For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, April 25, 2024 USDL-24-0745

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/productivity

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY

MANUFACTURING AND MINING INDUSTRIES – 2023 

Labor productivity declines were widespread among manufacturing industries in 2023, with decreases in 60 of 

the 86 four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Of the 51 

industries in durable manufacturing, 41 had productivity decreases in 2023 led by a decline of 15.2 percent in the 

motor vehicle bodies and trailers manufacturing industry. Although not as widespread compared to durable 

goods, productivity declined in 19 of 35 nondurable goods manufacturing industries led by a 9.4-percent decline 

in the basic chemicals industry. Productivity fell in 3 of the 5 mining industries in 2023 with the greatest 

decrease occurring in the support activities for mining industry (–5.5 percent). (See table 1.) 

Hours worked decreased in 44 of the 86 four-digit manufacturing industries in 2023. Hours worked increased in 

4 of 5 mining industries with support activities for mining the highest at 8.1 percent. Nine mining and 

manufacturing industries increased both output and hours worked in 2023. Six of these 9 industries had declining 

labor productivity.

Chart 1. Largest changes in productivity in four-digit NAICS manufacturing and mining industries, 

2023
Labor Productivity Trends in Three-Digit NAICS Industries, 2023 

Manufacturing 

• Labor productivity decreased in 17 of the 21 three-digit NAICS manufacturing industries in

2023. Eleven industries had growth in hours worked. (See chart 2.)

• Output decreased in 19 industries. Twelve of these industries had an output decline of more

than 2.0 percent.

• The textile mills and apparel industries had the largest productivity gains among the threedigit NAICS industries (+9.6 percent and +7.7 percent, respectively).

• Beverages and tobacco products manufacturing had the largest productivity decline (–5.9

percent).

Mining

• Labor productivity declined in 2 of the 3 three-digit NAICS mining industries in 2023.

• Oil and gas extraction had a productivity gain of 5.8 percent due to a 7.4-percent increase in

output with a 1.5-percent increase in hours worked.

• Labor productivity fell most in support activities for mining (–5.5 percent) with hours

worked (+8.1 percent) growing faster than output (+2.1 percent).

Chart 2. Productivity change in three-digit NAICS manufacturing and mining industries, 2023 

2
Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2023 

Unit labor costs reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output. Unit labor costs increase 

when hourly compensation growth exceeds productivity growth.

Manufacturing 

• In manufacturing, unit labor costs increased in 20 of 21 three-digit NAICS industries in 2023

at an average rate of 6.6 percent. (See chart 3.) The three industries with the largest growth in

unit labor costs were furniture and related products (+10.1 percent), machinery (+10.1

percent), and beverages and tobacco products (+9.8 percent). All three industries had

declining labor productivity.

• Unit labor costs increased in 76 out of 86 four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries. Labor

compensation gains were not as widespread as compared to 2022 in these industries. In 2023,

67 manufacturing industries recorded growth in labor compensation. In 2022 that number

was 82. (See table 1.)

Mining

• Unit labor costs increased in 2 of the 3 three-digit NAICS mining industries. The greatest

growth in unit labor costs occurred in support activities for mining at 12.8 percent. Oil and

gas extraction is the only mining industry to have a decline in labor costs at 0.9 percent.

Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation in three-digit NAICS 

manufacturing and mining industries, 2023 

3
2019 to 2023 Trends

Productivity increased in 36 of the 86 four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries from 2019 to 2023. 

Over this period, 3 of the 5 four-digit NAICS mining industries experienced productivity growth. Note 

that the annual percent changes for periods of more than 1 year are annualized average rates of change 

over the entire period, or a compound annual growth rate. (See table 3.) 

Manufacturing 

• The two industries with the greatest gains in productivity from 2019 to 2023 were audio and

video equipment (+9.6 percent per year) and magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing

(+8.4 percent). The largest productivity decline occurred in the plywood and engineered

wood products industry (–6.3 percent).

• Output decreased in over half of the four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries from 2019 to

2023. The largest decline in output occurred in the iron and steel mills and ferroalloys

industry (–7.8 percent per year) while the greatest output growth was in the audio and video

equipment manufacturing industry (+6.0 percent).

• Hours worked fell in 51 out of 86 four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries from 2019 to

2023. Apparel knitting mills recorded the largest drop in hours worked (–8.7 percent per

year). However, three industries had growth in hours worked of 5.0 percent or greater over

this period: beverages (+5.9 percent), motor vehicles (+5.4 percent), and other transportation

equipment (+5.0 percent).

Mining

• In 2023, hours worked remained below pre-pandemic levels in all five of the four-digit

NAICS mining industries. The largest decline in hours worked occurred in coal mining

which decreased by 4.5 percent per year from 2019 to 2023.

• Output increased from 2019 to 2023 in three mining industries. The greatest increase in

output occurred in support activities for mining at 7.1 percent per year. Coal mining and

metal ore mining both have yet to return to their pre-pandemic levels of output with annual

decreases of 5.3 percent and 2.7 percent respectively from 2019 to 2023.

Long-Term Trends in Labor Productivity and Unit Labor Costs 

Chart 4 displays the number of four-digit NAICS manufacturing and mining industries with 

increases in productivity, output, and hours worked for selected time periods through 2023. 

Labor Productivity 

• Over the entire 1987-2023 period, labor productivity rose in 82 of the 91 manufacturing

and mining industries. Output rose in 46 industries while hours worked increased in only

19. (See table 2.) In the 19 industries where hours worked increased, they rose at a slow

pace of 0.7 percent per year.

• During the 2007-2019 period, productivity increased in 35 industries. Of these industries,

only five had simultaneous growth in output as well as hours worked. Oil and gas

extraction had the greatest growth in output over this period (+7.0 percent).

• In the most recent 2019-2023 period, productivity increased in 39 industries. Hours worked

grew in 34 industries, which is more than the other selected time periods. Beverages had

the highest annual growth in hours worked from 2019 to 2023 (+5.9 percent).

4
• Support activities for mining had the highest annual growth in productivity (+11.5 percent)

and output (+7.1 percent) of all 91 manufacturing and mining industries.

Unit Labor Costs 

• From 1987 to 2023, unit labor costs increased in 79 of the 86 four-digit NAICS manufacturing

industries and in all five mining industries. (See table 2.)

• In both the 2007-2019 and 2019-2023 time periods, unit labor costs increased in 82 out of 86

manufacturing industries and in 3 of the 5 mining industries. From 2007 to 2019, unit labor costs

rose the most in the resin, rubber, and artificial fibers industry (+5.0 percent per year). From

2019 to 2023, unit labor costs rose the most in the plywood and engineered wood products

industry (+11.3 percent).

