.4       0.0      -0.3      -7.1
Belgium                0.0      -0.6       0.7      -0.3       0.7      -1.1
Denmark                NA       -0.3      -0.5       NA        NA        NA
France                -0.6      -1.1       0.1      -0.2      -0.9      -2.2

Germany 2/            -0.6      -0.8      -0.9       0.3      -0.6      -1.2
Italy                  0.5      -0.1       1.6       0.9       0.0      -1.3
Netherlands           -0.2      -0.3      -0.2       0.0      -0.2      -0.1
Norway                -0.1       0.0      -0.2       0.3      -0.3      -0.4
Sweden                 0.5       0.4       0.3       1.7      -0.1      -1.4
United Kingdom        -0.2      -0.8      -0.3       0.3      -0.3       0.6


Total labor compensation in manufacturing 3/:  National currency basis

United States          3.9       5.8       3.9       3.4       3.7      -4.2

Canada                 5.0       7.5       5.6       2.4       4.9       2.1
Japan                  2.5       5.9       5.1       0.7      -1.1      -2.6
Korea                  NA        NA       19.9      16.8       4.1       7.0
Taiwan                 8.6      15.9      10.6       6.8       4.2      -9.4
Belgium                3.1       4.7       4.0       1.3       1.9       4.1
Denmark                4.9       9.1       4.8       2.3       3.1       3.2
France                 3.8       9.0       3.6       1.1       0.8       4.0

Germany 2/             3.3       4.0       5.2       2.3       1.6       2.3
Italy                  7.1      13.0       8.2       4.0       3.1       2.7
Netherlands            3.1       2.3       3.5       2.8       3.4       4.7
Norway                 5.4       8.0       4.7       4.0       4.9       3.3
Sweden                 5.8       8.9       7.9       2.0       4.8       0.9
United Kingdom         4.8       6.2       8.1       2.5       3.2      -0.3

                                                       Continued on next page

-11-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related 
measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001
or area


Hourly compensation 3/:  National currency basis

United States          4.6       7.2       3.9       3.5       4.0       1.5

Canada                 4.7       9.1       4.2       3.7       1.4       3.5
Japan                  3.4       4.7       4.6       3.6       1.0       0.7
Korea                  NA        NA       15.6      18.2       6.9       8.7
Taiwan                 8.6      12.6      11.5       7.1       4.0       2.2
Belgium                4.6       8.1       3.7       3.9       2.0       5.2
Denmark                NA        9.3       6.2       NA        NA        NA
France                 5.9      12.7       4.3       3.9       1.9       5.0

Germany 2/             5.1       6.0       5.0       6.4       3.1       3.1
Italy                  7.7      15.9       6.8       4.9       2.8       3.8
Netherlands            4.0       5.0       2.6       4.5       3.3       4.9
Norway                 6.7      10.0       7.8       3.4       5.1       5.4
Sweden                 6.7       9.8       8.4       4.0       4.8       3.4
United Kingdom         7.8      12.2       9.4       5.4       4.6       3.4


Unit labor costs:  National currency basis

United States          1.3       3.6       1.4       0.2      -0.5       2.0

Canada                 2.6       5.3       3.7      -0.1       0.4       5.5
Japan                 -0.1       1.1       0.3       0.3      -3.0       2.4
Korea                  NA        NA        6.9       7.8      -3.7       5.2
Taiwan                 2.5       7.1       3.4       1.7      -1.5      -3.9
Belgium                0.9       2.0       1.5       0.7      -1.3       3.9
Denmark                3.4       6.7       5.4       0.6       1.4      -1.4
France                 1.7       7.3       1.1      -0.1      -2.6       2.2

Germany 2/             2.6       3.8       2.8       3.1       0.7       1.7
Italy                  5.4      12.0       4.8       2.4       1.9       2.0
Netherlands            0.7       0.5       0.3       0.8       0.7       4.4
Norway                 5.3       7.4       6.4       2.8       4.3       4.6
Sweden                 2.3       6.5       6.4      -1.6      -2.7       3.4
United Kingdom         4.1       7.5       4.5       2.1       2.2       2.1

                                                       Continued on next page

-12-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related 
measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001
or area


Unit labor costs:  U.S. dollar basis

United States          1.3       3.6       1.4       0.2      -0.5       2.0

Canada                 1.3       2.7       7.0      -3.3      -1.2       1.2
Japan                  2.5      -0.3      10.8       9.4      -5.7      -9.2
Korea                  NA        NA       11.1       6.0     -10.8      -7.9
Taiwan                 2.8       5.3      11.8       2.0      -4.7     -11.2
Belgium               -1.0      -9.3      13.8       3.3      -8.8       0.7
Denmark                1.3      -5.0      17.4       2.7      -5.8      -4.2
France                -0.8      -5.3      11.7       1.7      -9.2      -0.9

Germany 2/             1.8      -4.1      15.9       5.6      -6.9      -1.4
Italy                  0.9      -2.5      15.1      -3.7      -3.1      -1.1
Netherlands           -0.2      -7.6      13.1       3.4      -7.0       1.3
Norway                 2.5      -1.7      13.3       2.5      -2.3       2.4
Sweden                -1.7      -5.2      14.7      -5.2      -7.5      -8.3
United Kingdom         2.3      -1.0      11.4      -0.4       1.3      -3.0


Exchange rates 4/

United States          --        --        --        --        --        --

Canada                -1.3      -2.5       3.2      -3.2      -1.6      -4.1
Japan                  2.7      -1.5      10.5       9.1      -2.7     -11.3
Korea                 -4.4      -9.2       3.9      -1.7      -7.3     -12.5
Taiwan                 0.3      -1.7       8.2       0.3      -3.3      -7.6
Belgium               -1.9     -11.1      12.2       2.5      -7.6      -3.0
Denmark               -2.1     -11.0      11.4       2.0      -7.1      -2.8
France                -2.4     -11.7      10.5       1.8      -6.8      -3.0

Germany 2/            -0.8      -7.6      12.7       2.5      -7.5      -3.0
Italy                 -4.3     -12.9       9.8      -6.0      -4.9      -3.0
Netherlands           -0.9      -8.0      12.7       2.6      -7.6      -3.0
Norway                -2.6      -8.4       6.6      -0.3      -6.4      -2.0
Sweden                -3.9     -11.0       7.8      -3.7      -4.9     -11.3
United Kingdom        -1.7      -7.9       6.6      -2.4      -0.8      -5.0



r = revised                                       NA = Not Available

1/Rates of change based on the compound            3/Adjusted to include taxes 
rate method.                                         that are not compensation 
                                                      to employees
                                                      but are labor costs to 
                                                      employers.
                                                      


2/Data for years before 1991 pertain to the        4/Value of foreign currency
 former West Germany.                                relative to
                                                     the U.S. dollar.                                               

-13-

Trade-weighted unit labor costs

  BLS constructs indexes of U.S. unit labor cost trends relative to a trade-
weighted average of unit labor cost trends in the other economies to take 
account of differences in the relative importance of foreign economies to U.S. 
trade in manufactured goods.  Chart 3 begins in 1979, a year in which U.S. 
manufacturing output reached a business cycle peak.

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT
Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-
2001

  The construction of the trade-weighted indexes is a three-step process.  
First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common 
year (in this case, 1979=100).  Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is 
calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor 
economies; the weights reflect each country's importance in terms of U.S. trade 
in manufactured goods.  Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided 
by the "competitors" index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative 
ratio of the U.S. to the competitors.  This process is used to calculate the 
relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and 
a U.S. dollar basis.  In this release, the relative U.S. trade-weighted indexes 
are estimated against 12 economies for which comparable data are available over 
this period; the indexes underlying this chart are shown in table C.
  In chart 3, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster 
than "competitors" costs from 1979 to 1986 on a U.S. dollar basis.  In most 
years from 1986 to 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the 
"competitors" costs or fell at a faster rate.  From 1996 to 1998, however, the 
strength of the U.S. dollar caused relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise.  
After a dip in 1999, the index of relative U.S. unit labor costs rose again in 
2000 and 2001.

-14-

Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor
costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-2001

        Unit Labor Costs             Unit Labor Costs
        National Currency Basis      U.S. Dollar Basis
  Year   Own     Competitors'        Own        Competitors'
         Index   Index        Ratio  Index      Index      Ratio

  1979   100.0      100.0     100.0   100.0      100.0     100.0
  1980   111.4      110.4     100.9   111.4      110.1     101.2
  1981   116.5      118.4      98.4   116.5      108.9     107.0
  1982   124.2      126.0      98.6   124.2      104.9     118.5
  1983   121.6      127.6      95.3   121.6      103.3     117.7
  1984   121.0      128.2      94.4   121.0       97.9     123.5
  1985   123.4      129.6      95.2   123.4       96.1     128.4
  1986   128.9      135.5      95.1   128.9      122.3     105.4
  1987   122.8      137.4      89.4   122.8      140.8      87.2
  1988   122.5      137.3      89.3   122.5      151.4      80.9
  1989   128.0      140.2      91.3   128.0      149.3      85.7
  1990   132.4      146.1      90.6   132.4      161.8      81.8
  1991   138.0      151.7      91.0   138.0      171.0      80.7
  1992   141.3      155.0      91.2   141.3      179.0      79.0
  1993   142.3      155.6      91.4   142.3      175.2      81.2
  1994   139.2      153.0      91.0   139.2      175.2      79.4
  1995   134.0      152.4      87.9   134.0      184.4      72.6
  1996   132.1      153.4      86.1   132.1      176.2      75.0
  1997   129.9      151.5      85.8   129.9      161.6      80.4
  1998   131.2      153.5      85.5   131.2      155.1      84.6
  1999   129.1      151.3      85.3   129.1      157.6      81.9
  2000   130.4      146.7      88.9   130.4      148.5      87.8
  2001   133.0      150.7      88.2   133.0      142.6      93.2



-15-

Technical Notes

  Labor productivity is defined as real output per hour worked.  Although the 
labor productivity measure presented in this release relates output to the hours 
worked of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific 
contributions of labor as a single factor of production.  Rather, it reflects 
the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital 
investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as 
the skills and efforts of the workforce.
  Unit labor costs are defined as the cost of labor input required to produce 
one unit of output.  They are computed as labor compensation in nominal terms 
divided by real output.
  The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor 
productivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic 
aggregate measures -- output, total labor hours, and total compensation.  The 
hours and compensation measures refer to employees (wage and salary earners) in 
Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan.  For all other countries, the measures 
refer to all employed persons, including employees, self-employed persons, and 
unpaid family workers.  For all of the countries, the term "hours" refers to 
hours worked.
  In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the 
International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).  However, the measures 
for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 
1966 and the measures for France include parts of mining.  
  The comparisons in this release make use of data made available to BLS as of 
December 2002 by the statistical agencies of the individual countries.  For some 
countries, the data for the most recent years are based on the European System 
of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95) or on the United Nations System of 
National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93).  For other countries, data were compiled 
according to previously used systems.
  To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data series which were 
compiled according to different accounting systems by the countries' statistical 
agencies.
  Output.  For most countries, the output measures are value added in 
manufacturing from the national accounts.  However, output for Japan prior to 
1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of industrial production.  
The manufacturing value added measures for the United Kingdom are essentially 
identical to their indexes of industrial production.
  The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chain-
weighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value added), 
introduced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of 
Commerce in August 1996.  U.S. gross product originating is a chain-type annual-
weighted series.  Because these value added output data for U.S. manufacturing 
industries are not available for years prior to 1977, the comparative U.S. 
measures of output, output per hour, and unit labor costs begin with 1977.  For 
more information on the U.S. measure, see Sherlene K.S. Lum, Brian C. Moyer, and 
Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry for 1947-
98," Survey of Current Business, June 2000, pp. 24-38.

-16-

  The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output 
series that BLS publishes as part of its major sector productivity and costs 
program.  While both series are based on annually-changing price weights, the 
gross product originating series is on a value added basis rather than the 
sectoral output basis used in the official U.S. manufacturing productivity 
series.  Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector sales and transfers.  
For information on sectoral output, see William Gullickson, "Measurement of 
productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 
13-28.
  A value added concept has been used for the international comparisons series 
because the data are more readily available from the countries' national 
accounts, whereas sectoral output would require a complex estimation procedure.  
Also, although BLS has determined that sectoral output is the correct concept 
for U.S. measures of productivity, there are other considerations that may make 
value added a better concept for international comparisons of labor 
productivity, such as differences among countries in the extent of vertical 
integration of industries.
  Estimation of manufacturing real output using moving price weights is becoming 
prevalent.  For example, the output measure for manufacturing in the United 
States is the chain-weighted index of real gross product originating, based on 
annually changing price weights.  However, many earlier time periods within the 
historical real output series have been estimated using fixed price weights, 
with the weights updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years).
  Measures of real output also may differ among countries because of different 
approaches to estimating the prices of high-technology products like computers 
and, in general, of products that undergo rapid quality change.
  Labor Input. The aggregate hours worked series used for France (from 1970 
forward), Norway, Sweden, and Canada are series published with the national 
accounts.  For the former West Germany after 1959 and Germany from 1991, BLS 
uses aggregate hours worked, which were developed by a research institute of the 
German Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures.  
For the United Kingdom from 1992, an index of total manufacturing hours is used, 
derived from published quarterly indices of manufacturing hours.  For all other 
countries, the U.K. before 1992, and the former West Germany before 1959, BLS 
constructs its own estimates of aggregate hours, using employment figures 
published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, 
and estimates of average annual hours worked.  Hours measures for Denmark are 
not available after 1993 due to a lack of comparable data.  
Compensation (Labor Cost).  The compensation measures are from national accounts 
data.  Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally required 
insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, in addition to all 
payments made in cash or in kind directly to employees.  For Canada, France, and 
Sweden, compensation is increased to account for important taxes on payroll or 
employment.  For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 
1991 to account for subsidies.  When data for the self-employed are not 
available, total compensation is estimated by assuming the same hourly 
compensation for self-employed and employees.  Real compensation for the U.S. is 
derived using the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS).

