J-A22037-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

INDEPENDENCE AVENUE 

INVESTMENTS, LLC. 

Appellant

v.

TRADAVO, INC.

Appellee

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

No. 1573 MDA 2020

Appeal from the Order Entered November 23, 2020

In the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County

Civil Division at No(s): 2018-08120

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.: FILED: JANUARY 10, 2023

Appellant, Independence Avenue Investments, LLC, appeals from the 

order entered in the Cumberland County Court of Common Pleas, which 

revised the second confession of judgment on behalf of Appellee, Tradavo, 

Inc., in favor of Appellant. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for 

further proceedings.

The factual and procedural history of this case are as follows. Appellant 

and Appellee entered into an Office/Warehouse Lease Agreement (“Lease”), 

dated February 29, 2016, whereby Appellee leased part of Appellant’s 

premises for use as an office, storage, and food distribution facility. The Lease 

provided that Appellee was to take possession of the premises on June 1, 

2016, and pay rent of $4,322.40 per month through November 30, 2016. 

Thereafter, the monthly installment increased to $7,544.27 through June 30, 
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2017. The base annual charge then increased by 2.54% per year in each 

successive term. The initial term of the Lease was sixty-six months. The 

Lease was “triple net” in that Appellee was “responsible for all operating 

expenses including all utilities, pro-rated common area maintenance and prorated taxes” as well as the base annual charge. Appellant performed build out 

of special improvements to the premises as requested by Appellee.

The Lease explained that an event of default of the Lease would include, 

inter alia, failure to pay rent timely and failure to take occupancy of the 

premises. (Lease at § 21.01). If an event of default occurred and continued

for 60 days after notice from Appellant, Appellant was authorized to do one or 

more of the following without additional notice:

a. Terminate this Lease by giving written notice of the 

termination to the Tenant, in which event Tenant shall 

immediately surrender the Premises to Landlord. If Tenant 

fails to do so, Landlord may, without notice...enter upon and 

take possession of the Premises...; and Tenant shall be 

liable to Landlord for all loss and damage which 

Landlord may suffer by reason of such termination, 

whether through inability to re-let the Premises or 

otherwise, including any loss of Rent for the 

remainder of the Term. Any such loss of Rent shall be 

offset by any Rent received by Landlord as a result of reletting the Premises during the remainder of the Term.

b. Terminate this Lease, in which event Tenant’s event of 

default shall be considered a total breach of Tenant’s 

obligations under this Lease and Tenant immediately shall 

become liable for such damages for such breach amount, 

equal to the total of:

1) the costs of recovering the Premises;

2) the unpaid Rent and Additional Rent, if any, due from 
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the date of the Event of Default to the date of 

termination, together with pre- and post-judgment 

interest thereon at a rate per .83% per month.

3) the Rent and Additional Rent, if any, and other 

benefits (i.e., operating expenses and common area 

maintenance costs) which Landlord would have 

received under the Lease from the date of termination 

to the end of the remainder of the Term, at the rates 

set forth herein, together with all other expenses 

incurred by Landlord in connection with Tenant’s 

default together with pre- and post-judgment interest 

thereon at a rate of .83% per month.

4) all other sums of money and damages owing by 

Tenant and Landlord as set forth in Paragraph 21.01

[of this Lease].

5) the interest rate of .83% per month shall survive any 

judgment being entered on the damages set forth in 

this subparagraph.

c. Enter upon and take possession of the Premises as Tenant’s 

agent without terminating this Lease and without being 

liable to prosecution or any claim for damages therefore. 

Landlord may re-let the Premises as Tenant’s agent and 

receive the Rent therefore, in which event Tenant shall pay 

to Landlord on demand any and all other amounts in 

addition to the lost rent necessary to compensate Landlord 

for all the damages proximately caused by the Tenant’s 

failure to perform its obligations under this Lease or which 

in the ordinary course of things would be likely to result 

therefrom including, but not limited to: additional broker’s 

commissions, advertising costs, maintenance costs, utility 

costs, insurance costs, rent concessions, renovating 

expenses, the balance of the unamortized costs, as of the 

date of the Event of Default, incurred by the Landlord in the 

building out special improvements to the Premise for 

Tenant’s use of the Premises, repair expenses, refitting 

expenses, any deficiency in rent that may arise by reason 

of re-letting, such re-letting should not affect Tenant’s 

liability for Rent or for damages, and all other expenses 

related to re-letting the Premises. The interest rate of one 

percent (1%) per month shall survive any judgment being 
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entered.

Landlord shall be required to use reasonable efforts to relet the Premises on such terms and conditions as Landlord 

in its commercially reasonable discretion may determine 

(including without limitation, a term different than the Term 

of this Lease, rental concessions, alterations and repairs of 

the Premises, providing a tenant finish allowance, paying 

moving expenses or providing tenant inducements)...

* * *

Should Landlord re-let Tenant’s Premise after Tenant 

defaults then Landlord shall credit any rent received from 

the new Tenant against that which this Tenant would 

otherwise be obligated to pay to Landlord pursuant to this 

Lease.

d. Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default which is not 

cured by the Tenant within the period of time provided 

herein,... the Tenant hereby empowers any Prothonotary or 

any attorney of any court of record within the United States 

or elsewhere to appear for the Tenant with declaration filed, 

and confess judgment against the Tenant in favor of the 

Landlord, its successors or assigns, as of any term, for any 

Rent amount(s) to which the Landlord would be entitled 

from the date of the Event of the Default to the date of the 

filing of the judgment together with six (6) months 

accelerated rent as damages under the provisions hereof; 

and shall have successive rights every six (6) months to 

continue to file judgments for an amount equal to the rent 

accelerated for the next six (6) months and continue to 

confess judgment for six (6) months accelerated unpaid rent 

in the same fashion until the end of the term or upon the 

Premises being re-letted, including also attorney fees equal 

to ten percent (10%) of the total amount of such damages 

for collection of the same of the total amount of such 

damages, together with costs of suit, and the Tenant hereby 

waives all errors, defects and imperfections in entering said 

judgment or in any writ, or process, or proceeding thereon 

or thereto or in anyway touching or concerning the same; 

and for the confession and entry of such judgment, this 

Lease or a true and correct copy thereof shall be sufficient 

warrant and authority. The authority and power contained 
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herein shall not be exhausted by one exercise thereof, but 

judgment may be confessed as aforesaid from time to time 

and as often as there is an occurrence of any Event of 

Default which is not cured by the Tenant as provided herein, 

or in the event of an Event of Default, and furthermore such 

authority and power may be exercised during the original 

and any extension or renewal thereof, or after the expiration 

or earlier termination of the term hereof. The interest rate 

of one percent per month (1% per month) shall survive the 

entering of judgment.

Tenant shall have a right to file a motion to open or strike 

the judgment challenging the entry of the judgment on both 

the basis of the alleged Event of Default or the amount of 

the monetary judgment within thirty (30) days of the date 

of the entry of the judgment in accordance with the 

Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure No. 2951.

(Lease at § 21.02) (emphasis added).