The computer and peripheral equipment industry recorded the largest productivity gain (+12.2 

percent per year) as well as the largest unit labor costs decline (–10.5 percent) during the 1987-2023 

period. However, from 2007 to 2019, labor productivity fell (–2.4 percent) as did unit labor costs 

(–0.4 percent). For the 2019-2023 period, both labor productivity (+2.0 percent) and unit labor costs

(+2.1 percent) grew. 

From 2019 and 2023, the support activities for mining industry posted the greatest productivity 

growth (+11.5 percent), and audio and video equipment had the largest unit labor costs decline (–13.5 

percent). 

Chart 4. Number of manufacturing and mining industries with increases in labor productivity, 

output, and hours worked

5
Additional Information

Beginning with this news release, estimates of hours worked by self-employed workers and unpaid 

family workers reflect a method change that makes industry-level estimates consistent with the newly 

composited quarterly major sector estimates that remove variability during seasonal adjustment and 

reduce volatility in these workers. A more detailed discussion of the changes is available in the Monthly 

Labor Review at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2023/article/an-improved-estimate-of-self-employmenthours.htm. 

Manufacturing industry output measures for 2021 and earlier years are constructed primarily using data

from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau together with data on price 

changes primarily from BLS. Manufacturing industry output for 2022 and 2023 is estimated based on 

historical relationships between BLS sectoral output, BLS price indexes, and data on industrial 

production from the Federal Reserve Board. 

Mining industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the U.S. Energy Information 

Administration and the U.S. Geological Survey’s Mineral Commodity Summaries and Mineral 

Yearbooks. The data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration are usually revised on a monthly 

schedule while the U.S. Geological Survey’s publications are released annually. 

Access productivity data at www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/labor-productivity-detailed-industries.xlsx 

for: 

• Additional industries and sectors

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of

industry employment, hours worked, sectoral output, and labor compensation

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.

6
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between output and the labor hours 

involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount of 

goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate real 

output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor compensation 

by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation 

per hour worked (hourly compensation) and real output per hour worked (labor productivity). When 

hourly compensation growth outpaces productivity, unit labor costs increase. Alternatively, when 

productivity growth exceeds hourly compensation, unit labor costs decrease. 

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various products 

(in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by deflating 

nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is measured by 

physical quantities of output. Output is the measure of what is produced by an industry, derived by 

adjusting shipments for changes in inventories and removing intra-industry transactions. Industry output 

measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with data on price changes primarily from 

BLS. Data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis at the U.S. Department of Commerce is used in part 

to construct intra-industry transactions. Other data sources include the Energy Information 

Administration at the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Geological Survey at the U.S. 

Department of the Interior. Manufacturing industry output for 2022 and 2023 is estimated based on 

historical relationships between BLS sectoral output, BLS price indexes, and data on industrial 

production from the Federal Reserve Board. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an 

industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment 

Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and 

production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented 

with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry employment. Hours 

worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours 

paid of all employees, CPS data on hours of self-employed and unpaid family workers, and ratios of 

hours worked to hours paid based on data from both the CPS and the National Compensation Survey 

(NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated 

using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or 

other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly

aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

7
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a 

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 

Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary 

programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and survivors’ insurance, 

unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all 

programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from 

the BLS QCEW and the economic censuses of the Census Bureau at the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Annual Percent Change: The annual percent change is the change in a series from one year to the next 

as a percent of the series-value in the previous year. Over a period of more than one year, the annual 

percent change is the compound annual growth rate in an index series, or an annualized average growth 

rate. Because the change of an index series varies from year to year, the annual percent change for a 

long time period reflects the constant rate that can be applied to each year in a period, from the start to 

the end, that would give the same total result. It is calculated as (Ending Value/Starting 

Value)^(1/Number of Years)–1.

8
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data 

Industry 

2017 

NAICS 

code 

2023 

Employment 

(thousands) 

Percent change, 2022-2023 

Labor 

productivity 

Unit 

labor 

costs 

Output Hours 

worked 

Labor 

compensation 

Hourly 

compensation 

Mining 

Mining............................................................................... 21 606.9 1.0 4.3 5.8 4.8 10.5 5.4 

Oil and gas extraction....................................................... 211 118.4 5.8 -0.9 7.4 1.5 6.4 4.8 

Oil and gas extraction.................................................... 2111 118.4 5.8 -0.9 7.4 1.5 6.4 4.8 

Mining, except oil and gas................................................ 212 189.7 -2.8 10.1 -1.4 1.4 8.5 7.0 

Coal mining.................................................................... 2121 42.7 -4.9 16.8 -2.0 3.1 14.4 11.0 

Metal ore mining............................................................ 2122 43.7 2.3 4.2 -1.8 -4.0 2.3 6.6 

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying..................... 2123 103.3 -3.6 9.9 -0.8 2.9 9.0 6.0 

Support activities for mining............................................. 213 298.8 -5.5 12.8 2.1 8.1 15.2 6.6 

Support activities for mining.......................................... 2131 298.8 -5.5 12.8 2.1 8.1 15.2 6.6 

Nondurable Manufacturing 

Food................................................................................. 311 1,779.1 -1.3 7.3 -1.9 -0.6 5.3 5.9 

Animal food.................................................................... 3111 73.8 6.8 8.2 -1.8 -8.0 6.3 15.6 

Grain and oilseed milling................................................ 3112 63.7 2.8 8.9 -1.1 -3.8 7.7 12.0 

Sugar and confectionery products................................. 3113 81.5 3.6 10.5 -1.8 -5.2 8.5 14.4 

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty................. 3114 172.8 5.7 3.3 -1.5 -6.8 1.8 9.2 

Dairy products................................................................ 3115 166.2 -6.6 9.0 -2.1 4.9 6.7 1.8 

Animal slaughtering and processing.............................. 3116 554.6 -4.0 5.2 -2.3 1.7 2.7 1.0 

Seafood product preparation and packaging................ 3117 28.9 17.0 6.9 0.3 -14.3 7.2 25.0 

Bakeries and tortilla products........................................ 3118 371.4 -2.9 7.8 -1.8 1.1 5.8 4.7 

Other food products....................................................... 3119 266.2 -1.9 11.0 -2.1 -0.2 8.7 9.0 

Beverages and tobacco products..................................... 312 343.8 -5.9 9.8 -4.0 2.0 5.4 3.3 

Beverages...................................................................... 3121 333.0 -4.2 8.4 -2.3 2.0 6.0 3.8 

Tobacco......................................................................... 3122 10.8 -8.0 7.0 -8.0 0.0 -1.6 -1.6 

