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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 12

- 1393

___________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

JOSEPH KONRAD,

Appellant

_______________________
On Appeal from the United States District C ourt for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
D.C. Criminal No. 2

- 11

- cr

- 00015

- 001 (Honorable Michael M. Baylson)

______________
Argued : April 2, 2013

Before: SCIRICA, AMBRO, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

.

(Filed : September 20 , 2013 )2 Brett G. Sweitze r, Esq. [ARGUED] Federal Community Defender Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
601 Walnut Street The Curtis Center, Suite 540 West Philadelphia, PA 19106

Counsel for Appellant

Mary Kay Costello, Esq. [ARGUED]
Office of United States Attor ney 615 Chestnut Street
Suite 1250 Philadelphia, PA 19106

Counsel for Appellee

_________________

OPINION OF THE COURT

_________________

SCIRICA

, Circuit Judge.

The Criminal Justice Act requires courts to furnish legal counsel to criminal defendants “ financially unable to obtain adequate representation.” 18 U.S.C. § 3006A (a). Joseph Konra d was appointed a federal d efender under the
Criminal Justice Act (CJA) , based on information he provided
in a financial disclosure affidavit

. At sentencing, the Di strict
Court found s everal discrepancies between Konrad’s pre

sentencing report and his financial disclosure. The court
ordered Konrad to show cause that he was financially eligible3 for appointed counsel. After a hearing, the c ourt found Konrad had signi ficant funds in two individual retirement

accounts so he was not financially unable to pay the cost of legal representation. After appointing a Master to determine
the cost o f private legal representation, the court ordered Konrad to repay $6,000 because he was not financially
eli gible to be represented by the federal d efender.

We hold individual retirement funds and joi ntly

- held
bank accounts can be available funds within the meaning of
the Criminal Justice Act. We also hold the District Court did

no t abuse its discretion in ordering Konrad to repay the
market value of his legal representation rather than the hourly rate paid to an attorney appointed under the Criminal Justice
Act.

I.

The Fede ral Community Defender Office for the
Eastern District of P ennsylvania was appointed by a Magistrate J udge to defend Joseph Konrad against charges of making fraudulent statements to the Federal Aviation
Administration. Konrad plead ed guilty. As noted

, upon sentencing the District Court noted disparities bet ween the

assets Konrad reported in the CJA Form 23 Financial
Affidavit of November 15, 2010 and those in the presentencing report. The court ordered Konrad to sho w cause he was financially eligible for court

- appointed counsel.
The c ourt found Konrad fail ed to disclose the $258,000 value
of his home

, and only reported $50,000 in retirement accounts4 worth $70,463

. 1 Konrad underreported his household monthly inco me by $4,300 , stating his monthly household
income was $2,500 in the Financial Disclosure Affida vit when it was actually $8,600.

The District Court found the $70, 463 in the individual
retirement accounts w as available to pay for Konrad’s legal representation. The court did not reach the question whether

a bank account worth $34,893 Konrad held j ointly w ith his
wife was also available because the retirement savings accounts had several times the amount needed to pay for legal
counsel.

The District Court found Konrad had financial resources to pay for his own defense while meeting the cost
of th e necessities of life

. The District C ourt ordered Konrad

to pay for his legal representation and appointed a Master to determine the cost of private criminal defense counsel in this

case. The Master surveyed hourly rates in the relevant geographic area, and selected the lowest estimate , $400 an
hour

. The Master determined the cost of Konrad’s defense was $6,000 , based on the hourly rate and number of hours

. Konrad appeals from that order.

1 Konrad included the cost of the mortg age and other joint household expenses in his affidavit, but not the value of the home. The District Court found Konrad’s home was encumbered by a $230,000 mortgage. Accordingly, the home
was not an available asset.5 II. 2

A.