-17-

Data for Germany.  The average annual growth rates for Germany pertain to 
unified Germany from 1991 forward and to the former West Germany for prior 
years.  The data series are linked in 1991.  In the historic data tables, 
separate index series are shown for unified Germany and for former West Germany.  
The West German estimates end with 1998, the last year for which the German 
Statistical Office has published the necessary underlying data.  These estimates 
have not been updated or revised by BLS since they were published in the news 
release USDL 99-235, on Aug. 27, 1999. 
Current Indicators.  The measures for recent years may be based on current 
indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, 
average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other 
statistics, normally used for the long-term measures, become available.
Trade-Weighted Measures.  The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and the European 
countries were obtained by re-scaling a series of weights, developed by the 
International Monetary Fund, based on average trade flows over the 1989-91 
period.  These weights are based on aggregate trade data for total manufacturing 
and take account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third 
country" markets.  The 1989-91 weights do not include Taiwan.  BLS developed 
weights for Taiwan by using data from an earlier study from the International 
Monetary Fund and other sources.  The weight used for Germany is based on the 
trade weight of the former West Germany.
  The following weights were used for the entire period for which trade-weighted 
unit labor cost measures are produced:
  
     Country   Weight        Country       Weight
    
     Canada    25.31         Germany       11.61
     Japan     30.57         Italy          4.60
     Taiwan     5.79         Netherlands    2.25
     Belgium    2.14         Norway         0.48
     Denmark    0.48         Sweden         1.89
     France     5.90         United Kingdom 8.99
  
   
Level Comparisons.  The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does 
not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs 
because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of 
manufacturing output among countries.  Each country measures manufacturing 
output in its own currency units.  To compare outputs among countries, a common 
unit of measure is needed.  Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis 
for comparing output levels.  What is needed are purchasing power parities, 
which are the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and 
services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency.
  Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic product (GDP) 
from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).  However, 
these parities are derived for expenditures made by consumers, business, and 
government for goods and 

-18-

services -- not for value added by industry.  Therefore, they do not provide 
purchasing power parities by industry.  The parities developed for total GDP are 
not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing.
European exchange rates.  On Jan. 1, 1999, 11 European countries joined the 
European Monetary Union (EMU).  Greece joined on Jan. 1, 2001.  Currencies of 
EMU members are established at fixed conversion rates to the euro, the official 
currency of the EMU.  Exchange rates between the national currencies of EMU 
countries and the U.S. dollar are no longer reported; only the exchange rate 
between the euro and the U.S. dollar is available.
  Beginning with 1999, exchange rates in national currencies for Belgium, 
France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated by taking the number 
of euros per U.S. dollar and then converting euros into national currencies at 
fixed conversion rates.
    
1 euro equals:     40.3399 Belgian francs   1936.27 Italian lire
                   6.55957 French francs    2.20371 Netherlands guilders
                   1.95583 German marks
    
The currency exchange rates cited in this publication are annual averages of 
daily buying rates in New York City.

- 19 -

Table 1.  Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950     NA     26.0      NA       NA       NA       NA      21.2     12.2      NA      13.2     13.5     11.1     24.9     19.5     24.5

  1955     NA     31.9      8.6      NA       NA       NA      23.1     15.3      NA      19.7     18.8     14.2     29.0     21.3     26.5

  1960     NA     37.8     13.8      NA       NA      18.0     28.1     19.9      NA      29.2     23.6     18.3     37.4     27.3     30.0
  1961     NA     39.8     15.6      NA       NA      18.2     29.7     21.1      NA      30.6     25.5     19.3     38.7     28.7     30.1
  1962     NA     42.7     16.4      NA       NA      19.2     31.2     22.5      NA      32.8     28.2     20.0     38.7     30.9     30.7
  1963     NA     44.5     17.7      NA       NA      19.9     32.2     23.7      NA      34.1     29.0     20.8     40.7     32.7     32.4
  1964     NA     46.3     20.1      NA       NA      21.2     34.9     25.6      NA      37.1     29.3     22.8     43.0     35.5     34.5
  1965     NA     48.6     21.0      NA       NA      22.3     36.6     27.3      NA      39.3     32.6     24.3     45.6     38.2     35.5
  1966     NA     49.5     23.0      NA       NA      23.8     38.4     29.6      NA      40.9     35.4     25.9     47.5     39.8     36.7
  1967     NA     50.0     26.0      NA       NA      25.1     41.4     31.4      NA      43.4     37.2     27.8     49.2     43.2     38.4
  1968     NA     52.7     29.1      NA       NA      27.3     44.4     34.7      NA      47.0     40.1     31.2     52.2     47.2     41.3
  1969     NA     55.4     33.4      NA       NA      29.9     46.7     36.9      NA      50.4     41.6     34.3     57.1     50.9     42.3

  1970     NA     54.9     37.5      NA       NA      32.9     49.4     39.1      NA      52.0     44.3     37.5     58.8     52.2     43.2
  1971     NA     58.2     39.8      NA       NA      35.1     52.8     41.4      NA      54.0     45.0     39.7     60.6     54.5     45.4
  1972     NA     61.3     43.6      NA       NA      39.2     57.6     43.2      NA      57.4     47.8     42.9     63.7     57.2     47.9
  1973     NA     65.2     47.6      NA      33.1     43.5     63.5     46.3      NA      61.1     52.1     47.5     67.6     61.4     51.4
  1974     NA     66.2     48.8      NA      32.0     45.8     65.2     47.3      NA      63.2     55.3     51.0     70.2     64.0     52.2
  1975     NA     63.4     50.2      NA      33.7     47.6     70.6     49.0      NA      65.9     52.3     50.3     69.5     65.0     51.1
  1976     NA     68.8     53.2      NA      36.7     52.4     74.4     52.0      NA      70.6     59.8     55.8     71.1     66.0     53.3
  1977    68.3    72.4     55.3      NA      38.5     55.0     77.3     55.0      NA      72.7     61.7     60.3     72.2     65.0     53.8
  1978    69.2    73.8     57.5      NA      43.4     58.3     79.6     57.5      NA      75.2     64.9     64.3     73.5     66.8     54.6
  1979    70.1    73.9     62.2      NA      45.1     61.4     83.3     59.5      NA      78.4     71.1     67.4     78.9     72.0     55.0

  1980    70.5    72.9     63.2      NA      47.7     65.4     86.2     61.7      NA      77.2     74.2     68.1     77.5     73.1     54.3
  1981    74.1    76.5     65.2      NA      52.8     70.1     87.3     65.2      NA      78.7     73.8     69.7     77.2     72.7     57.1
  1982    76.2    77.1     67.9      NA      54.1     73.5     88.4     69.9      NA      78.8     74.0     70.9     80.5     75.4     60.2
  1983    80.0    81.9     68.8      NA      57.5     81.0     93.5     73.5      NA      82.6     75.7     76.5     83.2     80.9     65.0
  1984    83.2    88.8     71.2      NA      59.1     85.0     94.3     76.0      NA      85.4     81.9     84.0     88.3     85.2     68.4
  1985    86.0    91.1     76.5     54.9     60.9     87.0     95.8     80.0      NA      89.1     87.4     87.6     91.1     86.2     71.1
  1986    86.0    87.6     76.1     58.9     66.6     87.8     91.8     82.6      NA      89.6     87.9     89.3     89.8     87.5     73.9
  1987    92.9    87.8     80.2     63.2     72.8     88.9     91.5     84.2      NA      88.1     89.3     90.1     94.2     89.2     78.1
  1988    96.9    89.6     83.9     68.7     76.4     92.0     94.1     88.6      NA      91.5     93.9     92.0     93.1     90.5     82.6
  1989    95.7    92.5     88.6     73.2     83.1     96.9    100.2     92.3      NA      94.6     95.5     95.9     95.5     93.2     86.2

  1990    96.9    93.4     94.4     81.3     88.9     96.8     99.1     93.8      NA      99.0     95.8     98.3     97.6     94.6     89.2
  1991    97.9    95.3     99.0     91.4     96.6     99.1     99.5     97.0     98.3    101.9     95.9     99.0     98.2     95.5     93.8
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   102.1   105.8    101.7    108.1    102.9    102.5     99.3    100.6    101.8    100.6    101.4    102.5     99.6    107.3    103.9
  1994   107.3   110.8    103.3    118.0    106.7    108.4      NA     108.2    109.6    107.9    104.9    113.5     99.6    117.8    107.2
  1995   113.8   112.4    111.0    129.2    115.1    113.2      NA     113.9    112.3    111.2    108.0    117.6    100.7    124.5    104.9
  1996   117.0   109.7    116.1    142.5    123.1    117.3      NA     114.6    114.7    115.1    108.1    119.7    102.5    129.5    103.8
  1997   121.3   113.5    121.0    163.3    129.2    127.0      NA     121.9    120.4    121.8    109.9    121.7    102.0    141.0    105.0
  1998   126.5   113.1    121.2    182.9    135.8    129.4      NA     127.7    122.0    127.1    110.0    124.5     99.9    149.5    106.9
  1999   133.7   116.0    126.7    202.3    143.1    128.8      NA     132.7    121.3      NA     109.9    127.4    103.6    162.7    111.3

  2000   142.1   118.4    135.9    218.4    150.6    133.2      NA     142.5    126.7      NA     113.0    134.0    104.5    181.0    117.8
  2001   141.5   116.1    133.8    225.5    160.1    134.9      NA     146.4    128.4      NA     115.0    134.5    105.3    181.0    119.3

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 20 -

Table 2.  Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950     NA     28.3      NA       NA       NA       NA      29.9     14.7      NA      19.2     14.2     14.5     32.6     25.3     30.1

  1955     NA     33.4     10.3      NA       NA       NA      31.9     18.3      NA      28.8     20.3     18.5     38.0     27.5     32.9

  1960     NA     39.3     17.1      NA       NA      22.6     36.9     24.0      NA      38.4     25.7     24.1     47.1     33.3     36.5
  1961     NA     41.3     19.1      NA       NA      22.9     37.8     25.6      NA      39.6     27.5     24.4     48.0     34.7     36.2
  1962     NA     44.6     19.6      NA       NA      24.1     40.1     27.2      NA      41.3     29.5     25.1     47.9     37.1     36.6
  1963     NA     46.6     21.0      NA       NA      25.0     40.7     28.7      NA      42.4     30.4     26.1     50.1     38.9     38.5
  1964     NA     48.7     23.7      NA       NA      26.5     44.4     30.8      NA      46.1     30.7     28.2     53.3     41.8     41.4
  1965     NA     51.1     24.3      NA       NA      27.4     46.5     32.6      NA      48.7     33.1     30.0     55.2     44.5     42.0
  1966     NA     51.6     26.8      NA       NA      29.1     48.0     35.4      NA      50.0     36.4     31.8     57.6     46.4     42.6
  1967     NA     52.2     30.4      NA       NA      30.3     51.1     37.3      NA      51.7     38.7     34.0     59.2     49.5     44.3
  1968     NA     55.0     33.9      NA       NA      33.0     53.5     40.0      NA      56.6     41.8     37.5     61.3     52.9     48.0
  1969     NA     57.5     38.3      NA       NA      35.7     55.7     43.6      NA      60.7     43.0     40.6     65.5     56.1     49.1

  1970     NA     56.7     42.6      NA       NA      38.3     57.0     45.6      NA      62.4     44.9     43.6     67.0     57.4     49.4
  1971     NA     59.9     44.5      NA       NA      40.2     60.7     47.9      NA      63.4     44.3     45.7     68.3     59.8     50.7
  1972     NA     63.1     48.5      NA       NA      43.9     64.7     49.6      NA      66.6     46.8     48.7     70.7     61.1     52.9
  1973     NA     66.6     52.4      NA      36.9     47.6     67.5     52.2      NA      70.4     51.7     52.9     74.6     64.4     57.5
  1974     NA     67.1     51.5      NA      34.4     48.7     70.8     52.7      NA      71.4     52.9     55.0     76.4     66.5     56.6
  1975     NA     63.5     51.8      NA      37.1     48.0     74.2     52.9      NA      72.5     49.1     53.3     75.2     66.2     55.2
  1976     NA     69.0     56.5      NA      40.5     53.8     78.6     56.3      NA      79.9     56.2     59.0     74.9     66.4     58.1
  1977    67.1    72.6     58.9      NA      42.6     56.1     80.9     59.1      NA      81.1     57.7     63.5     74.8     64.9     59.0
  1978    67.9    74.5     61.5      NA      47.5     59.4     82.3     61.3      NA      82.8     60.6     67.0     74.6     64.9     59.6
  1979    68.4    74.2     67.0      NA      49.2     62.6     86.1     63.4      NA      86.0     65.8     69.4     78.7     69.0     59.8

  1980    67.9    72.6     68.0      NA      52.1     65.6     89.6     65.6      NA      83.5     68.9     70.5     77.8     69.3     57.4
  1981    71.4    75.4     69.7      NA      54.9     68.7     89.6     68.4      NA      84.1     68.4     72.5     77.6     69.3     59.2
  1982    72.1    75.4     72.3      NA      56.2     73.7     92.1     70.5      NA      83.7     68.5     74.6     80.2     72.1     62.9
  1983    77.8    81.2     73.4      NA      59.8     79.2     98.7     73.8      NA      87.9     70.0     80.6     83.3     78.3     67.8
  1984    82.0    87.9     76.6      NA      61.9     82.5     99.3     76.2      NA      90.9     75.9     87.2     88.2     84.0     71.4
  1985    84.9    90.7     82.1     60.7     62.0     85.7     97.5     79.9      NA      93.1     80.2     88.6     90.7     84.4     73.8
  1986    84.8    87.7     81.2     66.3     69.0     86.5     95.6     82.7      NA      93.0     83.1     89.9     89.5     85.3     76.4
  1987    92.1    88.6     86.0     70.0     75.4     88.4     93.2     84.7      NA      91.3     86.9     90.2     91.6     88.0     80.9
  1988    96.9    92.3     90.9     74.2     78.2     93.0     95.9     89.6      NA      94.4     92.0     92.9     91.2     89.1     85.7
  1989    95.7    93.2     94.8     76.0     83.8     97.5    100.8     93.3      NA      96.2     94.7     96.3     94.1     91.5     89.0

