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November 2019 
                    Report 1083

				 
			

























































																											



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers...Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers...Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers...Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers...Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours...Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual...Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers...Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly...Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by...Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or...Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time...Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic...Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational...Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and...Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic...Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for...Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and...Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational...Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and...Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic...Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly...Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly...
                          Technical Notes
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     Highlights of women's earnings in 2018
Highlights of women's earnings in 2018 imageIn 2018, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 81 percent of the earnings of male full-time wage and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s. Most of the growth in women’s earnings relative to men’s occurred in the 1980s (when the women’s-to-men’s ratio went from 64 percent to 70 percent) and in the 1990s (when the ratio went from 72 percent to 77 percent). Since 2004, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio has remained in the 80 to 83 percent range. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in this report reflect calendar-year averages of information collected from one-fourth of the households in the monthly survey. The data in this report are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and published by the U.S. Census Bureau. (See the BLS website for an explanation of the differences between these datasets.)The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. The earnings estimates referenced throughout this report are medians. The median is the mid-point in the earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median level and half having earnings below.See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.View Chart DataChart 1. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2018 annual averagesYearPercentage197962.3198064.2198164.4198265.7198366.5198467.6198568.1198669.5198769.8198870.2198970.1199071.9199174.2199275.8199377.1199476.4199575.5199675.0199774.4199876.3199976.5200076.9200176.4200277.9200379.4200480.4200581.0200680.8200780.2200879.9200980.2201081.2201182.2201280.9201382.1201482.5201581.1201681.9201781.8201881.1Note: Percentages are calculated from annual averages of median usual weekly earnings for full-time wage and salary workers.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.Earnings of full-time workersBelow are data highlights for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics such as age, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, education, occupation, and more.Earnings by age groupIn 2018, median weekly earnings were $789 for all women age 16 and older. For men age 16 and older, median weekly earnings were $973. Women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those between the ages of 35 and 54, with no difference in the earnings of 35- to 44-year-olds and 45- to 54-year-olds (both at $876). Women age 55 to 64 and age 65 and older had earnings that were only slightly lower ($853 and $811, respectively). For men, earnings were highest for 45- to 64-year-olds, with no difference in the earnings of 45- to 54- year-olds and 55- to 64-year-olds (both at $1,137). Earnings were lowest among young women and men age 16 to 24 ($522 and $575, respectively) compared with other ages. (See chart 2 and table 1.)View Chart DataChart 2. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men who are full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 2018 annual averagesAgeWomenMen16 to 2452257525 to 3475086235 to 448761,10145 to 548761,13755 to 648531,13765 and older8111,050Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.In 2018, women’s earnings ranged from 75 percent to 80 percent of men’s earnings among workers age 35 and older. For those under age 35, the earnings differences between women and men were smaller, with women earning 87 percent to 92 percent of what men did. (See table 1.)Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios have grown substantially for most age groups since 1979. For young workers ages 16 to 24, the gains occurred primarily in the 1980s. For workers ages 25 to 64, the gains continued into the 2000s, but have tapered off in recent years. The earnings ratio for workers age 65 and older has been relatively flat since the late 1990s. (See table 12.)Earnings by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicityAsian women and men continued to earn more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2018. Among women, Whites ($817) earned 87 percent as much as Asians ($937); Blacks ($654) earned 70 percent; and Hispanics ($617) earned 66 percent. Among men, these earnings differences were even larger: White men ($1,002) earned 81 percent as much as Asian men ($1,241); Black men ($735) earned 59 percent as much; and Hispanic men ($720) earned 58 percent. (See chart 3 and table 1.)View Chart DataChart 3. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men who are full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesRace and Hispanic or Latino ethnicityWomenMenTotal789973White8171,002Black or African American654735Asian9371,241Hispanic or Latino ethnicity617720Note: People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include Hispanics.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.Earnings differences between women and men were largest among Asians and among Whites. Asian women earned 76 percent as much as Asian men in 2018, and White women earned 82 percent as much as their male counterparts. In comparison, Black women had median earnings that were 89 percent of Black men’s, and Hispanic women’s earnings were 86 percent of Hispanic men’s. (See table 1.)Women’s earnings have increased considerably over time, while men’s earnings have not. This can be seen among the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups, with White women experiencing the greatest earnings growth since 1979 (the first year for which comparable data for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are available). From 1979 to 2018, inflation-adjusted median weekly earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) increased by 37 percent for White women, by 20 percent for Black women, and by 21 percent for Hispanic women. For White and Black women, gains tapered off around 2004. Since that time, White and Black women have seen little net change in earnings. From 2004 to 2018, the earnings of White women edged up 5 percent, while the earnings of Black women edged slightly lower (-3 percent). On the other hand, Hispanic women’s earnings have remained on an upward trend, although substantial earnings growth for them did not begin until the late 1990s. (See table 18.)The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men trended down from 1979 through the first part of the 1990s, followed by a period of growth that stalled in the early 2000s. For Hispanic men, earnings also declined from 1979 through the mid-1990s, then began to trend up. Over the full period, 1979 through 2018, inflation-adjusted earnings have shown little change on net for White (4 percent) and Hispanic men (2 percent). Black men’s inflation-adjusted earnings showed no net change from 1979 to 2018. (See table 18.)Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Between 2000 and 2018, inflation-adjusted earnings for Asian women and men remained on an upward trend. Asian women’s earnings grew by 17 percent and Asian men’s earnings grew by 24 percent over the period for which data are available. (See table 18.)Earnings by educational attainmentMedian weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among workers age 25 and older, those without a high school diploma had median weekly earnings of $553, representing 42 percent of the earnings of workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,324) in 2018. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($730) were 55 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Workers with some college or an associate degree (median weekly earnings of $826) made 62 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree or more made. (See table 1.)In each educational attainment category, the long-term trend in inflation-adjusted earnings has been more favorable for women than for men. Although both women and men without a high school diploma have experienced declines in inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, the drop for women was much smaller than that for men: a 5-percent decrease for women, compared with a 26-percent decline for men. On an inflation-adjusted basis, earnings for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher have increased by 34 percent since 1979, while earnings for men with a bachelor’s degree or higher have risen by 19 percent. (Data refer to workers age 25 and older.) (See chart 4 and table 19.)View Chart DataChart 4. Percentage change in inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings of women and men, by educational attainment, 1979–2018SexLess than a high school diplomaHigh school graduates, no collegeSome college or associate degreeBachelor's degree and higherWomen-53534Men-26-18-1119Note: Data relate to earnings of full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.Earnings by occupationWomen and men working full time in management, business, and financial operations occupations continued to have higher median weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2018 ($1,168 for women and $1,537 for men). Within this category, women who were chief executives ($1,736) and computer and information systems managers ($1,727) had the highest median weekly earnings in 2018. For men, those who were chief executives ($2,488) and architectural and engineering managers ($2,285) had the highest earnings within this major occupational category in 2018. (See table 2.)The second-highest paying occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($1,024 for women and $1,425 for men). This is a broad occupational category made up of several distinct job groupings for specialized fields such as computer science, engineering, law, education, and healthcare. Within this diverse category, women who were nurse practitioners ($1,891) and pharmacists ($1,890) had the highest earnings in 2018. For men, those who were physicians and surgeons ($2,513), pharmacists ($2,271), and lawyers ($2,202) earned the most. (See table 2.)Women and men employed in service occupations continued to earn less in 2018 ($511 for women and $641 for men) than workers in other major occupational categories. Within service occupations, women who were employed as dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers ($408), as cooks ($437), and as food preparation workers ($446) had the lowest median weekly earnings in 2018. For men, those who were employed as combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ($410) and as dishwashers ($434) earned the least.Occupational distributions of women and menThe occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Compared with men, relatively few women work in construction, production, or transportation occupations, and women are far more concentrated in office and administrative support occupations. (See chart 5 and table 2.)View Chart DataChart 5. Distribution of full-time wage and salary employment for women and men, by major occupational group, 2018 annual averagesOccupationWomenMenManagement, business, and financial operations occupations1817Professional and related occupations3120Service occupations1612Sales and related occupations99Office and administrative support occupations196Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations117Production, transportation, and material moving occupations619Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.Women also are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations. In 2018, 31 percent of women worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 20 percent of men. Within the professional category, though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying job groups is much smaller than the proportion of men employed in them. In 2018, 10 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the two relatively high-paying computer (median weekly earnings of $1,345 for women and $1,604 for men) and engineering ($1,259 for women and $1,528 for men) occupation groups, compared with 47 percent of men. Women were more likely to work in the education ($934 for women and $1,235 for men) and healthcare ($1,078 for women and $1,383 for men) occupation groups, which generally pay less than computer and engineering jobs. Sixty-seven percent of women in professional occupations worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2018, compared with 29 percent of men. (See table 2.)Across all occupational categories, the three most common jobs for women were elementary and middle school teacher ($982), registered nurse ($1,156), and secretary or administrative assistant ($753). Each of these occupations employed roughly 2 million women in 2018, collectively representing 13 percent of women in full-time wage and salary jobs.Among men, the most common occupation by far was truck driver (driver/sales workers and truck drivers, $829). In 2018, 2.6 million men were truck drivers, representing 4 percent of all male full-time wage and salary workers. Although engineering occupations are shown separately by specialty (civil, mechanical, etc.) in this report, if combined, engineer would be the second most common job for men. In 2018, a total of 1.9 million men were employed full time in the 16 designated engineering specialties (median weekly earnings ranging from $1,551 to $1,858). (See table 2.)Earnings for workers with and without children under 18In 2018, about one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (Children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household.) Fathers of children under 18 earned more than men without children ($1,098 and $919, respectively). Among women, however, the difference in median weekly earnings between mothers of children under 18 ($799) and those without children under 18 ($784) was much smaller. (See table 7.)Earnings by state of residenceMedian weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor force. Readers should note that sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. (See the technical notes section for an explanation of sampling error.) Consequently, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers also should note that the state estimates are based on workers’ state of residence; their reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the same state. (See table 3.)Weekly work hours of full-time workersAmong full-time workers (that is, those usually working 35 hours or more per week), men are more likely than women to work more than 40 hours per week. In 2018, 25 percent of men who work full time usually worked 41 or more hours per week, compared with 14 percent of women. Women were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 10 percent of women worked such hours in 2018, while 4 percent of men did. A large majority of full-time workers had a 40-hour workweek (75 percent of women and 71 percent of men). Among those with a 40-hour workweek, women earned 86 percent as much as men. (This analysis excludes people who usually work 35 or more hours per week but whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)Earnings of part-time workersWomen are about twice as likely as men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job (including those whose hours vary). Women who worked part time made up 24 percent of all female wage and salary workers in 2018. In comparison, 12 percent of men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)Median weekly earnings for female part-timers were $275 in 2018, slightly higher than the $263 median for men. (See table 4.)Part-time workers are more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-timers, 29 percent of women and 42 percent of men were under age 25 in 2018. Among full-time workers, 9 percent of women and 9 percent of men were under age 25. (See tables 1 and 4.)Earnings of workers paid by the hourIn 2018, 61 percent of women and 56 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $14.06 in 2018, which were 88 percent of the $16.01 median for men. (See tables 8 and 11.)Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2018, about 3 percent of women and 2 percent of men had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. (See tables 10 and 11.) See the technical notes section for information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                


Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic
Total
Women
Men
Women'searningsas apercentageof men'sNumberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Standarderrorofmedian
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Standarderrorofmedian
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
StandarderrorofmedianAgeTotal, 16 years and older
115,567
$886
$2
51,425
$789
$3
64,142
$973
$3
81.116 to 24 years
10,428
548
4
4,611
522
3
5,818
575
5
90.816 to 19 years
1,382
449
7
545
421
5
837
471
9
89.420 to 24 years
9,046
576
3
4,065
546
6
4,981
592
4
92.225 years and older
105,138
932
2
46,814
830
3
58,324
1,026
4
80.925 to 34 years
28,874
808
4
12,681
750
4
16,193
862
6
87.035 to 44 years
26,452
986
5
11,528
876
6
14,924
1,101
10
79.645 to 54 years
25,565
1,002
5
11,621
876
6
13,944
1,137
7
77.055 to 64 years
19,585
994
6
8,937
853
8
10,647
1,137
8
75.065 years and older
4,662
944
12
2,046
811
19
2,616
1,050
25
77.2Race and Hispanic orLatino EthnicityWhite
88,953
916
3
38,384
817
3
50,570
1,002
4
81.5Black or African American
15,041
694
4
7,760
654
5
7,282
735
7
89.0Asian
7,643
1,095
16
3,474
937
17
4,169
1,241
16
75.5Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
20,297
680
4
8,071
617
4
12,226
720
5
85.7Marital StatusNever married
34,984
710
3
15,541
675
4
19,444
738
4
91.5Married, spouse present(1)
62,409
1,013
3
25,643
880
4
36,766
1,140
4
77.2Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)
18,173
851
6
10,241
778
6
7,933
956
9
81.4Widowed
1,807
812
17
1,313
755
17
494
946
31
79.8Divorced
12,008
897
7
6,789
823
8
5,219
990
8
83.1Separated(2)
4,359
750
10
2,139
667
10
2,220
855
16
78.0Union Affiliation(3)Members of unions(4)
13,415
1,051
7
5,773
968
9
7,642
1,123
8
86.2Represented by unions(5)
14,844
1,042
7
6,493
958
9
8,352
1,121
8
85.5Not represented by a union
100,722
860
3
44,932
764
2
55,790
948
4
80.6Educational AttainmentTotal, 25 years and older
105,138
932
2
46,814
830
3
58,324
1,026
4
80.9Less than a high school diploma
6,999
553
4
2,238
469
4
4,761
607
4
77.3High school graduates, no college
26,237
730
3
10,132
616
3
16,105
819
4
75.2Some college or associate degree
27,476
826
4
12,755
717
4
14,721
951
6
75.4Bachelor's degree and higher
44,427
1,324
7
21,689
1,145
4
22,738
1,524
8
75.1Footnotes(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.(3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region.(4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.(5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation
Total
Women
Men
Women'searningsas apercentageof men'sNumber of workers
Median weekly earnings
Standard error of median
Number of workers
Median weekly earnings
Standard error of median
Number of workers
Median weekly earnings
Standard error of medianTotal, full-time wage and salary workers
115,567
$886
$2
51,425
$789
$3
64,142
$973
$3
81.1Management, professional, and related occupations
48,808
1,246
4
25,123
1,078
6
23,685
1,468
8
73.4Management, business, and financial operations occupations
19,863
1,355
6
9,195
1,168
8
10,668
1,537
10
76.0Management occupations
13,477
1,429
10
5,724
1,236
11
7,754
1,585
16
78.0Chief executives
1,098
2,291
23
307
1,736
96
790
2,488
90
69.8General and operations managers
939
1,338
32
283
1,139
23
656
1,427
39
79.8Legislators
14
-
-
4
-
-
10
-
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
39
-
-
16
-
-
23
-
-
-Marketing and sales managers
963
1,567
38
447
1,362
34
517
1,852
75
73.5Public relations and fundraising managers
61
1,415
52
43
-
-
18
-
-
-Administrative services managers
147
1,215
74
46
-
-
101
1,266
123
-Computer and information systems managers
601
1,877
39
153
1,727
222
448
1,920
98
89.9Financial managers
1,158
1,466
38
663
1,262
32
495
1,784
69
70.7Compensation and benefits managers
21
-
-
16
-
-
5
-
-
-Human resources managers
294
1,381
49
221
1,330
66
73
1,761
79
75.5Training and development managers
52
1,448
106
31
-
-
21
-
-
-Industrial production managers
243
1,465
47
55
1,296
155
188
1,573
95
82.4Purchasing managers
222
1,362
73
99
1,229
82
123
1,431
46
85.9Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
269
1,131
28
43
-
-
226
1,138
30
-Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
119
945
47
21
-
-
99
1,010
134
-Construction managers
625
1,431
37
53
1,202
23
572
1,467
38
81.9Education administrators
857
1,381
41
563
1,245
33
294
1,563
50
79.7Architectural and engineering managers
149
2,226
192
19
-
-
131
2,285
43
-Food service managers
827
809
27
407
708
26
420
922
39
76.8Funeral service managers
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
-
-
-Gaming managers
23
-
-
8
-
-
15
-
-
-Lodging managers
112
955
52
64
920
99
48
-
-
-Medical and health services managers
567
1,408
33
418
1,331
45
149
1,729
140
77.0Natural sciences managers
8
-
-
4
-
-
4
-
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
22
-
-
15
-
-
8
-
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
390
1,018
32
208
927
47
181
1,148
31
80.7Social and community service managers
363
1,141
27
251
1,057
32
112
1,336
43
79.1Emergency management directors
9
-
-
3
-
-
6
-
-
-Managers, all other
3,285
1,525
21
1,263
1,341
21
2,022
1,628
29
82.4Business and financial operations occupations
6,385
1,216
12
3,471
1,105
15
2,914
1,383
22
79.9Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
31
-
-
18
-
-
13
-
-
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
10
-
-
3
-
-
7
-
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
147
878
61
65
880
114
82
878
97
100.2Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
223
1,160
50
102
1,032
60
121
1,209
23
85.4Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
334
998
19
189
913
35
145
1,167
32
78.2Compliance officers
278
1,296
75
149
1,165
49
129
1,450
56
80.3Cost estimators
109
1,165
36
14
-
-
95
1,208
80
-Human resources workers
620
1,161
29
429
1,107
48
190
1,328
127
83.4Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
48
-
-
31
-
-
17
-
-
-Training and development specialists
111
1,092
65
64
1,086
116
47
-
-
-Logisticians
127
1,019
49
46
-
-
81
1,131
222
-Management analysts
635
1,532
45
279
1,437
29
356
1,642
88
87.5Meeting, convention, and event planners
89
1,002
77
69
1,006
162
21
-
-
-Fundraisers
82
1,262
259
60
1,168
37
22
-
-
-Market research analysts and marketing specialists
299
1,246
50
174
1,148
32
125
1,503
183
76.4Business operations specialists, all other
223
1,150
17
127
1,072
116
95
1,234
205
86.9Accountants and auditors
1,615
1,209
19
969
1,108
30
646
1,404
57
78.9Appraisers and assessors of real estate
47
-
-
22
-
-
24
-
-
-Budget analysts
52
1,351
79
35
-
-
17
-
-
-Credit analysts
27
-
-
14
-
-
12
-
-
-Financial analysts
261
1,470
51
122
1,197
55
138
1,599
110
74.9Personal financial advisors
414
1,473
89
146
1,207
107
268
1,647
59
73.3Insurance underwriters
122
1,268
94
71
1,032
76
51
1,413
519
73.0Financial examiners
11
-
-
9
-
-
2
-
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
332
1,168
47
177
948
38
155
1,443
50
65.7Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
42
-
-
29
-
-
13
-
-
-Tax preparers
62
1,028
82
36
-
-
26
-
-
-Financial specialists, all other
35
-
-
22
-
-
13
-
-
-Professional and related occupations
28,945
1,176
5
15,929
1,024
6
13,017
1,425
9
71.9Computer and mathematical occupations
4,755
1,539
15
1,184
1,345
28
3,571
1,604
22
83.9Computer and information research scientists
20
-
-
4
-
-
16
-
-
-Computer systems analysts
580
1,521
45
222
1,246
34
358
1,647
39
75.7Information security analysts
93
1,635
96
18
-
-
75
1,625
176
-Computer programmers
428
1,591
45
91
1,445
54
338
1,662
55
86.9Software developers, applications and systems software
1,611
1,864
25
327
1,644
36
1,283
1,894
11
86.8Web developers
164
1,333
56
49
-
-
115
1,418
105
-Computer support specialists
516
1,085
50
140
1,015
68
376
1,114
56
91.1Database administrators
108
1,493
95
40
-
-
67
1,573
229
-Network and computer systems administrators
192
1,430
65
37
-
-
155
1,478
60
-Computer network architects
112
1,765
39
10
-
-
102
1,771
50
-Computer occupations, all other
678
1,226
57
131
1,208
64
548
1,238
89
97.6Actuaries
35
-
-
11
-
-
24
-
-
-Mathematicians
3
-
-
1
-
-
2
-
-
-Operations research analysts
125
1,418
77
58
1,299
168
66
1,566
297
83.0Statisticians
85
1,437
107
43
-
-
41
-
-
-Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
5
-
-
2
-
-
3
-
-
-Architecture and engineering occupations
2,994
1,484
17
453
1,259
30
2,541
1,528
16
82.4Architects, except naval
170
1,464
37
52
1,301
74
118
1,538
87
84.6Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
35
-
-
7
-
-
28
-
-
-Aerospace engineers
145
1,788
67
16
-
-
129
1,836
142
-Agricultural engineers
5
-
-
0
-
-
5
-
-
-Biomedical engineers
12
-
-
1
-
-
11
-
-
-Chemical engineers
65
1,858
33
8
-
-
57
1,858
31
-Civil engineers
410
1,495
55
63
1,282
48
346
1,551
47
82.7Computer hardware engineers
70
1,772
271
11
-
-
60
1,852
86
-Electrical and electronics engineers
282
1,646
37
31
-
-
251
1,661
35
-Environmental engineers
35
-
-
5
-
-
30
-
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
245
1,499
39
54
1,163
57
191
1,571
57
74.0Marine engineers and naval architects
15
-
-
0
-
-
15
-
-
-Materials engineers
42
-
-
10
-
-
32
-
-
-Mechanical engineers
313
1,562
47
31
-
-
282
1,581
67
-Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
8
-
-
2
-
-
6
-
-
-Nuclear engineers
13
-
-
1
-
-
12
-
-
-Petroleum engineers
27
-
-
5
-
-
22
-
-
-Engineers, all other
528
1,575
36
65
1,356
113
463
1,610
58
84.2Drafters
112
1,021
46
22
-
-
91
1,029
45
-Engineering technicians, except drafters
398
1,129
26
66
934
73
332
1,154
22
80.9Surveying and mapping technicians
63
984
80
3
-
-
60
995
83
-Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,308
1,270
34
575
1,156
24
733
1,357
20
85.2Agricultural and food scientists
30
-
-
13
-
-
16
-
-
-Biological scientists
101
1,250
82
46
-
-
55
1,164
203
-Conservation scientists and foresters
17
-
-
8
-
-
9
-
-
-Medical scientists
160
1,319
139
81
1,156
49
80
1,416
223
81.6Life scientists, all other
1
-
-
1
-
-
0
-
-
-Astronomers and physicists
14
-
-
0
-
-
14
-
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
7
-
-
1
-
-
6
-
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
115
1,284
73
45
-
-
70
1,362
57
-Environmental scientists and geoscientists
80
1,336
40
28
-
-
52
1,427
43
-Physical scientists, all other
289
1,455
39
120
1,341
57
169
1,582
51
84.8Economists
35
-
-
6
-
-
29
-
-
-Survey researchers
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
-
-
-Psychologists
134
1,331
106
99
1,255
73
35
-
-
-Sociologists
5
-
-
3
-
-
2
-
-
-Urban and regional planners
28
-
-
13
-
-
15
-
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
39
-
-
14
-
-
25
-
-
-Agricultural and food science technicians
31
-
-
7
-
-
24
-
-
-Biological technicians
17
-
-
7
-
-
10
-
-
-Chemical technicians
58
1,002
42
17
-
-
42
-
-
-Geological and petroleum technicians
11
-
-
4
-
-
7
-
-
-Nuclear technicians
11
-
-
3
-
-
8
-
-
-Social science research assistants
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
-
-
-Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
124
862
31
58
856
23
66
893
123
95.9Community and social service occupations
2,223
913
10
1,469
886
11
754
984
21
90.0Counselors
705
941
15
506
913
19
199
1,004
19
90.9Social workers
753
907
15
611
897
15
141
958
40
93.6Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
105
944
30
60
930
34
45
-
-
-Social and human service assistants
166
749
22
133
752
22
33
-
-
-Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
62
881
78
48
-
-
14
-
-
-Clergy
337
990
45
68
855
39
268
1,036
36
82.5Directors, religious activities and education
51
927
49
25
-
-
27
-
-
-Religious workers, all other
45
-
-
18
-
-
27
-
-
-Legal occupations
1,466
1,467
29
815
1,243
32
651
1,910
31
65.1Lawyers
853
1,947
70
344
1,762
26
509
2,202
187
80.0Judicial law clerks
15
-
-
8
-
-
7
-
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
69
1,602
84
19
-
-
49
-
-
-Paralegals and legal assistants
413
948
25
359
953
25
54
917
42
103.9Miscellaneous legal support workers
117
1,143
46
85
1,109
58
32
-
-
-Education, training, and library occupations
7,166
1,002
9
5,251
934
8
1,915
1,235
17
75.6Postsecondary teachers
994
1,439
29
460
1,253
36
534
1,603
60
78.2Preschool and kindergarten teachers
568
648
28
555
643
28
14
-
-
-Elementary and middle school teachers
3,030
1,010
11
2,410
982
11
620
1,148
19
85.5Secondary school teachers
948
1,141
12
556
1,092
26
392
1,226
36
89.1Special education teachers
324
1,039
20
281
1,042
18
43
-
-
-Other teachers and instructors
388
957
47
215
840
41
172
1,095
47
76.7Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
37
-
-
20
-
-
17
-
-
-Librarians
127
927
79
98
910
55
29
-
-
-Library technicians
10
-
-
7
-
-
3
-
-
-Teacher assistants
615
556
14
553
550
17
62
584
82
94.2Other education, training, and library workers
125
1,095
98
95
1,036
83
30
-
-
-Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,880
1,086
24
828
997
23
1,052
1,151
14
86.6Artists and related workers
64
1,078
71
18
-
-
46
-
-
-Designers
684
1,060
24
327
932
38
357
1,169
27
79.7Actors
7
-
-
2
-
-
5
-
-
-Producers and directors
147
1,224
113
49
-
-
98
1,476
204
-Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
164
1,044
25
35
-
-
129
1,049
27
-Dancers and choreographers
11
-
-
7
-
-
4
-
-
-Musicians, singers, and related workers
47
-
-
19
-
-
28
-
-
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
17
-
-
10
-
-
7
-
-
-Announcers
26
-
-
4
-
-
22
-
-
-News analysts, reporters and correspondents
59
1,012
42
30
-
-
29
-
-
-Public relations specialists
118
1,313
92
78
1,169
78
40
-
-
-Editors
124
1,112
35
67
1,138
129
57
1,104
34
103.1Technical writers
60
1,318
108
35
-
-
25
-
-
-Writers and authors
110
1,233
70
68
1,036
55
42
-
-
-Miscellaneous media and communication workers
62
880
28
51
850
36
12
-
-
-Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
73
1,028
67
7
-
-
66
1,038
61
-Photographers
68
904
102
16
-
-
51
1,006
124
-Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
35
-
-
6
-
-
30
-
-
-Media and communication equipment workers, all other
4
-
-
0
-
-
4
-
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
7,154
1,140
8
5,354
1,078
11
1,800
1,383
27
77.9Chiropractors
15
-
-
3
-
-
12
-
-
-Dentists
56
1,884
40
28
-
-
27
-
-
-Dietitians and nutritionists
70
967
45
63
940
41
8
-
-
-Optometrists
29
-
-
15
-
-
13
-
-
-Pharmacists
263
2,071
249
165
1,890
172
98
2,271
111
83.2Physicians and surgeons
827
2,001
148
352
1,677
101
475
2,513
231
66.7Physician assistants
118
1,752
37
80
1,646
585
37
-
-
-Podiatrists
4
-
-
1
-
-
3
-
-
-Audiologists
8
-
-
6
-
-
2
-
-
-Occupational therapists
80
1,283
41
64
1,252
65
16
-
-
-Physical therapists
209
1,395
46
139
1,387
53
71
1,410
79
98.4Radiation therapists
13
-
-
8
-
-
6
-
-
-Recreational therapists
11
-
-
10
-
-
1
-
-
-Respiratory therapists
95
1,074
48
59
1,000
44
36
-
-
-Speech-language pathologists
105
1,215
64
100
1,214
62
6
-
-
-Exercise physiologists
2
-
-
2
-
-
0
-
-
-Therapists, all other
155
1,047
37
122
1,014
75
33
-
-
-Veterinarians
64
1,677
107
46
-
-
18
-
-
-Registered nurses
2,584
1,167
11
2,270
1,156
11
315
1,271
31
91.0Nurse anesthetists
22
-
-
8
-
-
13
-
-
-Nurse midwives
2
-
-
2
-
-
0
-
-
-Nurse practitioners
158
1,894
23
134
1,891
22
24
-
-
-Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
10
-
-
4
-
-
6
-
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
290
893
34
215
911
34
75
819
41
111.2Dental hygienists
75
1,047
45
72
1,055
64
3
-
-
-Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
269
1,140
44
172
1,061
61
97
1,232
44
86.1Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
180
894
48
59
764
24
122
943
50
81.0Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
542
691
17
431
655
15
112
807
21
81.2Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
490
757
21
434
743
21
56
936
139
79.4Medical records and health information technicians
140
765
40
129
739
38
11
-
-
-Opticians, dispensing
47
-
-
36
-
-
11
-
-
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
117
873
97
73
791
31
44
-
-
-Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
100
1,022
52
52
961
40
48
-
-
-Service occupations
16,288
569
3
8,340
511
2
7,948
641
6
79.7Healthcare support occupations
2,595
561
6
2,235
548
6
361
661
21
82.9Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
1,419
516
4
1,265
513
4
154
558
22
91.9Occupational therapy assistants and aides
24
-
-
21
-
-
4
-
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
68
848
32
43
-
-
24
-
-
-Massage therapists
40
-
-
24
-
-
15
-
-
-Dental assistants
197
606
13
187
598
12
9
-
-
-Medical assistants
499
612
10
454
607
10
45
-
-
-Medical transcriptionists
23
-
-
18
-
-
4
-
-
-Pharmacy aides
28
-
-
23
-
-
5
-
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
49
-
-
39
-
-
10
-
-
-Phlebotomists
96
624
16
67
602
14
29
-
-
-Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
154
598
16
93
559
20
61
703
52
79.5Protective service occupations
2,836
848
15
578
613
10
2,258
922
17
66.5First-line supervisors of correctional officers
47
-
-
13
-
-
35
-
-
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
85
1,460
48
12
-
-
74
1,461
63
-First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
52
1,304
65
2
-
-
50
1,321
59
