*

The Honorable Gregory Van Tatenhove, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of

Kentucky, sitting by designation.

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 11a0162p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

ROBERTO RAMIREZ-PEREZ,

 Defendant-Appellant.

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No. 10-1270

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.

No. 09-00271-001—Paul Lewis Maloney, Chief District Judge.

Decided and Filed: June 23, 2011 

Before: BOGGS and SILER, Circuit Judges; VAN TATENHOVE, District Judge.*

_________________

COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Kenneth P. Tableman, KENNETH P. TABLEMAN, P.C., Grand Rapids,

Michigan, for Appellant. Christopher M. O’Connor, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES

ATTORNEY, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee. 

_________________

OPINION

_________________

SILER, Circuit Judge. Defendant Roberto Ramirez-Perez pleaded guilty to

being present in the United States after having been previously deported subsequent to

an aggravated felony conviction. The district court enhanced Ramirez-Perez’s offense

level and criminal history score because it determined that he had a 1994 drug trafficking

conviction for which the sentence imposed exceeded 13 months. The district court then

1
No. 10-1270 United States v. Ramirez-Perez Page 2

sentenced him to 70 months’ imprisonment. Ramirez-Perez now appeals, challenging

the district court’s determination that his prior conviction resulted in a sentence that

exceeded 13 months. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM.

I. 

Ramirez-Perez is a native and citizen of Mexico. In 1994, he pleaded guilty in

a California court to unlawfully furnishing or selling a controlled substance. He was

sentenced to 220 days in jail and 3 years of probation. In 1998, he violated his probation

and was sentenced to 365 days and given 234 days of credit for time served.

From 1993 to 1998, Ramirez-Perez was deported or removed from the United

States four times. In 2009, he pleaded guilty to assault with a dangerous weapon. An

investigation revealed his prior deportations and his 1994 California conviction, which

qualified as an aggravated felony pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43).

Ramirez-Perez later pleaded guilty to one count of being present in the United

States after having been previously deported subsequent to an aggravated felony

conviction, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) & (b)(2).

In sentencing, he had a total offense level of 21, and a three-point increase in his

criminal history score pursuant to § 4A1.1(a), resulting in a total criminal history score

of 11 (category V). These increases were based on a finding that the sentence for his

1994 conviction exceeded 13 months, which was determined by adding his initial

sentence of 220 days to his probation violation sentence of 365 days. Ramirez-Perez

objected to these calculations, arguing that his sentence was under 13 months because

the credit for time served should have been deducted from the length of his probation

violation sentence. The district court overruled his objection and calculated his

Guidelines range as 70 to 87 months. It then sentenced Ramirez-Perez to a term of

imprisonment of 70 months, followed by two years of supervised release.
No. 10-1270 United States v. Ramirez-Perez Page 3

II.

Ramirez-Perez argues that the district court erred by finding his 1994 conviction

resulted in a sentence that exceeded 13 months. He contends his probation revocation

sentence of 365 days should be reduced by the 234 days of credit for time served he

received. Under this calculation, his criminal history category would remain at V, but

his offense level would have only increased by 12 for a total of 17, resulting in a

Guidelines range of 46-57 months.

This court reviews “a district court’s legal conclusions regarding the Sentencing

Guidelines de novo and a district court’s factual findings in applying the Sentencing

Guidelines for clear error.” United States v. Galvan, 453 F.3d 738, 739 (6th Cir. 2006)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

The Guidelines provide for a 16-level increase in the defendant’s offense level

“[i]f the defendant previously was deported, or unlawfully remained in the United States,

after a conviction for a felony that is a drug trafficking offense for which the sentence

imposed exceeded 13 months.” USSG § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i). The application notes state

that “[t]he length of the sentence of imprisonment includes any term of imprisonment

given upon revocation of probation.” USSG § 2L1.2, comment. (n.1).

The Guidelines also provide for a three-point increase in a defendant’s criminal

history score “for each prior sentence of imprisonment exceeding one year and one

month.” USSG § 4A1.1(a). In calculating the length of a sentence, the Guidelines

instruct to “add the original term of imprisonment to any term of imprisonment imposed

upon revocation.” USSG § 4A1.2(k)(1).

The term “sentence of imprisonment” has the same meaning under both the

offense level and criminal history guidelines. USSG § 2L1.2, comment. (n.1). It “means

a sentence of incarceration and refers to the maximum sentence imposed.” USSG

§ 4A1.2(b)(1). Application Note 2 explains “the length of a sentence of imprisonment

is the stated maximum . . . . That is, criminal history points are based on the sentence

pronounced, not the length of time actually served.” USSG § 4A1.2, comment. (n.2).
No. 10-1270 United States v. Ramirez-Perez Page 4