Textile mills....................................................................... 313 92.8 9.6 0.0 -2.6 -11.1 -2.6 9.6 

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills........................................... 3131 22.5 12.9 -5.5 -4.8 -15.7 -10.1 6.6 

Fabric mills..................................................................... 3132 44.9 7.4 4.7 -5.4 -11.9 -0.9 12.5 

Textile and fabric finishing mills..................................... 3133 25.4 7.9 -3.3 2.9 -4.6 -0.5 4.3 

Textile product mills.......................................................... 314 106.7 2.1 8.4 -8.6 -10.5 -0.9 10.7 

Textile furnishings mills.................................................. 3141 42.3 1.7 9.3 -11.6 -13.0 -3.3 11.2 

Other textile product mills.............................................. 3149 64.4 3.5 6.8 -5.4 -8.6 1.1 10.6 

Apparel............................................................................. 315 107.8 7.7 2.0 -2.9 -9.8 -1.0 9.8 

Apparel knitting mills...................................................... 3151 7.3 -1.1 3.2 -6.1 -5.2 -3.2 2.1 

Cut and sew apparel...................................................... 3152 84.9 9.9 0.9 -2.4 -11.2 -1.5 10.9 

Accessories and other apparel....................................... 3159 15.6 1.2 8.1 -3.8 -5.0 3.9 9.4 

Leather and allied products.............................................. 316 30.0 -2.3 3.7 -0.6 1.7 3.1 1.4 

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.......................... 3161 4.1 -0.9 -3.5 2.7 3.6 -0.9 -4.4 

Footwear........................................................................ 3162 12.3 -4.6 10.9 -1.0 3.8 9.8 5.8 

Other leather products................................................... 3169 13.6 -1.6 1.0 -2.1 -0.5 -1.1 -0.6 

Paper................................................................................ 322 358.3 -1.1 8.8 -6.2 -5.2 2.1 7.7 

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................. 3221 87.6 2.2 10.3 -4.6 -6.7 5.2 12.8 

Converted paper products............................................. 3222 270.7 -2.7 8.4 -7.2 -4.6 0.6 5.4 

Printing and related support activities.............................. 323 391.8 -2.7 7.3 -5.6 -3.0 1.3 4.4 

Printing and related support activities............................ 3231 391.8 -2.7 7.3 -5.6 -3.0 1.3 4.4 

Petroleum and coal products............................................ 324 109.1 4.7 6.4 0.4 -4.0 6.9 11.4 

Petroleum and coal products......................................... 3241 109.1 4.7 6.4 0.4 -4.0 6.9 11.4 

Chemicals......................................................................... 325 918.5 -2.3 3.8 -1.5 0.8 2.2 1.4 

Basic chemicals............................................................. 3251 156.6 -9.4 11.5 -5.1 4.8 5.9 1.0 

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers................................... 3252 97.2 -0.3 -1.0 -0.9 -0.5 -1.8 -1.3 

Agricultural chemicals.................................................... 3253 38.5 -3.1 1.4 -0.7 2.5 0.6 -1.8 

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.................................... 3254 351.1 2.9 -0.2 2.8 -0.2 2.6 2.8 

9
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued 

Industry 

2017 

NAICS 

code 

2023 

Employment 

(thousands) 

Percent change, 2022-2023 

Labor 

productivity 

Unit 

labor 

costs 

Output Hours 

worked 

Labor 

compensation 

Hourly 

compensation 

Paints, coatings, and adhesives..................................... 3255 65.2 1.2 0.7 -3.0 -4.2 -2.3 2.0 

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries................... 3256 125.7 -2.6 2.5 -0.5 2.1 1.9 -0.2 

Other chemical products and preparations.................... 3259 84.2 -3.7 5.6 -3.5 0.3 1.9 1.6 

Plastics and rubber products............................................ 326 742.2 -2.4 7.3 -4.7 -2.4 2.3 4.8 

Plastics products........................................................... 3261 605.1 -2.8 7.7 -5.3 -2.6 2.0 4.7 

Rubber products............................................................ 3262 137.1 -0.5 5.4 -1.9 -1.4 3.5 5.0 

Durable Manufacturing 

Wood products................................................................. 321 451.9 -5.6 6.4 -5.8 -0.3 0.2 0.5 

Sawmills and wood preservation................................... 3211 103.4 -2.7 3.2 -0.1 2.6 3.0 0.4 

Plywood and engineered wood products...................... 3212 83.1 -3.4 5.3 -7.9 -4.7 -3.0 1.8 

Other wood products..................................................... 3219 265.4 -7.4 8.2 -7.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 

Nonmetallic mineral products........................................... 327 437.9 -3.6 6.9 -1.8 1.9 5.0 3.1 

Clay products and refractories....................................... 3271 42.3 5.8 10.3 -7.9 -12.9 1.6 16.6 

Glass and glass products.............................................. 3272 87.0 -4.2 6.8 -3.2 1.1 3.4 2.3 

Cement and concrete products..................................... 3273 209.6 -3.8 7.0 -1.4 2.5 5.5 3.0 

Lime and gypsum products........................................... 3274 16.3 -8.4 8.6 -1.4 7.7 7.1 -0.6 

Other nonmetallic mineral products............................... 3279 82.7 -7.5 6.2 0.1 8.2 6.3 -1.8 

Primary metals.................................................................. 331 380.5 -3.5 7.7 -1.3 2.3 6.3 3.9 

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................. 3311 83.6 -0.4 3.8 -0.4 0.0 3.3 3.4 

Steel products from purchased steel............................. 3312 60.4 -5.5 8.7 -0.4 5.4 8.2 2.7 

Alumina and aluminum production................................ 3313 60.7 -4.4 9.0 -4.6 -0.2 4.0 4.2 

Other nonferrous metal production................................ 3314 64.3 -5.0 9.4 1.7 7.0 11.2 3.9 

Foundries....................................................................... 3315 111.5 -7.4 14.4 -6.2 1.4 7.3 5.9 

Fabricated metal products................................................ 332 1,480.7 -3.5 8.6 -2.3 1.2 6.2 4.9 

Forging and stamping.................................................... 3321 90.7 -2.6 10.3 -7.1 -4.5 2.5 7.4 

Cutlery and handtools.................................................... 3322 36.9 -3.2 0.9 -2.0 1.3 -1.1 -2.4 

Architectural and structural metals................................. 3323 418.5 -4.6 7.4 -0.3 4.5 7.0 2.4 

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers......................... 3324 95.4 -4.8 12.5 -4.7 0.1 7.2 7.1 

Hardware........................................................................ 3325 24.8 0.4 4.0 -2.2 -2.6 1.7 4.4 

