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August 2018 
                    Report 1076

				 
			















































																						



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by...Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational...Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or...Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race,...Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest...Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...
                          Technical Notes
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     Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2017
Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2017 imageIn 2017, the overall unemployment rate for the United States was 4.4 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, the unemployment rates were higher than the national rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (7.8 percent), Blacks or African Americans (7.5 percent), people categorized as being of Two or More Races (6.7 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (6.1 percent). Jobless rates were lower than the national rate for Asians (3.4 percent) and Whites (3.8 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 5.1 percent, was higher than the 4.2-percent rate for non-Hispanics.Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables.The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2017.**Composition of the labor force**By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders consisted of less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 23 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (16 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—16 percent—were classified as Other Asian, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2).Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 5 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans—including Salvadorans and Other Central Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up another 10 percent. Nine percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 8 percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos, a category that includes two subcategories: Dominicans and Other Hispanics or Latinos (excluding Dominicans).Labor force participationAmong the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (67.0 percent), people of Two or More Races (66.9 percent), and Hispanics (66.1 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates, and American Indians and Alaska Natives (60.3 percent) and Blacks (62.3 percent) had the lowest rates. The participation rates for Whites and Asians were 62.8 percent and 63.6 percent, respectively. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4a, and chart 1.)View Chart DataChart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averagesRacePercentTotal62.9White62.8Black or African American62.3Asian63.6American Indian and Alaska Native60.3Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander67.0Two or More Races66.9Hispanic or Latino66.1Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.5 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (68.1 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (75.0 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among adult women (age 20 and older), Blacks (62.5 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than Hispanics (58.9 percent), Asians (58.3 percent), and Whites (57.6 percent). (See table 3.)**Employment**The employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.6 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 62.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 57.6 percent for Blacks, 60.4 percent for Whites, 61.5 percent for Asians, 62.4 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, and 62.7 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5a.)Among adult men (ages 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.1 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks (63.1 percent) had the lowest, continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.6 percent and 69.3 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 58.5 percent for Blacks, 56.4 percent for Asians, 55.8 percent for Hispanics, and 55.6 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)The employment–population ratio among teenagers (age 16 to 19) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (32.3 percent) was about 12 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (20.8 percent) and about 10 percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (22.8 percent). The ratio for Hispanic teens was 27.1 percent.**Educational attainment**Among people age 25 and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent for each of Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 75 percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at least a high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 61 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 40 percent of Whites, 30 percent of Blacks, and 20 percent of Hispanics (as computed from table 6 and chart 2).View Chart DataChart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averagesEducational attainmentHispanic or LatinoAsianBlack or African AmericanWhiteLess than a high school diploma25677High school graduates, no college31173126Some college, no degree1592116Associate's degree971211Bachelor's degree and higher20613040Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were generally lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)Individuals with higher levels of education typically are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of those ages 25 and older increased with educational attainment for all major race and ethnicity groups. Blacks and Hispanics with a bachelor’s degree and higher had lower earnings than their Asian and White counterparts. (See table 17.)**Occupation**Fifty-two percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 31 percent of employed Blacks, and 23 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)View Chart DataChart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averagesOccupationWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or LatinoProduction, transportation, and material moving11.116.010.015.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance10.35.63.316.8Sales and office21.923.417.920.6Service16.224.216.824.8Management, professional, and related40.630.852.022.5Among employed men, 54 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 37 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas 13 percent of employed Asian and White men, respectively, worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-eight percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 11 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men.Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 50 percent of Asian women, compared with 45 percent of White women, 36 percent of Black women, and 28 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 61 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 56 percent of Blacks, 49 percent of Whites, and 43 percent of Asians.Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (53 percent); miscellaneous agricultural workers (51 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (34 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (32 percent); and taxi drivers and chauffeurs (28 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (62 percent), software developers (32 percent), and physicians and surgeons (18 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 95 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 90 percent of construction managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)**Industry**Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (20 percent) than were Whites (13 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent). Twenty percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black men (12 percent). A large share of employed women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (40 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 9.)**Families and parents**Eighty-nine percent of Asian families and 87 percent of Hispanic families had an employed person. By contrast, White and Black families were less likely to have an employed person: 80 percent and 79 percent, respectively. (See table 10.)Families maintained by women (without a spouse present) accounted for 43 percent of Black families, 24 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 76 percent of Black families, 77 percent of White families, and 79 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women without a spouse present were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member.Among mothers with children under 18, Black mothers (78.4 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than White (70.5 percent), Asian (65.0 percent), or Hispanic (61.9 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 were more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.7 percent for Whites, 93.1 percent for Hispanics, 93.1 percent for Asians, and 87.3 percent for Blacks.**Unemployment**Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (7.8 percent) and Blacks (7.5 percent) had the highest unemployment rates, and the rate was lowest for Asians (3.4 percent). The jobless rates were 3.8 percent for Whites, 6.1 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 6.7 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, and 5.1 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12a, and charts 4 and 5.)View Chart DataChart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averagesRacePercentTotal4.4White3.8Black or African American7.5Asian3.4American Indian and Alaska Native7.8Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander6.1Two or More Races6.7Hispanic or Latino5.1View Chart DataChart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2017 annual averagesYearBlack or African AmericanWhiteHispanic or LatinoAsian19739.44.37.5197410.55.08.1197514.87.812.2197614.07.011.5197714.06.210.1197812.85.29.1197912.35.18.3198014.36.310.1198115.66.710.4198218.98.613.8198319.58.413.7198415.96.510.7198515.16.210.5198614.56.010.6198713.05.38.8198811.74.78.2198911.44.58.0199011.44.88.2199112.56.110.0199214.26.611.6199313.06.110.8199411.55.39.9199510.44.99.3199610.54.78.9199710.04.27.719988.93.97.219998.03.76.420007.63.55.73.620018.64.26.64.5200210.25.17.55.9200310.85.27.76.0200410.44.87.04.4200510.04.46.04.020068.94.05.23.020078.34.15.63.2200810.15.27.64.0200914.88.512.17.3201016.08.712.57.5201115.87.911.57.0201213.87.210.35.9201313.16.59.15.2201411.35.37.45.020159.64.66.63.820168.44.35.83.620177.53.85.13.4Among the major race and ethnicity groups, the jobless rates for adult Black men and adult Black women (age 20 and older) were 7.2 percent and 6.5 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 4.2 percent, and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 5.3 percent. In comparison, the jobless rates for both adult White men and adult White women were 3.5 percent. For both adult Asian men and adult Asian women, the unemployment rate was 3.2 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 24.0 percent. The unemployment rates for Hispanic, White, and Asian teenagers were 15.0 percent, 12.2 percent, and 11.5 percent, respectively.Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 13.1 weeks and 11.5 weeks, respectively, whereas the figure for Whites was 9.3 weeks and Hispanics, 8.9 weeks. (See table 13.)Of the 7.0 million unemployed, 49 percent (3.4 million) were job losers (that is, workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (30 percent), job leavers (11 percent), and new entrants (10 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, 51 percent of Whites and 50 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 47 percent of Blacks and 42 percent of Asians. Fifteen percent of unemployed Asians, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, 11 percent of unemployed Hispanics, and 9 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)**Not in the labor force**As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, but 22 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force, wanted to work and were available to work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 78 percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (27 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)**Earnings**Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2017 were $655 for Hispanics, $682 for Blacks, $890 for Whites, and $1,043 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for Whites ($971), Blacks ($710), and Hispanics ($690) were 80 percent, 59 percent, and 57 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asians ($1,207). The median earnings of White women ($795), Black women ($657), and Hispanic women ($603) were 88 percent, 73 percent, and 67 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($903). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,662) and White men ($1,458) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group) were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,166) and Black men ($1,099) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $515 for Asians, $505 for Whites, $484 for Blacks, and $475 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                        


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Gender and race
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
255,079
160,320
62.9
153,337
60.1
6,982
4.4
94,759Men
123,275
85,145
69.1
81,402
66.0
3,743
4.4
38,130Women
131,804
75,175
57.0
71,936
54.6
3,239
4.3
56,629White
198,942
124,941
62.8
120,176
60.4
4,765
3.8
74,001Men
97,225
67,592