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
74
839
212
16
-
-
58
886
61
-Firefighters
295
1,126
43
14
-
-
280
1,133
24
-Fire inspectors
18
-
-
2
-
-
16
-
-
-Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
394
742
28
105
646
26
289
811
35
79.7Detectives and criminal investigators
157
1,331
65
35
-
-
122
1,317
71
-Fish and game wardens
6
-
-
0
-
-
5
-
-
-Parking enforcement workers
4
-
-
4
-
-
0
-
-
-Police and sheriff's patrol officers
728
1,092
26
106
816
80
622
1,131
24
72.1Transit and railroad police
1
-
-
0
-
-
1
-
-
-Animal control workers
13
-
-
8
-
-
5
-
-
-Private detectives and investigators
89
851
69
46
-
-
43
-
-
-Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
781
596
9
187
506
9
594
636
19
79.6Crossing guards
28
-
-
6
-
-
22
-
-
-Transportation security screeners
33
-
-
6
-
-
27
-
-
-Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
31
-
-
16
-
-
15
-
-
-Food preparation and serving related occupations
4,394
501
4
2,184
473
5
2,210
533
9
88.7Chefs and head cooks
365
615
13
65
562
38
300
624
20
90.1First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
397
583
20
231
539
17
166
668
21
80.7Cooks
1,325
486
6
521
437
9
804
518
8
84.4Food preparation workers
473
463
11
267
446
13
206
486
14
91.8Bartenders
275
581
11
151
560
23
124
601
17
93.2Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
147
436
26
83
475
32
64
410
16
115.9Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
41
-
-
22
-
-
19
-
-
-Waiters and waitresses
932
496
8
611
478
9
321
551
35
86.8Food servers, nonrestaurant
106
484
13
74
475
46
32
-
-
-Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
118
447
34
58
408
13
59
500
24
81.6Dishwashers
111
441
22
22
-
-
89
434
22
-Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
102
471
23
78
473
22
24
-
-
-Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
2
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3,695
551
6
1,322
477
5
2,373
604
5
79.0First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
193
711
27
77
615
49
116
772
34
79.7First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
95
770
20
2
-
-
93
774
34
-Janitors and building cleaners
1,672
571
8
480
491
8
1,193
607
8
80.9Maids and housekeeping cleaners
825
467
8
723
457
8
102
559
21
81.8Pest control workers
75
688
94
4
-
-
70
725
82
-Grounds maintenance workers
834
572
12
36
-
-
798
576
10
-Personal care and service occupations
2,768
544
7
2,022
517
5
746
638
25
81.0First-line supervisors of gaming workers
125
793
71
43
-
-
83
914
46
-First-line supervisors of personal service workers
86
747
47
60
739
49
27
-
-
-Animal trainers
11
-
-
7
-
-
4
-
-
-Nonfarm animal caretakers
102
555
42
79
548
55
24
-
-
-Gaming services workers
73
654
44
36
-
-
37
-
-
-Motion picture projectionists
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
-
-
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
5
-
-
3
-
-
3
-
-
-Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
85
523
33
28
-
-
56
518
24
-Embalmers and funeral attendants
11
-
-
3
-
-
8
-
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
27
-
-
7
-
-
20
-
-
-Barbers
48
-
-
15
-
-
34
-
-
-Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
309
545
17
287
548
16
22
-
-
-Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
258
523
22
206
512
13
52
615
40
83.3Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
73
620
16
13
-
-
59
652
103
-Tour and travel guides
22
-
-
9
-
-
13
-
-
-Childcare workers
437
500
10
405
492
10
32
-
-
-Personal care aides
786
500
7
654
493
8
132
555
33
88.8Recreation and fitness workers
208
603
24
109
543
43
100
724
57
75.0Residential advisors
29
-
-
18
-
-
11
-
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
74
522
50
42
-
-
32
-
-
-Sales and office occupations
23,714
742
3
14,166
696
4
9,548
846
8
82.3Sales and related occupations
10,077
798
7
4,455
651
7
5,621
949
10
68.6First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
2,421
795
14
1,062
672
12
1,359
911
16
73.8First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
893
1,153
21
305
1,054
49
588
1,199
64
87.9Cashiers
1,390
465
7
1,013
463
8
377
468
16
98.9Counter and rental clerks
82
729
22
30
-
-
51
769
24
-Parts salespersons
109
702
40
11
-
-
98
718
43
-Retail salespersons
1,860
657
12
716
543
14
1,144
764
14
71.1Advertising sales agents
169
998
119
79
1,053
39
91
950
39
110.8Insurance sales agents
466
859
22
261
809
20
205
1,048
189
77.2Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
197
1,440
35
66
1,047
95
131
1,639
249
63.9Travel agents
53
789
57
43
-
-
10
-
-
-Sales representatives, services, all other
427
1,230
89
113
933
103
315
1,345
30
69.4Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,112
1,161
15
295
1,009
36
817
1,239
27
81.4Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
15
-
-
11
-
-
3
-
-
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
528
1,019
51
291
883
53
236
1,264
127
69.9Sales engineers
38
-
-
4
-
-
34
-
-
-Telemarketers
50
559
29
31
-
-
19
-
-
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
41
-
-
17
-
-
25
-
-
-Sales and related workers, all other
227
1,036
62
109
873
40
118
1,323
57
66.0Office and administrative support occupations
13,637
717
3
9,711
711
4
3,926
738
8
96.3First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,279
885
15
892
835
14
386
1,050
37
79.5Switchboard operators, including answering service
21
-
-
19
-
-
3
-
-
-Telephone operators
29
-
-
22
-
-
6
-
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
7
-
-
2
-
-
5
-
-
-Bill and account collectors
114
711
21
85
694
20
28
-
-
-Billing and posting clerks
417
721
22
361
725
19
56
664
27
109.2Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
679
742
10
575
739
10
104
778
52
95.0Gaming cage workers
7
-
-
6
-
-
1
-
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
111
827
38
100
807
39
11
-
-
-Procurement clerks
30
-
-
14
-
-
16
-
-
-Tellers
240
584
8
206
584
8
34
-
-
-Financial clerks, all other
77
839
166
48
-
-
30
-
-
-Brokerage clerks
5
-
-
4
-
-
2
-
-
-Correspondence clerks
5
-
-
3
-
-
2
-
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
78
897
71
61
804
54
17
-
-
-Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
50
818
149
30
-
-
21
-
-
-Customer service representatives
1,904
683
9
1,226
680
10
678
689
18
98.7Eligibility interviewers, government programs
67
887
61
53
841
79
14
-
-
-File clerks
110
650
33
86
624
26
23
-
-
-Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
85
520
28
56
505
26
29
-
-
-Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
114
702
45
96
686
53
18
-
-
-Library assistants, clerical
34
-
-
26
-
-
8
-
-
-Loan interviewers and clerks
115
827
42
99
797
49
16
-
-
-New accounts clerks
21
-
-
13
-
-
8
-
-
-Order clerks
57
659
29
29
-
-
28
-
-
-Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
53
816
126
45
-
-
7
-
-
-Receptionists and information clerks
934
605
6
853
606
6
81
593
33
102.2Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
109
745
114
60
766
86
50
681
143
112.5Information and record clerks, all other
95
733
22
71
724
21
24
-
-
-Cargo and freight agents
18
-
-
12
-
-
6
-
-
-Couriers and messengers
192
786
33
29
-
-
164
821
42
-Dispatchers
270
783
47
162
725
29
108
926
63
78.3Meter readers, utilities
24
-
-
2
-
-
22
-
-
-Postal service clerks
115
765
58
63
771
80
51
758
84
101.7Postal service mail carriers
288
931
28
118
808
51
170
983
30
82.2Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
53
980
139
32
-
-
22
-
-
-Production, planning, and expediting clerks
252
870
39
134
790
49
119
1,004
88
78.7Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
524
632
16
160
590
24
365
654
20
90.2Stock clerks and order fillers
988
562
11
359
570
16
629
558
15
102.2Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
44
-
-
14
-
-
30
-
-
-Secretaries and administrative assistants
1,977
759
7
1,855
753
7
122
903
54
83.4Computer operators
67
763
31
40
-
-
27
-
-
-Data entry keyers
224
655
22
173
643
25
52
730
68
88.1Word processors and typists
53
858
69
43
-
-
9
-
-
-Desktop publishers
1
-
-
0
-
-
1
-
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
211
719
20
175
713
26
36
-
-
-Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
44
-
-
13
-
-
31
-
-
-Office clerks, general
925
697
11
797
701
11
128
670
29
104.6Office machine operators, except computer
13
-
-
9
-
-
5
-
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
7
-
-
4
-
-
2
-
-
-Statistical assistants
41
-
-
25
-
-
16
-
-
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
456
794
25
352
762
15
104
920
38
82.8Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
11,546
824
6
516
638
28
11,030
834
7
76.5Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
850
581
7
183
483
12
667
602
8
80.2First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
45
-
-
7
-
-
37
-
-
-Agricultural inspectors
18
-
-
6
-
-
13
-
-
-Animal breeders
2
-
-
0
-
-
2
-
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
75
593
26
37
-
-
38
-
-
-Miscellaneous agricultural workers
641
552
13
130
474
13
512
578
9
82.0Fishers and related fishing workers
12
-
-
0
-
-
12
-
-
-Hunters and trappers
3
-
-
0
-
-
3
-
-
-Forest and conservation workers
17
-
-
3
-
-
15
-
-
-Logging workers
36
-
-
0
-
-
36
-
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
6,414
808
5
191
785
41
6,223
809
6
97.0First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
541
1,059
36
20
-
-
521
1,073
37
-Boilermakers
16
-
-
0
-
-
16
-
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
102
763
48
2
-
-
100
761
48
-Carpenters
973
756
15
20
-
-
953
759
15
-Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
108
692
31
4
-
-
105
682
31
-Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
46
-
-
0
-
-
46
-
-
-Construction laborers
1,470
717
8
49
-
-
1,421
717
8
-Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
19
-
-
0
-
-
18
-
-
-Pile-driver operators
1
-
-
0
-
-
1
-
-
-Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
328
905
21
5
-
-
323
905
21
-Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
125
704
26
1
-
-
124
707
26
-Electricians
781
965
22
16
-
-
766
966
22
-Glaziers
35
-
-
0
-
-
35
-
-
-Insulation workers
49
-
-
1
-
-
48
-
-
-Painters, construction and maintenance
380
679
15
20
-
-
360
679
14
-Paperhangers
3
-
-
0
-
-
3
-
-
-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
531
921
31
17
-
-
514
916
26
-Plasterers and stucco masons
15
-
-
1
-
-
14
-
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
3
-
-
0
-
-
3
-
-
-Roofers
148
687
18
2
-
-
146
686
19
-Sheet metal workers
129
881
24
2
-
-
127
882
23
-Structural iron and steel workers
52
934
52
1
-
-
51
941
52
-Solar photovoltaic installers
9
-
-
0
-
-
9
-
-
-Helpers, construction trades
68
620
18
1
-
-
67
622
18
-Construction and building inspectors
82
996
121
14
-
-
68
1,015
93
-Elevator installers and repairers
25
-
-
2
-
-
23
-
-
-Fence erectors
21
-
-
0
-
-
21
-
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
30
-
-
3
-
-
27
-
-
-Highway maintenance workers
109
781
35
4
-
-
105
772
39
-Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
12
-
-
0
-
-
12
-
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
6
-
-
0
-
-
6
-
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
25
-
-
0
-
-
24
-
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
29
-
-
1
-
-
28
-
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
23
-
-
0
-
-
23
-
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
14
-
-
0
-
-
14
-
-
-Mining machine operators
59
1,402
81
4
-
-
55
1,389
79
-Roof bolters, mining
1
-
-
0
-
-
1
-
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
9
-
-
0
-
-
9
-
-
-Helpers--extraction workers
2
-
-
0
-
-
2
-
-
-Other extraction workers
35
-
-
0
-
-
34
-
-
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,282
934
9
142
823
62
4,140
936
9
87.9First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
270
1,087
75
15
-
-
255
1,111
77
-Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
157
932
25
20
-
-
137
940
24
-Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
125
1,131
50
18
-
-
108
1,134
37
-Avionics technicians
11
-
-
1
-
-
10
-
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
22
-
-
2
-
-
20
-
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
-
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
12
-
-
2
-
-
10
-
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
5
-
-
0
-
-
5
-
-
-Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
29
-
-
0
-
-
29
-
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
47
-
-
0
-
-
47
-
-
-Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
155
1,117
34
7
-
-
147
1,141
51
-Automotive body and related repairers
114
820
42
0
-
-
114
820
44
-Automotive glass installers and repairers
22
-
-
1
-
-
21
-
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
709
800
12
10
-
-
698
802
13
-Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
358
942
31
5
-
-
352
943
31
-Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
199
1,013
26
3
-
-
196
1,011
26
-Small engine mechanics
28
-
-
0
-
-
28
-
-
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
68
611
38
3
-
-
65
612
37
-Control and valve installers and repairers
20
-
-
2
-
-
18
-
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
384
890
38
3
-
-
381
891
38
-Home appliance repairers
28
-
-
0
-
-
28
-
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
424
981
32
6
-
-
418
982
32
-Maintenance and repair workers, general
456
870
30
16
-
-
439
874
29
-Maintenance workers, machinery
23
-
-
0
-
-
23
-
-
-Millwrights
40
-
-
1
-
-
39
-
-
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
129
1,300
55
5
-
-
124
1,292
54
-Telecommunications line installers and repairers
196
1,014
46
9
-
-
187
1,026
51
-Precision instrument and equipment repairers
46
-
-
6
-
-
39
-
-
-Wind turbine service technicians
2
-
-
0
-
-
2
-
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
25
-
-
2
-
-
23
-
-
-Commercial divers
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
-
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
18
-
-
0
-
-
18
-
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
5
-
-
0
-
-
5
-
-
-Riggers
13
-
-
0
-
-
13
-
-
-Signal and track switch repairers
14
-
-
0
-
-
14
-
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
17
-
-
1
-
-
17
-
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
111
827
68
3
-
-
108
837
83
-Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
15,210
707
4
3,279
561
6
11,932
762
5
73.6Production occupations
7,668
723
5
2,041
575
6
5,627
793
6
72.5First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
792
980
28
150
745
37
642
1,050
38
71.0Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
6
-
-
1
-
-
5
-
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
110
605
27
53
518
20
57
706
200
73.4Engine and other machine assemblers
7
-
-
2
-
-
5
-
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
27
-
-
0
-
-
27
-
-
-Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
989
663
13
348
583
10
641
723
15
80.6Bakers
151
549
16
89
533
23
61
565
21
94.3Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
223
606
11
65
557
56
158
632
31
88.1Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
3
-
-
0
-
-
3
-
-
-Food batchmakers
55
557
22
34
-
-
21
-
-
-Food cooking machine operators and tenders
8
-
-
5
-
-
3
-
-
-Food processing workers, all other
142
624
31
52
539
24
90
749
55
72.0Computer control programmers and operators
106
882
29
12
-
-
94
890
30
-Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
17
-
-
4
-
-
12
-
-
-Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-
-
0
-
-
5
-
-
-Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
11
-
-
3
-
-
7
-
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
58
745
35
5
-
-
53
766
39
-Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
6
-
-
0
-
-
6
-
-
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
35
-
-
2
-
-
33
-
-
-Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
7
-
-
0
-
-
7
-
-
-Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
2
-
-
0
-
-
2
-
-
-Machinists
309
863
29
16
-
-
293
878
26
-Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
17
-
-
1
-
-
16
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
5
-
-
0
-
-
5
-
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
35
-
-
3
-
-
32
-
-
-Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
4
-
-
0
-
-
4
-
-
-Tool and die makers
47
-
-
2
-
-
45
-
-
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
562
840
23
32
-
-
530
847
23
-Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
10
-
-
2
-
-
8
-
-
-Layout workers, metal and plastic
10
-
-
1
-
-
9
-
-
-Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
17
-
-
4
-
-
13
-
-
-Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
1
-
-
0
-
-
1
-
-
-Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
356
698
18
66
611
14
290
724
29
84.4Prepress technicians and workers
14
-
-
3
-
-
11
-
-
-Printing press operators
137
754
48
26
-
-
111
804
55
-Print binding and finishing workers
12
-
-
6
-
-
6
-
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
108
432
23
76
416
13
32
-
-
-Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
28
-
-
18
-
-
11
-
-
-Sewing machine operators
131
498
9
94
497
11
37
-
-
-Shoe and leather workers and repairers
1
-
-
0
-
-
1
-
-
-Shoe machine operators and tenders
6
-
-
3
-
-
2
-
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
43
-
-
24
-
-
19
-
-
-Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
-
-
-Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
7
-
-
0
-
-
7
-
-
-Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
5
-
-
3
-
-
2
-
-
-Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
3
-
-
1
-
-
2
-
-
-Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
-
-
-Fabric and apparel patternmakers
3
-
-
3
-
-
0
-
-
-Upholsterers
19
-
-
5
-
-
14
-
-
-Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
14
-
-
7
-
-
7
-
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
47
-
-
3
-
-
44
-
-
-Furniture finishers
15
-
-
2
-
-
13
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, wood
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
-
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
32
-
-
4
-
-
27
-
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
23
-
-
10
-
-
13
-
-
-Woodworkers, all other
11
-
-
0
-
-
11
-
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
33
-
-
1
-
-
32
-
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
84
1,073
96
2
-
-
82
1,086
72
-Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
99
943
45
5
-
-
94
940
44
-Miscellaneous plant and system operators
35
-
-
0
-
-
35
-
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
65
894
35
8
-
-
57
899
34
-Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
83
672
37
5
-
-
78
673
51
-Cutting workers
56
595
35
12
-
-
43
-
-
-Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
17
-
-
3
-
-
14
-
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
20
-
-
4
-
-
15
-
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
756
771
17
267
679
23
490
868
38
78.2Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
20
-
-
7
-
-
13
-
-
-Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
74
741
31
41
-
-
33
-
-
-Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
250
529
25
140
496
14
110
602
27
82.4Painting workers
159
710
24
16
-
-
142
725
35
-Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
15
-
-
4
-
-
11
-
-
-Semiconductor processors
1
-
-
0
-
-
1
-
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
8
-
-
3
-
-
5
-
-
-Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
6
-
-
0
-
-
6
-
-
-Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
4
-
-
0
-
-
4
-
-
-Etchers and engravers
8
-
-
2
-
-
6
-
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
28
-
-
0
-
-
27
-
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
20
-
-
4
-
-
16
-
-
-Tire builders
5
-
-
0
-
-
5
-
-
-Helpers--production workers
37
-
-
10
-
-
26
-
-
-Production workers, all other
992
678
13
263
566
18
729
725
16
78.1Transportation and material moving occupations
7,542
689
5
1,237
538
9
6,305
724
7
74.3Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
197
850
39
45
-
-
152
878
66
-Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
98
1,743
593
7
-
-
91
1,837
291
-Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
38
-
-
3
-
-
35
-
-
-Flight attendants
74
878
82
53
822
60
21
-
-
-Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
8
-
-
0
-
-
8
-
-
-Bus drivers
361
655
23
144
599
14
216
735
33
81.5Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
2,791
817
10
155
559
39
2,636
829
12
67.4Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
399
611
13
58
450
32
341
628
19
71.7Motor vehicle operators, all other
39
-
-
5
-
-
34
-
-
-Locomotive engineers and operators
34
-
-
5
-
-
30
-
-
-Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
3
-
-
0
-
-
3
-
-
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
54
1,132
65
4
-
-
50
1,143
56
-Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
17
-
-
0
-
-
17
-
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
21
-
-
1
-
-
20
-
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
30
-
-
1
-
-
29
-
-
-Ship engineers
7
-
-
0
-
-
7
-
-
-Bridge and lock tenders
5
-
-
0
-
-
5
-
-
-Parking lot attendants
61
575
46
8
-
-
54
575
45
-Automotive and watercraft service attendants
70
570
68
14
-
-
56
575
54
-Transportation inspectors
37
-
-
3
-
-
34
-
-
-Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
19
-
-
13
-
-
5
-
-
-Other transportation workers
19
-
-
0
-
-
18
-
-
-Conveyor operators and tenders
4
-
-
0
-
-
4
-
-
-Crane and tower operators
64
1,122
108
3
-
-
60
1,079
271
-Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
19
-
-
0
-
-
19
-
-
-Hoist and winch operators
8
-
-
0
-
-
8
-
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
596
641
15
48
-
-
549
641
16
-Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
232
538
22
40
-
-
192
536
25
-Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,595
603
6
318
541
12
1,277
620
7
87.3Machine feeders and offbearers
25
-
-
10
-
-
15
-
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
490
495
6
285
484
6
205
516
11
93.8Pumping station operators
16
-
-
0
-
-
16
-
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
63
524
30
8
-
-
55
536
45
-Mine shuttle car operators
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
-
-
-Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
6
-
-
0
-
-
6
-
-
-Material moving workers, all other
41
-
-
4
-
-
37
-
-
-Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
State
Total
Women
Men
Women'searningsas apercentageof men'sNumberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Standarderrorofmedian
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Standarderrorofmedian
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
StandarderrorofmedianUnited States
115,567
$886
$2
51,425
$789
$3
64,142
$973
$3
81.1Alabama
1,658
805
18
749
688
23
910
922
23
74.6Alaska
251
972
18
113
857
29
138
1,081
41
79.3Arizona
2,404
826
12
1,062
762
17
1,342
910
26
83.7Arkansas
991
739
13
462
681
16
529
809
22
84.2California
13,536
934
9
5,800
876
12
7,736
992
12
88.3Colorado
2,144
975
17
922
908
18
1,221
1,069
36
84.9Connecticut
1,330
1,029
23
597
923
36
733
1,140
29
81.0Delaware
366
882
20
174
789
28
192
982
13
80.3District of Columbia
315
1,355
23
160
1,259
25
155
1,445
35
87.1Florida
7,251
786
8
3,357
716
9
3,894
867
13
82.6Georgia
3,812
831
15
1,749
744
15
2,063
919
21
81.0Hawaii
497
889
16
234
797
23
263
965
31
82.6Idaho
581
788
13
234
702
17
348
883
17
79.5Illinois
4,606
943
12
2,049
831
16
2,557
1,069
21
77.7Indiana
2,517
824
14
1,092
726
21
1,425
910
28
79.8Iowa
1,172
858
14
523
753
17
649
977
27
77.1Kansas
1,060
836
18
467
753
21
593
908
24
82.9Kentucky
1,511
772
15
691
696
20
820
847
24
82.2Louisiana
1,498
808
19
690
698
19
808
918
21
76.0Maine
450
876
19
209
814
21
241
934
34
87.2Maryland
2,353
1,042
30
1,085
950
39
1,268
1,147
35
82.8Massachusetts
2,704
1,080
24
1,231
995
17
1,473
1,170
22
85.0Michigan
3,436
902
11
1,483
811
17
1,952
987
17
82.2Minnesota
2,083
1,022
18
948
937
32
1,135
1,096
43
85.5Mississippi
965
734
13
458
637
19
506
831
23
76.7Missouri
2,190
868
19
1,013
763
24
1,177
946
28
80.7Montana
330
825
16
143
722
19
187
918
22
78.6Nebraska
703
830
16
318
747
17
386
931
26
80.2Nevada
1,154
775
11
501
720
13
653
827
16
87.1New Hampshire
532
997
20
234
898
21
298
1,104
41
81.3New Jersey
3,321
1,034
15
1,487
933
16
1,834
1,148
20
81.3New Mexico
658
788
21
293
711
24
365
873
25
81.4New York
6,994
928
10
3,230
849
10
3,764
993
14
85.5North Carolina
3,679
815
11
1,700
739
13
1,979
885
13
83.5North Dakota
283
889
17
122
749
16
161
1,013
24
73.9Ohio
4,042
873
11
1,822
764
12
2,220
965
17
79.2Oklahoma
1,338
828
15
579
712
17
760
946
19
75.3Oregon
1,372
900
13
598
808
19
774
985
32
82.0Pennsylvania
4,465
909
12
1,991
804
12
2,474
998
15
80.6Rhode Island
389
942
29
181
781
28
208
1,088
32
71.8South Carolina
1,692
822
18
773
739
13
919
922
21
80.2South Dakota
312
803
11
143
731
11
169
884
14
82.7Tennessee
2,357
792
16
1,051
719
14
1,306
894
21
80.4Texas
10,168
824
9
4,362
739
8
5,806
918
13
80.5Utah
1,036
879
13
394
729
15
641
1,016
18
71.8Vermont
233
901
19
105
821
25
128
954
24
86.1Virginia
3,276
948
15
1,464
851
21
1,812
1,069
35
79.6Washington
2,685
1,019
20
1,114
860
29
1,571
1,140
21
75.4West Virginia
575
771
15
259
662
16
316
879
24
75.3Wisconsin
2,101
892
14
933
795
20
1,168
985
19
80.7Wyoming
190
880
17
77
708
16
112
1,044
35
67.8Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic
Total
Women
Men
Women'searningsas apercentageof men'sNumberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Standarderrorofmedian
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Standarderrorofmedian
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
StandarderrorofmedianAgeTotal, 16 years and older
24,346
$271
$1
15,968
$275
$2
8,378
$263
$2
104.616 to 24 years
8,242
206
2
4,708
204
2
3,534
209
3
97.616 to 19 years
3,619
171
2
2,050
170
3
1,570
172
3
98.820 to 24 years
4,623
239
2
2,658
235
3
1,965
244
4
96.325 years and older
16,103
315
2
11,260
314
2
4,843
316
3
99.425 to 34 years
4,312
316
3
2,821
316
5
1,490
316
5
100.035 to 44 years
2,946
338
6
2,272
332
7
673
360
14
92.245 to 54 years
2,922
343
6
2,296
344
6
626
338
15
101.855 to 64 years
3,226
311
4
2,317
307
5
909
321
9
95.665 years and older
2,697
270
5
1,552
257
7
1,145
286
6
89.9Race and Hispanic orLatino EthnicityWhite
19,054
274
2
12,590
280
2
6,463
264
3
106.1Black or African American
2,935
254
3
1,896
254
4
1,038
254
5
100.0Asian
1,326
279
6
843
277
8
483
282
9
98.2Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
4,265
267
3
2,735
265
3
1,530
271
6
97.8Marital StatusNever married
11,914
231
2
6,726
229
2
5,188
233
3
98.3Married, spouse present(1)
9,158
330
4
6,769
329
4
2,388
333
8
98.8Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)
3,274
292
4
2,473
287
4
802
308
8
93.2Widowed
731
266
8
616
261
9
115
288
21
90.6Divorced
1,820
308
5
1,349
301
5
471
335
14
89.9Separated(2)
724
279
7
508
280
8
216
277
16
101.1Footnotes(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Hours of work
Total
Women
Men
Women'searningsas apercentageof men'sNumberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Standarderrorofmedian
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
Standarderrorofmedian
Numberofworkers
Medianweeklyearnings
StandarderrorofmedianTotal, 16 years and older
140,099
$764
$2
67,467
$660
$2
72,632
$884
$3
74.70 to 34 hours
22,288
274
1
14,701
278
2
7,587
267
2
104.10 to 4 hours
543
60
3
365
58
3
177
66
5
87.95 to 9 hours
1,237
96
2
816
97
3
420
94
4
103.210 to 14 hours
1,882
127
3
1,211
131
3
671
122
2
107.415 to 19 hours
2,625
179
2
1,750
184
2
875
171
2
107.620 to 24 hours
6,733
252
2
4,397
259
2
2,336
241
3
107.525 to 29 hours
3,234
311
2
2,172
313
3
1,063
307
3
102.030 to 34 hours
6,034
396
3
3,990
399
4
2,044
391
4
102.035 hours and over
110,872
890
2
49,546
795
3
61,326
977
3
81.435 to 39 hours
7,805
565
5
5,151
571
6
2,653
551
10
103.640 hours
80,619
823
2
37,320
765
3
43,300
886
3
86.341 hours and over
22,448
1,302
10
7,075
1,191
13
15,373
1,362
8
87.441 to 44 hours
1,233
982
16
496
950
26
737
1,003
20
94.745 to 48 hours
6,225
1,150
8
2,259
1,069
17
3,966
1,187
16
90.149 to 59 hours
10,172
1,389
10
3,066
1,272
23
7,105
1,429
12
89.060 hours and over
4,818
1,476
16
1,254
1,354
27
3,564
1,526
17
88.7Hours vary
6,939
532
12
3,219
393
7
3,720
702
12
56.0Usually less than 35 hours
2,058
231
5
1,267
235
7
791
224
8
104.9Usually 35 or more hours
4,695
745
11
1,878
578
15
2,816
885
18
65.3Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [In thousands]
Characteristic
Totalemployed
Number of workers by usual weekly earningsUnder$350.00
$350.00to$499.99
$500.00to$599.99
$600.00to$749.99
$750.00to$999.99
$1,000.00to$1,199.99
$1,200.00to$1,999.99
$2,000.00ormoreAgeTotal, 16 years and older
115,567
4,463
13,817
10,511
16,216
20,098
12,372
24,140
13,94816 to 24 years
10,428
1,099
3,151
1,634
1,928
1,326
587
597
10816 to 19 years
1,382
291
588
189
173
74
29
31
720 to 24 years
9,046
807
2,562
1,445
1,755
1,252
558
565
10125 years and older
105,138
3,365
10,667
8,877
14,288
18,772
11,785
23,543
13,84025 to 34 years
28,874
1,048
3,567
3,024
4,911
5,697
3,271
5,386
1,97135 to 44 years
26,452
744
2,480
1,980
3,380
4,600
2,891
6,350
4,02745 to 54 years
25,565
718
2,393
1,940
3,056
4,363
2,848
6,196
4,05255 to 64 years
19,585
573
1,673
1,525
2,443
3,419
2,266
4,632
3,05465 years and older
4,662
282
554
409
499
693
510
979
736Women, 16 years and older
51,425
2,553
7,492
5,451
7,896
9,271
5,300
9,281
4,18216 to 24 years
4,611
562
1,473
762
806
538
243
202
2616 to 19 years
545
149
240
65
47
27
11
6
120 to 24 years
4,065
413
1,234
697
759
511
232
196
2425 years and older
46,814
1,991
6,019
4,689
7,090
8,734
5,057
9,079
4,15625 to 34 years
12,681
596
1,857
1,467
2,271
2,552
1,350
1,988
60135 to 44 years
11,528
448
1,406
1,032
1,634
2,104
1,221
2,458
1,22545 to 54 years
11,621
443
1,400
1,113
1,618
2,107
1,232
2,474
1,23555 to 64 years
8,937
349
1,054
873
1,307
1,667
1,010
1,783
89465 years and older
2,046
154
301
204
261
304
245
375
201Men, 16 years and older
64,142
1,911
6,326
5,060
8,320
10,827
7,072
14,860
9,76616 to 24 years
5,818
537
1,677
872
1,122
789
344
395
8216 to 19 years
837
142
349
124
126
47
18
25
520 to 24 years
4,981
394
1,329
748
996
742
325
370
7725 years and older
58,324
1,374
4,648
4,189
7,198
10,038
6,729
14,465
9,68425 to 34 years
16,193
452
1,710
1,557
2,640
3,145
1,921
3,398
1,37135 to 44 years
14,924
296
1,074
948
1,746
2,496
1,670
3,892
2,80245 to 54 years
13,944
275
993
827
1,438
2,256
1,617
3,722
2,81755 to 64 years
10,647
224
619
652
1,136
1,752
1,256
2,850
2,15965 years and older
2,616
128
253
205
239
389
265
604
535Race and Hispanic or Latino EthnicityWhite
88,953
3,109
9,677
7,567
12,247
15,810
9,897
19,427
11,220Women
38,384
1,763
5,160
3,771
5,908
7,199
4,179
7,210
3,192Men
50,570
1,346
4,516
3,796
6,338
8,611
5,717
12,216
8,029Black or African American
15,041
908
2,812
1,945
2,493
2,464
1,353
2,124
942Women
7,760
550
1,562
1,129
1,271
1,229
602
992
424Men
7,282
359
1,250
816
1,222
1,235
751
1,132
518Asian
7,643
259
712
547
783
1,108
761
1,974
1,499Women
3,474
136
418
299
429
528
371
826
466Men
4,169
122
294
248
353
580
390
1,148
1,033Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
20,297
1,141
3,961
2,583
3,747
3,483
1,712
2,572
1,097Women
8,071
634
1,923
1,155
1,389
1,273
569
830
299Men
12,226
508
2,038
1,429
2,358
2,210
1,143
1,742
798Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2018 annual averages
Characteristic
Number of workers (in thousands)
Median weekly earnings
Standard error of medianWomenTotal, all marital statuses
51,425
$789
$3With children under 18 years old
17,678
799
6With children 6 to 17, none younger
10,908
809
7With children under 6 years old
6,770
780
9With no children under 18 years old
33,747
784
3Total, married, spouse present(1)
25,643
880
4With children under 18 years old
11,663
903
6With children 6 to 17, none younger
7,129
891
7With children under 6 years old
4,534
927
10With no children under 18 years old
13,980
858
6Total, other marital statuses(2)
25,781
714
3With children under 18 years old
6,015
640
5With children 6 to 17, none younger
3,778
687
8With children under 6 years old
2,236
588
5With no children under 18 years old
19,767
739
4MenTotal, all marital statuses
64,142
973
3With children under 18 years old
22,264
1,098
8With children 6 to 17, none younger
12,069
1,146
8With children under 6 years old
10,195
1,033
10With no children under 18 years old
41,878
919
4Total, married, spouse present(1)
36,766
1,140
4With children under 18 years old
19,416
1,147
6With children 6 to 17, none younger
10,679
1,175
11With children under 6 years old
8,737
1,115
11With no children under 18 years old
17,350
1,132
6Total, other marital statuses(2)
27,376
793
4With children under 18 years old
2,848
807
11With children 6 to 17, none younger
1,390
923
20With children under 6 years old
1,458
723
12With no children under 18 years old
24,528
791
4Footnotes(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.Note: Children refer to "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic
Total
Women
Men
Women'searningsas apercentageof men'sNumberofworkers
Medianhourlyearnings
Standarderrorofmedian
Numberofworkers
Medianhourlyearnings
Standarderrorofmedian
Numberofworkers
Medianhourlyearnings
StandarderrorofmedianAgeTotal, 16 years and older
81,915
$14.99
$0.01
41,223
$14.06
$0.03
40,691
$16.01
$0.04
87.816 to 24 years
15,963
11.16
0.02
7,969
10.93
0.03
7,994
11.74
0.06
93.116 to 19 years
4,751
10.03
0.02
2,491
9.91
0.03
2,261
10.15
0.03
97.620 to 24 years
11,211
11.96
0.02
5,479
11.68
0.08
5,733
12.18
0.03
95.925 years and older
65,952
16.11
0.03
33,254
15.04
0.02
32,698
17.76
0.07
84.725 to 34 years
19,831
15.10
0.02
9,460
14.64
0.10
10,371
15.87
0.06
92.235 to 44 years
15,181
16.94
0.07
7,433
15.22
0.10
7,748
18.44
0.17
82.545 to 54 years
14,610
17.02
0.07
7,645
15.20
0.06
6,966
18.99
0.14
80.055 to 64 years
12,303
17.26
0.14
6,542
15.62
0.13
5,761
19.56
0.22
79.965 years and older
4,027
14.35
0.17
2,175
13.77
0.21
1,852
14.90
0.10
92.4Race and Hispanic orLatino EthnicityWhite
62,204
15.16
0.02
30,695
14.27
0.06
31,509
16.53
0.09
86.3Black or African American
12,135
13.64
0.11
6,598
13.02
0.05
5,537
14.22
0.11
91.6Asian
4,130
15.24
0.18
2,221
14.95
0.08
1,909
16.69
0.42
89.6Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
17,452
13.99
0.05
7,909
12.80
0.06
9,543
15.01
0.04
85.3Marital StatusNever married
33,131
12.85
0.03
15,843
12.15
0.03
17,289
13.68
0.10
88.8Married, spouse present(1)
35,753
17.17
0.06
17,405
15.54
0.10
18,348
18.88
0.09
82.3Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)
13,030
15.20
0.06
7,975
14.63
0.12
5,055
17.23
0.18
84.9Widowed
1,612
14.42
0.31
1,251
13.95
0.16
361
17.76
1.22
78.5Divorced
8,150
16.02
0.09
4,897
15.05
0.06
3,253
17.94
0.12
83.9Separated(2)
3,268
14.25
0.22
1,827
13.22
0.16
1,441
15.89
0.21
83.2Union Affiliation(3)Members of unions(4)
8,638
20.23
0.19
3,314
17.85
0.15
5,324
22.17
0.16
80.5Represented by unions(5)
9,488
20.08
0.06
3,726
17.70