  1990    96.3    93.6     99.7     83.2     88.8     98.5     98.5     94.3      NA      98.8     95.0     98.6     96.0     93.9     91.3
  1991    96.6    95.1    102.2     92.7     96.6     99.2     99.1     96.5     94.7    101.0     96.0     99.1     97.2     94.7     93.9
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   103.4   106.9     99.6    108.3    102.9    100.9     98.5    100.5     99.4     97.6     99.8    102.4     99.9    110.0    104.9
  1994   109.7   113.0    101.4    119.0    107.0    109.7    110.2    108.2    107.8    104.7    106.9    113.5    100.1    126.4    109.6
  1995   115.6   114.1    109.7    130.5    114.9    113.3    113.7    113.1    110.5    107.3    112.2    117.8    100.3    134.5    109.1
  1996   118.7   112.2    115.4    141.7    122.7    117.9    108.5    113.9    110.3    109.3    110.9    119.8    101.5    139.6    108.4
  1997   123.9   116.0    119.6    160.1    129.2    127.8    118.1    120.8    115.9    116.0    114.2    121.4    100.8    151.6    109.3
  1998   128.1   116.2    117.3    172.2    133.2    130.4    117.5    126.3    117.9    122.3    113.5    123.8     99.1    160.8    110.3
  1999   136.3   120.4    122.5    205.7    141.2    133.1    120.7    130.5    116.7      NA     113.8    126.8    103.1    176.0    114.5

  2000   143.6   122.7    133.6    219.2    148.4    137.7    125.4    135.4    120.7      NA     117.6    133.2    102.5    194.9    120.9
  2001   140.7   119.1    130.5    221.1    146.5    137.9    132.2    136.1    120.9      NA     118.1    133.6    102.9    192.2    123.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 21 -

Table 3.  Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950     NA     22.0      2.2      NA       NA       NA      29.1     16.6      NA      14.5     10.1     16.4     38.8     30.9     49.6

  1955     NA     28.5      4.9      NA       NA       NA      32.0     20.6      NA      27.5     15.6     22.5     47.5     35.7     58.3

  1960     NA     33.4     10.7      NA       NA      30.7     44.4     27.9      NA      41.5     23.0     31.0     57.4     45.9     67.3
  1961     NA     34.7     12.9      NA       NA      32.1     46.8     30.0      NA      44.0     25.4     32.1     59.8     49.0     67.6
  1962     NA     38.6     14.0      NA       NA      34.6     50.8     32.1      NA      46.2     28.1     33.7     60.3     52.8     67.7
  1963     NA     41.2     15.6      NA       NA      36.2     51.4     34.6      NA      47.1     29.9     35.1     63.9     55.4     70.2
  1964     NA     45.1     18.1      NA       NA      39.5     57.5     37.8      NA      51.2     30.3     38.5     68.4     60.3     76.5
  1965     NA     49.5     18.8      NA       NA      40.8     61.3     39.7      NA      55.0     31.9     41.1     72.0     64.5     78.7
  1966     NA     52.9     21.3      NA       NA      43.2     62.6     43.3      NA      55.9     34.8     43.4     76.3     66.3     80.1
  1967     NA     53.9     25.6      NA       NA      43.7     63.7     45.4      NA      54.7     38.3     45.1     78.8     68.5     80.6
  1968     NA     57.0     29.5      NA       NA      46.7     67.3     47.9      NA      60.3     41.8     49.3     80.7     72.0     86.6
  1969     NA     60.7     34.4      NA       NA      52.2     71.8     53.7      NA      67.4     44.5     54.1     86.6     77.7     89.9

  1970     NA     58.9     39.2      7.0     12.7     57.6     73.9     57.7      NA      70.9     48.1     58.2     90.6     80.7     90.2
  1971     NA     62.5     41.0      8.3     15.5     60.1     75.1     61.3      NA      71.6     48.8     60.2     92.9     81.2     89.3
  1972     NA     67.9     44.7      9.5     18.9     64.7     81.5     64.2      NA      73.8     51.5     61.8     97.2     81.7     91.2
  1973     NA     74.9     50.4     12.3     22.3     70.6     85.5     69.1      NA      78.5     58.1     66.2    102.8     87.5     99.7
  1974     NA     76.5     49.1     14.3     21.0     73.4     85.9     70.4      NA      77.7     61.8     68.7    106.3     92.2     98.4
  1975     NA     70.4     46.6     16.2     22.0     67.9     82.1     69.0      NA      74.1     58.3     64.2    104.0     92.5     91.6
  1976     NA     76.4     50.6     19.9     27.0     73.0     86.8     73.0      NA      79.8     66.9     68.1    103.5     92.5     93.3
  1977    72.5    78.8     52.2     22.8     30.6     73.3     88.2     76.4      NA      81.3     69.3     71.5    103.5     87.2     95.2
  1978    76.5    83.2     53.7     27.5     37.1     74.3     88.8     78.1      NA      82.8     72.7     73.7    101.4     84.9     95.7
  1979    79.0    85.9     58.4     30.1     40.0     76.2     92.8     79.6      NA      87.1     80.3     75.6    105.5     90.3     95.5

  1980    75.8    83.6     60.4     29.9     44.0     78.2     94.4     81.6      NA      85.3     84.4     75.7    104.4     90.7     87.2
  1981    79.2    86.6     62.6     32.7     47.3     77.2     90.4     82.2      NA      84.4     81.8     75.8    102.5     88.0     81.8
  1982    74.6    78.7     64.6     34.6     48.5     80.4     92.1     83.4      NA      81.5     80.2     75.0    102.0     88.3     81.7
  1983    79.2    82.5     66.6     39.5     54.1     84.6     98.0     85.5      NA      82.7     79.6     77.3    100.6     93.9     83.5
  1984    87.6    91.8     71.0     46.0     62.2     87.2    103.0     85.7      NA      85.2     82.2     81.8    105.5    101.3     86.5
  1985    90.0    96.9     76.7     48.8     64.3     89.1    106.1     87.5      NA      88.3     84.9     84.2    109.2    102.9     89.0
  1986    88.6    96.8     75.5     57.9     74.7     89.1    106.9     89.0      NA      89.7     86.4     86.4    108.9    104.0     90.2
  1987    96.4   100.7     79.0     68.5     84.3     88.8    101.8     89.1      NA      88.0     89.0     87.5    111.5    106.6     94.5
  1988   103.2   108.5     85.3     76.7     87.7     93.3    100.9     93.2      NA      90.9     95.0     89.9    106.1    109.8    101.4
  1989   102.4   111.3     90.9     79.4     90.8     99.1    105.0     97.7      NA      94.0     98.3     93.9    102.1    110.9    105.5

  1990   101.6   106.0     97.1     86.7     90.0    101.0    102.8     99.1      NA      99.1     99.4     98.6    100.9    110.1    105.4
  1991    98.3    99.0    102.0     95.0     96.1    100.7    101.5     99.8    102.3    102.8     99.3     99.8     99.0    104.1    100.0
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   103.5   105.9     96.3    105.4    102.4     97.0     95.6     95.7     92.4     91.8     96.5     98.2    101.7    101.9    101.4
  1994   111.1   114.1     94.9    116.8    108.5    101.4    105.6    100.3     95.1     93.5    102.4    104.8    104.6    117.0    106.1
  1995   118.4   119.6     98.9    129.9    114.9    104.2    111.6    104.9     95.2     93.7    107.2    108.6    107.3    131.9    107.8
  1996   121.3   119.6    103.0    138.7    120.3    106.7    106.7    104.6     92.5     92.5    105.4    109.2    110.3    136.4    108.5
  1997   127.9   127.7    106.5    147.8    128.3    114.0    115.2    109.7     95.7     95.8    108.8    111.9    114.2    146.5    109.9
  1998   133.1   132.8    100.2    136.8    132.6    116.5    115.7    115.0     97.7    100.7    110.7    115.2    113.7    158.3    110.8
  1999   139.5   141.0    101.9    165.6    141.5    117.3    117.7    118.7     95.7      NA     110.5    118.0    113.6    172.5    111.1

  2000   146.1   148.8    109.2    191.9    151.8    122.0    121.4    124.1     99.8      NA     113.9    123.9    110.2    191.1    113.4
  2001   137.3   143.9    103.9    195.2    143.1    122.3    127.1    126.3    100.4      NA     114.7    124.2    108.9    186.6    110.7

NA:  Not Available

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 22 -

Table 4.  Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950    85.5    84.8      NA       NA       NA       NA     137.3    136.3      NA     109.8     75.0    147.8    155.6    158.5    202.2

  1955    94.6    89.4     57.0      NA       NA       NA     138.5    135.1      NA     139.6     83.1    158.2    163.7    167.3    220.2

  1960    92.1    88.3     77.8      NA       NA     170.7    157.8    140.0      NA     142.3     97.6    169.7    153.6    168.3    224.6
  1961    89.7    87.2     82.4      NA       NA     175.9    157.5    141.6      NA     143.9     99.6    166.2    154.5    171.0    224.7
  1962    93.4    90.3     85.1      NA       NA     180.3    162.7    142.7      NA     140.8     99.5    168.3    155.8    170.8    220.3
  1963    94.4    92.6     87.9      NA       NA     181.8    159.6    146.0      NA     138.1    103.2    168.6    156.9    169.1    216.6
  1964    96.4    97.2     90.0      NA       NA     186.5    164.9    147.8      NA     138.0    103.5    169.0    159.2    169.6    221.7
  1965   102.0   101.9     89.8      NA       NA     183.2    167.5    145.1      NA     140.0     97.7    169.4    158.1    168.8    221.5
  1966   108.6   106.8     92.8      NA       NA     181.5    162.8    146.5      NA     136.7     98.2    167.4    160.8    166.5    218.2
  1967   108.0   107.9     98.3      NA       NA     173.6    153.8    144.5      NA     125.9    102.8    161.8    160.1    158.4    209.8
  1968   109.6   108.2    101.4      NA       NA     170.9    151.7    138.1      NA     128.3    104.2    157.9    154.6    152.6    209.6
  1969   110.9   109.7    103.0      NA       NA     174.9    153.6    145.5      NA     133.8    107.0    157.6    151.7    152.5    212.4

  1970   104.4   107.1    104.4      NA       NA     174.7    149.5    147.5      NA     136.3    108.5    155.4    153.9    154.7    208.8
  1971   100.5   107.4    103.1      NA       NA     171.4    142.1    148.2      NA     132.5    108.4    151.6    153.4    149.1    196.9
  1972   105.1   110.8    102.6      NA       NA     165.2    141.4    148.4      NA     128.7    107.7    144.1    152.6    142.9    190.5
  1973   110.4   114.9    106.0      NA      67.4    162.1    134.8    149.2      NA     128.4    111.4    139.4    152.1    142.5    194.1
  1974   107.9   115.5    100.6      NA      65.6    160.4    131.7    148.8      NA     122.9    111.8    134.6    151.5    144.0    188.5
  1975    97.2   111.1     92.8      NA      65.1    142.6    116.3    140.8      NA     112.5    111.4    127.5    149.6    142.3    179.3
  1976   101.9   111.1     95.0      NA      73.7    139.4    116.7    140.5      NA     113.1    111.9    122.0    145.5    140.2    175.1
  1977   106.1   108.8     94.4      NA      79.3    133.3    114.1    138.7      NA     111.8    112.3    118.4    143.2    134.2    176.9
  1978   110.6   112.8     93.3      NA      85.5    127.4    111.5    135.9      NA     110.1    112.0    114.6    137.9    127.1    175.4
  1979   112.7   116.2     93.8      NA      88.7    124.2    111.3    133.7      NA     111.0    112.9    112.0    133.7    125.5    173.7

  1980   107.5   114.6     95.6      NA      92.3    119.7    109.6    132.3      NA     110.5    113.8    111.2    134.7    124.0    160.5
  1981   107.0   113.2     95.9      NA      89.7    110.2    103.6    126.0      NA     107.1    111.0    108.8    132.7    121.0    143.3
  1982    97.9   102.0     95.1      NA      89.6    109.4    104.1    119.3      NA     103.4    108.4    105.7    126.8    117.2    135.6
  1983    98.9   100.7     96.8      NA      94.0    104.3    104.9    116.2      NA     100.1    105.3    101.0    120.9    116.1    128.4
  1984   105.3   103.4     99.8      NA     105.2    102.6    109.2    112.9      NA      99.7    100.3     97.4    119.4    118.9    126.4
  1985   104.6   106.4    100.3     88.8    105.5    102.4    110.7    109.4      NA      99.1     97.1     96.1    119.9    119.4    125.2
  1986   103.0   110.5     99.2     98.3    112.2    101.5    116.4    107.7      NA     100.1     98.3     96.7    121.2    118.9    122.0
  1987   103.8   114.7     98.5    108.3    115.8    100.0    111.2    105.8      NA      99.9     99.7     97.2    118.3    119.5    121.0
  1988   106.6   121.2    101.7    111.6    114.8    101.5    107.2    105.2      NA      99.3    101.2     97.7    114.0    121.4    122.8
  1989   107.1   120.2    102.7    108.5    109.2    102.3    104.7    105.7      NA      99.3    103.0     97.9    106.8    119.0    122.4

  1990   104.8   113.5    102.9    106.6    101.3    104.3    103.7    105.6      NA     100.1    103.7    100.3    103.4    116.4    118.1
  1991   100.4   103.9    103.1    103.9     99.5    101.5    102.1    102.9    104.1    100.9    103.6    100.8    100.8    109.0    106.6
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   101.4   100.1     94.7     97.5     99.6     94.7     96.2     95.1     90.8     91.3     95.2     95.8    102.1     94.9     97.6
  1994   103.6   103.0     91.9     98.9    101.6     93.6      NA      92.7     86.8     86.7     97.6     92.4    105.0     99.4     99.0
  1995   104.0   106.4     89.1    100.6     99.8     92.0      NA      92.1     84.8     84.3     99.3     92.3    106.6    105.9    102.7
  1996   103.6   109.0     88.7     97.3     97.7     91.0      NA      91.3     80.6     80.4     97.5     91.2    107.6    105.3    104.6
  1997   105.4   112.4     88.0     90.5     99.3     89.7      NA      90.0     79.5     78.6     99.0     91.9    112.0    103.9    104.7
  1998   105.2   117.5     82.7     74.8     97.7     90.0      NA      90.0     80.1     79.3    100.6     92.6    113.7    105.9    103.7
  1999   104.4   121.5     80.4     81.9     98.9     91.0      NA      89.4     78.9      NA     100.5     92.6    109.6    106.0     99.9

  2000   102.8   125.6     80.3     87.9    100.8     91.6      NA      87.1     78.8      NA     100.7     92.5    105.4    105.6     96.3
  2001    97.1   123.9     77.7     86.5     89.4     90.7      NA      86.2     78.2      NA      99.7     92.3    103.4    103.1     92.8

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 23 -

Table 5.  Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950    84.3    77.9      NA       NA       NA       NA      97.5    112.9      NA      75.2     71.4    113.5    119.0    122.0    164.6

