1

Labor Force Characteristics

by Race and Ethnicity, 2010

U.S. Department of Labor 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

August 2011

Report 1032

BLS
iii

Page

Overview..................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Labor force participation........................................................................................................................................ 1

Employment ........................................................................................................................................................... 1

Education................................................................................................................................................................ 1

Occupation and industry......................................................................................................................................... 2

Families and mothers.............................................................................................................................................. 2

Unemployment and not in labor force.................................................................................................................... 2

Earnings.................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Tables

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages .......................................................................................... 5

Table 2. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

1972–2010 annual averages ............................................................................................................... 8

Table 3. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

1972–2010 annual averages ............................................................................................................... 9

Table 4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race,

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages .................................................................... 10

Table 5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2010 annual averages ......................................................................................................................... 13

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2010 annual averages ......................................................................................................................... 16

Table 7. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2010 annual averages ......................................................................................................................... 29

Table 8. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages .......................................................................................... 31

Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race,

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1996–2010 annual averages .......................................................... 32

Table 10. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

1972–2010 annual averages ............................................................................................................... 36

Table 11. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages .......................................................................................... 37

Table 12. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages .......................................................................................... 38

Table 13. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics,

2010 annual averages ......................................................................................................................... 39

Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race,

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2010 annual averages .......................................................... 41

Table 15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by

educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages ............. 45

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation,

sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages .................................................... 46

Technical Note ............................................................................................................................................................ 49

Contents
1

Labor Force Characteristics by

Race and Ethnicity, 2010

Overview

Unemployment rates among the major race and 

ethnicity groups remained high in 2010 as the U.S. 

economy continued to slowly recover from the 2007–

2009 recession. The jobless rates for Blacks (16.0 percent), 

Hispanics (12.5 percent), Whites (8.7 percent), and Asians 

(7.5 percent) were much higher than their prerecession levels.

Differences in labor force characteristics emerge when the 

race and ethnicity groups are compared. In general, differences in labor market characteristics among the major race and 

ethnicity groups reflect a variety of factors, not all of which 

are measurable. These factors include variations across the 

groups in educational attainment; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of 

the country in which the groups are concentrated, including 

whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the 

degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and 

earnings patterns among the major race and ethnicity groups 

and provides more detailed data through a set of supporting 

tables. These data are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households 

that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For 

definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the 

Technical Note. Additional information about the CPS can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm. The following bullets highlight some of the major findings on the labor 

force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2010.

Labor force participation

• In 2010, Blacks continued to have the lowest labor force 

participation rate among the major race and ethnicity 

groups, at 62.2 percent, while Hispanics had the highest 

participation rate (67.5 percent). The participation 

rates for Whites and Asians were 65.1 percent and 64.7 

percent, respectively. Labor force participation rates 

have declined for all race and ethnicity groups since 

2007. (See tables 1 and 2.)

• In 2010, Black men were less likely than men in other 

race and ethnicity groups to be in the labor force. 

Among men in the prime working-age group (age 25 

to 54), the proportion of Blacks in the labor force (82.2 

percent) was much lower than that of Whites (90.5 

percent), Asians (89.3 percent), and Hispanics (91.5 

percent). Among women age 25 to 54, the percentage 

of Hispanics in the labor force (67.9 percent) was 

lower than that for Whites (75.5 percent), Blacks (76.2 

percent), and Asians (71.3 percent).

Employment

• The employment-population ratios (that is, the 

proportion of the population that is employed) for 

Whites (59.4 percent), Blacks (52.3 percent), Asians 

(59.9 percent), and Hispanics (59.0 percent) continued 

to trend down from 2009 to 2010. (See tables 1 and 3.)

• Among adult men (age 20 and older), Hispanics 

continued to have the highest employment-population 

ratio at 72.9 percent in 2010, followed by Asians (70.9 

percent) and Whites (67.9 percent). The employmentpopulation ratio for Black men, at 57.5 percent, 

remained lower than the ratios for men in other groups 

in 2010, continuing a long-term pattern. Among 

adult women, Whites had the highest employmentpopulation ratio, at 55.6 percent, followed by Blacks 

(55.1 percent) and Asians (55.0 percent). The ratio for 

Hispanic women (52.7 percent) continued to be lower. 

• Among teenagers age 16 to 19, the employmentpopulation ratio tends to be higher for Whites than for 

Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. In 2010, the ratio for 

White teens (29.0 percent) was twice that for Black 

teens (14.5 percent). The ratios for Hispanic and Asian 

teens were 21.0 percent and 16.6 percent, respectively. 

Education

• Among people age 25 and older, the shares of Whites, 

Blacks, and Asians in the labor force that had at 

least a high school diploma was about 90 percent for 

each group in 2010. In contrast, about 69 percent of 

Hispanics in the labor force had completed high school. 

Asians were the most likely group to have graduated 

from college; 57 percent of Asians in the labor force 

had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 35 

percent of Whites, 24 percent of Blacks, and 16 percent 

of Hispanics. The proportion of college graduates in 

the labor force has trended up over time for all groups. 

(See table 4.)