69.5
65,000
66.9
2,592
3.8
29,633Women
101,717
57,349
56.4
55,176
54.2
2,173
3.8
44,368Black
32,247
20,088
62.3
18,587
57.6
1,501
7.5
12,159Men
14,712
9,508
64.6
8,742
59.4
766
8.1
5,204Women
17,535
10,580
60.3
9,845
56.1
735
6.9
6,955Asian
15,368
9,781
63.6
9,448
61.5
333
3.4
5,587Men
7,181
5,166
71.9
4,989
69.5
177
3.4
2,015Women
8,187
4,615
56.4
4,458
54.5
156
3.4
3,572American Indian and Alaska Native
2,882
1,737
60.3
1,601
55.6
136
7.8
1,145Men
1,423
937
65.8
858
60.3
79
8.5
486Women
1,460
800
54.8
744
50.9
57
7.1
660Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
931
624
67.0
586
62.9
38
6.1
307Men
456
331
72.6
313
68.7
18
5.4
125Women
475
293
61.7
273
57.4
20
7.0
182Two or More Races
4,708
3,148
66.9
2,939
62.4
210
6.7
1,560Men
2,278
1,611
70.7
1,500
65.8
111
6.9
668Women
2,430
1,538
63.3
1,439
59.2
99
6.4
892Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
255,079
160,320
62.9
153,337
60.1
6,982
4.4
94,759Men
123,275
85,145
69.1
81,402
66.0
3,743
4.4
38,130Women
131,804
75,175
57.0
71,936
54.6
3,239
4.3
56,629Asian
15,368
9,781
63.6
9,448
61.5
333
3.4
5,587Men
7,181
5,166
71.9
4,989
69.5
177
3.4
2,015Women
8,187
4,615
56.4
4,458
54.5
156
3.4
3,572Asian Indian
3,297
2,255
68.4
2,182
66.2
73
3.3
1,041Chinese
3,497
2,103
60.1
2,036
58.2
66
3.1
1,394Filipino
2,323
1,541
66.3
1,496
64.4
45
2.9
782Japanese
896
497
55.4
484
54.0
13
2.5
400Korean
1,248
770
61.7
750
60.1
21
2.7
477Vietnamese
1,595
1,030
64.6
992
62.2
38
3.7
565Other Asian
2,513
1,585
63.1
1,508
60.0
77
4.9
928Hispanic or Latino
41,371
27,339
66.1
25,938
62.7
1,401
5.1
14,032Men
20,578
15,604
75.8
14,874
72.3
730
4.7
4,974Women
20,794
11,735
56.4
11,064
53.2
671
5.7
9,058Mexican
25,455
16,808
66.0
15,958
62.7
849
5.1
8,647Men
12,918
9,908
76.7
9,453
73.2
455
4.6
3,010Women
12,537
6,899
55.0
6,505
51.9
394
5.7
5,638Puerto Rican
3,902
2,409
61.7
2,265
58.1
144
6.0
1,493Men
1,866
1,245
66.7
1,162
62.3
82
6.6
621Women
2,036
1,164
57.2
1,103
54.2
62
5.3
872Cuban
1,723
1,063
61.7
1,019
59.2
43
4.1
660Men
834
600
71.9
579
69.4
21
3.4
234Women
888
463
52.1
440
49.5
23
4.9
426Central American
3,875
2,765
71.4
2,645
68.3
120
4.3
1,109Men
1,956
1,617
82.7
1,563
79.9
54
3.4
339Women
1,918
1,148
59.8
1,082
56.4
66
5.7
771Salvadoran
1,530
1,105
72.2
1,058
69.2
46
4.2
425Men
763
633
82.9
607
79.5
26
4.1
131Women
766
472
61.6
451
58.9
21
4.4
294Other Central American(1)
2,345
1,661
70.8
1,587
67.7
74
4.5
684Men
1,193
985
82.6
956
80.2
28
2.9
208Women
1,152
676
58.6
630
54.7
45
6.7
476South American
2,889
2,022
70.0
1,923
66.6
99
4.9
867Men
1,362
1,070
78.5
1,023
75.1
47
4.4
292Women
1,527
952
62.4
900
59.0
52
5.4
575Other Hispanic or Latino
3,528
2,273
64.4
2,128
60.3
145
6.4
1,255Men
1,642
1,164
70.9
1,093
66.6
70
6.0
478Women
1,887
1,109
58.8
1,034
54.8
75
6.8
778Dominican
1,452
951
65.5
877
60.4
74
7.8
501Men
627
444
70.9
412
65.7
32
7.3
183Women
825
507
61.4
465
56.4
42
8.2
318Other Hispanic or Latino(2)
2,076
1,322
63.7
1,250
60.2
71
5.4
754Men
1,015
719
70.9
681
67.2
38
5.3
295Women
1,061
602
56.7
569
53.6
33
5.5
459Hispanic or Latino
41,371
27,339
66.1
25,938
62.7
1,401
5.1
14,032Men
20,578
15,604
75.8
14,874
72.3
730
4.7
4,974Women
20,794
11,735
56.4
11,064
53.2
671
5.7
9,058White Hispanic or Latino
36,820
24,290
66.0
23,073
62.7
1,217
5.0
12,530Men
18,345
13,985
76.2
13,343
72.7
642
4.6
4,360Women
18,475
10,305
55.8
9,730
52.7
575
5.6
8,170Black Hispanic or Latino
1,884
1,274
67.6
1,193
63.3
82
6.4
610Men
867
608
70.1
573
66.1
35
5.7
259Women
1,017
667
65.5
620
60.9
47
7.0
351Asian Hispanic or Latino
411
264
64.2
249
60.6
15
5.6
147Men
201
146
72.6
138
69.0
7
5.0
55Women
210
118
56.3
111
52.7
8
6.4
92Non-Hispanic or Latino
213,708
132,980
62.2
127,399
59.6
5,581
4.2
80,727Men
102,698
69,541
67.7
66,528
64.8
3,013
4.3
33,156Women
111,010
63,439
57.1
60,871
54.8
2,568
4.0
47,571White non-Hispanic or Latino
162,122
100,652
62.1
97,104
59.9
3,548
3.5
61,471Men
78,880
53,607
68.0
51,657
65.5
1,950
3.6
25,273Women
83,242
47,044
56.5
45,446
54.6
1,598
3.4
36,198Black non-Hispanic or Latino
30,363
18,814
62.0
17,394
57.3
1,419
7.5
11,549Men
13,845
8,900
64.3
8,169
59.0
731
8.2
4,945Women
16,518
9,913
60.0
9,226
55.9
688
6.9
6,604Asian non-Hispanic or Latino
14,957
9,517
63.6
9,199
61.5
318
3.3
5,440Men
6,980
5,021
71.9
4,851
69.5
170
3.4
1,960Women
7,977
4,496
56.4
4,348
54.5
149
3.3
3,481Footnotes (1) Excludes Salvadoran.(2) Excludes Dominican.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, andHispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotalTotal, 16 years and older
255,079
160,320
62.9
153,337
60.1
6,982
4.4
94,75916 to 19 years
16,754
5,901
35.2
5,074
30.3
827
14.0
10,85320 years and older
238,325
154,418
64.8
148,263
62.2
6,155
4.0
83,90720 to 24 years
21,396
15,259
71.3
14,132
66.0
1,127
7.4
6,13725 to 54 years
125,697
102,683
81.7
98,833
78.6
3,850
3.7
23,01455 to 64 years
41,691
26,899
64.5
26,064
62.5
835
3.1
14,79265 years and older
49,542
9,577
19.3
9,234
18.6
343
3.6
39,964Men, 16 years and older
123,275
85,145
69.1
81,402
66.0
3,743
4.4
38,13016 to 19 years
8,493
2,939
34.6
2,483
29.2
457
15.5
5,55320 years and older
114,783
82,206
71.6
78,919
68.8
3,287
4.0
32,57720 to 24 years
10,726
7,948
74.1
7,281
67.9
667
8.4
2,77825 to 54 years
61,851
54,813
88.6
52,817
85.4
1,996
3.6
7,03855 to 64 years
20,054
14,156
70.6
13,710
68.4
445
3.1
5,89865 years and older
22,151
5,289
23.9
5,111
23.1
179
3.4
16,862Women, 16 years and older
131,804
75,175
57.0
71,936
54.6
3,239
4.3
56,62916 to 19 years
8,261
2,962
35.9
2,591
31.4
371
12.5
5,29920 years and older
123,542
72,213
58.5
69,344
56.1
2,868
4.0
51,33020 to 24 years
10,669
7,311
68.5
6,851
64.2
460
6.3
3,35825 to 54 years
63,846
47,870
75.0
46,016
72.1
1,854
3.9
15,97555 to 64 years
21,637
12,743
58.9
12,354
57.1
389
3.1
8,89465 years and older
27,390
4,288
15.7
4,124
15.1
164
3.8
23,102WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
198,942
124,941
62.8
120,176
60.4
4,765
3.8
74,00116 to 19 years
12,339
4,542
36.8
3,989
32.3
554
12.2
7,79720 years and older
186,603
120,399
64.5
116,188
62.3
4,211
3.5
66,20420 to 24 years
15,701
11,481
73.1
10,738
68.4
743
6.5
4,22025 to 54 years
95,391
78,569
82.4
76,006
79.7
2,564
3.3
16,82155 to 64 years
33,709
22,209
65.9
21,581
64.0
628
2.8
11,50065 years and older
41,803
8,139
19.5
7,863
18.8
277
3.4
33,663Men, 16 years and older
97,225
67,592
69.5
65,000
66.9
2,592
3.8
29,63316 to 19 years
6,284
2,296
36.5
1,991
31.7
304
13.3
3,98820 years and older
90,941
65,296
71.8
63,009
69.3
2,288
3.5
25,64520 to 24 years
7,925
6,062
76.5
5,613
70.8
449
7.4
1,86325 to 54 years
47,681
42,793
89.7
41,430
86.9
1,363
3.2
4,88955 to 64 years
16,413
11,863
72.3
11,531
70.3
331
2.8
4,55065 years and older
18,922
4,579
24.2
4,434
23.4
144
3.2
14,343Women, 16 years and older
101,717
57,349
56.4
55,176
54.2
2,173
3.8
44,36816 to 19 years
6,055
2,247
37.1
1,997
33.0
249
11.1
3,80920 years and older
95,661
55,103
57.6
53,179
55.6
1,923
3.5
40,55920 to 24 years
7,776
5,419
69.7
5,126
65.9
293
5.4
2,35625 to 54 years
47,709
35,777
75.0
34,576
72.5
1,201
3.4
11,93355 to 64 years
17,296
10,346
59.8
10,050
58.1
297
2.9
6,94965 years and older
22,881
3,560
15.6
3,428
15.0
132
3.7
19,321Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
32,247
20,088
62.3
18,587
57.6
1,501
7.5
12,15916 to 19 years
2,511
754
30.0
573
22.8
181
24.0
1,75820 years and older
29,736
19,334
65.0
18,015
60.6
1,320
6.8
10,40120 to 24 years
3,239
2,241
69.2
1,984
61.3
258
11.5
99725 to 54 years
16,953
13,530
79.8
12,639
74.6
891
6.6
3,42355 to 64 years
4,934
2,741
55.6
2,606
52.8
135
4.9
2,19365 years and older
4,610
822
17.8
786
17.0
36
4.4
3,789Men, 16 years and older
14,712
9,508
64.6
8,742
59.4
766
8.1
5,20416 to 19 years
1,249
345
27.6
241
19.3
104
30.0
90320 years and older
13,464
9,163
68.1
8,500
63.1
663
7.2
4,30120 to 24 years
1,571
1,091
69.4
946
60.2
144
13.2
48125 to 54 years
7,795
6,388
81.9
5,958
76.4
430
6.7
1,40755 to 64 years
2,234
1,304
58.4
1,231
55.1
73
5.6
93065 years and older
1,864
380
20.4
365
19.6
15
4.0
1,483Women, 16 years and older
17,535
10,580
60.3
9,845
56.1
735
6.9
6,95516 to 19 years
1,263
409
32.4
331
26.2
77
18.9
85420 years and older
16,272
10,171
62.5
9,514
58.5
657
6.5
6,10120 to 24 years
1,667
1,151
69.0
1,038
62.2
113
9.8
51625 to 54 years
9,159
7,143
78.0
6,682
73.0
461
6.5
2,01655 to 64 years
2,700
1,437
53.2
1,375
50.9
62
4.3
1,26365 years and older
2,747
441
16.1
421
15.3
21
4.7
2,305AsianTotal, 16 years and older
15,368
9,781
63.6
9,448
61.5
333
3.4
5,58716 to 19 years
878
207
23.5
183
20.8
24
11.5
67220 years and older
14,490
9,574
66.1
9,265
63.9
309
3.2
4,91620 to 24 years
1,359
727
53.5
675
49.6
52
7.2
63225 to 54 years
8,816
7,005
79.5
6,819
77.3
187
2.7
1,81155 to 64 years
2,050
1,401
68.3
1,350
65.9
51
3.6
64965 years and older
2,265
441
19.5
422
18.6
20
4.4
1,824Men, 16 years and older
7,181
5,166
71.9
4,989
69.5
177
3.4
2,01516 to 19 years
434
105
24.2
93
21.3
13
12.1
32920 years and older
6,747
5,061
75.0
4,897
72.6
164
3.2
1,68620 to 24 years
678
364
53.7
333
49.1
31
8.6
31425 to 54 years
4,166
3,748
90.0
3,654
87.7
93
2.5
41955 to 64 years
931
710
76.3
683
73.4
27
3.8
22165 years and older
971
239
24.6
226
23.3
13
5.3
733Women, 16 years and older
8,187
4,615
56.4
4,458
54.5
156
3.4
3,57216 to 19 years
444
101
22.9
90
20.3
11
11.0
34220 years and older
7,743
4,513
58.3
4,368
56.4
145
3.2
3,23020 to 24 years
681
363
53.3
341
50.2
21
5.8
31825 to 54 years
4,650
3,258
70.1
3,164
68.1
93
2.9
1,39255 to 64 years
1,119
690
61.7
667
59.6
24
3.4
42865 years and older
1,293
202
15.6
195
15.1
7
3.4
1,091Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
41,371
27,339
66.1
25,938
62.7
1,401
5.1
14,03216 to 19 years
3,844
1,225
31.9
1,041
27.1
184
15.0
2,61920 years and older
37,528
26,115
69.6
24,898
66.3
1,217
4.7
11,41320 to 24 years
4,686
3,326
71.0
3,073
65.6
253
7.6
1,36125 to 54 years
24,051
19,072
79.3
18,259
75.9
813
4.3
4,97855 to 64 years
4,662
2,939
63.0
2,825
60.6
113
3.9
1,72365 years and older
4,129
778
18.8
740
17.9
38
4.9
3,351Men, 16 years and older
20,578
15,604
75.8
14,874
72.3
730
4.7
4,97416 to 19 years
1,951
617
31.6
519
26.6
98
15.9
1,33320 years and older
18,627
14,987
80.5
14,355
77.1
632
4.2
3,64020 to 24 years
2,374
1,829
77.0
1,692
71.3
137
7.5
54525 to 54 years
12,204
11,054
90.6
10,639
87.2
415
3.8
1,15055 to 64 years
2,256
1,658
73.5
1,601
71.0
57
3.4
59865 years and older
1,794
446
24.9
423
23.6
23
5.1
1,348Women, 16 years and older
20,794
11,735
56.4
11,064
53.2
671
5.7
9,05816 to 19 years
1,893
608
32.1
522
27.6
86
14.1
1,28520 years and older
18,900
11,128
58.9
10,543
55.8
585
5.3
7,77320 to 24 years
2,312
1,497
64.7
1,381
59.7
116
7.7
81525 to 54 years
11,847
8,018
67.7
7,620
64.3
398
5.0
3,82955 to 64 years
2,406
1,281
53.2
1,224
50.9
56
4.4
1,12565 years and older
2,335
332
14.2
317
13.6
15
4.6
2,003Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
60.4
78.9
43.9
60.4
79.6
43.2
59.9
73.6
48.7
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
60.8
78.8
44.7
60.8
79.4
44.1
60.2
73.4
49.3
-
-
-
60.2
81.5
41.01974
61.3
78.7
45.7
61.4
79.4
45.2
59.8
72.9
49.0
-
-
-
61.1
81.7
42.41975
61.2
77.9
46.3
61.5
78.7
45.9
58.8
70.9
48.8
-
-
-
60.8
80.7
43.21976
61.6
77.5
47.3
61.8
78.4
46.9
59.0
70.0
49.8
-
-
-
60.8
79.6
44.31977
62.3
77.7
48.4
62.5
78.5
48.0
59.8
70.6
50.8
-
-
-
61.6
80.9
44.31978
63.2
77.9
50.0
63.3
78.6
49.4
61.5
71.5
53.1
-
-
-
62.9
81.1
46.61979
63.7
77.8
50.9
63.9
78.6
50.5
61.4
71.3
53.1
-
-
-
63.6
81.3
47.41980
63.8
77.4
51.5
64.1
78.2
51.2
61.0
70.3
53.1
-
-
-
64.0
81.4
47.41981
63.9
77.0
52.1
64.3
77.9
51.9
60.8
70.0
53.5
-
-
-
64.1
80.6
48.31982
64.0
76.6
52.6
64.3
77.4
52.4
61.0
70.1
53.7
-
-
-
63.6
79.7
48.11983
64.0
76.4
52.9
64.3
77.1
52.7
61.5
70.6
54.2
-
-
-
63.8
80.3
47.71984
64.4
76.4
53.6
64.6
77.1
53.3
62.2
70.8
55.2
-
-
-
64.9
80.6
49.61985
64.8
76.3
54.5
65.0
77.0
54.1
62.9
70.8
56.5
-
-
-
64.6
80.3
49.31986
65.3
76.3
55.3
65.5
76.9
55.0
63.3
71.2
56.9
-
-
-
65.4
81.0
50.11987
65.6
76.2
56.0
65.8
76.8
55.7
63.8
71.1
58.0
-
-
-
66.4
81.0
52.01988
65.9
76.2
56.6
66.2
76.9
56.4
63.8
71.0
58.0
-
-
-
67.4
81.9
53.21989
66.5
76.4
57.4
66.7
77.1
57.2
64.2
71.0
58.7
-
-
-
67.6
82.0
53.51990
66.5
76.4
57.5
66.9
77.1
57.4
64.0
71.0
58.3
-
-
-
67.4
81.4
53.11991
66.2
75.8
57.4
66.6
76.5
57.4
63.3
70.4
57.5
-
-
-
66.5
80.3
52.41992
66.4
75.8
57.8
66.8
76.5
57.7
63.9
70.7
58.5
-
-
-
66.8
80.7
52.81993
66.3
75.4
57.9
66.8
76.2
58.0
63.2
69.6
57.9
-
-
-
66.2
80.2
52.11994
66.6
75.1
58.8
67.1
75.9
58.9
63.4
69.1
58.7
-
-
-
66.1
79.2
52.91995
66.6
75.0
58.9
67.1
75.7
59.0
63.7
69.0
59.5
-
-
-
65.8
79.1
52.61996
66.8
74.9
59.3
67.2
75.8
59.1
64.1
68.7
60.4
-
-
-
66.5
79.6
53.41997
67.1
75.0
59.8
67.5
75.9
59.5
64.7
68.3
61.7
-
-
-
67.9
80.1
55.11998
67.1
74.9
59.8
67.3
75.6
59.4
65.6
69.0
62.8
-
-
-
67.9
79.8
55.61999
67.1
74.7
60.0
67.3
75.6
59.6
65.8
68.7
63.5
-
-
-
67.7
79.8
55.92000
67.1
74.8
59.9
67.3
75.5
59.5
65.8
69.2
63.1
67.2
76.1
59.2
69.7
81.5
57.52001
66.8
74.4
59.8
67.0
75.1
59.4
65.3
68.4
62.8
67.2
76.2
59.0
69.5
81.0
57.62002
66.6
74.1
59.6
66.8
74.8
59.3
64.8
68.4
61.8
67.2
75.9
59.1
69.1
80.2
57.62003
66.2
73.5
59.5
66.5
74.2
59.2
64.3
67.3
61.9
66.4
75.6
58.3
68.3
80.1
55.92004
66.0
73.3
59.2
66.3
74.1
58.9
63.8
66.7
61.5
65.9
75.0
57.6
68.6
80.4
56.12005
66.0
73.3
59.3
66.3
74.1
58.9
64.2
67.3
61.6
66.1
74.8
58.2
68.0
80.1
55.32006
66.2
73.5
59.4
66.5
74.3
59.0
64.1
67.0
61.7
66.2
75.0
58.3
68.7
80.7
56.12007
66.0
73.2
59.3
66.4
74.0
59.0
63.7
66.8
61.1
66.5
75.1
58.6
68.8
80.5
56.52008
66.0
73.0
59.5
66.3
73.7
59.2
63.7
66.7
61.3
67.0
75.3
59.4
68.5
80.2
56.22009
65.4
72.0
59.2
65.8
72.8
59.1
62.4
65.0
60.3
66.0
74.6
58.2
68.0
78.8
56.52010
64.7
71.2
58.6
65.1
72.0
58.5
62.2
65.0
59.9
64.7
73.2
57.0
67.5
77.8
56.52011
64.1
70.5
58.1
64.5
71.3
58.0
61.4
64.2
59.1
64.6
73.2
56.8
66.5
76.5
55.92012
63.7
70.2
57.7
64.0
71.0
57.4
61.5
63.6
59.8
63.9
72.2
56.5
66.4
76.1
56.62013
63.2
69.7
57.2
63.5
70.5
56.9
61.2
63.5
59.2
64.6