0.18
5,762
21.96
0.11
80.6Not represented by a union
72,426
14.75
0.04
37,497
13.79
0.04
34,929
15.19
0.03
90.8Educational AttainmentTotal, 25 years and older
65,952
16.11
0.03
33,254
15.04
0.02
32,698
17.76
0.07
84.7Less than a high school diploma
6,631
12.79
0.07
2,641
11.19
0.04
3,990
14.17
0.07
79.0High school graduates, no college
22,206
15.16
0.03
9,807
13.62
0.09
12,399
17.17
0.09
79.3Some college or associate degree
21,568
16.22
0.07
11,570
15.09
0.03
9,998
18.20
0.10
82.9Bachelor's degree and higher
15,546
20.16
0.07
9,236
20.01
0.06
6,310
20.99
0.27
95.3Footnotes(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.(3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region.(4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.(5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [In thousands]
Characteristic
Totalemployed
Number of workers by hourly earningsUnder$6.00
$6.00to$7.99
$8.00to$9.99
$10.00to$11.99
$12.00to$14.99
$15.00to$19.99
$20.00ormoreAgeTotal, 16 years and older
81,915
1,004
1,366
6,562
13,489
16,440
19,099
23,95516 to 24 years
15,963
431
717
2,991
4,674
3,728
2,356
1,06516 to 19 years
4,751
145
410
1,420
1,661
756
272
8820 to 24 years
11,211
286
307
1,572
3,014
2,972
2,084
97725 years and older
65,952
572
650
3,570
8,815
12,712
16,743
22,89025 to 34 years
19,831
220
244
1,215
2,834
4,457
5,567
5,29535 to 44 years
15,181
144
143
677
1,901
2,687
3,819
5,80845 to 54 years
14,610
111
115
665
1,774
2,650
3,670
5,62655 to 64 years
12,303
67
91
608
1,493
2,121
2,928
4,99565 years and older
4,027
30
57
405
813
797
760
1,165Women, 16 years and older
41,223
669
812
4,054
7,815
8,839
9,162
9,87216 to 24 years
7,969
291
422
1,670
2,402
1,863
950
37316 to 19 years
2,491
99
248
785
867
365
96
3120 to 24 years
5,479
192
174
884
1,535
1,498
854
34225 years and older
33,254
378
390
2,384
5,414
6,976
8,212
9,50025 to 34 years
9,460
143
152
750
1,596
2,195
2,501
2,12235 to 44 years
7,433
90
76
472
1,218
1,461
1,818
2,29845 to 54 years
7,645
74
70
474
1,161
1,628
1,897
2,34155 to 64 years
6,542
47
55
439
980
1,258
1,610
2,15365 years and older
2,175
24
37
249
459
435
384
586Men, 16 years and older
40,691
334
555
2,508
5,674
7,600
9,937
14,08316 to 24 years
7,994
140
295
1,322
2,273
1,865
1,406
69316 to 19 years
2,261
46
162
634
794
392
176
5720 to 24 years
5,733
95
133
688
1,479
1,474
1,231
63525 years and older
32,698
194
260
1,186
3,401
5,735
8,531
13,39125 to 34 years
10,371
77
92
465
1,238
2,262
3,065
3,17435 to 44 years
7,748
54
68
205
683
1,226
2,000
3,51145 to 54 years
6,966
37
45
192
613
1,022
1,773
3,28555 to 64 years
5,761
20
36
169
514
863
1,317
2,84265 years and older
1,852
6
20
156
354
362
375
579Race and Hispanic orLatino EthnicityWhite
62,204
779
949
4,596
9,789
12,098
14,710
19,283Women
30,695
538
552
2,851
5,658
6,415
6,969
7,712Men
31,509
241
397
1,746
4,132
5,683
7,741
11,570Black or African American
12,135
126
308
1,403
2,409
2,773
2,719
2,396Women
6,598
69
192
886
1,387
1,561
1,363
1,139Men
5,537
57
116
517
1,022
1,212
1,356
1,257Asian
4,130
44
41
280
651
780
857
1,477Women
2,221
31
24
160
384
450
468
704Men
1,909
13
17
120
267
329
390
773Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
17,452
197
247
1,332
3,531
4,180
4,283
3,682Women
7,909
122
143
840
1,942
2,019
1,683
1,160Men
9,543
75
104
493
1,589
2,160
2,600
2,522Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic
Workers paid hourly ratesTotal
Belowprevailingfederalminimumwage
At prevailingfederalminimumwage
Total at or belowprevailing federalminimum wageNumber
Percentage ofworkerspaid hourlyratesAgeTotal, 16 years and older
81,915
1,276
434
1,711
2.116 to 24 years
15,963
534
271
805
5.016 to 19 years
4,751
195
166
361
7.620 to 24 years
11,211
339
106
444
4.025 years and older
65,952
742
163
905
1.425 to 34 years
19,831
285
65
349
1.835 to 44 years
15,181
181
38
219
1.445 to 54 years
14,610
136
25
161
1.155 to 64 years
12,303
98
18
116
0.965 years and older
4,027
43
17
60
1.5Women, 16 years and older
41,223
812
267
1,078
2.616 to 24 years
7,969
348
156
504
6.316 to 19 years
2,491
125
103
228
9.220 to 24 years
5,479
222
53
276
5.025 years and older
33,254
464
110
575
1.725 to 34 years
9,460
170
48
217
2.335 to 44 years
7,433
109
21
130
1.745 to 54 years
7,645
90
16
105
1.455 to 64 years
6,542
64
11
75
1.165 years and older
2,175
33
14
47
2.2Men, 16 years and older
40,691
464
168
632
1.616 to 24 years
7,994
186
115
301
3.816 to 19 years
2,261
69
63
133
5.920 to 24 years
5,733
117
52
169
2.925 years and older
32,698
278
52
331
1.025 to 34 years
10,371
115
17
132
1.335 to 44 years
7,748
72
17
89
1.245 to 54 years
6,966
46
10
56
0.855 to 64 years
5,761
34
6
41
0.765 years and older
1,852
11
2
13
0.7Race and Hispanic or Latino EthnicityWhite
62,204
958
283
1,242
2.0Women
30,695
626
182
808
2.6Men
31,509
333
101
434
1.4Black or African American
12,135
198
114
313
2.6Women
6,598
113
63
175
2.7Men
5,537
85
52
137
2.5Asian
4,130
53
16
69
1.7Women
2,221
36
10
46
2.1Men
1,909
17
6
23
1.2Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
17,452
246
78
324
1.9Women
7,909
141
52
194
2.4Men
9,543
105
26
131
1.4Full- and Part-time Status(1)Full-time workers
61,650
621
121
742
1.2Women
27,913
377
76
454
1.6Men
33,736
244
45
288
0.9Part-time workers
20,155
653
312
965
4.8Women
13,260
434
190
624
4.7Men
6,895
219
122
341
4.9Footnotes(1) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data do not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979-2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Year
Totalwageandsalaryworkers
Workers paid hourly ratesTotal
Percentageof totalwageandsalaryworkers
Belowprevailingfederalminimumwage(1)
At prevailingfederalminimumwage(1)
Total at or belowprevailing federalminimum wageNumber
Percentage ofworkerspaid hourlyratesTotal1979
87,529
51,721
59.1
2,916
3,997
6,912
13.41980
87,644
51,335
58.6
3,087
4,686
7,773
15.11981
88,516
51,869
58.6
3,513
4,311
7,824
15.11982
87,368
50,846
58.2
2,348
4,148
6,496
12.81983
88,290
51,820
58.7
2,077
4,261
6,338
12.21984
92,194
54,143
58.7
1,838
4,125
5,963
11.01985
94,521
55,762
59.0
1,639
3,899
5,538
9.91986
96,903
57,529
59.4
1,599
3,461
5,060
8.81987
99,303
59,552
60.0
1,468
3,229
4,698
7.91988
101,407
60,878
60.0
1,319
2,608
3,927
6.51989
103,480
62,389
60.3
1,372
1,790
3,162
5.11990
104,876
63,172
60.2
2,132
1,096
3,228
5.11991
103,723
62,627
60.4
2,377
2,906
5,283
8.41992
104,668
63,610
60.8
1,939
2,982
4,921
7.71993
106,101
64,274
60.6
1,707
2,625
4,332
6.71994
107,989
66,549
61.6
1,995
2,132
4,128
6.21995
110,038
68,354
62.1
1,699
1,956
3,656
5.31996
111,960
69,255
61.9
1,863
1,861
3,724
5.41997
114,533
70,735
61.8
2,990
1,764
4,754
6.71998
116,730
71,440
61.2
2,834
1,593
4,427
6.21999
118,963
72,306
60.8
2,194
1,146
3,340
4.62000
122,089
73,496
60.2
1,752
898
2,650
3.62001
122,229
73,392
60.0
1,518
656
2,174
3.02002
121,826
72,508
59.5
1,579
567
2,146
3.02003
122,358
72,946
59.6
1,555
545
2,100
2.92004
123,554
73,939
59.8
1,483
520
2,003
2.72005
125,889
75,609
60.1
1,403
479
1,882
2.52006
128,237
76,514
59.7
1,283
409
1,692
2.22007
129,767
75,873
58.5
1,462
267
1,729
2.32008
129,377
75,305
58.2
1,940
286
2,226
3.02009
124,490
72,611
58.3
2,592
980
3,572
4.92010
124,073
72,902
58.8
2,541
1,820
4,361
6.02011
125,187
73,926
59.1
2,152
1,677
3,829
5.22012
127,577
75,276
59.0
1,984
1,566
3,550
4.72013
129,110
75,948
58.8
1,768
1,532
3,301
4.32014
131,431
77,207
58.7
1,737
1,255
2,992
3.92015
133,743
78,232
58.5
1,691
870
2,561
3.32016
136,101
79,883
58.7
1,451
701
2,153
2.72017
137,890
80,439
58.3
1,282
542
1,824
2.32018
140,099
81,915
58.5
1,276
434
1,711
2.1Women1979
38,129
23,329
61.2
2,070
2,644
4,714
20.21980
38,944
23,626
60.7
2,104
2,990
5,095
21.61981
39,672
24,294
61.2
2,394
2,778
5,172
21.31982
39,777
24,365
61.3
1,651
2,561
4,212
17.31983
40,433
24,989
61.8
1,492
2,603
4,095
16.41984
42,172
26,003
61.7
1,348
2,499
3,847
14.81985
43,506
26,869
61.8
1,198
2,356
3,554
13.21986
44,961
27,863
62.0
1,192
2,125
3,317
11.91987
46,365
29,078
62.7
1,105
1,946
3,051
10.51988
47,495
29,820
62.8
1,008
1,542
2,550
8.61989
48,691
30,702
63.1
994
1,056
2,050
6.71990
49,323
31,069
63.0
1,420
711
2,131
6.91991
49,105
30,988
63.1
1,582
1,792
3,374
10.91992
49,842
31,454
63.1
1,286
1,751
3,036
9.71993
50,626
31,937
63.1
1,133
1,534
2,667
8.41994
51,419
33,021
64.2
1,322
1,241
2,563
7.81995
52,369
33,934
64.8
1,157
1,161
2,318
6.81996
53,488
34,418
64.3
1,244
1,106
2,350
6.81997
54,708
35,214
64.4
1,843
1,092
2,935
8.31998
55,757
35,680
64.0
1,794
965
2,760
7.71999
57,050
36,233
63.5
1,426
700
2,126
5.92000
58,427
36,777
62.9
1,170
579
1,749
4.82001
58,582
36,848
62.9
1,021
409
1,430
3.92002
58,555
36,508
62.3
997
350
1,347
3.72003
59,122
37,093
62.7
1,062
332
1,394
3.82004
59,408
37,133
62.5
1,013
310
1,323
3.62005
60,423
37,957
62.8
944
290
1,234
3.32006
61,426
38,321
62.4
861
263
1,124
2.92007
62,299
38,082
61.1
1,002
181
1,183
3.12008
62,532
37,972
60.7
1,302
196
1,498
3.92009
60,951
37,426
61.4
1,603
612
2,215
5.92010
60,542
37,404
61.8
1,598
1,151
2,749
7.32011
60,502
37,469
61.9
1,366
1,029
2,395
6.42012
61,679
38,163
61.9
1,288
999
2,287
6.02013
62,316
38,404
61.6
1,148
910
2,058
5.42014
63,383
38,802
61.2
1,139
739
1,878
4.82015
64,445
39,500
61.3
1,062
540
1,602
4.12016
65,512
40,315
61.5
952
432
1,384
3.42017
66,421
40,658
61.2
829
316
1,146
2.82018
67,467
41,223
61.1
812
267
1,078
2.6Men1979
49,400
28,392
57.5
846
1,353
2,199
7.71980
48,700
27,709
56.9
983
1,696
2,678
9.71981
48,844
27,576
56.5
1,119
1,533
2,652
9.61982
47,591
26,481
55.6
697
1,587
2,284
8.61983
47,856
26,831
56.1
585
1,658
2,243
8.41984
50,022
28,140
56.3
490
1,626
2,116
7.51985
51,015
28,893
56.6
440
1,544
1,984
6.91986
51,942
29,666
57.1
408
1,336
1,743
5.91987
52,938
30,474
57.6
364
1,283
1,647
5.41988
53,912
31,058
57.6
311
1,066
1,377
4.41989
54,789
31,687
57.8
379
733
1,112
3.51990
55,553
32,104
57.8
712
385
1,097
3.41991
54,618
31,639
57.9
795
1,114
1,909
6.01992
54,826
32,155
58.6
653
1,231
1,885
5.91993
55,475
32,337
58.3
573
1,091
1,664
5.11994
56,570
33,528
59.3
674
891
1,565
4.71995
57,669
34,420
59.7
542
796
1,338
3.91996
58,473
34,838
59.6
619
755
1,374
3.91997
59,825
35,521
59.4
1,147
673
1,820
5.11998
60,973
35,761
58.7
1,039
628
1,667
4.71999
61,914
36,073
58.3
768
446
1,214
3.42000
63,662
36,720
57.7
582
319
901
2.52001
63,647
36,544
57.4
497
247
744
2.02002
63,272
36,000
56.9
582
217
799
2.22003
63,236
35,853
56.7
493
213
706
2.02004
64,145
36,806
57.4
470
210
680
1.82005
65,466
37,652
57.5
459
189
648
1.72006
66,811
38,193
57.2
422
146
568
1.52007
67,468
37,790
56.0
460
86
546
1.42008
66,846
37,334
55.9
638
90
728
1.92009
63,539
35,185
55.4
990
368
1,358
3.92010
63,531
35,498
55.9
943
669
1,612
4.52011
64,686
36,457
56.4
785
648
1,433
3.92012
65,898
37,113
56.3
696
567
1,263
3.42013
66,794
37,544
56.2
621
622
1,243
3.32014
68,048
38,405
56.4
598
516
1,114
2.92015
69,298
38,732
55.9
629
330
959
2.52016
70,589
39,568
56.1
499
270
769
1.92017
71,469
39,781
55.7
452
226
678
1.72018
72,632
40,691
56.0
464
168
632
1.6Footnotes(1) Data for 1990-91, 1996-97, and 2007-09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018
Year
Total,16 yearsand older
16 to 24 years
25 years and olderTotal
16 to 19years
20 to 24years
Total
25 to 34years
35 to 44years
45 to 54years
55 to 64years
65 yearsand older1979
62.3
78.6
85.2
76.3
62.1
67.5
58.3
56.8
60.6
77.61980
64.2
80.3
89.5
78.1
62.8
69.4
58.3
56.9
59.4
76.41981
64.4
82.6
91.7
80.6
62.6
70.3
59.9
56.8
58.9
71.11982
65.7
85.3
92.9
82.4
64.9
72.1
61.1
60.1
61.4
70.31983
66.5
88.8
94.0
85.5
65.8
73.3
61.5
59.5
61.8
68.81984
67.6
87.9
93.1
85.2
67.1
74.6
62.0
59.4
61.5
66.81985
68.1
87.6
90.7
85.7
66.8
75.1
63.0
59.7
61.0
65.91986
69.5
89.0
91.4
87.5
66.5
76.1
63.9
60.9
61.2
71.51987
69.8
88.3
87.8
88.0
67.3
76.7
66.1
62.3
62.2
68.71988
70.2
89.7
89.8
90.0
68.8
77.7
68.5
61.7
62.3
70.91989
70.1
90.8
94.3
89.7
70.2
78.3
68.3
62.7
63.9
74.31990
71.9
90.1
90.8
90.3
72.1
79.3
69.6
63.8
63.7
74.41991
74.2
93.3
93.6
93.3
74.0
81.0
70.7
65.0
64.5
68.31992
75.8
94.0
94.0
94.3
74.6
82.0
71.9
65.8
64.9
77.91993
77.1
94.8
92.8
95.4
74.8
83.0
73.0
67.4
67.4
74.31994
76.4
93.9
92.5
94.5
73.1
82.9
72.6
67.1
66.0
76.21995
75.5
90.8
88.1
92.4
72.8
82.2
72.6
67.7
64.7
80.01996
75.0
92.5
88.8
92.8
74.1
83.2
73.3
68.9
65.3
70.01997
74.4
92.1
91.6
90.5
75.1
82.9
74.0
69.4
64.7
77.01998
76.3
91.3
88.6
89.4
75.9
82.9
73.6
70.5
68.1
72.61999
76.5
91.0
91.4
90.5
74.4
81.5
71.7
70.0
67.9
78.72000
76.9
91.7
92.5
92.7
74.5
82.4
71.6
73.2
69.1
75.12001
76.4
90.3
90.3
91.9
75.4
83.0
72.5
73.5
70.5
69.02002
77.9
93.9
94.6
93.9
77.6
84.5
75.2
74.6
71.6
73.82003
79.4
93.2
93.1
93.9
78.5
86.9
76.1
73.0
72.7
71.12004
80.4
93.8
92.1
93.8
78.6
87.8
75.6
72.9
73.0
74.62005
81.0
93.2
92.1
93.8
79.4
89.0
75.5
75.5
74.7
76.42006
80.8
94.5
87.6
94.9
78.7
88.2
77.2
73.5
72.9
77.52007
80.2
92.3
89.1
90.3
78.5
86.9
76.5
74.5
72.8
77.82008
79.9
91.1
87.3
92.5
78.2
88.5
74.5
74.9
75.4
74.82009
80.2
92.6
90.7
92.9
78.7
88.7
77.4
73.6
75.3
76.12010
81.2
95.3
94.6
93.8
80.5
90.8
79.9
76.5
75.2
75.72011
82.2
92.5
88.6
93.2
81.0
92.3
78.5
76.0
75.1
80.92012
80.9
88.9
88.5
89.0
79.9
90.2
78.1
75.1
76.2
77.62013
82.1
88.3
89.7
89.8
81.1
89.4
80.2
76.6
77.1
73.72014
82.5
91.5
91.1
92.3
81.6
89.9
81.0
77.2
76.4
78.62015
81.1
88.2
89.4
89.7
80.4
89.6
81.8
76.8
73.7
73.82016
81.9
94.9
92.6
95.6
80.9
88.8
83.3
77.8
73.7
75.52017
81.8
91.2
87.6
90.2
81.3
88.2
81.0
77.5
78.0
77.02018
81.1
90.8
89.4
92.2
80.9
87.0
79.6
77.0
75.0
77.2Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018
Year
Total,16 yearsand older
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
HispanicorLatino ethnicity1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.42018
81.1
81.5
89.0
75.5
85.7Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2018
Year
Total, 25 years and older
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college
Some college or associate degree
Bachelor's degree and higher1979
62.1
60.3
60.1
64.1
66.71980
62.8
61.4
61.5
64.5
67.91981
62.6
61.2
61.0
65.6
66.91982
64.9
62.8
63.1
66.7
68.81983
65.8
64.8
63.4
68.2
71.21984
67.1
64.9
64.9
68.4
69.41985
66.8
64.3
65.8
67.2
70.21986
66.5
64.8
66.6
68.0
70.61987
67.3
66.0
68.1
69.8
71.41988
68.8
66.6
68.2
71.6
71.41989
70.2
66.8
67.6
73.3
71.91990
72.1
68.8
68.6
72.9
72.21991
74.0
71.6
69.8
72.6
73.61992
74.6
72.9
70.4
73.3
75.11993
74.8
73.9
71.3
73.8
75.81994
73.1
75.1
70.8
72.1
76.81995
72.8
75.5
70.2
71.6
76.21996
74.1
75.1
70.7
73.2
75.21997
75.1
75.3
70.7
73.9
75.01998
75.9
73.9
70.8
74.0
75.31999
74.4
73.4
69.8
73.4
75.72000
74.5
74.9
71.1
73.1
74.12001
75.4
75.4
72.7
71.9
73.72002
77.6
77.2
74.2
74.3
74.22003
78.5
76.7
75.5
75.7
73.62004
78.6
74.9
75.7
75.8
75.22005
79.4
74.9
75.6
76.6
75.72006
78.7
76.3
73.7
75.6
75.12007
78.5
76.7
74.3
75.2
75.02008
78.2
76.1
73.3
75.7
74.32009
78.7
76.4
75.7
75.4
73.12010
80.5
79.8
76.5
75.5
74.12011
81.0
80.9
76.9
76.8
74.92012
79.9
76.0
76.3
76.9
73.02013
81.1
80.0
78.3
76.6
74.82014
81.6
79.1
77.0
75.8
75.72015
80.4
80.4
77.2
75.2
74.92016
80.9
76.8
77.9
76.8
75.22017
81.3
76.5
76.5
76.3
76.42018
80.9
77.3
75.2
75.4
75.1Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in table 24. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018
Year
Total,16 yearsandolder
16 to 24 years
25 years and olderTotal
16 to 19years
20 to 24years
Total
25 to 34years
35 to 44years
45 to 54years
55 to 64years
65 yearsandolder1979
64.1
81.8
95.0
75.9
58.3
63.3
55.8
54.1
56.9
87.61980
64.8
84.1
93.2
77.0
58.7
64.1
54.9
54.4
56.4
89.21981
65.1
86.1
96.7
80.0
60.3
66.7
57.5
54.1
56.2
88.11982
67.3
86.3
97.0
81.8
62.1
67.7
57.1
55.7
59.0
88.11983
69.4
87.2
96.7
84.4
62.9
70.3
57.6
56.7
58.0
87.61984
69.8
86.0
96.5
84.5
63.7
71.1
59.0
56.9
59.5
89.01985
70.0
85.7
96.3
87.2
64.7
72.4
60.3
57.8
60.4
88.81986
70.2
85.8
95.5
86.7
66.0
74.1
61.4
59.0
60.3
91.31987
72.1
85.9
93.9
86.1
67.2
74.3
62.9
61.3
62.0
91.21988
73.8
89.1
94.4
87.2
68.7
75.6
66.1
61.6
62.4
92.81989
75.4
90.7
93.4
86.9
69.8
78.0
67.0
63.4
63.8
87.11990
77.9
91.0
93.8
90.1
71.8
79.4
68.7
64.3
66.2
89.61991
78.6
91.0
97.9
91.7
73.5
80.4
70.4
65.0
68.9
92.61992
80.3
91.3
97.7
92.5
76.0
82.6
73.1
66.1
69.3
92.61993
80.4
91.7
97.1
94.2
77.3
83.6
73.1
67.3
69.0
92.11994
80.6
90.5
97.0
91.2
78.2
85.5
73.4
69.9
70.7
94.01995
80.8
90.9
96.1
89.3
76.1
83.7
72.6
70.8
71.4
94.21996
81.2
92.1
97.0
89.6
78.2
83.1
74.6
72.1
72.4
91.61997
80.8
92.2
96.6
91.2
78.8
82.7
75.7
72.3
70.5
98.11998
81.8
90.3
96.7
89.1
77.9
86.1
77.4
75.0
72.4
93.21999
83.8
92.7
96.8
89.9
79.4
83.9
76.9
72.7
76.4
95.42000
83.8
91.7
93.8
93.0
80.8
88.3
76.3
73.2
76.8
94.72001
85.2
90.5
95.8
89.7
79.2
85.8
75.0
76.1
80.2
90.42002
85.0
92.5
96.9
91.3
82.1
85.1
78.7
77.6
80.8
89.32003
84.8
93.2
97.6
91.0
83.1
87.5
79.1
79.0
78.4
90.32004
84.6
93.9
95.9
91.7
81.7
88.3
78.4
79.1
79.6
92.52005
84.8
92.6
96.0
92.4
83.2
89.2
79.6
80.2
80.2
97.82006
84.0
90.9
95.7
90.5
83.2
87.6
80.0
76.4
80.6
93.02007
84.8
89.3
95.4
90.4
81.7
87.4
81.5
79.6
79.2
92.22008
85.4
91.2
96.6
91.6
83.0
87.0
80.5
78.2
81.8
91.62009
85.5
93.1
97.1
92.0
84.7
90.6
80.7
77.0
84.5
92.62010
86.0
93.6
97.8
91.7
85.6
91.9
82.9
79.9
83.2
93.82011
86.8
94.6
97.5
92.5
86.7
92.0
83.8
81.5
82.2
91.52012
86.4
93.0
97.9
92.0
86.8
91.5
83.9
81.2
83.1
90.92013
86.6
92.3
96.7
94.0
87.5
91.1
84.9
81.2
84.1
94.92014
84.6
92.4
96.1
96.3
85.7
87.0
84.6
81.2
81.3
89.22015
85.6
95.1
97.5
93.5
87.8
91.0
85.7
84.3
82.1
89.52016
87.0
97.7
95.7
91.9
87.6
88.2
85.8
83.0
83.7
88.12017
89.2
93.5
97.1
92.6
87.2
92.4
83.4
80.9
81.8
93.02018
87.8
93.1
97.6
95.9
84.7
92.2
82.5
80.0
79.9
92.4Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018
Year