  1955    93.1    85.3     47.8      NA       NA       NA     100.2    112.5      NA      95.5     77.1    121.2    124.9    129.7    177.1

  1960    92.6    84.8     62.8      NA       NA     135.7    120.3    116.1      NA     108.1     89.5    128.8    121.9    137.8    184.3
  1961    90.0    84.1     67.5      NA       NA     140.1    123.7    116.9      NA     111.3     92.4    131.6    124.5    141.3    186.9
  1962    92.8    86.5     71.3      NA       NA     143.3    126.8    118.1      NA     111.8     95.3    134.1    126.0    142.2    185.1
  1963    93.5    88.5     74.1      NA       NA     144.7    126.4    120.6      NA     111.0     98.3    134.8    127.4    142.4    182.2
  1964    94.9    92.5     76.4      NA       NA     148.8    129.5    122.9      NA     111.0     98.6    136.5    128.5    144.3    185.0
  1965    99.3    96.9     77.4      NA       NA     148.7    131.7    121.7      NA     113.0     96.3    137.2    130.6    144.8    187.4
  1966   105.4   102.4     79.7      NA       NA     148.5    130.4    122.3      NA     111.8     95.7    136.3    132.4    143.0    187.9
  1967   106.7   103.3     84.3      NA       NA     143.9    124.6    121.8      NA     105.8     98.8    132.3    133.2    138.3    182.1
  1968   108.5   103.8     87.2      NA       NA     141.5    125.7    119.7      NA     106.6    100.2    131.5    131.7    136.0    180.4
  1969   110.6   105.7     89.7      NA       NA     146.3    129.0    123.2      NA     111.0    103.6    133.1    132.3    138.4    182.9

  1970   106.3   103.9     91.9      NA       NA     150.2    129.7    126.4      NA     113.6    107.0    133.7    135.3    140.6    182.6
  1971   102.2   104.4     92.3      NA       NA     149.6    123.6    128.0      NA     112.9    109.9    131.6    136.1    135.9    176.4
  1972   105.0   107.7     92.3      NA       NA     147.4    125.8    129.5      NA     110.8    110.0    126.9    137.5    133.8    172.2
  1973   110.5   112.5     96.2      NA      60.3    148.4    126.6    132.2      NA     111.5    112.4    125.2    137.8    135.8    173.2
  1974   110.1   113.9     95.3      NA      61.2    150.7    121.4    133.7      NA     108.9    116.9    124.8    139.3    138.7    173.9
  1975   100.6   110.9     90.0      NA      59.3    141.5    110.6    130.3      NA     102.2    118.5    120.4    138.3    139.8    165.9
  1976   104.2   110.7     89.5      NA      66.7    135.8    110.5    129.6      NA      99.9    119.1    115.4    138.1    139.4    160.6
  1977   108.2   108.5     88.6      NA      71.9    130.5    109.1    129.1      NA     100.3    120.1    112.6    138.3    134.5    161.2
  1978   112.7   111.7     87.4      NA      78.1    125.0    107.8    127.6      NA     100.0    120.0    110.0    135.8    130.7    160.5
  1979   115.6   115.7     87.2      NA      81.4    121.8    107.8    125.6      NA     101.2    121.9    108.8    134.0    131.0    159.6

  1980   111.6   115.1     88.9      NA      84.4    119.3    105.4    124.3      NA     102.2    122.6    107.3    134.2    130.9    151.8
  1981   111.0   114.8     89.8      NA      86.2    112.4    100.9    120.1      NA     100.3    119.6    104.6    132.0    127.0    138.0
  1982   103.5   104.3     89.3      NA      86.3    109.2     99.9    118.3      NA      97.4    117.1    100.5    127.3    122.4    129.9
  1983   101.8   101.6     90.8      NA      90.5    106.8     99.3    115.8      NA      94.1    113.7     95.9    120.8    119.9    123.2
  1984   106.8   104.4     92.7      NA     100.4    105.7    103.7    112.5      NA      93.7    108.4     93.8    119.6    120.5    121.1
  1985   106.0   106.8     93.5     80.3    103.7    104.0    108.8    109.6      NA      94.9    105.8     95.0    120.5    122.0    120.6
  1986   104.5   110.4     93.0     87.3    108.4    103.0    111.8    107.6      NA      96.4    103.9     96.0    121.7    121.9    118.0
  1987   104.7   113.7     91.9     97.9    111.8    100.5    109.3    105.1      NA      96.4    102.5     97.0    121.8    121.1    116.8
  1988   106.6   117.6     93.9    103.4    112.2    100.4    105.3    104.0      NA      96.3    103.3     96.8    116.3    123.3    118.3
  1989   107.0   119.4     95.9    104.4    108.3    101.7    104.1    104.6      NA      97.6    103.8     97.5    108.4    121.2    118.6

  1990   105.4   113.2     97.5    104.3    101.4    102.5    104.3    105.1      NA     100.3    104.6    100.0    105.2    117.2    115.4
  1991   101.8   104.1     99.8    102.5     99.5    101.5    102.4    103.5    108.0    101.8    103.5    100.7    101.9    109.9    106.5
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   100.1    99.1     96.8     97.3     99.6     96.1     97.0     95.2     93.0     94.0     96.8     95.9    101.8     92.6     96.6
  1994   101.3   100.9     93.6     98.1    101.4     92.5     95.8     92.7     88.2     89.3     95.8     92.4    104.5     92.6     96.8
  1995   102.5   104.8     90.1     99.6     99.9     91.9     98.1     92.7     86.2     87.3     95.6     92.1    107.0     98.0     98.8
  1996   102.2   106.6     89.3     97.9     98.1     90.5     98.3     91.8     83.8     84.6     95.1     91.1    108.7     97.7    100.1
  1997   103.2   110.0     89.1     92.3     99.3     89.2     97.5     90.9     82.6     82.6     95.3     92.2    113.3     96.6    100.6
  1998   104.0   114.3     85.5     79.5     99.6     89.3     98.4     91.0     82.9     82.4     97.5     93.1    114.7     98.4    100.4
  1999   102.4   117.1     83.2     80.5    100.2     88.1     97.6     90.9     82.0      NA      97.1     93.1    110.2     98.0     97.0

  2000   101.8   121.2     81.7     87.6    102.3     88.6     96.8     91.7     82.7      NA      96.9     93.1    107.5     98.0     93.8
  2001    97.6   120.7     79.6     88.3     97.7     88.7     96.2     92.8     83.0      NA      97.1     93.0    105.8     97.0     89.8

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 24 -

Table 6.  Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950   101.4   108.8      NA       NA       NA       NA     140.7    120.7      NA     146.0    105.1    130.2    130.8    129.9    122.8

  1955   101.5   104.8    119.3      NA       NA       NA     138.2    120.0      NA     146.1    107.8    130.5    131.1    129.0    124.4

  1960    99.5   104.1    123.9      NA       NA     125.8    131.2    120.6      NA     131.7    109.0    131.8    126.0    122.1    121.8
  1961    99.6   103.6    122.0      NA       NA     125.5    127.3    121.1      NA     129.4    107.8    126.3    124.1    121.1    120.2
  1962   100.6   104.4    119.5      NA       NA     125.8    128.3    120.9      NA     126.0    104.4    125.4    123.7    120.1    119.0
  1963   100.9   104.7    118.6      NA       NA     125.7    126.3    121.0      NA     124.4    104.9    125.0    123.1    118.8    118.9
  1964   101.6   105.1    117.9      NA       NA     125.3    127.4    120.3      NA     124.3    104.9    123.9    123.9    117.5    119.8
  1965   102.7   105.2    115.9      NA       NA     123.2    127.2    119.2      NA     123.9    101.4    123.5    121.1    116.6    118.1
  1966   103.0   104.4    116.5      NA       NA     122.2    124.8    119.8      NA     122.3    102.6    122.8    121.4    116.4    116.1
  1967   101.2   104.5    116.7      NA       NA     120.7    123.4    118.6      NA     119.0    104.0    122.3    120.2    114.5    115.2
  1968   101.0   104.2    116.4      NA       NA     120.7    120.6    115.3      NA     120.4    104.0    120.1    117.4    112.2    116.2
  1969   100.2   103.9    114.8      NA       NA     119.5    119.1    118.1      NA     120.6    103.3    118.4    114.7    110.2    116.2

  1970    98.2   103.2    113.6      NA       NA     116.3    115.3    116.7      NA     119.9    101.4    116.2    113.8    110.0    114.4
  1971    98.4   102.8    111.8      NA       NA     114.6    114.9    115.8      NA     117.3     98.6    115.1    112.7    109.7    111.7
  1972   100.0   102.9    111.1      NA       NA     112.0    112.4    114.6      NA     116.2     97.9    113.5    111.0    106.8    110.6
  1973    99.9   102.1    110.1      NA     111.7    109.3    106.4    112.8      NA     115.2     99.1    111.3    110.3    104.9    112.1
  1974    98.0   101.5    105.6      NA     107.3    106.4    108.5    111.3      NA     112.9     95.6    107.9    108.8    103.8    108.4
  1975    96.6   100.2    103.2      NA     109.9    100.7    105.1    108.1      NA     110.1     94.0    105.9    108.1    101.8    108.1
  1976    97.7   100.3    106.2      NA     110.5    102.6    105.6    108.4      NA     113.2     94.0    105.7    105.3    100.6    109.0
  1977    98.1   100.3    106.5      NA     110.4    102.1    104.6    107.5      NA     111.5     93.5    105.2    103.5     99.8    109.8
  1978    98.1   101.0    106.9      NA     109.6    101.9    103.4    106.5      NA     110.1     93.3    104.2    101.6     97.2    109.3
  1979    97.5   100.5    107.6      NA     109.0    102.0    103.3    106.5      NA     109.7     92.6    103.0     99.8     95.8    108.9

  1980    96.3    99.6    107.6      NA     109.3    100.4    104.0    106.4      NA     108.1     92.8    103.6    100.4     94.8    105.7
  1981    96.4    98.7    106.8      NA     104.1     98.1    102.7    104.9      NA     106.8     92.8    104.1    100.5     95.3    103.8
  1982    94.6    97.8    106.5      NA     103.9    100.2    104.2    100.8      NA     106.2     92.6    105.2     99.6     95.7    104.4
  1983    97.2    99.1    106.6      NA     103.9     97.7    105.6    100.3      NA     106.4     92.6    105.3    100.1     96.9    104.2
  1984    98.6    99.0    107.7      NA     104.8     97.1    105.3    100.4      NA     106.4     92.6    103.8     99.9     98.6    104.4
  1985    98.7    99.6    107.3    110.6    101.7     98.5    101.8     99.8      NA     104.5     91.8    101.2     99.5     97.9    103.8
  1986    98.6   100.1    106.7    112.6    103.5     98.6    104.2    100.0      NA     103.9     94.5    100.7     99.6     97.5    103.4
  1987    99.1   100.9    107.2    110.7    103.6     99.4    101.8    100.7      NA     103.6     97.3    100.2     97.2     98.7    103.6
  1988   100.0   103.0    108.3    108.0    102.3    101.1    101.8    101.2      NA     103.2     98.0    101.0     98.0     98.5    103.8
  1989   100.0   100.7    107.1    103.9    100.8    100.6    100.6    101.0      NA     101.7     99.2    100.4     98.5     98.2    103.2

  1990    99.4   100.2    105.6    102.3     99.9    101.8     99.4    100.5      NA      99.8     99.2    100.4     98.3     99.3    102.3
  1991    98.7    99.8    103.2    101.4    100.0    100.0     99.7     99.5     96.3     99.1    100.1    100.1     98.9     99.2    100.1
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   101.3   101.0     97.9    100.2    100.0     98.5     99.2     99.9     97.6     97.0     98.4     99.9    100.3    102.6    101.0
  1994   102.2   102.0     98.1    100.8    100.2    101.2      NA      99.9     98.4     97.1    101.9    100.0    100.5    107.3    102.3
  1995   101.5   101.6     98.9    101.0     99.9    100.1      NA      99.3     98.4     96.5    103.8    100.2     99.6    108.0    104.0
  1996   101.5   102.3     99.4     99.4     99.7    100.5      NA      99.4     96.2     95.0    102.5    100.1     99.0    107.8    104.5
  1997   102.2   102.2     98.8     98.0    100.0    100.6      NA      99.1     96.3     95.2    103.9     99.7     98.9    107.5    104.1
  1998   101.2   102.7     96.8     94.1     98.1    100.8      NA      98.9     96.6     96.2    103.2     99.5     99.2    107.6    103.3
  1999   102.0   103.8     96.7    101.7     98.7    103.3      NA      98.4     96.2      NA     103.6     99.5     99.5    108.2    102.9

  2000   101.0   103.6     98.3    100.3     98.5    103.4      NA      95.0     95.3      NA     104.0     99.4     98.1    107.7    102.7
  2001    99.4   102.6     97.6     98.0     91.5    102.2      NA      92.9     94.2      NA     102.7     99.3     97.7    106.2    103.3

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 25 -

Table 7.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     8.7     5.4      NA       NA       NA       NA       2.1      1.6      NA       3.4      0.9      3.0      2.2      1.9      1.5

  1955    11.7     7.7      3.1      NA       NA       NA       2.8      2.9      NA       5.0      1.4      4.4      3.4      2.9      2.2

  1960    14.9    10.0      4.3      NA       NA       5.4      3.8      4.3      NA       8.1      1.8      6.2      4.7      4.1      3.0
  1961    15.3    10.2      5.0      NA       NA       5.7      4.3      4.8      NA       9.1      2.0      7.0      5.2      4.5      3.2
  1962    15.9    10.6      5.7      NA       NA       6.2      4.7      5.3      NA      10.3      2.3      7.5      5.7      5.0      3.3
  1963    16.4    11.1      6.4      NA       NA       6.8      5.1      5.8      NA      11.0      2.8      8.3      6.1      5.5      3.5
  1964    17.0    11.5      7.2      NA       NA       7.7      5.5      6.3      NA      11.9      2.9      9.6      6.5      6.0      3.7
  1965    17.4    12.2      8.1      NA       NA       8.5      6.2      6.8      NA      13.1      3.1     10.7      7.2      6.6      4.0
  1966    18.2    13.1      8.9      NA       NA       9.4      7.0      7.2      NA      14.2      3.3     12.0      7.8      7.3      4.4
  1967    19.2    13.8     10.0      NA       NA      10.3      7.8      7.7      NA      15.0      3.7     13.3      8.7      8.1      4.5
  1968    20.7    14.7     11.7      NA       NA      11.0      8.6      8.8      NA      16.1      3.9     14.8      9.6      8.7      4.8
  1969    22.2    15.9     13.8      NA       NA      12.1      9.7      9.3      NA      17.6      4.3     16.8     10.6      9.6      5.3