73.0
57.1
66.0
76.3
55.72014
62.9
69.2
57.0
63.1
69.8
56.7
61.2
63.6
59.2
63.6
72.4
55.8
66.1
76.1
56.02015
62.7
69.1
56.7
62.8
69.7
56.2
61.5
63.8
59.7
62.8
71.4
55.2
65.9
76.2
55.72016
62.8
69.2
56.8
62.9
69.8
56.3
61.6
64.1
59.4
63.2
72.1
55.5
65.8
76.0
55.82017
62.9
69.1
57.0
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.6
60.3
63.6
71.9
56.4
66.1
75.8
56.4

Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
64.4
71.0
58.0
68.9
75.0
63.9
67.6
73.2
62.42004
63.8
70.9
57.1
71.8
76.6
67.7
67.0
74.0
60.32005
63.5
70.0
57.2
73.4
77.1
69.8
67.0
72.0
62.32006
63.1
68.6
57.9
74.5
80.8
68.6
65.9
72.3
59.72007
63.3
69.9
57.0
73.0
78.4
68.2
66.3
71.9
60.82008
63.7
70.2
57.6
72.5
78.9
66.6
65.5
70.7
60.42009
59.0
64.1
54.2
69.4
77.3
62.3
65.6
70.4
61.02010
57.7
64.0
51.8
68.4
71.3
65.5
65.4
70.9
60.32011
59.2
65.2
53.2
69.4
75.6
63.6
64.0
68.9
59.52012
59.3
66.4
52.6
71.4
73.9
69.1
65.3
70.4
60.52013
59.2
65.3
53.3
70.0
73.7
66.6
63.3
69.2
57.82014
60.9
67.2
54.7
67.6
73.8
61.6
64.2
69.7
59.02015
60.6
65.9
55.5
66.6
73.7
59.7
64.5
68.4
60.92016
61.1
67.2
55.4
68.7
76.0
61.3
65.0
68.1
62.12017
60.3
65.8
54.8
67.0
72.6
61.7
66.9
70.7
63.3Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
57.0
75.0
41.0
57.4
76.0
40.7
53.7
66.8
43.0
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
57.8
75.5
42.0
58.2
76.5
41.8
54.5
67.5
43.8
-
-
-
55.6
76.0
37.31974
57.8
74.9
42.6
58.3
75.9
42.4
53.5
65.8
43.5
-
-
-
56.2
75.7
38.41975
56.1
71.7
42.0
56.7
73.0
42.0
50.1
60.6
41.6
-
-
-
53.4
71.5
37.41976
56.8
72.0
43.2
57.5
73.4
43.2
50.8
60.6
42.8
-
-
-
53.8
71.1
38.61977
57.9
72.8
44.5
58.6
74.1
44.5
51.4
61.4
43.3
-
-
-
55.4
73.6
39.11978
59.3
73.8
46.4
60.0
75.0
46.3
53.6
63.3
45.8
-
-
-
57.2
74.9
41.31979
59.9
73.8
47.5
60.6
75.1
47.5
53.8
63.4
46.0
-
-
-
58.3
75.6
42.51980
59.2
72.0
47.7
60.0
73.4
47.8
52.3
60.4
45.7
-
-
-
57.6
73.5
42.41981
59.0
71.3
48.0
60.0
72.8
48.3
51.3
59.1
45.1
-
-
-
57.4
72.4
43.01982
57.8
69.0
47.7
58.8
70.6
48.1
49.4
56.0
44.2
-
-
-
54.9
68.9
41.31983
57.9
68.8
48.0
58.9
70.4
48.5
49.5
56.3
44.1
-
-
-
55.1
69.4
41.11984
59.5
70.7
49.5
60.5
72.1
49.8
52.3
59.2
46.7
-
-
-
57.9
72.1
44.21985
60.1
70.9
50.4
61.0
72.3
50.7
53.4
60.0
48.1
-
-
-
57.8
72.1
43.81986
60.7
71.0
51.4
61.5
72.3
51.7
54.1
60.6
48.8
-
-
-
58.5
72.5
44.71987
61.5
71.5
52.5
62.3
72.7
52.8
55.6
62.0
50.3
-
-
-
60.5
74.0
47.41988
62.3
72.0
53.4
63.1
73.2
53.8
56.3
62.7
51.2
-
-
-
61.9
75.3
48.81989
63.0
72.5
54.3
63.8
73.7
54.6
56.9
62.8
52.0
-
-
-
62.2
75.8
48.81990
62.8
72.0
54.3
63.7
73.3
54.7
56.7
62.6
51.9
-
-
-
61.9
74.9
48.61991
61.7
70.4
53.7
62.6
71.6
54.2
55.4
61.3
50.6
-
-
-
59.8
72.1
47.31992
61.5
69.8
53.8
62.4
71.1
54.2
54.9
59.9
50.8
-
-
-
59.1
71.2
46.81993
61.7
70.0
54.1
62.7
71.4
54.6
55.0
60.0
50.9
-
-
-
59.1
71.7
46.31994
62.5
70.4
55.3
63.5
71.8
55.8
56.1
60.8
52.3
-
-
-
59.5
71.7
47.21995
62.9
70.8
55.6
63.8
72.0
56.1
57.1
61.7
53.4
-
-
-
59.7
72.1
47.31996
63.2
70.9
56.0
64.1
72.3
56.3
57.4
61.1
54.4
-
-
-
60.6
73.3
47.91997
63.8
71.3
56.8
64.6
72.7
57.0
58.2
61.4
55.6
-
-
-
62.6
74.5
50.21998
64.1
71.6
57.1
64.7
72.7
57.1
59.7
62.9
57.2
-
-
-
63.1
74.7
51.01999
64.3
71.6
57.4
64.8
72.8
57.3
60.6
63.1
58.6
-
-
-
63.4
75.3
51.72000
64.4
71.9
57.5
64.9
73.0
57.4
60.9
63.6
58.6
64.8
73.3
57.1
65.7
77.4
53.62001
63.7
70.9
57.0
64.2
72.0
57.0
59.7
62.1
57.8
64.2
72.7
56.4
64.9
76.2
53.32002
62.7
69.7
56.3
63.4
70.8
56.4
58.1
61.1
55.8
63.2
71.3
55.8
63.9
74.5
52.92003
62.3
68.9
56.1
63.0
70.1
56.3
57.4
59.5
55.6
62.4
70.9
54.9
63.1
74.3
51.22004
62.3
69.2
56.0
63.1
70.4
56.1
57.2
59.3
55.5
63.0
71.6
55.1
63.8
75.1
51.82005
62.7
69.6
56.2
63.4
70.8
56.3
57.7
60.2
55.7
63.4
71.8
55.9
64.0
75.8
51.52006
63.1
70.1
56.6
63.8
71.3
56.6
58.4
60.6
56.5
64.2
72.7
56.5
65.2
76.8
52.82007
63.0
69.8
56.6
63.6
70.9
56.7
58.4
60.7
56.5
64.3
72.8
56.6
64.9
76.2
53.02008
62.2
68.5
56.2
62.8
69.7
56.3
57.3
59.1
55.8
64.3
72.2
57.2
63.3
74.1
51.92009
59.3
64.5
54.4
60.2
66.0
54.8
53.2
53.7
52.8
61.2
68.7
54.4
59.7
68.9
50.12010
58.5
63.7
53.6
59.4
65.1
54.0
52.3
53.1
51.7
59.9
67.5
53.0
59.0
68.0
49.62011
58.4
63.9
53.2
59.4
65.3
53.7
51.7
52.8
50.8
60.0
68.2
52.6
58.9
67.9
49.32012
58.6
64.4
53.1
59.4
65.8
53.3
53.0
54.1
52.2
60.1
68.1
53.1
59.5
68.6
50.42013
58.6
64.4
53.2
59.4
65.7
53.3
53.2
54.5
52.0
61.2
69.0
54.3
60.0
69.6
50.42014
59.0
64.9
53.5
59.7
66.1
53.7
54.3
55.9
52.9
60.4
68.6
53.3
61.2
71.0
51.42015
59.3
65.3
53.7
59.9
66.5
53.7
55.7
57.2
54.4
60.4
68.6
53.2
61.6
71.5
51.82016
59.7
65.8
54.1
60.2
66.7
54.0
56.4
58.3
54.8
60.9
69.6
53.4
62.0
71.9
52.32017
60.1
66.0
54.6
60.4
66.9
54.2
57.6
59.4
56.1
61.5
69.5
54.5
62.7
72.3
53.2

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
57.7
63.1
52.4
63.6
69.8
58.4
61.4
66.4
56.82004
57.7
64.0
51.8
67.4
71.4
64.1
61.2
67.6
55.02005
57.6
63.9
51.5
70.2
73.4
67.1
61.6
66.3
57.22006
58.1
63.2
53.3
70.6
75.7
65.7
61.5
67.0
56.22007
58.1
64.3
52.3
69.4
74.2
65.3
61.5
66.5
56.62008
57.4
62.6
52.5
67.8
72.8
63.3
59.3
63.6
55.22009
51.2
54.2
48.3
61.8
68.3
56.0
56.7
60.4
53.22010
49.0
53.0
45.2
60.1
61.6
58.7
56.5
60.8
52.52011
50.5
55.2
45.9
62.2
67.0
57.7
55.3
59.2
51.72012
52.1
58.5
45.9
63.0
64.7
61.4
57.6
61.9
53.52013
51.6
56.6
46.9
62.9
65.5
60.4
56.4
61.3
51.72014
54.0
59.2
48.9
63.5
69.6
57.5
57.6
62.1
53.42015
54.6
58.6
50.8
62.8
69.5
56.3
59.0
62.8
55.62016
55.7
61.0
50.6
65.7
72.7
58.5
60.2
62.9
57.62017
55.6
60.3
50.9
62.9
68.7
57.4
62.4
65.8
59.2Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 yearsand older
Less than ahigh schooldiploma
High schoolgraduates,no college(1)
Some college,no degree
Associate'sdegree
Bachelor'sdegree andhigher(2)TotalCivilian noninstitutional population
216,929
22,638
62,192
35,211
22,050
74,838Civilian labor force
139,159
10,343
35,874
22,339
15,357
55,246Percent of population
64.1
45.7
57.7
63.4
69.6
73.8Employed
134,132
9,668
34,210
21,440
14,842
53,971Employment-population ratio
61.8
42.7
55.0
60.9
67.3
72.1Unemployed
5,028
674
1,664
899
515
1,275Unemployment rate
3.6
6.5
4.6
4.0
3.4
2.3MenCivilian noninstitutional population
104,056
11,220
30,948
16,813
9,497
35,579Civilian labor force
74,258
6,529
20,944
11,811
7,193
27,781Percent of population
71.4
58.2
67.7
70.2
75.7
78.1Employed
71,638
6,129
20,013
11,355
6,969
27,172Employment-population ratio
68.8
54.6
64.7
67.5
73.4
76.4Unemployed
2,620
401
931
456
223
608Unemployment rate
3.5
6.1
4.4
3.9
3.1
2.2WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
112,873
11,418
31,244
18,399
12,553
39,259Civilian labor force
64,902
3,813
14,930
10,528
8,165
27,465Percent of population
57.5
33.4
47.8
57.2
65.0
70.0Employed
62,494
3,540
14,197
10,085
7,873
26,799Employment-population ratio
55.4
31.0
45.4
54.8
62.7
68.3Unemployed
2,408
273
733
443
292
667Unemployment rate
3.7
7.2
4.9
4.2
3.6
2.4WhiteCivilian noninstitutional population
170,902
17,229
48,904
27,518
17,766
59,485Civilian labor force
108,918
8,151
27,837
17,127
12,239
43,563Percent of population
63.7
47.3
56.9
62.2
68.9
73.2Employed
105,449
7,690
26,710
16,515
11,872
42,662Employment-population ratio
61.7
44.6
54.6
60.0
66.8
71.7Unemployed
3,468
461
1,127
612
366
902Unemployment rate
3.2
5.7
4.1
3.6
3.0
2.1MenCivilian noninstitutional population
83,016
8,771
24,536
13,323
7,725
28,661Civilian labor force
59,234
5,349
16,670
9,274
5,829
22,112Percent of population
71.4
61.0
67.9
69.6
75.5
77.2Employed
57,396
5,074
16,029
8,954
5,670
21,670Employment-population ratio
69.1
57.8
65.3
67.2
73.4
75.6Unemployed
1,838
275
641
320
160
442Unemployment rate
3.1
5.1
3.8
3.5
2.7
2.0WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
87,886
8,459
24,368
14,195
10,041
30,823Civilian labor force
49,683
2,802
11,167
7,853
6,410
21,451Percent of population
56.5
33.1
45.8
55.3
63.8
69.6Employed
48,053
2,616
10,681
7,562
6,203
20,992Employment-population ratio
54.7
30.9
43.8
53.3
61.8
68.1Unemployed
1,630
186
486
291
207
459Unemployment rate
3.3
6.7
4.4
3.7
3.2
2.1Black or African AmericanCivilian noninstitutional population
26,497
3,218
8,863
5,212
2,726
6,478Civilian labor force
17,093
1,186
5,302
3,550
2,000
5,055Percent of population
64.5
36.9
59.8
68.1
73.4
78.0Employed
16,031
1,038
4,889
3,335
1,894
4,874Employment-population ratio
60.5
32.3
55.2
64.0
69.5
75.2Unemployed
1,062
148
412
215
106
182Unemployment rate
6.2
12.5
7.8
6.1
5.3
3.6MenCivilian noninstitutional population
11,892
1,480
4,298
2,269
1,132
2,713Civilian labor force
8,072
619
2,784
1,634
865
2,171Percent of population
67.9
41.8
64.8
72.0
76.4
80.0Employed
7,554
535
2,564
1,535
821
2,098Employment-population ratio
63.5
36.2
59.7
67.7
72.6
77.3Unemployed
518
84
219
99
44
72Unemployment rate
6.4
13.5
7.9
6.1
5.1
3.3WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
14,605
1,737
4,565
2,944
1,594
3,765Civilian labor force
9,021
567
2,518
1,916
1,135
2,885Percent of population
61.8
32.6
55.2
65.1
71.2
76.6Employed
8,477
503
2,325
1,800
1,073
2,775Employment-population ratio
58.0
29.0
50.9
61.2
67.3
73.7Unemployed
544
64
193
116
62
109Unemployment rate
6.0
11.3
7.7
6.1
5.4
3.8AsianCivilian noninstitutional population
13,131
1,237
2,491
1,192
884
7,327Civilian labor force
8,847
503
1,515
788
632
5,409Percent of population
67.4
40.7
60.8
66.1
71.5
73.8Employed
8,590
481
1,474
764
611
5,261Employment-population ratio
65.4
38.9
59.2
64.1
69.1
71.8Unemployed
257
22
41
24
21
148Unemployment rate
2.9
4.4
2.7
3.0
3.4
2.7MenCivilian noninstitutional population
6,069
462
1,113
603
365
3,526Civilian labor force
4,697
237
794
443
289
2,933Percent of population
77.4
51.4
71.3
73.5
79.3
83.2Employed
4,564
222
770
431
280
2,860Employment-population ratio
75.2
48.1
69.2
71.6
76.9
81.1Unemployed
133
15
24
12
9
73Unemployment rate
2.8
6.3
3.1
2.7
3.0
2.5WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
7,062
775
1,378
589
519
3,801Civilian labor force
4,150
266
721
345
343
2,476Percent of population
58.8
34.3
52.3
58.6
66.0
65.1Employed
4,027
258
704
333
330
2,401Employment-population ratio
57.0
33.3
51.1
56.6
63.5
63.2Unemployed
124
7
17
12
13
75Unemployment rate
3.0
2.7
2.3
3.5
3.7
3.0Hispanic or Latino ethnicityCivilian noninstitutional population
32,841
9,728
10,012
4,566
2,654
5,880Civilian labor force
22,789
5,755
6,967
3,393
2,013
4,661Percent of population
69.4
59.2
69.6
74.3
75.8
79.3Employed
21,825
5,462
6,642
3,258
1,937
4,525Employment-population ratio
66.5
56.1
66.3
71.4
73.0
77.0Unemployed
964
293
325
134
76
136Unemployment rate
4.2
5.1
4.7
4.0
3.8
2.9MenCivilian noninstitutional population
16,253
4,994
5,199
2,243
1,131
2,686Civilian labor force
13,158
3,830
4,234
1,836
946
2,312Percent of population
81.0
76.7
81.4
81.9
83.6
86.1Employed
12,663
3,662
4,067
1,771
915
2,248Employment-population ratio
77.9
73.3
78.2
78.9
80.9
83.7Unemployed
495
167
166
66
31
64Unemployment rate
3.8
4.4
3.9
3.6
3.3
2.8WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
16,588
4,734
4,813
2,323
1,523
3,195Civilian labor force
9,631
1,925
2,733
1,556
1,067
2,349Percent of population
58.1
40.7
56.8
67.0
70.1
73.5Employed
9,162
1,799
2,575
1,488
1,023
2,277Employment-population ratio
55.2
38.0
53.5
64.0
67.2
71.3Unemployed
469
126
158
68
45
72Unemployment rate
4.9
6.5
5.8
4.4
4.2
3.1Footnotes (1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
153,337
120,176
18,587
9,448
25,938Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
39.7
40.6
30.8
52.0
22.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
16.6
17.5
11.2
17.2
9.8Management occupations
11.6
12.4
7.3
11.2
6.8Business and financial operations occupations
4.9
5.1
3.8
6.0
3.0Professional and related occupations
23.2
23.0
19.6
34.8
12.7Computer and mathematical occupations
3.1
2.7
2.2
10.6
1.4Architecture and engineering occupations
2.1
2.1
1.0
4.3
1.1Life, physical, and social science occupations
0.9
0.9
0.4
2.4
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.7
1.6
2.8
1.1
1.3Legal occupations
1.2
1.3
0.7
0.8
0.6Education, training, and library occupations
6.0
6.3
5.3
4.7
3.7Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.1
2.3
1.3
1.8
1.3Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
6.0
5.8
5.9
9.1
2.9Service occupations
17.4
16.2
24.2
16.8
24.8Healthcare support occupations
2.3
1.9
4.7
1.9
2.5Protective service occupations
2.0
1.9
3.4
1.0
1.5Food preparation and serving related occupations
5.4
5.1
6.2
5.4
8.2Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.8
3.8
4.7
2.0
8.6Personal care and service occupations
3.9
3.4
5.1
6.4
3.9Sales and office occupations
21.9
21.9
23.4
17.9
20.6Sales and related occupations
10.3
10.5
9.4
9.3
9.7Office and administrative support occupations
11.6
11.4
13.9
8.5
10.9Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
9.3
10.3
5.6
3.3
16.8Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.8
0.9
0.3
0.2
2.0Construction and extraction occupations
5.2
5.9
3.0
1.4
11.1Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
3.2
3.5
2.3
1.7
3.6Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
11.7
11.1
16.0
10.0
15.4Production occupations
5.5
5.4
6.1
5.5
7.5Transportation and material moving occupations
6.2
5.7
9.9
4.5
7.9Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
81,402
65,000
8,742
4,989
14,874Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
36.2
36.7
25.4
54.1
18.6Management, business, and financial operations occupations
17.5
18.5
10.8
18.0
9.2Management occupations
13.2
14.1
7.9
12.7
6.9Business and financial operations occupations
4.3
4.4
3.0
5.3
2.3Professional and related occupations
18.8
18.2
14.5
36.1
9.4Computer and mathematical occupations
4.4
3.8
3.0
15.1
1.9Architecture and engineering occupations
3.3
3.3
1.7
6.3
1.7Life, physical, and social science occupations
0.9
0.9
0.5
2.2
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.1
1.0
1.8
0.8
0.6Legal occupations
1.1
1.2
0.4
0.7
0.4Education, training, and library occupations
3.1
3.1
2.9
3.4
1.6Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.1
2.2
1.6
1.7
1.3Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
2.8
2.6
2.7