• For all major race and ethnicity groups, higher levels 

of education are associated with a greater likelihood 

of employment and a lower likelihood of unemployment. Individuals with higher levels of education generally have better access to higher paying jobs—such 
2

as those in management, professional, and related 

occupations—than do individuals with less education. Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, 

Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed in 2010 than were Whites or Asians. 

Occupation and industry

• Black and Hispanic workers are less likely to be in 

management, professional, and related occupations—

the highest paying major job category—than Asian 

and White workers. (See table 5.)

• Among employed men, nearly half (48 percent) 

of Asians worked in management, professional, 

and related occupations in 2010, compared with 

35 percent of Whites, 24 percent of Blacks, and 15 

percent of Hispanics. About 4 in 10 employed Black 

and Hispanic men were in service jobs and sales and 

office jobs in 2010, whereas about 3 in 10 employed 

Asian and White men were in the same occupations. 

Employed Black and Hispanic men also were 

more likely than other men to work in production, 

transportation, and material moving occupations. 

Nearly one-half of employed Hispanic men were in 

two job groups—natural resources, construction, 

and maintenance occupations; and production, 

transportation, and material moving occupations. 

• In 2010, employed Asian women were more likely 

than other women to work in management, professional, and related jobs—46 percent of Asian women, compared with 42 percent of White women, 34 

percent of Black women, and 24 percent of Hispanic 

women. Among employed women, 65 percent of Hispanics were in two job groups—service occupations 

and sales and office occupations—compared with 

about 59 percent of Blacks, 53 percent of Whites, and 

47 percent of Asians in the same job groups. 

• In 2010, Hispanics accounted for 14 percent of all 

employed workers but were overrepresented by a 

substantial amount in several job categories, including drywall installers (59 percent), grounds maintenance workers (44 percent), construction laborers (43 

percent), and maids and housekeeping cleaners (41 

percent). Blacks made up 11 percent of all employed 

workers, but they accounted for about one-quarter or 

more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing aides (35 percent), security guards (29 

percent), and taxi drivers and bus drivers (about 25 

percent each). Asians accounted for 5 percent of all 

employed workers but made up a much larger share 

of workers in several job categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (51 percent), 

medical scientists and computer software engineers 

(28 percent each), and physicians and surgeons (16 

percent). (See table 6.)

• By industry, Black men were more likely than other 

men to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent 

of Black men worked in the industry) and public 

administration (7 percent) in 2010. Hispanic men 

were more heavily concentrated in construction (18 

percent) than White (12 percent), Black (7 percent), 

and Asian men (4 percent). About 16 percent of 

Asian men worked in professional and business 

services, higher than the shares of White (12 percent), 

Black (11 percent), and Hispanic men (12 percent) 

employed in this industry. A large share of women in 

all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and 

health services in 2010—Black (43 percent), White 

(36 percent), Asian (32 percent), and Hispanic (31 

percent). (See table 7.) 

Families and mothers 

• The likelihood of having an employed family member 

declined from 2009 to 2010 for White and Asian 

families and edged lower for Black families. There 

was little change in the likelihood of employment 

among Hispanic families. In 2010, 87 percent of 

Asian families had an employed family member, 

followed by Hispanic families (84 percent) and White 

families (80 percent). Black families remained the 

least likely to have an employed family member, with 

75 percent of Black families having an employed 

family member. (See table 8.)

• In 2010, nearly one-half (45 percent) of Black families and one-fourth (25 percent) of Hispanic families 

were maintained by women without a spouse present. 

About 15 percent of White families and 13 percent of 

Asian families were maintained by women. Among 

families maintained by women with no spouse present, Asian families were most likely to have an employed family member (82 percent), while Black families were the least likely to have an employed family 

member (67 percent). In general, families maintained 

by women without a spouse present are less likely to 

have an employed member than other families.

• Among mothers with children under 18, Black mothers are more likely to be in the labor force than White, 

Asian, and Hispanic mothers. In 2010, 75 percent of 

Black mothers were labor force participants, compared with 71 percent of White mothers, 66 percent of 

Asian mothers, and 62 percent of Hispanic mothers. 

(See table 9.) 

Unemployment and not in the labor force

• Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Blacks 

had the highest unemployment rate in 2010 at 16.0 

percent, compared with 12.5 percent for Hispanics, 

8.7 percent for Whites, and 7.5 percent for Asians. 

(See tables 1 and 10.)
3

• Unemployment rates continued to be higher for Blacks 

and Hispanics across all major age and sex groups. In 

2010, the rates for Black adult men and women (age 

20 and older) were 17.3 and 12.8 percent, respectively. The jobless rate for Hispanic adult men was 11.7 

percent, and the rate for Hispanic adult women was 

11.4 percent. In comparison, the unemployment rate 

for White adult men was 8.9 percent, and the rate for 

White adult women was 7.2 percent. The unemployment rates for Asian adult men and women were 7.5 

and 6.7 percent, respectively. (See table 1.)

• Black teenagers had the highest unemployment rate 

among the major race and ethnicity groups—43.0 

percent in 2010, the highest level since the early 

1980s. The unemployment rates for Hispanic and 

White teenagers, at 32.2 percent and 23.2 percent, 

respectively, were the highest on record for these 

groups. The jobless rate for Asian teenagers was 24.8 

percent in 2010. 