Spring and wire products............................................... 3326 41.2 0.5 5.0 -1.2 -1.6 3.8 5.5 

Machine shops and threaded products......................... 3327 354.2 -0.7 6.8 -1.5 -0.8 5.2 6.0 

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals................ 3328 131.7 -6.7 14.1 -5.7 1.0 7.6 6.5 

Other fabricated metal products.................................... 3329 287.3 -4.0 10.4 -1.9 2.2 8.3 6.0 

Machinery......................................................................... 333 1,145.2 -3.4 10.1 -3.3 0.1 6.4 6.3 

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery........... 3331 223.2 -3.9 13.0 -2.5 1.5 10.2 8.6 

Industrial machinery....................................................... 3332 136.2 -5.4 8.5 -4.7 0.8 3.4 2.6 

Commercial and service industry machinery................. 3333 91.1 -1.4 3.0 -0.5 0.9 2.5 1.6 

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment............. 3334 149.2 -7.5 16.9 -7.5 0.0 8.1 8.2 

Metalworking machinery................................................ 3335 162.9 -2.9 6.0 -3.6 -0.7 2.2 2.9 

Turbine and power transmission equipment.................. 3336 93.0 -4.8 14.4 -5.2 -0.4 8.4 8.9 

Other general purpose machinery.................................. 3339 289.6 -1.0 8.8 -1.8 -0.8 6.9 7.7 

Computer and electronic products................................... 334 1,111.3 -0.5 6.3 -1.1 -0.6 5.2 5.8 

Computer and peripheral equipment............................. 3341 163.9 2.5 2.3 1.3 -1.1 3.7 4.8 

Communications equipment.......................................... 3342 86.7 6.0 0.1 1.8 -4.0 1.9 6.2 

Audio and video equipment........................................... 3343 19.6 -0.1 -7.6 -1.8 -1.7 -9.3 -7.7 

Semiconductors and electronic components................ 3344 396.1 0.8 6.0 0.5 -0.3 6.6 6.9 

Electronic instruments.................................................... 3345 432.9 -3.1 8.4 -2.7 0.4 5.5 5.0 

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.......... 3346 12.1 5.7 -2.2 -1.0 -6.4 -3.2 3.4 

Electrical equipment and appliances................................ 335 421.0 -5.3 8.9 -2.1 3.4 6.6 3.1 

Electric lighting equipment............................................. 3351 39.4 -4.5 3.8 -3.1 1.4 0.6 -0.8 

Household appliances.................................................... 3352 65.6 -1.5 -11.5 -1.6 -0.1 -12.9 -12.8 

Electrical equipment....................................................... 3353 149.0 -5.6 7.6 0.2 6.2 7.8 1.5 

Other electrical equipment and components................. 3359 167.0 -6.5 17.4 -3.9 2.8 12.8 9.8 

10
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued 

Industry 

2017 

NAICS 

code 

2023 

Employment 

(thousands) 

Percent change, 2022-2023 

Labor 

productivity 

Unit 

labor 

costs 

Output Hours 

worked 

Labor 

compensation 

Hourly 

compensation 

Transportation equipment................................................ 336 1,804.3 -1.0 3.9 3.4 4.5 7.5 2.9 

Motor vehicles................................................................ 3361 296.0 2.2 1.2 6.1 3.8 7.4 3.5 

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers................................... 3362 173.2 -15.2 8.5 -12.7 3.0 -5.3 -8.0 

Motor vehicle parts........................................................ 3363 577.1 4.0 -1.0 8.4 4.3 7.3 2.9 

Aerospace products and parts....................................... 3364 534.6 -3.6 8.2 2.5 6.4 10.9 4.3 

Railroad rolling stock...................................................... 3365 21.8 -12.0 16.6 -6.3 6.5 9.3 2.6 

Ship and boat building................................................... 3366 158.7 -6.5 9.1 -3.0 3.8 5.9 2.0 

Other transportation equipment..................................... 3369 42.9 -1.6 8.2 -5.5 -3.9 2.2 6.4 

Furniture and related products......................................... 337 386.1 -3.8 10.1 -10.0 -6.5 -0.9 6.0 

Household and institutional furniture............................. 3371 249.5 -3.3 8.6 -10.8 -7.7 -3.1 5.0 

Office furniture and fixtures............................................ 3372 105.2 -8.4 15.5 -9.2 -0.9 4.8 5.7 

Other furniture related products..................................... 3379 31.4 5.9 -2.0 -8.9 -14.0 -10.8 3.7 

Miscellaneous manufacturing........................................... 339 688.5 -2.8 4.0 -1.1 1.7 2.9 1.2 

Medical equipment and supplies................................... 3391 340.3 -0.4 1.8 0.0 0.3 1.8 1.4 

Other miscellaneous manufacturing............................... 3399 348.2 -5.5 7.0 -2.5 3.1 4.3 1.1 

11
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data 

Industry 

2017 

NAICS 

code 

2023 

Employment 

(thousands) 

Annual percent change, 1987-2023 

Labor 

productivity 

Unit 

labor 

costs 

Output Hours 

worked 

Labor 

compensation 

Hourly 

compensation 

Mining 

Mining............................................................................... 21 606.9 1.8 1.9 1.6 -0.2 3.5 3.7 

Oil and gas extraction....................................................... 211 118.4 3.4 1.4 2.0 -1.3 3.4 4.8 

Oil and gas extraction.................................................... 2111 118.4 3.4 1.4 2.0 -1.3 3.4 4.8 

Mining, except oil and gas................................................ 212 189.7 0.9 2.1 -0.2 -1.1 1.9 3.1 

Coal mining.................................................................... 2121 42.7 1.2 1.6 -1.9 -3.1 -0.3 2.9 

Metal ore mining............................................................ 2122 43.7 -0.2 3.8 0.2 0.4 4.0 3.6 

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying..................... 2123 103.3 1.1 2.5 0.9 -0.2 3.3 3.5 

Support activities for mining............................................. 213 298.8 3.2 1.0 4.7 1.4 5.7 4.3 

Support activities for mining.......................................... 2131 298.8 3.2 1.0 4.7 1.4 5.7 4.3 

Nondurable Manufacturing 

Food................................................................................. 311 1,779.1 0.5 2.4 1.0 0.5 3.4 2.9 

Animal food.................................................................... 3111 73.8 1.1 2.5 1.4 0.3 4.0 3.6 

Grain and oilseed milling................................................ 3112 63.7 1.5 1.8 0.8 -0.7 2.6 3.3 

Sugar and confectionery products................................. 3113 81.5 0.8 2.5 0.5 -0.3 3.0 3.3 