5.8
1.5Service occupations
14.3
13.2
21.1
12.9
19.5Healthcare support occupations
0.6
0.5
1.1
0.7
0.6Protective service occupations
3.0
2.8
5.0
1.5
2.1Food preparation and serving related occupations
4.7
4.3
6.7
5.4
7.3Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
4.3
4.2
5.6
2.2
8.0Personal care and service occupations
1.7
1.5
2.8
3.2
1.5Sales and office occupations
15.9
15.9
17.1
14.6
14.3Sales and related occupations
9.9
10.2
8.2
9.1
8.1Office and administrative support occupations
6.1
5.7
8.9
5.5
6.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
16.6
18.1
11.3
5.6
27.6Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1.1
1.2
0.5
0.2
2.5Construction and extraction occupations
9.6
10.5
6.1
2.4
19.0Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5.9
6.3
4.6
3.0
6.1Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17.0
16.1
25.2
12.8
20.0Production occupations
7.4
7.4
8.2
5.8
8.7Transportation and material moving occupations
9.6
8.7
16.9
7.0
11.3Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
71,936
55,176
9,845
4,458
11,064Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
43.7
45.1
35.6
49.7
27.6Management, business, and financial operations occupations
15.5
16.3
11.4
16.3
10.5Management occupations
9.8
10.5
6.9
9.5
6.6Business and financial operations occupations
5.7
5.9
4.6
6.7
3.9Professional and related occupations
28.1
28.8
24.1
33.5
17.1Computer and mathematical occupations
1.7
1.4
1.6
5.4
0.6Architecture and engineering occupations
0.7
0.7
0.3
2.1
0.3Life, physical, and social science occupations
0.9
0.9
0.4
2.6
0.5Community and social service occupations
2.4
2.3
3.7
1.4
2.1Legal occupations
1.3
1.5
0.9
0.9
0.9Education, training, and library occupations
9.4
10.1
7.5
6.2
6.6Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.1
2.3
1.0
2.0
1.3Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9.5
9.6
8.7
12.8
4.7Service occupations
21.0
19.7
27.0
21.1
31.9Healthcare support occupations
4.2
3.6
8.0
3.4
5.2Protective service occupations
1.0
0.8
2.1
0.3
0.8Food preparation and serving related occupations
6.2
6.2
5.8
5.4
9.3Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.3
3.3
3.9
1.9
9.5Personal care and service occupations
6.3
5.8
7.2
10.1
7.2Sales and office occupations
28.6
29.0
29.0
21.5
29.1Sales and related occupations
10.8
10.9
10.5
9.6
11.9Office and administrative support occupations
17.8
18.2
18.5
11.9
17.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.0
1.1
0.6
0.7
2.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.2
1.4Construction and extraction occupations
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
5.7
5.1
7.9
6.9
9.2Production occupations
3.4
3.1
4.2
5.2
5.9Transportation and material moving occupations
2.3
2.0
3.7
1.7
3.3Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Totalemployed
Percent of total employedWhite
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and over
153,337
78.4
12.1
6.2
16.9Management, professional, and related occupations
60,901
80.0
9.4
8.1
9.6Management, business, and financial operations occupations
25,379
83.0
8.2
6.4
10.0Management occupations
17,804
84.0
7.6
5.9
9.9Chief executives
1,639
90.0
3.8
4.6
4.7General and operations managers
1,005
85.0
8.3
4.5
11.4Legislators
18
-
-
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
61
84.5
8.0
7.5
7.4Marketing and sales managers
1,078
86.4
6.0
6.1
10.2Public relations and fundraising managers
73
87.9
7.8
3.2
3.7Administrative services managers
151
83.5
9.4
3.2
10.3Computer and information systems managers
630
78.0
6.6
13.0
6.6Financial managers
1,167
83.5
6.7
8.2
11.2Compensation and benefits managers
16
-
-
-
-Human resources managers
327
81.7
12.3
4.3
7.9Training and development managers
63
89.2
5.6
2.2
9.0Industrial production managers
280
89.5
3.8
5.9
9.3Purchasing managers
205
84.3
10.6
3.3
9.1Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
291
79.7
10.7
5.3
13.8Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
1,018
95.4
0.8
1.4
6.1Construction managers
1,081
90.2
4.9
2.3
12.4Education administrators
918
81.8
12.9
2.1
10.3Architectural and engineering managers
129
79.7
8.3
11.2
6.2Food service managers
1,210
74.7
9.5
11.7
16.9Funeral service managers
15
-
-
-
-Gaming managers
19
-
-
-
-Lodging managers
156
72.9
11.2
12.5
12.0Medical and health services managers
671
77.9
14.0
5.7
9.1Natural sciences managers
16
-
-
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
27
-
-
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
743
81.8
11.6
3.5
14.4Social and community service managers
390
78.1
13.7
4.0
8.6Emergency management directors
11
-
-
-
-Managers, all other
4,398
83.2
7.4
7.0
9.4Business and financial operations occupations
7,574
80.7
9.4
7.5
10.2Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
50
77.3
15.9
6.1
4.0Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
11
-
-
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
194
84.2
7.7
6.2
9.0Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
270
82.7
9.4
6.1
11.9Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
350
77.0
18.2
3.0
11.4Compliance officers
260
80.1
11.9
5.9
9.0Cost estimators
118
94.4
3.1
2.2
8.5Human resources workers
736
80.2
11.8
5.7
13.8Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
59
72.2
21.5
2.3
15.7Training and development specialists
133
81.6
12.4
1.1
18.2Logisticians
112
70.9
17.1
7.4
11.7Management analysts
937
77.2
9.1
11.2
7.4Meeting, convention, and event planners
137
91.6
4.7
1.4
9.0Fundraisers
84
88.4
8.8
0.2
2.6Market research analysts and marketing specialists
344
84.2
5.4
7.7
9.0Business operations specialists, all other
273
79.2
9.1
9.3
13.6Accountants and auditors
1,804
79.5
8.2
9.7
9.6Appraisers and assessors of real estate
97
88.8
9.0
1.8
11.0Budget analysts
53
71.1
12.5
9.7
11.1Credit analysts
29
-
-
-
-Financial analysts
309
75.6
8.8
12.5
6.9Personal financial advisors
525
87.0
4.8
6.6
8.3Insurance underwriters
104
85.5
8.8
5.4
8.1Financial examiners
15
-
-
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
353
83.8
8.5
4.2
14.2Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
65
77.2
11.1
9.8
14.8Tax preparers
107
78.3
17.2
4.0
14.9Financial specialists, all other
45
-
-
-
-Professional and related occupations
35,522
77.9
10.3
9.3
9.3Computer and mathematical occupations
4,804
67.8
8.7
20.8
7.3Computer and information research scientists
24
-
-
-
-Computer systems analysts
554
70.9
9.7
16.6
7.2Information security analysts
105
68.5
15.6
12.6
4.6Computer programmers
473
65.9
7.1
25.4
5.3Software developers, applications and systems software
1,536
59.3
5.6
32.4
6.2Web developers
204
82.0
4.5
9.8
5.8Computer support specialists
532
70.7
14.6
11.3
10.3Database administrators
96
70.6
10.1
18.1
6.2Network and computer systems administrators
210
79.5
6.3
11.8
10.9Computer network architects
106
73.1
10.6
15.2
3.1Computer occupations, all other
693
73.5
11.4
11.9
9.7Actuaries
29
-
-
-
-Mathematicians
3
-
-
-
-Operations research analysts
147
70.9
12.4
15.3
7.3Statisticians
87
63.1
9.0
22.4
6.4Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
3
-
-
-
-Architecture and engineering occupations
3,224
79.3
5.6
12.7
8.7Architects, except naval
253
82.5
2.1
14.0
7.7Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
43
-
-
-
-Aerospace engineers
148
79.1
8.1
11.4
5.5Agricultural engineers
2
-
-
-
-Biomedical engineers
17
-
-
-
-Chemical engineers
77
91.0
1.7
7.0
4.1Civil engineers
461
82.5
6.4
7.1
10.7Computer hardware engineers
80
55.4
5.8
38.3
7.8Electrical and electronics engineers
284
74.6
3.5
19.5
9.0Environmental engineers
38
-
-
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
221
80.8
5.3
11.6
6.2Marine engineers and naval architects
12
-
-
-
-Materials engineers
32
-
-
-
-Mechanical engineers
344
84.2
3.6
11.1
6.0Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
11
-
-
-
-Nuclear engineers
8
-
-
-
-Petroleum engineers
24
-
-
-
-Engineers, all other
582
73.1
6.9
17.8
9.4Drafters
137
89.9
6.2
2.4
16.5Engineering technicians, except drafters
375
76.9
8.9
10.7
10.3Surveying and mapping technicians
73
90.3
2.1
1.7
10.1Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,431
76.4
5.7
15.8
9.0Agricultural and food scientists
32
-
-
-
-Biological scientists
98
81.2
3.1
13.1
7.9Conservation scientists and foresters
29
-
-
-
-Medical scientists
161
66.4
6.6
26.2
6.7Life scientists, all other
3
-
-
-
-Astronomers and physicists
18
-
-
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
7
-
-
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
105
66.7
11.3
20.8
5.9Environmental scientists and geoscientists
84
90.8
5.0
0.7
4.8Physical scientists, all other
301
61.2
4.0
32.1
7.9Economists
28
-
-
-
-Survey researchers
3
-
-
-
-Psychologists
187
89.5
6.5
3.6
8.5Sociologists
2
-
-
-
-Urban and regional planners
32
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
41
-
-
-
-Agricultural and food science technicians
32
-
-
-
-Biological technicians
23
-
-
-
-Chemical technicians
57
79.8
7.3
7.8
14.3Geological and petroleum technicians
13
-
-
-
-Nuclear technicians
7
-
-
-
-Social science research assistants
4
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
164
80.2
5.7
11.8
13.4Community and social service occupations
2,635
73.1
19.9
3.8
12.4Counselors
853
72.3
21.4
2.9
13.0Social workers
802
69.5
23.5
4.0
14.0Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
99
63.8
26.7
5.3
11.1Social and human service assistants
232
68.4
22.8
3.1
19.0Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
76
68.9
19.6
7.0
17.3Clergy
406
81.3
12.1
4.6
6.1Directors, religious activities and education
81
88.9
7.1
3.6
6.0Religious workers, all other
85
86.7
5.0
5.2
5.0Legal occupations
1,827
86.6
6.9
4.3
8.6Lawyers
1,137
88.6
5.6
4.4
4.8Judicial law clerks
14
-
-
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
66
87.3
12.7
0.0
7.0Paralegals and legal assistants
424
82.9
7.7
4.8
17.5Miscellaneous legal support workers
186
83.7
10.8
3.0
12.9Education, training, and library occupations
9,215
82.0
10.7
4.9
10.5Postsecondary teachers
1,423
77.7
8.4
11.7
6.4Preschool and kindergarten teachers
712
77.1
16.2
3.4
14.1Elementary and middle school teachers
3,268
85.2
10.1
2.9
10.1Secondary school teachers
1,039
86.2
8.6
2.8
9.4Special education teachers
422
86.2
10.0
2.4
7.9Other teachers and instructors
907
78.8
11.1
6.3
11.9Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
59
80.2
6.4
7.8
1.7Librarians
194
86.3
6.4
5.2
10.4Library technicians
40
-
-
-
-Teacher assistants
989
78.0
14.6
4.2
17.3Other education, training, and library workers
161
78.5
12.6
5.3
6.0Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,246
83.9
7.3
5.3
10.2Artists and related workers
236
89.6
3.5
4.5
10.8Designers
908
84.2
5.1
7.6
12.0Actors
40
-
-
-
-Producers and directors
180
87.8
5.2
4.6
8.9Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
345
88.2
5.0
3.0
8.5Dancers and choreographers
21
-
-
-
-Musicians, singers, and related workers
188
75.6
17.3
4.3
6.7Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
67
74.1
9.2
9.9
7.5Announcers
50
77.5
12.0
7.1
8.5News analysts, reporters and correspondents
84
73.0
13.4
7.9
16.4Public relations specialists
118
87.9
8.3
2.6
5.7Editors
174
90.9
3.8
2.9
4.1Technical writers
76
84.6
6.7
5.6
1.2Writers and authors
226
86.3
6.3
3.2
4.6Miscellaneous media and communication workers
112
70.6
9.5
14.3
32.9Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
119
78.2
14.0
3.7
16.8Photographers
214
84.4
9.1
3.0
8.7Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
82
86.1
7.2
1.9
7.6Media and communication equipment workers, all other
5
-
-
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,141
76.5
11.9
9.4
8.2Chiropractors
51
97.4
0.1
1.7
5.1Dentists
159
81.6
3.7
13.5
4.7Dietitians and nutritionists
114
79.7
12.8
5.6
9.0Optometrists
51
91.9
0.0
7.9
3.2Pharmacists
342
68.5
8.2
21.7
4.5Physicians and surgeons
1,079
72.0
8.2
18.1
6.8Physician assistants
116
86.0
4.7
7.9
5.1Podiatrists
12
-
-
-
-Audiologists
15
-
-
-
-Occupational therapists
122
82.9
8.7
6.4
6.2Physical therapists
258
78.2
5.3
14.7
5.0Radiation therapists
10
-
-
-
-Recreational therapists
7
-
-
-
-Respiratory therapists
100
73.3
16.6
10.0
8.8Speech-language pathologists
141
93.0
2.8
2.7
10.5Exercise physiologists
5
-
-
-
-Therapists, all other
221
81.8
12.5
3.3
10.2Veterinarians
89
91.2
2.1
3.7
3.6Registered nurses
3,159
76.7
12.3
8.7
6.9Nurse anesthetists
35
-
-
-
-Nurse midwives
7
-
-
-
-Nurse practitioners
175
84.7
10.6
4.0
3.4Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
39
-
-
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
376
71.2
17.1
9.4
11.0Dental hygienists
168
88.6
7.0
2.4
11.9Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
319
84.3
8.2
6.4
12.5Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
223
83.9
9.7
3.1
8.4Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
632
75.6
13.5
7.3
14.3Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
630
64.0
28.4
5.4
12.4Medical records and health information technicians
167
74.6
13.2
6.9
9.8Opticians, dispensing
48
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
160
66.8
18.5
10.4
10.0Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
110
84.0
9.0
6.5
9.4Service occupations
26,751
72.6
16.8
5.9
24.0Healthcare support occupations
3,506
65.6
25.1
5.2
18.8Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
1,936
56.4
33.9
5.6
16.7Occupational therapy assistants and aides
27
-
-
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
83
88.0
5.2
5.6
11.0Massage therapists
172
83.7
4.6
6.7
12.4Dental assistants
299
82.9
7.9
5.0
29.1Medical assistants
539
76.2
15.0
4.0
27.9Medical transcriptionists
36
-
-
-
-Pharmacy aides
39
-
-
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
61
86.4
2.3
6.0
8.4Phlebotomists
112
64.7
27.6
5.9
17.2Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
200
60.3
31.4
4.1
16.1Protective service occupations
3,113
72.6
20.5
2.9
12.8First-line supervisors of correctional officers