  1970    23.7    17.1     16.4      NA       NA      13.7     11.1     10.5      NA      20.7      5.3     19.5     11.8     10.7      6.1
  1971    25.2    18.2     19.0      NA       NA      15.9     12.8     11.8      NA      23.2      6.1     22.3     13.5     12.1      6.9
  1972    26.5    19.5     21.9      NA       NA      18.8     14.3     13.0      NA      25.6      6.7     25.6     15.2     13.5      8.0
  1973    28.5    21.2     26.7      NA       9.5     22.3     17.5     14.9      NA      29.0      7.9     30.5     17.1     15.2      9.1
  1974    31.6    24.6     35.1      NA      13.9     27.4     21.4     17.7      NA      33.0     10.3     36.4     20.1     17.9     11.0
  1975    35.5    28.3     40.8      NA      14.9     33.1     25.7     21.6      NA      36.4     12.7     41.6     24.0     21.9     14.6
  1976    38.4    32.5     44.0      NA      16.7     38.3     28.9     24.8      NA      39.1     15.8     46.5     27.7     25.7     16.9
  1977    41.8    36.1     48.5      NA      18.2     41.4     32.2     28.1      NA      42.8     18.9     50.6     31.1     28.1     19.1
  1978    45.2    38.8     51.7      NA      20.5     44.4     35.8     31.7      NA      45.9     21.5     54.8     34.1     31.1     22.3
  1979    49.6    42.7     55.0      NA      24.3     47.2     40.4     35.9      NA      49.3     26.0     58.9     35.8     33.5     26.5

  1980    55.6    47.6     58.5      NA      29.6     52.5     45.0     41.3      NA      53.6     30.4     62.1     39.0     37.3     32.1
  1981    61.1    53.8     62.7      NA      38.0     57.3     50.0     48.0      NA      57.0     36.2     65.0     43.3     41.2     37.4
  1982    67.0    61.0     65.8      NA      41.5     59.9     54.9     56.7      NA      60.4     42.2     69.0     48.2     44.2     41.2
  1983    68.8    65.3     67.5      NA      43.3     65.7     59.4     62.6      NA      63.1     48.6     72.2     52.9     49.1     44.4
  1984    71.2    69.0     69.6      NA      46.2     71.4     63.6     68.0      NA      66.0     55.7     74.9     57.9     53.2     48.1
  1985    75.1    71.9     72.4     33.1     49.5     75.3     68.8     73.6      NA      70.0     63.1     78.9     63.4     58.6     52.9
  1986    78.5    73.0     76.1     35.2     55.7     77.3     71.1     76.6      NA      72.8     65.9     82.0     69.1     63.4     57.6
  1987    80.7    74.7     77.8     40.3     60.9     79.7     78.4     79.3      NA      76.0     69.4     84.7     78.4     67.7     64.3
  1988    84.0    77.5     79.2     50.0     65.6     81.1     82.9     81.9      NA      79.1     74.6     85.3     83.3     71.8     68.7
  1989    86.6    82.6     84.1     57.6     74.3     85.9     87.7     86.1      NA      83.2     80.9     86.8     87.2     79.4     73.8

  1990    90.8    88.3     90.6     68.5     85.3     90.1     92.7     90.9      NA      89.4     87.6     89.8     92.3     87.8     82.9
  1991    95.6    95.0     96.5     86.1     93.5     97.3     96.0     96.4     91.5     95.1     94.2     94.8     97.5     95.5     93.8
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   102.7   102.0    102.7    114.0    106.0    104.8    103.0    102.6    106.4    105.9    105.7    104.5    101.5     97.4    104.6
  1994   105.6   103.7    104.7    129.5    111.1    106.1      NA     106.0    111.8    111.7    106.8    109.0    104.4     99.8    106.8
  1995   107.9   106.0    108.3    158.1    120.3    109.2      NA     110.0    117.6    117.7    111.3    112.1    109.2    106.8    107.9
  1996   109.4   107.0    109.1    184.1    128.2    111.0      NA     112.1    123.3    123.7    119.0    114.4    113.6    115.2    109.5
  1997   111.5   109.3    112.6    197.7    132.3    115.2      NA     112.0    125.7    126.6    123.0    117.2    118.7    121.0    113.6
  1998   117.4   110.5    115.4    214.8    140.2    116.9      NA     112.6    127.6    127.6    122.2    122.0    125.7    125.6    120.6
  1999   122.1   112.3    114.8    211.1    144.0    118.4      NA     116.3    130.6      NA     124.6    126.0    133.0    130.3    127.3

  2000   131.1   113.9    113.7    221.1    146.2    120.5      NA     120.8    137.2      NA     127.8    132.1    140.0    135.3    134.9
  2001   133.1   117.8    114.5    240.2    149.4    126.7      NA     126.9    141.4      NA     132.6    138.5    147.6    139.8    139.5

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 26 -

Table 8.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     8.7     6.0      NA       NA       NA       NA       1.8      2.5      NA       1.3      1.9      1.4      1.9      2.1      2.5

  1955    11.7     9.5      1.1      NA       NA       NA       2.5      4.3      NA       1.9      2.7      2.0      2.9      3.3      3.5

  1960    14.9    12.4      1.5      NA       NA       3.5      3.4      4.7      NA       3.0      3.5      2.9      4.1      4.6      4.7
  1961    15.3    12.2      1.8      NA       NA       3.7      3.8      5.1      NA       3.5      3.9      3.4      4.5      5.0      5.0
  1962    15.9    12.0      2.0      NA       NA       4.0      4.1      5.7      NA       4.0      4.6      3.7      5.0      5.6      5.3
  1963    16.4    12.4      2.2      NA       NA       4.4      4.5      6.2      NA       4.3      5.5      4.0      5.3      6.2      5.5
  1964    17.0    12.9      2.5      NA       NA       5.0      4.8      6.8      NA       4.7      5.8      4.7      5.6      6.8      5.8
  1965    17.4    13.7      2.8      NA       NA       5.5      5.4      7.3      NA       5.1      6.2      5.2      6.2      7.5      6.4
  1966    18.2    14.7      3.1      NA       NA       6.1      6.1      7.7      NA       5.5      6.6      5.8      6.8      8.2      6.9
  1967    19.2    15.4      3.5      NA       NA       6.7      6.8      8.3      NA       5.9      7.3      6.5      7.6      9.1      7.0
  1968    20.7    16.5      4.1      NA       NA       7.1      7.0      9.4      NA       6.3      7.8      7.2      8.4      9.9      6.6
  1969    22.2    17.9      4.9      NA       NA       7.7      7.8      9.5      NA       7.0      8.5      8.2      9.3     10.8      7.1

  1970    23.7    19.8      5.8      NA       NA       8.9      8.9     10.0      NA       8.9     10.3      9.5     10.3     12.0      8.3
  1971    25.2    21.7      6.9      NA       NA      10.5     10.4     11.3      NA      10.4     12.1     11.2     11.9     13.8      9.6
  1972    26.5    23.8      9.2      NA       NA      13.7     12.4     13.6      NA      12.6     14.1     14.0     14.3     16.5     11.4
  1973    28.5    25.6     12.5      NA       6.3     18.5     17.6     17.8      NA      17.1     16.7     19.3     18.5     20.3     12.7
  1974    31.6    30.5     15.2      NA       9.2     22.6     21.2     19.5      NA      19.9     19.4     23.9     22.6     23.5     14.6
  1975    35.5    33.7     17.5      NA       9.9     29.0     27.0     26.7      NA      23.1     23.9     29.0     28.6     30.8     18.4
  1976    38.4    39.9     18.8      NA      11.0     31.9     28.9     27.4      NA      24.3     23.5     30.9     31.6     34.3     17.3
  1977    41.8    41.1     23.0      NA      12.1     37.1     32.4     30.3      NA      28.8     26.4     36.3     36.3     36.7     18.9
  1978    45.2    41.2     31.5      NA      13.9     45.4     39.3     37.3      NA      35.8     31.2     44.6     40.4     40.2     24.2
  1979    49.6    44.0     32.0      NA      16.9     51.7     46.4     44.6      NA      42.0     38.6     51.6     43.9     45.5     31.9

  1980    55.6    49.1     32.8      NA      20.7     57.7     48.2     51.7      NA      46.1     43.8     55.0     49.0     51.4     42.2
  1981    61.1    54.2     36.0      NA      26.0     49.5     42.3     46.7      NA      39.3     39.1     45.8     46.9     47.3     42.8
  1982    67.0    59.7     33.5      NA      26.7     42.1     39.7     45.6      NA      38.8     38.4     45.4     46.4     41.0     40.8
  1983    68.8    64.0     36.0      NA      27.2     41.3     39.2     43.5      NA      38.6     39.4     44.5     45.0     37.2     38.1
  1984    71.2    64.4     37.1      NA      29.3     39.7     37.1     41.2      NA      36.3     39.1     41.1     44.1     37.5     36.4
  1985    75.1    63.6     38.5     30.2     31.2     40.8     39.2     43.4      NA      37.2     40.7     41.8     45.8     39.7     38.9
  1986    78.5    63.5     57.3     31.2     37.0     55.6     53.0     58.5      NA      52.4     54.4     58.9     58.0     51.8     47.9
  1987    80.7    68.1     68.2     38.3     48.3     68.6     69.2     69.8      NA      66.0     66.0     73.6     72.3     62.1     59.7
  1988    84.0    76.2     78.3     53.5     57.7     70.9     74.3     72.8      NA      70.4     70.6     75.9     79.3     68.2     69.3
  1989    86.6    84.3     77.2     67.0     70.8     70.1     72.3     71.4      NA      69.1     72.7     71.9     78.4     71.6     68.4

  1990    90.8    91.5     79.2     75.6     79.7     86.6     90.4     88.3      NA      86.4     90.1     86.7     91.7     86.4     83.7
  1991    95.6   100.1     90.9     91.7     87.9     91.5     90.5     90.4     86.1     89.4     93.5     89.1     93.3     91.9     93.9
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   102.7    95.5    117.2    111.0    100.9     97.4     95.9     95.8    100.4    100.0     82.8     98.9     88.8     72.8     89.0
  1994   105.6    91.7    129.9    126.0    105.6    102.1      NA     101.1    107.6    107.6     81.7    105.4     91.9     75.3     92.6
  1995   107.9    93.3    146.1    160.5    114.2    119.1      NA     116.8    128.3    128.3     84.2    122.8    107.1     87.1     96.4
  1996   109.4    94.8    127.2    179.4    117.4    115.3      NA     116.0    128.0    128.4     95.0    119.3    109.3    100.1     96.7
  1997   111.5    95.3    117.9    163.7    115.6    103.4      NA     101.5    113.2    114.0     88.9    105.6    104.1     92.2    105.4
  1998   117.4    90.0    111.7    120.4    105.1    103.5      NA     101.0    113.3    113.3     86.7    108.2    103.4     92.0    113.1
  1999   122.1    91.4    128.0    139.2    112.1    100.5      NA     100.0    111.1      NA      84.5    107.1    105.9     91.7    116.6

  2000   131.1    92.6    133.7    153.4    117.7     88.6      NA      90.0    101.1      NA      75.1     97.3     98.7     85.9    115.7
  2001   133.1    91.9    119.4    145.9    111.1     90.4      NA      91.6    101.1      NA      75.6     98.9    102.0     78.8    113.7

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 27 -

Table 9.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     NA     20.9      NA       NA       NA       NA       9.8     13.4      NA      25.5      7.0     27.0      8.9      9.5      6.3

  1955     NA     24.2     36.5      NA       NA       NA      12.2     18.8      NA      25.4      7.2     30.8     11.6     13.8      8.3

  1960     NA     26.4     31.3      NA       NA      30.1     13.6     21.7      NA      27.8      7.5     33.7     12.7     15.0      9.8
  1961     NA     25.7     32.1      NA       NA      31.5     14.5     22.6      NA      29.7      7.7     36.4     13.4     15.6     10.5
  1962     NA     24.8     35.0      NA       NA      32.1     15.1     23.4      NA      31.5      8.2     37.5     14.7     16.2     10.8
  1963     NA     24.9     36.1      NA       NA      34.2     15.9     24.2      NA      32.2      9.5     39.7     14.9     16.9     10.7
  1964     NA     24.9     35.8      NA       NA      36.3     15.9     24.5      NA      32.1     10.0     42.1     15.1     16.9     10.7
  1965     NA     25.1     38.7      NA       NA      38.3     16.8     24.8      NA      33.3      9.6     44.3     15.7     17.4     11.4
  1966     NA     26.5     38.9      NA       NA      39.6     18.2     24.3      NA      34.7      9.4     46.5     16.5     18.2     11.9
  1967     NA     27.6     38.5      NA       NA      40.9     18.9     24.6      NA      34.5      9.9     47.9     17.8     18.6     11.8
  1968     NA     27.9     40.0      NA       NA      40.3     19.4     25.2      NA      34.3      9.8     47.5     18.5     18.5     11.7
  1969     NA     28.8     41.4      NA       NA      40.4     20.8     25.3      NA      35.0     10.4     49.1     18.6     18.8     12.5

  1970     NA     31.1     43.8      NA      23.8     41.7     22.4     26.8      NA      39.8     11.9     51.9     20.1     20.6     14.1
  1971     NA     31.2     47.8      NA      24.8     45.2     24.2     28.5      NA      42.9     13.5     56.1     22.3     22.2     15.3
  1972     NA     31.8     50.2      NA      24.9     47.9     24.9     30.0      NA      44.7     13.9     59.6     23.8     23.6     16.8
  1973     NA     32.6     56.2      NA      28.8     51.2     27.6     32.2      NA      47.5     15.1     64.1     25.3     24.8     17.8
  1974     NA     37.2     71.9      NA      43.5     59.9     32.8     37.4      NA      52.1     18.6     71.3     28.6     27.9     21.0
  1975     NA     44.7     81.4      NA      44.2     69.5     36.3     44.1      NA      55.2     24.2     82.7     34.5     33.7     28.6
  1976     NA     47.3     82.7      NA      45.5     73.1     38.8     47.6      NA      55.4     26.4     83.2     39.0     38.9     31.8
  1977    61.2    49.9     87.7      NA      47.3     75.3     41.7     51.1      NA      58.8     30.7     83.9     43.1     43.3     35.6
  1978    65.3    52.6     89.9      NA      47.4     76.1     45.0     55.1      NA      61.1     33.1     85.2     46.4     46.6     40.9
  1979    70.7    57.8     88.4      NA      53.8     76.8     48.5     60.2      NA      62.9     36.6     87.4     45.4     46.6     48.3