Appellee did not take possession of the premises and, on August 19, 

2016, Appellant confessed judgment on behalf of Appellee pursuant to the 

warrant of attorney in the Lease. The amount of the initial judgment was 

itemized as follows: 

a. Unpaid Security Deposit: $4,322.00

b. Unpaid Monthly Installments of

Base Rent and Common Area

Maintenance Expenses:

i. June 15-30, 2016: $3,353.33

ii. July 1-31, 2016: $6,497.40

iii. August 1-31, 2016: $6,497.40

c. Late Fees: $750.00

d. Monthly Installments of Base

Rent and Common Area 

Maintenance Charges: $48,650.01

e. Attorneys’ Fees: $7,007.01

f. Costs: $46.00

g. Interest from 07/01/2016: $202.42

Total: $77,325.57
J-A22037-21

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(Complaint for Confession of Judgment, 8/19/16). Appellee did not contest 

this judgment.

On August 21, 2018, Appellant again confessed judgment pursuant to

the warrant of attorney in the Lease in the amount of $159,852.05, which was 

itemized as follows:

a. Unpaid Monthly Installments of Rent:

i. March 1-31, 2017: $7,544.27

ii. April 1-30, 2017: $7,544.27

iii. May 1-31, 2017: $7,544.27

iv. June 1-30, 2017: $7,544.27

v. July 1-31, 2017: $7,737.40

vi. August 1-31, 2017: $7,737.40

Total Rent $45,651.88

b. Unpaid Common Area Expenses

i. March 1-31, 2017: $2,175.00

ii. April 1-30, 2017: $2,175.00

iii. May 1-31, 2017: $2,175.00

iv. June 1-30, 2017: $2,175.00

v. July 1-31, 2017: $2,175.00

vi. August 1-31, 2017: $2,175.00

Total Common Area Expenses: $13,050.00

c. Late Fees: $1,750.00

Total Late Fees: $1,750.00

d. Un-amortized Costs of Build Out

 of Tenant Improvements: $76,562.00

Total Un-amortized Cost of 

Build Out of Tenant 

Improvements: $76,562.00

e. Attorneys’ Fees (10%): $13,701.39

Total Attorneys’ Fees: $13,701.39

f. Costs: $46.00

Total Costs: $46.00
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g. Pre-Judgment Interest from 

 03/01/2017 to 08/31/2017: $9,090.78

Pre-Judgment Total Interest

(03/01/17-8/31/17) $9,090.78

Gross Total: $159,852.05

(Complaint for Confession of Judgment, 8/21/18, at 10-11).1

Following the filing of the second complaint for confession of judgment, 

Appellee filed a petition to strike or open the judgment. Appellee, with 

permission of the court, filed an amended petition to strike or open the 

judgment on May 2, 2019, which alleged, inter alia:

8. [Appellant] is unable to confess judgment against [Appellee] 

because it failed to use reasonable efforts to re-let the 

Premises, despite the alleged ongoing default occurring for 

more than Two (2) years.

9. In the alternative, the amount of the judgment should be 

reduced by the period of time that [Appellant] failed to use 

reasonable efforts to re-let the Premises.

10. Further, [Appellant] confessed judgment for the total 

amount of $159,852.05,...

11. [Appellant] has re-let the Premises for a monthly amount 

of at least $9,958.44, which amount exceeds the monthly 

rent that was to be charged to [Appellee] for the same time 

period.

12. Section 21.02(c) of the Lease between the parties provides 

as follows: “Should Landlord re-let Tenant’s Premise[s] after 

Tenant defaults then Landlord shall credit any rent received 

from the new Tenant against that which this Tenant would 

otherwise be obligated to pay to Landlord pursuant to this 

____________________________________________

1 For better clarity, we have made some minor formatting changes to this 

section of the complaint.
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Lease...”

13. [Appellant] is receiving rent during the remainder of the 

term of the lease with [Appellee] that exceeds the amount 

of the rent that [Appellant] would have received from 

[Appellee] had [Appellee] not allegedly defaulted under the 

lease.

14. [Appellee] should receive a credit for the amount of rent 

received by [Appellant] in excess of the rent [Appellant] 

would have received from [Appellee] for the remainder of 

the lease period.

15. Further, included in the monthly rent charged to the new 

tenant, as referenced in Paragraph 11 above, is a partial 

payment for the [un-]amortized costs representing the 

improvements for tenant build out in the amount of 

$76,562.00.

16. [Appellant] is receiving payment from the new tenant for 

costs that [Appellant] has also confessed judgment against 

[Appellee].

17. Therefore, the amount of the judgment should be reduced 

by

a. the amount of the rent received from the new Tenant 

that exceeds the amount of the rent that [Appellee] 

was otherwise obligated to pay to [Appellant] 

pursuant to the Lease.

b. the amount of un-amortized costs of build out of 

tenant improvements.

(Petition to Strike or Open Judgment, 5/02/19, at 2-4).

On September 3, 2019, Appellant filed a motion to amend requesting 

that the court amend the judgment as follows:

11. One item of damage not included in the confessed 

judgment was the costs [Appellant] incurred to “build out” 

the leased premise to suit [Appellee’s] particular needs in 

its business.... The cost incurred to “build” out the leased 
J-A22037-21

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premises for [Appellee’s] needs equaled $25,917.62.

12. The confessed judgment also did not include all of the 

costs to “build out” the leased premises for the new tenant 

who eventually took over [Appellee’s] space.... The total cost 

of “build out” for the new tenant equaled $97,537.37 

instead of $76,562.00.

13. A final set of damages incurred by [Appellant] as a result 

of [Appellee’s] breach of the Lease was the cost of the 

Broker’s Commission for securing [Appellee] as a tenant 

which equaled $35,924.26. [Appellant] also incurred a

Broker’s Commission for securing the new tenant to occupy 

the space that would have been occupied by [Appellee] 

which equaled $85,678.78, all of which is authorized to be 

collected against [Appellee] by the terms of the Lease 

Agreement. (See [Lease at §] 21.02(c))[.]

14. As a result of the increases in the damages, the attorney 

fees should equal $30,550.98 instead of $13,701.39 and 

pre-judgment interest for the period of March 1, 2017 to 

August 31, 2018 should equal $27,424.67 instead of 

$9,090.78.

(Motion to Amend, 9/03/19, at 2-3). The motion to amend concluded that the 

total judgment that should have been confessed against Appellee by Appellant 

equals $374,450.03. 

On September 20, 2019, Appellee filed an answer and new matter to 

Appellant’s motion, claiming:

22. [Appellant] is precluded from amending its judgment 

against [Appellee] despite a reservation in the Lease 

permitting judgment to be confessed as often as there is an 

occurrence of default.

23. [Appellant] previously confessed judgment, through the 

warrant of attorney, for the same damages it is now seeking 

to amend.
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24. As a matter of law, [Appellant] has exhausted the 

warrant of attorney.

(Answer and New Matter, 9/20/19, at 3).

On August 13, 2020, the court denied Appellant’s motion to amend to 

the extent that it attempted to amend the amount of build out expenses 

claimed, and granted it in all other respects.

