Internet address: http://www.bls.gov            USDL 03-469
Technical information: (202) 691-5654           For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: (202) 691-5902                   Tuesday, September 9, 2003

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY 
AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 2002

     In 2002, the increase in manufacturing productivity in the United 
States, at 6.4 percent, was the fourth largest among 13 economies 
compared by the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor 
Statistics. (See chart 1.)  Korea and Sweden recorded the highest 
productivity gains, while the Netherlands and the United Kingdom 
recorded the smallest gains.  Of the 13 economies, Italy posted the 
only productivity decline in manufacturing.
  The United States posted its highest annual growth rate in output 
per hour in 15 years.  In 6 of the 13 economies, productivity 
increases in 2002 were close to or somewhat higher than the average 
growth rates of the second half of the 1990's, after slowing down in 
2001.  (Average annual growth rates for selected measures are found 
in tables A and B.  The complete historical index series are shown in 
tables 1 through 15.)
     
PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT
Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 2002

-2-
   
  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency 
units, which are available for 14 economies, increased in 9 in 2002.  
As in 2001, Korea recorded the largest increase in 2002 (5.4 
percent), while Japan and Taiwan recorded the largest declines, 6.4 
and 6.3 percent, respectively.  Unit labor costs decreased as well in 
the United States (1.3 percent), Sweden (3.6 percent), and Germany 
(0.1 percent).
  Fluctuations in exchange rates must be taken into account in order 
to assess international competitiveness in manufacturing.  The 
depreciation of the U.S. dollar against most currencies in 2002 
increased unit labor costs, expressed in U.S. dollars, in Korea and 
all nine European countries compared.  (See chart 2 and table A.)

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT
Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs, 2001-
2002
    
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Table A.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 2001-2002
Percent change

                     Output                                          Total     Hourly   Unit labor costs
Country               per                        Employ-   Average   compen-   compen-   National    U.S.   Exchange
or area              hour     Output    Hours     ment      hours    sation    sation   currency   dollars   rate (1)


United States          6.4     - 1.1     - 7.0     - 6.8     - 0.3     - 2.4       5.0     - 1.3     - 1.3        --

Canada                 1.5       2.6       1.1       0.7       0.4       5.7       4.6       3.1       1.6     - 1.4
Japan                  5.2     - 1.5     - 6.4     - 6.4       0.0     - 7.9     - 1.6     - 6.4     - 9.2     - 2.9
Korea                  7.2       6.3     - 0.8     - 0.2     - 0.7      12.0      13.0       5.4       8.9       3.3
Taiwan                 6.7       6.6     - 0.1     - 1.8       1.7     - 0.2     - 0.1     - 6.3     - 8.3     - 2.1
Belgium                6.3       0.5     - 5.5     - 3.1     - 2.4       0.7       6.5       0.2       5.8       5.6
Denmark                NA        0.4       NA      - 3.8       NA        0.8       NA        0.4       6.1       5.7
France                 2.7       0.1     - 2.6     - 1.7     - 0.9       0.5       3.2       0.4       6.1       5.6

Germany                2.3     - 0.3     - 2.6     - 2.1     - 0.6     - 0.4       2.2     - 0.1       5.5       5.6
Italy                - 1.4     - 0.7       0.7       1.0     - 0.2       3.2       2.5       4.0       9.8       5.6
Netherlands            0.5     - 1.6     - 2.2     - 2.2       0.0       2.8       5.1       4.5      10.4       5.6
Norway                 1.8     - 0.6     - 2.4     - 1.1     - 1.3       3.5       6.0       4.2      17.4      12.7
Sweden                 7.6       2.9     - 4.4     - 2.8     - 1.6     - 0.8       3.7     - 3.6       2.5       6.4
United Kingdom         0.4     - 4.0     - 4.4     - 5.1       0.7     - 1.2       3.3       2.9       7.4       4.4

(1)  Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.

NA=Not Available
     
  Table A summarizes changes in manufacturing productivity, unit 
labor costs, and related variables between 2001 and 2002.  Output and 
unit labor cost data are presented for 14 economies.  Comparable 
productivity data are not available for Denmark.  (See technical 
notes.)
  This release examines comparative trends in manufacturing output 
per hour, unit labor costs, and related measures in 2002, the most 
recent year for which comparative data are available, and for certain 
selected time periods.  Annual indexes of these variables also are 
estimated for the time period 1950-2002.  Because the value added 
output data for U.S. manufacturing industries are not available prior 
to 1977, the comparative measures of output, output per hour, and 
unit labor costs for the United States in this report begin with 
1977.
  Table B (pages 8-12) shows average annual percent changes for 
selected periods, beginning in 1979.  Annual indexes of the data are 
in tables 1-15 (pages 19-33).
  Historical series are available also at the Bureau of Labor 
Statistics, Division of Foreign Labor Statistics, website at address 
http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm.  

-4-

BOX: Notes about the measures
    
The measures in this release are based on data available to BLS as of 
August 2003.  Revisions for 2001 and earlier years were made to the 
measures for several countries to incorporate data not available at 
the time of the February 2003 report.

U.S. manufacturing output measure
The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the 
chain-weighted index of real gross domestic product by industry 
(deflated value added), published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis 
(BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce.  This series is based on annually 
changing price weights.  Because this measure is not available for 
years prior to 1977, U.S. measures of output, output per hour, and 
unit labor costs begin with 1977.

The United States real output data through 2001 used in this report 
were released by the BEA in November 2002 and are described in the 
Survey of Current Business, November 2002.  The BLS estimate of real 
U.S. output for 2002 was derived by extrapolating the 2001 number 
forward, using the annual growth rate of the Federal Reserve Board's 
Industrial Production Index for Total Manufacturing.

The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs 
from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes as part of its major 
sector productivity and costs measures for the United States.  While 
both series are based on annually-changing price weights, the 
international comparisons program uses a value added output concept, 
while the major sector series is on a sectoral output basis and 
begins with 1949.  The U.S. major sector productivity and costs 
measures can be found at internet address http://www.bls.gov/lpc/.  
For information on the differences between the value added and the 
sectoral output measures, see the Technical Notes section of this 
release.

Germany
From 1991 forward, the estimated growth rates pertain to unified 
Germany; prior to 1991, the rates pertained to the former West 
Germany.  The two data series were linked in 1991.  See technical 
notes for additional information.

New measures of National Accounts
Member states of the European Union are in the process of 
implementing the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 
95).  Some other countries are adopting the System of National 
Accounts recommended by the United Nations (SNA 93), on which ESA 95 
is based.  Revisions due to these conversions to new systems are 
being incorporated into the BLS estimates.

END OF BOX: Notes about the measures

-5-

Manufacturing productivity, output, and labor input

  Labor productivity (output per hour) in U.S. manufacturing grew 
6.4 percent in 2002, the fastest rate of increase since 1987.  Labor 
productivity in 2002 also grew in all other countries compared, 
except Italy.  U.S. growth was surpassed by three economies -- Korea 
(7.2 percent), Sweden (7.6 percent), and Taiwan (6.7 percent).  The 
United Kingdom's productivity gain of 0.4 percent and the 
Netherlands' 0.5 percent were the weakest gains among the countries 
compared.  The majority of economies compared experienced 
productivity gains in 2002 after experiencing stagnant or negative 
growth in 2001.  France, Italy, Norway, and the United Kingdom, where 
labor productivity growth slowed or declined, were exceptions.  (See 
table B.)
  Substantial 2002 productivity gains in Belgium, Japan, Sweden, and 
the United States reflected steep declines in hours worked with 
moderate to negative output growth.  In contrast, productivity gains 
in Taiwan and Korea reflected steep rises in output and slight 
declines in hours worked, similar to the productivity growth patterns 
in both countries and in the United States and Sweden during 1995-
2000.  (See table B.)
  In contrast to the rise in U.S. manufacturing output during 1995-
2000, output declined for the second consecutive year in 2002, albeit 
at a notably slower rate than in 2001.  The drop in U.S. output was 
the fourth largest decline in 2002 among the countries compared.  
Only Japan, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom recorded greater 
declines.  Output growth was relatively slow or negative in most 
European countries compared and in Japan.  Korea and Taiwan recorded 
the highest output growth rates.  In all countries except Taiwan and 
Canada, output growth rates in 2002 were lower than average growth 
rates during the 1979-2002 period.
  Unlike output, total hours worked in manufacturing declined in 
every country compared, with the exception of Canada and Italy.  In 
the United States, hours worked fell by 7.0 percent in 2002, the 
largest annual drop in 20 years and the highest among the countries 
compared.  (The 6.4 percent decline in U.S. hours worked in 2001 is a 
revision from the 5.6 percent decline reported in the February 2003 
news release.)  Elsewhere, the 2002 declines ranged between 0.1 
percent in Taiwan and 6.4 percent in Japan.  In six of the countries 
where labor productivity grew in 2002, both hours worked and 
manufacturing output declined, but hours declined more.
  The reductions in hours worked continued a general trend during 
the last decades in the manufacturing sectors of these economies.  In 
most of them, hours worked in manufacturing reached their maximum 
levels in the 1960s and 1970s (the United States in 1979) and have 
trended downward since then, the decline accelerating in the last few 
years.  In Taiwan and Korea, manufacturing hours have been declining 
since the late 1980s.  The only exception to this general trend is 
Canada.  (See tables B and 4.) 
  For most countries, reductions in manufacturing hours over the 
last several decades were the result of declines in both 
manufacturing employment and average hours worked. The reduction in 
average hours began earlier, but the decline in employment has been 
steeper and steadier. In some countries, average hours have risen 
slightly since 1979. (See tables B, 5, and 6.)
     
-6-

  In 2002 in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the 
large reductions in total hours worked were due mainly to sharp drops 
in manufacturing employment, while average hours worked changed 
little. Canada and Italy were the only countries where there was a 
slight increase in manufacturing employment in 2002, with Canada 
recording an increase in average hours as well.  Manufacturing 
employment declined in all the other economies, and, except for 
Taiwan and the United Kingdom, was accompanied by the same or fewer 
average hours worked. (See table B.)
     
Manufacturing hourly compensation and unit labor costs

  Hourly compensation in manufacturing increased between 2.2 and 6.5 
percent in 2002 in most economies, including the United States (5.0 
percent).  Only Korea posted a double-digit increase (13.0 percent).  
By contrast, Japan and Taiwan recorded declines in hourly 
compensation in 2002.  For most economies in 2002, hourly 
compensation increases lagged behind their average annual growth 
rates of the 1979--2002 period.  (See table B.)
  Similarly, the growth of manufacturing unit labor costs for most 
countries, expressed in national currency, lagged behind the average 
annual increases of 1979--2002.  The United States, Japan, Taiwan, 
Germany, and Sweden recorded declines in unit labor costs because 
productivity growth was larger than hourly compensation growth.  In 
the other economies, hourly compensation growth outstripped 
productivity growth.  (See tables B and 9.)
  To compare changes in competitiveness across economies, the impact 
of exchange rate fluctuations have to be taken into account by 
expressing unit labor costs in a common monetary unit.  When a 
foreign currency appreciates against the U.S. dollar, more dollars 
must be paid in exchange for each national currency unit, leading to 
a larger increase or a smaller decline in unit labor costs converted 
from the foreign currency into U.S. dollars.  This effectively makes 
products from that country more expensive and worsens its 
competitiveness.
  In 2002, the U.S. dollar depreciated against the currencies of 
most countries compared, particularly against the Norwegian krone 
(12.7 percent).  The decline against the euro was 5.6 percent.  This 
depreciation reversed a seven-year trend when the U.S. dollar 
recorded annual average appreciation against most other currencies.  
Only the Japanese yen and Canadian and Taiwanese dollars depreciated 
against the U.S. dollar in 2002.  (See table B.) 
  As a result of the dollar's fall, most countries showed large 
increases in unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars, in 
particular Norway, the Netherlands, Italy, and Korea.  The annual 
increase in Korean unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars was the 
largest since the Asian financial crisis in 1997.  As in 2001, Japan 
and Taiwan continue to show the largest unit labor cost declines in 
2002.  The United States was the only other country with lower unit 
labor costs.
  Thus, for most economies in 2002, increases in unit labor costs 
expressed in national currencies were below their average annual 
growth rates of the last 30 years, but the depreciation of the U.S. 
     
-7-

dollar in 2002 raised dollar-denominated unit labor cost increases 
above their historical growth rates.  (See table B.)

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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2002

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country          1979-2002  1979-1985  1985-1990  1990-1995  1995-2000  2000-2001  2001-2002
or area


Output per hour

United States         3.4        3.5        2.4        3.3        4.5        0.4        6.4

Canada                2.1        3.6        0.5        3.8        1.1       -2.0        1.5
Japan                 3.6        3.5        4.3        3.3        4.1       -1.6        5.2
Korea                 NA         NA         8.2        9.7       11.0       -0.8        7.2
Taiwan                6.0        5.1        7.9        5.3        5.5        6.3        6.7
Belgium               3.8        6.0        2.2        3.2        3.3        1.2        6.3
Denmark               NA         2.4        0.7        NA         NA         NA         NA
France                4.2        5.1        3.3        4.0        4.7        4.1        2.7

Germany 2/            2.4        2.1        2.1        3.3        2.4        1.4        2.3
Italy                 2.0        3.5        1.9        2.4        0.9        1.7       -1.4
Netherlands           3.0        4.6        2.2        3.5        2.5       -0.3        0.5
Norway                1.5        2.4        1.4        0.5        1.1        2.2        1.8
Sweden                4.5        3.1        1.9        5.7        7.8        0.9        7.6
United Kingdom        3.6        4.4        4.6        3.6        2.5        2.6        0.4


    Output

United States         2.4        2.2        2.5        3.1        4.3       -6.0       -1.1

Canada                2.4        2.0        1.8        2.4        4.5       -3.3        2.6
Japan                 2.5        4.7        4.8        0.4        2.0       -4.9       -1.5
Korea                 8.8        8.3       12.2        8.4        8.1        2.1        6.3
Taiwan                6.0        8.2        7.0        5.0        5.7       -5.7        6.6
Belgium               2.1        2.6        2.5        0.6        3.2        0.3        0.5
Denmark               1.4        2.3       -0.6        1.7        1.8        4.4        0.4
France                2.1        1.6        2.5        1.1        3.5        3.0        0.1

Germany 2/            0.6        0.2        2.3       -0.7        0.9        0.6       -0.3
Italy                 1.5        0.9        3.2        1.5        1.2        0.8       -0.7
Netherlands           2.0        2.0        3.1        1.8        2.6       -0.9       -1.6
Norway                0.3        0.6       -1.6        1.1        1.0        0.5       -0.6
Sweden                3.4        2.2        1.4        3.7        7.7       -1.5        2.9
United Kingdom        0.5       -1.2        3.4        0.4        1.0       -2.4       -4.0

                                                             Continued on next page
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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2002

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country          1979-2002  1979-1985  1985-1990  1990-1995  1995-2000  2000-2001  2001-2002
or area


 Total hours

United States        -1.0       -1.2        0.0       -0.1       -0.2       -6.4       -7.0

Canada                0.3       -1.5        1.3       -1.3        3.4       -1.4        1.1
Japan                -1.1        1.1        0.5       -2.8       -2.0       -3.4       -6.4
Korea                 NA         NA         3.7       -1.2       -2.6        2.9       -0.8
Taiwan                0.0        2.9       -0.8       -0.3        0.2      -11.3       -0.1
Belgium              -1.6       -3.2        0.4       -2.5       -0.1       -1.0       -5.5
Denmark               NA        -0.1       -1.3        NA         NA         NA         NA
France               -2.0       -3.3       -0.7       -2.7       -1.2       -1.1       -2.6

Germany 2/           -1.8       -1.9        0.2       -3.9       -1.5       -0.8       -2.6
Italy                -0.5       -2.5        1.3       -0.9        0.3       -0.9        0.7
Netherlands          -1.0       -2.5        0.9       -1.7        0.0       -0.6       -2.2
Norway               -1.2       -1.8       -2.9        0.6       -0.1       -1.7       -2.4
Sweden               -1.0       -0.8       -0.5       -1.9       -0.1       -2.4       -4.4
United Kingdom       -3.0       -5.3       -1.2       -3.0       -1.4       -4.8       -4.4


  Employment

United States        -1.1       -1.4       -0.1       -0.6       -0.1       -4.7       -6.8

Canada                0.2       -1.3        1.2       -1.5        3.0       -0.4        0.7
Japan                -0.7        1.2        0.8       -1.6       -1.9       -2.6       -6.4
Korea                 NA         NA         5.4       -0.9       -2.5        5.2       -0.2
Taiwan                0.7        4.1       -0.5       -0.3        0.5       -4.5       -1.8
Belgium              -1.5       -2.6       -0.3       -2.2       -0.7        0.1       -3.1
Denmark              -0.7        0.2       -0.8       -1.2       -0.5       -1.1       -3.8
France               -1.4       -2.3       -0.9       -2.5       -0.3        1.1       -1.7

Germany 2/           -1.2       -1.1        1.1       -4.2       -0.8        0.4       -2.1
Italy                -1.0       -2.3       -0.2       -1.8        0.3        0.0        1.0
Netherlands          -0.8       -2.3        1.0       -1.6        0.2       -0.5       -2.2
Norway               -1.1       -1.8       -2.7        0.3        0.1       -1.4       -1.1
Sweden               -1.4       -1.2       -0.8       -3.5        0.0       -1.0       -2.8
United Kingdom       -2.7       -4.5       -0.9       -3.0       -1.1       -4.4       -5.1

