# Patent

## Title
Lift generating mechanism for an aircraft

## Abstract

This is a division of application Ser. No. 335,035, filed Dec. 28, 1981, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,793, issued Nov. 8, 1983.

## Background
The present invention relates to a cassette tape recorder for automatic stereo sets.

It is well known from experience that an ordinary cassette tape recorder may produce a high quality sound when a vehicle in which the cassette tape recorder is installed is in a stationary condition but that the same tape recorder may produce a poor quality sound when the vehicle is in motion and is experiencing large up-and-down vibrations. It is also known that, particularly when the remainder of tape to be played is large, wow is increased to thereby result in a poor quality sound production.

Various studies of this wow phenomenon have been made by the present invention. In one experiment, an up-and-down vibration of 1G was applied to an ordinary cassette tape recorder at a changing frequency, and the resulting wow was measured. The results are shown in FIG. 1, which is a graph showing the wow (RMS) characteristics vs. frequency. As is apparent from the characteristic curve, wow exceeding 1% was generated at vibration of 40 Hz and also at 100 Hz or more. These characteristics were measured in another way, that is, in an auditory sense compensation, and the results were as shown in FIG. 2. The wow generated at the vibration of 100 Hz or more was less than 0.2% and caused no problem, but the wow generated at about 40 Hz was still more than 0.2%, which caused the quality of sound to be degraded.

Detailed analyses of the wow at 40 Hz were than made, which can be understood with reference to the structures of a conventional tape recorder and the tape cassette and operations thereof as will be explained in detail with reference to FIGS. 3 through 8.

Referring first to FIGS. 3 and 4, a tape cassette case generally designated by reference numeral 1 is made up of cassette halves 1a and 1b and a tape 2 encased therein. The tape 2 is fixed at either end to a pair of reels 3a and 3b by means of respective clampers 4a and 4b, so that the tape can be wound onto the reels 3a and 3b. Thus, the when the winding diameter of tape on one side is increased, the winding diameter of tape on the other side is decreased. In the drawings, the tape is fully wound on supply reel 3b. It is a typical feature of the tape cassette that no flanges are provided on the reels 3a and 3b, to thereby decrease the distance between reels 3a and 3b, which in turn leads to a miniaturization of the overall physical cassette size. However, without flange members, the tape may be wound on the reels 3a and 3b non-uniformly in a width wise direction. In order to eliminate this defect, i.e., to prevent the tape from contacting with the inner walls of the cassette halves 1a and 1b, and in order to achieve such prevention without causing any substantial additional friction, a space is provided between the tape and each inner wall of the cassette halves 1a and 1b, and a sheet 5a or 5b which is a so called "retainer" is interposed in this space so that the reels 3a and 3b are retained at a suitable position within the case 1.

A pair of guide rollers 6a and 6b, a pressure pad 7, and the like are encased in the case together with the tape 2 and the reels 3a and 3b. In the walls of the case 1 are formed a pair of capstan shaft insertion holes 8a and 8b, positioning pin insertion holes 9a, 9b, 9c and 9d, a pair of pinch roller insertion holes 10a and 10b, reel shaft insertion holes 11a and 11b, and a magnetic head insertion holes 12. Reference characters 3a' and 3b' denote engagement lips formed at an angular interval of 60.degree. on the circumferential periphery of the reel 3a or 3b.

On the other hand, the cassette tape recorder comprises a pair of reel shafts 20a and 20b, a capstan shaft 21, a pinch roller 23 and a magnetic head 24. When the tape cassette 1 is mounted on the tape recorder, the reel shafts 20a and 20b are inserted through the reel shaft insertion holes 11a and 11b into the interior of the tape cassette 1 and engage with the reels 3a and 3b. At the same time, the capstan shaft 21 is inserted into the capstan shaft insertion hole 8a. Then, when the tape recorder is played, the pinch roller 23 is inserted through the pinch roller insertion hole 10a into the interior of the tape cassette 1 to clamp the tape 2 against the capstan shaft 21 so that the pinch roller cooperates with the capstan shaft 21 rotating at a constant speed to move the tape 2 at a constant speed. At the same time, the magnetic head 24 is inserted through the magnetic head insertion hole 12 into the interior of the cassette case 1 to clamp the tape 2 against the pressure pad 7 to thereby reproduce the information recorded on the tape 2.

In the thus described play condition, the reel shaft 20a serves to take up the tape 2 and is driven by a drive source (not shown), whereas the reel shaft 20b serves to feed the tape 2 and is not driven by the source, but instead the reel shaft 20b is adapted to apply a constant back tension to the tape 2.