On August 25, 2020, the parties entered into a stipulation which 

provided as follows:

1. [Appellant] experienced losses and damages for unpaid 

rent, common area maintenance expenses and late fees 

during the period March 1, 2017 through September 30, 

2017 consisting of the following:

i. Unpaid Rent: $45,651.88

ii. Common Area Maintenance Expenses: $13,050.00

iii. Late Fees: $1,750.00

TOTAL: $60,451.88

[Appellant] reserves the right to argue the Petition to 

Amend included an additional $7,737.40 in rent for 

September, 2017.

2. [Appellant] paid a real estate commission for [Appellee’s] 

Lease on or about June 1, 2016 in the amount of 

$35,924.26.

3. [Appellant] paid the costs of the build-out for the MedCare 

Lease (Replacement Tenant) on or about October 1, 2017 in 

the amount of $76,562.00.

4. [Appellant] paid a real estate commission for the MedCare 

Lease (Replacement Tenant) on or about October 1, 2017 in 

the amount of $85,678.78.

5. [Appellee] never took possession of the premises and the 

term of the Lease ends on [December] 31, 2021.
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6. The parties stipulate the [c]ourt may find, without further 

evidence, [Appellant] used reasonable commercial efforts to 

re-let the premises.

7. The parties stipulate the [c]ourt may find, without further 

evidence, [Appellant] incurred the following costs in 

securing a replacement tenant:

i. Unamortized Costs of Build-Out for Replacement 

Tenant equaling $76,562.00; and

ii. Realtor Commission to secure a replacement tenant 

equaling $85,678.78. [Appellant] claims [Appellee], 

pursuant to the terms of the Lease, is responsible for the 

cost of securing a replacement tenant. [Appellee], however, 

questions the legality of assessing the costs to [Appellee] 

and leaving the issue of [Appellee’s] liability for the costs 

open for argument. 

8. [Appellant] re-let the premises to MedCare Susquehanna 

Valley, LLC. Under the terms of the Lease with MedCare, 

the Rent Commencement Date was October 1, 2017 and the 

Expiration Date was August 31, 2027. For Year 1 through 

Year 5 of the Lease, MedCare’s monthly rent was $9,958.44.

9. The parties stipulate that the rent received from the 

replacement tenant from October 1, 2017 through 

November 30, 2021 would equal $497,922.00 while the rent 

received from [Appellee] from October 1, 2017 through 

November 30, 2021 would have been $405,253.85 or a 

difference of $92,667.89. The parties agree if the 

replacement tenant pays the rent through November 20, 

2021 there would be a difference of $92,667.89. 

[Appellant] reserves the right to argue that the excess 

difference in the rents cannot be used as an offset by 

[Appellee,] is speculative and is contrary to the terms of the 

Lease and the case law. [Appellee] reserves the right to 

argue it is an offset against any damages pursuant to the 

terms of the Lease.

(Stipulation, 8/25/20).

On August 25, 2020, the court conducted a hearing on the petition to 
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open or strike. At the hearing:

[Appellant’s] exhibits admitted into evidence at the hearing, 

in addition to the stipulation, consisted of the lease between 

[Appellant] and [Appellee], Basic Lease Information 

pertaining to the lease between [Appellant] and the 

replacement tenant, an itemization of build out expenses 

incurred by [Appellant] to accommodate the replacement 

tenant (totaling $97,537.37), a brokerage commission bill 

pertaining to [Appellee’s] lease paid by [Appellant] around 

June 1, 2016 ($35,924.26), a brokerage commission bill 

pertaining to the replacement tenant’s lease paid by 

[Appellant]...($85,678.78), an itemization of legal services 

rendered by [Appellant’s] counsel in connection with the 

present matter, and [Appellant’s] “Summary of Unpaid 

Rent, Common Area Maintenance Expenses and Late Fees, 

Unamortized Build-out Costs, Realtor Commissions and 

Counsel Fees.”

The latter exhibit postulated a total of unpaid Monthly 

Installments of Rent (including rent for September, 2017) 

in the amount of $53,389.28, a total of Unpaid Common 

Area Expenses in the amount of $13,050.00, Late Fees in 

the amount of $1,750.00, Unamortized Cost of Build-Out for 

[Appellee] in the amount of $25,917.62, Unamortized Cost 

of Build-Out for the replacement tenant in the amount of 

$76,562.00, Realtor Commission related to [Appellee’s] 

tenancy in the amount of $35,924.26, Realtor Commission 

related to the replacement tenant’s tenancy in the amount 

of $85,678.78, and Counsel Fees in the amount of 

$29,227.19, for a total of $321,499.13. No [Appellee’s] 

exhibits were introduced at the hearing.

The testimony of the only witness at the hearing was 

provided by John Ortenzio, who was called on behalf of 

[Appellant], and may be summarized as follows: Mr. 

Ortenzio was one of three owners of [Appellant], a limited 

liability company, and was an employee of the property 

management company that managed the subject property 

owned by [Appellant]. Notwithstanding the lease between 

[Appellant] and [Appellee], [Appellee] never took 

possession of the leased premises, his attempts to contact 

[Appellee] concerning the matter were unsuccessful, the 

replacement tenant began its occupancy on October 1, 
J-A22037-21

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2017, the replacement tenant’s rental payments were 

greater than [Appellee’s], and the term of its lease was 

longer than [Appellee’s], and the exhibits admitted on 

behalf of [Appellant] at the hearing were factually correct.

With specific reference to build out costs, [Appellant] had 

incurred expenses related to [Appellee’s] tenancy in the 

amount of $25,927.62 and expenses related to the 

replacement tenancy in the (corrected) amount of 

$97,537.37. Build out expenses were expected to be 

recaptured through a tenant’s rental payments.

With specific reference to realtors’ commissions, they were 

similarly expected to be recaptured through a tenant’s 

rental payments. Typically, a commission payment was due 

at the time of execution of a lease and the payment to the 

owner’s broker was then shared with the tenant’s broker. 

In the case of [Appellee’s] lease, the broker for [Appellant] 

shared the fee, which varied percentage-wise over the term 

of the lease, with the broker for [Appellee], and in the case 

of the replacement tenant’s lease, the broker for [Appellant] 

similarly shared the fee, which remained constant 

percentage-wise over the term of the lease, with the broker 

for the replacement tenant.

(Trial Court Opinion, 11/23/20, at 12-14). At the conclusion of the hearing, 

the trial court set a briefing schedule for the parties.2

On November 23, 2020, the court ruled on the pending motion to open 

or strike. Specifically, it revised the judgment and (1) omitted build out 

expenses related to Appellee’s tenancy; (2) omitted brokerage commissions 

related to Appellee’s tenancy; (3) omitted build out expenses related to the 

____________________________________________

2 After receiving the parties’ briefs, the court noted that it was apparent from 

Appellant’s brief that Appellant no longer sought to increase its claim for build 

out expenses related to the replacement tenant’s tenancy beyond the initially 

claimed $76,562.00. It explained that Appellant continued to request build 

out expenses for Appellee’s tenancy in the amount of $25,917.62. 
J-A22037-21

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replacement tenant’s tenancy; (4) omitted brokerage commissions pertaining 

to the replacement tenant’s tenancy; and (5) omitted rent for September 

2017. The court rejected Appellee’s argument that it should be entitled to a 

credit for excess rent anticipated from the replacement tenant.