The Criminal Justice Act requires district courts to

p rovide legal counsel for criminal defendants charged with a felony when they are unable to pay for an attorney. 18 U.S.C. § 3006A(a)(1)(A). A defendant bears the burden to prove he
is unable to pay for the cost of representation. United States
v. Evans

, 155 F.3d 245, 252 n.8 (3d Cir. 1998) (citing United States v. Lefkowitz , 125 F.3d 608, 621 (8th Cir. 1997)).

“ Whenever the United States magistrate judge or the court finds that funds are available for payment from or on behalf of a person furnished repr esentation, it may authorize or
direct that such funds be paid to the appointed a ttorney, to the bar association or legal aid agency or community defender organization which provided the appointed attorney

. . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 3006A(f). The Guide to Judi ciary Policy Guidelines for Administering the CJA and Related Statutes explicitly recommends an evaluation of financial eligibility after the presentencing report becomes available “in order to make a final determination concerning whether the person then has funds available to pay for some or all of the costs of representation.” 7A Guide to Judiciary Policy § 2 10. 4 0.30

2 The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C.A. § 3231. This court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reimbursement ordered under 18 U.S.C. § 3006A(f) is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v. Parker

, 439 F.3d 81, 99 (2d Cir. 2006). We exercise plenary review

over a district court’s interpretation of the statute. United
States v. Williams , 675 F.3d 274, 277 (3d Cir. 2012).6 ( “[E] rroneous determinations of eligibility may be corrected
at a later time. ” ).

“A person is ‘financially unable to obtain counsel’

. . . if the person’s net financial resources and income are insufficient to obtain qualified counsel” considering “the cost
of

. . . the necessities of life.” Id. at § 210.40.30(a) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3006A(6))

. The Guide instruct s courts to “consider per tinent information cont ained in the presentence report, the court’ s intention with respect to fines and restitution, and all other avail able data bearing on the person’ s financial condition, in order to make a final determination concerning whether the per son then has funds available to pay for some or all of the costs of representation.” Id . at § 210.40.30(d) (“At the time of sentencing, i n appropriate circumstances

, [the court] should order the person to reimburse the CJA appropriation for such costs.”). 3 “In the absence of a serious abuse of discretion, a district judge’s findings as to ‘availability’ of funds, if supported by an ‘adequate inquiry’, will not be disturbed on appeal. ” United States v. Bracewell , 569 F.2d 1194, 1200 (2d Cir. 1978). The D istrict Court properly ordered Konrad to

pay the cost of court

- appointed counsel, because Konrad’s net

3 Contrary to Konrad’s assertion, no court has interpreted the CJA to require a finding that a defendant provided false information, or that a defendant’s financial condition materially improved or that new information became available to order reimbursement, nor do we. Even so, here the defendant failed to disclose significant assets in his initial affidavit, and new information regarding the value of his home and retirement savings accounts did become available in the presentencing report.7 financial resources exceed the amount needed for the
necessities of life.

B.

We consider “the defendant’s personal and family needs and the liquidity of his finances.” Evans , 155 F.3d at 252 n.8 (citing Museitef v. United States , 131 F.3d 714, 716 (8th Cir. 1997) ; Bracewell , 569 F.2d at 1199 )

. Assets are available when a defendant has control over or discretionary
use of them. Fullan v. Comm’r of Co rr. , 891 F.2d 1007, 1011 (2d Cir. 1989). The test for determinin g a defendant’s ability to pay “ is whether repayment would cause such financial hardship as to make it impractical or unjust. ” Museitef , 131
F.3d at 716 (citing Bracewell , 569 F.2d at 1199).

1.