The reel shaft 20b on the supply side of conventional construction is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, wherein the character C denotes a chassis of the cassette tape recorder, from which an upright shaft 20b.sub.1 extends vertically. A reel shaft member 20b.sub.2 having a regular hexagonal cross section is freely rotatably mounted on the upright shaft 20b.sub.1. A cylindrical hub 20b.sub.3 surrounds the shaft 20b.sub.2 so as to be slidable in the axial direction but to positively engage with the shaft member 20b.sub.2 with respect to the horizontal or rotational direction. The cylindrical hub 20b.sub.3 is biased to move in one direction by a spring 20b.sub.4 interposed between the bottom surface of the hub and the facing portion of the shaft member 20b.sub.2. The hub 20b.sub.3 is held at a position shown by a retaining member 20b.sub.5 tightly engaged with the shaft member 20b.sub.2.

As described above, the shaft member 20b.sub.2, the cylindrical hub 20b.sub.3, the spring 20b.sub.4 and the retaining member 20b.sub.5 are formed in a unit which is prevented from being pulled apart from the upright shaft 20b.sub.1 by means of a stopping member 20b.sub.6 mounted on the top end of the upright shaft 20b.sub.1, as shown in FIG. 5. A leaf spring 20b.sub.7 interposed between a flanged portion of the upright shaft 20b.sub.1 and the shaft member 20b.sub.2 is provided in order to produce a constant frictional force between the reel shaft unit and the upright shaft 20b.sub.1 to thereby apply a back tension to the tape 2. With the thus constructed reel shaft 20b, when the tape cassette is inserted, if the reel lips 3b' of the cassette are not properly meshed with the outer projections 20b'.sub.3 of the cylindrical hub 20b.sub.3, the cylindrical hub 20b.sub.3 may be pressed downwardly so that no damage occurs. If a simpler construction is desired, as shown in FIG. 7, projections 20b'.sub.2 may be formed directly on the shaft membmer 20b.sub.2 with the shaft member rotatably mounted on the upright shaft 20b.sub.1. The leaf spring 20b.sub.7 provides back tension and is also provided with somewhat more bending range.

Now, when the above-described tape recorder is in the play condition, let us assume that an up-and-down vibration is applied thereto as shown by the arrow in FIG. 4. When the frequency of vibration is very low, e.g. about 1 Hz, the reels 3a and 3b are vibrated together with the case 1 and chassis C. However, when the frequency is increased, the reels 3a and 3b may remain relatively stationary while only the case 1 vibrates vertically together with the chassis C. For this reason, the upper and lower inner walls of the case 1 collide against the reels 3a and 3b with high energy. In such a condition, the tape 2 may be elongated or shortened between the point a on the tape 2 clamped between the capstan shaft 21 and the pinch roller 23 and the point b at the winding end of the reel 3b.

It is to be noted that the tape 2 between the above described points a and b has a resonance at a resonance frequency f.sub.0 which is determined according to the spring constant of the tape 2 and the inertial moment of the tape wound on the reel 3b. Now, when the value of f.sub.0 is calculated with a typical back tension of 2 to 3 g, a value of f.sub.0 =30-40 Hz, is derived.

When the cassette tape recorder is in its play condition, as shown in FIG. 8a, the projections 3b' of the supply reel 3b are engaged with the projections 20b'.sub.3 of the reel shaft 20b so that the projections 3b' rotate the reel shaft 20b while the supply reel is rotated in the direction of the arrow. However, when the above noted resonance is generated, the rotation of the reel 3b may be stopped by the elongation of the tape 2 as shown in FIG. 8b. Thereafter, due to the reduction of the tape, the reel 3b is rapidly rotated to thereby rotate the reel shaft 20b with high energy and at a higher speed as shown in FIG. 8c. For this reason, a reactive force occurs whereby the shaft projections 20b'.sub.3 push back on the reel projections 3b' so that, with the next elongation of the tape 2, the projections 3b' and 20b'.sub.3 of both members are separated from each other as shown in FIG. 8d. Once such a state is generated, collision and reaction are alternately generated between the projections 3b' and 20b'.sub.3 to thereby cause a so-called jitter. As a result, the travelling speed of the tape 2 on the surface of the magnetic head 24 is changed, which causes wow to be generated at about 40 Hz.

Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a cassettte tape machine having a shaft unit substantially immune to tape resonance caused by vertical vibration.