Total,16 yearsandolder
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity1979
64.1
62.5
72.6
-
71.81980
64.8
63.6
74.9
-
75.11981
65.1
63.8
72.1
-
76.41982
67.3
66.0
75.2
-
75.61983
69.4
68.0
79.2
-
76.11984
69.8
68.6
79.1
-
77.01985
70.0
67.8
82.0
-
79.41986
70.2
68.8
78.7
-
80.81987
72.1
70.9
80.1
-
80.21988
73.8
72.7
80.8
-
81.11989
75.4
74.0
83.2
-
83.01990
77.9
75.6
84.5
-
86.11991
78.6
76.6
86.5
-
86.91992
80.3
78.6
87.1
-
88.31993
80.4
78.9
89.6
-
88.61994
80.6
79.7
87.5
-
89.31995
80.8
78.4
87.3
-
90.91996
81.2
79.6
88.0
-
88.81997
80.8
80.3
87.5
-
86.31998
81.8
81.8
86.9
-
87.61999
83.8
82.3
83.2
-
86.62000
83.8
83.0
88.8
90.5
87.32001
85.2
83.8
89.9
85.1
85.62002
85.0
83.8
92.3
91.7
86.12003
84.8
84.0
91.7
89.8
88.52004
84.6
84.0
91.3
88.8
90.22005
84.8
84.2
91.1
91.3
90.12006
84.0
83.6
88.5
90.7
87.62007
84.8
83.7
90.3
89.5
88.52008
85.4
84.5
89.9
87.3
85.12009
85.5
84.8
89.7
90.4
84.62010
86.0
85.0
92.1
88.0
86.22011
86.8
85.9
93.5
89.8
86.82012
86.4
85.3
92.0
90.1
85.42013
86.6
85.7
94.9
91.6
87.52014
84.6
83.3
94.8
90.2
86.62015
85.6
85.9
92.4
92.8
85.82016
87.0
87.2
92.6
93.6
85.22017
89.2
87.8
94.1
85.5
84.12018
87.8
86.3
91.6
89.6
85.3Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year
Total, 16 years and older
16 to 24 years
25 years and olderTotal
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and olderTotal1979
$780
$557
$466
$602
$858
$825
$906
$893
$848
$6411980
762
544
448
581
831
802
878
866
828
5901981
755
532
428
566
819
787
867
851
822
5901982
757
521
411
551
820
779
887
865
815
6341983
752
507
394
536
825
772
889
882
832
6271984
753
501
390
533
836
774
898
889
845
6281985
768
500
388
536
846
779
906
893
850
6631986
787
509
390
544
857
789
919
912
871
6541987
792
515
394
549
854
790
922
909
858
6571988
787
509
401
544
847
783
920
926
857
6611989
782
508
400
541
837
773
925
925
845
6551990
770
503
391
533
839
761
908
914
854
6411991
768
499
384
524
841
748
897
914
845
6861992
775
486
373
511
843
743
886
919
850
6651993
787
484
367
509
842
748
887
930
844
6741994
785
481
371
504
840
738
903
951
842
6451995
787
479
379
502
837
741
903
956
844
6391996
784
477
384
499
832
741
894
950
856
6141997
787
479
394
502
845
753
906
950
873
6151998
807
492
414
523
883
775
921
957
914
6251999
831
516
425
549
896
784
924
986
914
6112000
842
528
434
560
890
803
914
978
906
6772001
848
533
434
560
896
819
935
986
908
6942002
852
534
427
559
905
828
936
989
944
7032003
848
529
425
550
906
813
940
989
969
7062004
851
520
412
541
911
805
951
991
967
7472005
839
512
410
530
897
786
942
964
956
7332006
838
511
404
528
896
775
934
965
955
7282007
843
515
409
546
896
780
933
959
975
7342008
844
518
408
546
890
779
940
961
965
7532009
867
519
404
545
908
796
959
984
987
8032010
863
499
401
524
903
788
952
975
993
7902011
846
492
394
511
891
775
936
969
985
8302012
841
486
390
508
893
774
940
962
982
8292013
838
490
403
510
893
765
944
954
976
8652014
840
506
401
521
891
771
935
954
967
8752015
858
516
413
531
912
779
954
979
983
9262016
870
524
424
537
926
786
977
999
996
9062017
881
532
434
553
929
792
988
1,001
998
9312018
886
548
449
576
932
808
986
1,002
994
944Women1979
$589
$498
$427
$521
$631
$644
$634
$621
$612
$5501980
584
485
422
509
619
634
622
608
596
5091981
582
479
410
508
620
636
633
598
590
5031982
599
481
396
504
639
647
647
632
614
5291983
606
476
380
498
644
654
654
635
618
5101984
612
469
374
492
654
658
674
644
624
5061985
618
471
371
493
661
661
685
652
636
5401986
638
480
373
507
675
671
700
675
649
5611987
642
481
364
513
680
669
714
686
653
5531988
644
481
376
513
685
669
724
693
648
5731989
643
482
386
510
688
667
725
700
653
5731990
647
475
370
503
690
665
729
705
650
5611991
659
479
369
505
697
668
733
717
654
5751992
669
470
361
493
704
673
736
734
662
5771993
674
468
352
496
712
678
746
755
678
5751994
671
464
355
487
708
667
753
756
669
5651995
667
452
353
478
703
662
744
762
662
5801996
669
454
357
477
710
664
741
770
672
5341997
674
457
376
479
723
668
754
775
678
5451998
704
471
384
492
748
696
769
796
735
5401999
716
490
402
519
752
711
761
808
744
5602000
721
503
414
535
754
721
762
825
743
5732001
728
502
410
533
772
728
778
835
762
5552002
741
514
413
539
796
742
800
843
804
6022003
755
508
409
529
799
747
807
833
822
5952004
764
500
391
521
799
748
811
833
820
6372005
754
491
392
510
789
738
800
830
823
6342006
749
493
381
516
783
728
805
823
821
6372007
745
496
386
517
784
725
811
822
824
6482008
746
491
377
520
784
729
798
827
832
6582009
771
498
379
522
806
744
832
836
853
7072010
773
487
388
507
813
748
844
843
850
6942011
765
471
367
490
803
740
821
832
838
7432012
757
456
361
470
796
729
818
817
839
7312013
762
457
378
477
799
718
828
822
841
7462014
763
479
379
497
798
721
829
828
828
7862015
770
477
386
496
807
732
853
847
831
7852016
783
508
406
523
820
737
878
874
849
7832017
789
511
412
527
830
742
881
876
877
8012018
789
522
421
546
830
750
876
876
853
811Men1979
$945
$634
$502
$683
$1,016
$955
$1,087
$1,094
$1,010
$7091980
910
605
471
651
985
913
1,067
1,067
1,003
6661981
904
580
447
630
989
904
1,056
1,053
1,003
7071982
912
564
426
612
985
897
1,058
1,050
1,000
7521983
911
536
404
582
978
892
1,062
1,067
1,000
7401984
905
533
402
577
975
882
1,088
1,085
1,014
7581985
908
538
408
576
989
879
1,087
1,092
1,042
8191986
919
539
408
579
1,015
882
1,094
1,110
1,061
7851987
919
544
415
583
1,011
873
1,081
1,102
1,049
8051988
918
536
419
571
996
861
1,057
1,123
1,041
8081989
918
531
410
569
980
851
1,063
1,116
1,022
7711990
899
527
407
557
957
839
1,047
1,105
1,021
7531991
888
514
395
541
942
825
1,038
1,103
1,014
8411992
882
500
384
523
944
820
1,023
1,116
1,019
7411993
875
494
379
520
952
816
1,022
1,120
1,005
7741994
877
494
383
516
968
805
1,037
1,128
1,013
7411995
883
498
401
517
966
805
1,025
1,125
1,023
7241996
891
491
402
514
958
798
1,011
1,117
1,029
7631997
906
496
410
529
962
806
1,019
1,116
1,047
7071998
923
515
434
551
986
840
1,045
1,130
1,079
7441999
935
539
440
573
1,011
873
1,062
1,154
1,097
7112000
937
548
447
577
1,013
874
1,064
1,127
1,075
7632001
953
556
454
580
1,024
878
1,073
1,137
1,081
8042002
951
548
437
574
1,025
878
1,063
1,130
1,123
8172003
951
544
439
564
1,018
859
1,060
1,141
1,131
8372004
951
533
424
556
1,016
852
1,072
1,143
1,124
8552005
930
527
425
544
994
830
1,059
1,099
1,102
8302006
928
522
434
543
995
825
1,044
1,120
1,126
8212007
930
538
433
573
999
834
1,059
1,103
1,132
8332008
933
539
432
563
1,002
823
1,070
1,104
1,103
8812009
961
538
418
562
1,025
839
1,075
1,135
1,133
9282010
952
512
410
540
1,009
824
1,057
1,102
1,130
9172011
931
509
414
526
991
802
1,046
1,095
1,115
9182012
935
513
409
528
997
808
1,048
1,089
1,101
9422013
929
517
421
531
985
803
1,032
1,073
1,092
1,0122014
925
523
416
538
979
801
1,023
1,073
1,084
1,0002015
949
541
432
554
1,004
817
1,042
1,103
1,128
1,0642016
957
536
438
547
1,014
831
1,053
1,124
1,153
1,0382017
964
560
470
584
1,020
841
1,088
1,130
1,125
1,0412018
973
575
471
592
1,026
862
1,101
1,137
1,137
1,050Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.  Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year
Total, 16 years and older
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal1979
$780
$803
$644
-
$6281980
762
782
616
-
6081981
755
774
625
-
5931982
757
777
614
-
6021983
752
769
627
-
6011984
753
776
621
-
5981985
768
795
618
-
6031986
787
814
638
-
6071987
792
814
638
-
6041988
787
808
642
-
5931989
782
802
625
-
5841990
770
793
615
-
5681991
768
796
627
-
5621992
775
806
629
-
5651993
787
815
633
-
5681994
785
813
624
-
5451995
787
811
629
-
5401996
784
810
619
-
5421997
787
812
626
-
5491998
807
841
657
-
5711999
831
867
673
-
5822000
842
863
693
$899
5832001
848
868
698
909
5932002
852
873
697
922
5942003
848
870
703
948
6022004
851
876
700
944
6082005
839
866
670
970
6072006
838
861
692
979
6072007
843
869
691
1,007
6102008
844
868
689
1,007
6192009
867
888
705
1,033
6352010
863
883
706
987
6182011
846
867
688
969
6142012
841
867
680
1,008
6222013
838
866
679
1,017
6242014
840
866
678
1,012
6312015
858
885
680
1,053
6412016
870
902
709
1,068
6532017
881
912
699
1,069
6712018
886
916
694
1,095
680Women1979
$589
$595
$547
-
$5081980
584
590
538
-
5001981
582
588
548
-
5051982
599
607
544
-
5091983
606
611
558
-
5171984
612
619
557
-
5151985
618
627
562
-
5131986
638
645
579
-
5291987
642
650
585
-
5321988
644
650
589
-
5321989
643
655
590
-
5271990
647
660
576
-
5201991
659
672
582
-
5261992
669
681
590
-
5321993
674
688
597
-
5371994
671
686
582
-
5131995
667
681
583
-
5011996
669
685
579
-
5061997
674
695
587
-
4981998
704
722
617
-
5201999
716
731
619
-
5262000
721
734
627
$800
5352001
728
743
646
801
5522002
741
766
662
793
5562003
755
776
672
818
5612004
764
779
673
817
5592005
754
768
643
857
5532006
749
760
648
873
5492007
745
760
647
887
5742008
746
765
648
881
5862009
771
785
683
914
5972010
773
790
684
893
5872011
765
786
666
840
5792012
757
778
656
843
5712013
762
780
654
884
5842014
763
779
649
893
5822015
770
788
652
930
6002016
783
801
671
944
6132017
789
815
673
925
6182018
789
817
654
937
617Men1979
$945
$964
$735
-
$7091980
910
930
709
-
6801981
904
931
713
-
6681982
912
940
697
-
6741983
911
930
707
-
6591984
905
926
700
-
6631985
908
933
681
-
6611986
919
950
700
-
6561987
919
953
693
-
6481988
918
951
712
-
6301989
918
945
682
-
6181990
899
923
675
-
5941991
888
912
676
-
5821992
882
905
669
-
5971993
875
899
672
-
5931994
877
919
672
-
5761995
883
929
675
-
5751996
891
928
659
-
5701997
906
931
676
-
5811998
923
949
722
-
6021999
935
965
738
-
6142000
937
968
746
$1,001
6102001
953
980
752
1,041
6262002
951
983
734
1,059
6322003
951
978
759
1,056
6352004
951
976
759
1,069
6402005
930
957
720
1,063
6302006
928
950
738
1,101
6302007
930
956
728
1,136
6312008
933
965
725
1,130
6542009
961
992
729
1,117
6682010
952
982
731
1,081
6472011
931
957
730
1,085
6392012
935
963
728
1,156
6482013
929
955
717
1,144
6412014
925
952
722
1,146
6542015
949
976
721
1,197
6692016
957
985
751
1,204
6942017
964
995
727
1,237
7072018
973
1,002
735
1,241
720Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year
Total,25 yearsand older
Less than ahigh schooldiploma
High schoolgraduates, nocollege
Somecollege orassociatedegree
Bachelor'sdegree andhigherTotal1979
$858
$680
$806
$913
$1,1131980
831
645
773
884
1,0931981
819
638
761
862
1,0821982
820
622
757
880
1,0981983
825
615
748
873
1,1081984
836
607
746
882
1,1221985
846
603
743
891
1,1291986
857
610
754
897
1,1511987
854
602
754
892
1,1951988
847
589
753
879
1,1961989
837
582
735
886
1,1941990
839
566
721
890
1,1931991
841
553
715
881
1,2001992
843
548
710
852
1,2251993
842
539
712
847
1,2261994
840
516
708
839
1,2321995
837
507
709
834
1,2271996
832
507
709
829
1,2131997
845
502
721
837
1,2191998
883
520
739
861
1,2671999
896
523
741
877
1,3012000
890
529
738
871
1,3032001
896
543
740
878
1,3102002
905
543
749
881
1,3182003
906
542
758
874
1,3192004
911
535
765
881
1,3152005
897
527
751
863
1,3052006
896
523
743
864
1,2972007
896
519
733
854
1,3012008
890
530
723
844
1,3042009
908
533
735
852
1,3352010
903
513
723
848
1,3212011
891
504
714
827
1,2862012
893
516
714
820
1,2762013
893
510
703
808
1,2892014
891
518
709
808
1,2662015
912
523
719
808
1,3042016
926
527
724
815
1,3172017
929
533
730
818
1,3102018
932
553
730
826
1,324Women1979
$631
$492
$599
$683
$8541980
619
477
584
672
8431981
620
465
577
678
8461982
639
461
591
687
8671983
644
469
591
692
8871984
654
462
598
704
9011985
661
451
598
708
9241986
675
456
607
724
9561987
680
453
610
735
9871988
685
452
609
736
9921989
688
453
596
743
9941990
690
449
589
738
1,0001991
697
450
591
737
1,0131992
704
451
593
717
1,0461993
712
451
595
724
1,0481994
708
432
590
711
1,0661995
703
430
585
701
1,0571996
710
429
584
707
1,0511997
723
430
592
718
1,0521998
748
437
611
735
1,0911999
752
439
613
738
1,1202000
754
444
614
738
1,1052001
772
450
630
740
1,1182002
796
455
641
761
1,1332003
799
450
648
766
1,1382004
799
445
651
769
1,1472005
789
439
635
756
1,1382006
783
447
624
752
1,1302007
784
448
621
739
1,1312008
784
442
608
735
1,1172009
806
448
636
739
1,1382010
813
448
627
737
1,1392011
803
442
620
721
1,1162012
796
423
614
722
1,0962013
799
432
619
710
1,1262014
798
434
614
702
1,1142015
807
443
621
704
1,1282016
820
442
627
720
1,1522017
830
458
625
717
1,1592018
830
469
616
717
1,145Men1979
$1,016
$816
$997
$1,065
$1,2821980
985
776
951
1,041
1,2411981
989
761
947
1,035
1,2631982
985
734
937
1,030
1,2611983
978
724
933
1,014
1,2451984
975
711
921
1,030
1,2981985
989
701
908
1,054
1,3171986
1,015
704
912
1,064
1,3551987
1,011
686
896
1,053
1,3831988
996
679
894
1,029
1,3891989
980
678
882
1,014
1,3821990
957
652
858
1,013
1,3851991
942
629
847
1,014
1,3771992
944
618
843
977
1,3931993
952
611
835
981
1,3831994
968
575
834
987
1,3881995
966
570
833
979
1,3881996
958
571
826
966
1,3981997
962
571
837
972
1,4021998
986
591
863
992
1,4491999
1,011
598
877
1,006
1,4782000
1,013
594
864
1,010
1,4912001
1,024
596
866
1,028
1,5182002
1,025
590
864
1,024
1,5272003
1,018
587
859
1,012
1,5472004
1,016
595
860
1,015
1,5242005
994
586
840
987
1,5042006
995
586
846
994
1,5042007
999
584
836
983
1,5082008
1,002
581
829
971
1,5032009
1,025
587
840
980
1,5582010
1,009
561
820
976
1,5362011
991
546
805
940
1,4902012
997
556
805
939
1,5022013
985
540
790
927
1,5062014
979
549
797
926
1,4702015
1,004
551
805
936
1,5062016
1,014
576
804
937
1,5312017
1,020
598
817
940
1,5172018
1,026
607
819
951
1,524Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year
Total, 16 years and older
16 to 24 years
25 years and olderTotal
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and olderTotal1979
$14.37
$11.29
$10.03
$13.01
$16.54
$16.83
$17.12
$16.70
$16.08
$10.451980
14.01
10.78
9.36
12.47
16.13
16.45
16.74
16.42
15.67
10.351981
13.70
10.56
9.52
12.26
15.93
16.20
16.49
15.98
15.45
10.431982
13.53
10.15
9.02
11.68
15.74
15.91
16.57
16.09
15.31
10.331983
13.44
9.81
8.68
11.27
15.75
15.62
16.61
16.18
15.41
10.581984
13.46
9.65
8.43
11.13
15.80
15.64
16.56
16.35
15.29
10.691985
13.46
9.51
8.19
11.03
15.74
15.45
16.72
16.45
15.42
10.581986
13.60
9.67
8.14
11.10
15.86
15.37
17.08
16.95
15.72
10.901987
13.71
9.72
8.07
11.04
15.81
15.23
16.82
16.65
15.72
10.761988
13.76
9.80
8.24
11.00
15.83
15.19
16.71
16.69
15.30
10.701989
13.71
9.71
8.27
11.08
15.57
14.98
16.78
16.51
15.33
10.631990
13.51
9.64
8.39
11.05
15.25
14.77
16.49
16.43
14.99
10.751991
13.51
9.48
8.45
10.81
15.28
14.49
16.52
16.41
14.76
10.701992
13.59
9.45
8.33
10.62
15.37
14.38
16.51
16.76
14.93
10.811993
13.50
9.45
8.23
10.55
15.35
14.19
16.48
16.91
15.27
10.961994
13.46
9.45
8.25
10.45
15.33
14.08
16.67
16.84
15.16
10.741995
13.42
9.52
8.28
10.54
15.37
14.30
16.45
16.63
15.11
10.921996
13.44
9.50
8.27
10.70
15.39
14.11
16.22
16.38
15.02
10.831997
13.69
9.62
8.62
10.81
15.45
14.15
16.21
16.59
15.23
10.781998
14.04
10.15
9.07
11.17
15.63
14.89
16.76
16.91
15.56
11.421999
14.42
10.39
9.20
11.71
15.84
15.10
16.67
17.14
15.70
11.652000
14.49
10.58
9.37
11.80
15.91
14.88
16.59
17.28
15.82
11.772001
14.50
10.94
9.62
11.92
16.22
15.18
17.03
17.31
16.17
12.132002
14.66
10.94
9.68
11.86
16.57
15.38
17.06
17.45
16.60
12.702003
14.84
10.81
9.48
11.85
16.48
15.39
17.05
17.74
16.68
12.572004
14.67
10.64
9.33
11.71
16.31
15.16
17.19
17.64
16.77
12.832005
14.42
10.40
9.09
11.48
16.08
15.15
16.89
17.37
16.69
12.802006
14.68
10.29
9.03
11.44
16.15
14.92
16.84
17.52
16.64
12.672007
14.50
10.50
9.19
11.72
15.97
14.62
16.91
17.46
16.64
12.582008
14.30
10.37
9.17
11.42
16.15
14.62
16.82
17.39
16.61
12.742009
14.60
10.45
9.30
11.47
16.33
14.79
17.12
17.43
17.25
13.492010
14.43
10.28
9.24
11.00
16.14
14.47
16.87
17.30
17.19
13.342011
14.22
10.03
9.02
10.75
15.79
14.22
16.59
16.78
16.86
13.642012
14.02
9.91
8.87
10.62
15.61
14.04
16.28
16.51
16.86
13.372013
13.96
9.89
8.84
10.62
15.66
13.91
16.18
16.38
16.87
13.472014
13.95
10.14
8.95
10.59
15.71
13.94
16.04
16.34
16.31
13.822015
14.25
10.45
9.38
10.75
15.81
14.42
16.08
16.80
16.87
13.872016
14.64
10.59
9.62
11.29
15.83
14.64
16.50
17.04
16.95
14.402017
14.99
10.94
10.03
11.63
16.03
15.19
16.50
17.13
17.23
14.672018
14.99
11.16
10.03
11.96
16.11
15.10
16.94
17.02
17.26
14.35Women1979
$11.72
$10.32
$9.81
$11.39
$12.62
$13.07
$12.85
$12.43
$12.14
$10.101980
11.48
10.03
9.13
11.02
12.33
12.91
12.47
12.30
11.86
9.831981
11.38
9.87
9.36
10.88
12.47
13.01
12.69
12.21
11.78
9.871982
11.55
9.47
8.90
10.50
12.58
13.01
12.73
12.41
12.03
9.851983
11.54
9.18
8.53
10.24
12.57
13.08
12.76
12.48
12.19
10.001984
11.48
9.08
8.29
10.07
12.66
12.93
12.96
12.73
12.17
10.091985
11.45
8.95
8.06
10.18
12.79
12.92
13.19
12.86
12.19
9.891986
11.69
9.01
8.00
10.33
13.05
13.05
13.44
13.14
12.61
10.371987
11.86
8.94
7.86
10.36
13.05
13.01
13.45
13.31
12.78
10.281988
11.94
9.16
8.00
10.33
13.17
13.01
13.82
13.48
12.43
10.471989
11.98
9.20
8.04
10.25
13.29
13.10
13.92
13.53
12.51
10.081990
12.04
9.25
8.13
10.41
13.21
13.10
13.78
13.38
12.58
10.191991
12.16
9.15
8.36
10.29
13.23
12.95
13.93
13.71
12.52
10.381992
12.25
9.08
8.26
10.16
13.47
13.12
14.07
13.98
12.68
10.511993
12.21
9.04
8.11
10.22
13.50
13.05
14.00
14.03
12.97
10.601994
12.18
8.94
8.12
10.05
13.53
13.08
14.18
14.22
13.14
10.491995
12.25
9.01
8.11
10.00
13.42
13.00
14.17
14.32
13.02
10.591996
12.37
9.09
8.14
10.02
13.49
12.90
14.22
14.30
12.91
10.321997
12.43
9.31
8.48
10.25
13.69
12.83
14.30
14.49
13.00
10.691998
12.70
9.63
8.92
10.69
14.09
13.58
14.91
15.09
13.66
11.131999
13.07
9.98
9.05
10.92
14.42
13.77
14.87
15.05
14.11
11.352000
13.25
10.23
9.11
11.40
14.46
14.17
14.66
14.88
14.39
11.512001
13.71
10.31
9.40
11.38
14.51
14.14
14.85
15.43
14.78
11.582002
13.85
10.43
9.52