The District Court found Konrad was able to pay
becaus e he had $70, 463 in individual retirement savings

account s

— more than ten times the amount he was ordered to

pay

. Konrad contends the IRAs are not liquid because of the early

- withdraw al penalty, 4 and cites to United States v. Lexin for the proposition IRAs are future income. 434 F. Supp. 2d 836, 844 (S.D. Cal. 2006). We do not agree that IRAs are
f uture income because they are a n accumulation of past earnings paid into the account and accrued i nvestment income. Only taxation on those earnings is deferred. 26

4 Early withdrawal of funds from an IRA encumbers a 10% penalty, in addition to normal income taxes. 26 U.S.C. § 72(q).8 U.S.C. § 72(b). 5 Accordingly, we agree with the District Court’s finding that IRAs are not future income. United
States v. Konrad

, No. 11

- 15, 2011 WL 6739464, at *5 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 21, 20 11) (n oting that other courts rejected the Lexin
view that IRAs are future income for CJA purposes (citing
United States v. Pani , No. 08

- 40034, 2011 WL 4344336, at *2 (D. Mass. Aug. 3, 2011); In re E xtradition of Patel , No.
08

- 430, 2008 WL 896069, at *2 (D

. Or. Mar. 28, 2008) ) )

.

We consider the liquidity of assets in determining a defendant’s ability to pay. Evans , 155 F.3d at 252 n.8

. Assets may not be available “[i]f by their nature [those] assets cannot be timely reduced to cash and cash is required .

. . .” Barry v.
Brower , 864 F.2d 294, 300 (3d Cir. 1988) (finding the defendant was unable to leverage his home equity to obtain legal counsel)

. “Before a finding of ‘availability’ can properly be made, the district judge should be satisfied that,
in or dering reimbursement in any specified amount, the defendant will not suffer extreme hardship as a consequence of being deprived of his funds. ” Bracewell , 569 F.2d at 1199

.

“ In some cases, liquidation of assets may be required. ” Barry , 864 F.2d at 299 ( citation omitted)

. In Barry

, we found the defendant’s home valued at $80,000 did not d isqualify him from public counse l because evidence showed six private attorneys recommended by the public defender’s office
declined to take a security interest in his h ouse in lieu of legal
fees. Id

. at 300. Moreover, the de fendant could not sell his

5 Moreover, the Second Circuit co nsidered future investment income the defendant anticipated in United States v. O’Neil

, 118 F.3d 65, 74 (2d Cir. 1997), finding the defendant ineligible for court

- appointed counsel.9 home because it was held jointly with his wife who refused to
sell or encumber the home

. Id. at 297. Finally, the defendant’s debts exceeded his assets, as he owed an $8 5,000
fine to the state. Id . Accordingly, the defendant did not have
fund s available to meet his legal costs

. Id. at 300.

In contrast, the defendant in United States v. Fincher was required to sell his property, despite his wife’s dower interest, beca use the value of the property encumbered by the
dower interest was s till sufficient to cover the defendant’s legal costs

. 593 F.3d 702, 707 (8th Cir. 2010). Other courts have found defendants able to afford legal counsel because they held substantial equ ity in their property

. See, e.g.

, United States v. Simmers , 911 F. Supp. 483, 486

- 87 (D. Kan. 1995) (“While the defendant’s primary asset is not liquid, the equity in his home is substantial

. . . . The defendant has not established extreme hardship in t he event of the liquidation or mortgage of the asset. ”); United States v. Bedoya

, No. 89 CR.
803 , 1990 WL 194934

, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 1990) (finding the “defendant has equity value in the six unit apartment building ”).

Konrad has not demonstrate d h e is unable to liquidate or leverage the value of his IRA s , or that doing so would work an extreme hardship. Furthermore, an IRA is more liquid than real property , and is easily converted to cash , like any other investment portfolio

. IRA funds may be with drawn
at will , subject to an early withdraw al penalty.

We recognize that early withdraw al of funds from an
IRA incurs a 10% penalty, in addition to normal income10 taxes, 6 which is a significant transaction cost. 26 U.S.C. § 72(q). But eve n with the 10% penalty, Konrad would retain $63,863 in his retirement savings account . Konrad has not demonstrate d that a $ 6, 0 00 7 reduction in his retirement savings account would work an extreme hardship. Since Konrad may easily reduce his IRA assets to cash and has not show n liquidation would work an extreme hardship , the District Court did not abuse its discretion in finding these funds were available to Konrad for his legal defense.

2.