3

Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal on December 22, 2020. That 

same day, the court ordered Appellant to file a concise statement of errors 

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant complied 

on December 31, 2020. 

Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred as a matter of law, raising 

sua sponte, that the warrant of attorney contained in the 

confession of judgment in the Lease limited [Appellant’s]

right to recovery solely to rent, attorney fees and costs and 

did not include other types of damage and, as a result, 

foreclosed [Appellant] from reducing to judgment other 

types of damages by use of the warrant of attorney 

contained in the confession of judgment.

Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred, as a matter of law, in 

raising issues not raised by [Appellee] in its pleadings or at 

trial and in finding that [Appellant], as a result of its 

exhaustion of the warrant of attorney, was foreclosed from 

amending the Complaint for Confession of Judgment to 

include: (1) the $25,917.62 for improvement build-out costs 

for [Appellee]’s benefit; (2) the additional $20,975.37 in 

improvement build-out costs to secure the replacement 

tenant; (3) the broker’s commission of $35,924.26 for 

____________________________________________

3 Ultimately, the court revised the confession of judgment to provide solely for 

unpaid monthly installments of rent in the amount of $45,651.88, unpaid 

common area expenses in the amount of $13,050.00, late fees in the amount 

of $1,750.00, attorney fees in the amount of $6,045.19, costs in the amount 

of $46.00, and prejudgment interest at the rate of .83% per month from 

March 1, 2017, to August 31, 2017. 
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securing [Appellee]’s lease; and (4) the broker’s 

commission of $85,678.79 for securing the replacement 

tenant on the basis that while they were not the same 

damages, they were all “a type of damage” that had been 

previously listed in the Complaint for Confession of 

Judgment filed on August 21, 2018.

Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred as a matter of law or 

committed an abuse of discretion where it concluded that 

the broker’s commission of $35,924.26, related to 

[Appellee’s] lease was prohibited as an amendment to the 

Complaint for Confession of Judgment as the commission 

was not owed by [Appellant] because [Appellee] never took 

possession of the leased premises and as a result the debt 

was never legally owed by [Appellant] and thus could never 

be recouped by [Appellant] from [Appellee].

Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred as a matter of law in finding 

that the improvement build-out costs and the broker’s 

commission incurred by [Appellant] to secure both 

[Appellee] and the replacement tenant, were damages that 

could not be assessed against [Appellee] as these costs, in 

part, were both being recouped by [Appellant] with each 

rent payment it received from the replacement tenant and 

to enter judgment would represent a double recovery.

Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred as a matter of law in 

refusing to allow [Appellant]’s Amendment of the Complaint 

to include the rent owed for September, 2017 as the warrant 

of attorney contained in the confession of judgment limited 

the confession of rent to six (6) month increments and the 

Complaint filed on August 21, 2018 had already sought rent 

for the months March, 2017 through August, 2017, a period 

of six (6) months.

(Appellant’s Brief at 4-5).

We review an order ruling on a petition to open or strike a confessed 

judgment for an abuse of discretion or error of law. Ferrick v. Bianchini, 69

A.3d 642, 647 (Pa.Super. 2013). Our scope of review on appeal is “very

narrow” and we will overturn the trial court’s decision only if the court abused
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its discretion or committed manifest error. Atlantic Nat’l Trust, LLC v.

Stivala Invs., Inc., 922 A.2d 919, 925 (Pa.Super. 2007) (citation omitted).

However,

“Whether a judge has correctly interpreted a writing and

properly determined the legal duties which arise therefrom

is a question of law for the appellate court.” Riccio v.

American Republic Ins. Co., 550 Pa. 254, 263, 705 A.2d

422, 426 (1997). The legal effect or enforceability of a

contract provision presents a question of law accorded full

appellate review and is not limited to an abuse of discretion

standard. Id. See also Patriot Commercial Leasing Co.,

Inc. v. Kremer Restaurant, 915 A.2d 647 (Pa.Super.

2006), appeal denied, 597 Pa. 720, 951 A.2d 1166 (2008).

“A cornerstone principle of contract interpretation provides

that where the words of the document are clear and

unambiguous, we must ‘give effect’ to the language.”

Tindall v. Friedman, 970 A.2d 1159, 1165 (Pa.Super.

2009). Likewise, if the matter under review involves the

interpretation of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure,

we have before us a question of law, where our standard of

review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.

Boatin v. Miller, 955 A.2d 424, 427 (Pa.Super. 2008).

Midwest Financial Acceptance Corp. v. Lopez, 78 A.3d 614, 624

(Pa.Super. 2013).

“[A] warrant of attorney is a contractual agreement between the parties 

and the parties are free to determine the manner in which the warrant may 

be exercised.” Neducsin v. Caplan, 121 A.3d 498, 505 (Pa.Super. 2015), 

appeal denied, 635 Pa. 726, 131 A.3d 492 (2016) (citation omitted). 

Judgment entered by confession “must be ‘made in rigid adherence to the 

provisions of the warrant of attorney; otherwise, such judgment will be 

stricken.’” Id. (quoting Dollar Bank, Federal Sav. Bank v. Northwood 
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Cheese Co., Inc., 637 A.2d 309, 311-12 (Pa.Super. 1994), appeal denied, 

539 Pa. 692, 653 A.2d 1231 (1994)). “A warrant to confess judgment must 

be explicit and will be strictly construed, with any ambiguities resolved against 

the party in whose favor the warrant is given.” Neducsin, supra (citation 

omitted).

In its first issue, Appellant argues the trial court improperly found sua 

sponte that the broker’s commissions related to securing Appellee and the 

replacement tenant, and the build out expenses for Appellee and the 

replacement tenant, were beyond the scope of the warrant of attorney. 

Appellant asserts the court erroneously concluded that the warrant of attorney 

did not encompass confession of judgment damages beyond rent, attorney 

fees, and costs. Appellant claims Appellee did not raise this issue in its

pleadings. Appellant maintains the court’s actions deprived it of an 

opportunity to address a defense that Appellee had not raised or argued. 

Essentially, Appellant contends the court improperly acted as an advocate for 

Appellee by raising a defense on its behalf. Appellant emphasizes that “the 

parties had filed various pleadings, a set of Stipulations, Pre-Trial and PostTrial Briefs together with a hearing on issues which they could not reach a 

stipulation all of which were intended to narrow the issue[s] and none of which 

raised [a]n issue as to the scope of the damages included in the warrant of 

attorney.” (Appellant’s Brief at 21). Appellant concludes the court erred by 

precluding it from recovering damages beyond rent, costs, and attorney’s 
J-A22037-21

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fees, and this Court must reverse. We agree.

4

“[A] court should open a confessed judgment if the petitioner promptly 

presents evidence on a petition to open which in a jury trial would require that 

the issues be submitted to the jury.” Stahl Oil Co., Inc. v. Helsel, 860 A.2d 

508, 512 (Pa.Super. 2004), appeal denied, 584 Pa. 709, 885 A.2d 43 (2005). 