Briefly, this is achieved according to the present invention by providing a resilient contact between the shaft unit and the reel of the cassette. In one embodiment, the hub is made of a resilient material but is covered by a hard plastic retaining member which exposes only the resilient projections of the hub. In another embodiment, the hub is of a harder material but at least the surface of the hub projections which contact the reel during supply direction rotation are formed of a resilient material. In a third embodiment, the hub is radially expandable and contractable so that the projections may retract slightly on impact.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the wow characteristics of a prior art cassette tape recorder, before auditory compensation;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the wow characteristics of the same cassette tape recorder as in FIG. 1, after auditory compensation;

FIG. 3 is a plan view showing a prior art cassette from which an upper half has been removed, together with the essential components of a recorder, as tested for the graphs in FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the cassette tape and recorder taken along line IV--IV of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view showing a conventional tape supply reel shaft;

FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of the reel shaft taken along the line VI--VI of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view showing another conventional tape supply reel shaft;

FIGS. 8a to 8d illustrate a resonance problem caused in the conventional tape supply reel shafts;

FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view showing a reel shaft unit on the tape supply side, used with a cassette tape recorder according to this invention;

FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of the reel shaft unit taken along the line X--X of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a plan view of the reel shaft shown in FIGS. 9 and 10;

FIG. 12 is a side view of one component shown in FIG. 9;

FIGS. 13 and 14 are graphs showing the wow characteristics of the unit shown in FIG. 9 and measured before and after the auditory compensation;

FIGS. 15 to 18 are cross sectional views of various modifications of the present invention;

FIG. 19 is a cross sectional view of another reel shaft unit according to the present invention;

FIG. 20 is a cross sectional view of the unit taken along the line XX--XX of FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 is a plan view of the reel shaft unit shown in FIG. 19;

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of component shown in FIG. 9;

FIGS. 23 and 24 are graphs showing the wow characteristics of the unit shown in FIG. 19;

FIGS. 25 to 27 show other modifications of the unit according to the embodiment of FIG. 19.

FIGS. 9 to 11 show a reel shaft unit 20b on the tape supply side of a one way type cassette tape recorder. In these figures, a cylindrical hub 20b.sub.3 is made of chloroprene rubber, butyl rubber or similar elastic material. On the outer periphery of the cylindrical hub are formed projections 20b'.sub.3 which may engage with engagement projections 3b' of a cassette reel 3b. As shown in FIG. 12, and in dotted outline in FIG. 9, a retaining member 20b.sub.5 has a flanged part on its upper portion and a hollow space therein. The flanged part of the retaining member 20b.sub.5 is provided with slits 20b'.sub.5 at positions corresponding to the projections 20b'.sub.3 of the cylindrical hub 20b.sub.3. The projections 20b'.sub.3 are formed to project radially outwardly through the slits 20b'.sub.5. In other words, the cylindrical hub 20b'.sub.3 is covered by the hard plastic of the retaining member 20b.sub.5 over its outer periphery except for the projections 20b'.sub.3. This structure may facilitate attachment or detachment of the cassette while the engagement projections 3b' of the reel 3b of the cassette are smoothly engaged with the projections 20b'.sub.3 of the reel shaft unit 20b.

With such a construction for the reel shaft unit 20b, even if the engagement projections 3b' of the reel 3b are collided against the projections 20b'.sub.3 of the reel shaft unit 20b, the collision therebetween is damped by the deformation of the projections 20b'.sub.3 made of viscous elastic material. Accordingly, only a weak repulsive force is generated therebetween, and the separation as shown in FIG. 8d may be prevented, which leads to a decrease of resonance in the tape 2. FIGS. 13 and 14 show the wow characteristics measured for a cassette deck employing the shaft unit according to the embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 9 to 12. Wow is eliminated above 1% and 0.2% before and after the auditory compensation.

FIGS. 15 and 16 show a reel shaft unit 20b used with a bidirectional cassette tape recorder in which the tape reel shaft may be used not only as a tape supply reel but also as a tape take-up reel, thereby requiring additional components or members. More specifically, in FIG. 15, a pulley 33 is provided together with the reel shaft unit 20b, the pulley being coupled to the shaft body 20b.sub.2 through a friction mechanism composed of felts 31 and 32 pressingly engaged with each other by a spring 20b.sub.4. The pulley 33 is provided on its outer periphery with a gear 33a which may selectively engage a gear 34 rotated by a drive source (not shown).

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, a flat motor which is operative when the reel shaft unit 20b is used as a take-up reel is fixed to the chassis C. The reel shaft unit is fixed to a rotary shaft 35a of the motor 35. In this case, when the reel shaft unit 20b is used as a tape supply reel, the motor is not operative. A spring 36 mounted at the end of the rotary shaft is used for the purpose of application of back tension to the tape 2.