Konrad has $6,007 in an individually held checking

account and a CD

, and $34,8 93 in a money market account jointly held with his wife. Funds may be available for CJA

purposes when a defendant is in control of the funds. See,

e.g. , Fullan , 891 F.2d at 1011 ( finding if the defendant “ had discretionary use of the funds raised by his family and friends or had control of them, ” under the CJA he would be “ ‘in no different a position than the defendant who has $10,000 of his
own money to spen d on appeal ’ ”) ; Bracewell , 569 F.2d at 1200 ( “If monies paid on a defendant ’ s behalf actually belo ng to a third party, then they are not ‘available for payment.’”);

Lexin , 434 F. Supp. 2d at 843 (“[T]he Court concludes that to the extent any asset is jointly held and individually disposable

6 As noted, at the time of retirement, IRA withdrawals are
taxed as income . Early withdrawals are also subject to the
same income taxes as the withdrawals intended under the program. 26 U.S.C. § 72(q).

7 We recognize that, with the early withdrawal penalty, Konrad might have a $6,600 reduction in his retirement savings account.11 by either spouse without advance consent, then that spouse
has sufficient supervision or control over that asset so that it is appropriately considered during the [CJA] evaluation process.”).

The Guide direct s that “eligibility should be made without regard to the financial ability of the person’s family
unless th e family indicates willingness and financial ability to retain counsel promptly.” 7A Guide to Judiciary Policy § 210.40.50. The CJA prescribes an “appropriate inquiry” which often necessitates a holistic review of a person’s financial position. Id. at § 210.40.30(d) (counseling courts to consider “all

. . . available data bearing on the person’s financial condition”); c

f. United States v. Parker , 439 F.3d 81, 96 (2d Cir. 2006) (“Courts have utilized a broad range of considerations in conducting an ‘appro priate inquiry’ into financial eligibility under 18 U.S.C. § 3006A.”); United
States v. O’

Neil , 118 F.3d 65, 74 (2d Cir. 1997) (considering anticipated income from a business venture ). T he CJA Form 23 Financial Affidavit requires information about th e def endant’s spouse’s earnings and their dependents

, in
addition to information about their assets , debts and expenses. Although the Guide say s spouses are not required to contribute to counsel fees unless they offer to do so, 8 7A

8 Several courts have considered a spouse’s income in determining defendant’s ability to pay. See, e.g.

, United States
v. Barcelon , 833 F.2d 894, 897 n.5 (10th Cir. 1987) (“Other
factors which courts have considered include. . . the availability of inco me to the defendant from other sources such as a spouse.”); United States v. Caudle , 758 F.2d 994, 996 (4th Cir. 1985) (“Talbert’s affidavit revealed that he earned $1000 per month as a truck driver and that his wife earned $450 per12 Guide to Judiciary Policy § 2 10.40.50, jointly held property has been considered when determining a defendant’s ability
to pay. See, e.g.

, Fincher , 593 F.3d at 7 07 (considering the property of the defendant and his wife), United States v.
Brockman , 183 F.3d 891, 898 (8th Cir. 1999) ( considering
fund s under a joint ven ture agreement as available assets);
United States v. Liebler

, No. 10CR313S, 2012 WL 6087791

, at *1 (W.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2012) (finding the defendant could pay for legal costs from a bank account jointly held with his
father ); Lexin , 434 F. Supp. 2d at 843 (finding the defendant’s
bank account jointly held with his wife available to pay for
h is legal counsel ).