                                                             Continued on next page
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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2002

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country          1979-2002  1979-1985  1985-1990  1990-1995  1995-2000  2000-2001  2001-2002
or area


Average hours

United States         0.1        0.2        0.1        0.4       -0.1       -1.8       -0.3

Canada                0.1       -0.2        0.1        0.3        0.4       -1.0        0.4
Japan                -0.4        0.0       -0.3       -1.3       -0.1       -0.8        0.0
Korea                 NA         NA        -1.6       -0.2       -0.1       -2.1       -0.7
Taiwan               -0.7       -1.1       -0.4        0.0       -0.3       -7.1        1.7
Belgium              -0.1       -0.6        0.7       -0.3        0.7       -1.1       -2.4
Denmark               NA        -0.3       -0.5        NA         NA         NA         NA
France               -0.6       -1.1        0.1       -0.2       -0.9       -2.2       -0.9

Germany 2/           -0.6       -0.8       -0.9        0.3       -0.6       -1.2       -0.6
Italy                 0.5       -0.1        1.6        0.9        0.0       -0.9       -0.2
Netherlands          -0.2       -0.3       -0.2        0.0       -0.2       -0.1        0.0
Norway               -0.1        0.0       -0.2        0.3       -0.2       -0.3       -1.3
Sweden                0.4        0.4        0.3        1.7       -0.1       -1.4       -1.6
United Kingdom       -0.3       -0.8       -0.3       -0.1       -0.3       -0.4        0.7


Total labor compensation in manufacturing 3/:  National currency basis

United States         3.6        5.8        3.9        3.4        3.7       -4.1       -2.4

Canada                5.1        7.5        5.6        2.4        4.9        2.1        5.7
Japan                 2.0        5.9        5.1        0.7       -1.1       -2.6       -7.9
Korea                 NA         NA        19.9       16.8        4.1       10.2       12.0
Taiwan                8.2       15.9       10.6        6.8        4.2       -9.4       -0.2
Belgium               3.0        4.7        4.0        1.3        1.9        4.1        0.7
Denmark               4.7        9.1        4.8        2.3        3.1        3.2        0.8
France                3.6        9.0        3.6        1.1        0.7        3.9        0.5

Germany 2/            3.1        4.0        5.2        2.3        1.6        2.3       -0.4
Italy                 6.9       13.0        8.2        4.0        3.1        2.7        3.2
Netherlands           3.1        2.4        3.9        2.8        3.4        4.6        2.8
Norway                5.4        8.0        4.7        4.0        5.0        3.7        3.5
Sweden                5.5        8.9        7.9        2.0        4.8        0.9       -0.8
United Kingdom        4.5        6.3        8.1        2.5        3.2       -0.5       -1.2

                                                             Continued on next page

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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2002

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country          1979-2002  1979-1985  1985-1990  1990-1995  1995-2000  2000-2001  2001-2002
or area


Hourly compensation 3/:  National currency basis

United States         4.6        7.2        3.9        3.5        4.0        2.4        5.0

Canada                4.7        9.1        4.2        3.7        1.4        3.5        4.6
Japan                 3.2        4.7        4.6        3.6        1.0        0.7       -1.6
Korea                 NA         NA        15.6       18.2        6.9        7.0       13.0
Taiwan                8.2       12.6       11.5        7.1        4.0        2.2       -0.1
Belgium               4.7        8.1        3.7        3.9        2.0        5.2        6.5
Denmark               NA         9.3        6.2        NA         NA         NA         NA
France                5.8       12.7        4.3        3.9        1.9        5.0        3.2

Germany 2/            5.0        6.0        5.0        6.4        3.1        3.1        2.2
Italy                 7.4       15.9        6.8        4.9        2.8        3.6        2.5
Netherlands           4.1        5.1        3.0        4.5        3.3        5.2        5.1
Norway                6.6       10.0        7.8        3.4        5.2        5.5        6.0
Sweden                6.6        9.8        8.4        4.0        4.8        3.4        3.7
United Kingdom        7.8       12.2        9.4        5.7        4.7        4.6        3.3


Unit labor costs:  National currency basis

United States         1.2        3.6        1.4        0.2       -0.5        2.0       -1.3

Canada                2.6        5.3        3.7       -0.1        0.4        5.5        3.1
Japan                -0.4        1.1        0.3        0.3       -3.0        2.4       -6.4
Korea                 NA         NA         6.9        7.8       -3.7        7.9        5.4
Taiwan                2.1        7.1        3.4        1.7       -1.5       -3.9       -6.3
Belgium               0.9        2.0        1.5        0.7       -1.3        3.9        0.2
Denmark               3.3        6.7        5.4        0.6        1.2       -1.1        0.4
France                1.5        7.3        1.0       -0.1       -2.7        0.9        0.4

Germany 2/            2.5        3.8        2.8        3.1        0.7        1.7       -0.1
Italy                 5.3       12.0        4.8        2.4        1.9        1.9        4.0
Netherlands           1.1        0.5        0.8        1.0        0.8        5.5        4.5
Norway                5.1        7.4        6.4        2.9        4.0        3.2        4.2
Sweden                2.0        6.5        6.4       -1.6       -2.7        2.5       -3.6
United Kingdom        4.0        7.5        4.5        2.1        2.2        1.9        2.9

                                                             Continued on next page

-12-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2002

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country          1979-2002  1979-1985  1985-1990  1990-1995  1995-2000  2000-2001  2001-2002
or area


Unit labor costs:  U.S. dollar basis

United States         1.2        3.6        1.4        0.2       -0.5        2.0       -1.3

Canada                1.3        2.7        7.0       -3.3       -1.2        1.2        1.6
Japan                 2.0       -0.3       10.8        9.4       -5.7       -9.2       -9.2
Korea                 NA         NA        11.1        6.0      -10.7       -5.6        8.9
Taiwan                2.3        5.3       11.8        2.0       -4.7      -11.2       -8.3
Belgium              -0.7       -9.3       13.8        3.3       -8.8        0.7        5.8
Denmark               1.5       -5.0       17.4        2.7       -6.0       -4.0        6.1
France               -0.6       -5.3       11.6        1.7       -9.4       -2.2        6.1

Germany 2/            1.9       -4.1       15.9        5.6       -6.9       -1.4        5.5
Italy                 1.2       -2.5       15.1       -3.7       -3.1       -1.2        9.8
Netherlands           0.4       -7.6       13.6        3.6       -6.9        2.3       10.4
Norway                3.0       -1.7       13.3        2.6       -2.7        1.1       17.4
Sweden               -1.5       -5.2       14.7       -5.2       -7.5       -9.1        2.5
United Kingdom        2.5       -1.0       11.4       -0.4        1.3       -3.2        7.4


Exchange rates 4/

United States          --         --         --         --         --         --         --

Canada               -1.3       -2.5        3.2       -3.2       -1.6       -4.1       -1.4
Japan                 2.4       -1.5       10.5        9.1       -2.7      -11.3       -2.9
Korea                -4.0       -9.2        3.9       -1.7       -7.3      -12.5        3.3
Taiwan                0.2       -1.7        8.2        0.3       -3.3       -7.6       -2.1
Belgium              -1.6      -11.1       12.2        2.5       -7.6       -3.0        5.6
Denmark              -1.7      -11.0       11.4        2.0       -7.1       -2.8        5.7
France               -2.1      -11.7       10.5        1.8       -6.8       -3.0        5.6

Germany 2/           -0.5       -7.6       12.7        2.5       -7.5       -3.0        5.6
Italy                -3.8      -12.9        9.8       -6.0       -4.9       -3.0        5.6
Netherlands          -0.7       -8.0       12.7        2.6       -7.6       -3.0        5.6
Norway               -2.0       -8.4        6.6       -0.3       -6.4       -2.0       12.7
Sweden               -3.5      -11.0        7.8       -3.7       -4.9      -11.3        6.4
United Kingdom       -1.5       -7.9        6.6       -2.4       -0.8       -5.0        4.4

                                                   NA = not available

1/Rates of change based on the compound            3/Adjusted to include employment taxes
  rate method.                                       that are not compensation to employees
                                                     but are labor costs to employers.
2/Data for years before 1991 pertain to the
  former West Germany.                              4/Value of foreign currency relative to
                                                      the U.S. dollar.
     
-13-

Trade-weighted unit labor costs

  BLS constructs indexes of U.S. unit labor cost trends relative to a 
trade-weighted average of unit labor cost trends in the other economies 
to take account of differences in the relative importance of foreign 
economies to U.S. trade in manufactured goods.  Chart 3 begins in 1979, 
a year in which U.S. manufacturing output reached a business cycle peak. 
    
PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT
Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 
competitors, 1979-2002
      
The construction of the trade-weighted indexes is a three-step process.  
First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to 
a common year (in this case, 1979=100).  Second, for each year, a 
"competitors" index is calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the 
indexes for all competitor economies; the weights reflect each country's 
importance in terms of U.S. trade in manufactured goods.  Finally, the 
U.S. index number for each year is divided by the "competitors" index 
number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative ratio of the United 
States to the competitors.  This process is used to calculate the 
relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national 
currency and a U.S. dollar basis.  In this release, the relative U.S. 
trade-weighted indexes are estimated against 12 economies for which 
comparable data are available over this period; the indexes underlying 
this chart are shown in table C.
  In chart 3, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose 
faster than "competitors" costs from 1979 to 1986 on a U.S. dollar 
basis.  In most years from 1986 to 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a 
slower rate than the "competitors" costs or fell at a faster rate.  From 
1996 to 1998, however, the strength of the U.S. dollar caused relative 
U.S. unit labor costs to rise.  After a dip in 1999, the index of 
relative U.S. unit labor costs rose again in 2000 and 2001, only to dip 
again in 2002 with a weakening of the U.S. dollar. 

-14- 

Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs
 relative to 12(1) competitors, 1979-2002

        Unit Labor Costs             Unit Labor Costs
        National Currency Basis      U.S. Dollar Basis

  Year    Own   Competitors'           Own   Competitors'
         Index      Index     Ratio   Index      Index     Ratio

  1979   100.0      100.0     100.0   100.0      100.0     100.0
  1980   111.4      110.3     101.0   111.4      110.0     101.2
  1981   116.5      118.4      98.4   116.5      108.9     107.0
  1982   124.2      125.9      98.7   124.2      104.8     118.5
  1983   121.6      127.5      95.3   121.6      103.3     117.7
  1984   121.0      128.2      94.4   121.0       97.9     123.6
  1985   123.4      129.6      95.2   123.4       96.1     128.4
  1986   128.9      135.5      95.1   128.9      122.3     105.4
  1987   122.8      137.5      89.3   122.8      140.9      87.2
  1988   122.5      137.3      89.2   122.5      151.5      80.9
  1989   128.0      140.2      91.3   128.0      149.4      85.7
  1990   132.4      146.2      90.6   132.4      161.8      81.8
  1991   138.0      151.8      90.9   138.0      171.1      80.7
  1992   141.3      155.1      91.1   141.3      179.0      79.0
  1993   142.3      155.7      91.4   142.3      175.3      81.1
  1994   139.2      153.1      90.9   139.2      175.3      79.4
  1995   134.0      152.5      87.9   134.0      184.5      72.6
  1996   132.1      153.5      86.1   132.1      176.3      74.9
  1997   129.9      151.6      85.7   129.9      161.7      80.4
  1998   131.2      153.6      85.4   131.2      155.2      84.5
  1999   129.1      151.4      85.3   129.1      157.7      81.9
  2000   130.4      146.7      88.9   130.4      148.5      87.8
  2001   133.0      150.6      88.3   133.0      142.5      93.3
  2002   131.2      148.9      88.1   131.2      141.8      92.5

(1) Korean data begin with 1985, and have been omitted from this table.
-15-

Technical Notes

  Labor productivity is defined as real output per hour worked.  
Although the labor productivity measure presented in this release 
relates output to the hours worked of persons employed in 
manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of 
labor as a single factor of production.  Rather, it reflects the 
joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital 
investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, 
as well as the skills and efforts of the workforce.
  Unit labor costs are defined as the cost of labor input required 
to produce one unit of output.  They are computed as labor 
compensation in nominal terms divided by real output.
  The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of 
manufacturing labor productivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit 
labor costs from three basic aggregate measures -- output, total labor 
hours, and total compensation.  The hours and compensation measures 
refer to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, 
Italy, and Taiwan.  For all other countries, the measures refer to 
all employed persons, including employees, self-employed persons, and 
unpaid family workers.  For all of the countries, the term "hours" 
refers to hours worked.
  In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined 
by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).  
However, the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude 
manufacturing handicrafts from 1950 to 1966 and the measures for 
France include parts of mining.  
  The comparisons in this release make use of data made available to 
BLS as of August 2003 by the statistical agencies of the individual 
countries.  For some countries, the data for the most recent years 
are based on the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 
95) or on the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 
93).  For other countries, data were compiled according to previously 
used systems.
  To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data 
series which were compiled according to different accounting systems 
by the countries' statistical agencies.
  Output.  For most countries, the output measures are real value 
added in manufacturing from the national accounts.  However, output 
for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are 
indexes of industrial production.  The manufacturing value added 
measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their 
indexes of industrial production.
  The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the 
chain-weighted index of real gross product originating (deflated 
value added), introduced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of 
the U.S. Department of Commerce in August 1996.  U.S. gross product 
originating is a chain-type annual-weighted series.  Because these 
value added output data for U.S. manufacturing industries are not 
available for years prior to 1977, the comparative U.S. measures of 
output, output per hour, and unit labor costs begin with 1977.  For 
more information on the U.S. measure, see Sherlene K.S. Lum, Brian C. 
Moyer, and Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product 
by Industry for 1947-98," Survey of Current Business, June 2000, pp. 
24-38.
     
-16-

  The U.S. gross product originating series differs from the 
manufacturing output series that BLS publishes as part of its major 
sector productivity and costs program.  While both series are based 
on annually-changing price weights, the gross product originating 
series is on a value added basis rather than the sectoral output 
basis used in the official U.S. manufacturing productivity series.  
Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector sales and transfers.  
For information on sectoral output, see William Gullickson, 
"Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly 
Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 13-28.
  A value added concept has been used for the international 
comparisons series because the data are more readily available from 
the countries' national accounts, whereas sectoral output would 
require a complex estimation procedure.  Also, although BLS has 
determined that sectoral output is the correct concept for U.S. 
measures of productivity, there are other considerations that may 
make value added a better concept for international comparisons of 
labor productivity, such as differences among countries in the extent 
of vertical integration of industries.
  Estimation of manufacturing real output using moving price weights 
is becoming prevalent.  For example, the output measure for 
manufacturing in the United States is the chain-weighted index of 
real gross product originating, based on annually changing price 
weights.  However, many earlier time periods within the historical 
real output series have been estimated using fixed price weights, 
with the weights updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 
years).
  Measures of real output also may differ among countries because of 
different approaches to estimating the prices of high-technology 
products like computers and, in general, of products that undergo 
rapid quality change.
Labor Input. For the United States, the primary source of hours data 
for wage and salary workers is the BLS Current Employment Statistics 
(CES) program.  Hours for proprietors and unpaid family workers are 
based on data from the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) 
prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the Department 
of Commerce, and from the BLS Current Population Survey (CPS).
  The aggregate hours worked series used for France (from 1970 
forward), Norway, Sweden, and Canada are series published with the 
national accounts.  For the former West Germany after 1959 and 
Germany from 1991, BLS uses aggregate hours worked, which were 
developed by a research institute of the German Ministry of Labor for 
use with the national accounts employment figures.  For the United 
Kingdom from 1992, an index of total manufacturing hours is used, 
derived from published quarterly indices of manufacturing hours.  
For all other countries, the U.K. before 1992, and the former West 
Germany before 1959, BLS constructs its own estimates of aggregate 
hours, using employment figures published with the national accounts, 
or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of average 
annual hours worked.  Hours measures for Denmark are not available 
after 1993 due to a lack of comparable data.  
Compensation (Labor Cost).  The compensation measures are from 
national accounts data.  Compensation includes employer expenditures 
for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private 
benefit plans, in addition to all payments made in cash or in kind 
directly to employees.  For Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation 
is increased to account for important taxes on payroll or 
employment.  For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 
1967 and 1991 to account for subsidies.  When data for the self-
employed are not available, total compensation is estimated by 
assuming the same hourly compensation for self-employed and 

-17-

employees.  Real compensation for the United States is derived using 
the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS).
Data for Germany.  The average annual growth rates for Germany 
pertain to unified Germany from 1991 forward and to the former West 
Germany for prior years.  The data series are linked in 1991.  In the 
historic data tables, separate index series are shown for unified 
Germany and for former West Germany.  The West German estimates end 
with 1998, the last year for which the German Statistical Office has 
published the necessary underlying data.  These estimates have not 
been updated or revised by BLS since they were published in the news 
release USDL 99-235, on Aug. 27, 1999. 
Current Indicators.  The measures for recent years may be based on 
current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), 
employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national 
accounts and other statistics, normally used for the long-term 
measures, become available.
Trade-Weighted Measures.  The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and 
the European countries were obtained by re-scaling a series of 
weights, developed by the International Monetary Fund, based on 
average trade flows over the 1989-91 period.  These weights are based 
on aggregate trade data for total manufacturing and take account of 
both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third country" 
markets.  The 1989-91 weights do not include Taiwan.  BLS developed 
weights for Taiwan by using data from an earlier study from the 
International Monetary Fund and other sources.  The weight used for 
Germany is based on the trade weight of the former West Germany.
     The following weights were used for the entire period for which 
trade-weighted unit labor cost measures are produced:
     
Country   Weight        Country       Weight
    
     Canada    25.31         Germany       11.61
     Japan     30.57         Italy          4.60
     Taiwan     5.79         Netherlands    2.25
     Belgium    2.14         Norway         0.48
     Denmark    0.48         Sweden         1.89
     France     5.90         United Kingdom 8.99     
      
Level Comparisons.  The BLS measures are limited to trend 
comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing 
productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and 
technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output 
among countries.  Each country measures manufacturing output in its 
own currency units.  To compare outputs among countries, a common 
unit of measure is needed.  Market exchange rates are not suitable as 
a basis for comparing output levels.  What is needed are purchasing 
power parities, which are the number of foreign currency units 
required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought 
with one unit of U.S. currency.