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty................. 3114 172.8 0.9 2.2 0.7 -0.2 2.8 3.1 

Dairy products................................................................ 3115 166.2 0.8 2.4 1.1 0.3 3.6 3.3 

Animal slaughtering and processing.............................. 3116 554.6 0.3 2.6 1.3 1.0 3.9 2.9 

Seafood product preparation and packaging................ 3117 28.9 1.8 2.8 0.1 -1.7 2.9 4.7 

Bakeries and tortilla products........................................ 3118 371.4 0.0 2.3 0.2 0.3 2.5 2.3 

Other food products....................................................... 3119 266.2 -0.4 2.7 1.9 2.3 4.6 2.3 

Beverages and tobacco products..................................... 312 343.8 -1.0 3.4 -0.4 0.6 2.9 2.3 

Beverages...................................................................... 3121 333.0 -0.2 2.6 0.9 1.1 3.6 2.4 

Tobacco......................................................................... 3122 10.8 1.8 2.3 -2.9 -4.7 -0.7 4.1 

Textile mills....................................................................... 313 92.8 2.1 0.6 -2.7 -4.7 -2.1 2.7 

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills........................................... 3131 22.5 1.5 0.3 -2.6 -4.1 -2.3 1.8 

Fabric mills..................................................................... 3132 44.9 2.4 0.8 -2.9 -5.2 -2.1 3.2 

Textile and fabric finishing mills..................................... 3133 25.4 1.2 1.2 -3.0 -4.2 -1.9 2.4 

Textile product mills.......................................................... 314 106.7 0.4 2.7 -2.0 -2.3 0.7 3.1 

Textile furnishings mills.................................................. 3141 42.3 0.2 2.7 -2.8 -2.9 -0.1 2.9 

Other textile product mills.............................................. 3149 64.4 1.1 2.4 -0.7 -1.8 1.7 3.5 

Apparel............................................................................. 315 107.8 0.1 1.8 -5.9 -6.0 -4.2 1.9 

Apparel knitting mills...................................................... 3151 7.3 0.4 1.8 -6.9 -7.2 -5.2 2.2 

Cut and sew apparel...................................................... 3152 84.9 0.4 1.6 -5.8 -6.2 -4.3 2.0 

Accessories and other apparel....................................... 3159 15.6 -2.8 3.1 -5.3 -2.6 -2.4 0.2 

Leather and allied products.............................................. 316 30.0 1.2 2.3 -3.4 -4.5 -1.2 3.5 

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.......................... 3161 4.1 1.6 1.1 -2.4 -3.9 -1.4 2.6 

Footwear........................................................................ 3162 12.3 1.0 2.8 -4.6 -5.5 -1.9 3.8 

Other leather products................................................... 3169 13.6 0.8 2.6 -2.6 -3.4 -0.1 3.4 

Paper................................................................................ 322 358.3 1.0 2.1 -0.6 -1.7 1.4 3.1 

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................. 3221 87.6 1.8 1.5 -1.0 -2.8 0.5 3.3 

Converted paper products............................................. 3222 270.7 0.5 2.7 -0.6 -1.1 2.1 3.2 

Printing and related support activities.............................. 323 391.8 1.0 1.6 -1.1 -2.0 0.5 2.6 

Printing and related support activities............................ 3231 391.8 1.0 1.6 -1.1 -2.0 0.5 2.6 

Petroleum and coal products............................................ 324 109.1 2.0 2.6 0.9 -1.0 3.6 4.7 

Petroleum and coal products......................................... 3241 109.1 2.0 2.6 0.9 -1.0 3.6 4.7 

Chemicals......................................................................... 325 918.5 0.7 2.4 0.6 -0.2 3.0 3.2 

Basic chemicals............................................................. 3251 156.6 1.4 2.0 0.3 -1.2 2.3 3.5 

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers................................... 3252 97.2 1.1 2.5 -0.1 -1.1 2.4 3.6 

Agricultural chemicals.................................................... 3253 38.5 1.4 2.2 0.5 -0.9 2.7 3.6 

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.................................... 3254 351.1 -0.7 3.8 1.1 1.9 5.0 3.1 

12
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued 

Industry 

2017 

NAICS 

code 

2023 

Employment 

(thousands) 

Annual percent change, 1987-2023 

Labor 

productivity 

Unit 

labor 

costs 

Output Hours 

worked 

Labor 

compensation 

Hourly 

compensation 

Paints, coatings, and adhesives..................................... 3255 65.2 0.5 2.5 0.0 -0.5 2.5 3.0 

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries................... 3256 125.7 0.5 1.6 0.7 0.2 2.3 2.1 

Other chemical products and preparations.................... 3259 84.2 1.5 1.6 -0.1 -1.6 1.5 3.1 

Plastics and rubber products............................................ 326 742.2 1.1 1.9 0.9 -0.2 2.8 3.0 

Plastics products........................................................... 3261 605.1 1.0 2.0 1.1 0.1 3.1 3.0 

Rubber products............................................................ 3262 137.1 1.6 1.6 0.3 -1.3 1.8 3.1 

Durable Manufacturing 

Wood products................................................................. 321 451.9 0.7 2.6 -0.2 -0.8 2.5 3.3 

Sawmills and wood preservation................................... 3211 103.4 1.4 1.8 0.2 -1.2 2.0 3.2 

Plywood and engineered wood products...................... 3212 83.1 -0.1 2.8 -0.6 -0.6 2.2 2.8 

Other wood products..................................................... 3219 265.4 0.7 2.9 -0.1 -0.7 2.8 3.6 

Nonmetallic mineral products........................................... 327 437.9 0.7 2.0 0.3 -0.5 2.3 2.7 

Clay products and refractories....................................... 3271 42.3 1.2 1.7 -1.2 -2.4 0.5 2.9 

Glass and glass products.............................................. 3272 87.0 1.1 1.5 -0.3 -1.4 1.2 2.6 

Cement and concrete products..................................... 3273 209.6 0.1 2.4 0.5 0.4 2.9 2.5 

Lime and gypsum products........................................... 3274 16.3 0.6 3.4 -0.4 -0.9 3.0 4.0 

Other nonmetallic mineral products............................... 3279 82.7 1.0 1.9 1.3 0.3 3.2 2.9 

Primary metals.................................................................. 331 380.5 1.2 1.6 -0.5 -1.6 1.2 2.8 

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................. 3311 83.6 1.7 0.9 -0.4 -2.1 0.5 2.6 

Steel products from purchased steel............................. 3312 60.4 -0.1 2.7 -0.4 -0.4 2.2 2.6 

Alumina and aluminum production................................ 3313 60.7 1.0 2.1 -0.6 -1.6 1.5 3.1 