• The median duration of unemployment rose from 

2009 to 2010 for all the major race and ethnicity 

groups. In 2010, the median duration of unemployment was 25.9 weeks for both Blacks and Asians, 20.3 

weeks for Whites, and 18.8 weeks for Hispanics. (See 

table 11.)

• Of the total number of unemployed persons (14.8 

million) in 2010, 62 percent (9.3 million) were job 

losers (that is, those workers who lost their jobs and 

those who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to 

the labor force (23 percent), job leavers (6 percent), 

and new entrants (8 percent) constituted the balance 

of unemployed persons. Of the total unemployed 

for each race and ethnicity group, 64 percent of 

Whites were job losers, compared with 62 percent 

of Hispanics, 61 percent of Asians, and 57 percent 

of Blacks. Also, among the major race and ethnicity 

groups in 2010, about 10 percent of Blacks, Asians, 

and Hispanics were new entrants to the labor force, 

compared with 7.5 percent of Whites. (See table 12.)

• In 2010, Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian labor 

force, but 22 percent of persons marginally attached 

to the labor force. Persons marginally attached to the 

labor force are individuals who were not in the labor 

force, wanted and were available for work, and had 

looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months—

but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics 

and Asians were represented nearly proportionately 

among the marginally attached. Blacks also 

comprised a high proportion of discouraged workers 

(23 percent) in 2010. Discouraged workers, a subset 

of the marginally attached, are persons not currently 

looking for work because they believe no jobs are 

available for them. (See table 13.)

Earnings

• Hispanics and Blacks have considerably lower earnings than Asians and Whites. In 2010, the median 

usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were $535 for Hispanics and $611 for 

Blacks, compared with $765 for Whites and $855 for 

Asians. The earnings of Black men ($633) and Hispanic men ($560) were 68 and 60 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($936). Among 

women, the median earnings of Black women ($592) 

and Hispanic women ($508) were 77 and 66 percent, 

respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($773). 

The median earnings for White men ($850) and White 

women ($684) were 91 and 88 percent of their Asian 

counterparts in 2010. (See table 14.)

• For men, the earnings disparity between Black or 

Hispanic workers and Asian or White workers holds 

across all major occupational groups. For example, 

in 2010, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men 

($1,408) and White men ($1,273) working full time 

in management, professional, and related occupations 

(the highest paying major occupation group) were 

well above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,002) 

and Black men ($957) in the same occupation group. 

Among those employed in management, professional, 

and related occupations, the earnings ratios of White, 

Hispanic, and Black men to Asian men were 90 percent, 71 percent, and 68 percent, respectively. The 

earnings gap in some other major occupational groups 

is narrower. For example, Hispanic and Black men 

employed full time in production, transportation, and 

material moving occupations had median earnings of 

$510 and $576 per week, respectively, which were 

less than the median earnings of their White ($661) 

or Asian ($596) counterparts. In 2010, Hispanic men 

employed in production, transportation, and material moving occupations earned 77 percent as much 

as White men in those occupations; Black men and 

Asian men employed in these fields earned 87 and 90 

percent as much, respectively. (See table 16.)

• For women among the race and ethnicity groups, the 

median weekly earnings in some major occupational 

groups are fairly close. For example, in production, 

transportation, and material moving occupations, 

the earnings of White and Black women were about 

99 percent of the earnings of Asian women in 2010; 

the earnings of Hispanic women were 80 percent of 

the earnings of Asian women. In contrast, the earnings gap between Asian women and other women is 

wider in management, professional and related occupations. In 2010, the earnings of White, Black, 

and Hispanic women were 82 percent, 71 percent, 

and 69 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian 

women.

5

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent

of

population

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

Total

Total, 16 years and over............ 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

 16 to 19 years....................... 16,901 5,906 34.9 4,378 25.9 1,528 25.9 10,995

 20 years and over................ 220,929 147,983 67.0 134,686 61.0 13,297 9.0 72,946

 20 to 24 years.................... 21,047 15,028 71.4 12,699 60.3 2,329 15.5 6,019

 25 to 54 years................... 125,290 102,940 82.2 94,082 75.1 8,858 8.6 22,350

 55 to 64 years................... 35,885 23,297 64.9 21,636 60.3 1,660 7.1 12,589

 65 years and over.............. 38,706 6,718 17.4 6,268 16.2 449 6.7 31,988

Men, 16 years and over........... 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

 16 to 19 years....................... 8,578 2,991 34.9 2,129 24.8 863 28.8 5,586

 20 years and over................ 106,596 78,994 74.1 71,230 66.8 7,763 9.8 27,603

 20 to 24 years.................... 10,550 7,864 74.5 6,466 61.3 1,398 17.8 2,686

 25 to 54 years................... 61,986 55,326 89.3 50,186 81.0 5,141 9.3 6,660

 55 to 64 years................... 17,291 12,103 70.0 11,140 64.4 962 8.0 5,189

 65 years and over.............. 16,769 3,701 22.1 3,439 20.5 262 7.1 13,068

 Women, 16 years and over...... 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