-18-
     
Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic 
product (GDP) from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and 
Development (OECD).  However, these parities are derived for 
expenditures made by consumers, business, and government for goods 
and services - not for value added by industry.  Therefore, they do 
not provide purchasing power parities by industry.  The parities 
developed for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, 
such as manufacturing.

European exchange rates.  On Jan. 1, 1999, 11 European countries 
joined the European Monetary Union (EMU).  Greece joined on Jan. 1, 
2001.  The euro, the official currency of the EMU, was established at 
fixed conversion rates to the previous national currencies of EMU 
members.  Data on manufacturing value added and labor compensation 
for euro-area countries are now reported in euros. And exchange rates 
between the previous national currencies of euro-area countries and 
the U.S. dollar are no longer reported; only the exchange rate 
between the euro and the U.S. dollar is available.
     In order to maintain historical continuity of data series, data 
for euro-area countries for years before 1999 have been converted to 
euros by applying the fixed euro/national currency conversion rates. 
For countries and years where output, compensation and exchange rates 
are converted from national currency units into euros, the following 
fixed conversion rates are used:
          
1 euro equals:40.3399   Belgian francs  1936.27  Italian lire
              6.55957   French francs   2.20371  Netherlands guilders
              1.95583   German marks
          
The currency exchange rates cited in this publication are annual 
averages of daily buying rates in New York City.



- 19 -

Table 1.  Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year   States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950    NA     26.0      NA       NA       NA       NA      21.2     12.1      NA      13.2     13.5     11.4     25.1     19.5     24.5

  1955    NA     31.9      8.6      NA       NA       NA      23.1     15.2      NA      19.7     18.8     14.6     29.2     21.3     26.5

  1960    NA     37.8     13.8      NA       NA      18.0     28.1     19.8      NA      29.2     23.6     18.8     37.6     27.3     30.0
  1961    NA     39.8     15.6      NA       NA      18.2     29.7     21.1      NA      30.6     25.5     19.8     38.9     28.7     30.1
  1962    NA     42.7     16.4      NA       NA      19.2     31.2     22.4      NA      32.8     28.2     20.6     38.9     30.9     30.7
  1963    NA     44.5     17.7      NA       NA      19.9     32.2     23.6      NA      34.1     29.0     21.4     40.9     32.7     32.4
  1964    NA     46.3     20.1      NA       NA      21.2     34.9     25.5      NA      37.1     29.3     23.4     43.2     35.5     34.5
  1965    NA     48.6     21.0      NA       NA      22.3     36.6     27.3      NA      39.3     32.6     24.9     45.8     38.2     35.5
  1966    NA     49.5     23.0      NA       NA      23.8     38.4     29.5      NA      40.9     35.4     26.6     47.7     39.8     36.7
  1967    NA     50.0     26.0      NA       NA      25.1     41.4     31.3      NA      43.4     37.2     28.6     49.5     43.2     38.4
  1968    NA     52.7     29.1      NA       NA      27.3     44.4     34.6      NA      47.0     40.1     32.1     52.5     47.2     41.3
  1969    NA     55.4     33.4      NA       NA      29.9     46.7     36.8      NA      50.4     41.6     35.2     57.4     50.9     42.3

  1970    NA     54.9     37.5      NA       NA      32.9     49.4     39.0      NA      52.0     44.3     38.5     59.1     52.2     43.2
  1971    NA     58.2     39.8      NA       NA      35.1     52.8     41.2      NA      54.0     45.0     40.8     60.9     54.5     45.4
  1972    NA     61.3     43.6      NA       NA      39.2     57.6     43.1      NA      57.4     47.8     44.0     64.0     57.2     47.9
  1973    NA     65.2     47.6      NA      33.1     43.5     63.5     46.1      NA      61.1     52.1     48.8     67.9     61.4     51.4
  1974    NA     66.2     48.8      NA      32.0     45.8     65.2     47.2      NA      63.2     55.3     52.3     70.5     64.0     52.2
  1975    NA     63.4     50.2      NA      33.7     47.6     70.6     48.8      NA      65.9     52.3     51.6     69.9     65.0     51.1
  1976    NA     68.8     53.2      NA      36.7     52.4     74.4     51.8      NA      70.6     59.8     57.2     71.5     66.0     53.3
  1977   68.3    72.4     55.3      NA      38.5     55.0     77.3     54.9      NA      72.7     61.7     61.9     72.6     65.0     53.8
  1978   69.2    73.8     57.5      NA      43.4     58.3     79.6     57.3      NA      75.2     64.9     64.6     73.9     66.8     54.6
  1979   70.1    73.9     62.2      NA      45.1     61.4     83.3     59.4      NA      78.4     71.1     67.4     79.3     72.0     55.0

  1980   70.5    72.9     63.2      NA      47.7     65.4     86.2     61.5      NA      77.2     74.2     69.1     77.9     73.1     54.3
  1981   74.1    76.5     65.2      NA      52.8     70.1     87.3     65.0      NA      78.7     73.8     71.7     77.6     72.7     57.1
  1982   76.2    77.1     67.9      NA      54.1     73.5     88.4     69.7      NA      78.8     74.0     72.3     80.9     75.4     60.2
  1983   80.0    81.9     68.8      NA      57.5     81.0     93.5     73.3      NA      82.6     75.7     77.5     83.6     80.9     65.0
  1984   83.2    88.8     71.2      NA      59.1     85.0     94.3     75.7      NA      85.4     81.9     85.3     88.8     85.2     68.4
  1985   86.0    91.1     76.5     54.9     60.9     87.0     95.8     79.8      NA      89.1     87.4     88.5     91.6     86.2     71.1
  1986   86.0    87.6     76.1     58.9     66.6     87.8     91.8     82.4      NA      89.6     87.9     89.7     90.3     87.5     73.9
  1987   92.9    87.8     80.2     63.2     72.8     88.9     91.5     83.9      NA      88.1     89.3     90.4     94.7     89.2     78.1
  1988   96.9    89.6     83.9     68.7     76.4     92.0     94.1     88.4      NA      91.5     93.9     92.3     93.5     90.5     82.6
  1989   95.7    92.5     88.6     73.2     83.1     96.9    100.2     92.1      NA      94.6     95.5     96.4     96.0     93.2     86.2

  1990   96.9    93.4     94.4     81.3     88.9     96.8     99.1     93.8      NA      99.0     95.8     98.7     98.1     94.6     89.2
  1991   97.9    95.3     99.0     91.4     96.6     99.1     99.5     97.0     98.3    101.9     95.9     99.0     98.2     95.5     93.8
  1992  100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993  102.1   105.8    101.7    108.1    102.9    102.5     99.3    100.7    101.8    100.6    101.4    102.0     99.6    107.3    104.2
  1994  107.3   110.8    103.3    118.0    106.7    108.4      NA     108.2    109.6    107.9    104.9    113.1     99.6    117.8    108.4
  1995  113.8   112.4    111.0    129.2    115.1    113.2      NA     113.8    112.3    111.2    108.0    117.3    100.7    124.5    106.4
  1996  117.0   109.7    116.1    142.5    123.1    117.3      NA     114.5    114.7    115.1    108.1    119.3    102.5    129.5    105.6
  1997  121.3   113.5    121.0    163.3    129.2    127.0      NA     121.8    120.4    121.8    109.9    121.4    102.0    141.0    107.0
  1998  126.5   113.1    121.2    182.9    135.8    129.4      NA     127.8    122.0    127.1    110.0    124.1     99.9    149.5    108.6
  1999  133.7   116.0    126.7    202.3    143.1    128.8      NA     133.0    121.3      NA     109.7    127.0    103.6    162.7    113.4

  2000  142.1   118.4    135.9    217.8    150.6    133.2      NA     143.4    126.7      NA     112.7    132.7    106.6    181.0    120.1
  2001  142.7   116.1    133.8    216.1    160.1    134.9      NA     149.3    128.4      NA     114.6    132.3    108.9    182.6    123.2
  2002  151.9   117.9    140.7    231.7    170.9    143.4      NA     153.3    131.4      NA     113.0    133.1    110.9    196.5    123.7

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 20 -

Table 2.  Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950     NA     28.3      NA       NA       NA       NA      29.9     14.6      NA      19.2     14.2     14.8     32.8     25.3     30.2

  1955     NA     33.4     10.3      NA       NA       NA      31.9     18.3      NA      28.8     20.3     19.0     38.2     27.5     33.0

  1960     NA     39.3     17.1      NA       NA      22.6     36.9     23.9      NA      38.4     25.7     24.7     47.3     33.3     36.6
  1961     NA     41.3     19.1      NA       NA      22.9     37.8     25.5      NA      39.6     27.5     25.0     48.3     34.7     36.2
  1962     NA     44.6     19.6      NA       NA      24.1     40.1     27.1      NA      41.3     29.5     25.8     48.1     37.1     36.6
  1963     NA     46.6     21.0      NA       NA      25.0     40.7     28.6      NA      42.4     30.4     26.7     50.4     38.9     38.6
  1964     NA     48.7     23.7      NA       NA      26.5     44.4     30.7      NA      46.1     30.7     28.9     53.5     41.8     41.5
  1965     NA     51.1     24.3      NA       NA      27.4     46.5     32.5      NA      48.7     33.1     30.8     55.4     44.5     42.1
  1966     NA     51.6     26.8      NA       NA      29.1     48.0     35.3      NA      50.0     36.4     32.6     57.9     46.4     42.7
  1967     NA     52.2     30.4      NA       NA      30.3     51.1     37.1      NA      51.7     38.7     34.9     59.5     49.5     44.4
  1968     NA     55.0     33.9      NA       NA      33.0     53.5     39.9      NA      56.6     41.8     38.5     61.6     52.9     48.1
  1969     NA     57.5     38.3      NA       NA      35.7     55.7     43.4      NA      60.7     43.0     41.7     65.8     56.1     49.3

  1970     NA     56.7     42.6      NA       NA      38.3     57.0     45.5      NA      62.4     44.9     44.7     67.3     57.4     49.5
  1971     NA     59.9     44.5      NA       NA      40.2     60.7     47.7      NA      63.4     44.3     46.9     68.6     59.8     50.8
  1972     NA     63.1     48.5      NA       NA      43.9     64.7     49.4      NA      66.6     46.8     50.0     71.1     61.1     53.1
  1973     NA     66.6     52.4      NA      36.9     47.6     67.5     52.1      NA      70.4     51.7     54.3     74.9     64.4     57.7
  1974     NA     67.1     51.5      NA      34.4     48.7     70.8     52.5      NA      71.4     52.9     56.5     76.7     66.5     56.7
  1975     NA     63.5     51.8      NA      37.1     48.0     74.2     52.8      NA      72.5     49.1     54.7     75.6     66.2     55.3
  1976     NA     69.0     56.5      NA      40.5     53.8     78.6     56.2      NA      79.9     56.2     60.5     75.3     66.4     58.2
  1977    67.1    72.6     58.9      NA      42.6     56.1     80.9     59.0      NA      81.1     57.7     65.1     75.2     64.9     59.2
  1978    67.9    74.5     61.5      NA      47.5     59.4     82.3     61.1      NA      82.8     60.6     67.3     75.0     64.9     59.8
  1979    68.4    74.2     67.0      NA      49.2     62.6     86.1     63.2      NA      86.0     65.8     69.4     79.1     69.0     60.0

  1980    67.9    72.6     68.0      NA      52.1     65.6     89.6     65.4      NA      83.5     68.9     71.6     78.2     69.3     57.6
  1981    71.4    75.4     69.7      NA      54.9     68.7     89.6     68.2      NA      84.1     68.4     74.6     78.0     69.3     59.3
  1982    72.1    75.4     72.3      NA      56.2     73.7     92.1     70.3      NA      83.7     68.5     76.0     80.6     72.1     62.9
  1983    77.8    81.2     73.4      NA      59.8     79.2     98.7     73.6      NA      87.9     70.0     81.7     83.7     78.3     67.8
  1984    82.0    87.9     76.6      NA      61.9     82.5     99.3     76.0      NA      90.9     75.9     88.6     88.6     84.0     71.4
  1985    84.9    90.7     82.1     60.7     62.0     85.7     97.5     79.7      NA      93.1     80.2     89.5     91.1     84.4     73.8
  1986    84.8    87.7     81.2     66.3     69.0     86.5     95.6     82.5      NA      93.0     83.1     90.3     89.9     85.3     76.5
  1987    92.1    88.6     86.0     70.0     75.4     88.4     93.2     84.5      NA      91.3     86.9     90.6     92.0     88.0     80.9
  1988    96.9    92.3     90.9     74.2     78.2     93.0     95.9     89.4      NA      94.4     92.0     93.2     91.6     89.1     85.9
  1989    95.7    93.2     94.8     76.0     83.8     97.5    100.8     93.1      NA      96.2     94.7     96.8     94.6     91.5     89.0

  1990    96.3    93.6     99.7     83.2     88.8     98.5     98.5     94.2      NA      98.8     95.0     99.0     96.4     93.9     91.3
  1991    96.6    95.1    102.2     92.7     96.6     99.2     99.1     96.5     94.7    101.0     96.0     99.1     97.2     94.7     93.8
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   103.4   106.9     99.6    108.3    102.9    100.9     98.5    100.6     99.4     97.6     99.8    101.9     99.9    110.0    105.1
  1994   109.7   113.0    101.4    119.0    107.0    109.7    110.2    108.2    107.8    104.7    106.9    113.1    100.1    126.4    109.3
  1995   115.6   114.1    109.7    130.5    114.9    113.3    113.7    113.0    110.5    107.3    112.2    117.5    100.3    134.5    108.5
  1996   118.7   112.2    115.4    141.7    122.7    117.9    108.6    113.8    110.3    109.3    110.9    119.5    101.5    139.6    107.9
  1997   123.9   116.0    119.6    160.1    129.2    127.8    118.1    120.7    115.9    116.0    114.2    121.0    100.8    151.6    109.2
  1998   128.1   116.2    117.3    172.2    133.2    130.4    117.3    126.4    117.9    122.3    113.5    123.5     99.1    160.8    110.3
  1999   136.3   120.4    122.5    205.7    141.2    133.1    121.2    130.8    116.7      NA     113.7    126.4    103.1    176.0    114.3

  2000   143.6   122.7    133.6    218.5    148.4    137.7    127.6    136.2    120.7      NA     117.3    131.9    104.9    194.9    120.7
  2001   141.6   119.1    130.5    212.1    146.5    137.9    134.7    138.7    120.9      NA     118.2    131.4    107.0    193.9    123.3
  2002   150.3   121.4    137.2    225.9    158.9    143.1    140.5    141.2    123.1      NA     116.2    132.1    107.5    205.4    124.7

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 21 -

Table 3.  Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950     NA     22.0      2.2      NA       NA       NA      29.1     16.6      NA      14.5     10.1     16.9     39.0     30.9     49.6

  1955     NA     28.5      4.9      NA       NA       NA      32.0     20.6      NA      27.5     15.6     23.1     47.7     35.7     58.3

  1960     NA     33.4     10.7      NA       NA      30.7     44.4     27.9      NA      41.5     23.0     31.9     57.7     45.9     67.3
  1961     NA     34.7     12.9      NA       NA      32.1     46.8     30.0      NA      44.0     25.4     33.0     60.1     49.0     67.6
  1962     NA     38.6     14.0      NA       NA      34.6     50.8     32.1      NA      46.2     28.1     34.6     60.6     52.8     67.7
  1963     NA     41.2     15.6      NA       NA      36.2     51.4     34.6      NA      47.1     29.9     36.1     64.2     55.4     70.2
  1964     NA     45.1     18.1      NA       NA      39.5     57.5     37.8      NA      51.2     30.3     39.5     68.8     60.3     76.5
  1965     NA     49.5     18.8      NA       NA      40.8     61.3     39.7      NA      55.0     31.9     42.2     72.4     64.5     78.7
  1966     NA     52.9     21.3      NA       NA      43.2     62.6     43.3      NA      55.9     34.8     44.5     76.7     66.3     80.1
  1967     NA     53.9     25.6      NA       NA      43.7     63.7     45.4      NA      54.7     38.3     46.3     79.2     68.5     80.6
  1968     NA     57.0     29.5      NA       NA      46.7     67.3     47.9      NA      60.3     41.8     50.7     81.1     72.0     86.6
  1969     NA     60.7     34.4      NA       NA      52.2     71.8     53.7      NA      67.4     44.5     55.5     87.0     77.7     89.9