“A petitioner must offer clear, direct, precise and believable evidence of a 

meritorious defense, sufficient to raise a jury question.” Id.

Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 2959(a) states, in 

pertinent part that “all grounds for relief whether to strike 

off the judgment or to open it must be asserted in a single 

petition.” Furthermore, Pa.R.Civ.P. 2959(c) states that “[a] 

party waives all defenses and objections which are not 

included in the petition or answer.”

Stahl Oil Co., Inc., supra at 515. See also Davis v. Woxall Hotel, Inc., 

577 A.2d 636, 639 (Pa.Super. 1990) (explaining that defenses to confessed 

judgment not contained in petition to open or strike judgment are waived).

Furthermore, it is well established that “[a]bsent fraud or 

unconscionability, courts should not set aside terms on which sophisticated 

parties agreed.” Pops PCE TT, LP v. R & R Rest. Grp., LLC., 208 A.3d 79, 

87 (Pa.Super. 2019) (citing John B. Conomos, Inc. v. Sun Co., 831 A.2d 

696, 708 (Pa.Super. 2003)).

____________________________________________

4

In its brief, Appellant also asserts that the court improperly raised the 

defense of “double recovery” sua sponte, where Appellee did not raise that 

defense in its pleadings. Appellant, however, did not include this argument in 

its 1925(b) statement, so it is waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii) (stating: 

“Issues not included in the statement...are waived”). 
J-A22037-21

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Here, the record reflects that Appellee filed a petition to strike or open, 

in accordance with Rule 2959, which Appellee later amended, raising various

grounds for relief. Significantly, Appellee did not raise a defense or objection 

concerning whether the scope of the warrant of attorney encompassed the 

ability to confess judgment for build out expenses or brokerage fees. Thus, 

Appellee waived this argument, and the court should not have struck the 

judgment on the basis that the claimed build out expenses and brokerage fees 

were beyond the scope of the warrant of attorney clause. See Neducsin, 

supra; Stahl Oil Co., Inc., supra. 

Moreover, even if not waived, the language of the Lease confirms that

the scope of the warrant of attorney encompassed damages beyond just rent 

and associated costs. 

It is well-established that:

[C]ontract construction and interpretation is generally a 

question of law for the court to decide.

A contract’s language is unambiguous if it can be 

determined without any other guide than knowledge of the 

simple facts on which its meaning depends. When the 

contract is clear and unambiguous, the meaning of the 

contract is ascertained from the writing alone....

Whether a judge has correctly interpreted a writing 

and properly determined the legal duties which arise 

therefrom is a question of law for the appellate court. 

The legal effect or enforceability of a contact provision 

presents a question of law accorded full appellate 

review and is not limited to an abuse of discretion 

standard.

Pops PCE TT, LP, supra at 87 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
J-A22037-21

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Here, the Lease executed by the parties provides that upon default 

Appellee would be liable for “the rent and additional rent...together with all 

other expenses incurred by [Appellant] in connection with [Appellee’s] 

default...” (Lease at § 21.02(b)) (emphasis added). This provision clearly and 

unambiguously sets forth that the warrant of attorney encompasses more 

than simply rent and costs, but rather, may be used to collect damages for 

“all other expenses incurred...in connection with [Appellee’s] default.” (Id.) 

Appellant and Appellee, both sophisticated parties, agreed upon the language 

when they entered into the lease. See Pops PCE TT, LP, supra. Therefore, 

we hold that the trial court erred when it sua sponte raised a concern about 

the scope of the warrant of attorney and found that it did not include damages 

in excess of rent and costs.

In its second issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of its 

motion to amend the judgment to include damages related to the build out 

expenses incurred with respect to Appellee’s lease.5 Appellant claims Appellee 

did not object to these damages and the court erred by denying them sua 

sponte. Appellant asserts that it did not seek damages related to the build

____________________________________________

5 The question presented in Appellant’s second issue states that the court 

improperly denied its amendment of the complaint to include 1) build out 

expenses related to Appellee’s lease, 2) build out expenses related to the 

replacement tenant’s lease, 3) broker’s commission for securing Appellee’s 

lease, and 4) the broker’s commission for securing the replacement tenant 

lease. However, in the argument portion of its brief, Appellant discusses only 

the alleged error in denying Appellant’s amendment to include build out 

expenses for Appellee’s lease. Therefore, we limit our discussion to the same. 
J-A22037-21

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out expenses associated with Appellee’s lease prior to its motion to amend the 

complaint for confession of judgment. Appellant contends the court 

erroneously concluded that because Appellant previously sought damages 

related to the replacement tenant’s build out expenses, Appellant was 

precluded from seeking “similar” damages related to the build out expenses 

associated with Appellee’s lease in the amendment to the complaint. 

Appellant insists that the debt set out in Appellant’s motion to amend the 

judgment with respect to Appellee’s build out expenses is different and distinct 

than the debt set out in the complaint for confession of judgment against 

which the previous judgment had been filed. 

Appellant further maintains that the warrant of attorney specifically 

provides that it is not exhausted by “one or more exercises thereof and where 

the debt attempted to be collected by each action is different and distinct from 

debt previously confessed, the [c]ourt’s rationale that the warrant of attorney 

has been exhausted, fails.” (Appellant’s Brief at 27). Appellant avers the 

parties specifically negotiated the warrant of attorney to confess judgment to 

be exercisable on multiple occasions. Appellant claims the plain language of 

the lease empowered Appellant to exercise the warrant of attorney to confess 

judgment whenever there was an occurrence of an event of default. Appellant 

concludes the court erred by precluding it from obtaining damages for build

out expenses related to Appellee’s lease, and this Court must reverse. We 

agree.
J-A22037-21

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We review a trial court’s revision of a confessed judgment for an abuse 

of discretion or an error of law. Ferrick, supra; Atlantic Nat’l Trust, LLC

v. Stivala Invs., Inc., supra. Further, “[t]he decision of the trial [c]ourt to 

deny a motion to amend a complaint is within the sound discretion of the trial 

court, and the trial court’s determination will not be disturbed absent an abuse 

of that discretion.” Ferraro v. McCarthy–Pascuzzo, 777 A.2d 1128, 1132 

(Pa.Super. 2001) (citations omitted).

Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1033 sets forth the rules 

concerning amendment of pleadings. It states, inter alia, “a party, either by 

filed consent of the adverse party or by leave of court, may at any time change 

the form of the action, correct the name of a party or amend his pleading.” 

Pa.R.C.P. 1033(a).

It has always been held that formal defects, mistakes 

and omissions in confessions of judgment may be 

corrected by amendment where the cause of the action is 

not changed, where the ends of justice require the 

allowance of such amendment, and where the substantive 

rights of defendant or of any third persons will not be 

prejudiced thereby.

Dime Bank v. Andrews, 115 A.3d 358, 365 (Pa.Super. 2015) (quoting West 

Penn Sand & Gravel Co. v. Shippingport Sand Co., 367 Pa. 218, 80 A.2d 

84, 86 (1951)) (emphasis in original). An amendment to a complaint is not 

permitted where it is against an affirmative rule of law. TCPF Ltd. P'ship v. 

