### Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Writers and Authors Summary
                        
            
                                                        
                                                                
                        
            
            
            
                            
                                                
                                                
                                                
                                                
            						
							
				                                                
                                            




            			writers and authors imageWriters and authors develop written content.							
						Quick Facts:     Writers and Authors2023     Median Pay
            						$73,690     per year
										$35.43     per hourTypical Entry-Level Education
                                    Bachelor's degreeWork Experience in a Related Occupation
                                    NoneOn-the-job Training
                                    Long-term on-the-job trainingNumber of Jobs, 2022
                                    151,200Job Outlook, 2022-32
                                    4% (As fast as average)Employment Change, 2022-32
                                    5,600What Writers and Authors Do
                                                
                        
                        
Writers and authors develop written content for various types of media.
            
                        Work Environment
                        
Writers and authors may work anywhere they have access to a computer. Many writers and authors are self-employed.
            
                                                How to Become a Writer or Author
                                                
                        
A college degree in English, communications, or journalism is generally required for a full-time position as a writer or author. Experience gained through internships or any writing that improves skill, such as blogging, is beneficial.
            
                        Pay
                        												                            																				    														The median annual wage for writers and authors was $73,690 in May 2023.									                                					
						
            
                        Job Outlook
                        						
												Employment							of writers and authors is projected to grow							 4 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
						About 15,500 openings for writers and authors are projected each year, on average, over the decade.
            			
            			 Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
						State & Area Data
                       Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for writers and authors.
            
            
						
                        Similar Occupations
                        
                                                    Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of writers and authors with similar occupations.
            
            
                        More Information, Including Links to O*NET
                        
                                               
                        Learn more about writers and authors by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
 What Writers and Authors Do 
            

			Writers and authorsWriters and authors perform research in order to give their stories authentic detail.			
Writers and authors develop content for various types of media, including advertisements; blogs; books; magazines; and movie, play, and television scripts.
Duties
Writers and authors typically do the following:
Choose subjects that interests readers
Write fiction or nonfiction scripts, biographies, and other formats
Conduct research to get factual information and authentic detail
Write advertising copy for newspapers, magazines, broadcasts, and the Internet
Present drafts to editors and clients for feedback
Work with editors and clients to shape material for publishingWriters must establish their credibility with editors and readers through clean prose, strong research, and the use of sources and citations. Writers and authors select the material they want to use and then convey the information to readers. With help from editors, they may revise or rewrite sections, searching for the clearest language and phrasing.
Some writers and authors are self-employed or freelancers. They sell their written content to book and magazine publishers; news organizations; advertising agencies; and movie, theater, and television producers. They may be hired to complete specific short-term or recurring assignments, such as writing a newspaper column, contributing to a series of articles in a magazine, or producing an organization’s newsletter.
A number of writers produce material that is published only online, such as for digital news organizations or blogs.
The following are examples of types of writers and authors:
***Biographers*** write a thorough account of a person’s life. They gather information from interviews and research about the person to accurately describe important life events.
***Bloggers***write posts to a Web log (blog) that may pertain to any topic or a specific field, such as fashion, news, or sports.
***Content writers*** write about any topic of interest, unlike writers who usually specialize in a given field.
***Copywriters*** prepare advertisements to promote the sale of a good or service. They often work with a client to produce written content, such as an advertising slogan.
***Novelists*** write books of fiction, creating characters and plots that may be imaginary or based on real events.
***Playwrights*** write scripts for theatrical productions. They come up with a concept, write lines for actors to say, produce stage direction for actors to follow, and suggest ideas for theatrical set design.
***Screenwriters*** create scripts for movies and television. They may produce original stories, characters, and dialogue, or adapt a book into a movie or television script.
***Speechwriters***compose orations for business leaders, politicians, and others who must speak in front of an audience. Because speeches are often delivered live, speechwriters must think about audience reaction and rhetorical effect.
 Work Environment
			writers and authors imageWriters and authors may work in an office or wherever they have access to a computer.			

	    
				
	
	
	
	
	
	
	    					 Writers and authors held about 151,200 jobs in 2022. The largest employers of writers and authors were as follows:
        Self-employed workers
                62%Professional, scientific, and technical services
                12Information
                10Educational services; state, local, and private
                2Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations
                2Writers and authors may work anywhere they have access to a computer.
Jobs are somewhat concentrated in major media and entertainment markets—California, New York, Texas, and Washington, DC—but improved communications and Internet capabilities allow writers and authors to work from almost anywhere. Some writers and authors prefer to work and travel to meet with publishers and clients and to do research or conduct interviews in person.
Work Schedules
Some writers and authors work part time. Most keep regular office hours, either to stay in contact with sources and editors or to set up a writing routine, but many set their own hours. Others may need to work evenings and weekends to produce something acceptable for an editor or client. Self-employed or freelance writers and authors may face the pressures of juggling multiple projects or continually looking for new work.
 How to Become a Writer or Author