  1970     NA     58.9     39.2      7.0     12.7     57.6     73.9     57.7      NA      70.9     48.1     59.8     91.0     80.7     90.2
  1971     NA     62.5     41.0      8.3     15.5     60.1     75.1     61.3      NA      71.6     48.8     61.8     93.4     81.2     89.3
  1972     NA     67.9     44.7      9.5     18.9     64.7     81.5     64.2      NA      73.8     51.5     63.4     97.7     81.7     91.2
  1973     NA     74.9     50.4     12.3     22.3     70.6     85.5     69.1      NA      78.5     58.1     68.0    103.3     87.5     99.7
  1974     NA     76.5     49.1     14.3     21.0     73.4     85.9     70.4      NA      77.7     61.8     70.5    106.9     92.2     98.4
  1975     NA     70.4     46.6     16.2     22.0     67.9     82.1     69.0      NA      74.1     58.3     65.9    104.5     92.5     91.6
  1976     NA     76.4     50.6     19.9     27.0     73.0     86.8     73.0      NA      79.8     66.9     69.9    104.0     92.5     93.3
  1977    72.5    78.8     52.2     22.8     30.6     73.3     88.2     76.4      NA      81.3     69.3     73.4    104.0     87.2     95.2
  1978    76.5    83.2     53.7     27.5     37.1     74.3     88.8     78.1      NA      82.8     72.7     74.1    101.9     84.9     95.7
  1979    79.0    85.9     58.4     30.1     40.0     76.2     92.8     79.6      NA      87.1     80.3     75.6    106.0     90.3     95.5

  1980    75.8    83.6     60.4     29.9     44.0     78.2     94.4     81.6      NA      85.3     84.4     76.9    104.9     90.7     87.2
  1981    79.2    86.6     62.6     32.7     47.3     77.2     90.4     82.2      NA      84.4     81.8     78.0    103.0     88.0     81.8
  1982    74.6    78.7     64.6     34.6     48.5     80.4     92.1     83.4      NA      81.5     80.2     76.4    102.5     88.3     81.7
  1983    79.2    82.5     66.6     39.5     54.1     84.6     98.0     85.5      NA      82.7     79.6     78.3    101.1     93.9     83.5
  1984    87.6    91.8     71.0     46.0     62.2     87.2    103.0     85.7      NA      85.2     82.2     83.0    106.0    101.3     86.5
  1985    90.0    96.9     76.7     48.8     64.3     89.1    106.1     87.5      NA      88.3     84.9     85.0    109.8    102.9     89.0
  1986    88.6    96.8     75.5     57.9     74.7     89.1    106.9     89.0      NA      89.7     86.4     86.7    109.5    104.0     90.2
  1987    96.4   100.7     79.0     68.5     84.3     88.8    101.8     89.1      NA      88.0     89.0     87.9    112.0    106.6     94.5
  1988   103.2   108.5     85.3     76.7     87.7     93.3    100.9     93.2      NA      90.9     95.0     90.2    106.6    109.8    101.4
  1989   102.4   111.3     90.9     79.4     90.8     99.1    105.0     97.7      NA      94.0     98.3     94.4    102.6    110.9    105.5

  1990   101.6   106.0     97.1     86.7     90.0    101.0    102.8     99.1      NA      99.1     99.4     99.0    101.4    110.1    105.4
  1991    98.3    99.0    102.0     95.0     96.1    100.7    101.5     99.8    102.3    102.8     99.3     99.8     99.0    104.1    100.0
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   103.5   105.9     96.3    105.4    102.4     97.0     95.6     95.7     92.4     91.8     96.5     97.7    101.7    101.9    101.4
  1994   111.1   114.1     94.9    116.8    108.5    101.4    105.6    100.3     95.1     93.5    102.4    104.5    104.6    117.0    106.1
  1995   118.4   119.6     98.9    129.9    114.9    104.2    111.6    104.9     95.2     93.7    107.2    108.2    107.3    131.9    107.8
  1996   121.3   119.6    103.0    138.7    120.3    106.7    106.7    104.6     92.5     92.5    105.4    108.9    110.3    136.4    108.5
  1997   127.9   127.7    106.5    147.8    128.3    114.0    115.2    109.7     95.7     95.8    108.8    111.6    114.2    146.5    109.9
  1998   133.1   132.8    100.2    136.8    132.6    116.5    115.7    115.0     97.7    100.7    110.7    114.9    113.7    158.3    110.8
  1999   139.5   141.0    101.9    165.6    141.5    117.3    117.7    118.7     95.7      NA     110.3    117.6    113.6    172.5    111.1

  2000   146.1   148.8    109.2    191.9    151.8    122.0    122.1    124.3     99.8      NA     113.7    122.8    112.8    191.1    113.4
  2001   137.3   143.9    103.9    195.9    143.1    122.3    127.5    128.0    100.4      NA     114.6    121.7    113.4    188.2    110.7
  2002   135.9   147.6    102.3    208.3    152.5    122.9    128.0    128.1    100.0      NA     113.8    119.7    112.6    193.7    106.3

NA:  Not Available

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 22 -

Table 4.  Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950    85.5    84.8      NA       NA       NA       NA     137.3    136.7      NA     109.8     75.0    147.9    155.6    158.5    202.2

  1955    94.6    89.4     57.0      NA       NA       NA     138.5    135.5      NA     139.6     83.1    158.3    163.7    167.3    220.2

  1960    92.1    88.3     77.8      NA       NA     170.7    157.8    140.5      NA     142.3     97.6    169.8    153.6    168.3    224.6
  1961    89.7    87.2     82.4      NA       NA     175.9    157.5    142.1      NA     143.9     99.6    166.3    154.5    171.0    224.7
  1962    93.4    90.3     85.1      NA       NA     180.3    162.7    143.2      NA     140.8     99.5    168.4    155.8    170.8    220.3
  1963    94.4    92.6     87.9      NA       NA     181.8    159.6    146.5      NA     138.1    103.2    168.7    156.9    169.1    216.6
  1964    96.4    97.2     90.0      NA       NA     186.5    164.9    148.3      NA     138.0    103.5    169.1    159.2    169.6    221.7
  1965   102.0   101.9     89.8      NA       NA     183.2    167.5    145.5      NA     140.0     97.7    169.5    158.1    168.8    221.5
  1966   108.6   106.8     92.8      NA       NA     181.5    162.8    147.0      NA     136.7     98.2    167.5    160.8    166.5    218.2
  1967   108.0   107.9     98.3      NA       NA     173.6    153.8    145.0      NA     125.9    102.8    161.9    160.1    158.4    209.8
  1968   109.6   108.2    101.4      NA       NA     170.9    151.7    138.5      NA     128.3    104.2    158.0    154.6    152.6    209.6
  1969   110.9   109.7    103.0      NA       NA     174.9    153.6    146.0      NA     133.8    107.0    157.7    151.7    152.5    212.4

  1970   104.4   107.1    104.4      NA       NA     174.7    149.5    148.0      NA     136.3    108.5    155.5    153.9    154.7    208.8
  1971   100.5   107.4    103.1      NA       NA     171.4    142.1    148.7      NA     132.5    108.4    151.6    153.4    149.1    196.9
  1972   105.1   110.8    102.6      NA       NA     165.2    141.4    148.9      NA     128.7    107.7    144.2    152.6    142.9    190.5
  1973   110.4   114.9    106.0      NA      67.4    162.1    134.8    149.7      NA     128.4    111.4    139.5    152.1    142.5    194.1
  1974   107.9   115.5    100.6      NA      65.6    160.4    131.7    149.3      NA     122.9    111.8    134.7    151.5    144.0    188.5
  1975    97.2   111.1     92.8      NA      65.1    142.6    116.3    141.3      NA     112.5    111.4    127.6    149.6    142.3    179.3
  1976   101.9   111.1     95.0      NA      73.7    139.4    116.7    141.0      NA     113.1    111.9    122.1    145.5    140.2    175.1
  1977   106.1   108.8     94.4      NA      79.3    133.3    114.1    139.2      NA     111.8    112.3    118.6    143.2    134.2    176.9
  1978   110.6   112.8     93.3      NA      85.5    127.4    111.5    136.3      NA     110.1    112.0    114.7    137.9    127.1    175.4
  1979   112.7   116.2     93.8      NA      88.7    124.2    111.3    134.2      NA     111.0    112.9    112.1    133.7    125.5    173.7

  1980   107.5   114.6     95.6      NA      92.3    119.7    109.6    132.7      NA     110.5    113.8    111.2    134.7    124.0    160.5
  1981   107.0   113.2     95.9      NA      89.7    110.2    103.6    126.4      NA     107.1    111.0    108.9    132.7    121.0    143.3
  1982    97.9   102.0     95.1      NA      89.6    109.4    104.1    119.7      NA     103.4    108.4    105.7    126.8    117.2    135.6
  1983    98.9   100.7     96.8      NA      94.0    104.3    104.9    116.5      NA     100.1    105.3    101.0    120.9    116.1    128.4
  1984   105.3   103.4     99.8      NA     105.2    102.6    109.2    113.2      NA      99.7    100.3     97.3    119.4    118.9    126.4
  1985   104.6   106.4    100.3     88.8    105.5    102.4    110.7    109.7      NA      99.1     97.1     96.1    119.9    119.4    125.2
  1986   103.0   110.5     99.2     98.3    112.2    101.5    116.4    108.0      NA     100.1     98.3     96.7    121.2    118.9    122.0
  1987   103.8   114.7     98.5    108.3    115.8    100.0    111.2    106.1      NA      99.9     99.7     97.2    118.3    119.5    121.0
  1988   106.6   121.2    101.7    111.6    114.8    101.5    107.2    105.4      NA      99.3    101.2     97.7    114.0    121.4    122.8
  1989   107.1   120.2    102.7    108.5    109.2    102.3    104.7    106.0      NA      99.3    103.0     97.9    106.8    119.0    122.4

  1990   104.8   113.5    102.9    106.6    101.3    104.3    103.7    105.7      NA     100.1    103.7    100.3    103.4    116.4    118.1
  1991   100.4   103.9    103.1    103.9     99.5    101.5    102.1    102.9    104.1    100.9    103.6    100.8    100.8    109.0    106.6
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   101.4   100.1     94.7     97.5     99.6     94.7     96.2     95.0     90.8     91.3     95.2     95.8    102.1     94.9     97.3
  1994   103.6   103.0     91.9     98.9    101.6     93.6      NA      92.7     86.8     86.7     97.6     92.4    105.0     99.4     97.9
  1995   104.0   106.4     89.1    100.6     99.8     92.0      NA      92.2     84.8     84.3     99.3     92.3    106.6    105.9    101.2
  1996   103.6   109.0     88.7     97.3     97.7     91.0      NA      91.3     80.6     80.4     97.5     91.2    107.6    105.3    102.8
  1997   105.4   112.4     88.0     90.5     99.3     89.7      NA      90.1     79.5     78.6     99.0     91.9    112.0    103.9    102.8
  1998   105.2   117.5     82.7     74.8     97.7     90.0      NA      90.0     80.1     79.3    100.6     92.6    113.7    105.9    102.0
  1999   104.4   121.5     80.4     81.9     98.9     91.0      NA      89.2     78.9      NA     100.5     92.6    109.6    106.0     98.0

  2000   102.8   125.6     80.3     88.1    100.8     91.6      NA      86.7     78.8      NA     100.8     92.5    105.9    105.6     94.4
  2001    96.3   123.9     77.7     90.7     89.4     90.7      NA      85.8     78.2      NA     100.0     91.9    104.1    103.1     89.8
  2002    89.5   125.2     72.7     89.9     89.3     85.7      NA      83.6     76.1      NA     100.7     89.9    101.6     98.6     85.9

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 23 -

Table 5.  Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950    84.3    77.9      NA       NA       NA       NA      97.5    113.3      NA      75.2     71.4    113.6    119.0    122.0    164.2

  1955    93.1    85.3     47.8      NA       NA       NA     100.2    112.9      NA      95.5     77.1    121.3    124.9    129.7    176.6

  1960    92.6    84.8     62.8      NA       NA     135.7    120.3    116.5      NA     108.1     89.5    128.8    121.9    137.8    183.9
  1961    90.0    84.1     67.5      NA       NA     140.1    123.7    117.3      NA     111.3     92.4    131.7    124.5    141.3    186.4
  1962    92.8    86.5     71.3      NA       NA     143.3    126.8    118.5      NA     111.8     95.3    134.2    126.0    142.2    184.7
  1963    93.5    88.5     74.1      NA       NA     144.7    126.4    121.0      NA     111.0     98.3    134.9    127.4    142.4    181.8
  1964    94.9    92.5     76.4      NA       NA     148.8    129.5    123.3      NA     111.0     98.6    136.5    128.5    144.3    184.5
  1965    99.3    96.9     77.4      NA       NA     148.7    131.7    122.1      NA     113.0     96.3    137.3    130.6    144.8    187.0
  1966   105.4   102.4     79.7      NA       NA     148.5    130.4    122.7      NA     111.8     95.7    136.4    132.4    143.0    187.5
  1967   106.7   103.3     84.3      NA       NA     143.9    124.6    122.2      NA     105.8     98.8    132.4    133.2    138.3    181.7
  1968   108.5   103.8     87.2      NA       NA     141.5    125.7    120.1      NA     106.6    100.2    131.5    131.7    136.0    180.0
  1969   110.6   105.7     89.7      NA       NA     146.3    129.0    123.6      NA     111.0    103.6    133.2    132.3    138.4    182.4

  1970   106.3   103.9     91.9      NA       NA     150.2    129.7    126.8      NA     113.6    107.0    133.7    135.3    140.6    182.1
  1971   102.2   104.4     92.3      NA       NA     149.6    123.6    128.4      NA     112.9    109.9    131.7    136.1    135.9    175.9
  1972   105.0   107.7     92.3      NA       NA     147.4    125.8    129.9      NA     110.8    110.0    127.0    137.5    133.8    171.8
  1973   110.5   112.5     96.2      NA      60.3    148.4    126.6    132.7      NA     111.5    112.4    125.3    137.8    135.8    172.8
  1974   110.1   113.9     95.3      NA      61.2    150.7    121.4    134.1      NA     108.9    116.9    124.9    139.3    138.7    173.4
  1975   100.6   110.9     90.0      NA      59.3    141.5    110.6    130.8      NA     102.2    118.5    120.6    138.3    139.8    165.5
  1976   104.2   110.7     89.5      NA      66.7    135.8    110.5    130.0      NA      99.9    119.1    115.6    138.1    139.4    160.2
  1977   108.2   108.5     88.6      NA      71.9    130.5    109.1    129.5      NA     100.3    120.1    112.7    138.3    134.5    160.8
  1978   112.7   111.7     87.4      NA      78.1    125.0    107.8    128.0      NA     100.0    120.0    110.1    135.8    130.7    160.1
  1979   115.6   115.7     87.2      NA      81.4    121.8    107.8    126.0      NA     101.2    121.9    108.9    134.0    131.0    159.2

  1980   111.6   115.1     88.9      NA      84.4    119.3    105.4    124.7      NA     102.2    122.6    107.4    134.2    130.9    151.4
  1981   111.0   114.8     89.8      NA      86.2    112.4    100.9    120.5      NA     100.3    119.6    104.6    132.0    127.0    137.9
  1982   103.5   104.3     89.3      NA      86.3    109.2     99.9    118.7      NA      97.4    117.1    100.5    127.3    122.4    129.8
  1983   101.8   101.6     90.8      NA      90.5    106.8     99.3    116.2      NA      94.1    113.7     95.9    120.8    119.9    123.1
  1984   106.8   104.4     92.7      NA     100.4    105.7    103.7    112.8      NA      93.7    108.4     93.7    119.6    120.5    121.2
  1985   106.0   106.8     93.5     80.3    103.7    104.0    108.8    109.9      NA      94.9    105.8     94.9    120.5    122.0    120.6
  1986   104.5   110.4     93.0     87.3    108.4    103.0    111.8    107.9      NA      96.4    103.9     96.0    121.7    121.9    118.0
  1987   104.7   113.7     91.9     97.9    111.8    100.5    109.3    105.4      NA      96.4    102.5     97.0    121.8    121.1    116.9
  1988   106.6   117.6     93.9    103.4    112.2    100.4    105.3    104.2      NA      96.3    103.3     96.8    116.3    123.3    118.1
  1989   107.0   119.4     95.9    104.4    108.3    101.7    104.1    104.9      NA      97.6    103.8     97.5    108.4    121.2    118.5