52
77.7
13.1
3.8
10.1First-line supervisors of police and detectives
95
81.1
14.1
0.9
7.1First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
44
-
-
-
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
72
74.7
15.0
5.4
10.0Firefighters
283
88.5
7.5
1.0
7.7Fire inspectors
27
-
-
-
-Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
408
67.4
29.0
1.8
13.5Detectives and criminal investigators
136
87.1
11.6
0.9
14.1Fish and game wardens
4
-
-
-
-Parking enforcement workers
6
-
-
-
-Police and sheriff's patrol officers
704
79.8
13.9
2.4
10.9Transit and railroad police
7
-
-
-
-Animal control workers
15
-
-
-
-Private detectives and investigators
94
79.0
13.8
4.6
11.3Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
920
57.5
32.3
4.4
17.0Crossing guards
63
69.4
21.5
4.7
20.9Transportation security screeners
46
-
-
-
-Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
136
88.5
4.1
2.5
9.4Food preparation and serving related occupations
8,305
74.4
13.9
6.2
25.5Chefs and head cooks
465
65.0
16.4
13.9
21.0First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
519
74.8
17.0
3.7
18.9Cooks
2,079
73.2
16.8
5.1
35.4Food preparation workers
1,068
72.2
14.5
6.5
27.4Bartenders
417
85.5
7.2
2.8
14.1Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
372
70.0
17.3
4.4
22.8Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
225
72.0
16.9
5.0
21.3Waiters and waitresses
2,016
78.2
9.2
7.6
20.9Food servers, nonrestaurant
207
69.9
18.5
7.0
21.8Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
334
76.4
9.9
7.8
27.9Dishwashers
274
70.9
19.9
2.9
31.2Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
324
74.8
12.9
3.3
17.1Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
4
-
-
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,888
77.4
14.9
3.3
38.0First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
326
79.9
12.0
4.6
28.5First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
255
91.6
5.4
1.2
21.5Janitors and building cleaners
2,307
72.5
18.6
3.8
31.7Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,527
74.3
17.9
3.9
49.4Pest control workers
108
82.0
11.4
1.4
13.3Grounds maintenance workers
1,365
85.6
7.9
2.0
43.1Personal care and service occupations
5,939
69.5
16.1
10.2
17.1First-line supervisors of gaming workers
208
82.4
7.7
4.7
6.8First-line supervisors of personal service workers
232
63.8
15.4
18.8
11.1Animal trainers
49
-
-
-
-Nonfarm animal caretakers
263
90.8
2.8
1.6
13.6Gaming services workers
90
45.1
8.9
34.0
10.2Motion picture projectionists
1
-
-
-
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
37
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
224
75.9
16.1
1.8
18.6Embalmers and funeral attendants
17
-
-
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
42
-
-
-
-Barbers
135
50.7
38.1
5.1
24.1Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
806
76.7
13.5
5.6
16.3Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
397
27.2
8.3
62.3
9.1Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
89
60.1
24.9
8.3
27.5Tour and travel guides
68
81.2
4.5
5.3
8.8Childcare workers
1,225
77.3
15.4
4.3
22.3Personal care aides
1,365
62.0
24.8
9.1
20.7Recreation and fitness workers
480
80.1
11.4
3.5
9.6Residential advisors
44
-
-
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
167
74.6
14.6
4.9
17.8Sales and office occupations
33,566
78.5
13.0
5.0
15.9Sales and related occupations
15,815
79.9
11.1
5.6
15.9First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,272
81.6
9.4
6.2
15.0First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,220
84.6
6.8
5.4
13.3Cashiers
3,253
70.2
17.9
6.4
22.3Counter and rental clerks
109
78.4
12.7
7.0
18.6Parts salespersons
130
88.8
4.5
2.5
21.9Retail salespersons
3,235
77.6
12.8
5.7
17.2Advertising sales agents
241
80.7
14.8
3.9
10.6Insurance sales agents
624
81.3
10.0
5.9
11.9Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
262
85.8
6.0
5.1
10.3Travel agents
89
81.9
11.2
6.4
13.0Sales representatives, services, all other
525
88.5
6.4
3.2
12.9Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,264
89.9
4.6
3.7
10.1Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
61
82.4
6.0
8.7
12.8Real estate brokers and sales agents
997
85.7
7.2
4.8
11.5Sales engineers
35
-
-
-
-Telemarketers
58
61.3
24.7
7.0
25.8Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
166
82.9
11.0
5.4
22.0Sales and related workers, all other
276
84.2
9.5
4.9
8.1Office and administrative support occupations
17,751
77.3
14.6
4.5
15.9First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,425
80.3
13.4
4.0
11.6Switchboard operators, including answering service
23
-
-
-
-Telephone operators
47
-
-
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
9
-
-
-
-Bill and account collectors
139
70.7
22.9
3.1
18.9Billing and posting clerks
473
79.4
13.6
3.8
13.1Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,089
87.4
6.9
3.7
11.3Gaming cage workers
14
-
-
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
129
75.6
14.3
4.2
17.7Procurement clerks
30
-
-
-
-Tellers
306
79.9
12.6
5.0
16.4Financial clerks, all other
82
78.3
16.0
3.9
17.8Brokerage clerks
7
-
-
-
-Correspondence clerks
7
-
-
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
90
75.8
15.6
2.0
16.6Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
55
90.5
3.2
5.7
17.3Customer service representatives
2,494
73.2
17.2
5.4
17.4Eligibility interviewers, government programs
62
58.8
26.8
10.0
21.9File clerks
182
77.2
13.6
6.9
17.8Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
125
64.8
21.5
7.8
15.7Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
142
71.9
18.0
2.8
21.2Library assistants, clerical
96
81.3
8.6
5.1
10.4Loan interviewers and clerks
120
77.6
15.3
5.1
14.6New accounts clerks
32
-
-
-
-Order clerks
107
66.2
18.8
8.0
14.4Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
45
-
-
-
-Receptionists and information clerks
1,267
79.9
12.8
3.5
19.7Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
127
60.8
25.3
5.9
15.1Information and record clerks, all other
110
75.5
10.1
5.2
15.0Cargo and freight agents
16
-
-
-
-Couriers and messengers
239
67.3
25.5
5.5
18.1Dispatchers
292
81.7
11.6
2.0
16.9Meter readers, utilities
18
-
-
-
-Postal service clerks
111
70.8
22.4
4.8
15.9Postal service mail carriers
306
67.4
22.2
5.6
14.4Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
50
51.0
38.4
7.9
3.8Production, planning, and expediting clerks
270
81.6
7.8
6.7
9.7Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
623
72.2
20.4
3.7
27.0Stock clerks and order fillers
1,525
74.0
18.4
4.2
20.6Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
52
85.9
7.4
3.5
29.0Secretaries and administrative assistants
2,769
83.7
9.3
3.6
12.4Computer operators
73
74.8
14.0
6.3
7.4Data entry keyers
267
72.4
16.5
8.5
15.2Word processors and typists
94
69.7
21.1
6.8
13.9Desktop publishers
2
-
-
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
237
70.8
20.3
4.2
14.9Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
61
67.4
24.4
3.0
11.9Office clerks, general
1,271
75.1
14.8
6.3
18.4Office machine operators, except computer
33
-
-
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
10
-
-
-
-Statistical assistants
21
-
-
-
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
576
77.6
15.1
3.7
12.5Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,193
86.9
7.3
2.2
30.7Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,184
89.3
4.9
1.7
44.3First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
62
87.2
6.6
4.4
27.1Agricultural inspectors
18
-
-
-
-Animal breeders
2
-
-
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
110
80.4
12.4
4.2
48.8Miscellaneous agricultural workers
854
91.7
3.3
1.3
51.1Fishers and related fishing workers
44
-
-
-
-Hunters and trappers
1
-
-
-
-Forest and conservation workers
27
-
-
-
-Logging workers
66
82.9
10.3
0.0
9.1Construction and extraction occupations
8,031
87.8
6.9
1.6
36.0First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
639
89.8
5.4
1.2
24.5Boilermakers
15
-
-
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
166
84.6
7.1
1.2
45.1Carpenters
1,351
89.3
5.3
1.7
35.4Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
183
87.2
6.9
1.3
47.4Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
54
90.4
8.5
0.0
46.7Construction laborers
1,946
85.9
8.6
1.7
46.9Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
15
-
-
-
-Pile-driver operators
2
-
-
-
-Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
358
90.4
5.2
0.8
19.3Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
156
91.7
3.8
0.6
63.9Electricians
857
87.9
6.7
2.5
19.1Glaziers
44
-
-
-
-Insulation workers
58
82.1
9.6
0.0
42.6Painters, construction and maintenance
540
89.7
5.9
1.5
53.4Paperhangers
4
-
-
-
-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
600
86.6
9.0
1.5
27.1Plasterers and stucco masons
27
-
-
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
12
-
-
-
-Roofers
220
86.6
6.9
2.5
56.1Sheet metal workers
137
91.4
4.3
1.6
18.7Structural iron and steel workers
43
-
-
-
-Solar photovoltaic installers
11
-
-
-
-Helpers, construction trades
69
88.2
3.8
2.1
38.3Construction and building inspectors
89
85.5
9.8
2.2
11.2Elevator installers and repairers
40
-
-
-
-Fence erectors
34
-
-
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
30
-
-
-
-Highway maintenance workers
101
79.4
13.7
0.1
15.5Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
17
-
-
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
10
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
24
-
-
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
30
-
-
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
23
-
-
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
10
-
-
-
-Mining machine operators
51
85.8
7.8
2.7
23.9Roof bolters, mining
2
-
-
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
4
-
-
-
-Helpers--extraction workers
4
-
-
-
-Other extraction workers
54
93.1
2.0
0.0
35.7Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,977
85.0
8.6
3.3
19.0First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
253
84.0
9.4
4.1
12.8Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
212
73.8
12.7
10.2
17.1Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
134
85.3
7.3
6.1
19.7Avionics technicians
9
-
-
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
28
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
1
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
12
-
-
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
11
-
-
-
-Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
50
81.9
14.2
3.7
26.5Security and fire alarm systems installers
77
78.4
11.0
5.8
24.1Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
150
83.0
5.6
7.8
13.9Automotive body and related repairers
140
86.0
6.1
2.9
31.6Automotive glass installers and repairers
22
-
-
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
902
84.1
8.7
3.8
23.2Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
401
85.6
9.4
1.3
18.1Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
201
91.8
4.5
1.4
11.5Small engine mechanics
44
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
83
85.6
7.5
4.4
32.2Control and valve installers and repairers
26
-
-
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
448
90.6
5.4
2.4
17.9Home appliance repairers
41
-
-
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
424
85.8
7.8
3.4
16.5Maintenance and repair workers, general
528
85.9
8.9
2.1
19.7Maintenance workers, machinery
27
-
-
-
-Millwrights
40
-
-
-
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
129
89.8
7.8
0.0
11.6Telecommunications line installers and repairers
189
78.3
18.4
1.7
19.1Precision instrument and equipment repairers
63
80.9
14.7
1.4
10.9Wind turbine service technicians
5
-
-
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
34
-
-
-
-Commercial divers
0
-
-
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
35
-
-
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
4
-
-
-
-Riggers
14
-
-
-
-Signal and track switch repairers
9
-
-
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
18
-
-
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
215
86.7
6.4
2.3
23.5Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17,927
74.2
16.6
5.3
22.2Production occupations
8,482
76.8
13.3
6.2
22.8First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
768
82.2
10.4
3.7
16.7Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
1
-
-
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
128
63.5
15.3
17.2
18.2Engine and other machine assemblers
13
-
-
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
30
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
1,033
68.0
20.8
8.0
18.9Bakers
215
71.3
15.6
8.5
31.5Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
269
68.5
19.8
7.2
35.3Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
12
-
-
-
-Food batchmakers
89
77.2
12.4
6.6
26.2Food cooking machine operators and tenders
15
-
-
-
-Food processing workers, all other
175
62.8
24.1
7.0
37.3Computer control programmers and operators
99
82.8
9.8
5.6
10.7Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
19
-
-
-
-Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
-
-
-
-Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
-
-
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
80
82.6
10.0
4.7
12.5Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
4
-
-
-
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
38
-
-
-
-Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
14
-
-
-
-Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-
-
-
-Machinists
366
86.1
4.4
6.3
13.9Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
19
-
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
5
-
-
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
45
-
-
-
-Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-
-
-
-Tool and die makers
62
97.6
1.1
0.7
6.9Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