 16 to 19 years....................... 8,323 2,914 35.0 2,249 27.0 665 22.8 5,408

 20 years and over................ 114,333 68,990 60.3 63,456 55.5 5,534 8.0 45,343

 20 to 24 years.................... 10,497 7,164 68.3 6,233 59.4 931 13.0 3,333

 25 to 54 years................... 63,305 47,614 75.2 43,897 69.3 3,718 7.8 15,690

 55 to 64 years................... 18,594 11,194 60.2 10,496 56.4 698 6.2 7,400

 65 years and over.............. 21,937 3,017 13.8 2,830 12.9 187 6.2 18,920

Race, age, sex, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Not in 

labor

force Total 

Percent

of

population

White

Total, 16 years and over............ 192,075 125,084 65.1 114,168 59.4 10,916 8.7 66,991

 16 to 19 years....................... 12,891 4,861 37.7 3,733 29.0 1,128 23.2 8,030

 20 years and over................ 179,184 120,223 67.1 110,435 61.6 9,788 8.1 58,961

 20 to 24 years.................... 16,280 11,948 73.4 10,334 63.5 1,614 13.5 4,332

 25 to 54 years................... 99,525 82,597 83.0 76,140 76.5 6,457 7.8 16,928

 55 to 64 years................... 29,983 19,808 66.1 18,464 61.6 1,344 6.8 10,175

 65 years and over.............. 33,396 5,869 17.6 5,496 16.5 373 6.4 27,527

Men, 16 years and over........... 94,082 67,728 72.0 61,252 65.1 6,476 9.6 26,353

 16 to 19 years....................... 6,580 2,463 37.4 1,815 27.6 648 26.3 4,117

 20 years and over................ 87,502 65,265 74.6 59,438 67.9 5,828 8.9 22,236

 20 to 24 years.................... 8,240 6,342 77.0 5,347 64.9 995 15.7 1,899

 25 to 54 years................... 50,013 45,239 90.5 41,407 82.8 3,831 8.5 4,774

 55 to 64 years................... 14,634 10,422 71.2 9,637 65.9 785 7.5 4,211

 65 years and over.............. 14,615 3,263 22.3 3,047 20.8 216 6.6 11,352

 Women, 16 years and over...... 97,993 57,356 58.5 52,916 54.0 4,440 7.7 40,638

 16 to 19 years....................... 6,311 2,398 38.0 1,918 30.4 480 20.0 3,912

 20 years and over................ 91,683 54,957 59.9 50,997 55.6 3,960 7.2 36,725

 20 to 24 years.................... 8,040 5,607 69.7 4,988 62.0 619 11.0 2,433

 25 to 54 years................... 49,512 37,358 75.5 34,733 70.1 2,626 7.0 12,154

 55 to 64 years................... 15,349 9,386 61.1 8,827 57.5 559 6.0 5,963

 65 years and over.............. 18,781 2,607 13.9 2,450 13.0 157 6.0 16,175

See note at end of table.
6

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent

of

population

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

Black or 

African American

Total, 16 years and over............ 28,708 17,862 62.2 15,010 52.3 2,852 16.0 10,846

 16 to 19 years....................... 2,657 677 25.5 386 14.5 291 43.0 1,980

 20 years and over................ 26,051 17,186 66.0 14,624 56.1 2,562 14.9 8,865

 20 to 24 years.................... 3,097 2,072 66.9 1,532 49.5 539 26.0 1,025

 25 to 54 years................... 15,844 12,505 78.9 10,733 67.7 1,771 14.2 3,339