Skatell, 976 A.2d 571, 575 (Pa.Super. 2009).

This Court has considered the issue of amending a complaint for 
J-A22037-21

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confession of judgment concerning same or similar damages in TCPF Ltd. 

P’ship, supra. There, we explained:

It is clear that, under the law of Pennsylvania, a warrant of 

attorney to confess judgment may not be exercised twice 

for the same debt. B. Lipsitz Co. v. Walker, 522 A.2d 562, 

566 (Pa.Super. 1987), appeal granted, 515 Pa. 617, 531 

A.2d 426 (1987) (“severable portions of a debt can be 

sought to be collected with the use of a single warrant of 

attorney as each become due; provided, of course, the 

instrument is not used to collect the same portion of the 

debt already confessed.”); American Bowling Club, Inc. 

v. Kanefsky, 370 Pa. 136, 140, 87 A.2d 646, 648 (1952) 

(“where a power of attorney authorizes a confession of 

judgment and the power is once exercised, the power is 

thereby exhausted.”).

Id. at 575 (footnote and emphasis omitted; citation formatting provided). In 

TCPF Ltd. P’ship, however, this Court limited its holding to the use of a 

warrant of attorney several times to collect the same portion of the debt 

already confessed. Id. at 575–76.

Instantly, the trial court denied Appellant’s motion to amend the second 

confessed judgment for the following reasons:

First, build out expenses as a type of damage for the period 

in question had been included in the judgment as initially 

filed and could not be revised by way of amendment. 

Second these particular build out expenses were not a 

consequence of [Appellee’s] breach, and their recovery in 

addition to rent for the period in question would under the 

circumstances represent a double recovery for the same 

debt. Third, the warrant of attorney in the lease authorized 

a confession of judgment for “rent,” costs and attorney fees; 

it is unclear that it was intended to encompass special 

damages other than costs and attorney fees, such as build 

out expenses.

(Trial Court Opinion at 19). 
J-A22037-21

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Here, Appellant’s second complaint for confession of judgment included 

an item labeled “Un-amortized Costs of Build Out of Tenant Improvements” 

which “referred to expenses that were allegedly incurred by [Appellant] in 

making improvements to the premises to accommodate a replacement 

tenant.” (Trial Court Opinion at 8) (footnote omitted). In Appellant’s petition 

to amend the complaint, Appellant sought to add an item of damages 

concerning build out expenses incurred to accommodate Appellee. (Id. at 9) 

(citing Motion to Amend Judgment, 9/03/19). 

We conclude that these two items represent two distinct debts, one for 

build out expenses incurred as a result of Appellant improving the premises 

for Appellee’s anticipated tenancy, and the second for build out expenses 

incurred as a result of Appellant improving the premises for the replacement 

tenant’s tenancy. Therefore, this Court’s holding in TCPF Ltd. P’ship, 

supra, that a warrant of attorney may not be exercised twice for the same 

debt, does not bar amendment of the complaint for confession of judgment to 

include debt incurred for Appellee’s build out expenses. See TCPF Ltd. 

P’ship, supra at 575. 

In addition, the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion to amend 

the second complaint for confession of judgment based on its analysis that 

the scope of the warrant of attorney does not include such damages. As 

discussed above, Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 2959 requires that all 

grounds for relief be asserted in a single petition. See Pa.R.C.P. 2959(a)(1). 
J-A22037-21

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It further explains that “[a] party waives all defenses and objections which 

are not included in the petition or answer.” Pa.R.C.P. 2959(c). See also

Pa.R.C.P. 2960 (limiting scope of proceedings upon opening of judgment). 

Because Appellee did not raise an objection to Appellant’s amendment based 

on the scope of the warrant of attorney, the trial court erred in considering 

whether the scope of the warrant of attorney included damages for build out 

costs for Appellee.6 

In its third issue, Appellant argues the trial court erred by sua sponte

concluding that Appellant was not responsible for the broker’s commission 

related to the procurement of Appellee’s lease. Appellant asserts the trial 

court decided that Appellant’s payment of the broker’s commission was 

subject to a condition precedent of the occupancy of the premises by the 

tenant, which did not occur. Appellant contends the court erroneously 

concluded that Appellant had no legal obligation to pay the broker’s 

commission where Appellee never took occupancy. Appellant emphasizes that 

the parties stipulated that Appellant paid the commission for the broker who 

secured Appellee as a tenant in the amount of $35,924.20. Appellant submits 

the court improperly held that recovery of the broker’s commission from 

Appellee would constitute a double recovery as the broker’s commission was 

____________________________________________

6 We consider the court’s conclusion regarding whether damages for Appellee’s

build out expenses constitutes double recovery in our analysis of Appellant’s 

fourth issue.
J-A22037-21

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built into the rent payments owed by Appellee and would be recouped from 

the rent owed by Appellee.7 Appellant also challenges the court’s finding that 

the warrant of attorney does not encompass special damages beyond rent, 

costs, and attorney fees. Appellant complains that Appellee did not raise any 

of the grounds on which the court based its decision in its pleadings. Appellant 

insists that “none of the facts upon which the [t]rial [c]ourt based its holding 

are found in the [r]ecord or in the pleadings.” (Appellant’s Brief at 31). 

Appellant stresses that no evidence offered at the hearing related to or 

questioned the terms of the contract between Appellant and its broker. 

Specifically, Appellant states “[a]t no time did the [t]rial [c]ourt or [Appellee] 

raise an issue of whether the terms of the contract provided that [Appellee] 

had to occupy the leased premises prior to the commission being earned.” 

(Id. at 34). Appellant concludes the court improperly precluded damages 

related to the broker’s commission for Appellee’s tenancy, and this Court must 

reverse. We disagree.

A condition precedent is a condition which must occur before a duty to 

perform under a contract arises. Davis v. Gov't Employees Ins. Co., 775 

A.2d 871, 874 (Pa.Super. 2001), appeal denied, 571 Pa. 706, 812 A.2d 1230 

(2002). The parties do not need to utilize any particular words to create a 

condition precedent; however, an act or event designated in a contract will be 

____________________________________________

7 We address this specific contention in our analysis of Appellant’s fourth issue, 

which also raises this claim of error. 
J-A22037-21

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construed as a condition precedent only where it clearly appears to be the 

parties’ intention. Id. See also Acme Markets, Inc. v. Fed. Armored 

Exp., Inc., 648 A.2d 1218, 1220 n.3 (Pa.Super. 1994) (rejecting argument 

that parties were required to use express language such as “state that 

performance will only come due ‘if’ a certain event occurs; or ‘on condition 

that’ a certain event occurs; or ‘provided’ that a certain event occurs” to set 

forth condition precedent).

We look to the language of the contract itself to discern whether it 

clearly appears that the parties intended to create a condition precedent:

When interpreting the language of a contract, the intention 

of the parties is a paramount consideration. In determining 

the intent of the parties to a written agreement, the court 

looks to what they have clearly expressed, for the law does 

not assume that the language of the contract was chosen 

carelessly. When interpreting agreements containing clear 

and unambiguous terms, we need only examine the writing 

itself to give effect to the parties’ intent.