600
87.4
7.5
1.1
24.3Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
3
-
-
-
-Layout workers, metal and plastic
12
-
-
-
-Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
17
-
-
-
-Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
6
-
-
-
-Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
388
71.1
14.9
9.5
23.1Prepress technicians and workers
24
-
-
-
-Printing press operators
173
85.0
6.6
5.8
22.2Print binding and finishing workers
11
-
-
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
151
66.1
18.5
8.0
38.7Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
30
-
-
-
-Sewing machine operators
197
72.0
8.0
16.0
42.2Shoe and leather workers and repairers
5
-
-
-
-Shoe machine operators and tenders
5
-
-
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
77
79.1
9.5
8.9
29.6Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
1
-
-
-
-Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
8
-
-
-
-Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
19
-
-
-
-Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
16
-
-
-
-Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
0
-
-
-
-Fabric and apparel patternmakers
3
-
-
-
-Upholsterers
31
-
-
-
-Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
18
-
-
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
49
-
-
-
-Furniture finishers
15
-
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, wood
1
-
-
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
27
-
-
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
19
-
-
-
-Woodworkers, all other
28
-
-
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
38
-
-
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
76
84.8
8.2
5.5
13.0Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
107
90.2
6.3
1.0
11.5Miscellaneous plant and system operators
42
-
-
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
55
79.3
15.7
3.0
15.8Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
72
75.4
15.3
2.2
15.0Cutting workers
62
78.7
12.4
5.2
30.1Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
21
-
-
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
10
-
-
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
793
74.7
13.6
8.8
18.9Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
43
-
-
-
-Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
70
73.3
14.6
9.7
14.4Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
292
68.5
17.6
9.2
41.8Painting workers
157
82.1
9.6
2.5
32.9Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
31
-
-
-
-Semiconductor processors
3
-
-
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
6
-
-
-
-Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
11
-
-
-
-Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
3
-
-
-
-Etchers and engravers
11
-
-
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
35
-
-
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
29
-
-
-
-Tire builders
10
-
-
-
-Helpers--production workers
50
73.5
8.8
11.9
31.2Production workers, all other
995
76.5
15.7
4.4
25.4Transportation and material moving occupations
9,445
71.9
19.5
4.5
21.7Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
205
74.0
18.4
4.0
17.4Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
120
94.9
1.8
1.5
8.0Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
17
-
-
-
-Flight attendants
98
71.6
15.1
10.1
18.4Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
11
-
-
-
-Bus drivers
578
65.9
26.7
4.8
12.6Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,506
76.3
16.6
3.2
20.8Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
674
55.0
28.4
12.8
17.0Motor vehicle operators, all other
76
72.6
19.4
4.8
14.7Locomotive engineers and operators
42
-
-
-
-Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
4
-
-
-
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
50
73.8
17.6
5.3
8.4Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
15
-
-
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
19
-
-
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
35
-
-
-
-Ship engineers
2
-
-
-
-Bridge and lock tenders
5
-
-
-
-Parking lot attendants
95
67.4
23.3
6.7
38.4Automotive and watercraft service attendants
94
73.6
9.6
8.9
21.1Transportation inspectors
41
-
-
-
-Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
35
-
-
-
-Other transportation workers
24
-
-
-
-Conveyor operators and tenders
1
-
-
-
-Crane and tower operators
53
76.8
20.9
0.1
10.5Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
30
-
-
-
-Hoist and winch operators
7
-
-
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
611
69.4
25.0
1.8
25.7Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
331
69.7
20.7
3.0
33.3Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
1,930
70.2
20.2
3.8
22.2Machine feeders and offbearers
31
-
-
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
539
69.9
18.9
8.4
41.8Pumping station operators
21
-
-
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
94
70.2
26.8
2.1
24.2Mine shuttle car operators
0
-
-
-
-Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
6
-
-
-
-Material moving workers, all other
40
-
-
-
-Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Industry and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
153,337
120,176
18,587
9,448
25,938Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
1.6
1.9
0.4
0.4
2.4Mining
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.5Construction
7.0
7.9
3.5
2.1
12.3Manufacturing
10.0
10.3
8.4
11.6
9.8Durable goods
6.3
6.5
4.9
7.7
5.2Nondurable goods
3.7
3.8
3.5
3.9
4.6Wholesale and retail trade
13.2
13.3
12.8
12.6
13.3Wholesale trade
2.3
2.5
1.8
2.2
2.3Retail trade
10.9
10.9
11.0
10.4
11.0Transportation and utilities
5.3
5.0
8.2
4.3
5.6Information
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.4
1.3Financial activities
6.8
7.0
5.9
7.7
5.2Professional and business services
12.3
12.3
10.1
16.6
11.8Education and health services
22.5
21.9
27.6
22.3
16.8Leisure and hospitality
9.3
8.9
10.1
10.2
12.4Other services
4.9
4.8
4.5
6.3
5.4Other services, except private households
4.5
4.4
4.1
6.0
4.4Other services, private households
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.9Public administration
4.6
4.4
6.5
3.4
3.2Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
81,402
65,000
8,742
4,989
14,874Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2.3
2.6
0.8
0.4
3.2Mining
0.8
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.9Construction
11.9
13.3
6.9
3.4
20.3Manufacturing
13.3
13.6
11.8
13.6
11.5Durable goods
8.9
9.1
7.1
9.7
6.6Nondurable goods
4.4
4.5
4.7
3.9
4.9Wholesale and retail trade
13.7
13.7
14.0
13.5
12.7Wholesale trade
3.1
3.2
2.9
2.5
2.8Retail trade
10.6
10.5
11.1
11.0
10.0Transportation and utilities
7.6
7.1
12.4
6.4
7.5Information
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.8
1.3Financial activities
6.1
6.2
4.9
7.4
4.2Professional and business services
13.4
13.1
11.6
20.1
12.1Education and health services
10.8
10.2
13.6
14.0
7.1Leisure and hospitality
8.6
8.0
10.6
10.0
11.1Other services
4.4
4.4
4.8
4.6
5.0Other services, except private households
4.4
4.3
4.8
4.5
4.9Other services, private households
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1Public administration
4.8
4.8
6.1
3.4
3.1Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
71,936
55,176
9,845
4,458
11,064Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
0.8
1.0
0.1
0.3
1.4Mining
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1Construction
1.3
1.6
0.5
0.6
1.5Manufacturing
6.3
6.3
5.3
9.3
7.6Durable goods
3.4
3.4
2.9
5.4
3.4Nondurable goods
2.9
2.9
2.4
3.9
4.2Wholesale and retail trade
12.7
12.9
11.7
11.7
14.2Wholesale trade
1.5
1.6
0.8
1.9
1.8Retail trade
11.2
11.3
10.9
9.8
12.4Transportation and utilities
2.7
2.5
4.5
1.9
3.0Information
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.1Financial activities
7.7
7.9
6.7
8.0
6.4Professional and business services
11.1
11.4
8.8
12.7
11.4Education and health services
35.7
35.5
39.9
31.5
29.9Leisure and hospitality
10.1
9.9
9.7
10.4
14.2Other services
5.4
5.4
4.2
8.2
5.9Other services, except private households
4.5
4.5
3.6
7.7
3.8Other services, private households
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.5
2.1Public administration
4.4
3.9
6.8
3.4
3.3Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal families
82,015
64,910
10,017
4,735
12,936With at least one family member employed
66,027
52,016
7,886
4,195
11,244As a percent of total families
80.5
80.1
78.7
88.6
86.9With at least one family member unemployed
4,744
3,343
951
255
994As a percent of total families
5.8
5.2
9.5
5.4
7.7Some family member(s) employed
3,277
2,385
553
214
715As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
69.1
71.3
58.1
84.0
71.9Some family member(s) employed full time
2,870
2,098
469
194
634As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
60.5
62.8
49.4
76.1
63.8Married-couple families(1)
59,910
50,108
4,603
3,816
8,159With at least one family member employed
48,525
40,182
3,769
3,385
7,306As a percent of total families
81.0
80.2
81.9
88.7
89.5With at least one family member unemployed
2,783
2,162
321
198
563As a percent of total families
-
4.3
7.0
5.2
6.9Some family member(s) employed
2,245
1,739
256
173
456As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
80.7
80.4
79.8
87.2
81.1Some family member(s) employed full time
2,016
1,561
228
156
412As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
72.5
72.2
71.2
78.7
73.2Families maintained by women(2)
15,438
9,938
4,269
553
3,152With at least one family member employed
11,861
7,655
3,234
470
2,491As a percent of total families
76.8
77.0
75.7
84.9
79.0With at least one family member unemployed
1,389
802
492
31
287As a percent of total families
-
8.1
11.5
5.6
9.1Some family member(s) employed
691
421
218
22
162As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
49.8
52.5
44.4
71.0
56.4Some family member(s) employed full time
561
341
176
21
135As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
40.4
42.5
35.8
66.4
47.0Families maintained by men(2)
6,666
4,863
1,145
365
1,625With at least one family member employed
5,641
4,179
883
340
1,447As a percent of total families
84.6
85.9
77.1
93.3
89.0With at least one family member unemployed
573
379
138
25
145As a percent of total families
-
7.8
12.1
7.0
8.9Some family member(s) employed
340
225
78
19
97As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
59.4
59.3
56.7
75.7
67.1Some family member(s) employed full time
293
196
65
17
88As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
51.2
51.6
46.9
68.0
60.5Footnotes (1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black orAfrican American
Asian
Hispanic orLatino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenWith no children under 18 years1994
60.2
67.1
53.6
60.6
67.7
53.8
57.2
62.0
52.4
-
-
-
62.3
71.5
51.51995
60.2
67.0
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
57.5
62.3
52.7
-
-
-
61.2
70.9
50.21996
60.1
66.8
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
56.9
61.5
52.3
-
-
-
61.6
71.3
50.51997
60.4
67.0
53.8
60.8
67.8
53.8
57.3
61.2
53.5
-
-
-
62.6
72.1
51.41998
60.3
67.0
53.9
60.6
67.6
53.8
58.0
62.0
54.2
-
-
-
62.8
72.1
51.71999
60.4
66.8
54.1
60.7
67.5
53.9
58.3
62.1
54.6
-
-
-
62.5
71.6
52.22000
60.6
67.0
54.3
60.9
67.7
54.3
58.4
62.5
54.5
-
-
-
63.7
73.2
52.62001
60.4
66.7
54.3
60.8
67.4
54.3
57.9
61.7
54.4
-
-
-
63.0
72.4
52.62002
60.0
66.2
53.9
60.4
66.8
54.0
56.8
61.0
52.7
61.2
67.8
55.0
63.9
72.7
53.22003
59.7
65.4
54.1
60.1
66.1
54.1
56.5
60.0
53.2
59.7
66.4
53.7
62.8
72.1
51.52004
59.6
65.3
54.0
60.0
66.1
54.0
56.4
59.5
53.5
59.1
65.0
53.5
63.5
72.6
52.52005
59.8
65.5
54.2
60.1
66.2
54.1
57.3
60.8
53.9
59.9
66.0
54.3
63.0
72.1
51.92006
60.0
65.8
54.2
60.4
66.5
54.2
57.1
60.5
53.9
60.0
66.2
54.1
63.7
73.0
52.22007
59.8
65.6
54.0
60.3
66.4
54.1
56.5
60.1
53.0
60.2
66.6
54.0
63.7
72.8
52.42008
59.9
65.6
54.3
60.3
66.3
54.3
56.9
60.4
53.6
60.3
66.6
54.4
63.5
72.7
52.12009
59.3
64.6
54.0
59.9
65.4
54.3
55.9
59.3
52.7
59.0
65.3
53.1
62.6
70.7
52.82010
58.7
63.8
53.6
59.1
64.5
53.7
56.0
59.1
52.9
58.1
64.3
52.4
62.0
69.8
52.32011
58.1
63.1
53.0
58.6
63.8
53.2
55.1
58.4
51.8
58.0
63.9
52.6
60.8
68.3
51.62012
57.5
62.6
52.5
58.1
63.7
52.4
55.2
57.6
52.8
58.1
63.2
53.4
60.7
68.1
52.02013
57.2
62.3
52.1
57.4
62.9
52.0
54.5
57.1
52.0
58.8
64.5
53.6
60.6
68.2
51.92014
56.7
61.7
51.7
56.9
62.2
51.6
54.8
57.5
52.1
57.0
63.0
51.7
60.5
68.0
51.82015
56.5
61.6
51.5
56.7
62.1
51.2
55.3
58.0
52.7
56.5
61.7
51.7
60.4
68.1
51.92016
56.7
61.9
51.6
56.8
62.3
51.4
55.2
58.4
52.2
57.1
63.1
51.8
60.3
67.9
52.02017
56.8
61.9
51.9
56.8
62.2
51.4
56.1
59.2
53.2
57.4
62.9
52.5
61.0
68.2
53.2With children under 18 years1994
79.8
94.1
69.0
80.9
94.8
69.5
74.9
89.5
68.4
-
-
-
70.2
92.1
54.71995
80.3
94.1
69.8
81.3
94.9
70.3
76.3
89.6
70.3
-
-
-
71.0
92.2
55.61996
81.1
94.5
70.8
81.8
95.3
70.7
78.5
89.7
73.3
-
-
-
72.3
93.7
56.71997
81.8
94.6
71.9
82.4
95.4
71.7
79.6
89.6
75.0
-
-
-
74.0
93.4
59.61998
81.8
94.6
71.8
82.2
95.3
71.3
81.0
90.4
76.7
-
-
-
74.2
92.9
60.21999
82.0
94.6
72.2
82.3
95.4
71.5
82.0
89.3
78.5
-
-
-
74.6
93.8
60.32000
82.1
94.7
72.3
82.3
95.3
71.6
82.2
90.3
78.2
-
-
-
75.7
93.8
62.02001
81.9
94.6
72.1
82.2
95.3
71.5
81.8
89.7
77.9
-
-
-
75.7
93.6
62.02002
81.6
94.3
71.8
81.9
94.8
71.1
81.9
90.3
77.7
78.3
93.2
66.6
75.8
93.2
62.72003
81.2
94.1
71.1
81.4
94.7
70.3
81.5
89.7
77.5
78.9
93.5
67.0
75.1
93.4
61.22004
80.7
94.1
70.4
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.5
88.4
76.5
77.9
93.8
64.9
74.9
93.9
60.42005
80.7
94.1
70.5
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.4
88.7
76.3
77.9
93.1
65.6
74.5
94.2
59.62006
81.0
94.1
70.9
81.4
94.9
70.2
80.5
88.1
76.9
78.3
93.2
66.3
75.3
94.2
60.92007
81.4
94.3
71.0
81.7
95.0
70.3
81.2
89.6
76.6
78.9
93.1
67.1
76.5
94.8
61.42008
81.5
94.1
71.4
81.8
94.8
70.8
81.1
89.7
76.7
80.0
93.0
68.8
76.4
94.4
61.42009
81.3
93.8
71.4
81.8
94.5
70.9
80.2
87.7
76.3
80.1
94.1