			writers and authors imageWriters and authors may have to manage multiple assignments simultaneously.			
A college degree in English, communications, or journalism is generally required for a salaried position as a writer or author. Experience gained through internships or any writing that improves skill, such as blogging, is beneficial.
Education
Writers and authors typically need a bachelor's degree in English or a related field, such as communications or journalism.
Other Work Experience
Writers and authors can get job experience by working for high school and college newspapers, magazines, radio and television stations, advertising and publishing companies, or nonprofit organizations. College theater programs offer playwrights an opportunity to have their work performed. Many magazines and newspapers also have internships for students. Interns may write stories, conduct research and interviews, and gain related experience.
Employers may prefer candidates who are able to create a visual story using tables, charts, infographics, and maps. Knowledge of computer software and editing tools that combine text with graphics, audio, video, and animation may be helpful.
In addition, anyone with Internet access can start a blog and gain writing experience. Some of this writing may lead to paid assignments regardless of education. Writers or authors can come from different backgrounds and experiences.
Training
Writers and authors typically gain writing experience through on-the-job training. They may practice and work with more experienced writers and editors before their writing is ready for publication.
Writers may need formal training or experience related to a particular topic that they want to write about.
Advancement
Writers and authors can get a start by putting their name on their work when writing for small businesses, local newspapers, advertising agencies, and nonprofit organizations. However, opportunities for advancement within these organizations may be limited.
Writers and authors may advance their careers by building a reputation, taking on complex writing assignments, and getting published in prestigious markets and publications. Having published work that has been well received and consistently meeting deadlines are important for advancement.
Many editors begin work as writers. Those who are particularly skilled at identifying stories, correcting writing style, and interacting with writers may be interested in editing jobs.
Important Qualities
***Adaptability.*** Writers and authors need to be able to adapt to updates in software platforms and programs, including various *content management systems* (CMS).
***Creativity.*** Writers and authors must be able to develop interesting plots, characters, or ideas for new stories.
***Critical-thinking skills.*** Writers and authors must be adept at understanding new concepts that they convey through writing.
***Determination.*** Writers and authors must have drive and persevere to meet deadlines.
***Persuasion.*** Writers, especially those in advertising, must be able to convince others to feel a certain way about a good or service.
***Social perceptiveness.*** Writers and authors must understand how readers react to ideas to connect with their audience.
***Writing skills.*****Writers and authors must be able to write clearly and effectively to convey feeling and emotion and to communicate with readers.
 Pay

			



	
 
                                                     
            
    
                Writers and AuthorsMedian annual wages, May 2023Writers and authors$73,690  Media and communication workers$66,320  Total, all occupations$48,060Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
 

	
	



		
	
	
	
The median annual wage for writers and authors was $73,690 in May 2023. 


The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $40,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $148,240.





		
	    					 In May 2023, the median annual wages for writers and authors in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:	
        Information
                $77,520Professional, scientific, and technical services
                70,310Educational services; state, local, and private
                66,060Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations
                61,140Some writers and authors work part time. Most keep regular office hours, either to stay in contact with sources and editors or to set up a writing routine, but many set their own hours. Others may need to work evenings and weekends to produce something acceptable for an editor or client. Self-employed or freelance writers and authors may face the pressures of juggling multiple projects or continually looking for new work.
 Job Outlook

   
        
    
          
        
    
               Writers and AuthorsPercent change in employment, projected 2022-32Writers and authors4%  Media and communication workers3%  Total, all occupations3%Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
            
            
			 
	
	
	

			Employment				of writers and authors is projected to grow				 4 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
			
			About 15,500 openings for writers and authors are projected each year, on average, over the decade.
			
			 Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
			Employment
	
			
As traditional print publications lose ground to other media forms, writers and authors are shifting their focus to online media, which should result in some employment growth for these workers. In addition, the continued rise in self-publishing may lead to increased employment of writers and authors.
			

                        Employment projections data for     writers and authors, 2022-32
                Occupational Title
                        SOC Code
                        Employment, 2022
                        Projected Employment, 2032
                        Change, 2022-32
                        Employment by IndustryPercent
                        NumericSOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program**Writers and authors**
			27-3043
			151,200
			156,800
			4
			5,600
			Get data
 State & Area Data **Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)** The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OES data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Writers and authors **Projections Central** Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved. **CareerOneStop** CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.
 Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of writers and authors. Occupation
                Job Duties
                ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
                2023     MEDIAN PAY**Announcers and DJs**
            Announcers present news and sports or may interview guests on media such as radio and television. Disc jockeys (DJs) act as masters of ceremonies (emcees) or play recorded music at weddings, parties, or clubs.
            See How to Become One
            The annual wage is not available.**Editors**
            Editors plan, review, and revise content for publication.
            Bachelor's degree
            $75,020**Public Relations and Fundraising Managers**
            Public relations managers direct the creation of materials that will enhance the public image of their employer or client. Fundraising managers coordinate campaigns that bring in donations for their organization.
            Bachelor's degree
            $130,480**Public Relations Specialists**
            Public relations specialists create and maintain a positive public image for the clients they represent.
            Bachelor's degree
            $66,750**News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists**
            News analysts, reporters, and journalists keep the public updated about current events and noteworthy information.
            Bachelor's degree
            $57,500**Technical Writers**
            Technical writers prepare instruction manuals, how-to guides, journal articles, and other supporting documents to communicate complex and technical information more easily.
            Bachelor's degree
            $80,050
 Contacts for More Information
								
For more information about writers and authors, visit
American Society of Journalists and Authors
Association of Writers & Writing Programs
National Association of Science Writers
Society of Professional Journalists
Writers Guild of America East


                                                
                                                        
                                                                                                    O*NET
                                        Poets, Lyricists and Creative WritersWriters and Authors
 Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.  Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Writers and Authors, 
        	 at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/media-and-communication/writers-and-authors.htm (visited *May 17, 2024*).
 **Last Modified Date:**
                        Wednesday, April 17, 2024


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