Melton v. Melton, 831 A.2d 646, 653-54 (Pa.Super. 2003) (quoting Profit 

Wize Mktg. v. Wiest, 812 A.2d 1270, 1274 (Pa.Super. 2002)).

Instantly, the trial court found that Appellant was not entitled to 

damages related to the broker’s commission for Appellee’s tenancy because

occupancy of the premises was a condition precedent to Appellant’s duty to 

pay such commission. The court explained:

[Appellant’s] responsibility for assumption of this debt was 

subject under the lease to a condition precedent of 

occupancy by the tenant, which did not occur; and as to 

payment of the commission of [Appellant’s] broker, in the 

absence of the listing agreement between [Appellant] and 
J-A22037-21

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its agent it is difficult to conclude that [Appellant’s] payment 

was not also made on the basis of a moral as opposed to 

legal obligation. 

(Trial Court Opinion at 20).

At the outset, we agree with the trial court that Appellant’s failure to 

include a copy of the listing agreement between Appellant and its agent has 

significantly limited Appellant’s claim that it had a duty to pay the brokerage 

commission upon lease signing. Without such agreement in the record, our 

review is limited to the language of the Lease between the parties as it 

pertains to Appellant’s payment of the brokerage commission. The Lease 

contains the following provision:

[Appellant] agrees that it recognizes Colliers International 

as [Appellee’s] sole representative and a full brokerage 

commission shall be due and payable upon 

occupancy. [Appellant] shall pay Colliers International a 

fee equal to six percent (6%) of the first year and five 

percent (5%) of the second year, four percent (4%) of the 

third year and three percent (3%) of all remaining years 

thereafter. In the event [Appellee] leases additional space 

or exercised its renewal options, the commission calculation 

shall be restarted from the date of occupancy. Said 

commission shall be payable when option/expansion is 

executed. The commission calculation shall be based on the 

total of the net rental amount.

(Lease at 4 ¶ 24.20) (emphasis added). 

Considering the express language of the Lease, we agree with the trial 

court that the parties demonstrated that their intent was for payment of the 

brokerage commission to become due only upon the occupancy of the 

premises. See Melton, supra at 653–54. Not only does the Lease clearly 
J-A22037-21

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state that the brokerage commission shall be “due and payable upon 

occupancy,” but the Lease later refers to occupancy of the premises again as 

the starting point for calculation of any further commission, should Appellee 

lease additional space or renew the lease. (See Lease at 4 ¶ 24.20) (emphasis 

added).

At the hearing, Appellant did not introduce evidence related to the 

contract between itself and the broker to refute condition precedent of “upon 

occupancy” stated in the Lease. Therefore, we agree with the trial court that 

Appellant was only required to pay the brokerage commission upon Appellee’s 

occupancy of the premises. Because Appellee defaulted on the Lease prior to 

occupying the premises, the brokerage commission related to Appellee’s 

tenancy never became due. Accordingly, Appellee’s default did not cause 

Appellant to incur damages related to the brokerage commission because, 

based on the terms of the Lease, Appellant was not obligated to pay the 

commission where Appellee never took occupancy of the premises. As such, 

the trial court did not err when it barred Appellant from seeking separate 

damages for the brokerage commission related to Appellee’s tenancy. See 

Ferrick, supra; Atlantic Nat'l Trust, LLC, supra. 

In its fourth issue, Appellant argues the court erroneously concluded 

that the broker commissions related to Appellee and the replacement tenant’s 

tenancies, and the improvement build-out expenses related to each lease, 

were already being recouped by the rent payments owed from Appellee and 
J-A22037-21

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the rent being paid from the replacement tenant, because the commissions 

and build-out expenses were built into the rent payments for the respective 

leases. Specifically, Appellant contends that the trial court’s revised judgment 

should have included (1) build out expenses for Appellee’s lease in the amount 

of $25,917.62, (2) brokerage fees for the replacement tenant in the amount 

of $85,678.78, and (3) build out expenses for the replacement tenant in the 

amount of $97,537.37. (Appellant’s Brief at 34-35).8

Appellant posits that the trial court’s presumption that Appellant is 

recouping the loss through rent payments “is built upon a set of assumed 

premises which are not present in this case.” (Id. at 35). The premises are 

either: (1) Appellee paid the entire amount of unpaid rent owed under the 

Lease equaling $486,708.08 for the period March 1, 2017 through November 

30, 2021, from which Appellant recouped the entirety of its costs for brokers’

commissions and improvement build out costs, which Appellee did not do; or 

(2) Appellant confessed the judgment of the acceleration of the rent to the 

end of the term of Appellee’s lease from which it would recoup the brokers’

commission and improvement build out costs, which is also something 

Appellant did not do. (Id. at 35). Appellant emphasizes that a double 

____________________________________________

8 Although Appellant additionally seeks brokerage commission damages for 

Appellee’s lease in the amount of $35,924.26, as discussed above, Appellant 

is not entitled to these damages because the condition precedent to their 

being owed was not met. Accordingly, we do not consider whether recovery 

of this fee would constitute double recovery. 
J-A22037-21

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recovery would only occur if it had received payment of all the rent under the 

Lease or had confessed judgment to recover the rent due together with the 

balance of the term of the rent due from Appellee, from which it would then 

recoup its cost from broker commission and build out expenses. 

Appellant contends the court’s rationale is incorrect where Appellant 

never received any rent from Appellee, and Appellant is not seeking a 

judgment against Appellee for rent for the balance of the entire term of the 

Lease from which to recoup these costs. Appellant emphasizes the language 

in the Lease stating that upon default, Appellee would be responsible for “all 

other amounts in addition to los[t] rent and all the damages proximately 

caused by [Appellee’s] failure to perform its obligations under the Lease or 

which in the ordinary course of things, would be likely to result.” (Id. at 37-

38) (quoting Lease at § 21.02(c)). Appellant insists it is Appellee who 

breached the contract and caused Appellant to incur immediate out-of-pocket 

expenses, but it is Appellant who, as a result of the court’s ruling, is left 

without a remedy against Appellee. Appellant concludes the court erred by 

finding that Appellant sought damages that would constitute a double 

recovery, and this Court must reverse. We agree in part and disagree in part.

“It is a basic tenet of our system of civil justice that a plaintiff may not 

obtain a double recovery for a single wrong.” Pops PCE TT, LP, supra at 89

(citing Homart Dev. Co. v. Sgrenci, 662 A.2d 1092, 1100 (Pa.Super. 1995)). 

As our Supreme Court has recognized, the doctrine of election of remedies 
J-A22037-21

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provides that “a claimant cannot simultaneously recover damages based on 

two different liability findings if the injury is the same for both claims, thus 

creating a double recovery.” Gamesa Energy USA, LLC v. Ten Penn Ctr. 

Associates, L.P., 655 Pa. 351, 364, 217 A.3d 1227, 1235 (2019) (citation 

omitted).