Other nonferrous metal production................................ 3314 64.3 1.2 2.4 -0.3 -1.4 2.2 3.6 

Foundries....................................................................... 3315 111.5 0.9 1.8 -0.9 -1.8 0.9 2.8 

Fabricated metal products................................................ 332 1,480.7 0.7 2.1 0.5 -0.3 2.6 2.8 

Forging and stamping.................................................... 3321 90.7 1.5 1.5 0.0 -1.4 1.5 3.0 

Cutlery and handtools.................................................... 3322 36.9 0.9 1.5 -1.0 -1.8 0.5 2.4 

Architectural and structural metals................................. 3323 418.5 0.3 2.7 0.7 0.4 3.5 3.0 

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers......................... 3324 95.4 0.5 2.2 0.0 -0.4 2.2 2.7 

Hardware........................................................................ 3325 24.8 0.5 1.8 -1.9 -2.4 -0.1 2.4 

Spring and wire products............................................... 3326 41.2 1.5 1.7 -0.4 -1.9 1.4 3.3 

Machine shops and threaded products......................... 3327 354.2 1.5 1.6 1.8 0.3 3.4 3.1 

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals................ 3328 131.7 1.9 1.3 1.6 -0.2 3.0 3.3 

Other fabricated metal products.................................... 3329 287.3 0.4 2.1 0.0 -0.4 2.1 2.5 

Machinery......................................................................... 333 1,145.2 1.3 1.6 0.8 -0.5 2.4 2.9 

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery........... 3331 223.2 1.7 1.3 1.8 0.1 3.1 3.0 

Industrial machinery....................................................... 3332 136.2 0.7 1.8 0.6 -0.1 2.4 2.5 

Commercial and service industry machinery................. 3333 91.1 1.2 1.1 -0.1 -1.3 1.1 2.4 

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment............. 3334 149.2 0.3 2.5 0.1 -0.2 2.6 2.8 

Metalworking machinery................................................ 3335 162.9 2.0 0.8 0.5 -1.5 1.3 2.8 

Turbine and power transmission equipment.................. 3336 93.0 1.0 1.3 0.5 -0.5 1.8 2.3 

Other general purpose machinery.................................. 3339 289.6 1.2 2.2 0.8 -0.3 3.1 3.4 

Computer and electronic products................................... 334 1,111.3 7.2 -3.9 5.3 -1.7 1.2 3.0 

Computer and peripheral equipment............................. 3341 163.9 12.2 -10.5 8.7 -3.1 -2.7 0.4 

Communications equipment.......................................... 3342 86.7 4.6 -1.1 1.6 -2.9 0.5 3.4 

Audio and video equipment........................................... 3343 19.6 2.5 -0.5 -0.3 -2.7 -0.7 2.0 

Semiconductors and electronic components................ 3344 396.1 10.5 -6.8 9.3 -1.1 1.8 3.0 

Electronic instruments.................................................... 3345 432.9 2.3 0.9 1.0 -1.3 1.9 3.2 

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.......... 3346 12.1 -0.2 -0.1 -3.1 -2.9 -3.2 -0.3 

Electrical equipment and appliances................................ 335 421.0 1.3 1.8 0.0 -1.4 1.8 3.2 

Electric lighting equipment............................................. 3351 39.4 1.5 1.5 -0.5 -1.9 1.1 3.1 

Household appliances.................................................... 3352 65.6 2.4 -0.2 0.5 -1.8 0.2 2.1 

Electrical equipment....................................................... 3353 149.0 1.3 1.9 -0.2 -1.5 1.7 3.3 

Other electrical equipment and components................. 3359 167.0 0.6 2.7 -0.1 -0.8 2.5 3.3 

13
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued 

Industry 

2017 

NAICS 

code 

2023 

Employment 

(thousands) 

Annual percent change, 1987-2023 

Labor 

productivity 

Unit 

labor 

costs 

Output Hours 

worked 

Labor 

compensation 

Hourly 

compensation 

Transportation equipment................................................ 336 1,804.3 1.8 0.6 1.4 -0.4 2.0 2.5 

Motor vehicles................................................................ 3361 296.0 1.8 0.7 1.8 0.0 2.4 2.4 

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers................................... 3362 173.2 0.8 2.6 1.4 0.6 4.1 3.5 

Motor vehicle parts........................................................ 3363 577.1 2.4 -0.6 2.3 -0.2 1.7 1.8 

Aerospace products and parts....................................... 3364 534.6 0.9 2.0 -0.4 -1.2 1.6 2.9 

Railroad rolling stock...................................................... 3365 21.8 1.4 1.7 1.2 -0.2 3.0 3.2 

Ship and boat building................................................... 3366 158.7 1.4 1.9 0.9 -0.5 2.8 3.3 

Other transportation equipment..................................... 3369 42.9 2.4 0.2 3.1 0.7 3.3 2.7 

Furniture and related products......................................... 337 386.1 0.8 2.1 -0.6 -1.5 1.5 3.0 

Household and institutional furniture............................. 3371 249.5 0.7 2.2 -0.9 -1.6 1.2 2.9 

Office furniture and fixtures............................................ 3372 105.2 0.8 2.2 -0.3 -1.2 1.9 3.1 

Other furniture related products..................................... 3379 31.4 1.3 1.3 0.1 -1.2 1.4 2.6 

Miscellaneous manufacturing........................................... 339 688.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 -0.1 2.9 3.1 

Medical equipment and supplies................................... 3391 340.3 1.9 1.3 2.7 0.8 4.1 3.3 

Other miscellaneous manufacturing............................... 3399 348.2 0.8 1.9 0.0 -0.8 1.9 2.8 

14
Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2023 

Industry 

2017 

NAICS 

code 

2023 

Employment 

(thousands) 

Annual percent change, 2019-2023 

Labor 

productivity 

Unit 

labor 

costs 

Output Hours 

worked 

Labor 

compensation 

Hourly 

compensation 

Mining 

Mining............................................................................... 21 606.9 4.8 -1.0 1.1 -3.5 0.1 3.8 

Oil and gas extraction....................................................... 211 118.4 6.3 -3.4 1.8 -4.3 -1.6 2.8 

Oil and gas extraction.................................................... 2111 118.4 6.3 -3.4 1.8 -4.3 -1.6 2.8 

Mining, except oil and gas................................................ 212 189.7 -0.1 5.8 -2.1 -2.0 3.7 5.7 

Coal mining.................................................................... 2121 42.7 -0.8 6.7 -5.3 -4.5 1.0 5.8 

Metal ore mining............................................................ 2122 43.7 -1.0 7.3 -2.7 -1.7 4.4 6.2 