  1980    78.8    65.2     92.6      NA      62.2     80.3     52.2     67.0      NA      69.4     41.0     91.2     50.3     51.0     59.0
  1981    82.4    70.4     96.0      NA      72.1     81.7     57.3     73.5      NA      72.4     49.0     93.4     56.1     56.6     65.5
  1982    87.9    79.1     96.8      NA      76.8     81.5     62.1     81.2      NA      76.7     57.0     97.4     59.9     58.7     68.5
  1983    86.0    79.7     98.1      NA      75.2     81.1     63.5     85.1      NA      76.4     64.2     94.4     63.6     60.7     68.2
  1984    85.6    77.8     97.8      NA      78.1     84.0     67.4     89.6      NA      77.3     67.9     89.2     65.6     62.5     70.3
  1985    87.3    78.9     94.7     60.4     81.3     86.5     71.7     91.9      NA      78.6     72.2     90.1     69.6     68.0     74.4
  1986    91.2    83.3     99.9     59.8     83.5     88.0     77.4     92.6      NA      81.2     74.9     91.9     76.9     72.5     77.9
  1987    86.9    85.1     97.0     63.8     83.7     89.7     85.7     94.2      NA      86.3     77.8     94.1     83.2     75.8     82.4
  1988    86.7    86.6     94.3     72.8     85.9     88.1     88.1     92.5      NA      86.5     79.4     92.7     89.5     79.4     83.2
  1989    90.5    89.3     94.9     78.7     89.5     88.7     87.5     93.2      NA      87.9     84.8     90.5     91.3     85.1     85.6

  1990    93.7    94.6     95.9     84.2     95.9     93.0     93.5     96.9      NA      90.3     91.5     91.4     94.6     92.9     92.9
  1991    97.6    99.6     97.4     94.1     96.8     98.1     96.5     99.3     93.1     93.3     98.2     95.8     99.2    100.0    100.1
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   100.6    96.4    101.0    105.4    103.0    102.3    103.7    101.9    104.5    105.3    104.3    102.0    101.9     90.8    100.7
  1994    98.5    93.6    101.4    109.8    104.1     97.9     96.2     97.9    102.0    103.6    101.9     96.1    104.8     84.7     99.7
  1995    94.8    94.3     97.6    122.4    104.5     96.4     96.4     96.6    104.7    105.9    103.0     95.3    108.4     85.8    102.9
  1996    93.5    97.5     94.0    129.1    104.1     94.7    103.2     97.8    107.5    107.5    110.0     95.6    110.8     89.0    105.5
  1997    91.9    96.2     93.0    121.0    102.3     90.7     99.4     91.9    104.5    103.9    111.9     96.3    116.4     85.8    108.2
  1998    92.8    97.7     95.2    117.4    103.2     90.4    102.8     88.2    104.6    100.4    111.1     98.1    125.7     84.0    112.8
  1999    91.3    96.8     90.6    104.4    100.7     91.9    103.7     87.7    107.6      NA     113.4     98.9    128.4     80.1    114.4

  2000    92.3    96.1     83.6    101.2     97.1     90.4    103.2     84.8    108.3      NA     113.1     98.6    134.0     74.7    114.5
  2001    94.1   101.5     85.6    106.5     93.3     93.9    101.7     86.6    110.1      NA     115.3    103.0    140.1     77.2    117.0

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 28 -

Table 10.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     NA     23.1      NA       NA       NA       NA       8.5     20.3      NA       9.5     13.8     12.5      7.7     10.7     10.0

  1955     NA     29.7     12.8      NA       NA       NA      10.7     28.4      NA       9.4     14.1     14.2     10.1     15.5     13.2

  1960     NA     32.9     11.0      NA       NA      19.4     12.0     23.4      NA      10.4     15.0     15.7     11.1     16.9     15.6
  1961     NA     30.6     11.3      NA       NA      20.3     12.7     24.3      NA      11.6     15.3     17.6     11.7     17.6     16.7
  1962     NA     28.1     12.3      NA       NA      20.7     13.2     25.3      NA      12.3     16.3     18.3     12.8     18.3     17.2
  1963     NA     27.8     12.7      NA       NA      22.0     13.9     26.2      NA      12.6     18.8     19.4     13.0     18.9     17.0
  1964     NA     27.9     12.5      NA       NA      23.5     13.9     26.4      NA      12.6     19.8     20.5     13.1     19.1     16.9
  1965     NA     28.2     13.6      NA       NA      24.8     14.7     26.8      NA      13.0     19.0     21.6     13.7     19.6     18.0
  1966     NA     29.7     13.6      NA       NA      25.6     15.9     26.2      NA      13.6     18.6     22.6     14.3     20.6     18.9
  1967     NA     30.9     13.5      NA       NA      26.5     16.3     26.5      NA      13.5     19.6     23.4     15.5     21.0     18.3
  1968     NA     31.3     14.1      NA       NA      25.9     15.7     27.0      NA      13.4     19.4     23.1     16.1     20.9     15.9
  1969     NA     32.3     14.6      NA       NA      25.9     16.7     25.8      NA      13.9     20.4     23.8     16.2     21.1     16.9

  1970     NA     36.0     15.5      NA      14.9     27.0     18.0     25.7      NA      17.1     23.3     25.3     17.5     23.1     19.1
  1971     NA     37.3     17.4      NA      15.6     29.9     19.8     27.3      NA      19.3     26.9     28.3     19.7     25.3     21.2
  1972     NA     38.8     21.0      NA      15.7     35.0     21.6     31.5      NA      21.9     29.4     32.7     22.5     28.9     23.7
  1973     NA     39.3     26.3      NA      18.9     42.4     27.7     38.4      NA      28.0     32.0     40.6     27.4     33.1     24.7
  1974     NA     46.0     31.3      NA      28.8     49.5     32.5     41.2      NA      31.5     35.2     46.8     32.2     36.7     27.9
  1975     NA     53.1     34.8      NA      29.3     60.9     38.2     54.5      NA      35.1     45.7     57.6     41.1     47.4     36.0
  1976     NA     58.0     35.4      NA      30.1     60.9     38.8     52.8      NA      34.4     39.2     55.4     44.4     52.0     32.5
  1977    61.2    56.7     41.5      NA      31.3     67.6     42.0     55.0      NA      39.6     42.8     60.2     50.3     56.4     35.1
  1978    65.3    55.8     54.7      NA      32.2     77.8     49.3     64.9      NA      47.6     48.1     69.4     55.0     60.1     44.4
  1979    70.7    59.6     51.4      NA      37.5     84.2     55.7     74.9      NA      53.6     54.3     76.6     55.7     63.3     58.0

  1980    78.8    67.4     51.8      NA      43.4     88.3     55.9     83.9      NA      59.6     59.0     80.7     63.3     70.2     77.7
  1981    82.4    70.9     55.2      NA      49.2     70.6     48.4     71.6      NA      49.9     53.1     65.7     60.7     65.1     75.0
  1982    87.9    77.5     49.3      NA      49.4     57.2     44.9     65.3      NA      49.3     51.9     64.1     57.7     54.4     67.8
  1983    86.0    78.1     52.4      NA      47.2     51.0     41.9     59.1      NA      46.7     52.1     58.2     54.1     46.1     58.6
  1984    85.6    72.5     52.2      NA      49.6     46.8     39.3     54.3      NA      42.4     47.7     48.9     50.0     44.0     53.2
  1985    87.3    69.8     50.3     55.0     51.3     46.9     40.9     54.2      NA      41.7     46.6     47.8     50.3     46.1     54.7
  1986    91.2    72.4     75.3     53.0     55.6     63.4     57.7     70.8      NA      58.5     61.9     66.0     64.6     59.2     64.8
  1987    86.9    77.6     85.1     60.6     66.3     77.2     75.5     82.9      NA      74.9     73.9     81.7     76.7     69.6     76.5
  1988    86.7    85.0     93.3     77.8     75.5     77.0     78.9     82.2      NA      76.9     75.2     82.4     85.2     75.4     83.9
  1989    90.5    91.1     87.2     91.6     85.2     72.3     72.1     77.3      NA      73.0     76.1     75.0     82.1     76.8     79.4

  1990    93.7    98.0     83.9     93.0     89.7     89.5     91.2     94.1      NA      87.3     94.1     88.3     94.0     91.3     93.9
  1991    97.6   105.1     91.8    100.3     91.1     92.3     91.0     93.1     87.5     87.8     97.5     90.0     95.0     96.3    100.1
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   100.6    90.3    115.3    102.7     98.1     95.1     96.5     95.2     98.7     99.4     81.6     96.5     89.2     67.8     85.6
  1994    98.5    82.8    125.8    106.8     99.0     94.2     91.4     93.4     98.2     99.8     77.9     92.9     92.3     64.0     86.4
  1995    94.8    83.0    131.6    124.3     99.2    105.2    104.0    102.5    114.2    115.5     77.9    104.4    106.4     70.0     91.9
  1996    93.5    86.4    109.5    125.9     95.4     98.3    107.5    101.2    111.6    111.6     87.9     99.7    106.6     77.3     93.2
  1997    91.9    84.0     97.4    100.2     89.5     81.4     90.8     83.3     94.0     93.5     80.9     86.7    102.1     65.4    100.4
  1998    92.8    79.6     92.2     65.8     77.4     80.0     92.6     79.1     92.9     89.1     78.8     86.9    103.5     61.5    105.9
  1999    91.3    78.8    101.0     68.8     78.3     78.0     89.5     75.4     91.6      NA      76.9     84.0    102.2     56.4    104.8

  2000    92.3    78.2     98.4     70.2     78.1     66.5     76.9     63.2     79.8      NA      66.4     72.6     94.5     47.5     98.3
  2001    94.1    79.2     89.3     64.7     69.4     67.0     73.7     62.6     78.7      NA      65.7     73.6     96.8     43.5     95.3

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 29 -

Table 11.  Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar)
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950   100.0   110.5     35.2      NA       NA       NA      87.5    151.3      NA      37.2    197.3     46.2     87.1    112.6    158.6

  1955   100.0   122.5     35.2      NA       NA       NA      87.4    151.2      NA      37.1    197.1     46.1     87.0    112.6    158.0

  1960   100.0   124.6     35.2      NA       NA      64.5     87.6    107.9      NA      37.4    198.4     46.6     87.1    112.7    159.0
  1961   100.0   119.4     35.1      NA       NA      64.5     87.4    107.9      NA      38.9    198.4     48.5     87.0    112.7    158.6
  1962   100.0   113.1     35.1      NA       NA      64.6     87.5    108.0      NA      39.1    198.5     48.8     87.1    113.0    159.0
  1963   100.0   112.0     35.1      NA       NA      64.5     87.4    108.0      NA      39.2    198.2     48.8     86.9    112.3    158.5
  1964   100.0   112.0     35.0      NA       NA      64.6     87.3    108.0      NA      39.3    197.3     48.8     86.8    113.1    158.1
  1965   100.0   112.1     35.1      NA       NA      64.8     87.3    108.0      NA      39.1    197.2     48.8     86.9    112.9    158.3
  1966   100.0   112.2     35.0      NA       NA      64.5     87.4    107.7      NA      39.1    197.3     48.6     86.9    112.8    158.1
  1967   100.0   112.0     35.0      NA       NA      64.7     86.5    107.6      NA      39.2    197.4     48.8     86.9    112.9    155.7
  1968   100.0   112.2     35.2      NA       NA      64.4     80.7    106.9      NA      39.1    197.7     48.6     87.0    112.7    135.5
  1969   100.0   112.2     35.4      NA       NA      64.1     80.3    102.2      NA      39.8    196.4     48.5     87.0    112.7    135.3

  1970   100.0   115.8     35.4    252.7     62.9     64.7     80.5     95.7      NA      42.8    196.5     48.6     86.9    112.3    135.6
  1971   100.0   119.7     36.5    226.0     62.9     66.2     81.6     96.1      NA      44.9    199.3     50.4     88.3    114.1    138.4
  1972   100.0   122.0     41.8    199.7     62.9     73.0     86.8    104.9      NA      49.0    211.1     54.8     94.3    122.5    141.6
  1973   100.0   120.8     46.8    197.0     65.8     82.8    100.2    119.3      NA      59.0    211.8     63.3    108.2    133.8    138.8
  1974   100.0   123.6     43.5    194.0     66.2     82.7     99.3    110.1      NA      60.5    189.4     65.5    112.6    131.4    132.5
  1975   100.0   118.8     42.7    162.1     66.2     87.6    105.3    123.6      NA      63.6    188.9     69.7    119.2    140.6    125.8
  1976   100.0   122.6     42.8    162.1     66.2     83.3     99.9    110.9      NA      62.1    148.4     66.6    113.9    133.7    102.2
  1977   100.0   113.7     47.3    162.1     66.2     89.7    100.6    107.7      NA      67.3    139.6     71.7    116.8    130.4     98.8
  1978   100.0   106.0     60.8    162.1     67.9    102.3    109.6    117.6      NA      77.9    145.2     81.4    118.6    129.0    108.6
  1979   100.0   103.2     58.1    162.1     69.8    109.6    114.8    124.4      NA      85.2    148.3     87.7    122.7    135.9    120.2

  1980   100.0   103.4     55.9    129.2     69.8    110.0    107.1    125.3      NA      85.9    143.9     88.5    125.8    137.7    131.7
  1981   100.0   100.8     57.5    115.2     68.3     86.4     84.6     97.3      NA      69.0    108.2     70.4    108.2    115.0    114.6
  1982   100.0    97.9     50.9    107.2     64.3     70.2     72.4     80.5      NA      64.3     91.0     65.8     96.2     92.7     99.0
  1983   100.0    98.1     53.4    101.1     62.8     62.9     66.0     69.5      NA      61.2     81.1     61.6     85.1     75.9     85.8
  1984   100.0    93.3     53.4     97.1     63.5     55.7     58.3     60.6      NA      54.9     70.2     54.8     76.2     70.4     75.7
  1985   100.0    88.5     53.2     91.0     63.1     54.2     57.0     58.9      NA      53.1     64.5     53.0     72.3     67.7     73.5
  1986   100.0    87.0     75.3     88.7     66.5     72.0     74.6     76.4      NA      72.0     82.6     71.8     84.0     81.7     83.1
  1987   100.0    91.1     87.7     95.0     79.2     86.1     88.2     88.0      NA      86.9     95.0     86.8     92.2     91.8     92.8
  1988   100.0    98.2     98.9    106.8     87.9     87.4     89.6     88.8      NA      88.9     94.6     88.9     95.2     94.9    100.8
  1989   100.0   102.1     91.8    116.4     95.3     81.6     82.5     83.0      NA      83.0     89.8     82.9     89.9     90.2     92.7