 55 to 64 years................... 3,773 2,104 55.7 1,899 50.3 204 9.7 1,670

 65 years and over.............. 3,337 506 15.2 460 13.8 47 9.2 2,831

Men, 16 years and over........... 12,939 8,415 65.0 6,865 53.1 1,550 18.4 4,524

 16 to 19 years....................... 1,313 339 25.8 185 14.1 154 45.4 974

 20 years and over................ 11,626 8,076 69.5 6,680 57.5 1,396 17.3 3,550

 20 to 24 years.................... 1,474 986 66.9 692 46.9 294 29.8 489

 25 to 54 years................... 7,180 5,904 82.2 4,943 68.8 962 16.3 1,275

 55 to 64 years................... 1,673 950 56.8 834 49.9 116 12.2 722

 65 years and over.............. 1,299 236 18.1 211 16.3 24 10.4 1,064

 Women, 16 years and over...... 15,769 9,447 59.9 8,145 51.7 1,302 13.8 6,322

 16 to 19 years....................... 1,344 337 25.1 201 14.9 137 40.5 1,007

 20 years and over................ 14,425 9,110 63.2 7,944 55.1 1,165 12.8 5,315

 20 to 24 years.................... 1,623 1,086 66.9 841 51.8 245 22.6 537

 25 to 54 years................... 8,664 6,600 76.2 5,790 66.8 810 12.3 2,064

 55 to 64 years................... 2,101 1,153 54.9 1,065 50.7 88 7.6 947

 65 years and over.............. 2,038 270 13.3 248 12.2 22 8.2 1,768

Race, age, sex, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Not in 

labor

force Total 

Percent

of

population

Asian

Total, 16 years and over............ 11,199 7,248 64.7 6,705 59.9 543 7.5 3,951

 16 to 19 years....................... 649 143 22.0 108 16.6 35 24.8 506

 20 years and over................ 10,550 7,105 67.3 6,597 62.5 508 7.1 3,445

 20 to 24 years.................... 940 504 53.6 442 47.0 62 12.3 436

 25 to 54 years................... 6,719 5,369 79.9 5,018 74.7 350 6.5 1,350

 55 to 64 years................... 1,472 990 67.2 916 62.2 74 7.5 482

 65 years and over.............. 1,419 243 17.1 221 15.6 22 8.9 1,177

Men, 16 years and over........... 5,315 3,893 73.2 3,588 67.5 305 7.8 1,422

 16 to 19 years....................... 331 73 22.1 54 16.4 19 25.8 258

 20 years and over................ 4,984 3,820 76.6 3,534 70.9 286 7.5 1,164

 20 to 24 years.................... 472 265 56.3 228 48.3 38 14.2 206

 25 to 54 years................... 3,222 2,877 89.3 2,686 83.3 192 6.7 345

 55 to 64 years................... 676 529 78.2 487 72.0 42 7.9 148

 65 years and over.............. 614 149 24.2 133 21.7 15 10.4 465

 Women, 16 years and over...... 5,884 3,355 57.0 3,117 53.0 238 7.1 2,529

 16 to 19 years....................... 318 70 22.0 53 16.8 17 23.7 248

 20 years and over................ 5,566 3,285 59.0 3,064 55.0 221 6.7 2,281

 20 to 24 years.................... 468 238 50.9 214 45.7 24 10.2 230

 25 to 54 years................... 3,496 2,491 71.3 2,333 66.7 159 6.4 1,005

 55 to 64 years................... 796 461 57.9 429 53.9 33 7.1 335

 65 years and over.............. 806 94 11.7 88 10.9 6 6.4 712

See note at end of table.
7

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent

of

population

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over............ 33,713 22,748 67.5 19,906 59.0 2,843 12.5 10,964

 16 to 19 years....................... 3,243 1,002 30.9 680 21.0 322 32.2 2,242

 20 years and over................ 30,469 21,747 71.4 19,226 63.1 2,520 11.6 8,723

 20 to 24 years.................... 3,880 2,760 71.1 2,281 58.8 479 17.4 1,120

 25 to 54 years................... 20,558 16,538 80.4 14,744 71.7 1,794 10.8 4,021

 55 to 64 years................... 3,167 1,936 61.1 1,737 54.9 199 10.3 1,231

 65 years and over.............. 2,864 513 17.9 464 16.2 49 9.5 2,351

Men, 16 years and over........... 17,359 13,511 77.8 11,800 68.0 1,711 12.7 3,849

 16 to 19 years....................... 1,666 553 33.2 361 21.7 191 34.6 1,113

 20 years and over................ 15,693 12,958 82.6 11,438 72.9 1,519 11.7 2,735

 20 to 24 years.................... 2,016 1,612 80.0 1,319 65.4 294 18.2 403

 25 to 54 years................... 10,905 9,982 91.5 8,897 81.6 1,085 10.9 923

 55 to 64 years................... 1,538 1,061 69.0 949 61.7 112 10.6 477

 65 years and over.............. 1,234 302 24.5 273 22.2 28 9.4 932

 Women, 16 years and over...... 16,353 9,238 56.5 8,106 49.6 1,132 12.3 7,116

 16 to 19 years....................... 1,578 449 28.5 318 20.2 131 29.1 1,129

 20 years and over................ 14,776 8,789 59.5 7,788 52.7 1,001 11.4 5,987

 20 to 24 years.................... 1,864 1,147 61.6 962 51.6 186 16.2 717

 25 to 54 years................... 9,653 6,555 67.9 5,847 60.6 708 10.8 3,098

 55 to 64 years................... 1,628 875 53.7 788 48.4 87 9.9 754

 65 years and over.............. 1,630 211 13.0 191 11.7 20 9.6 1,419

Race, age, sex, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Not in 

labor

force Total 

Percent

of

population

y , ,

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because

data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
8

Table 2. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2010 annual averages 

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972....... 60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 — — — — — —

1973...... 60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 — — — 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974...... 61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 — — — 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975...... 61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 — — — 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976...... 61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 — — — 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977...... 62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 — — — 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978...... 63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 — — — 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979...... 63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 — — — 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980...... 63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 — — — 64.0 81.4 47.4

1981...... 63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 — — — 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982...... 64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 — — — 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983...... 64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 — — — 63.8 80.3 47.7

1984...... 64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 — — — 64.9 80.6 49.7

1985...... 64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 — — — 64.6 80.4 49.3