  1990   105.4   113.2     97.5    104.3    101.4    102.5    104.3    105.2      NA     100.3    104.6    100.0    105.2    117.2    115.4
  1991   101.8   104.1     99.8    102.5     99.5    101.5    102.4    103.5    108.0    101.8    103.5    100.7    101.9    109.9    106.7
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   100.1    99.1     96.8     97.3     99.6     96.1     97.0     95.2     93.0     94.0     96.8     95.9    101.8     92.6     96.5
  1994   101.3   100.9     93.6     98.1    101.4     92.5     95.8     92.7     88.2     89.3     95.8     92.4    104.5     92.6     97.1
  1995   102.5   104.8     90.1     99.6     99.9     91.9     98.1     92.8     86.2     87.3     95.6     92.1    107.0     98.0     99.3
  1996   102.2   106.6     89.3     97.9     98.1     90.5     98.3     91.9     83.8     84.6     95.1     91.1    108.7     97.7    100.6
  1997   103.2   110.0     89.1     92.3     99.3     89.2     97.6     90.9     82.6     82.6     95.3     92.2    113.3     96.6    100.7
  1998   104.0   114.3     85.5     79.5     99.6     89.3     98.6     91.0     82.9     82.4     97.5     93.1    114.7     98.4    100.4
  1999   102.4   117.1     83.2     80.5    100.2     88.1     97.1     90.7     82.0      NA      97.0     93.1    110.2     98.0     97.2

  2000   101.8   121.2     81.7     87.8    102.3     88.6     95.7     91.3     82.7      NA      96.9     93.1    107.5     98.0     93.9
  2001    97.0   120.7     79.6     92.4     97.7     88.7     94.7     92.3     83.0      NA      96.9     92.6    106.0     97.0     89.8
  2002    90.4   121.5     74.5     92.2     96.0     85.9     91.1     90.7     81.3      NA      97.9     90.6    104.8     94.3     85.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 24 -

Table 6.  Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950   101.4   108.8      NA       NA       NA       NA     140.7    120.7      NA     146.0    105.1    130.2    130.8    129.9    123.1

  1955   101.5   104.8    119.3      NA       NA       NA     138.2    120.1      NA     146.1    107.8    130.5    131.1    129.0    124.7

  1960    99.5   104.1    123.9      NA       NA     125.8    131.2    120.6      NA     131.7    109.0    131.8    126.0    122.1    122.2
  1961    99.6   103.6    122.0      NA       NA     125.5    127.3    121.1      NA     129.4    107.8    126.3    124.1    121.1    120.5
  1962   100.6   104.4    119.5      NA       NA     125.8    128.3    120.9      NA     126.0    104.4    125.4    123.7    120.1    119.3
  1963   100.9   104.7    118.6      NA       NA     125.7    126.3    121.0      NA     124.4    104.9    125.0    123.1    118.8    119.2
  1964   101.6   105.1    117.9      NA       NA     125.3    127.4    120.3      NA     124.3    104.9    123.9    123.9    117.5    120.1
  1965   102.7   105.2    115.9      NA       NA     123.2    127.2    119.2      NA     123.9    101.4    123.5    121.1    116.6    118.4
  1966   103.0   104.4    116.5      NA       NA     122.2    124.8    119.8      NA     122.3    102.6    122.8    121.4    116.4    116.4
  1967   101.2   104.5    116.7      NA       NA     120.7    123.4    118.6      NA     119.0    104.0    122.3    120.2    114.5    115.5
  1968   101.0   104.2    116.4      NA       NA     120.7    120.6    115.3      NA     120.4    104.0    120.1    117.4    112.2    116.4
  1969   100.2   103.9    114.8      NA       NA     119.5    119.1    118.1      NA     120.6    103.3    118.4    114.7    110.2    116.4

  1970    98.2   103.2    113.6      NA       NA     116.3    115.3    116.7      NA     119.9    101.4    116.2    113.8    110.0    114.7
  1971    98.4   102.8    111.8      NA       NA     114.6    114.9    115.8      NA     117.3     98.6    115.1    112.7    109.7    111.9
  1972   100.0   102.9    111.1      NA       NA     112.0    112.4    114.6      NA     116.2     97.9    113.5    111.0    106.8    110.9
  1973    99.9   102.1    110.1      NA     111.7    109.3    106.4    112.8      NA     115.2     99.1    111.3    110.3    104.9    112.3
  1974    98.0   101.5    105.6      NA     107.3    106.4    108.5    111.3      NA     112.9     95.6    107.9    108.8    103.8    108.7
  1975    96.6   100.2    103.2      NA     109.9    100.7    105.1    108.1      NA     110.1     94.0    105.9    108.1    101.8    108.4
  1976    97.7   100.3    106.2      NA     110.5    102.6    105.6    108.4      NA     113.2     94.0    105.7    105.3    100.6    109.3
  1977    98.1   100.3    106.5      NA     110.4    102.1    104.6    107.5      NA     111.5     93.5    105.2    103.5     99.8    110.0
  1978    98.1   101.0    106.9      NA     109.6    101.9    103.4    106.5      NA     110.1     93.3    104.2    101.6     97.2    109.6
  1979    97.5   100.5    107.6      NA     109.0    102.0    103.3    106.5      NA     109.7     92.6    103.0     99.8     95.8    109.1

  1980    96.3    99.6    107.6      NA     109.3    100.4    104.0    106.4      NA     108.1     92.8    103.6    100.4     94.8    106.0
  1981    96.4    98.7    106.8      NA     104.1     98.1    102.7    104.9      NA     106.8     92.8    104.1    100.5     95.3    103.9
  1982    94.6    97.8    106.5      NA     103.9    100.2    104.2    100.8      NA     106.2     92.6    105.2     99.6     95.7    104.5
  1983    97.2    99.1    106.6      NA     103.9     97.7    105.6    100.3      NA     106.4     92.6    105.3    100.1     96.9    104.3
  1984    98.6    99.0    107.7      NA     104.8     97.1    105.3    100.4      NA     106.4     92.6    103.8     99.9     98.6    104.4
  1985    98.7    99.6    107.3    110.6    101.7     98.5    101.8     99.8      NA     104.5     91.8    101.2     99.5     97.9    103.8
  1986    98.6   100.1    106.7    112.6    103.5     98.6    104.2    100.0      NA     103.9     94.5    100.7     99.6     97.5    103.4
  1987    99.1   100.9    107.2    110.7    103.6     99.4    101.8    100.7      NA     103.6     97.3    100.2     97.2     98.7    103.6
  1988   100.0   103.0    108.3    108.0    102.3    101.1    101.8    101.2      NA     103.2     98.0    101.0     98.0     98.5    104.0
  1989   100.0   100.7    107.1    103.9    100.8    100.6    100.6    101.0      NA     101.7     99.2    100.4     98.5     98.2    103.3

  1990    99.4   100.2    105.6    102.3     99.9    101.8     99.4    100.5      NA      99.8     99.2    100.4     98.3     99.3    102.4
  1991    98.7    99.8    103.2    101.4    100.0    100.0     99.7     99.5     96.3     99.1    100.1    100.1     98.9     99.2    100.0
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   101.3   101.0     97.9    100.2    100.0     98.5     99.2     99.9     97.6     97.0     98.4     99.9    100.3    102.6    100.8
  1994   102.2   102.0     98.1    100.8    100.2    101.2      NA      99.9     98.4     97.1    101.9    100.0    100.5    107.3    100.8
  1995   101.5   101.6     98.9    101.0     99.9    100.1      NA      99.3     98.4     96.5    103.8    100.2     99.6    108.0    102.0
  1996   101.5   102.3     99.4     99.4     99.7    100.5      NA      99.4     96.2     95.0    102.5    100.1     99.0    107.8    102.2
  1997   102.2   102.2     98.8     98.0    100.0    100.6      NA      99.1     96.3     95.2    103.9     99.7     98.9    107.5    102.1
  1998   101.2   102.7     96.8     94.1     98.1    100.8      NA      98.9     96.6     96.2    103.2     99.5     99.2    107.6    101.6
  1999   102.0   103.8     96.7    101.7     98.7    103.3      NA      98.3     96.2      NA     103.6     99.5     99.5    108.2    100.8

  2000   101.0   103.6     98.3    100.3     98.5    103.4      NA      95.0     95.3      NA     104.1     99.4     98.5    107.7    100.4
  2001    99.2   102.6     97.6     98.2     91.5    102.2      NA      92.9     94.2      NA     103.1     99.3     98.2    106.2    100.0
  2002    98.9   103.0     97.5     97.5     93.0     99.8      NA      92.1     93.6      NA     102.9     99.3     97.0    104.5    100.8

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 25 -

Table 7.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     8.7     5.4      NA       NA       NA       NA       2.1      1.6      NA       3.4      0.9      3.0      2.2      1.9      1.5

  1955    11.7     7.7      3.1      NA       NA       NA       2.8      2.9      NA       5.0      1.4      4.4      3.4      2.9      2.2

  1960    14.9    10.0      4.3      NA       NA       5.4      3.8      4.3      NA       8.1      1.8      6.2      4.7      4.1      2.9
  1961    15.3    10.2      5.0      NA       NA       5.7      4.3      4.8      NA       9.1      2.0      7.0      5.2      4.5      3.2
  1962    15.9    10.6      5.7      NA       NA       6.2      4.7      5.3      NA      10.3      2.3      7.5      5.7      5.0      3.3
  1963    16.4    11.1      6.4      NA       NA       6.8      5.1      5.8      NA      11.0      2.8      8.3      6.1      5.5      3.5
  1964    17.0    11.5      7.2      NA       NA       7.7      5.5      6.3      NA      11.9      2.9      9.6      6.5      6.0      3.7
  1965    17.4    12.2      8.1      NA       NA       8.5      6.2      6.8      NA      13.1      3.1     10.8      7.2      6.6      4.0
  1966    18.2    13.1      8.9      NA       NA       9.4      7.0      7.2      NA      14.2      3.3     12.1      7.8      7.3      4.4
  1967    19.2    13.8     10.0      NA       NA      10.3      7.8      7.7      NA      15.0      3.7     13.4      8.7      8.1      4.5
  1968    20.7    14.7     11.7      NA       NA      11.0      8.6      8.8      NA      16.1      3.9     14.9      9.6      8.7      4.8
  1969    22.2    15.9     13.8      NA       NA      12.1      9.7      9.3      NA      17.6      4.3     16.9     10.6      9.6      5.3

  1970    23.7    17.1     16.4      NA       NA      13.7     11.1     10.5      NA      20.7      5.3     19.4     11.8     10.7      6.1
  1971    25.2    18.2     19.0      NA       NA      15.9     12.8     11.8      NA      23.2      6.1     22.1     13.5     12.1      6.9
  1972    26.5    19.5     21.9      NA       NA      18.8     14.3     13.0      NA      25.6      6.7     25.4     15.2     13.5      8.0
  1973    28.5    21.2     26.7      NA       9.5     22.3     17.5     14.9      NA      29.0      7.9     30.2     17.1     15.2      9.1
  1974    31.6    24.6     35.1      NA      13.9     27.4     21.4     17.7      NA      33.0     10.3     36.0     20.1     17.9     11.0
  1975    35.5    28.3     40.8      NA      14.9     33.1     25.7     21.6      NA      36.4     12.7     40.9     24.0     21.9     14.6
  1976    38.4    32.5     44.0      NA      16.7     38.3     28.9     24.8      NA      39.1     15.8     45.7     27.7     25.7     16.9
  1977    41.8    36.1     48.5      NA      18.2     41.4     32.2     28.1      NA      42.8     18.9     49.8     31.1     28.1     19.1
  1978    45.2    38.8     51.7      NA      20.5     44.4     35.8     31.7      NA      45.9     21.5     53.7     34.1     31.1     22.3
  1979    49.6    42.7     55.0      NA      24.3     47.2     40.4     35.9      NA      49.3     26.0     57.5     35.8     33.5     26.5

  1980    55.6    47.6     58.5      NA      29.6     52.5     45.0     41.3      NA      53.6     30.4     60.5     39.0     37.3     32.1
  1981    61.1    53.8     62.7      NA      38.0     57.3     50.0     48.0      NA      57.0     36.2     63.4     43.3     41.2     37.4
  1982    67.0    61.0     65.8      NA      41.5     59.9     54.9     56.7      NA      60.4     42.2     67.0     48.2     44.2     41.2
  1983    68.8    65.3     67.5      NA      43.3     65.7     59.4     62.6      NA      63.1     48.6     70.5     52.9     49.1     44.4
  1984    71.2    69.0     69.6      NA      46.2     71.4     63.6     68.0      NA      66.0     55.7     73.5     57.9     53.2     48.2
  1985    75.1    71.9     72.4     33.1     49.5     75.3     68.8     73.6      NA      70.0     63.1     77.5     63.4     58.6     52.9
  1986    78.5    73.0     76.1     35.2     55.7     77.3     71.1     76.5      NA      72.8     65.9     80.4     69.1     63.4     57.6
  1987    80.7    74.7     77.8     40.3     60.9     79.7     78.4     79.3      NA      76.0     69.4     84.7     78.4     67.7     64.3
  1988    84.0    77.5     79.2     50.0     65.6     81.1     82.9     81.9      NA      79.1     74.6     85.3     83.3     71.8     68.7
  1989    86.6    82.6     84.1     57.6     74.3     85.9     87.7     86.1      NA      83.2     80.9     86.8     87.2     79.4     73.8

  1990    90.8    88.3     90.6     68.5     85.3     90.1     92.7     90.9      NA      89.4     87.6     89.8     92.3     87.8     82.9
  1991    95.6    95.0     96.5     86.1     93.5     97.3     96.0     96.4     91.5     95.1     94.2     94.8     97.5     95.5     93.8
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   102.7   102.0    102.7    114.0    106.0    104.8    103.0    102.6    106.4    105.9    105.7    104.5    101.5     97.4    105.0
  1994   105.6   103.7    104.7    129.5    111.1    106.1      NA     106.0    111.8    111.7    106.8    109.0    104.4     99.8    108.0
  1995   107.9   106.0    108.3    158.1    120.3    109.2      NA     110.0    117.6    117.7    111.3    112.1    109.2    106.8    109.4
  1996   109.4   107.0    109.1    184.1    128.2    111.0      NA     112.1    123.3    123.7    119.0    114.4    113.6    115.2    111.4
  1997   111.5   109.3    112.6    197.7    132.3    115.2      NA     112.0    125.7    126.6    123.0    117.2    118.7    121.0    115.7
  1998   117.4   110.5    115.4    214.8    140.2    116.9      NA     112.6    127.6    127.6    122.2    122.0    125.7    125.6    122.6
  1999   122.1   112.3    114.8    211.1    144.0    118.4      NA     116.4    130.6      NA     124.2    126.0    133.0    130.3    129.7

  2000   131.1   113.9    113.7    221.0    146.2    120.5      NA     120.8    137.2      NA     127.8    132.0    140.5    135.3    137.6
  2001   134.3   117.8    114.5    236.5    149.4    126.7      NA     126.9    141.4      NA     132.4    138.9    148.2    139.8    143.8
  2002   141.0   123.2    112.7    267.3    149.3    135.0      NA     130.9    144.5      NA     135.6    146.0    157.2    145.1    148.6

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees,
   but are labor costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 26 -

Table 8.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     8.7     6.0      NA       NA       NA       NA       1.8      2.5      NA       1.3      1.9      1.4      1.9      2.1      2.5

  1955    11.7     9.5      1.1      NA       NA       NA       2.5      4.3      NA       1.9      2.7      2.0      2.9      3.3      3.5

  1960    14.9    12.4      1.5      NA       NA       3.5      3.4      4.7      NA       3.0      3.5      2.9      4.1      4.6      4.7
  1961    15.3    12.2      1.8      NA       NA       3.7      3.8      5.1      NA       3.5      3.9      3.4      4.5      5.0      5.0
  1962    15.9    12.0      2.0      NA       NA       4.0      4.1      5.7      NA       4.0      4.6      3.7      5.0      5.6      5.3
  1963    16.4    12.4      2.2      NA       NA       4.4      4.5      6.2      NA       4.3      5.5      4.0      5.3      6.2      5.5
  1964    17.0    12.9      2.5      NA       NA       5.0      4.8      6.8      NA       4.7      5.8      4.7      5.6      6.8      5.8
  1965    17.4    13.7      2.8      NA       NA       5.5      5.4      7.3      NA       5.1      6.2      5.3      6.2      7.5      6.4
  1966    18.2    14.7      3.1      NA       NA       6.1      6.1      7.7      NA       5.5      6.6      5.9      6.8      8.2      6.9
  1967    19.2    15.4      3.5      NA       NA       6.7      6.8      8.3      NA       5.9      7.3      6.5      7.6      9.1      7.0
  1968    20.7    16.5      4.1      NA       NA       7.1      7.0      9.4      NA       6.3      7.8      7.2      8.4      9.9      6.6
  1969    22.2    17.9      4.9      NA       NA       7.7      7.8      9.5      NA       7.0      8.5      8.2      9.3     10.8      7.1