11.36
15.00
14.17
15.38
15.66
15.14
12.232003
13.79
10.38
9.37
11.20
15.06
14.38
15.28
16.13
15.12
12.092004
13.56
10.28
9.15
11.09
14.97
14.16
15.27
15.93
15.43
12.212005
13.29
10.05
8.92
10.95
14.92
13.99
15.26
15.63
15.28
12.652006
13.30
9.98
8.88
11.01
14.82
13.82
15.04
15.31
15.13
12.452007
13.33
9.89
8.99
10.92
14.62
13.60
15.00
15.59
14.84
12.322008
13.44
9.86
9.02
10.71
14.60
13.71
15.08
15.39
15.20
12.322009
13.80
10.07
9.18
10.79
14.98
14.04
15.26
15.36
15.95
13.042010
13.66
9.95
9.13
10.48
14.87
13.90
15.15
15.59
15.80
12.912011
13.40
9.77
8.90
10.25
14.65
13.56
15.03
15.39
15.69
13.152012
13.13
9.62
8.78
10.04
14.42
13.31
14.74
15.12
15.73
12.972013
13.09
9.64
8.74
10.15
14.43
13.21
14.87
15.05
15.69
13.202014
12.93
9.70
8.80
10.37
14.33
13.00
14.86
15.01
15.06
13.242015
13.32
10.12
9.28
10.55
14.76
13.67
14.98
15.69
15.66
13.432016
13.61
10.46
9.49
10.72
14.88
13.68
15.43
15.66
15.79
13.622017
13.89
10.53
9.83
11.27
15.19
14.34
15.29
15.53
15.58
14.222018
14.06
10.93
9.91
11.68
15.04
14.64
15.22
15.20
15.62
13.77Men1979
$18.28
$12.62
$10.32
$15.02
$21.65
$20.65
$23.04
$22.98
$21.33
$11.521980
17.73
11.92
9.80
14.30
20.99
20.15
22.70
22.62
21.05
11.021981
17.47
11.46
9.68
13.59
20.69
19.49
22.07
22.58
20.96
11.201982
17.17
10.98
9.17
12.83
20.25
19.22
22.28
22.26
20.40
11.181983
16.63
10.53
8.82
12.14
19.98
18.61
22.16
22.02
21.01
11.421984
16.44
10.55
8.59
11.92
19.86
18.20
21.96
22.38
20.46
11.341985
16.36
10.45
8.37
11.67
19.75
17.86
21.88
22.25
20.18
11.141986
16.64
10.50
8.38
11.91
19.78
17.61
21.91
22.26
20.92
11.361987
16.46
10.40
8.37
12.03
19.41
17.50
21.40
21.69
20.59
11.271988
16.18
10.29
8.47
11.84
19.18
17.20
20.90
21.86
19.92
11.291989
15.88
10.14
8.61
11.80
19.04
16.78
20.76
21.33
19.61
11.571990
15.46
10.17
8.67
11.55
18.39
16.50
20.06
20.80
19.01
11.361991
15.48
10.05
8.54
11.23
17.98
16.11
19.78
21.10
18.16
11.211992
15.26
9.95
8.45
10.99
17.71
15.88
19.24
21.16
18.29
11.361993
15.20
9.86
8.35
10.86
17.46
15.61
19.14
20.84
18.80
11.511994
15.13
9.88
8.37
11.03
17.29
15.29
19.33
20.34
18.59
11.161995
15.16
9.92
8.44
11.20
17.62
15.53
19.52
20.23
18.24
11.251996
15.23
9.87
8.40
11.18
17.25
15.52
19.06
19.84
17.84
11.261997
15.38
10.09
8.78
11.24
17.37
15.52
18.89
20.03
18.45
10.891998
15.52
10.66
9.23
12.01
18.09
15.77
19.26
20.12
18.86
11.941999
15.60
10.77
9.35
12.15
18.15
16.40
19.33
20.70
18.47
11.892000
15.80
11.15
9.71
12.27
17.89
16.04
19.21
20.32
18.73
12.152001
16.10
11.39
9.82
12.69
18.32
16.47
19.80
20.27
18.42
12.802002
16.30
11.27
9.83
12.44
18.28
16.65
19.55
20.17
18.74
13.702003
16.27
11.14
9.60
12.31
18.13
16.43
19.33
20.42
19.27
13.392004
16.03
10.95
9.53
12.09
18.32
16.04
19.47
20.15
19.39
13.202005
15.67
10.85
9.29
11.86
17.93
15.68
19.18
19.50
19.06
12.942006
15.83
10.97
9.28
12.17
17.82
15.77
18.80
20.02
18.78
13.382007
15.72
11.08
9.43
12.09
17.90
15.57
18.41
19.60
18.75
13.362008
15.74
10.81
9.33
11.70
17.58
15.75
18.74
19.67
18.60
13.452009
16.15
10.82
9.45
11.73
17.69
15.49
18.90
19.94
18.88
14.082010
15.89
10.64
9.34
11.43
17.37
15.13
18.28
19.50
19.00
13.762011
15.44
10.32
9.13
11.07
16.90
14.74
17.93
18.88
19.09
14.372012
15.20
10.34
8.97
10.92
16.62
14.55
17.58
18.61
18.93
14.272013
15.12
10.44
9.04
10.80
16.49
14.49
17.51
18.54
18.66
13.912014
15.28
10.50
9.16
10.77
16.73
14.95
17.57
18.48
18.54
14.842015
15.56
10.64
9.51
11.28
16.82
15.03
17.48
18.61
19.08
15.012016
15.65
10.71
9.92
11.66
17.00
15.51
17.99
18.86
18.88
15.462017
15.57
11.26
10.12
12.17
17.42
15.52
18.33
19.20
19.06
15.302018
16.01
11.74
10.15
12.18
17.76
15.87
18.44
18.99
19.56
14.90Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year
Total,16 yearsandolder
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal1979
$14.37
$14.60
$13.30
-
$13.201980
14.01
14.19
12.91
-
12.911981
13.70
13.78
13.03
-
12.791982
13.53
13.71
12.68
-
12.561983
13.44
13.61
12.38
-
12.241984
13.46
13.63
12.38
-
12.171985
13.46
13.62
12.28
-
12.211986
13.60
13.77
12.72
-
12.391987
13.71
13.90
12.69
-
12.331988
13.76
13.93
12.58
-
12.171989
13.71
13.88
12.61
-
11.901990
13.51
13.70
12.73
-
11.741991
13.51
13.71
12.61
-
11.641992
13.59
13.77
12.43
-
11.711993
13.50
13.67
12.32
-
11.721994
13.46
13.63
12.25
-
11.651995
13.42
13.66
12.58
-
11.491996
13.44
13.71
12.42
-
11.471997
13.69
13.90
12.54
-
11.561998
14.04
14.23
12.95
-
12.221999
14.42
14.74
13.39
-
12.212000
14.49
14.56
13.65
$14.72
12.492001
14.50
14.59
13.91
15.29
12.892002
14.66
15.00
13.91
14.51
12.912003
14.84
15.01
13.89
15.21
13.352004
14.67
14.84
13.59
14.80
13.082005
14.42
14.79
13.11
15.48
12.822006
14.68
14.81
13.31
15.64
12.632007
14.50
14.66
13.22
14.83
12.432008
14.30
14.67
13.10
15.22
12.832009
14.60
14.86
13.66
15.45
12.962010
14.43
14.71
13.59
15.27
12.562011
14.22
14.44
13.19
14.93
12.362012
14.02
14.28
12.97
14.49
12.182013
13.96
14.20
12.85
14.71
12.152014
13.95
14.41
12.61
14.86
12.562015
14.25
14.71
12.79
15.05
12.772016
14.64
14.90
13.06
15.47
13.272017
14.99
15.26
13.22
15.43
13.482018
14.99
15.16
13.64
15.24
13.99Women1979
$11.72
$11.72
$11.49
-
$11.131980
11.48
11.51
11.28
-
10.991981
11.38
11.38
11.14
-
10.901982
11.55
11.55
11.25
-
10.851983
11.54
11.56
11.35
-
10.621984
11.48
11.50
11.25
-
10.741985
11.45
11.47
11.25
-
10.761986
11.69
11.73
11.34
-
10.961987
11.86
11.91
11.44
-
10.831988
11.94
11.98
11.47
-
10.801989
11.98
12.02
11.53
-
10.841990
12.04
12.07
11.64
-
10.841991
12.16
12.18
11.80
-
10.771992
12.25
12.31
11.69
-
10.861993
12.21
12.28
11.78
-
10.821994
12.18
12.34
11.65
-
10.761995
12.25
12.38
11.69
-
10.841996
12.37
12.46
11.52
-
10.831997
12.43
12.52
11.88
-
10.671998
12.70
12.85
12.19
-
11.141999
13.07
13.21
12.30
-
11.292000
13.25
13.29
12.95
$14.28
11.542001
13.71
13.84
13.02
14.32
11.782002
13.85
13.92
13.24
14.15
11.962003
13.79
13.83
13.56
14.61
12.152004
13.56
13.61
13.24
14.09
12.052005
13.29
13.53
12.80
15.00
11.832006
13.30
13.45
12.62
14.92
11.862007
13.33
13.42
12.68
14.36
11.892008
13.44
13.68
12.61
14.33
11.782009
13.80
13.88
12.92
14.87
11.842010
13.66
13.72
12.93
14.33
11.672011
13.40
13.48
12.62
14.32
11.472012
13.13
13.23
12.30
13.96
11.182013
13.09
13.19
12.46
14.08
11.332014
12.93
13.14
12.28
14.04
11.382015
13.32
13.59
12.41
14.63
11.752016
13.61
13.81
12.65
14.72
12.332017
13.89
14.21
12.86
14.58
12.392018
14.06
14.27
13.02
14.95
12.80Men1979
$18.28
$18.74
$15.83
-
$15.501980
17.73
18.11
15.06
-
14.621981
17.47
17.85
15.45
-
14.281982
17.17
17.49
14.96
-
14.361983
16.63
17.00
14.33
-
13.971984
16.44
16.77
14.23
-
13.951985
16.36
16.92
13.73
-
13.551986
16.64
17.06
14.41
-
13.571987
16.46
16.80
14.28
-
13.501988
16.18
16.48
14.19
-
13.311989
15.88
16.24
13.86
-
13.061990
15.46
15.98
13.78
-
12.601991
15.48
15.89
13.64
-
12.401992
15.26
15.65
13.42
-
12.311993
15.20
15.56
13.16
-
12.211994
15.13
15.48
13.31
-
12.051995
15.16
15.80
13.40
-
11.921996
15.23
15.66
13.09
-
12.191997
15.38
15.59
13.57
-
12.361998
15.52
15.71
14.03
-
12.721999
15.60
16.05
14.78
-
13.032000
15.80
16.01
14.59
$15.77
13.222001
16.10
16.51
14.48
16.84
13.762002
16.30
16.61
14.34
15.43
13.892003
16.27
16.46
14.79
16.27
13.722004
16.03
16.21
14.51
15.87
13.362005
15.67
16.07
14.05
16.43
13.132006
15.83
16.08
14.26
16.45
13.532007
15.72
16.04
14.04
16.04
13.432008
15.74
16.20
14.02
16.41
13.842009
16.15
16.37
14.40
16.44
13.992010
15.89
16.13
14.04
16.29
13.552011
15.44
15.68
13.49
15.94
13.212012
15.20
15.52
13.36
15.50
13.102013
15.12
15.38
13.13
15.38
12.952014
15.28
15.77
12.96
15.56
13.142015
15.56
15.83
13.43
15.77
13.702016
15.65
15.83
13.66
15.73
14.472017
15.57
16.18
13.67
17.06
14.722018
16.01
16.53
14.22
16.69
15.01Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year
Total,16 yearsand older
16 to 24 years
25 years and olderTotal
16 to 19years
20 to 24years
Total
25 to 34years
35 to 44years
45 to 54years
55 to 64years
65 yearsand olderTotal1979
$241
$172
$144
$186
$265
$255
$280
$276
$262
$1981980
262
187
154
200
286
276
302
298
285
2031981
284
200
161
213
308
296
326
320
309
2221982
302
208
164
220
327
311
354
345
325
2531983
313
211
164
223
343
321
370
367
346
2611984
326
217
169
231
362
335
389
385
366
2721985
344
224
174
240
379
349
406
400
381
2971986
359
232
178
248
391
360
419
416
397
2981987
374
243
186
259
403
373
435
429
405
3101988
385
249
196
266
414
383
450
453
419
3231989
399
259
204
276
427
394
472
472
431
3341990
412
269
209
285
449
407
486
489
457
3431991
426
277
213
291
467
415
498
507
469
3811992
440
276
212
290
479
422
503
522
483
3781993
459
282
214
297
491
436
517
542
492
3931994
467
286
221
300
500
439
537
566
501
3841995
479
292
231
306
510
451
550
582
514
3891996
490
298
240
312
520
463
559
594
535
3841997
503
306
252
321
540
481
579
607
558
3931998
523
319
268
339
572
502
597
620
592
4051999
549
341
281
363
592
518
611
652
604
4042000
576
361
297
383
609
549
625
669
620
4632001
596
375
305
394
630
576
657
693
638
4882002
608
381
305
399
646
591
668
706
674
5022003
620
387
311
402
662
594
687
723
708
5162004
638
390
309
406
683
604
713
743
725
5602005
651
397
318
411
696
610
731
748
742
5692006
671
409
324
423
718
621
748
773
765
5832007
695
424
337
450
738
643
769
790
803
6052008
722
443
349
467
761
666
804
822
825
6442009
739
442
344
464
774
678
817
838
841
6842010
747
432
347
454
782
682
824
844
860
6842011
756
440
352
457
797
693
837
866
881
7422012
768
444
356
464
815
707
858
878
897
7572013
776
454
373
472
827
708
874
883
904
8012014
791
477
378
491
839
726
881
899
911
8242015
809
487
389
501
860
735
900
923
927
8732016
832
501
405
513
885
751
934
955
952
8662017
860
519
424
540
907
773
964
977
974
9092018
886
548
449
576
932
808
986
1,002
994
944Women1979
$182
$154
$132
$161
$195
$199
$196
$192
$189
$1701980
201
167
145
175
213
218
214
209
205
1751981
219
180
154
191
233
239
238
225
222
1891982
239
192
158
201
255
258
258
252
245
2111983
252
198
158
207
268
272
272
264
257
2121984
265
203
162
213
283
285
292
279
270
2191985
277
211
166
221
296
296
307
292
285
2421986
291
219
170
231
308
306
319
308
296
2561987
303
227
172
242
321
316
337
324
308
2611988
315
235
184
251
335
327
354
339
317
2801989
328
246
197
260
351
340
370
357
333
2921990
346
254
198
269
369
356
390
377
348
3001991
366
266
205
280
387
371
407
398
363
3191992
380
267
205
280
400
382
418
417
376
3281993
393
273
205
289
415
395
435
440
395
3351994
399
276
211
290
421
397
448
450
398
3361995
406
275
215
291
428
403
453
464
403
3531996
418
284
223
298
444
415
463
481
420
3341997
431
292
240
306
462
427
482
495
433
3481998
456
305
249
319
485
451
498
516
476
3501999
473
324
266
343
497
470
503
534
492
3702000
493
344
283
366
516
493
521
564
508
3922001
512
353
288
375
543
512
547
587
536
3902002
529
367
295
385
568
530
571
602
574
4302003
552
371
299
387
584
546
590
609
601
4352004
573
375
293
391
599
561
608
625
615
4782005
585
381
304
396
612
573
621
644
639
4922006
600
395
305
413
627
583
645
659
658
5102007
614
409
318
426
646
597
668
677
679
5342008
638
420
322
445
670
623
682
707
711
5632009
657
424
323
445
687
634
709
712
727
6022010
669
422
336
439
704
648
731
730
736
6012011
684
421
328
438
718
662
734
744
749
6642012
691
416
330
429
727
666
747
746
766
6672013
706
423
350
442
740
665
767
761
779
6912014
719
451
357
468
752
679
781
780
780
7402015
726
450
364
468
761
690
804
799
784
7402016
749
486
388
500
784
705
839
836
812
7492017
770
499
402
514
810
724
860
855
856
7822018
789
522
421
546
830
750
876
876
853
811Men1979
$292
$196
$155
$211
$314
$295
$336
$338
$312
$2191980
313
208
162
224
339
314
367
367
345
2291981
340
218
168
237
372
340
397
396
377
2661982
364
225
170
244
393
358
422
419
399
3001983
379
223
168
242
407
371
442
444
416
3081984
392
231
174
250
422
382
471
470
439
3281985
407
241
183
258
443
394
487
489
467
3671986
419
246
186
264
463
402
499
506
484
3581987
434
257
196
275
477
412
510
520
495
3801988
449
262
205
279
487
421
517
549
509
3951989
468
271
209
290
500
434
542
569
521
3931990
481
282
218
298
512
449
560
591
546
4031991
493
285
219
300
523
458
576
612
563
4671992
501
284
218
297
536
466
581
634
579
4211993
510
288
221
303
555
476
596
653
586
4511994
522
294
228
307
576
479
617
671
603
4411995
538
303
244
315
588
490
624
685
623
4411996
557
307
251
321
599
499
632
698
643
4771997
579
317
262
338
615
515
651
713
669
4521998
598
334
281
357
639
544
677
732
699
4821999
618
356
291
379
668
577
702
763
725
4702000
641
375
306
395
693
598
728
771
735
5222001
670
391
319
408
720
617
754
799
760
5652002
679
391
312
410
732
627
759
807
802
5832003
695
398
321
412
744
628
775
834
827
6122004
713
400
318
417
762
639
804
857
843
6412005
722
409
330
422
771
644
822
853
855
6442006
743
418
348
435
797
661
836
897
902
6582007
766
443
357
472
823
687
873
909
933
6862008
798
461
369
481
857
704
915
944
943
7532009
819
458
356
479
873
715
916
967
965
7912010
824
443
355
468
874
714
915
954
979
7942011
832
455
370
470
886
717
935
979
997
8212012
854
468
373
482
910
738
957
994
1,005
8602013
860
479
390
492
912
744
956
994
1,011
9372014
871
493
392
507
922
755
964
1,011
1,021
9422015
895
510
407
522
947
770
983
1,040
1,064
1,0032016
915
512
419
523
969
794
1,007
1,075
1,102
9922017
941
547
459
570
996
821
1,062
1,103
1,098
1,0162018
973
575
471
592
1,026
862
1,101
1,137
1,137
1,050Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year
Total,16 yearsand older
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
HispanicorLatino ethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
6552018
886
916
694
1,095
680Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
6032018
789
817
654
937
617Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
6902018
973
1,002
735
1,241
720Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year
Total, 25 years and older
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college
Some college or associate degree
Bachelor's degree and higherTotal1979
$265
$210
$249
$282
$3441980
286
222
266
304
3761981
308
240
286
324
4071982
327
248
302
351
4381983
343
256
311
363
4611984
362
263
323
382
4861985
379
270
333
399
5061986
391
278
344
409
5251987
403
284
356
421
5641988
414
288
368
430
5851989
427
297
375
452
6091990
449
303
386
476
6381991
467
307
397
489
6661992
479
311
403
484
6961993
491
314
415
494
7151994
500
307
421
499
7331995
510
309
432
508
7471996
520
317
443
518
7581997
540
321
461
535
7791998
572
337
479
558
8211999
592
346
490
580
8602000
609
362
505
596
8912001
630
382
520
617
9212002
646
388
535
629
9412003
662
396
554
639
9642004
683
401
574
661
9862005
696
409
583
670
1,0132006
718
419
595
692
1,0392007
738
428
604
704
1,0722008
761
453
618
722
1,1152009
774
454
626
726
1,1372010
782
444
626
734
1,1442011
797
451
638
739
1,1502012
815
471
652
749
1,1652013
827
472
651
748
1,1942014
839
488
668
761
1,1932015
860
493
678
762
1,2302016
885
504
692
779
1,2592017
907
520
712
798
1,2792018
932
553
730
826
1,324Women1979
$195
$152
$185
$211
$2641980
213
164
201
231
2901981
233
175
217
255
3181982
255
184
236
274
3461983
268
195
246
288
3691984
283
200
259
305
3901985
296
202
268
317
4141986
308
208
277
330
4361987
321
214
288
347
4661988
335
221
298
360
4851989
351
231
304
379
5071990
369
240
315
395
5351991
387
250
328
409
5621992
400
256
337
407
5941993
415
263
347
422
6111994
421
257
351
423
6341995
428
262
356
427
6441996
444
268
365
442
6571997
462
275
378
459
6721998
485
283
396
476
7071999
497
290
405
488
7402000
516
304
420
505
7562001
543
316
443
520
7862002
568
325
458
543
8092003
584
329
474
560
8322004
599
334
488
577
8602005
612
341
493
587
8832006
627
358
500
602
9052007
646
369
512
609
9322008
670
378
520
628
9552009
687
382
542
630
9702010
704
388
543
638
9862011
718
395
554
645
9982012
727
386
561
659
1,0012013
740
400
573
657
1,0432014
752
409
578
661
1,0492015
761
418
586
664
1,0642016
784
423
599
688
1,1012017
810
447
610
700
1,1312018
830
469
616
717
1,145Men1979
$314
$252
$308
$329
$3961980
339
267
327
358
4271981
372
286
356
389
4751982
393
293
374
411
5031983
407
301
388
422
5181984
422
308
399
446
5621985
443
314
407
472
5901986
463
321
416
485
6181987
477
324
423
497
6531988
487
332
437
503
6791989
500
346
450
517
7051990
512
349
459
542
7411991
523
349
470
563
7641992
536
351
479
555
7911993
555
356
487
572
8061994
576
342
496
587
8261995
588
347
507
596
8451996
599
357
516
604
8741997
615
365
535
621
8961998
639
383
559
643
9391999
668
395
580
665
9772000
693
406
591
691
1,0202001
720
419
609
723
1,0672002
732
421
617
731
1,0902003
744
429
628
740
1,1312004
762
446
645
761
1,1432005
771
455
652
766
1,1672006
797
469
678
796
1,2052007
823
481
689
810
1,2432008
857
497
709
830
1,2852009
873
500
716
835
1,3272010
874
486
710
845
1,3302011
886
488
720
840
1,3322012
910
508
735
857
1,3712013
912
500
732
858
1,3952014
922
517
751
872
1,3852015
947
520
759
883
1,4202016
969
551
769
896
1,4642017
996
584
797
917
1,4812018
1,026
607
819
951
1,524Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year
Total,16 yearsandolder
16 to 24 years
25 years and olderTotal
16 to 19years
20 to 24years
Total
25 to 34years
35 to 44years
45 to 54years
55 to 64years
65 yearsandolderTotal1979
$4.44
$3.49
$3.10
$4.02
$5.11
$5.20
$5.29
$5.16
$4.97
$3.231980
4.82
3.71
3.22
4.29
5.55
5.66
5.76
5.65
5.39
3.561981
5.15
3.97
3.58
4.61
5.99
6.09
6.20
6.01
5.81
3.921982
5.40
4.05
3.60
4.66
6.28
6.35
6.61
6.42
6.11
4.121983
5.59
4.08
3.61
4.69
6.55
6.50
6.91
6.73
6.41
4.401984
5.83
4.18
3.65
4.82
6.84
6.77
7.17
7.08
6.62
4.631985
6.03
4.26
3.67
4.94
7.05
6.92
7.49
7.37
6.91
4.741986
6.20
4.41
3.71
5.06
7.23
7.01
7.79
7.73
7.17
4.971987
6.47
4.59
3.81
5.21
7.46
7.19
7.94
7.86
7.42
5.081988
6.73
4.79
4.03
5.38
7.74
7.43
8.17
8.16
7.48
5.231989
6.99
4.95
4.22
5.65
7.94
7.64