Here, the trial court explained that it denied Appellant’s motion to 

amend the second confessed judgment to add build out expenses for 

Appellee’s tenancy. Specifically, the court noted that “these particular build 

out expenses were not a consequence of [Appellee’s] breach, and their 

recovery in addition to rent for the period in question would under the 

circumstances represent a double recovery for the same debt.” (Trial Court 

Opinion at 19). 

Our review of the record reveals that, Appellant paid build out expenses 

related to Appellee’s tenancy in the amount of $25,917.37. At the hearing, 

Appellant’s witness explained that the costs of Appellee’s build out would have 

been recovered through the rent payments. (N.T. at 19, 22-23). Hence, if 

Appellee had not defaulted and had instead finished the Lease and paid as 

scheduled, Appellant would have recaptured the entirety of the expense. 

Here, however, several months of Appellee’s rent are included in the 

confessed judgment. Therefore, recovery of the entire amount of build out 

expenses would amount to a partial double recovery. Accordingly, to ensure 

that there is no double recovery, the portion of the build out expenses covered 
J-A22037-21

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by the monthly rental payments in the first and second confession of 

judgments must be subtracted from the total build out expenses.9 

Concerning build out expenses related to the replacement tenant’s 

tenancy, the trial court held that “as of the filing of the second confessed 

judgment this debt was being collected through the replacement tenant’s rent 

and until such time as that circumstance ceased[,] collection of the obligation 

from [Appellee] would constitute a double recovery.” (Trial Court Opinion at 

20). We agree with the trial court’s reasoning.

We acknowledge the trial court’s finding that “whether the 

[replacement] tenant will fulfill its obligations under its 10-year lease is...highly 

speculative,” and observe that it is likewise highly speculative whether the 

replacement tenant will default on its obligations on its lease. (Trial Court 

Opinion at 20). Thus, the trial court correctly found that recovery of damages 

that would otherwise be paid in the replacement tenant’s lease would 

constitute a double recovery if included in the judgment without the 

replacement tenant having defaulted on its lease. 

In its final issue, Appellant argues the court erred by denying Appellant 

damages for rent owed by Appellee for September 2017 where the warrant of 

attorney limited the confession of judgment to six-month increments, and the 

complaint filed on August 21, 2018 had already sought rent for the six-month 

____________________________________________

9 Appellee’s build out expenses, $25,917.37 split equally over the 66-month 

Lease, equates to $392.69 per month. 
J-A22037-21

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period from March 2017 through August 2017. Appellant claims that under 

the warrant of attorney, it could not include unpaid rent for September 2017 

in the August 21, 2018 complaint. Appellant emphasizes that the warrant of 

attorney permits judgment to be confessed “from time-to-time and as often 

as there is an occurrence of an Event of Default which was not cured by 

[Appellee].” (Appellant’s Brief at 43) (citation omitted). Appellant concludes

the court’s refusal to allow it to recover unpaid rent for September 2017 was 

error, and this Court must reverse. We disagree. 

Preliminarily, appellate briefs must conform in all material respects to 

the briefing requirements set forth in the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate 

Procedure. Pa.R.A.P. 2101. Regarding the argument section of an appellate 

brief, Rule 2119(a) provides:

Rule 2119. Argument

(a) General rule.—The argument shall be divided into as 

many parts as there are questions to be argued; and shall 

have at the head of each part—in distinctive type or in type 

distinctively displayed—the particular point treated therein, 

followed by such discussion and citation of authorities as are 

deemed pertinent.

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a). It is the duty of an appellant to present argument in its 

brief which “contain[s] such discussion and citation of authorities as are 

deemed pertinent.” 9795 Perry Highway Mgmt., LLC v. Bernard, 273 

A.3d 1098, 1103 (Pa.Super. 2022) (citation omitted). “This Court will not act 

as counsel and will not develop arguments on behalf of an appellant.” Id.

(citations omitted). “When deficiencies in a brief hinder our ability to conduct 
J-A22037-21

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meaningful appellate review, we can dismiss the appeal entirely or find certain 

issues to be waived.” Id. (citations omitted).

Here, Appellant failed to support this argument with citation to and 

discussion of pertinent authority. Specifically, Appellant claimed it was 

entitled to amend the amount claimed in the unpaid monthly rent category of 

its complaint to include rent for September 2017, but Appellant did not cite 

any pertinent authority to support its attempt to correct the amount pled.10 

Nor did Appellant address whether amending the confession of judgment 

would serve “the ends of justice” or whether such amendment would affect

the substantive rights of the parties. See Dime Bank, supra at 365 

(explaining formal defects, mistakes and omissions in confession of judgment 

may be corrected by amendment where cause of action is not changed, where 

____________________________________________

10 In its reply brief, Appellant distinguished the instant case from TCPF 

Limited Partnership, supra, arguing that in TCPF, the plaintiff sought 

judgment for the entire term and was precluded from amending the complaint 

to correct its error in pleading the incorrect amount for accelerated rent. 

(Appellant’s Reply Brief at 21-22). Appellant asserts that it was not correcting 

the amount of rent pled, but rather was seeking to add an additional month 

of rent to the complaint; hence, it was not barred by the court’s holding in 

TCPF, because it had not exhausted the warrant of attorney by seeking 

accelerated rent for the entire period. (Id. at 22). 

The trial court, however, noted that Appellant was, in fact, correcting the 

amount of rent pled for unpaid monthly installments, and denied Appellant 

leave to amend the complaint. In neither its initial appellate brief, nor its reply 

brief did Appellant address whether this denial of leave to amend was an abuse 

of the court’s discretion. Therefore, even considering the arguments set forth 

in Appellant’s reply brief, it has still not developed with citation to relevant 

authority its essential argument that the court erred or abused its discretion.
J-A22037-21

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ends of justice require allowance of such amendment, and where substantive 

rights of defendant or of any third persons will not be prejudiced thereby). In 

other words, Appellant failed to explain why the trial court’s denial of leave to 

amend rose to the level of an abuse of discretion, rendering this issue waived. 

See Ferraro v. McCarthy–Pascuzzo, 777 A.2d 1128, 1132 (Pa.Super. 

2001) (stating: “The decision of the trial [c]ourt to deny a motion to amend a 

complaint is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and the trial court’s

determination will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion”). See 

also 9795 Perry Highway Mgmt., LLC, supra.

In sum, the trial court should have permitted Appellant to amend the 

complaint to include damages for build out costs related to Appellee’s lease; 

however, the damages claimed must be modified to deduct that portion of 

build out expenses covered by monthly rental payments for which Appellee 

has confessed judgment. The trial court did not err in revising the judgment 

to omit the brokerage commission for Appellee’s lease, or the build out 

expenses and brokerage commission related to the replacement tenant’s 

lease. Appellant waived its issue concerning the court’s denial of the 

September 2017 unpaid rent. Finally, because the amount of the judgment 

will change, the attorney fees and pre-judgment interest awarded must be 

altered to reflect the changed judgment. Based on the foregoing, we affirm 

in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings. 

Order affirmed in part and reversed in part. Case remanded for further 
J-A22037-21

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proceedings consistent with this memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished. 

Judge Olson concurs in the result.

Judge Bowes files a concurring and dissenting memorandum.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 01/10/2023