Funds are available when the defendant has control over their dispos al

. Fullan

, 891 F.2d at 1011

. The court in

Fu llan distinguished between “assets belonging to [ the defendant’s] family and friends” and “assets owned or controlled by the defendant.” Id . Fullan’s application for leave to appeal in forma pauperis was initially denied because Fullan’s family and frien ds raised $10,000 to pay for an appellate attorney

. Id. at 1008. The Second Circuit reversed because Fullan did not have “discretionary use of the funds raised by his family and friends or [] control of them

. ” Id. at 1011. “ Indeed, if Fullan

. . . had discretionary use

. . . or

. . . control

. . . , we would agree with the district court that he
was ‘ in no different a position than the defendant who has $10,000 of hi s own money to spend on appeal.’” Id

. ; s ee also

month.”); United States v. Salemme , 985 F. Supp. 197, 201

- 02 (D. Mass. 1997) (“In determining whether a defendant is financially unable to retain counsel, the court may consider
whether he has income or assets available to him from other sources, including his spouse.”).13 United States v. Zelenka , 112 F. Supp. 2d 708, 715 (M.D. Tenn. 1999) (“This is not a case where Defendant has received assets or income from the third party payers in the form of a gift so that Defendant is free to control how and whether the assets will be spent on his defense. Rather, the

as sets are solely in the control of a third party who may withdraw the funds or alter the way in which they are spent at any time.”).

The District Court here found Konrad “ does own and control, at least partly, the assets in the joint bank acc ounts.”
Konra d , 2011 WL 6739464

, at *4

. This reasoning is sound
since a purpose of a joint account is to permit the co

- signer to freely withdraw funds without additional consent. At oral argument

, Konrad’s counsel conceded that Konrad has the “right to

. . . write a check from the account

. . . and take money out for himself.” Oral Argument at 15:17, Apr. 2,
2013. Access to jointly held assets for CJA purposes should be distinguished from the debtor/creditor context where third parties seek to seize the debtor’s fun ds. The CJA analysis is designed to determine ability to pay future legal costs, rather than payment of an accrued debt.

Konrad has authority to dispense funds from the joint checking account at his discretion. These funds are not held
in a spouse’s ind ividual bank account , and Konrad can freely
withdraw from th e joint account . As the Second Circuit explained, this discretionary use and control places Konrad in the same position as a defendant who has his own money to spend on counsel. Fullan , 891 F.2d at 1011. Accordingly, the funds in the joint accoun t can be available to pay the cost of Konrad’s legal counsel.14 Konrad has access to a sizable joint checking account,
as well as a more modest individual account. The checking
accounts have several time s the amount of money Konrad is
ordered to pay

. Konrad also owns IRAs worth more than ten
times the amount Konrad was ordered to pay , and these accounts may be liquidated for cash at any time. Konrad has no minor children in his household, and the presen tencing report shows Konrad’s household income exceeds his household expenses. Accordingly, Konrad has sufficient
funds available to pay for legal counsel and still meet the cost
of the necessities of life . T he District Court did not abuse its
discretion in ordering reimbursement.

C.

The District Court ordered Konrad to pay the cost of a private defense attorney, and appointed a Master to determine
that cost. The CJA provides for reimbursement

[w]henever . . . the court finds that funds are
available for payment from or on behalf of a person furnished representation, [in which case] it may authorize or direct that such funds be paid . . . to the court for deposit in the Treasury

as a reimbursement to the appropriation , current at the time of payment, t o carry out the provisions of this section.

18 U.S.C. § 3006A(f). “Reimburse” means to pay back. It is ambiguous whether the statute means to pay back the value received in legal services or to pay back the cost expended on the legal defense. “Appropr iation” has many meanings. One meaning is the fund or sub

- fund appropriated by Congress for15 court

- appointed attorneys representing those who cannot afford legal counsel. 9 We read “reimbursement to the appropriation” to mean repayment to the institution t hat expended funds for representation in the amount of the benefit to the ineligible defendant.

Konrad contends he should only have to pay the $125 hourly rate paid to court

- appointed counsel

, not the hourly rate of a private attorney. 10 But Konrad doe s not contend that
the $125 hourly rate for court

- appointed private attorneys has any relation to the cost to the government for representation by the Federal Public Defenders

. Although the CJA rate is the amount private court

- appointed attorneys are comp ensated, the CJA figure is universally recognized as a below

- market rate for criminal defense lawyers. The CJA rate does not reflect the costs to private criminal defense attorneys, nor the

9 The Guide provides: When the court determines that a person who received representation under the CJA was financially ineligible for those services at the time they were rendered, and directs that person reimburse the government, the payment should be made by check or money order to the clerk of court for deposit in the Treasury. Such funds
will be credited to the Defender Services Appropriation.
7A Guide to Judiciary Policy § 230.40.