In Galvan, we considered the effect of a defendant’s receiving credit for time

served for purposes of § 4A1.2(k)(1). 453 F.3d at 740-41. There, we rejected the

defendant’s argument that the district court should have reduced the aggregate sentence

of his prior conviction by the credit the state court gave him for time served while

awaiting sentencing. Id. at 741. In rejecting this argument, we held that “for the

purposes of Guidelines criminal history calculation, it matters not whether a defendant’s

sentence included credit for time served presentence.” Id. We also rejected the

defendant’s argument that the district court should have deducted the credit for time

served he received on an earlier probation violation because “nothing on the face of the

record indicate[d] any such credit, and the district court was not required to search

beyond the record.” Id. We did not address what the consequence would have been if

the defendant’s state court record had reflected that he received credit for his previous

probation violation sentence. Nonetheless, the Guidelines support the conclusion that

the general rule from Galvan—that “it matters not whether a defendant’s sentence

included credit for time served presentence”—should apply even if the credit for time

served is reflected on the state court record and based on the original sentence. Id.

The sentence of imprisonment for Guidelines purposes is “the sentence

pronounced, not the length of time actually served.” USSG § 4A1.2, comment. (n.2).

When a court gives credit for time served, it affects the length of time the defendant will

be required to serve. It does not, however, affect the sentence that is pronounced.

Moreover, the Guidelines refer to the “maximum sentence imposed” without

qualification as to credit for time served. USSG § 4A1.2(b)(1). Notably, the Guidelines

expressly exclude parts of a sentence in other circumstances. For instance, “[i]f part of

a sentence of imprisonment was suspended, ‘sentence of imprisonment’ refers only to

the portion that was not suspended.” USSG § 4A1.2(b)(2). No mention is made of

excluding credit received for time served. For these reasons, we conclude that the

general rule from Galvan applies in this case. 453 F.3d at 741. Credit for time served

should not be subtracted from a defendant’s probation revocation sentence, even if the

face of the state court record reflects the defendant received credit for time served on the

original offense. 
No. 10-1270 United States v. Ramirez-Perez Page 5

1

“PC 4019” refers to a California Penal Code provision that grants two days of time served for

every four days in custody. See Cal. Penal Code § 4019(f). It appears Ramirez-Perez was given 78 days

of credit for 156 days served in a local jail. Ramirez-Perez is thus asking the court to deduct credit for time

served that was given for credit for time served. His double counting argument may cut both ways.

Therefore, because this sentence exceeded 13 months, the district court correctly

increased his offense level by 16 under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i), and his criminal history

score by three under § 4A1.1(a). 

Ramirez-Perez relies on United States v. Glover, 154 F.3d 1291, 1295-96 (11th

Cir. 1998), in which the Eleventh Circuit came to a different conclusion on similar facts

because it was concerned that, by not deducting credit for time served on an earlier

probation violation, the earlier probation violation sentence would be counted twice.

Although the Glover court’s reasoning avoids a potentially harsh result, Glover does not

persuade us to depart from the general rule from Galvan. Under the Guidelines, it is the

sentence pronounced that is controlling, not the amount of time actually served. Id. at

1296 (Edmondson, J., dissenting) (citing § 4A1.2, comment. (n.2)). 

Moreover, even if we were to follow Glover here, it is not entirely clear that all

of the 234 days of credit for time served came from Ramirez-Perez’s initial sentence.

The judgment states that credit for time served is “156 DAYS LOCAL” and “78 DAYS

PC 4019/2933.1”1

 for “234 TOTAL DAYS CREDIT.” Although the source of this time

is reasonably apparent, the judgment does not specifically say that this credit for time

served came from the prior drug trafficking offense. Also, there is a discrepancy

between the earlier 220-day sentence and the later 234-day credit for time served. It is

conceivable that some of this credit for time served was the result of awaiting sentencing

on the probation violation, which even under Glover, is included as part of the sentence

of imprisonment. See 154 F.3d at 1296. Ascertaining the source of all of the credit for

time served from the judgment here would require some speculation, and the district

court is not required to search outside the record. See Galvan, 453 F.3d at 741.

Ramirez-Perez also argues that, to the extent this court finds § 4A1.2(k) to be

ambiguous, it should find in his favor based on the rule of lenity. He contends that there

is a “fundamental ambiguity” in the guideline because “term of imprisonment” is not
No. 10-1270 United States v. Ramirez-Perez Page 6

defined and it is unclear whether it has the same meaning as “sentence of imprisonment.”

A review of § 4A1.2(k) and its commentary shows that these terms are interchangeable.

This guideline instructs the court to “add the original term of imprisonment to any term

of imprisonment imposed upon revocation.” USSG § 4A1.2(k)(1) (emphasis added).

In the application note, it states that “the sentence given upon revocation should be

added to the original sentence of imprisonment.” USSG § 4A1.2(k)(1), comment. (n.11)

(emphasis added). “Term” and “sentence” are used interchangeably in this guideline.

Thus, there is no ambiguity and “the rule of lenity is not applicable.” United States v.

Johnson, 529 U.S. 53, 59 (2000).

AFFIRMED.