1986...... 65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 — — — 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987...... 65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 — — — 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988...... 65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 — — — 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989...... 66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 — — — 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990...... 66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 — — — 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991...... 66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 — — — 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992...... 66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 — — — 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993...... 66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 — — — 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994...... 66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 — — — 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995...... 66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 — — — 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996...... 66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 — — — 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997 67 1 75 0 59 8 67 5 75 9 59 5 64 7 68 3 61 7 67 9 80 1 55 1

Year

1997...... 67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 — — — 67.9 80.1 55.1

1998...... 67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 — — — 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999...... 67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 — — — 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000...... 67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001...... 66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002...... 66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003...... 66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004...... 66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005...... 66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006...... 66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007...... 66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008...... 66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009...... 65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010...... 64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race 

group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is 

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

5
9

Table 3. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2010 annual averages 

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972....... 57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 — — — — — —

1973...... 57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 — — — 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974...... 57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 — — — 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975...... 56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 — — — 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976...... 56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 — — — 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977...... 57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 — — — 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978...... 59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 — — — 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979...... 59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 — — — 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980...... 59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 — — — 57.6 73.5 42.4

1981...... 59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 — — — 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982...... 57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 — — — 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983...... 57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 — — — 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984...... 59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 — — — 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985...... 60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 — — — 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986...... 60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 — — — 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987...... 61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 — — — 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988...... 62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 — — — 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989...... 63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 — — — 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990...... 62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 — — — 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991...... 61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 — — — 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992...... 61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 — — — 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993...... 61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 — — — 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994...... 62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 — — — 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995...... 62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 — — — 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996...... 63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 — — — 60.6 73.3 47.9

1997 63 8 71 3 56 8 64 6 72 7 57 0 58 2 61 4 55 6 62 6 74 5 50 2

Year

1997...... 63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 — — — 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998...... 64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 — — — 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999...... 64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 — — — 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000...... 64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001...... 63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002...... 62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003...... 62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004...... 62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005...... 62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006...... 63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007...... 63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008...... 62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009...... 59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010...... 58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race 

group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is 

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

6
10

Table 4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 

years and 

older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college

Some college, 

no degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 199,882 25,666 62,037 33,656 18,565 59,957

Civilian labor force................................. 132,955 11,880 38,236 22,958 13,882 45,998

Percent of population..................... 66.5 46.3 61.6 68.2 74.8 76.7

Employed........................................... 121,987 10,115 34,293 20,838 12,910 43,832

Employment-population ratio......... 61.0 39.4 55.3 61.9 69.5 73.1

Unemployed....................................... 10,968 1,765 3,943 2,120 973 2,167

Unemployment rate......................... 8.2 14.9 10.3 9.2 7.0 4.7

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,046 12,820 30,282 15,889 7,863 29,191

Civilian labor force................................. 71,129 7,571 21,611 11,890 6,322 23,736

Percent of population..................... 74.1 59.1 71.4 74.8 80.4 81.3

Employed........................................... 64,765 6,434 19,159 10,737 5,829 22,606

Employment-population ratio......... 67.4 50.2 63.3 67.6 74.1 77.4

Unemployed....................................... 6,365 1,137 2,452 1,153 493 1,130

Unemployment rate......................... 8.9 15.0 11.3 9.7 7.8 4.8

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 103,836 12,846 31,755 17,767 10,702 30,766

Civilian labor force................................. 61,825 4,309 16,625 11,068 7,560 22,263

Percent of population..................... 59.5 33.5 52.4 62.3 70.6 72.4

Employed........................................... 57,222 3,681 15,134 10,101 7,080 21,226

Employment-population ratio......... 55.1 28.7 47.7 56.9 66.2 69.0

Unemployed....................................... 4,603 628 1,492 967 480 1,037

Unemployment rate......................... 7.4 14.6 9.0 8.7 6.3 4.7

White

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 162,904 20,176 50,794 27,196 15,306 49,432

Civilian labor force................................. 108,274 9,627 31,065 18,339 11,445 37,798

Percent of population..................... 66.5 47.7 61.2 67.4 74.8 76.5

Employed........................................... 100,100 8,290 28,128 16,800 10,707 36,176

Employment-population ratio......... 61.4 41.1 55.4 61.8 70.0 73.2

Unemployed....................................... 8,174 1,337 2,937 1,540 738 1,622

Unemployment rate......................... 7.5 13.9 9.5 8.4 6.5 4.3

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 79,261 10,371 24,891 12,994 6,585 24,421

Civilian labor force................................. 58,924 6,343 17,792 9,705 5,310 19,772

Percent of population..................... 74.3 61.2 71.5 74.7 80.6 81.0

Employed........................................... 54,091 5,461 15,952 8,846 4,922 18,910

Employment-population ratio......... 68.2 52.7 64.1 68.1 74.7 77.4

Unemployed....................................... 4,833 883 1,840 859 388 862

Unemployment rate......................... 8.2 13.9 10.3 8.8 7.3 4.4

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 83,643 9,805 25,904 14,202 8,721 25,011

Civilian labor force................................. 49,351 3,283 13,273 8,634 6,135 18,026

Percent of population..................... 59.0 33.5 51.2 60.8 70.3 72.1

Employed........................................... 46,010 2,829 12,176 7,953 5,785 17,266

Employment-population ratio......... 55.0 28.9 47.0 56.0 66.3 69.0

Unemployed....................................... 3,341 454 1,097 681 350 759

Unemployment rate......................... 6.8 13.8 8.3 7.9 5.7 4.2

See note at end of table.