68.0
76.5
94.2
61.52010
80.9
93.7
70.8
81.4
94.5
70.5
79.7
89.0
74.9
78.2
92.2
66.2
76.6
93.9
62.12011
80.6
93.5
70.6
81.1
94.3
70.2
79.6
87.9
75.3
78.3
93.0
65.4
76.1
93.5
61.82012
80.4
93.1
70.3
81.0
94.0
70.3
80.0
88.9
75.4
76.7
93.0
63.2
76.4
93.7
63.22013
80.0
92.8
69.9
80.6
93.6
69.6
80.0
87.9
75.6
77.0
92.7
64.2
75.3
92.9
61.22014
80.1
92.8
70.1
80.6
93.5
69.8
79.9
87.9
75.4
77.4
93.3
64.3
75.8
93.1
62.02015
80.0
92.7
69.9
80.4
93.5
69.4
80.4
87.3
76.6
76.2
92.9
62.4
75.7
93.4
61.42016
80.4
92.8
70.5
80.8
93.6
70.0
80.8
87.3
77.2
76.7
92.6
63.4
76.0
93.4
61.82017
80.8
92.8
71.1
81.2
93.7
70.5
81.6
87.3
78.4
77.8
93.1
65.0
76.0
93.1
61.9With children 6 to 17 years, none younger1994
83.5
93.1
76.1
84.3
93.9
76.5
79.6
88.0
75.5
-
-
-
74.9
89.7
64.51995
83.7
93.0
76.6
84.6
93.7
77.2
80.1
88.1
76.4
-
-
-
75.4
89.7
65.51996
84.5
93.5
77.5
85.3
94.4
77.7
81.3
87.9
78.1
-
-
-
77.3
92.3
66.71997
84.7
93.6
77.9
85.4
94.4
78.0
81.8
88.1
78.7
-
-
-
77.6
91.2
68.21998
84.5
93.5
77.6
84.9
94.2
77.3
83.1
88.2
80.6
-
-
-
77.5
90.6
68.11999
84.8
93.4
78.2
85.4
94.4
78.1
83.2
86.7
81.4
-
-
-
78.6
91.2
69.52000
85.1
93.5
78.7
85.7
94.3
78.6
83.3
87.8
81.0
-
-
-
79.3
91.5
70.52001
85.0
93.6
78.3
85.5
94.5
78.1
83.3
87.5
81.1
-
-
-
79.6
91.7
70.92002
84.8
93.3
78.2
85.1
94.0
77.8
84.3
89.2
81.8
82.6
91.6
75.7
79.0
91.1
70.22003
84.5
93.1
77.8
84.7
93.7
77.3
84.0
88.0
82.1
82.9
93.5
74.3
78.8
91.5
69.42004
84.1
93.1
77.3
84.5
93.9
76.9
82.7
86.3
80.9
82.6
93.8
73.4
79.6
92.8
70.22005
83.7
93.0
76.5
84.1
93.8
76.3
82.4
86.9
80.2
80.7
92.3
71.2
78.8
92.9
68.72006
83.8
93.1
76.7
84.3
94.0
76.3
82.4
85.7
80.8
80.8
91.8
72.0
79.1
92.6
69.42007
84.3
93.2
77.2
84.6
94.0
76.7
83.7
87.7
81.5
81.8
91.7
73.6
80.5
93.1
70.42008
84.3
93.1
77.3
84.7
93.9
77.0
83.1
87.8
80.6
82.7
91.8
74.9
80.4
93.2
70.02009
84.2
92.7
77.3
84.7
93.7
77.0
82.2
85.7
80.3
82.7
92.9
74.0
80.7
93.6
69.92010
83.7
92.8
76.5
84.2
93.6
76.3
81.9
87.1
79.2
81.8
92.2
73.1
80.1
92.6
69.92011
83.3
92.6
76.1
83.9
93.5
76.0
81.5
86.5
78.8
80.8
92.2
71.2
79.2
91.9
69.02012
82.6
92.2
75.1
83.2
93.0
75.1
81.9
87.3
79.1
78.4
91.6
67.7
79.4
92.7
69.12013
82.3
91.9
74.7
83.0
92.8
74.8
81.4
86.4
78.6
78.8
91.7
68.4
78.1
91.8
67.52014
82.2
91.6
74.7
82.7
92.4
74.6
81.7
86.5
79.0
80.1
92.6
70.1
78.4
91.9
68.22015
82.1
91.8
74.4
82.5
92.5
74.2
81.4
85.5
79.1
79.0
92.0
68.4
78.3
92.3
67.32016
82.5
91.9
75.0
82.8
92.7
74.6
81.9
85.6
79.9
80.0
92.2
69.9
78.5
92.4
67.72017
82.8
91.7
75.7
83.3
92.6
75.3
82.4
84.9
81.1
81.5
92.8
72.2
78.8
92.0
68.1With children under 6 years1994
75.8
95.2
61.2
77.1
95.9
61.6
70.0
91.3
61.2
-
-
-
66.6
94.0
47.01995
76.6
95.5
62.3
77.7
96.1
62.6
72.0
91.4
63.9
-
-
-
67.6
94.1
47.71996
77.2
95.6
63.2
77.9
96.3
62.7
75.4
91.9
68.2
-
-
-
68.5
94.8
48.71997
78.3
95.8
64.8
78.8
96.5
64.1
77.1
91.3
70.8
-
-
-
70.9
95.1
52.31998
78.6
96.1
64.9
78.9
96.6
64.1
78.5
93.0
72.0
-
-
-
71.3
94.9
53.01999
78.5
96.1
64.8
78.5
96.7
63.4
80.6
92.5
74.9
-
-
-
71.2
95.9
52.12000
78.4
96.1
64.6
78.2
96.5
63.0
80.9
93.3
74.9
-
-
-
72.5
95.7
54.52001
78.1
95.8
64.3
78.1
96.2
63.0
80.0
92.5
73.9
-
-
-
72.2
95.2
53.82002
77.7
95.5
63.7
77.9
95.9
62.7
78.9
91.8
72.5
73.5
94.8
56.3
73.1
94.8
56.12003
77.2
95.4
62.8
77.3
96.0
61.5
78.2
92.1
71.8
74.2
93.4
58.5
71.9
94.9
53.42004
76.5
95.4
61.8
76.8
96.0
60.7
77.6
91.1
70.8
73.1
93.8
56.0
70.6
94.8
51.22005
77.0
95.4
62.8
77.2
96.1
61.6
77.8
91.2
71.4
74.9
94.0
59.3
70.6
95.4
50.92006
77.5
95.4
63.5
77.7
95.9
62.5
78.0
91.1
71.8
75.6
94.8
59.9
71.7
95.6
52.72007
77.8
95.7
63.3
77.9
96.2
62.3
77.9
92.3
70.4
75.8
94.8
59.9
72.9
96.1
53.02008
77.9
95.4
64.0
78.0
95.9
62.9
78.6
92.4
71.7
77.1
94.3
61.9
72.7
95.5
53.02009
77.8
95.1
64.2
78.1
95.6
63.3
77.7
90.4
71.4
77.3
95.4
61.4
72.4
94.9
53.12010
77.5
94.7
63.9
78.0
95.5
63.4
77.1
91.3
69.8
74.3
92.2
58.3
73.2
95.2
54.62011
77.4
94.5
63.9
77.7
95.2
63.0
77.4
89.7
71.1
75.4
93.8
58.4
73.2
95.0
54.72012
77.7
94.2
64.6
78.2
95.1
64.3
77.6
91.0
71.0
74.7
94.5
57.8
73.3
94.6
57.02013
77.2
93.9
63.9
77.5
94.7
62.9
78.5
89.8
72.1
74.9
93.8
59.3
72.3
94.0
54.52014
77.5
94.2
64.2
78.0
94.9
63.7
77.6
89.6
71.0
74.3
94.0
57.4
73.1
94.4
55.22015
77.4
93.9
64.2
77.7
94.7
63.3
79.2
89.5
73.4
72.8
94.1
55.0
72.9
94.5
54.72016
77.8
94.0
64.7
78.2
94.8
63.9
79.4
89.5
73.6
72.8
93.2
55.6
72.9
94.6
54.82017
78.2
94.1
65.1
78.4
95.0
64.2
80.7
90.1
75.0
73.1
93.5
55.2
72.5
94.4
54.3With children under 3 years1994
74.0
95.3
57.7
75.6
96.0
58.6
66.0
91.5
55.6
-
-
-
64.4
94.1
42.21995
74.8
95.5
58.9
76.0
96.2
59.2
68.9
90.9
60.0
-
-
-
65.7
94.1
43.71996
75.4
95.8
59.4
76.2
96.5
59.2
72.1
92.2
63.1
-
-
-
66.2
94.6
44.71997
76.6
95.9
61.4
77.5
96.5
61.4
73.6
92.1
65.1
-
-
-
68.6
94.6
48.01998
77.2
96.2
61.9
77.7
96.7
61.5
75.8
93.2
67.5
-
-
-
69.5
95.0
48.91999
77.0
96.4
61.5
77.0
97.0
60.1
78.7
92.4
72.0
-
-
-
68.8
96.2
47.42000
76.3
96.4
60.4
76.3
96.7
59.0
77.6
93.6
69.8
-
-
-
70.4
96.2
50.02001
76.0
95.9
60.2
76.1
96.4
58.9
77.3
92.6
69.7
-
-
-
69.7
95.3
48.72002
76.1
95.8
60.2
76.3
96.2
59.2
76.9
93.2
68.6
72.1
95.4
53.5
70.3
95.1
50.32003
75.2
95.7
58.9
75.6
96.2
57.8
74.7
91.4
67.0
73.0
94.5
55.1
69.5
95.2
47.92004
74.4
95.7
57.5
74.9
96.3
56.8
74.7
91.0
66.4
70.2
93.8
50.4
68.2
95.2
46.02005
74.8
95.5
58.4
75.1
96.4
57.2
74.7
90.6
67.0
72.4
92.9
55.8
67.7
96.0
45.02006
75.8
95.5
60.2
76.2
96.2
59.3
75.0
90.6
67.2
73.4
94.2
56.8
69.5
95.9
48.62007
75.6
95.9
59.2
76.0
96.4
58.3
74.8
92.8
65.7
73.6
94.2
56.2
69.9
96.0
47.62008
76.1
95.7
60.4
76.4
96.2
59.4
75.0
92.4
66.7
75.9
94.4
59.5
70.3
95.9
47.92009
76.1
95.0
61.1
76.6
95.5
60.5
74.5
90.2
66.6
76.1
95.9
58.2
70.0
94.4
49.12010
75.7
94.7
60.7
76.4
95.7
60.3
74.2
91.0
65.6
72.2
91.2
55.3
71.3
95.3
50.82011
75.7
94.7
60.6
76.1
95.3
60.0
75.0
89.2
67.5
73.8
95.3
54.1
71.3
95.5
50.12012
76.0
95.0
61.2
76.6
95.5
61.2
75.5
92.2
67.0
72.4
94.3
53.7
71.2
95.5
52.42013
75.8
94.0
61.1
76.2
94.9
60.3
76.6
89.9
68.8
72.5
92.6
55.5
70.3
94.3
50.42014
76.0
94.4
61.0
76.6
95.0
60.8
75.9
90.2
67.6
72.6
94.5
53.4
70.8
95.1
50.62015
76.1
93.9
61.4
76.4
94.7
60.6
77.5
89.7
70.3
70.8
92.8
52.0
70.9
94.4
50.62016
76.5
94.2
61.8
77.1
95.1
61.3
78.2
90.2
70.8
69.3
92.5
49.8
70.9
94.5
50.62017
77.0
94.6
62.3
77.4
95.3
61.8
79.2
91.5
71.1
70.7
93.2
50.8
70.9
95.3
50.5Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
5.6
5.0
6.6
5.1
4.5
5.9
10.4
9.3
11.8
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
4.9
4.2
6.0
4.3
3.8
5.3
9.4
8.0
11.1
-
-
-
7.5
6.7
9.01974
5.6
4.9
6.7
5.0
4.4
6.1
10.5
9.8
11.3
-
-
-
8.1
7.3
9.41975
8.5
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.2
8.6
14.8
14.8
14.8
-
-
-
12.2
11.4
13.51976
7.7
7.1
8.6
7.0
6.4
7.9
14.0
13.7
14.3
-
-
-
11.5
10.8
12.71977
7.1
6.3
8.2
6.2
5.5
7.3
14.0
13.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.1
9.0
11.91978
6.1
5.3
7.2
5.2
4.6
6.2
12.8
11.8
13.8
-
-
-
9.1
7.7
11.31979
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.9
12.3
11.4
13.3
-
-
-
8.3
7.0
10.31980
7.1
6.9
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.5
14.3
14.5
14.0
-
-
-
10.1
9.7
10.71981
7.6
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
6.9
15.6
15.7
15.6
-
-
-
10.4
10.2
10.81982
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.8
8.3
18.9
20.1
17.6
-
-
-
13.8
13.6
14.11983
9.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
8.8
7.9
19.5
20.3
18.6
-
-
-
13.7
13.6
13.81984
7.5
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
15.9
16.4
15.4
-
-
-
10.7
10.5
11.11985
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
15.1
15.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.5
10.2
11.01986
7.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
14.5
14.8
14.2
-
-
-
10.6
10.5
10.81987
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
13.0
12.7
13.2
-
-
-
8.8
8.7
8.91988
5.5
5.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
-
-
-
8.2
8.1
8.31989
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
-
-
-
8.0
7.6
8.81990
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.8
4.9
4.7
11.4
11.9
10.9
-
-
-
8.2
8.0
8.41991
6.8
7.2
6.4
6.1
6.5
5.6
12.5
13.0
12.0
-
-
-
10.0
10.3
9.61992
7.5
7.9
7.0
6.6
7.0
6.1
14.2
15.2
13.2
-
-
-
11.6
11.7
11.41993
6.9
7.2
6.6
6.1
6.3
5.7
13.0
13.8
12.1
-
-
-
10.8
10.6
11.01994
6.1
6.2
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.5
12.0
11.0
-
-
-
9.9
9.4
10.71995
5.6
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.8
10.4
10.6
10.2
-
-
-
9.3
8.8
10.01996
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.5
11.1
10.0
-
-
-
8.9
7.9
10.21997
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
10.0
10.2
9.9
-
-
-
7.7
7.0
8.91998
4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
-
-
-
7.2
6.4
8.21999
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.8
8.0
8.2
7.8
-
-
-
6.4
5.6
7.62000
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
7.6
8.0
7.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
5.0
6.82001
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.1
8.6
9.3
8.1
4.5
4.5
4.4
6.6
5.9
7.52002
5.8
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
4.9
10.2
10.7
9.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.2
8.02003
6.0
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.8
10.8
11.6
10.2
6.0
6.2
5.7
7.7
7.2
8.42004
5.5
5.6
5.4
4.8
5.0
4.7
10.4
11.1
9.8
4.4
4.5
4.3
7.0
6.5
7.62005
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
10.0
10.5
9.5
4.0
4.0
3.9
6.0
5.4
6.92006
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.9
9.5
8.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
4.8
5.92007
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
8.3
9.1
7.5
3.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
5.3
6.12008
5.8
6.1
5.4
5.2
5.5
4.9
10.1
11.4
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.72009
9.3
10.3
8.1
8.5
9.4
7.3
14.8
17.5
12.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
12.1
12.5
11.52010
9.6
10.5
8.6
8.7
9.6
7.7
16.0
18.4
13.8
7.5
7.8
7.1
12.5
12.7
12.32011
8.9
9.4
8.5
7.9
8.3
7.5
15.8
17.8
14.1
7.0
6.8
7.3
11.5
11.2
11.82012
8.1
8.2
7.9
7.2
7.4
7.0
13.8
15.0
12.8
5.9
5.8
6.1
10.3
9.9
10.92013
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.5
6.8
6.2
13.1
14.2
12.1
5.2
5.6
4.8
9.1
8.8
9.52014
6.2
6.3
6.1
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.3
12.2
10.5
5.0
5.3
4.6
7.4
6.8
8.22015
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.6
4.7
4.5
9.6
10.3
8.9
3.8
4.0
3.7
6.6
6.3
7.12016
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.3
4.4
4.2
8.4
9.1
7.8
3.6
3.5
3.9
5.8
5.4
6.32017
4.4
4.4
4.3
3.8
3.8
3.8
7.5
8.1
6.9
3.4
3.4
3.4
5.1
4.7
5.7

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
10.5
11.2
9.6
7.7
6.9
8.6
9.1
9.3
8.92004
9.6
9.7
9.4
6.1
6.8
5.4
8.7
8.7
8.72005
9.3
8.7
10.1
4.3
4.8
3.9
8.0
7.9
8.22006
7.9
7.9
8.0
5.3
6.3
4.3
6.7
7.3
6.02007
8.1
7.9
8.4
4.8
5.4
4.3
7.1
7.4
6.82008
9.9
10.8
8.8
6.4
7.7
4.9
9.5
10.1
8.72009
13.3
15.5
10.8
10.8
11.6
10.0
13.6
14.2
12.92010
15.1
17.3
12.7
12.0
13.6
10.4
13.6
14.2
13.02011
14.6
15.4
13.7
10.4
11.4
9.3
13.6
14.0
13.12012
12.3
11.9
12.7
11.8
12.4
11.2
11.9
12.1
11.52013
12.8
13.3
12.1
10.2
11.1
9.3
11.0
11.4
10.52014
11.3
11.9
10.6
6.1
5.7
6.6
10.2
10.9
9.52015
9.9
11.1
8.5
5.7
5.7
5.6
8.4
8.1
8.72016
8.9
9.2
8.7
4.4
4.3
4.5
7.5
7.6
7.32017
7.8
8.5
7.1
6.1
5.4
7.0
6.7
6.9
6.4Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Duration of unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
6,982
4,765
1,501
333
1,401Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
32.5
34.3
26.6
27.2
36.15 to 14 weeks
28.8
29.4
26.8
29.4
29.115 to 26 weeks
14.6
13.6
17.7
15.2
13.827 weeks and over
24.2
22.7
28.9
28.2
21.0Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
25.0
23.8
28.6
30.6
22.3Median duration, in weeks
10.0
9.3
13.1
11.5
8.9Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,743
2,592
766
177
730Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
31.9
33.6
26.4
26.4
38.25 to 14 weeks
28.7
29.3
26.0
31.6
30.215 to 26 weeks
15.0
13.7
19.0
16.4
12.627 weeks and over
24.4
23.4
28.5
25.6
19.0Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
25.3
24.5
28.0
31.4
21.2Median duration, in weeks
10.1
9.4
13.5
11.3
8.0Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,239
2,173
735
156
671Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
33.2
35.1
26.9
28.0
33.85 to 14 weeks
28.8
29.4
27.6
27.0
27.915 to 26 weeks
14.1
13.5
16.3
13.9
15.127 weeks and over
23.9
21.9
29.2
31.1
23.2Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
24.5
22.9
29.3
29.7
23.4Median duration, in weeks
9.8
9.1
12.7
11.8
10.0Footnotes (1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Reason for unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
6,982
4,765
1,501
333
1,401Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
49.2
50.8
47.0
42.4
49.6On temporary layoff
13.7
16.0
7.5
8.2
15.8Not on temporary layoff
35.5
34.7
39.4
34.1
33.8Permanent job losers
25.3
25.1
26.5
28.1
22.5Persons who completed temporary jobs
10.2
9.6
13.0
6.0
11.3Job leavers
11.1
11.7
9.7
11.5
10.5Reentrants
29.8
28.7
32.1
31.0
29.1New entrants
9.9
8.9
11.3
15.2
10.8Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,743
2,592
766
177
730Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
54.4
55.9
52.2
48.9
56.8On temporary layoff
14.9
17.0
8.6
8.2
18.6Not on temporary layoff
39.6
38.9
43.6
40.7
38.2Permanent job losers
27.7
27.4
29.5
33.6
24.4Persons who completed temporary jobs
11.9
11.5
14.1
7.2
13.8Job leavers
10.2
10.8
8.4
11.2
10.2Reentrants
25.7
25.0
27.2
25.6
24.1New entrants
9.7
8.3
12.3
14.2
9.0Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,239
2,173
735
156
671Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
43.1
44.6
41.6
34.9
41.7On temporary layoff
12.3
14.8
6.4
8.3
12.7Not on temporary layoff
30.8
29.8
35.1
26.7
29.0Permanent job losers
22.6
22.5
23.3
21.9
20.5Persons who completed temporary jobs
8.2
7.3
11.8
4.7
8.5Job leavers
12.2
12.7
11.0
11.7
10.9Reentrants
34.5
33.2
37.2
37.1
34.5New entrants
10.1
9.5
10.2
16.3