In the embodiments described above, the cylindrical hub 20b.sub.3 is freely slidable along the axis of the shaft member 20b.sub.2. However, this feature is not necessary and, as shown in FIG. 17, the shaft member 20b.sub.2 itself may be made of viscous elastic material and projections 20b'.sub.2 formed integrally with the shaft member 20b.sub.2. The projections 20b'.sub.2 are engaged with the engagement projections 3b' of the reel 3b. Also, in order that the upright shaft 20b.sub.1 is not in direct contact with a shaft member 20b.sub.2, a central tubular portion of the retaining member 20b.sub.5 may be pressingly inserted into the center hole of the shaft member 20b.sub.2.

FIG. 18 shows another embodiment according to the present invention, in which instead of the formation of the entire cylindrical hub of viscous elastic material, viscous elastic members 37 are attached to the contact surfaces of the projections 20b'.sub.3 of the cylindrical hub 20b.sub.3 against which the projections 3b' of the reel will engage during supply direction rotation so that the engagement portions between the projections of the cylindrical hub and the cassette reel have viscous elasticity.

FIGS. 19 to 21 show another embodiment of a reel shaft unit 20b for a cassette one-way type tape recorder. In these figures, a ring-shaped member 30, instead of the cylindircal hub 20b.sub.3 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, is mounted on the outer periphery of a shaft member 20b.sub.2. As shown in FIG. 22, projections 30a having triangular cross sections are molded of plastic integrally with the member 30 at, e.g. 120.degree. intervals. In the member 30, slit 30b is formed in order to impart flexibility in the radial direction. The ring-shaped member 30 expands to engage with an inner surface of a retaining member 20b.sub.5 which is formed in a cup-shape and has an outer periphery which extends downwardly. The projections 30a protrude radially outwardly through slits 20b'.sub.5 of the retaining member 20b.sub.5 so that the ring-shaped member 30 can be held without rotational displacement. In the ring-shaped member 30 are formed lips 30c which receive a spring 20.sub.4 as shown.

When the thus constructed reel shaft unit 20b is used, the collision generated when the projections 3b' of the cassette reel 3b are in abutment with the projections 30a of the ring-shaped member 30 is damped due to the radial deformation of the ring-shaped member 30. As a result, the reaction force between the reel 3b and the reel shaft 20b is weak, and the separation shown in FIG. 8d can be prevented. This leads to generation of only a small resonance in the tape. As is apparent from the characteristics shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, wow is eliminated above 1% and 0.2% before and after the auditory compensation, respectively.

FIGS. 25 and 26 show other reel shaft units 20b used with a bidirectional tape recorder, in which the reel shaft units are used as both tape feeding reels and tape take-up reels, thereby requiring additional structure. More specifically, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 25, a pulley 33 is coupled to a shaft member 20b.sub.2 through a friction mechanism composed of felts 31 and 32 contacting pressingly with each other by means of the spring 20b.sub.4. An outer gear 33a of the pulley 33 is selectively engaged with a gear rotated by a drive source (not shown).

In FIG. 21, a flat motor 35 rotated when the reel shaft unit 20b is used as a tape take up reel is fixed to the chassis C, and the reel shaft unit is fixed to the rotary shaft 35a of the motor 35. A spring 36 mounted at the lower end of the rotary shaft 35a is used for preventing the vertical vibration of the rotary shaft 35a and for applying back tension to the tape 2.

In the reel shaft units shown in FIGS. 19, 25 and 26, the ring shaped member 30 is slidable in the axial direction of the reel shaft 20b, which feature is not necessary to achieve the essential purpose of the present invention. Therefore, in FIG. 27, a shouldered portion 20b'.sub.2 may be formed on the shaft member 20b.sub.2 and the ring-shaped member 30 may be clamped between the shouldered portion 20b'.sub.2 and the retaining member 20b.sub.5. In this case, since the lips 30c for receiving the spring 20b.sub.4 are not required for the ring-shaped member 30, the members can be made not of plastic but instead of a resilient material such as a ribbon-shaped spring.

## Claims

1. In a cassette tape machine having a rotatable reel shaft unit with a plurality of engagement projections on its outer periphery having contact surfaces for engaging a reel in a cassette tape whereby said reel rotates said shaft unit in a supply direction, the improvement characterized in that said shaft unit comprises: with respect to said shaft member, said ring-shaped member being biased for radial expansion and including said plurality of engagement projections, said engagement projections having resiliently inclined contact surfaces whereby abutment of said contact surfaces by said reel will urge said projections radially inwardly with respect to said shaft unit; and and having a plurality of slits through which said engagement projections contact said reel.

2. A cassette tape machine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said ring-shaped member further includes at least one flange portion extending radially inwardly, said shaft unit further comprising a spring member abutting said flange portion to urge said ring-shaped member axially with respect to said shaft member.