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying..................... 2123 103.3 1.2 4.5 0.4 -0.8 4.9 5.7 

Support activities for mining............................................. 213 298.8 11.5 -7.0 7.1 -4.0 -0.4 3.8 

Support activities for mining.......................................... 2131 298.8 11.5 -7.0 7.1 -4.0 -0.4 3.8 

Nondurable Manufacturing 

Food................................................................................. 311 1,779.1 -0.7 6.5 -0.1 0.5 6.3 5.7 

Animal food.................................................................... 3111 73.8 -1.7 7.4 -0.1 1.6 7.3 5.7 

Grain and oilseed milling................................................ 3112 63.7 -1.0 6.1 -0.1 0.8 6.0 5.1 

Sugar and confectionery products................................. 3113 81.5 -0.6 6.1 0.2 0.8 6.3 5.4 

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty................. 3114 172.8 1.8 4.6 -0.4 -2.2 4.2 6.5 

Dairy products................................................................ 3115 166.2 -2.6 6.2 -0.2 2.5 6.0 3.4 

Animal slaughtering and processing.............................. 3116 554.6 -0.4 7.9 -0.7 -0.4 7.2 7.6 

Seafood product preparation and packaging................ 3117 28.9 5.3 3.8 -1.0 -6.0 2.8 9.3 

Bakeries and tortilla products........................................ 3118 371.4 -0.6 5.8 0.1 0.7 5.9 5.1 

Other food products....................................................... 3119 266.2 -2.7 6.5 0.6 3.4 7.1 3.6 

Beverages and tobacco products..................................... 312 343.8 -7.2 8.6 -1.9 5.7 6.6 0.8 

Beverages...................................................................... 3121 333.0 -6.1 7.4 -0.5 5.9 6.8 0.9 

Tobacco......................................................................... 3122 10.8 -5.5 8.4 -4.8 0.8 3.2 2.4 

Textile mills....................................................................... 313 92.8 2.4 3.5 -3.3 -5.6 0.1 6.1 

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills........................................... 3131 22.5 0.2 4.0 -6.2 -6.4 -2.5 4.2 

Fabric mills..................................................................... 3132 44.9 3.0 3.8 -2.6 -5.5 1.1 7.0 

Textile and fabric finishing mills..................................... 3133 25.4 1.7 3.6 -3.3 -4.9 0.2 5.3 

Textile product mills.......................................................... 314 106.7 0.8 6.0 -3.4 -4.2 2.3 6.8 

Textile furnishings mills.................................................. 3141 42.3 1.6 5.9 -4.5 -6.0 1.2 7.6 

Other textile product mills.............................................. 3149 64.4 0.4 5.9 -2.4 -2.8 3.3 6.3 

Apparel............................................................................. 315 107.8 2.0 3.4 -2.9 -4.8 0.4 5.5 

Apparel knitting mills...................................................... 3151 7.3 5.3 1.7 -3.9 -8.7 -2.3 7.1 

Cut and sew apparel...................................................... 3152 84.9 2.3 3.1 -3.4 -5.6 -0.3 5.5 

Accessories and other apparel....................................... 3159 15.6 -0.2 6.4 2.2 2.4 8.7 6.2 

Leather and allied products.............................................. 316 30.0 1.3 4.2 0.3 -1.0 4.4 5.5 

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.......................... 3161 4.1 4.7 2.4 0.8 -3.7 3.2 7.2 

Footwear........................................................................ 3162 12.3 -2.8 6.4 -4.1 -1.4 2.0 3.4 

Other leather products................................................... 3169 13.6 4.2 2.9 4.4 0.2 7.5 7.3 

Paper................................................................................ 322 358.3 -1.9 6.1 -3.1 -1.2 2.9 4.1 

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................. 3221 87.6 -0.8 5.7 -4.0 -3.3 1.4 4.8 

Converted paper products............................................. 3222 270.7 -2.0 6.2 -2.4 -0.4 3.7 4.1 

Printing and related support activities.............................. 323 391.8 0.3 4.6 -3.5 -3.8 0.9 4.9 

Printing and related support activities............................ 3231 391.8 0.3 4.6 -3.5 -3.8 0.9 4.9 

Petroleum and coal products............................................ 324 109.1 1.8 4.2 -0.9 -2.6 3.2 6.0 

Petroleum and coal products......................................... 3241 109.1 1.8 4.2 -0.9 -2.6 3.2 6.0 

Chemicals......................................................................... 325 918.5 -1.2 4.4 0.0 1.2 4.4 3.1 

Basic chemicals............................................................. 3251 156.6 -0.8 5.3 -1.1 -0.3 4.1 4.4 

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers................................... 3252 97.2 -1.6 4.7 -2.0 -0.5 2.5 3.0 

Agricultural chemicals.................................................... 3253 38.5 -0.2 1.1 1.3 1.5 2.5 1.0 

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.................................... 3254 351.1 0.1 3.7 2.4 2.3 6.2 3.8 

15
Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2023 — Continued 

Industry 

2017 

NAICS 

code 

2023 

Employment 

(thousands) 

Annual percent change, 2019-2023 

Labor 

productivity 

Unit 

labor 

costs 

Output Hours 

worked 

Labor 

compensation 

Hourly 

compensation 

Paints, coatings, and adhesives..................................... 3255 65.2 2.1 2.6 1.9 -0.2 4.6 4.7 

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries................... 3256 125.7 -5.7 4.1 -2.7 3.2 1.4 -1.8 

Other chemical products and preparations.................... 3259 84.2 -0.3 4.4 -0.4 0.0 4.1 4.1 

Plastics and rubber products............................................ 326 742.2 -1.2 5.7 -1.3 -0.1 4.3 4.4 

Plastics products........................................................... 3261 605.1 -1.3 5.7 -1.3 0.1 4.4 4.3 

Rubber products............................................................ 3262 137.1 -0.7 5.4 -1.4 -0.7 4.0 4.7 

Durable Manufacturing 

Wood products................................................................. 321 451.9 -0.7 7.6 -1.1 -0.4 6.4 6.8 

Sawmills and wood preservation................................... 3211 103.4 1.6 4.3 0.5 -1.1 4.9 6.0 

Plywood and engineered wood products...................... 3212 83.1 -6.3 11.3 -5.1 1.3 5.6 4.3 

Other wood products..................................................... 3219 265.4 1.1 6.9 0.4 -0.6 7.3 8.0 

Nonmetallic mineral products........................................... 327 437.9 0.8 3.4 1.1 0.2 4.5 4.2 

Clay products and refractories....................................... 3271 42.3 5.1 2.1 0.5 -4.3 2.7 7.3 