  1970    23.7    19.8      5.8      NA       NA       8.9      8.9     10.0      NA       8.9     10.3      9.4     10.3     12.0      8.3
  1971    25.2    21.7      6.9      NA       NA      10.5     10.4     11.3      NA      10.4     12.1     11.1     11.9     13.8      9.6
  1972    26.5    23.8      9.2      NA       NA      13.7     12.4     13.6      NA      12.6     14.1     13.9     14.3     16.5     11.3
  1973    28.5    25.6     12.5      NA       6.3     18.5     17.6     17.8      NA      17.1     16.7     19.1     18.5     20.3     12.7
  1974    31.6    30.5     15.2      NA       9.2     22.6     21.2     19.5      NA      19.9     19.4     23.6     22.6     23.5     14.5
  1975    35.5    33.7     17.5      NA       9.9     29.0     27.0     26.7      NA      23.1     23.9     28.5     28.6     30.8     18.4
  1976    38.4    39.9     18.8      NA      11.0     31.9     28.9     27.4      NA      24.3     23.5     30.4     31.6     34.3     17.3
  1977    41.8    41.1     23.0      NA      12.1     37.1     32.4     30.3      NA      28.8     26.4     35.7     36.3     36.7     18.9
  1978    45.2    41.2     31.5      NA      13.9     45.4     39.3     37.3      NA      35.8     31.2     43.7     40.4     40.2     24.2
  1979    49.6    44.0     32.0      NA      16.9     51.7     46.4     44.6      NA      42.0     38.6     50.4     43.9     45.5     31.8

  1980    55.6    49.1     32.8      NA      20.7     57.7     48.2     51.7      NA      46.1     43.8     53.6     49.0     51.4     42.2
  1981    61.1    54.2     36.0      NA      26.0     49.5     42.3     46.7      NA      39.3     39.1     44.6     46.9     47.3     42.8
  1982    67.0    59.7     33.5      NA      26.7     42.1     39.7     45.6      NA      38.8     38.4     44.1     46.4     41.0     40.8
  1983    68.8    64.0     36.0      NA      27.2     41.3     39.2     43.5      NA      38.6     39.4     43.4     45.0     37.2     38.1
  1984    71.2    64.4     37.1      NA      29.3     39.7     37.1     41.2      NA      36.3     39.1     40.3     44.1     37.5     36.5
  1985    75.1    63.6     38.5     30.2     31.2     40.8     39.2     43.4      NA      37.2     40.7     41.1     45.8     39.7     38.9
  1986    78.5    63.5     57.3     31.2     37.0     55.6     53.0     58.5      NA      52.4     54.4     57.7     58.0     51.8     47.9
  1987    80.7    68.1     68.2     38.3     48.3     68.6     69.2     69.8      NA      66.0     66.0     73.6     72.3     62.1     59.7
  1988    84.0    76.2     78.3     53.5     57.7     70.9     74.3     72.8      NA      70.4     70.6     75.9     79.3     68.2     69.3
  1989    86.6    84.3     77.2     67.0     70.8     70.1     72.3     71.4      NA      69.1     72.7     71.9     78.4     71.6     68.4

  1990    90.8    91.5     79.2     75.6     79.7     86.6     90.4     88.3      NA      86.4     90.1     86.7     91.7     86.4     83.7
  1991    95.6   100.1     90.9     91.7     87.9     91.5     90.5     90.4     86.1     89.4     93.5     89.1     93.3     91.9     93.9
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   102.7    95.5    117.2    111.0    100.9     97.4     95.9     95.8    100.4    100.0     82.8     98.9     88.8     72.8     89.3
  1994   105.6    91.7    129.9    126.0    105.6    102.1      NA     101.1    107.6    107.6     81.7    105.4     91.9     75.3     93.7
  1995   107.9    93.3    146.1    160.5    114.2    119.1      NA     116.8    128.3    128.3     84.2    122.8    107.1     87.1     97.8
  1996   109.4    94.8    127.2    179.4    117.4    115.3      NA     116.0    128.0    128.4     95.0    119.3    109.3    100.1     98.4
  1997   111.5    95.3    117.9    163.7    115.6    103.4      NA     101.5    113.2    114.0     88.9    105.6    104.1     92.2    107.2
  1998   117.4    90.0    111.7    120.4    105.1    103.5      NA     101.0    113.3    113.3     86.7    108.2    103.4     92.0    115.0
  1999   122.1    91.4    128.0    139.2    112.1    100.5      NA     100.0    111.1      NA      84.2    107.1    105.9     91.7    118.7

  2000   131.1    92.6    133.7    153.4    117.7     88.6      NA      90.0    101.1      NA      75.1     97.3     99.1     85.9    118.0
  2001   134.3    91.9    119.4    143.6    111.1     90.4      NA      91.7    101.1      NA      75.4     99.3    102.4     78.8    117.2
  2002   141.0    94.8    114.1    167.7    108.8    101.7      NA      99.9    109.1      NA      81.6    110.1    122.3     86.9    126.4

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees,
   but are labor costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 27 -

Table 9.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     NA     20.9      NA       NA       NA       NA       9.8     13.4      NA      25.5      7.0     26.3      8.8      9.5      6.3

  1955     NA     24.2     36.5      NA       NA       NA      12.2     18.8      NA      25.4      7.2     30.0     11.5     13.8      8.3

  1960     NA     26.4     31.3      NA       NA      30.1     13.6     21.8      NA      27.8      7.5     32.9     12.6     15.0      9.8
  1961     NA     25.7     32.1      NA       NA      31.5     14.5     22.6      NA      29.7      7.7     35.5     13.3     15.6     10.5
  1962     NA     24.8     35.0      NA       NA      32.1     15.1     23.5      NA      31.5      8.2     36.6     14.6     16.2     10.8
  1963     NA     24.9     36.1      NA       NA      34.2     15.9     24.3      NA      32.2      9.5     38.8     14.8     16.9     10.7
  1964     NA     24.9     35.8      NA       NA      36.3     15.9     24.5      NA      32.1     10.0     41.1     15.0     16.9     10.7
  1965     NA     25.1     38.7      NA       NA      38.3     16.8     24.9      NA      33.3      9.6     43.2     15.7     17.4     11.4
  1966     NA     26.5     38.9      NA       NA      39.6     18.2     24.4      NA      34.7      9.4     45.4     16.4     18.2     11.9
  1967     NA     27.6     38.5      NA       NA      40.9     18.9     24.7      NA      34.5      9.9     46.8     17.7     18.6     11.7
  1968     NA     27.9     40.0      NA       NA      40.3     19.4     25.3      NA      34.3      9.8     46.4     18.4     18.5     11.7
  1969     NA     28.8     41.4      NA       NA      40.4     20.8     25.4      NA      35.0     10.4     47.9     18.5     18.8     12.5

  1970     NA     31.1     43.8      NA      23.8     41.7     22.4     26.9      NA      39.8     11.9     50.4     20.0     20.6     14.1
  1971     NA     31.2     47.8      NA      24.8     45.2     24.2     28.6      NA      42.9     13.5     54.1     22.2     22.2     15.3
  1972     NA     31.8     50.2      NA      24.9     47.9     24.9     30.1      NA      44.7     13.9     57.7     23.7     23.6     16.7
  1973     NA     32.6     56.2      NA      28.8     51.2     27.6     32.3      NA      47.5     15.1     61.9     25.2     24.8     17.8
  1974     NA     37.2     71.9      NA      43.5     59.9     32.8     37.5      NA      52.1     18.6     68.7     28.4     27.9     21.0
  1975     NA     44.7     81.4      NA      44.2     69.5     36.3     44.2      NA      55.2     24.2     79.2     34.3     33.7     28.6
  1976     NA     47.3     82.7      NA      45.5     73.1     38.8     47.8      NA      55.4     26.4     79.9     38.8     38.9     31.7
  1977    61.2    49.9     87.7      NA      47.3     75.3     41.7     51.3      NA      58.8     30.7     80.4     42.9     43.3     35.5
  1978    65.3    52.6     89.9      NA      47.4     76.1     45.0     55.3      NA      61.1     33.1     83.2     46.1     46.6     40.9
  1979    70.7    57.8     88.4      NA      53.8     76.8     48.5     60.4      NA      62.9     36.6     85.3     45.1     46.6     48.2

  1980    78.8    65.2     92.6      NA      62.2     80.3     52.2     67.2      NA      69.4     41.0     87.6     50.0     51.0     59.0
  1981    82.4    70.4     96.0      NA      72.1     81.7     57.3     73.8      NA      72.4     49.0     88.4     55.8     56.6     65.4
  1982    87.9    79.1     96.8      NA      76.8     81.5     62.1     81.4      NA      76.7     57.0     92.7     59.6     58.7     68.5
  1983    86.0    79.7     98.1      NA      75.2     81.1     63.5     85.4      NA      76.4     64.2     90.9     63.3     60.7     68.2
  1984    85.6    77.8     97.8      NA      78.1     84.0     67.4     89.8      NA      77.3     67.9     86.2     65.3     62.5     70.4
  1985    87.3    78.9     94.7     60.4     81.3     86.5     71.7     92.2      NA      78.6     72.2     87.6     69.2     68.0     74.4
  1986    91.2    83.3     99.9     59.8     83.5     88.0     77.4     92.9      NA      81.2     74.9     89.6     76.5     72.5     77.9
  1987    86.9    85.1     97.0     63.8     83.7     89.7     85.7     94.4      NA      86.3     77.8     93.7     82.8     75.8     82.3
  1988    86.7    86.6     94.3     72.8     85.9     88.1     88.1     92.7      NA      86.5     79.4     92.4     89.0     79.4     83.3
  1989    90.5    89.3     94.9     78.7     89.5     88.7     87.5     93.4      NA      87.9     84.8     90.0     90.8     85.1     85.6

  1990    93.7    94.6     95.9     84.2     95.9     93.0     93.5     96.9      NA      90.3     91.5     91.1     94.2     92.9     92.9
  1991    97.6    99.6     97.4     94.1     96.8     98.1     96.5     99.4     93.1     93.3     98.2     95.7     99.2    100.0    100.0
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   100.6    96.4    101.0    105.4    103.0    102.3    103.7    101.9    104.5    105.3    104.3    102.4    101.9     90.8    100.7
  1994    98.5    93.6    101.4    109.8    104.1     97.9     96.2     97.9    102.0    103.6    101.9     96.4    104.8     84.7     99.6
  1995    94.8    94.3     97.6    122.4    104.5     96.4     96.4     96.7    104.7    105.9    103.0     95.6    108.4     85.8    102.8
  1996    93.5    97.5     94.0    129.1    104.1     94.7    103.2     97.9    107.5    107.5    110.0     95.9    110.8     89.0    105.5
  1997    91.9    96.2     93.0    121.0    102.3     90.7     99.4     91.9    104.5    103.9    111.9     96.5    116.4     85.8    108.2
  1998    92.8    97.7     95.2    117.4    103.2     90.4    102.8     88.1    104.6    100.4    111.1     98.3    125.7     84.0    112.8
  1999    91.3    96.8     90.6    104.4    100.7     91.9    103.7     87.5    107.6      NA     113.2     99.1    128.4     80.1    114.4

  2000    92.3    96.1     83.6    101.5     97.1     90.4    102.5     84.3    108.3      NA     113.4     99.5    131.9     74.7    114.5
  2001    94.1   101.5     85.6    109.5     93.3     93.9    101.4     85.0    110.1      NA     115.5    105.0    136.1     76.6    116.7
  2002    92.8   104.6     80.1    115.4     87.4     94.1    101.8     85.4    110.0      NA     120.1    109.7    141.8     73.8    120.1

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees,
   but are labor costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 28 -

Table 10.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     NA     23.1      NA       NA       NA       NA       8.5     20.3      NA       9.5     13.8     12.2      7.7     10.7     10.0

  1955     NA     29.7     12.8      NA       NA       NA      10.7     28.5      NA       9.4     14.1     13.9     10.0     15.5     13.2

  1960     NA     32.9     11.0      NA       NA      19.4     12.0     23.5      NA      10.4     15.0     15.3     11.0     16.9     15.6
  1961     NA     30.6     11.3      NA       NA      20.3     12.7     24.4      NA      11.6     15.3     17.2     11.6     17.6     16.6
  1962     NA     28.1     12.3      NA       NA      20.7     13.2     25.4      NA      12.3     16.3     17.9     12.7     18.3     17.1
  1963     NA     27.8     12.7      NA       NA      22.0     13.9     26.3      NA      12.6     18.8     18.9     12.9     18.9     17.0
  1964     NA     27.9     12.5      NA       NA      23.5     13.9     26.5      NA      12.6     19.8     20.0     13.0     19.1     16.9
  1965     NA     28.2     13.6      NA       NA      24.8     14.7     26.9      NA      13.0     19.0     21.1     13.6     19.6     18.0
  1966     NA     29.7     13.6      NA       NA      25.6     15.9     26.2      NA      13.6     18.6     22.0     14.3     20.6     18.8
  1967     NA     30.9     13.5      NA       NA      26.5     16.3     26.5      NA      13.5     19.6     22.8     15.4     21.0     18.3
  1968     NA     31.3     14.1      NA       NA      25.9     15.7     27.1      NA      13.4     19.4     22.5     16.0     20.9     15.9
  1969     NA     32.3     14.6      NA       NA      25.9     16.7     25.9      NA      13.9     20.4     23.2     16.1     21.1     16.9

  1970     NA     36.0     15.5      NA      14.9     27.0     18.0     25.8      NA      17.1     23.3     24.5     17.4     23.1     19.1
  1971     NA     37.3     17.4      NA      15.6     29.9     19.8     27.4      NA      19.3     26.9     27.3     19.6     25.3     21.2
  1972     NA     38.8     21.0      NA      15.7     35.0     21.6     31.6      NA      21.9     29.4     31.6     22.4     28.9     23.7
  1973     NA     39.3     26.3      NA      18.9     42.4     27.7     38.5      NA      28.0     32.0     39.2     27.2     33.1     24.7
  1974     NA     46.0     31.3      NA      28.8     49.5     32.5     41.3      NA      31.5     35.2     45.0     32.0     36.7     27.9
  1975     NA     53.1     34.8      NA      29.3     60.9     38.2     54.7      NA      35.1     45.7     55.2     40.9     47.4     35.9
  1976     NA     58.0     35.4      NA      30.1     60.9     38.8     53.0      NA      34.4     39.2     53.2     44.1     52.0     32.4
  1977    61.2    56.7     41.5      NA      31.3     67.6     42.0     55.2      NA      39.6     42.8     57.7     50.0     56.4     35.1
  1978    65.3    55.8     54.7      NA      32.2     77.8     49.3     65.1      NA      47.6     48.1     67.7     54.7     60.1     44.4
  1979    70.7    59.6     51.4      NA      37.5     84.2     55.7     75.2      NA      53.6     54.3     74.8     55.4     63.3     57.9

  1980    78.8    67.4     51.8      NA      43.4     88.3     55.9     84.2      NA      59.6     59.0     77.5     62.9     70.2     77.7
  1981    82.4    70.9     55.2      NA      49.2     70.6     48.4     71.8      NA      49.9     53.1     62.2     60.4     65.1     75.0
  1982    87.9    77.5     49.3      NA      49.4     57.2     44.9     65.5      NA      49.3     51.9     61.0     57.4     54.4     67.8
  1983    86.0    78.1     52.4      NA      47.2     51.0     41.9     59.3      NA      46.7     52.1     56.0     53.8     46.1     58.6
  1984    85.6    72.5     52.2      NA      49.6     46.8     39.3     54.4      NA      42.4     47.7     47.2     49.7     44.0     53.3
  1985    87.3    69.8     50.3     55.0     51.3     46.9     40.9     54.3      NA      41.7     46.6     46.4     50.0     46.1     54.7
  1986    91.2    72.4     75.3     53.0     55.6     63.4     57.7     71.0      NA      58.5     61.9     64.4     64.3     59.2     64.7
  1987    86.9    77.6     85.1     60.6     66.3     77.2     75.5     83.1      NA      74.9     73.9     81.3     76.4     69.6     76.4
  1988    86.7    85.0     93.3     77.8     75.5     77.0     78.9     82.3      NA      76.9     75.2     82.2     84.8     75.4     84.0
  1989    90.5    91.1     87.2     91.6     85.2     72.3     72.1     77.5      NA      73.0     76.1     74.6     81.7     76.8     79.4

  1990    93.7    98.0     83.9     93.0     89.7     89.5     91.2     94.2      NA      87.3     94.1     87.9     93.6     91.3     93.8
  1991    97.6   105.1     91.8    100.3     91.1     92.3     91.0     93.2     87.5     87.8     97.5     90.0     95.0     96.3    100.1
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   100.6    90.3    115.3    102.7     98.1     95.1     96.5     95.2     98.7     99.4     81.6     96.9     89.2     67.8     85.6
  1994    98.5    82.8    125.8    106.8     99.0     94.2     91.4     93.4     98.2     99.8     77.9     93.2     92.3     64.0     86.4
  1995    94.8    83.0    131.6    124.3     99.2    105.2    104.0    102.6    114.2    115.5     77.9    104.8    106.4     70.0     91.9
  1996    93.5    86.4    109.5    125.9     95.4     98.3    107.5    101.3    111.6    111.6     87.9    100.0    106.6     77.3     93.2
  1997    91.9    84.0     97.4    100.2     89.5     81.4     90.8     83.3     94.0     93.5     80.9     87.0    102.1     65.4    100.3
  1998    92.8    79.6     92.2     65.8     77.4     80.0     92.6     79.1     92.9     89.1     78.8     87.2    103.5     61.5    105.9
  1999    91.3    78.8    101.0     68.8     78.3     78.0     89.5     75.2     91.6      NA      76.7     84.3    102.2     56.4    104.7