12.9Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian laborforce(1)
Not in the labor forceTotal
Want a job
Do not want a job nowTotal
Searched for work in previous year,but not in past 4 weeksTotal
Marginally attached(available to work now)(2)Total
Discouraged workers(3)
Other(4)TotalTotal, 16 years and older
160,320
94,759
5,518
2,198
1,587
476
1,112
89,24216 to 24 years
21,160
16,989
1,655
702
439
115
324
15,33525 to 54 years
102,683
23,014
2,282
1,001
743
223
519
20,73255 years and older
36,476
54,756
1,581
495
405
138
268
53,175Men, 16 years and older
85,145
38,130
2,539
1,089
835
299
536
35,59116 to 24 years
10,887
8,332
863
385
257
75
182
7,46825 to 54 years
54,813
7,038
940
452
366
137
229
6,09855 years and older
19,445
22,760
736
252
213
87
126
22,025Women, 16 years and older
75,175
56,629
2,979
1,109
752
177
575
53,65016 to 24 years
10,273
8,658
792
317
183
40
143
7,86625 to 54 years
47,870
15,975
1,342
548
377
86
291
14,63355 years and older
17,031
31,996
845
243
193
51
142
31,151WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
124,941
74,001
3,861
1,477
1,056
301
756
70,13916 to 24 years
16,023
12,017
1,123
459
278
68
210
10,89325 to 54 years
78,569
16,821
1,546
651
477
130
347
15,27555 years and older
30,348
45,163
1,192
368
301
103
199
43,971Men, 16 years and older
67,592
29,633
1,757
722
552
189
362
27,87516 to 24 years
8,358
5,851
578
249
162
43
120
5,27325 to 54 years
42,793
4,889
623
285
228
81
147
4,26655 years and older
16,442
18,893
557
188
161
65
96
18,336Women, 16 years and older
57,349
44,368
2,104
755
505
112
393
42,26416 to 24 years
7,666
6,165
545
210
116
25
91
5,62025 to 54 years
35,777
11,933
923
366
249
49
200
11,00955 years and older
13,907
26,270
636
179
140
38
103
25,634Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
20,088
12,159
1,026
453
352
129
224
11,13316 to 24 years
2,995
2,755
328
150
106
39
68
2,42725 to 54 years
13,530
3,423
442
223
180
69
111
2,98155 years and older
3,563
5,981
257
80
67
21
45
5,725Men, 16 years and older
9,508
5,204
494
235
191
81
110
4,71016 to 24 years
1,436
1,384
179
85
62
26
36
1,20525 to 54 years
6,388
1,407
199
112
98
42
56
1,20855 years and older
1,685
2,413
116
38
31
13
18
2,297Women, 16 years and older
10,580
6,955
532
218
161
48
113
6,42216 to 24 years
1,559
1,371
149
66
44
13
32
1,22225 to 54 years
7,143
2,016
243
111
81
27
54
1,77355 years and older
1,878
3,568
141
42
35
8
27
3,427AsianTotal, 16 years and older
9,781
5,587
343
143
89
22
68
5,24416 to 24 years
934
1,304
84
42
23
4
19
1,22025 to 54 years
7,005
1,811
179
72
44
10
35
1,63255 years and older
1,842
2,473
80
29
22
8
14
2,393Men, 16 years and older
5,166
2,015
148
69
43
13
30
1,86716 to 24 years
470
643
44
24
14
3
11
59925 to 54 years
3,748
419
67
30
19
6
13
35255 years and older
949
953
37
15
10
4
6
916Women, 16 years and older
4,615
3,572
196
73
46
9
37
3,37716 to 24 years
464
661
40
18
9
1
8
62025 to 54 years
3,258
1,392
113
42
25
4
21
1,28055 years and older
893
1,520
43
14
12
4
8
1,477Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
27,339
14,032
1,069
401
301
88
213
12,96316 to 24 years
4,550
3,980
378
145
102
29
74
3,60125 to 54 years
19,072
4,978
498
195
148
45
103
4,48055 years and older
3,717
5,074
193
61
51
15
36
4,881Men, 16 years and older
15,604
4,974
436
187
151
53
98
4,53716 to 24 years
2,446
1,879
192
79
60
18
42
1,68625 to 54 years
11,054
1,150
164
78
65
26
39
98655 years and older
2,104
1,946
80
30
26
8
18
1,865Women, 16 years and older
11,735
9,058
633
213
150
36
115
8,42516 to 24 years
2,104
2,101
186
65
42
10
32
1,91525 to 54 years
8,018
3,829
334
116
83
19
64
3,49555 years and older
1,613
3,129
113
32
25
7
18
3,016Footnotes (1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2017 annual averages
Year
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
655Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
690Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
603Women's earnings asa percent of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.4Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 25 years and older
$907
$937
$712
$1,099
$688Less than a high school diploma
520
527
483
505
510High school graduates, no college(1)
712
746
599
653
651Some college, no degree
774
810
661
762
733Associate's degree
836
868
707
791
744Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,279
1,314
1,021
1,441
1,066Men, 25 years and older
996
1,023
743
1,253
719Less than a high school diploma
584
591
504
590
564High school graduates, no college(1)
797
831
653
714
709Some college, no degree
886
926
711
826
805Associate's degree
978
1,003
790
911
823Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,481
1,516
1,109
1,625
1,173Women, 25 years and older
810
836
685
932
634Less than a high school diploma
447
446
450
438
431High school graduates, no college(1)
610
627
539
591
575Some college, no degree
680
696
624
691
661Associate's degree
727
744
649
740
667Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,131
1,141
980
1,248
992Footnotes (1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
$860
$890
$682
$1,043
$655Management, professional, and related occupations
1,224
1,236
966
1,480
1,025Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,327
1,350
1,009
1,565
1,045Management occupations
1,392
1,430
1,040
1,679
1,072Business and financial operations occupations
1,174
1,196
983
1,403
987Professional and related occupations
1,160
1,164
934
1,444
1,013Computer and mathematical occupations
1,465
1,443
1,157
1,734
1,186Architecture and engineering occupations
1,478
1,471
1,257
1,594
1,416Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,286
1,283
1,035
1,449
1,161Community and social services occupations
900
927
823
1,053
793Legal occupations
1,443
1,452
1,190
1,743
1,087Education, training, and library occupations
1,002
1,020
880
1,001
915Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,066
1,096
828
995
1,008Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,124
1,137
913
1,309
1,000Service occupations
544
562
501
554
505Healthcare support occupations
542
563
505
533
575Protective service occupations
852
921
679
782
764Food preparation and serving related occupations
484
487
443
519
467Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
522
538
477
542
495Personal care and service occupations
520
525
498
551
502Sales and office occupations
718
739
621
763
630Sales and related occupations
763
817
583
722
604Office and administrative support occupations
701
710
647
779
647Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
801
808
724
901
659Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
539
547
475
484
493Construction and extraction occupations
796
804
704
999
671Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
878
889
782
825
752Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
692
717
606
653
596Production occupations
701
721
614
656
599Transportation and material-moving occupations
681
711
599
648
594Men, 16 years and older
$941
$971
$710
$1,207
$690Management, professional, and related occupations
1,442
1,458
1,099
1,662
1,166Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,526
1,553
1,119
1,756
1,146Management occupations
1,573
1,618
1,143
1,850
1,159Business and financial operations occupations
1,390
1,414
1,075
1,630
1,106Professional and related occupations
1,391
1,389
1,082
1,617
1,195Computer and mathematical occupations
1,552
1,522
1,252
1,784
1,300Architecture and engineering occupations
1,518
1,509
1,356
1,638
1,450Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,361
1,337
1,405
1,488
1,168Community and social services occupations
976
1,032
895
1,305
904Legal occupations
1,896
1,901
1,652
1,668
1,609Education, training, and library occupations
1,202
1,223
1,033
1,348
1,022Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,161
1,173
791
1,121
1,075Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,341
1,377
1,072
1,340
1,125Service occupations
608
621
527
613
543Healthcare support occupations
597
617
569
518
595Protective service occupations
894
956
731
794
782Food preparation and serving related occupations
502
504
452
589
495Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
573
585
503
559
535Personal care and service occupations
612
633
512
662
592Sales and office occupations
834
880
622
849
671Sales and related occupations
934
974
624
862
724Office and administrative support occupations
735
746
621
837
645Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
809
818
723
911
676Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
585
595
415
495
512Construction and extraction occupations
796
804
703
995
672Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
883
896
776
850
759Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
736
772
641
705
642Production occupations
769
792
668
717
672Transportation and material-moving occupations
710
746
624
693
621Women, 16 years and older
$770
$795
$657
$903
$603Management, professional, and related occupations
1,052
1,065
903
1,309
921Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,134
1,144
962
1,389
945Management occupations
1,173
1,189
971
1,500
970Business and financial operations occupations
1,055
1,064
950
1,337
912Professional and related occupations
1,014
1,024
869
1,247
902Computer and mathematical occupations
1,235
1,223
1,054
1,484
995Architecture and engineering occupations
1,307
1,306
1,099
1,387
1,120Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,183
1,205
899
1,403
1,134Community and social services occupations
857
882
797
954
774Legal occupations
1,192
1,184
1,004
1,760
843Education, training, and library occupations
935
953
830
915
871Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
943
952
840
897
928Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,068
1,080
889
1,283
957Service occupations
501
505
484
515
475Healthcare support occupations
533
554
500
535
570Protective service occupations
690
783
595
753
653Food preparation and serving related occupations
459
465
435
482
424Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
463
471
420
513
435Personal care and service occupations
503
502
493
524
483Sales and office occupations
672
683
621
716
609Sales and related occupations
609
628
524
634
506Office and administrative support occupations
691
698
655
760
648Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
579
561
748
689
477Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
471
464
645
412
444Construction and extraction occupations
802
809
745
1,186
549Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
736
674
904
664
585Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
545
551
530
577
479Production occupations
564
568
545
601
489Transportation and material-moving occupations
514
518
507
502
455Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.
**Concepts and definitions**
*Civilian noninstitutional population.*Making up the civilian noninstitutional population are people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
*Employed.*Employed people include all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.
*Unemployed.*The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
*Duration of unemployment.*The duration of unemployment is the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.
*Reason for unemployment.*Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:
Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.
Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.
New entrants, people who had never worked.*Civilian labor force.*This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
*Unemployment rate.*This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
*Labor force participation rate.*This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.
*Employment–population ratio.*This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.
*Not in the labor force.*Making up this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.
*Occupation and industry.*Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.[1]
*White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.*In accordance with Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.[2]
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.*This term refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[3]
*Usual weekly earnings.*Usual weekly earnings data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).
*Median earnings.*Median earnings figures indicate the numerical value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.
*Family.*A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:
*Married-couple families* refer to opposite-sex married couples only.
*Families maintained by women and families maintained by men* are each made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).*Children.*Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
**Reliability of the estimates**
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.[4]
[1] Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and industry data from the Current Population Survey,” *Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey*(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 6, 2016), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
[2] More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
[3] More information on the 2003 changes in the questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online; see Bowler, Ilg, Miller, Robison, and Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey,” www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
[4] A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and of information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Reliability of estimates from the CPS,” *Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey*(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 16, 2017), www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
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