  1990   100.0   103.6     87.4    110.4     93.5     96.2     97.5     97.2      NA      96.6    102.8     96.6     99.4     98.4    101.0
  1991   100.0   105.5     94.2    106.5     94.0     94.0     94.3     93.7     94.0     94.0     99.3     93.9     95.7     96.3    100.1
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   100.0    93.7    114.1     97.4     95.2     93.0     93.1     93.4     94.4     94.4     78.3     94.6     87.5     74.7     85.0
  1994   100.0    88.4    124.1     97.2     95.1     96.2     95.0     95.4     96.3     96.3     76.5     96.7     88.1     75.5     86.7
  1995   100.0    88.1    134.9    101.5     95.0    109.1    107.8    106.2    109.1    109.1     75.6    109.6     98.1     81.6     89.4
  1996   100.0    88.6    116.5     97.5     91.6    103.8    104.1    103.5    103.8    103.8     79.9    104.3     96.2     86.8     88.4
  1997   100.0    87.3    104.7     82.8     87.4     89.8     91.3     90.7     90.0     90.0     72.3     90.1     87.7     76.2     92.7
  1998   100.0    81.5     96.8     56.0     75.0     88.5     90.1     89.7     88.8     88.8     70.9     88.7     82.3     73.3     93.8
  1999   100.0    81.3    111.5     65.9     77.8     84.9     86.4     86.0     85.1     85.1     67.8     85.0     79.6     70.4     91.6

  2000   100.0    81.4    117.6     69.4     80.5     73.6     74.6     74.5     73.7      NA      58.7     73.7     70.5     63.5     85.8
  2001   100.0    78.0    104.3     60.7     74.4     71.3     72.5     72.2     71.5      NA      57.0     71.4     69.1     56.3     81.5

NA:  Not Available

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 30 -

Table 12.  Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     8.8     5.9      NA       NA       NA       NA       2.9      2.0      NA       4.9      1.0      3.9      2.9      2.4      1.9

  1955    11.8     8.1      3.8      NA       NA       NA       3.9      3.4      NA       7.3      1.5      5.7      4.4      3.8      2.7

  1960    14.8    10.4      5.3      NA       NA       6.8      5.0      5.2      NA      10.7      1.9      8.1      6.0      5.0      3.6
  1961    15.2    10.6      6.1      NA       NA       7.2      5.5      5.8      NA      11.8      2.1      8.9      6.4      5.4      3.8
  1962    16.0    11.1      6.9      NA       NA       7.8      6.1      6.4      NA      13.0      2.4      9.4      7.0      6.0      3.9
  1963    16.5    11.6      7.6      NA       NA       8.6      6.5      7.0      NA      13.7      2.9     10.3      7.5      6.6      4.1
  1964    17.3    12.1      8.5      NA       NA       9.6      7.1      7.5      NA      14.8      3.1     11.9      8.0      7.1      4.4
  1965    17.9    12.8      9.4      NA       NA      10.5      7.8      8.1      NA      16.2      3.2     13.3      8.7      7.7      4.8
  1966    18.8    13.7     10.4      NA       NA      11.5      8.7      8.6      NA      17.4      3.4     14.8      9.5      8.5      5.1
  1967    19.4    14.4     11.7      NA       NA      12.4      9.7      9.2      NA      17.8      3.8     16.3     10.5      9.2      5.2
  1968    20.9    15.4     13.6      NA       NA      13.3     10.4     10.1      NA      19.4      4.1     17.8     11.3      9.8      5.6
  1969    22.2    16.5     15.9      NA       NA      14.4     11.6     11.0      NA      21.3      4.5     19.9     12.2     10.5      6.1

  1970    23.3    17.6     18.7      NA       NA      16.0     12.7     12.2      NA      24.8      5.3     22.6     13.4     11.8      7.0
  1971    24.8    18.7     21.3      NA       NA      18.2     14.7     13.6      NA      27.2      6.0     25.6     15.2     13.3      7.8
  1972    26.5    20.1     24.3      NA       NA      21.0     16.1     14.9      NA      29.8      6.5     29.0     16.8     14.4      8.9
  1973    28.5    21.7     29.5      NA      10.6     24.3     18.7     16.8      NA      33.4      7.8     33.9     18.9     16.0     10.2
  1974    31.0    25.0     37.0      NA      15.0     29.2     23.2     19.7      NA      37.2      9.8     39.3     21.8     18.6     11.9
  1975    34.3    28.4     42.1      NA      16.4     33.3     27.0     23.3      NA      40.0     11.9     44.1     25.9     22.3     15.8
  1976    37.6    32.7     46.7      NA      18.4     39.3     30.5     26.8      NA      44.3     14.9     49.1     29.2     25.8     18.5
  1977    41.0    36.2     51.7      NA      20.1     42.3     33.7     30.2      NA      47.7     17.7     53.3     32.2     28.1     21.0
  1978    44.3    39.2     55.3      NA      22.5     45.2     37.0     33.8      NA      50.6     20.1     57.1     34.6     30.3     24.4
  1979    48.4    42.9     59.2      NA      26.5     48.1     41.8     38.2      NA      54.1     24.1     60.7     35.7     32.1     28.9

  1980    53.5    47.3     63.0      NA      32.4     52.7     46.8     43.9      NA      57.9     28.2     64.4     39.1     35.3     33.9
  1981    58.8    53.1     66.9      NA      39.6     56.1     51.3     50.3      NA      60.9     33.6     67.7     43.5     39.2     38.8
  1982    63.3    59.7     70.0      NA      43.1     60.0     57.2     57.2      NA      64.1     39.0     72.6     48.0     42.3     43.0
  1983    66.9    64.7     72.0      NA      44.9     64.2     62.7     62.8      NA      67.2     45.0     76.1     53.0     47.5     46.2
  1984    70.2    68.3     74.9      NA      48.4     69.3     67.0     68.3      NA      70.3     51.5     77.8     57.9     52.5     50.2
  1985    74.1    71.6     77.7     36.7     50.4     74.1     70.0     73.4      NA      73.1     57.9     79.9     63.1     57.4     55.0
  1986    77.4    73.0     81.2     39.6     57.6     76.2     74.0     76.6      NA      75.6     62.3     82.7     68.8     61.8     59.6
  1987    80.0    75.4     83.4     44.6     63.1     79.2     79.8     79.8      NA      78.8     67.6     84.9     76.2     66.8     66.6
  1988    84.0    79.9     85.7     54.0     67.1     81.9     84.4     82.9      NA      81.7     73.1     86.1     81.6     70.7     71.4
  1989    86.7    83.2     90.0     59.9     75.0     86.4     88.2     87.0      NA      84.6     80.3     87.1     85.9     77.9     76.2

  1990    90.2    88.5     95.6     70.0     85.2     91.7     92.1     91.3      NA      89.2     86.9     90.2     90.8     87.2     84.8
  1991    94.3    94.8     99.6     87.3     93.5     97.3     95.6     95.9     88.2     94.3     94.3     94.9     96.4     94.7     93.9
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   104.1   103.0    100.6    114.2    106.0    103.2    102.2    102.4    103.9    102.8    104.0    104.4    101.8     99.9    105.7
  1994   108.0   105.8    102.8    130.6    111.4    107.4    106.0    105.9    109.9    108.5    108.8    109.0    104.9    107.1    109.2
  1995   109.5   107.6    107.0    159.7    120.1    109.2    109.7    109.3    115.8    113.6    115.6    112.3    108.7    115.4    112.2
  1996   111.0   109.5    108.5    182.9    127.7    111.6    112.1    111.4    118.6    117.6    122.0    114.5    112.5    124.2    114.4
  1997   113.9   111.7    111.3    193.8    132.3    115.8    117.4    111.0    121.0    120.5    127.7    116.8    117.3    130.1    118.3
  1998   118.8   113.5    111.7    202.2    137.5    117.8    120.8    111.4    123.3    122.8    126.1    121.4    124.6    135.1    124.5
  1999   124.5   116.6    111.0    214.6    142.1    122.3    125.1    114.4    125.6      NA     129.0    125.3    132.4    140.9    131.0

  2000   132.5   118.0    111.7    221.9    144.1    124.6    129.3    114.8    130.7      NA     132.9    131.3    137.3    145.7    138.5
  2001   132.4   120.9    111.7    235.5    136.7    129.6    134.4    117.9    133.1      NA     136.2    137.5    144.2    148.5    144.1

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 31 -

Table 13.  Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950    46.6    37.0      NA       NA       NA       NA      23.9     20.1      NA      11.7     19.1     16.5     26.3     25.3     25.6

  1955    56.4    46.5     18.2      NA       NA       NA      26.6     27.1      NA      15.9     22.3     20.5     29.5     30.5     28.0

  1960    65.0    54.6     23.1      NA       NA      24.5     32.3     30.6      NA      23.6     26.8     25.5     36.4     35.4     32.8
  1961    66.3    55.5     25.6      NA       NA      25.7     34.8     32.7      NA      25.8     29.0     28.8     38.7     37.9     34.0
  1962    68.1    56.9     27.3      NA       NA      27.2     35.5     34.6      NA      28.4     32.7     30.0     40.4     40.4     34.2
  1963    69.3    58.3     28.4      NA       NA      29.4     36.6     36.0      NA      29.4     36.1     32.0     42.0     43.4     35.1
  1964    71.2    59.6     30.7      NA       NA      31.9     38.2     37.8      NA      31.1     36.3     35.0     42.5     45.7     36.2
  1965    71.6    61.7     32.1      NA       NA      34.0     39.8     40.0      NA      33.1     37.2     37.7     45.0     48.1     37.8
  1966    72.8    63.8     33.7      NA       NA      36.0     42.4     41.2      NA      34.7     38.7     39.9     47.6     49.5     39.4
  1967    74.4    64.9     36.3      NA       NA      38.3     44.2     43.2      NA      36.1     41.2     42.8     51.0     52.6     40.4
  1968    76.9    66.6     40.1      NA       NA      39.8     45.0     47.1      NA      38.3     43.3     45.9     54.3     56.0     41.4
  1969    78.2    68.9     45.2      NA       NA      42.0     49.0     48.3      NA      41.1     46.3     48.5     58.1     58.9     42.7

  1970    79.2    71.5     49.9      NA       NA      46.1     52.4     51.7      NA      46.7     53.7     54.1     58.3     61.8     46.1
  1971    80.5    73.9     54.3      NA       NA      51.0     57.4     55.0      NA      49.8     59.1     57.5     62.9     64.1     47.9
  1972    82.0    75.7     59.6      NA       NA      57.2     60.2     57.2      NA      52.3     61.5     61.1     65.8     67.5     51.6
  1973    83.1    76.6     65.3      NA      32.7     63.5     67.4     61.0      NA      55.4     65.7     67.3     69.0     69.8     53.8
  1974    83.1    80.2     69.4      NA      32.5     69.3     71.3     63.7      NA      58.9     71.7     73.2     74.0     74.8     55.7
  1975    85.4    83.2     72.4      NA      33.0     74.3     78.1     69.5      NA      61.3     75.7     76.2     79.1     83.6     59.8
  1976    87.5    88.8     71.3      NA      36.0     78.8     80.7     72.6      NA      63.1     80.9     78.0     83.9     88.4     59.6
  1977    89.3    91.2     72.7      NA      36.8     79.4     81.1     75.4      NA      66.7     82.7     79.9     86.3     86.1     57.9
  1978    90.3    89.9     74.4      NA      39.2     81.5     81.8     77.8      NA      69.9     83.9     83.0     87.4     88.9     62.1
  1979    90.6    90.6     76.3      NA      42.2     82.9     84.2     79.5      NA      72.2     88.5     85.5     87.6     89.9     65.0

  1980    91.4    91.6     75.3      NA      43.3     86.5     83.4     80.6      NA      74.6     85.3     84.3     86.0     87.7     66.7
  1981    91.9    92.0     76.8      NA      47.8     87.7     83.0     82.6      NA      74.6     86.1     82.7     84.1     86.3     69.8
  1982    95.1    94.1     78.5      NA      50.7     84.4     82.7     87.3      NA      75.0     86.2     83.1     84.1     85.1     70.4
  1983    93.9    95.2     79.1      NA      52.1     86.0     83.8     88.0      NA      76.0     86.6     84.6     85.1     84.5     72.5
  1984    93.4    96.4     79.7      NA      55.6     87.8     84.4     88.9      NA      77.7     89.6     85.0     87.7     85.2     74.8
  1985    95.3    96.6     81.3     50.1     59.8     88.3     87.1     90.7      NA      80.7     93.0     87.6     90.8     87.4     77.5
  1986    97.8    94.1     84.9     51.8     66.7     89.6     86.9     91.9      NA      84.1     91.7     90.9     92.4     90.4     81.6
  1987    97.3    92.3     86.8     57.5     72.6     90.9     92.2     92.3      NA      87.7     92.2     94.2     96.4     92.4     87.4
  1988    97.7    92.1     87.6     66.7     77.2     91.4     93.2     93.0      NA      90.3     94.4     94.0     96.0     94.1     89.1
  1989    96.6    93.4     91.0     72.7     83.8     94.0     94.1     94.3      NA      92.3     96.3     94.7     96.1     98.3     88.7