  2000    92.3    78.2     98.4     70.4     78.1     66.5     76.5     62.8     79.8      NA      66.6     73.3     93.0     47.5     98.3
  2001    94.1    79.2     89.3     66.5     69.4     67.0     73.4     61.4     78.7      NA      65.8     75.0     94.0     43.1     95.1
  2002    92.8    80.5     81.1     72.4     63.7     70.9     77.9     65.1     83.0      NA      72.2     82.8    110.3     44.2    102.1

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees,
   but are labor costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 29 -

Table 11.  Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar)
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950   100.0   110.5     35.2      NA       NA       NA      87.5    151.3      NA      37.2    197.3     46.2     87.1    112.6    158.6

  1955   100.0   122.5     35.2      NA       NA       NA      87.4    151.2      NA      37.1    197.1     46.1     87.0    112.6    158.0

  1960   100.0   124.6     35.2      NA       NA      64.5     87.6    107.9      NA      37.4    198.4     46.6     87.1    112.7    159.0
  1961   100.0   119.4     35.1      NA       NA      64.5     87.4    107.9      NA      38.9    198.4     48.5     87.0    112.7    158.6
  1962   100.0   113.1     35.1      NA       NA      64.6     87.5    108.0      NA      39.1    198.5     48.8     87.1    113.0    159.0
  1963   100.0   112.0     35.1      NA       NA      64.5     87.4    108.0      NA      39.2    198.2     48.8     86.9    112.3    158.5
  1964   100.0   112.0     35.0      NA       NA      64.6     87.3    108.0      NA      39.3    197.3     48.8     86.8    113.1    158.1
  1965   100.0   112.1     35.1      NA       NA      64.8     87.3    108.0      NA      39.1    197.2     48.8     86.9    112.9    158.3
  1966   100.0   112.2     35.0      NA       NA      64.5     87.4    107.7      NA      39.1    197.3     48.6     86.9    112.8    158.1
  1967   100.0   112.0     35.0      NA       NA      64.7     86.5    107.6      NA      39.2    197.4     48.8     86.9    112.9    155.7
  1968   100.0   112.2     35.2      NA       NA      64.4     80.7    106.9      NA      39.1    197.7     48.6     87.0    112.7    135.5
  1969   100.0   112.2     35.4      NA       NA      64.1     80.3    102.2      NA      39.8    196.4     48.5     87.0    112.7    135.3

  1970   100.0   115.8     35.4    252.7     62.9     64.7     80.5     95.7      NA      42.8    196.5     48.6     86.9    112.3    135.6
  1971   100.0   119.7     36.5    226.0     62.9     66.2     81.6     96.1      NA      44.9    199.3     50.4     88.3    114.1    138.4
  1972   100.0   122.0     41.8    199.7     62.9     73.0     86.8    104.9      NA      49.0    211.1     54.8     94.3    122.5    141.6
  1973   100.0   120.8     46.8    197.0     65.8     82.8    100.2    119.3      NA      59.0    211.8     63.3    108.2    133.8    138.8
  1974   100.0   123.6     43.5    194.0     66.2     82.7     99.3    110.1      NA      60.5    189.4     65.5    112.6    131.4    132.5
  1975   100.0   118.8     42.7    162.1     66.2     87.6    105.3    123.6      NA      63.6    188.9     69.7    119.2    140.6    125.8
  1976   100.0   122.6     42.8    162.1     66.2     83.3     99.9    110.9      NA      62.1    148.4     66.6    113.9    133.7    102.2
  1977   100.0   113.7     47.3    162.1     66.2     89.7    100.6    107.7      NA      67.3    139.6     71.7    116.8    130.4     98.8
  1978   100.0   106.0     60.8    162.1     67.9    102.3    109.6    117.6      NA      77.9    145.2     81.4    118.6    129.0    108.6
  1979   100.0   103.2     58.1    162.1     69.8    109.6    114.8    124.4      NA      85.2    148.3     87.7    122.7    135.9    120.2

  1980   100.0   103.4     55.9    129.2     69.8    110.0    107.1    125.3      NA      85.9    143.9     88.5    125.8    137.7    131.7
  1981   100.0   100.8     57.5    115.2     68.3     86.4     84.6     97.3      NA      69.0    108.2     70.4    108.2    115.0    114.6
  1982   100.0    97.9     50.9    107.2     64.3     70.2     72.4     80.5      NA      64.3     91.0     65.8     96.2     92.7     99.0
  1983   100.0    98.1     53.4    101.1     62.8     62.9     66.0     69.5      NA      61.2     81.1     61.6     85.1     75.9     85.8
  1984   100.0    93.3     53.4     97.1     63.5     55.7     58.3     60.6      NA      54.9     70.2     54.8     76.2     70.4     75.7
  1985   100.0    88.5     53.2     91.0     63.1     54.2     57.0     58.9      NA      53.1     64.5     53.0     72.3     67.7     73.5
  1986   100.0    87.0     75.3     88.7     66.5     72.0     74.6     76.4      NA      72.0     82.6     71.8     84.0     81.7     83.1
  1987   100.0    91.1     87.7     95.0     79.2     86.1     88.2     88.0      NA      86.9     95.0     86.8     92.2     91.8     92.8
  1988   100.0    98.2     98.9    106.8     87.9     87.4     89.6     88.8      NA      88.9     94.6     88.9     95.2     94.9    100.8
  1989   100.0   102.1     91.8    116.4     95.3     81.6     82.5     83.0      NA      83.0     89.8     82.9     89.9     90.2     92.7

  1990   100.0   103.6     87.4    110.4     93.5     96.2     97.5     97.2      NA      96.6    102.8     96.6     99.4     98.4    101.0
  1991   100.0   105.5     94.2    106.5     94.0     94.0     94.3     93.7     94.0     94.0     99.3     93.9     95.7     96.3    100.1
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   100.0    93.7    114.1     97.4     95.2     93.0     93.1     93.4     94.4     94.4     78.3     94.6     87.5     74.7     85.0
  1994   100.0    88.4    124.1     97.2     95.1     96.2     95.0     95.4     96.3     96.3     76.5     96.7     88.1     75.5     86.7
  1995   100.0    88.1    134.9    101.5     95.0    109.1    107.8    106.2    109.1    109.1     75.6    109.6     98.1     81.6     89.4
  1996   100.0    88.6    116.5     97.5     91.6    103.8    104.1    103.5    103.8    103.8     79.9    104.3     96.2     86.8     88.4
  1997   100.0    87.3    104.7     82.8     87.4     89.8     91.3     90.7     90.0     90.0     72.3     90.1     87.7     76.2     92.7
  1998   100.0    81.5     96.8     56.0     75.0     88.5     90.1     89.7     88.8     88.8     70.9     88.7     82.3     73.3     93.8
  1999   100.0    81.3    111.5     65.9     77.8     84.9     86.4     86.0     85.1     85.1     67.8     85.0     79.6     70.4     91.6

  2000   100.0    81.4    117.6     69.4     80.5     73.6     74.6     74.5     73.7      NA      58.7     73.7     70.5     63.5     85.8
  2001   100.0    78.0    104.3     60.7     74.4     71.3     72.5     72.2     71.5      NA      57.0     71.4     69.1     56.3     81.5
  2002   100.0    77.0    101.2     62.8     72.9     75.3     76.6     76.3     75.5      NA      60.2     75.4     77.8     59.9     85.1

NA:  Not Available

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 30 -

Table 12.  Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     8.8     5.9      NA       NA       NA       NA       2.9      2.0      NA       4.9      1.0      3.9      2.9      2.4      1.9

  1955    11.8     8.1      3.8      NA       NA       NA       3.9      3.4      NA       7.3      1.5      5.7      4.4      3.8      2.8

  1960    14.8    10.4      5.3      NA       NA       6.8      5.0      5.2      NA      10.7      1.9      8.1      6.0      5.0      3.6
  1961    15.2    10.6      6.1      NA       NA       7.2      5.5      5.8      NA      11.8      2.1      8.9      6.4      5.4      3.8
  1962    16.0    11.1      6.9      NA       NA       7.8      6.1      6.4      NA      13.0      2.4      9.4      7.0      6.0      4.0
  1963    16.5    11.6      7.6      NA       NA       8.6      6.5      7.0      NA      13.7      2.9     10.4      7.5      6.6      4.1
  1964    17.3    12.1      8.5      NA       NA       9.6      7.1      7.5      NA      14.8      3.1     11.9      8.0      7.1      4.4
  1965    17.9    12.8      9.4      NA       NA      10.5      7.8      8.1      NA      16.2      3.2     13.3      8.7      7.7      4.8
  1966    18.8    13.7     10.4      NA       NA      11.5      8.7      8.6      NA      17.4      3.4     14.8      9.5      8.5      5.1
  1967    19.4    14.4     11.7      NA       NA      12.4      9.7      9.2      NA      17.8      3.8     16.3     10.5      9.2      5.2
  1968    20.9    15.4     13.6      NA       NA      13.3     10.4     10.1      NA      19.4      4.1     17.9     11.3      9.8      5.6
  1969    22.2    16.5     15.9      NA       NA      14.4     11.6     11.0      NA      21.3      4.5     20.0     12.2     10.5      6.1

  1970    23.3    17.6     18.7      NA       NA      16.0     12.7     12.2      NA      24.8      5.3     22.5     13.4     11.8      7.0
  1971    24.8    18.7     21.3      NA       NA      18.2     14.7     13.6      NA      27.2      6.0     25.4     15.2     13.3      7.8
  1972    26.5    20.1     24.3      NA       NA      21.0     16.1     14.9      NA      29.8      6.5     28.8     16.8     14.4      8.9
  1973    28.5    21.7     29.5      NA      10.6     24.3     18.7     16.8      NA      33.4      7.8     33.6     18.9     16.0     10.3
  1974    31.0    25.0     37.0      NA      15.0     29.2     23.2     19.7      NA      37.2      9.8     38.8     21.8     18.6     11.9
  1975    34.3    28.4     42.1      NA      16.4     33.3     27.0     23.3      NA      40.0     11.9     43.3     25.9     22.3     15.8
  1976    37.6    32.7     46.7      NA      18.4     39.3     30.5     26.8      NA      44.3     14.9     48.3     29.2     25.8     18.5
  1977    41.0    36.2     51.7      NA      20.1     42.3     33.7     30.2      NA      47.7     17.7     52.4     32.2     28.1     21.0
  1978    44.3    39.2     55.3      NA      22.5     45.2     37.0     33.8      NA      50.6     20.1     56.0     34.6     30.3     24.4
  1979    48.4    42.9     59.2      NA      26.5     48.1     41.8     38.2      NA      54.1     24.1     59.2     35.7     32.1     28.9

  1980    53.5    47.3     63.0      NA      32.4     52.7     46.8     43.9      NA      57.9     28.2     62.7     39.1     35.3     34.0
  1981    58.8    53.1     66.9      NA      39.6     56.1     51.3     50.3      NA      60.9     33.6     66.0     43.5     39.2     38.8
  1982    63.3    59.7     70.0      NA      43.1     60.0     57.2     57.2      NA      64.1     39.0     70.5     48.0     42.3     43.1
  1983    66.9    64.7     72.0      NA      44.9     64.2     62.7     62.8      NA      67.2     45.0     74.3     53.0     47.5     46.3
  1984    70.2    68.3     74.9      NA      48.4     69.3     67.0     68.3      NA      70.3     51.5     76.4     57.9     52.5     50.3
  1985    74.1    71.6     77.7     36.7     50.4     74.1     70.0     73.4      NA      73.1     57.9     78.5     63.1     57.4     54.9
  1986    77.4    73.0     81.2     39.6     57.6     76.2     74.0     76.6      NA      75.6     62.3     81.0     68.8     61.8     59.6
  1987    80.0    75.4     83.4     44.6     63.1     79.2     79.8     79.8      NA      78.8     67.6     84.9     76.2     66.8     66.6
  1988    84.0    79.9     85.7     54.0     67.1     81.9     84.4     82.9      NA      81.7     73.1     86.1     81.6     70.7     71.5
  1989    86.7    83.2     90.0     59.9     75.0     86.4     88.2     87.0      NA      84.6     80.3     87.1     85.9     77.9     76.2

  1990    90.2    88.5     95.6     70.0     85.2     91.7     92.1     91.3      NA      89.2     86.9     90.2     90.8     87.2     84.8
  1991    94.3    94.8     99.6     87.3     93.5     97.3     95.6     95.9     88.2     94.3     94.3     94.9     96.4     94.7     93.8
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   104.1   103.0    100.6    114.2    106.0    103.2    102.2    102.4    103.9    102.8    104.0    104.4    101.8     99.9    105.8
  1994   108.0   105.8    102.8    130.6    111.4    107.4    106.0    105.9    109.9    108.5    108.8    109.0    104.9    107.1    108.9
  1995   109.5   107.6    107.0    159.7    120.1    109.2    109.7    109.3    115.8    113.6    115.6    112.3    108.7    115.4    111.6
  1996   111.0   109.5    108.5    182.9    127.7    111.6    112.1    111.4    118.6    117.6    122.0    114.5    112.5    124.2    113.8
  1997   113.9   111.7    111.3    193.8    132.3    115.8    117.3    111.0    121.0    120.5    127.7    116.8    117.3    130.1    118.1
  1998   118.8   113.5    111.7    202.2    137.5    117.8    120.6    111.4    123.3    122.8    126.1    121.4    124.6    135.1    124.5
  1999   124.5   116.6    111.0    214.6    142.1    122.3    125.7    114.4    125.6      NA     128.6    125.3    132.4    140.9    130.7

  2000   132.5   118.0    111.7    221.7    144.1    124.6    130.8    114.8    130.7      NA     133.0    131.2    138.4    145.7    138.2
  2001   133.2   120.9    111.7    232.2    136.7    129.6    136.5    117.9    133.1      NA     136.6    138.0    145.6    148.5    143.9
  2002   139.5   127.0    109.9    260.6    138.9    134.7    143.0    120.5    135.3      NA     139.6    144.9    152.4    151.6    149.7

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees,
   but are labor costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 30 -

Table 13.  Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950    46.6    37.0      NA       NA       NA       NA      23.9     20.1      NA      11.7     19.1     16.6     26.3     25.3     25.6

  1955    56.4    46.5     18.2      NA       NA       NA      26.6     27.1      NA      15.9     22.3     20.5     29.5     30.5     28.0

  1960    65.0    54.6     23.1      NA       NA      24.5     32.3     30.6      NA      23.6     26.8     25.5     36.4     35.4     32.8
  1961    66.3    55.5     25.6      NA       NA      25.7     34.8     32.7      NA      25.8     29.0     28.8     38.7     37.9     33.9
  1962    68.1    56.9     27.3      NA       NA      27.2     35.5     34.6      NA      28.4     32.7     30.0     40.4     40.4     34.2
  1963    69.3    58.3     28.4      NA       NA      29.4     36.6     36.0      NA      29.4     36.1     32.0     42.0     43.4     35.0
  1964    71.2    59.6     30.7      NA       NA      31.9     38.2     37.8      NA      31.1     36.3     35.1     42.5     45.7     36.2
  1965    71.6    61.7     32.1      NA       NA      34.0     39.8     40.0      NA      33.0     37.2     37.8     45.0     48.1     37.8
  1966    72.8    63.8     33.7      NA       NA      36.0     42.4     41.2      NA      34.7     38.7     40.0     47.6     49.5     39.3
  1967    74.4    64.9     36.3      NA       NA      38.3     44.2     43.2      NA      36.1     41.2     42.9     51.0     52.6     40.3
  1968    76.9    66.6     40.1      NA       NA      39.8     45.0     47.1      NA      38.3     43.3     46.0     54.3     56.0     41.4
  1969    78.2    68.9     45.2      NA       NA      42.0     49.0     48.3      NA      41.0     46.3     48.6     58.1     58.9     42.6

  1970    79.2    71.5     49.9      NA       NA      46.1     52.4     51.7      NA      46.7     53.7     53.8     58.3     61.8     46.1
  1971    80.5    73.9     54.3      NA       NA      51.0     57.4     55.0      NA      49.8     59.1     57.0     62.9     64.1     47.9
  1972    82.0    75.7     59.6      NA       NA      57.2     60.2     57.2      NA      52.3     61.5     60.7     65.8     67.5     51.6
  1973    83.1    76.6     65.3      NA      32.7     63.5     67.4     61.0      NA      55.4     65.7     66.7     69.0     69.8     53.8
  1974    83.1    80.2     69.4      NA      32.5     69.3     71.3     63.7      NA      58.9     71.7     72.4     74.0     74.8     55.7
  1975    85.4    83.2     72.4      NA      33.0     74.3     78.1     69.5      NA      61.2     75.7     74.9     79.1     83.6     59.8
  1976    87.5    88.8     71.3      NA      36.0     78.8     80.7     72.6      NA      63.1     80.9     76.8     83.9     88.4     59.5
  1977    89.3    91.2     72.7      NA      36.8     79.4     81.1     75.4      NA      66.7     82.7     78.6     86.3     86.1     57.9
  1978    90.3    89.9     74.4      NA      39.2     81.5     81.8     77.8      NA      69.9     83.9     81.4     87.4     88.9     62.1
  1979    90.6    90.6     76.3      NA      42.2     82.9     84.2     79.5      NA      72.2     88.5     83.5     87.6     89.9     64.9