10 Private court

- appointed attorneys are compensated at $125 per hour, with s ome exceptions. Id. § 3006A(d); 7A Guide to Judiciary Policy § 230.16. In contrast, Federal Public Defenders are paid a salary independent of the CJA rate paid

to court

- appointed counsel. 18 U.S.C. § 3006A(g)(2)(A).16 cost to the government for providing a legal defense through
the Federal Public Defenders. Even if we read “reimburse” to mean pay back the costs expended for Konrad’s legal defense,
there is no indication that the CJA rate has any relationship to
the cost to the Federal Public Defenders

. 11 Reimbursement more properly refers to the money that Konrad would have paid to a private attorney had he accurately completed the financial disclosure affidavit, rather than falsifying his
financial information. Konrad was not entitled to a Federal
Public Defender

, so he should not be limited to the CJA
reimbursement rate.

When a defendant is able to pay for the costs of a private attorney, he is not entitled to gratuitous or subsidized legal counsel under the CJA. Wilson , 597 F.3d at 357 (“What the Act gives with on e hand to a c riminal defendant ‘financially unable’ to pay for legal services it takes away with
the other if the defendant turns out to be ‘ finan cially able’ to obtain counsel.”); United States v. Coniam , 574 F. Supp. 615,
618 (D. Conn. 1983) (finding defendant would benefit from “gratuitous or subsidized counsel ... if his reimbursement were limited to a level below the cost of his representation”)

. Ordering reimbursement at a lower rate than the cost of private representation would be contrary to the statute by
subsid izing the cost of counsel to a defendant who is able to

pay. Coniam , 574 F. Supp. at 618 (“Nothing in the act provides nor manifests a congressional intention to subsidize a defendant who is clearly able to pay out of earned income.”)

.

11 Even if one could measure the pro per cost to a public defender, it would appear that this would vary from office to office depending on the number of public defenders, fixed costs of the facility, etc.17 Moreover, Konrad s hould not benefit from his incomplete

, undervalued or untruthful financial disclosures by receiving legal services at a fraction of the cost.

Other c ourts have not limited reimbursement to the

court

- appointed counsel CJA rates. See, e.g.

, United States v

. Anderson , 400 F. Supp. 2d 32, 37 (D.D.C. 2005) (ordering reimbursement for “the time expended in this case at a reasonable hourly rate (not limited to $90 per hour)”); United States v. Nunez

- Garcia , 879 F. Supp. 63, 67 (W.D. Tex. 1995) (finding the court “is not limited by the hourly rates stated in § 3006A(d)(1)”); Coniam , 574 F. Supp. at 618 (“There is no explicit limit on the amount of such funds to the panel attorney rates

. . . .”); cf. Lefkowitz , 125 F.3d at 621 (ordering defendant to reimburse $316 ,693.70, greatly exceeding the maximum under 18 U.S.C. § 3006A(d)(2))

.

When civil defendants pay attorney ’ s fees under fee

shifting statutes, they do not pay the hourly rate earned by a plaintiff ’ s public interest attorney, but instead pay a
reasonable m a rket rate for a private attorney in the area

. Blum v. Stenson , 465 U.S. 886, 895 (1984). This is how the
Master here calculated the cost of Konrad’s legal defense

. The Master selected the lowest estimate submitted by private attorneys. 12 Accordingly, th e District Court did not err in
order ing Konrad to pay the $6,000 cost of private legal representation.

12 Defendant’s contention the Master had a conflict of interest because she was compensa ted from the recommended reimbursement is unfounded. The Master was paid the standard hourly rate, and not a percentage of the sum she
calculated.18 III

.