7
11

Table 4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 

years and 

older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college

Some college, 

no degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 22,954 3,672 7,880 4,559 2,188 4,655

Civilian labor force................................. 15,114 1,423 5,029 3,299 1,661 3,701

Percent of population..................... 65.8 38.8 63.8 72.4 75.9 79.5

Employed........................................... 13,092 1,103 4,234 2,864 1,482 3,409

Employment-population ratio......... 57.0 30.0 53.7 62.8 67.7 73.2

Unemployed....................................... 2,022 321 795 435 179 292

Unemployment rate......................... 13.4 22.5 15.8 13.2 10.8 7.9

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 10,152 1,640 3,815 1,971 822 1,904

Civilian labor force................................. 7,090 744 2,647 1,484 645 1,570

Percent of population..................... 69.8 45.4 69.4 75.3 78.5 82.5

Employed........................................... 5,988 561 2,164 1,270 567 1,426

Employment-population ratio......... 59.0 34.2 56.7 64.4 69.0 74.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,102 183 483 214 78 144

Unemployment rate......................... 15.5 24.7 18.2 14.5 12.0 9.2

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 12,802 2,032 4,065 2,588 1,367 2,751

Civilian labor force................................. 8,024 679 2,382 1,815 1,017 2,131

Percent of population..................... 62.7 33.4 58.6 70.1 74.4 77.5

Employed........................................... 7,104 542 2,070 1,594 915 1,983

Employment-population ratio......... 55.5 26.7 50.9 61.6 66.9 72.1

Unemployed....................................... 920 137 312 221 102 148

Unemployment rate......................... 11.5 20.2 13.1 12.2 10.0 6.9

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 9,610 1,099 1,980 966 633 4,932

Civilian labor force................................. 6,601 485 1,244 675 454 3,743

Percent of population..................... 68.7 44.1 62.8 69.8 71.8 75.9

Employed........................................... 6,155 431 1,149 611 426 3,538

Employment-population ratio......... 64.1 39.2 58.1 63.2 67.3 71.7

Unemployed....................................... 446 54 95 64 28 205

Unemployment rate......................... 6.8 11.1 7.6 9.5 6.2 5.5

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 4,512 431 877 485 261 2,458

Civilian labor force................................. 3,555 255 661 373 215 2,050

Percent of population..................... 78.8 59.2 75.3 77.0 82.5 83.4

Employed........................................... 3,306 220 605 337 200 1,945

Employment-population ratio......... 73.3 51.0 68.9 69.5 76.4 79.1

Unemployed....................................... 249 35 56 37 16 105

Unemployment rate......................... 7.0 13.8 8.5 9.8 7.3 5.1

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 5,098 668 1,103 482 371 2,474

Civilian labor force................................. 3,047 230 584 301 238 1,693

Percent of population..................... 59.8 34.4 52.9 62.6 64.2 68.4

Employed........................................... 2,850 212 545 274 226 1,593

Employment-population ratio......... 55.9 31.7 49.4 56.9 60.9 64.4

Unemployed....................................... 197 18 39 27 12 100

Unemployment rate......................... 6.5 8.0 6.7 9.0 5.1 5.9

See note at end of table.

8
12

Table 4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Total, 25 

years and 

older

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college

Some college, 

no degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's 

degree and 

higher

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 26,590 9,646 7,915 3,565 1,737 3,727

Civilian labor force................................. 18,987 5,970 5,849 2,753 1,372 3,044

Percent of population..................... 71.4 61.9 73.9 77.2 79.0 81.7

Employed........................................... 16,946 5,183 5,175 2,474 1,252 2,862

Employment-population ratio......... 63.7 53.7 65.4 69.4 72.0 76.8

Unemployed....................................... 2,041 787 674 279 120 182

Unemployment rate......................... 10.8 13.2 11.5 10.1 8.8 6.0

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 13,677 5,099 4,245 1,765 760 1,808

Civilian labor force................................. 11,345 4,025 3,603 1,485 652 1,581

Percent of population..................... 82.9 78.9 84.9 84.1 85.7 87.4

Employed........................................... 10,120 3,517 3,176 1,341 595 1,491

Employment-population ratio......... 74.0 69.0 74.8 76.0 78.3 82.4

Unemployed....................................... 1,226 507 428 144 57 90

Unemployment rate......................... 10.8 12.6 11.9 9.7 8.7 5.7

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population............ 12,912 4,547 3,670 1,801 977 1,918

Civilian labor force................................. 7,642 1,945 2,245 1,268 720 1,463

Percent of population..................... 59.2 42.8 61.2 70.4 73.7 76.3

Employed........................................... 6,826 1,666 1,999 1,133 656 1,371

Employment-population ratio......... 52.9 36.6 54.5 62.9 67.2 71.5

Unemployed....................................... 816 279 246 135 63 92

Unemployment rate......................... 10.7 14.3 11.0 10.7 8.8 6.3

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are 

not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

9
13

Table 5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2010 annual averages

Occupation and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Total, 16 years and older (thousands)....................................... 139,064 114,168 15,010 6,705 19,906