  1980    91.4    91.6     75.3      NA      43.3     86.5     83.4     80.6      NA      74.6     85.3     82.2     86.0     87.7     66.7
  1981    91.9    92.0     76.8      NA      47.8     87.7     83.0     82.6      NA      74.6     86.1     80.6     84.1     86.3     69.8
  1982    95.1    94.1     78.5      NA      50.7     84.4     82.7     87.3      NA      75.0     86.2     80.6     84.1     85.1     70.5
  1983    93.9    95.2     79.1      NA      52.1     86.0     83.8     88.0      NA      76.0     86.6     82.6     85.1     84.5     72.6
  1984    93.4    96.4     79.7      NA      55.6     87.8     84.4     88.9      NA      77.6     89.6     83.4     87.7     85.2     74.9
  1985    95.3    96.6     81.3     50.1     59.8     88.3     87.1     90.7      NA      80.7     93.0     86.0     90.8     87.4     77.5
  1986    97.8    94.1     84.9     51.8     66.7     89.6     86.9     91.9      NA      84.0     91.7     89.0     92.4     90.4     81.6
  1987    97.3    92.3     86.8     57.5     72.6     90.9     92.2     92.3      NA      87.7     92.2     94.2     96.4     92.4     87.4
  1988    97.7    92.1     87.6     66.7     77.2     91.4     93.2     93.0      NA      90.3     94.4     94.0     96.0     94.1     89.1
  1989    96.6    93.4     91.0     72.7     83.8     94.0     94.1     94.3      NA      92.3     96.3     94.7     96.1     98.3     88.7

  1990    96.4    94.7     95.1     79.6     92.3     95.2     96.9     96.3      NA      96.6     98.0     95.6     97.7     97.6     91.0
  1991    98.0    96.3     98.0     91.5     97.7     99.7     98.0     99.0     96.2     99.0     99.1     97.9     99.8     97.3     97.3
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   100.3   100.2    101.4    108.7    102.9    102.0    101.7    100.5    101.9    102.1    101.2    101.8     99.2     95.3    103.3
  1994   101.0   101.6    102.7    116.4    103.7    100.9      NA     102.1    104.3    104.8     98.3    103.4    100.6     95.6    103.8
  1995   100.7   101.7    106.3    136.0    108.3    102.3      NA     104.2    107.8    108.6     97.4    104.2    102.7     97.8    101.7
  1996    99.4   101.1    107.0    150.8    111.9    101.9      NA     104.1    111.4    112.7    100.1    104.3    105.6    104.4    101.0
  1997    99.2   101.6    108.4    155.2    114.5    104.0      NA     102.7    111.5    113.3    101.4    104.6    107.5    108.4    101.7
  1998   103.0   101.4    110.5    156.8    119.3    104.6      NA     102.6    112.1    113.3     98.8    106.8    111.3    111.7    104.2
  1999   104.9   101.3    110.3    152.8    122.3    104.7      NA     105.5    114.0      NA      98.8    107.9    115.2    112.1    108.6

  2000   109.0    99.9    109.9    156.5    122.7    103.9      NA     107.7    118.1      NA      99.1    110.2    118.0    119.1    111.9
  2001   108.6   100.8    111.5    160.9    125.4    106.7      NA     111.3    119.3      NA      99.9    111.0    120.8    120.4    115.0
  2002   112.3   103.3    110.7    177.0    125.6    111.8      NA     112.6    120.4      NA      99.9    112.6    126.5    122.2    116.8

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 32 -

Table 14.  Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada   Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France   Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden   Kingdom

  1950    47.3    40.3      NA       NA       NA       NA      33.6     24.3      NA      17.1     20.1     21.5     34.4     32.8     31.5

  1955    57.2    48.7     21.7      NA       NA       NA      36.8     32.6      NA      23.3     24.0     26.8     38.6     39.4     34.9

  1960    64.7    56.8     28.6      NA       NA      30.8     42.4     36.9      NA      31.0     29.2     33.7     45.8     43.2     40.1
  1961    66.0    57.5     31.2      NA       NA      32.2     44.3     39.7      NA      33.4     31.3     36.4     48.1     45.9     40.9
  1962    68.5    59.4     32.7      NA       NA      34.2     45.5     41.8      NA      35.8     34.1     37.7     49.9     48.5     40.8
  1963    69.9    61.0     33.6      NA       NA      37.0     46.3     43.5      NA      36.5     37.8     40.1     51.8     51.5     41.8
  1964    72.4    62.7     36.2      NA       NA      39.9     48.7     45.5      NA      38.7     38.1     43.4     52.7     53.7     43.5
  1965    73.5    64.9     37.3      NA       NA      41.9     50.7     47.7      NA      40.9     37.8     46.7     54.5     56.0     44.8
  1966    75.0    66.6     39.3      NA       NA      44.0     53.0     49.4      NA      42.4     39.7     49.2     57.8     57.6     45.8
  1967    75.3    67.8     42.4      NA       NA      46.2     54.5     51.3      NA      42.9     42.8     52.4     61.3     60.3     46.6
  1968    77.7    69.4     46.7      NA       NA      48.1     54.3     54.3      NA      46.1     45.0     55.3     63.7     62.9     48.2
  1969    78.4    71.5     51.9      NA       NA      50.2     58.4     57.1      NA      49.5     47.9     57.5     66.6     64.9     49.6

  1970    77.8    73.7     56.7      NA       NA      53.6     60.4     60.4      NA      56.0     54.5     62.6     66.4     68.0     52.8
  1971    79.2    76.0     60.7      NA       NA      58.5     65.9     63.7      NA      58.4     58.3     65.6     70.8     70.3     53.6
  1972    82.1    77.9     66.2      NA       NA      64.1     67.7     65.5      NA      60.7     60.2     68.9     73.0     72.1     57.2
  1973    83.0    78.3     71.9      NA      36.5     69.4     71.7     68.8      NA      63.8     65.1     74.2     76.1     73.2     60.4
  1974    81.5    81.4     73.3      NA      34.9     73.8     77.4     71.0      NA      66.5     68.6     78.1     80.5     77.6     60.5
  1975    82.5    83.4     74.7      NA      36.3     74.8     82.1     75.1      NA      67.4     71.1     79.3     85.6     85.1     64.8
  1976    85.5    89.1     75.7      NA      39.8     80.8     85.2     78.8      NA      71.4     76.0     81.2     88.3     89.0     65.0
  1977    87.6    91.4     77.4      NA      40.6     81.1     84.8     81.0      NA      74.3     77.3     82.7     89.3     86.0     63.7
  1978    88.6    90.8     79.5      NA      43.0     83.1     84.6     82.9      NA      76.9     78.3     84.8     88.7     86.5     68.0
  1979    88.4    91.1     82.1      NA      46.0     84.6     87.0     84.7      NA      79.2     81.9     86.0     87.4     86.1     70.8

  1980    88.1    91.2     81.0      NA      47.4     86.9     86.7     85.8      NA      80.6     79.2     85.1     86.3     83.1     70.7
  1981    88.5    90.8     82.1      NA      49.8     86.0     85.2     86.7      NA      79.7     79.9     83.9     84.6     82.2     72.5
  1982    90.0    92.0     83.5      NA      52.7     84.5     86.2     88.0      NA      79.7     79.8     84.8     83.8     81.4     73.6
  1983    91.2    94.3     84.4      NA      54.1     84.0     88.5     88.2      NA      80.8     80.2     87.0     85.2     81.8     75.7
  1984    92.1    95.4     85.8      NA      58.3     85.3     88.9     89.2      NA      82.6     82.9     86.6     87.6     84.0     78.1
  1985    94.0    96.2     87.2     55.5     60.8     87.0     88.7     90.5      NA      84.3     85.3     87.1     90.4     85.5     80.4
  1986    96.4    94.2     90.6     58.3     69.0     88.3     90.5     92.0      NA      87.3     86.7     89.7     92.0     88.1     84.4
  1987    96.5    93.2     93.0     63.7     75.2     90.4     93.8     92.9      NA      90.9     89.8     94.4     93.7     91.2     90.5
  1988    97.7    94.9     94.9     72.0     79.0     92.4     94.9     94.1      NA      93.2     92.5     94.9     94.0     92.7     92.6
  1989    96.6    94.1     97.4     75.6     84.5     94.5     94.6     95.3      NA      93.9     95.6     95.1     94.7     96.5     91.7

  1990    95.9    94.9    100.4     81.4     92.2     96.9     96.3     96.8      NA      96.4     97.2     95.9     96.1     96.9     93.2
  1991    96.7    96.1    101.2     92.8     97.7     99.7     97.6     98.5     92.7     98.2     99.2     98.0     98.7     96.6     97.3
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   101.6   101.2     99.3    109.0    102.9    100.5    100.9    100.4     99.5     99.1     99.6    101.7     99.5     97.7    104.2
  1994   103.2   103.6    100.7    117.3    103.9    102.1    102.7    102.0    102.5    101.7    100.2    103.4    101.1    102.5    104.6
  1995   102.2   103.3    105.0    137.4    108.1    102.3    104.0    103.5    106.1    104.9    101.1    104.4    102.3    105.7    103.6
  1996   100.8   103.4    106.3    149.9    111.5    102.4    104.1    103.4    107.2    107.1    102.6    104.4    104.6    112.6    103.2
  1997   101.3   103.8    107.1    152.1    114.5    104.6    106.6    101.8    107.3    107.9    105.3    104.3    106.3    116.5    103.8
  1998   104.3   104.2    106.9    147.6    117.0    105.4    107.6    101.5    108.4    109.0    101.9    106.2    110.4    120.2    105.9
  1999   107.0   105.1    106.6    155.4    120.7    108.2    109.5    103.7    109.7      NA     102.3    107.3    114.6    121.3    109.4

  2000   110.2   103.6    108.0    157.0    120.9    107.5    110.6    102.3    112.5      NA     103.2    109.6    116.2    128.2    112.4
  2001   107.8   103.5    108.8    157.9    114.7    109.1    112.8    103.4    112.4      NA     103.1    110.2    118.7    127.9    115.0
  2002   111.1   106.4    108.0    172.6    116.8    111.6    115.5    103.7    112.7      NA     102.8    111.8    122.7    127.8    117.7

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.
- 33 -

Table 15.  Total labor compensation in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2002
(Indexes:  1992=100)

         United                                                                          Former West       Nether-                    United
 Year    States  Canada*  Japan    Korea    Taiwan   Belgium  Denmark  France*  Germany**Germany**Italy    lands    Norway   Sweden*  Kingdom*

  1950     7.4     4.6      NA       NA       NA       NA       2.8      2.2      NA       3.7      0.7      4.4      3.4      2.9      3.1

  1955    11.0     6.9      1.8      NA       NA       NA       3.9      3.9      NA       7.0      1.1      6.9      5.5      4.9      4.9

  1960    13.7     8.8      3.4      NA       NA       9.2      6.1      6.1      NA      11.6      1.7     10.5      7.3      6.9      6.6
  1961    13.7     8.9      4.1      NA       NA      10.1      6.8      6.8      NA      13.1      2.0     11.7      8.0      7.7      7.1
  1962    14.8     9.6      4.9      NA       NA      11.1      7.7      7.6      NA      14.5      2.3     12.7      8.9      8.5      7.3
  1963    15.4    10.2      5.6      NA       NA      12.4      8.2      8.4      NA      15.2      2.8     14.0      9.5      9.3      7.5
  1964    16.4    11.2      6.5      NA       NA      14.3      9.1      9.3      NA      16.4      3.0     16.2     10.3     10.2      8.2
  1965    17.8    12.4      7.3      NA       NA      15.6     10.3      9.9      NA      18.3      3.1     18.3     11.3     11.2      9.0
  1966    19.8    14.0      8.3      NA       NA      17.1     11.4     10.6      NA      19.4      3.3     20.2     12.6     12.1      9.5
  1967    20.7    14.9      9.8      NA       NA      17.9     12.0     11.2      NA      18.9      3.8     21.6     14.0     12.8      9.5
  1968    22.6    15.9     11.8      NA       NA      18.8     13.1     12.1      NA      20.7      4.1     23.5     14.9     13.4     10.1
  1969    24.6    17.5     14.2      NA       NA      21.1     14.9     13.6      NA      23.6      4.6     26.6     16.1     14.6     11.2

  1970    24.8    18.3     17.2      NA       3.0     24.0     16.5     15.5      NA      28.2      5.7     30.1     18.2     16.6     12.7
  1971    25.3    19.5     19.6      NA       3.9     27.2     18.2     17.5      NA      30.7      6.6     33.5     20.8     18.0     13.7
  1972    27.8    21.6     22.4      NA       4.7     31.0     20.3     19.3      NA      33.0      7.2     36.6     23.2     19.3     15.3
  1973    31.5    24.4     28.3      NA       6.4     36.1     23.6     22.3      NA      37.3      8.8     42.1     26.0     21.7     17.7
  1974    34.2    28.5     35.3      NA       9.1     43.9     28.2     26.4      NA      40.5     11.5     48.4     30.4     25.7     20.7
  1975    34.5    31.5     37.9      NA       9.7     47.2     29.8     30.5      NA      40.9     14.1     52.2     35.8     31.2     26.2
  1976    39.2    36.1     41.8      NA      12.3     53.4     33.7     34.9      NA      44.2     17.7     55.9     40.3     36.0     29.6
  1977    44.4    39.3     45.8      NA      14.5     55.2     36.8     39.2      NA      47.8     21.2     59.0     44.6     37.8     33.8
  1978    50.0    43.8     48.3      NA      17.6     56.5     39.9     43.2      NA      50.6     24.1     61.6     47.0     39.6     39.1
  1979    55.9    49.6     51.6      NA      21.5     58.6     45.0     48.1      NA      54.8     29.4     64.5     47.9     42.1     46.0

  1980    59.7    54.5     56.0      NA      27.4     62.8     49.3     54.8      NA      59.2     34.6     67.4     52.5     46.3     51.4
  1981    65.3    60.9     60.1      NA      34.1     63.1     51.8     60.6      NA      61.0     40.1     69.0     57.5     49.8     53.5
  1982    65.6    62.2     62.6      NA      37.2     65.5     57.1     67.9      NA      62.5     45.7     70.9     61.1     51.8     55.9
  1983    68.1    65.7     65.4      NA      40.7     68.6     62.3     73.0      NA      63.2     51.1     71.2     64.0     57.0     57.0
  1984    75.0    71.3     69.4      NA      48.6     73.2     69.5     77.0      NA      65.9     55.8     71.6     69.2     63.2     60.9
  1985    78.5    76.5     72.6     29.4     52.3     77.1     76.1     80.7      NA      69.4     61.3     74.5     76.0     70.0     66.2
  1986    80.8    80.6     75.5     34.6     62.5     78.5     82.7     82.6      NA      72.9     64.7     77.8     83.8     75.4     70.3
  1987    83.8    85.7     76.7     43.7     70.5     79.7     87.2     84.1      NA      76.0     69.2     82.4     92.8     80.9     77.8
  1988    89.5    94.0     80.5     55.9     75.3     82.3     88.9     86.4      NA      78.6     75.5     83.4     94.9     87.2     84.4
  1989    92.8    99.3     86.3     62.5     81.2     87.9     91.8     91.2      NA      82.6     83.3     85.0     93.2     94.5     90.3

  1990    95.1   100.2     93.2     73.0     86.4     94.0     96.1     96.1      NA      89.5     90.9     90.2     95.5    102.3     97.9
  1991    96.0    98.6     99.4     89.4     93.1     98.8     98.0     99.2     95.2     96.0     97.6     95.6     98.2    104.1    100.0
  1992   100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0
  1993   104.2   102.1     97.3    111.1    105.5     99.2     99.1     97.5     96.6     96.6    100.6    100.1    103.6     92.4    102.2
  1994   109.4   106.8     96.2    128.2    112.9     99.3    101.6     98.2     97.0     96.8    104.3    100.7    109.6     99.2    105.7
  1995   112.2   112.8     96.4    159.0    120.0    100.4    107.6    101.4     99.7     99.2    110.5    103.4    116.3    113.1    110.8
  1996   113.4   116.7     96.8    179.1    125.3    101.0    110.2    102.4     99.4     99.4    116.0    104.4    122.3    121.3    114.4
  1997   117.5   122.9     99.1    178.9    131.3    103.3    114.5    100.9     99.9     99.5    121.7    107.7    132.9    125.7    118.9
  1998   123.5   129.8     95.4    160.7    136.9    105.3    118.9    101.3    102.2    101.2    123.0    113.0    142.9    133.0    125.0
  1999   127.4   136.5     92.3    172.8    142.4    107.7    122.0    103.8    103.0      NA     124.8    116.6    145.8    138.1    127.1

  2000   134.8   143.0     91.3    194.7    147.4    110.3    125.2    104.8    108.1      NA     128.9    122.1    148.8    142.8    129.8
  2001   129.2   146.0     88.9    214.5    133.5    114.9    129.3    108.8    110.5      NA     132.4    127.7    154.3    144.1    129.2
  2002   126.1   154.3     81.9    240.3    133.3    115.7    130.3    109.4    110.0      NA     136.6    131.3    159.7    143.0    127.6

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See note on Germany in box on page 4.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2003.