We will affirm t he District Court ’s order that Konrad

pay $6,000 for the cost of his legal representation

.1 FUENTES

, Circuit Judge , concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I agree with the Majority’s holding that “individual retirement funds and jointly

- held bank accounts can be
available funds within the meani ng of the Criminal Justice Act.” Majority typescript at 1

. Because the Defendant, Joseph Konrad , failed to disclos e all of his “ available funds” before being appointed a Federal Defender, the District Court properly ordered him to reimburse the Governmen t

. My disagreement with the Majority concerns what constitutes “reimbursement” under § 3006A(f) of the Criminal Justice Act (“CJA”). The “ reimbursement provision ” of t he CJA provides , in pertinent part :

Whenever . . . the court finds that funds are

ava ilable for payment from or on behalf of a person furnished representation, it may
authorize or direct that such funds be paid . . . to the court for deposit in the Treasury as a reimbursement to the appropriation , current at the time of payment, to carry o ut the provisions
of this section.

18 U.S. C. § 3006A(f)

.

T he District Court considered the following three methods for determining the amount of reimbursement owed by Konrad under § 3006A(f) : (1) using the hourly rate for

court

- appointed CJA attorneys in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania; (2) structuring an hourly rate for the F ederal
D efender s , who are salaried; and (3) calculating the market value of the legal services Konrad received. United States v.2 Konrad

, Criminal Action No. 11

- 15, 2011 WL 6 739464, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 21, 2011)

. Ultimately it employed the third
method and ordered Konrad to reimburse the Clerk of C ourt in an amount equal to what it would have cost him to hire a private defense attorney. The District Court reasoned that “[c] hoosing the CJA rate or structuring an hourl y rate for the federal defender’ s services would not be an adequate measure
of the benefit that the Defendant received. ” Id.

On appeal we have been asked to determine whether the methodology chosen by the Dis trict Court to calculate the reimbursement amount was proper. This requires us to

answer an antecedent question of law: what does the term “reimburse ment to the appropriation” mean in th e context of § 3006A of the CJA? T he Majority Opinion affirms the
Di strict Court, concluding that it “ did not err in o rdering Konrad to pay the $6,000 cost of private legal representation.” 1 Majority typescript at 14

. However, I agree
with Konrad that the reimbursement determination should
have be en based on the amount o f money it actually cost the Federal Defender to represent him

. In cases of statutory interpretation “we begin by looking at the terms of the provisions [at issue] and the commonsense conception of those terms.” Carachuri

-

1 While it is true that we review a district court’s fixing of compensation and reimbursement under the CJA for abuse of discretion, see United States v. Parker , 439 F.3d 81, 99 (2d Cir. 2006), we exercise plenary review over a district court’s interpretation of the terms of the statute, see United States v.
Williams , 675 F.3d 274, 277 (3d Cir. 2012). Because this question involves a matter of statutory interpretation, our standard of review is plenary.3 Rosendo v. Holder , 130 S. Ct. 257 7, 2585 (2010) ( internal quotation marks omitted ). As the Supreme Court has emphasized, in “all” cases “[t] he inquiry ceases if the statutory language is unambiguous.” Barnhart v. Sigmon Coal Co., Inc. , 534 U.S. 438, 450 (2002) (internal quotation
marks omitted) . Thus, we turn first to the text of the reimbursement provision itself, which again provides that:

Whenever . . . the court finds that funds are available for payment from or on behalf of a person furnished representation, it may
authorize or di rect that such funds be paid . . . to the court for deposit in the Treasury as a
reimbursement to the appropriation , current at the time of payment, to carry out the provisions
of this section.