Glass and glass products.............................................. 3272 87.0 -4.2 6.2 -4.7 -0.5 1.2 1.7 

Cement and concrete products..................................... 3273 209.6 2.1 2.8 2.7 0.6 5.5 4.9 

Lime and gypsum products........................................... 3274 16.3 -0.5 5.0 1.2 1.7 6.2 4.5 

Other nonmetallic mineral products............................... 3279 82.7 0.5 3.2 2.7 2.3 6.0 3.7 

Primary metals.................................................................. 331 380.5 -3.9 8.0 -5.1 -1.2 2.4 3.7 

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................. 3311 83.6 -5.9 10.1 -7.8 -2.0 1.5 3.6 

Steel products from purchased steel............................. 3312 60.4 -5.2 8.8 -5.3 -0.1 3.0 3.2 

Alumina and aluminum production................................ 3313 60.7 -3.1 7.1 -3.9 -0.9 2.9 3.8 

Other nonferrous metal production................................ 3314 64.3 1.4 3.0 1.3 -0.1 4.3 4.5 

Foundries....................................................................... 3315 111.5 -3.0 7.1 -5.0 -2.0 1.8 3.8 

Fabricated metal products................................................ 332 1,480.7 -0.5 5.2 -1.5 -1.0 3.7 4.7 

Forging and stamping.................................................... 3321 90.7 -4.2 8.1 -6.9 -2.8 0.7 3.6 

Cutlery and handtools.................................................... 3322 36.9 -1.1 1.8 -0.4 0.7 1.4 0.6 

Architectural and structural metals................................. 3323 418.5 -1.6 7.0 -1.2 0.4 5.7 5.2 

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers......................... 3324 95.4 -2.6 7.8 -3.6 -1.0 4.0 5.0 

Hardware........................................................................ 3325 24.8 0.3 6.4 -2.0 -2.3 4.2 6.7 

Spring and wire products............................................... 3326 41.2 1.9 4.4 -1.2 -3.0 3.2 6.4 

Machine shops and threaded products......................... 3327 354.2 0.8 3.7 -1.2 -2.0 2.5 4.5 

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals................ 3328 131.7 2.8 4.0 -0.4 -3.2 3.6 7.0 

Other fabricated metal products.................................... 3329 287.3 0.3 3.5 0.5 0.2 4.0 3.8 

Machinery......................................................................... 333 1,145.2 -0.4 4.4 -0.5 -0.1 3.9 4.0 

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery........... 3331 223.2 2.3 3.3 2.2 -0.1 5.6 5.7 

Industrial machinery....................................................... 3332 136.2 -4.1 5.1 -0.8 3.4 4.3 0.8 

Commercial and service industry machinery................. 3333 91.1 3.3 0.8 2.4 -0.9 3.2 4.2 

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment............. 3334 149.2 -5.8 10.7 -4.3 1.6 5.9 4.3 

Metalworking machinery................................................ 3335 162.9 6.3 -1.2 2.1 -3.9 0.9 5.0 

Turbine and power transmission equipment.................. 3336 93.0 -0.8 5.5 -3.0 -2.3 2.3 4.6 

Other general purpose machinery.................................. 3339 289.6 -2.6 5.8 -1.8 0.8 3.9 3.1 

Computer and electronic products................................... 334 1,111.3 0.2 2.6 0.0 -0.2 2.6 2.8 

Computer and peripheral equipment............................. 3341 163.9 2.0 2.1 -0.1 -2.0 2.1 4.2 

Communications equipment.......................................... 3342 86.7 -0.6 -0.4 0.2 0.8 -0.2 -1.0 

Audio and video equipment........................................... 3343 19.6 9.6 -13.5 6.0 -3.3 -8.3 -5.2 

Semiconductors and electronic components................ 3344 396.1 2.0 0.7 2.6 0.6 3.4 2.8 

Electronic instruments.................................................... 3345 432.9 -1.5 4.6 -1.7 -0.2 2.9 3.1 

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.......... 3346 12.1 8.4 -4.3 5.6 -2.6 1.0 3.7 

Electrical equipment and appliances................................ 335 421.0 -1.0 5.6 -0.3 0.7 5.3 4.5 

Electric lighting equipment............................................. 3351 39.4 1.0 1.4 -1.7 -2.7 -0.3 2.4 

Household appliances.................................................... 3352 65.6 -2.2 0.4 0.1 2.4 0.5 -1.8 

Electrical equipment....................................................... 3353 149.0 -0.2 6.6 0.5 0.7 7.1 6.3 

Other electrical equipment and components................. 3359 167.0 -1.9 7.4 -0.8 1.1 6.6 5.4 

16
Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2023 — Continued 

Industry 

2017 

NAICS 

code 

2023 

Employment 

(thousands) 

Annual percent change, 2019-2023 

Labor 

productivity 

Unit 

labor 

costs 

Output Hours 

worked 

Labor 

compensation 

Hourly 

compensation 

Transportation equipment................................................ 336 1,804.3 -1.3 4.4 -0.4 0.9 3.9 2.9 

Motor vehicles................................................................ 3361 296.0 -4.1 5.7 1.1 5.4 6.8 1.4 

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers................................... 3362 173.2 -3.5 5.2 -2.4 1.2 2.7 1.5 

Motor vehicle parts........................................................ 3363 577.1 1.7 0.9 1.2 -0.4 2.1 2.5 

Aerospace products and parts....................................... 3364 534.6 -4.6 9.3 -4.9 -0.3 3.9 4.2 

Railroad rolling stock...................................................... 3365 21.8 -5.3 8.6 -7.0 -1.8 1.0 2.8 

Ship and boat building................................................... 3366 158.7 -0.3 4.2 1.4 1.7 5.6 3.8 

Other transportation equipment..................................... 3369 42.9 -4.6 4.0 0.2 5.0 4.1 -0.8 

Furniture and related products......................................... 337 386.1 -1.9 5.2 -3.7 -1.8 1.3 3.2 

Household and institutional furniture............................. 3371 249.5 -1.0 4.7 -2.4 -1.5 2.2 3.7 

Office furniture and fixtures............................................ 3372 105.2 -2.4 6.1 -4.8 -2.5 1.0 3.6 

Other furniture related products..................................... 3379 31.4 -3.3 2.9 -5.5 -2.3 -2.7 -0.4 

Miscellaneous manufacturing........................................... 339 688.5 0.9 3.0 0.9 0.0 4.0 4.0 

Medical equipment and supplies................................... 3391 340.3 1.6 2.2 1.7 0.1 3.9 3.8 

Other miscellaneous manufacturing............................... 3399 348.2 0.0 4.1 -0.1 -0.1 4.0 4.2 

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