8.56
8.42
7.82
5.421990
7.23
5.16
4.49
5.91
8.16
7.90
8.82
8.79
8.02
5.751991
7.50
5.26
4.69
6.00
8.48
8.04
9.17
9.11
8.19
5.941992
7.72
5.37
4.73
6.03
8.73
8.17
9.38
9.52
8.48
6.141993
7.87
5.51
4.80
6.15
8.95
8.27
9.61
9.86
8.90
6.391994
8.01
5.62
4.91
6.22
9.12
8.38
9.92
10.02
9.02
6.391995
8.17
5.80
5.04
6.42
9.36
8.71
10.02
10.13
9.20
6.651996
8.40
5.94
5.17
6.69
9.62
8.82
10.14
10.24
9.39
6.771997
8.75
6.15
5.51
6.91
9.87
9.04
10.36
10.60
9.73
6.891998
9.10
6.58
5.88
7.24
10.13
9.65
10.86
10.96
10.08
7.401999
9.53
6.87
6.08
7.74
10.47
9.98
11.02
11.33
10.38
7.702000
9.91
7.24
6.41
8.07
10.88
10.18
11.35
11.82
10.82
8.052001
10.19
7.69
6.76
8.38
11.40
10.67
11.97
12.17
11.37
8.532002
10.47
7.81
6.91
8.47
11.83
10.98
12.18
12.46
11.85
9.072003
10.85
7.90
6.93
8.66
12.05
11.25
12.46
12.97
12.19
9.192004
11.00
7.98
7.00
8.78
12.23
11.37
12.89
13.23
12.58
9.622005
11.19
8.07
7.05
8.91
12.48
11.76
13.11
13.48
12.95
9.932006
11.76
8.24
7.23
9.16
12.94
11.95
13.49
14.03
13.33
10.152007
11.95
8.65
7.57
9.66
13.16
12.05
13.93
14.39
13.71
10.372008
12.23
8.87
7.84
9.76
13.81
12.50
14.38
14.87
14.20
10.892009
12.44
8.90
7.92
9.77
13.91
12.60
14.59
14.85
14.70
11.492010
12.50
8.90
8.00
9.53
13.98
12.53
14.61
14.98
14.89
11.552011
12.71
8.97
8.06
9.61
14.12
12.71
14.83
15.00
15.07
12.192012
12.80
9.05
8.10
9.70
14.25
12.82
14.86
15.07
15.39
12.212013
12.93
9.16
8.19
9.83
14.50
12.88
14.98
15.17
15.62
12.472014
13.14
9.55
8.43
9.98
14.80
13.13
15.11
15.39
15.36
13.022015
13.44
9.85
8.85
10.14
14.91
13.60
15.16
15.84
15.91
13.082016
14.00
10.12
9.20
10.79
15.13
14.00
15.77
16.29
16.20
13.772017
14.63
10.68
9.79
11.35
15.65
14.83
16.10
16.72
16.82
14.322018
14.99
11.16
10.03
11.96
16.11
15.10
16.94
17.02
17.26
14.35Women1979
$3.62
$3.19
$3.03
$3.52
$3.90
$4.04
$3.97
$3.84
$3.75
$3.121980
3.95
3.45
3.14
3.79
4.24
4.44
4.29
4.23
4.08
3.381981
4.28
3.71
3.52
4.09
4.69
4.89
4.77
4.59
4.43
3.711982
4.61
3.78
3.55
4.19
5.02
5.19
5.08
4.95
4.80
3.931983
4.80
3.82
3.55
4.26
5.23
5.44
5.31
5.19
5.07
4.161984
4.97
3.93
3.59
4.36
5.48
5.60
5.61
5.51
5.27
4.371985
5.13
4.01
3.61
4.56
5.73
5.79
5.91
5.76
5.46
4.431986
5.33
4.11
3.65
4.71
5.95
5.95
6.13
5.99
5.75
4.731987
5.60
4.22
3.71
4.89
6.16
6.14
6.35
6.28
6.03
4.851988
5.84
4.48
3.91
5.05
6.44
6.36
6.76
6.59
6.08
5.121989
6.11
4.69
4.10
5.23
6.78
6.68
7.10
6.90
6.38
5.141990
6.44
4.95
4.35
5.57
7.07
7.01
7.37
7.16
6.73
5.451991
6.75
5.08
4.64
5.71
7.34
7.19
7.73
7.61
6.95
5.761992
6.96
5.16
4.69
5.77
7.65
7.45
7.99
7.94
7.20
5.971993
7.12
5.27
4.73
5.96
7.87
7.61
8.16
8.18
7.56
6.181994
7.25
5.32
4.83
5.98
8.05
7.78
8.44
8.46
7.82
6.241995
7.46
5.49
4.94
6.09
8.17
7.92
8.63
8.72
7.93
6.451996
7.73
5.68
5.09
6.26
8.43
8.06
8.89
8.94
8.07
6.451997
7.94
5.95
5.42
6.55
8.75
8.20
9.14
9.26
8.31
6.831998
8.23
6.24
5.78
6.93
9.13
8.80
9.66
9.78
8.85
7.211999
8.64
6.60
5.98
7.22
9.53
9.10
9.83
9.95
9.33
7.502000
9.06
7.00
6.23
7.80
9.89
9.69
10.03
10.18
9.84
7.872001
9.64
7.25
6.61
8.00
10.20
9.94
10.44
10.85
10.39
8.142002
9.89
7.45
6.80
8.11
10.71
10.12
10.98
11.18
10.81
8.732003
10.08
7.59
6.85
8.19
11.01
10.51
11.17
11.79
11.05
8.842004
10.17
7.71
6.86
8.32
11.23
10.62
11.45
11.95
11.57
9.162005
10.31
7.80
6.92
8.50
11.58
10.86
11.84
12.13
11.86
9.822006
10.65
7.99
7.11
8.82
11.87
11.07
12.05
12.26
12.12
9.972007
10.98
8.15
7.41
9.00
12.05
11.21
12.36
12.85
12.23
10.152008
11.49
8.43
7.71
9.16
12.48
11.72
12.89
13.16
13.00
10.532009
11.76
8.58
7.82
9.19
12.76
11.96
13.00
13.09
13.59
11.112010
11.83
8.62
7.91
9.08
12.88
12.04
13.12
13.50
13.68
11.182011
11.98
8.73
7.96
9.16
13.10
12.12
13.44
13.76
14.03
11.762012
11.99
8.78
8.02
9.17
13.17
12.15
13.46
13.80
14.36
11.842013
12.12
8.93
8.09
9.40
13.36
12.23
13.77
13.94
14.53
12.222014
12.18
9.14
8.29
9.77
13.50
12.25
14.00
14.14
14.19
12.472015
12.56
9.54
8.75
9.95
13.92
12.89
14.13
14.80
14.77
12.662016
13.01
10.00
9.07
10.25
14.23
13.08
14.75
14.97
15.10
13.022017
13.56
10.28
9.59
11.00
14.83
14.00
14.92
15.16
15.21
13.882018
14.06
10.93
9.91
11.68
15.04
14.64
15.22
15.20
15.62
13.77Men1979
$5.65
$3.90
$3.19
$4.64
$6.69
$6.38
$7.12
$7.10
$6.59
$3.561980
6.10
4.10
3.37
4.92
7.22
6.93
7.81
7.78
7.24
3.791981
6.57
4.31
3.64
5.11
7.78
7.33
8.30
8.49
7.88
4.211982
6.85
4.38
3.66
5.12
8.08
7.67
8.89
8.88
8.14
4.461983
6.92
4.38
3.67
5.05
8.31
7.74
9.22
9.16
8.74
4.751984
7.12
4.57
3.72
5.16
8.60
7.88
9.51
9.69
8.86
4.911985
7.33
4.68
3.75
5.23
8.85
8.00
9.80
9.97
9.04
4.991986
7.59
4.79
3.82
5.43
9.02
8.03
9.99
10.15
9.54
5.181987
7.77
4.91
3.95
5.68
9.16
8.26
10.10
10.24
9.72
5.321988
7.91
5.03
4.14
5.79
9.38
8.41
10.22
10.69
9.74
5.521989
8.10
5.17
4.39
6.02
9.71
8.56
10.59
10.88
10.00
5.901990
8.27
5.44
4.64
6.18
9.84
8.83
10.73
11.13
10.17
6.081991
8.59
5.58
4.74
6.23
9.98
8.94
10.98
11.71
10.08
6.221992
8.67
5.65
4.80
6.24
10.06
9.02
10.93
12.02
10.39
6.451993
8.86
5.75
4.87
6.33
10.18
9.10
11.16
12.15
10.96
6.711994
9.00
5.88
4.98
6.56
10.29
9.10
11.50
12.10
11.06
6.641995
9.23
6.04
5.14
6.82
10.73
9.46
11.89
12.32
11.11
6.851996
9.52
6.17
5.25
6.99
10.78
9.70
11.91
12.40
11.15
7.041997
9.83
6.45
5.61
7.18
11.10
9.92
12.07
12.80
11.79
6.961998
10.06
6.91
5.98
7.78
11.72
10.22
12.48
13.04
12.22
7.741999
10.31
7.12
6.18
8.03
12.00
10.84
12.78
13.68
12.21
7.862000
10.81
7.63
6.64
8.39
12.24
10.97
13.14
13.90
12.81
8.312001
11.32
8.01
6.90
8.92
12.88
11.58
13.92
14.25
12.95
9.002002
11.64
8.05
7.02
8.88
13.05
11.89
13.96
14.40
13.38
9.782003
11.89
8.14
7.02
9.00
13.25
12.01
14.13
14.93
14.09
9.792004
12.02
8.21
7.15
9.07
13.74
12.03
14.60
15.11
14.54
9.902005
12.16
8.42
7.21
9.20
13.91
12.17
14.88
15.13
14.79
10.042006
12.68
8.79
7.43
9.75
14.27
12.63
15.06
16.04
15.04
10.722007
12.95
9.13
7.77
9.96
14.75
12.83
15.17
16.15
15.45
11.012008
13.46
9.24
7.98
10.00
15.03
13.47
16.02
16.82
15.90
11.502009
13.76
9.22
8.05
9.99
15.07
13.20
16.10
16.99
16.09
12.002010
13.76
9.21
8.09
9.90
15.04
13.10
15.83
16.89
16.45
11.922011
13.80
9.23
8.16
9.90
15.11
13.18
16.03
16.88
17.07
12.852012
13.88
9.44
8.19
9.97
15.17
13.28
16.05
16.99
17.28
13.032013
14.00
9.67
8.37
10.00
15.27
13.42
16.21
17.17
17.28
12.882014
14.39
9.89
8.63
10.15
15.76
14.08
16.55
17.41
17.46
13.982015
14.67
10.03
8.97
10.64
15.86
14.17
16.48
17.55
17.99
14.152016
14.96
10.24
9.48
11.15
16.25
14.83
17.20
18.03
18.05
14.782017
15.20
10.99
9.88
11.88
17.00
15.15
17.89
18.74
18.60
14.932018
16.01
11.74
10.15
12.18
17.76
15.87
18.44
18.99
19.56
14.90Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year
Total,16 yearsandolder
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal1979
$4.44
$4.51
$4.11
-
$4.081980
4.82
4.88
4.44
-
4.441981
5.15
5.18
4.90
-
4.811982
5.40
5.47
5.06
-
5.011983
5.59
5.66
5.15
-
5.091984
5.83
5.90
5.36
-
5.271985
6.03
6.10
5.50
-
5.471986
6.20
6.28
5.80
-
5.651987
6.47
6.56
5.99
-
5.821988
6.73
6.81
6.15
-
5.951989
6.99
7.08
6.43
-
6.071990
7.23
7.33
6.81
-
6.281991
7.50
7.61
7.00
-
6.461992
7.72
7.82
7.06
-
6.651993
7.87
7.97
7.18
-
6.831994
8.01
8.11
7.29
-
6.931995
8.17
8.32
7.66
-
7.001996
8.40
8.57
7.76
-
7.171997
8.75
8.88
8.01
-
7.391998
9.10
9.22
8.39
-
7.921999
9.53
9.74
8.85
-
8.072000
9.91
9.96
9.34
$10.07
8.542001
10.19
10.26
9.78
10.75
9.062002
10.47
10.71
9.93
10.36
9.222003
10.85
10.97
10.15
11.12
9.762004
11.00
11.13
10.19
11.10
9.812005
11.19
11.48
10.17
12.01
9.952006
11.76
11.86
10.66
12.53
10.122007
11.95
12.08
10.89
12.22
10.242008
12.23
12.54
11.20
13.01
10.972009
12.44
12.66
11.64
13.16
11.042010
12.50
12.74
11.77
13.22
10.882011
12.71
12.91
11.79
13.35
11.052012
12.80
13.04
11.84
13.23
11.122013
12.93
13.15
11.90
13.62
11.252014
13.14
13.57
11.88
14.00
11.832015
13.44
13.87
12.06
14.19
12.042016
14.00
14.24
12.49
14.79
12.692017
14.63
14.89
12.90
15.06
13.162018
14.99
15.16
13.64
15.24
13.99Women1979
$3.62
$3.62
$3.55
-
$3.441980
3.95
3.96
3.88
-
3.781981
4.28
4.28
4.19
-
4.101982
4.61
4.61
4.49
-
4.331983
4.80
4.81
4.72
-
4.421984
4.97
4.98
4.87
-
4.651985
5.13
5.14
5.04
-
4.821986
5.33
5.35
5.17
-
5.001987
5.60
5.62
5.40
-
5.111988
5.84
5.86
5.61
-
5.281989
6.11
6.13
5.88
-
5.531990
6.44
6.46
6.23
-
5.801991
6.75
6.76
6.55
-
5.981992
6.96
6.99
6.64
-
6.171993
7.12
7.16
6.87
-
6.311994
7.25
7.34
6.93
-
6.401995
7.46
7.54
7.12
-
6.601996
7.73
7.79
7.20
-
6.771997
7.94
8.00
7.59
-
6.821998
8.23
8.33
7.90
-
7.221999
8.64
8.73
8.13
-
7.462000
9.06
9.09
8.86
$9.77
7.892001
9.64
9.73
9.15
10.07
8.282002
9.89
9.94
9.45
10.10
8.542003
10.08
10.11
9.91
10.68
8.882004
10.17
10.21
9.93
10.57
9.042005
10.31
10.50
9.93
11.64
9.182006
10.65
10.77
10.11
11.95
9.502007
10.98
11.06
10.45
11.83
9.802008
11.49
11.70
10.78
12.25
10.072009
11.76
11.83
11.01
12.67
10.092010
11.83
11.88
11.20
12.41
10.112011
11.98
12.05
11.28
12.80
10.252012
11.99
12.08
11.23
12.75
10.212013
12.12
12.21
11.54
13.04
10.492014
12.18
12.38
11.57
13.23
10.722015
12.56
12.82
11.70
13.80
11.082016
13.01
13.20
12.09
14.07
11.792017
13.56
13.87
12.55
14.23
12.092018
14.06
14.27
13.02
14.95
12.80Men1979
$5.65
$5.79
$4.89
-
$4.791980
6.10
6.23
5.18
-
5.031981
6.57
6.71
5.81
-
5.371982
6.85
6.98
5.97
-
5.731983
6.92
7.07
5.96
-
5.811984
7.12
7.26
6.16
-
6.041985
7.33
7.58
6.15
-
6.071986
7.59
7.78
6.57
-
6.191987
7.77
7.93
6.74
-
6.371988
7.91
8.06
6.94
-
6.511989
8.10
8.28
7.07
-
6.661990
8.27
8.55
7.37
-
6.741991
8.59
8.82
7.57
-
6.881992
8.67
8.89
7.62
-
6.991993
8.86
9.07
7.67
-
7.121994
9.00
9.21
7.92
-
7.171995
9.23
9.62
8.16
-
7.261996
9.52
9.79
8.18
-
7.621997
9.83
9.96
8.67
-
7.901998
10.06
10.18
9.09
-
8.241999
10.31
10.61
9.77
-
8.612000
10.81
10.95
9.98
$10.79
9.042001
11.32
11.61
10.18
11.84
9.672002
11.64
11.86
10.24
11.02
9.922003
11.89
12.03
10.81
11.89
10.032004
12.02
12.16
10.88
11.90
10.022005
12.16
12.47
10.90
12.75
10.192006
12.68
12.88
11.42
13.18
10.842007
12.95
13.22
11.57
13.22
11.072008
13.46
13.85
11.99
14.03
11.832009
13.76
13.95
12.27
14.01
11.922010
13.76
13.97
12.16
14.11
11.732011
13.80
14.02
12.06
14.25
11.812012
13.88
14.17
12.20
14.15
11.962013
14.00
14.24
12.16
14.24
11.992014
14.39
14.86
12.21
14.66
12.382015
14.67
14.93
12.66
14.87
12.922016
14.96
15.13
13.06
15.04
13.832017
15.20
15.79
13.34
16.65
14.372018
16.01
16.53
14.22
16.69
15.01Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households representing all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey data on earnings are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from the data presented in this report.
The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can help explain earnings differences. This includes the direct comparisons of earnings levels among demographic groups and the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios shown in the tables (that is, women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s). For example, the overall ratio of women’s-to-men’s earnings for full-time workers presented here is not controlled for differences in important determinants of earnings such as age, occupation, and educational attainment. The earnings comparisons in this report are not restricted to workers with otherwise comparable characteristics and comparable jobs. Even controlling for one of the factors may not fully explain earnings differences. Comparisons of women’s and men’s earnings by detailed occupation, for example, are not simultaneously controlled for differences in key factors such as age, job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be used without permission. Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice telephone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.
Concepts and definitions
The principal concepts and definitions used in this report are described briefly below.
*Wage and salary workers* are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the public and private sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
*Full-time workers* are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.
*Part-time workers*are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.
*Usual weekly earnings* reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Before 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
*The median of usual weekly earnings* reflects the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other half having earnings below the median.
The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.
Changes over time in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall median boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly are as follows:
There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the median earnings of 16- to 24-year olds and the median earnings of those 25 years and older may rise, but if the lower earning 16- to 24-age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall.
There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a median boundary. This change could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, such as $700 or $800. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Consider, for example, the calculation of the median for a multipeaked earnings distribution that shifts over time. As such a distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported earnings interval, but once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians and in ratios of the medians.Workers paid by the hour are employed wage and salary workers who report that they are paid at an hourly rate on their job. Typically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up around 60 percent of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.
*Hourly earnings* data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and pertain to earnings from a person’s sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.
*Workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage* include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage.
The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when in fact they earn the minimum wage.
Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws.
The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.
Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in 1979. The prevailing federal minimum wage from 1979 to the present is as follows, with the last change occurring in 2009.
**Federal minimum wage**
**Effective date**$2.90
January 1, 1979$3.10
January 1, 1980$3.35
January 1, 1981$3.80
April 1, 1990$4.25
April 1, 1991$4.75
October 1, 1996$5.15
September 1, 1997$5.85
July 24, 2007$6.55
July 24, 2008$7.25
July 24, 2009When the minimum wage has increased during a given year, the annual average estimates of the number of minimum wage workers reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. For example, data for 2007 reflect the number of workers who earned the federal minimum wage of $5.15 for January to July and the number of workers who earned the minimum wage of $5.85 for August to December.
*Race* is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people of Two or More Races identified one group as their main race. For more information on the 2003 changes to questions on race, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003.” Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of acceptable reliability.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity* refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.
*Married, spouse present* refers to people in opposite-sex marriages living together in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or for other reasons.
*Other marital status* refers to people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages. Separated includes people with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord. Married, spouse absent, includes opposite-sex married people living apart because either the husband or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason except those listed in the separated definition above.
*Inflation-adjusted earnings* shown in this report use the Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) to convert current dollars to constant, or inflation-adjusted, dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the years. Although these improvements make the CPI more accurate, the histories of official CPI series are not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many researchers need a historical series that measures price change consistently over time, BLS developed the CPI-U-RS to provide an estimate of the CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see the CPI research series webpage.
This report uses the most recent version of the CPI-U-RS available at the time of production. Users should note that the CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the inflation-adjusted median earnings estimates in this report may differ from the rate used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.
Reliability
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.645 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
Readers should be aware that because of sampling error, apparent differences between estimates for two or more groups or categories may not be statistically significant, and therefore not meaningfully different from one another. Standard errors are shown with many of the median earnings estimates in this report to help readers evaluate differences in earnings estimates.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information on all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. Further information about the reliability of data from the CPS is available on the CPS Technical Documentation page of the BLS website.
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