18 U.S.C. § 3006A(f) (emphasis added).

We have previously stated that the “plain and ordinary meaning” of the term reimburse is “‘ [t]o pay back, to make
restoration

, to repay that expended ; to indemnify, or make
whole .’” Liberty Lincoln

- Mercury v. Ford Motor Co. , 134 F.3d 557, 566 (3d Cir. 1998) (quoting Black’ s Law Dictionary 1287 (6th ed.1990) ) ; see also Reimburse

D efinition

, Merriam

- Webster.com

, http://www.merriam

w ebster.com/dictionary/reimburse (last visited July 24 , 2013) (defining “reimburse” as “to pay back to someone: repay,” or
“to make restoration or payment of an equivalent to ” ). Moreover, the word “appropriation” is defined as “money set aside by formal action for a specific use.” Appropriation

D efinition

, Merriam

- Webster.com

, http://www.merriam

webster.com/dictionary/appropriation (last visited Ju ly 24

,4 2013) . Thus, § 3006A(f)’s edict that a court may order

“ payment from or on behalf of a person furnished representation

. . . as a reimbursement to the appropriation” plainly means that a court may order a defendant to repay the

money that ha s been expended or set aside by the Government to pay for his representation.

The problem with the “benefit” approach taken by the
District Court is that it has no relation to the amount that it actually cost the Government to represent Konrad, which is the only thing that the reimbursement provision contemplates.
T he District Court ordered that Konrad pay $6,000 to the Clerk of Court, to be credited to the Defender Services appropriation. See App. 8; 7A Guide to Judiciary Policy § 230.40(c). However, t he Fede ral Defender argues that its representation of Konrad cost, at most, $ 1,875. Appellant Br.
at 23. In effect , the District Court ordered Konrad to “reimburse” the Government for costs it n ever incurred. Having the Government profit from a court’s reimbur sement order is antithetical to the very concept of reimbursement.

I understand t he Majority’s policy concern that limiting the amount of reimbursement to what was actually expended on Konrad’s behalf would allow Konrad to “benefit from his incomplete, un dervalued or untruthful financial disclosures by receiving legal ser vices at a fraction of the

cost. ” Majority typescript at 13

. However, i ndividuals who knowingly provide false or incomplete information on a
sworn financial affidavit may be charged with perjury , a felony punished by up to five years in prison

. S e e , United States v. Page , Nos. 10

- CR

- 30053

- 04

- MJR, 10

- 30136

- MJR, 2011 WL 2224674 (S.D. Ill. June 8, 2011) ; 18 U.S.C. § 1621

. I doubt that the desire for subsidized legal costs will drive5 those with the means to pay for private counsel to risk a conviction and prison time for a randomly assigned public
defender

.

Furthermore, a number of district courts faced with
this issue have ordered reimbursement in an amount meant to approximate what it ac tually cost the Government to represent the defendant

. See United States v. Stevenson

, Criminal No. 10

- 120, 2012 WL 1038832, at *4 (W.D. Pa. Mar. 28, 2012) (ordering defendant represented by Federal
Defenders to reimburse the clerk of court in an amount e qual to “the costs of his representation by the Federal Public Defender’ s Office”); Page , 2011 WL 2224674 (ordering
defendant represented by CJA

- appointed attorney to reimburse the clerk of court the amount that “was expended from the Treasury for CJA repr esentation ” ); United States v. Bedoya , No. 89 CR. 803 (JMC), 1990 WL 194934, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 1990) (ordering defendant represented by
CJA

- appointed attorney to reimburse the clerk of court in an amount equal to the “costs of legal fees expended fo r his defense under the [CJA]”). Accordingly, I would remand the
case to the District Court with instructions to reduce the amount of reimbursement to an amount approximate to what it cost the Federal Defenders to represent Konrad in this

case. 2

2 We would review the District Court’s calculation of this

a mount for an abuse of discretion. I note that, while t he Majority is correct to point out that the CJA rate is not an accurate accounting of the Federal Defenders representation costs (as the Federal Defenders receive a salary) , district

court s have use d the CJA rate as an approximation for the
cost of the Federal Defender. See , e.g. , United States v.6 Meyer , No. CR

- 13

- 777

- PHX

- ROS, 2013 WL 3353771, at *4 (D. Ariz. July 3, 2013) (ordering defendant represented by
Federal Defender to reimburse clerk of court “at the current CJA hourly rate times the number of hours plus the costs of defense”)

.