  1990    96.4    94.7     95.1     79.6     92.3     95.2     96.9     96.3      NA      96.6     98.0     95.6     97.7     97.6     91.1
  1991    98.0    96.3     98.0     91.5     97.7     99.7     98.0     99.0     96.2     99.1     99.1     97.9     99.8     97.3     97.4
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   100.3   100.2    101.4    108.7    102.9    102.0    101.7    100.5    101.8    102.1    101.2    101.8     99.2     95.3    103.0
  1994   101.0   101.6    102.7    116.4    103.7    100.9      NA     102.1    104.1    104.8     98.3    103.4    100.6     95.6    102.7
  1995   100.7   101.7    106.3    136.0    108.3    102.3      NA     104.2    107.8    108.7     97.4    104.2    102.7     97.8    100.2
  1996    99.4   101.1    107.0    150.8    111.9    101.9      NA     104.1    111.4    112.8    100.1    104.3    105.6    104.4     99.3
  1997    99.2   101.6    108.4    155.2    114.5    104.0      NA     102.7    111.5    113.3    101.4    104.6    107.5    108.4     99.9
  1998   103.0   101.4    110.5    156.8    119.3    104.6      NA     102.6    112.1    113.3     98.8    106.8    111.3    111.7    102.5
  1999   104.9   101.3    110.3    152.8    122.4    104.7      NA     105.5    114.0      NA      99.1    107.9    115.2    112.1    106.6

  2000   109.0    99.9    109.9    156.5    122.7    103.9      NA     107.7    117.6      NA      99.1    110.3    117.6    119.1    109.7
  2001   107.7   100.8    111.5    163.4    125.4    106.7      NA     111.3    118.2      NA     100.1    110.7    120.3    120.4    111.5

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 32 -

Table 14.  Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950    47.3    40.3      NA       NA       NA       NA      33.6     24.3      NA      17.2     20.1     21.5     34.4     32.8     31.5

  1955    57.2    48.7     21.7      NA       NA       NA      36.8     32.6      NA      23.3     24.0     26.7     38.6     39.4     34.8

  1960    64.7    56.8     28.6      NA       NA      30.8     42.4     36.9      NA      31.0     29.2     33.6     45.8     43.2     40.0
  1961    66.0    57.5     31.2      NA       NA      32.2     44.3     39.7      NA      33.4     31.3     36.3     48.1     45.9     40.8
  1962    68.5    59.4     32.7      NA       NA      34.2     45.5     41.8      NA      35.8     34.1     37.6     49.9     48.5     40.7
  1963    69.9    61.0     33.6      NA       NA      37.0     46.3     43.5      NA      36.5     37.8     40.0     51.8     51.5     41.7
  1964    72.4    62.7     36.2      NA       NA      39.9     48.7     45.4      NA      38.7     38.1     43.3     52.7     53.7     43.4
  1965    73.5    64.9     37.3      NA       NA      41.9     50.7     47.7      NA      41.0     37.8     46.6     54.5     56.0     44.7
  1966    75.0    66.6     39.3      NA       NA      44.0     53.0     49.4      NA      42.4     39.7     49.1     57.8     57.6     45.7
  1967    75.3    67.8     42.4      NA       NA      46.2     54.5     51.3      NA      42.9     42.8     52.3     61.3     60.3     46.5
  1968    77.7    69.4     46.7      NA       NA      48.1     54.3     54.3      NA      46.1     45.0     55.2     63.7     62.9     48.1
  1969    78.4    71.5     51.9      NA       NA      50.2     58.4     57.0      NA      49.5     47.9     57.4     66.6     64.9     49.6

  1970    77.8    73.7     56.7      NA       NA      53.6     60.4     60.4      NA      56.0     54.5     62.9     66.4     68.0     52.7
  1971    79.2    76.0     60.7      NA       NA      58.5     65.9     63.7      NA      58.4     58.3     66.2     70.8     70.3     53.5
  1972    82.1    77.9     66.2      NA       NA      64.1     67.7     65.5      NA      60.7     60.2     69.4     73.0     72.1     57.1
  1973    83.0    78.3     71.9      NA      36.5     69.4     71.7     68.8      NA      63.8     65.1     74.9     76.1     73.2     60.3
  1974    81.5    81.4     73.3      NA      34.9     73.8     77.4     71.0      NA      66.5     68.6     79.0     80.5     77.6     60.4
  1975    82.5    83.4     74.7      NA      36.3     74.8     82.1     75.1      NA      67.4     71.1     80.7     85.6     85.1     64.6
  1976    85.5    89.1     75.7      NA      39.8     80.8     85.2     78.8      NA      71.5     76.0     82.5     88.3     89.0     64.9
  1977    87.6    91.4     77.4      NA      40.6     81.1     84.8     81.0      NA      74.3     77.3     84.1     89.3     86.0     63.6
  1978    88.6    90.8     79.5      NA      43.0     83.1     84.6     82.9      NA      76.9     78.3     86.5     88.7     86.5     67.9
  1979    88.4    91.1     82.1      NA      46.0     84.6     87.0     84.7      NA      79.2     81.9     88.1     87.4     86.1     70.7

  1980    88.1    91.2     81.0      NA      47.4     86.9     86.7     85.8      NA      80.7     79.2     87.3     86.3     83.1     70.5
  1981    88.5    90.8     82.1      NA      49.8     86.0     85.2     86.7      NA      79.7     79.9     86.1     84.6     82.2     72.5
  1982    90.0    92.0     83.5      NA      52.7     84.5     86.2     88.0      NA      79.7     79.8     87.4     83.8     81.4     73.5
  1983    91.2    94.3     84.4      NA      54.1     84.0     88.5     88.2      NA      80.9     80.2     89.1     85.2     81.8     75.6
  1984    92.1    95.4     85.8      NA      58.3     85.3     88.9     89.2      NA      82.7     82.9     88.3     87.6     84.0     78.1
  1985    94.0    96.2     87.2     55.5     60.8     87.0     88.7     90.5      NA      84.3     85.3     88.6     90.4     85.5     80.5
  1986    96.4    94.2     90.6     58.3     69.0     88.3     90.5     92.0      NA      87.3     86.7     91.5     92.0     88.1     84.4
  1987    96.5    93.2     93.0     63.7     75.2     90.4     93.8     92.9      NA      90.9     89.8     94.4     93.7     91.2     90.6
  1988    97.7    94.9     94.9     72.0     79.0     92.4     94.9     94.1      NA      93.2     92.5     94.9     94.0     92.7     92.5
  1989    96.6    94.1     97.4     75.6     84.5     94.5     94.6     95.3      NA      93.9     95.6     95.1     94.7     96.5     91.6

  1990    95.9    94.9    100.4     81.4     92.2     96.9     96.3     96.8      NA      96.4     97.2     95.9     96.1     96.9     93.2
  1991    96.7    96.1    101.2     92.8     97.7     99.7     97.6     98.5     92.6     98.2     99.2     98.0     98.7     96.6     97.5
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   101.6   101.2     99.3    109.0    102.9    100.5    100.9    100.4     99.4     99.1     99.6    101.7     99.5     97.7    104.0
  1994   103.2   103.6    100.7    117.3    103.9    102.1    102.7    102.0    102.4    101.7    100.2    103.4    101.1    102.5    105.0
  1995   102.2   103.3    105.0    137.4    108.1    102.3    104.0    103.5    106.1    104.9    101.1    104.4    102.3    105.7    104.2
  1996   100.8   103.4    106.3    149.9    111.5    102.4    104.1    103.4    107.2    107.2    102.6    104.4    104.6    112.6    103.7
  1997   101.3   103.8    107.1    152.1    114.5    104.6    106.7    101.8    107.3    107.9    105.3    104.3    106.3    116.5    104.0
  1998   104.3   104.2    106.9    147.6    117.1    105.4    107.8    101.5    108.3    109.0    101.9    106.2    110.4    120.2    105.9
  1999   107.0   105.1    106.6    155.4    120.7    108.2    108.9    103.7    109.7      NA     102.6    107.3    114.6    121.3    109.7

  2000   110.2   103.6    108.0    157.1    120.9    107.5    109.4    102.3    112.0      NA     103.1    109.6    115.3    128.2    112.6
  2001   107.1   103.5    108.8    160.2    114.7    109.1    111.0    103.4    111.3      NA     102.8    109.9    117.5    127.9    115.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.
- 33 -

Table 15.  Total labor compensation in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

      United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950   7.4    4.6      NA       NA       NA       NA       2.8      2.2      NA       3.7       .7      4.4      3.4      2.9      3.1

  1955  11.0    6.9      1.8      NA       NA       NA       3.9      3.9      NA       7.0      1.1      6.9      5.5      4.9      4.9

  1960  13.7    8.8      3.4      NA       NA       9.2      6.1      6.0      NA      11.6      1.7     10.5      7.3      6.9      6.6
  1961  13.7    8.9      4.1      NA       NA      10.1      6.8      6.8      NA      13.1      2.0     11.7      8.0      7.7      7.1
  1962  14.8    9.6      4.9      NA       NA      11.1      7.7      7.5      NA      14.5      2.3     12.6      8.9      8.5      7.3
  1963  15.4   10.2      5.6      NA       NA      12.4      8.2      8.4      NA      15.2      2.8     13.9      9.5      9.3      7.5
  1964  16.4   11.2      6.5      NA       NA      14.3      9.1      9.2      NA      16.4      3.0     16.2     10.3     10.2      8.2
  1965  17.8   12.4      7.3      NA       NA      15.6     10.3      9.8      NA      18.3      3.1     18.2     11.3     11.2      9.0
  1966  19.8   14.0      8.3      NA       NA      17.1     11.4     10.5      NA      19.4      3.3     20.1     12.6     12.1      9.5
  1967  20.7   14.9      9.8      NA       NA      17.9     12.0     11.2      NA      18.9      3.8     21.6     14.0     12.8      9.5
  1968  22.6   15.9     11.8      NA       NA      18.8     13.1     12.1      NA      20.7      4.1     23.4     14.9     13.4     10.1
  1969  24.6   17.5     14.2      NA       NA      21.1     14.9     13.6      NA      23.6      4.6     26.5     16.1     14.6     11.2

  1970  24.8   18.3     17.2      NA       3.0     24.0     16.5     15.5      NA      28.2      5.7     30.3     18.2     16.6     12.7
  1971  25.3   19.5     19.6      NA       3.9     27.2     18.2     17.4      NA      30.7      6.6     33.7     20.8     18.0     13.7
  1972  27.8   21.6     22.4      NA       4.7     31.0     20.3     19.3      NA      33.0      7.2     36.8     23.2     19.3     15.3
  1973  31.5   24.4     28.3      NA       6.4     36.1     23.6     22.2      NA      37.3      8.8     42.4     26.0     21.7     17.7
  1974  34.2   28.5     35.3      NA       9.1     43.9     28.2     26.3      NA      40.5     11.5     49.0     30.4     25.7     20.7
  1975  34.5   31.5     37.9      NA       9.7     47.2     29.8     30.4      NA      40.9     14.1     53.1     35.8     31.2     26.2
  1976  39.2   36.1     41.8      NA      12.3     53.4     33.7     34.8      NA      44.2     17.7     56.7     40.3     36.0     29.7
  1977  44.4   39.3     45.8      NA      14.5     55.2     36.8     39.0      NA      47.8     21.2     60.0     44.6     37.8     33.8
  1978  50.0   43.8     48.3      NA      17.6     56.5     39.9     43.1      NA      50.6     24.1     62.8     47.0     39.6     39.1
  1979  55.9   49.6     51.6      NA      21.5     58.6     45.0     48.0      NA      54.8     29.4     66.0     47.9     42.1     46.1

  1980  59.7   54.5     56.0      NA      27.4     62.8     49.3     54.6      NA      59.2     34.6     69.1     52.5     46.3     51.5
  1981  65.3   60.9     60.1      NA      34.1     63.1     51.8     60.4      NA      61.0     40.1     70.8     57.5     49.8     53.5
  1982  65.6   62.2     62.6      NA      37.2     65.5     57.1     67.7      NA      62.5     45.7     73.0     61.1     51.8     55.9
  1983  68.1   65.7     65.4      NA      40.7     68.6     62.3     72.8      NA      63.2     51.1     73.0     64.0     57.0     57.0
  1984  75.0   71.3     69.4      NA      48.6     73.2     69.5     76.8      NA      65.9     55.8     73.0     69.2     63.2     60.9
  1985  78.5   76.5     72.6     29.4     52.3     77.1     76.1     80.4      NA      69.4     61.3     75.9     76.0     70.0     66.3
  1986  80.8   80.6     75.5     34.6     62.5     78.5     82.7     82.4      NA      72.9     64.7     79.4     83.8     75.4     70.3
  1987  83.8   85.7     76.7     43.7     70.5     79.7     87.2     83.9      NA      76.0     69.2     82.4     92.8     80.9     77.8
  1988  89.5   94.0     80.5     55.9     75.3     82.3     88.9     86.2      NA      78.6     75.5     83.4     94.9     87.2     84.4
  1989  92.8   99.3     86.3     62.5     81.2     87.9     91.8     91.0      NA      82.6     83.3     85.0     93.2     94.5     90.3

  1990  95.1  100.2     93.2     73.0     86.4     94.0     96.1     96.0      NA      89.5     90.9     90.2     95.5    102.3     97.9
  1991  96.0   98.6     99.4     89.4     93.1     98.8     98.0     99.2     95.2     96.0     97.6     95.6     98.2    104.1    100.1
  1992 100.0  100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993 104.2  102.1     97.3    111.1    105.5     99.2     99.1     97.5     96.6     96.6    100.6    100.1    103.6     92.4    102.1
  1994 109.4  106.8     96.2    128.2    112.9     99.3    101.6     98.2     97.0     96.8    104.3    100.7    109.6     99.2    105.8
  1995 112.2  112.8     96.4    159.0    120.0    100.4    107.6    101.3     99.7     99.2    110.5    103.4    116.3    113.1    110.8
  1996 113.4  116.7     96.8    179.1    125.3    101.0    110.2    102.3     99.4     99.4    116.0    104.4    122.3    121.3    114.5
  1997 117.5  122.9     99.1    178.9    131.3    103.3    114.5    100.8     99.9     99.5    121.7    107.7    132.9    125.7    119.0
  1998 123.5  129.8     95.4    160.7    136.9    105.3    118.9    101.4    102.2    101.2    123.0    113.0    142.9    133.0    125.0
  1999 127.4  136.5     92.3    172.8    142.4    107.7    122.0    104.0    103.0      NA     125.2    116.6    145.8    138.1    127.2

  2000 134.8  143.0     91.3    194.2    147.4    110.3    125.2    105.2    108.1      NA     128.7    122.2    147.6    142.8    129.8
  2001 129.2  146.0     88.9    207.9    133.5    114.9    129.3    109.4    110.5      NA     132.3    127.9    152.6    144.1    129.4

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.