 Percent.............................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations........................ 37.2 37.9 29.1 47.0 18.9

 Management, business, and financial operations........................... 15.1 15.8 10.2 14.9 7.8

 Management occupations...................................................... 10.8 11.5 6.4 9.9 5.7

 Business and financial operations occupations........................... 4.3 4.3 3.9 5.0 2.1

 Professional and related occupations.......................................... 22.2 22.1 18.8 32.1 11.0

 Computer and mathematical occupations................................. 2.5 2.3 1.6 8.5 1.0

 Architecture and engineering occupations................................. 1.9 1.9 .9 3.5 .9

 Life, physical, and social science occupations........................... 1.0 1.0 .6 2.3 .4

 Community and social services occupations.............................. 1.7 1.5 3.0 1.1 1.2

 Legal occupations.................................................................. 1.2 1.3 .7 .9 .5

 Education, training, and library occupations.............................. 6.2 6.4 5.4 4.9 3.4

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations......... 2.0 2.1 1.0 1.8 1.2

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................ 5.6 5.4 5.6 9.1 2.4

Service occupations.................................................................. 17.7 16.6 25.1 18.0 26.4

 Healthcare support occupations................................................ 2.4 2.0 5.7 2.0 2.5

 Protective service occupations................................................... 2.4 2.2 3.9 1.2 2.2

 Food preparation and serving related occupations........................ 5.5 5.4 5.8 6.4 8.6

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations......... 3.8 3.8 4.8 2.5 9.4

 Personal care and service occupations....................................... 3.6 3.3 4.9 5.9 3.7

Sales and office occupations...................................................... 24.0 24.1 25.1 21.1 21.2

 Sales and related occupations................................................... 11.1 11.2 10.0 11.4 9.1

 Office and administrative support occupations.............................. 13.0 12.9 15.1 9.7 12.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations......... 9.4 10.2 5.8 3.9 16.4

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................................... .7 .8 .3 .3 2.1

 Construction and extraction occupations....................................... 5.2 5.6 2.9 1.5 10.5

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................... 3.5 3.7 2.6 2.1 3.9

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............ 11.6 11.3 15.0 10.0 17.1

 Production occupations............................................................ 5.8 5.7 6.1 6.6 8.8

 Transportation and material moving occupations........................... 5.9 5.6 8.9 3.5 8.2

See note at end of table.

10
14

Table 5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2010 annual averages—Continued

Occupation and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Men, 16 years and older (thousands).......................................... 73,359 61,252 6,865 3,588 11,800 

 Percent................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations........................ 34.2 34.8 23.5 47.7 15.3

 Management, business, and financial operations........................... 16.3 17.2 9.8 15.3 7.3

 Management occupations...................................................... 12.6 13.5 7.0 11.2 5.8

 Business and financial operations occupations........................... 3.7 3.8 2.8 4.1 1.5

 Professional and related occupations.......................................... 17.9 17.6 13.7 32.4 8.0

 Computer and mathematical occupations................................. 3.6 3.3 2.2 11.8 1.3

 Architecture and engineering occupations................................. 3.1 3.1 1.7 5.7 1.3

 Life, physical, and social science occupations........................... 1.0 1.0 .7 2.1 .4

 Community and social services occupations.............................. 1.1 1.0 2.3 .7 .6

 Legal occupations.................................................................. 1.2 1.3 .6 .8 .3

 Education, training, and library occupations.............................. 3.1 3.1 2.6 3.8 1.4

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations......... 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.7 1.3

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................ 2.7 2.6 2.1 5.8 1.3

Service occupations.................................................................. 14.5 13.6 21.2 15.1 21.8

 Healthcare support occupations................................................ .5 .4 1.5 .7 .5

 Protective service occupations................................................... 3.5 3.4 5.7 1.8 2.9

 Food preparation and serving related occupations........................ 4.7 4.4 5.9 6.8 8.3

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations......... 4.3 4.2 5.7 2.5 8.9

 Personal care and service occupations....................................... 1.5 1.3 2.5 3.2 1.3

Sales and office occupations...................................................... 16.9 16.7 18.3 17.6 14.1

 Sales and related occupations................................................... 10.5 10.7 8.4 11.2 7.3

 Office and administrative support occupations.............................. 6.4 6.0 9.9 6.3 6.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations......... 17.0 18.1 11.9 6.7 26.5

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................................... 1.0 1.1 .5 .3 2.7

 Construction and extraction occupations....................................... 9.5 10.3 6.1 2.7 17.5

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................... 6.4 6.7 5.2 3.7 6.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............ 17.4 16.8 25.1 12.9 22.4

 Production occupations............................................................ 7.9 7.8 8.8 7.4 10.6

 Transportation and material moving occupations........................... 9.5 8.9 16.3 5.5 11.8

See note at end of table.

11
15

Table 5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Occupation and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Women, 16 years and older (thousands).................................... 65,705 52,916 8,145 3,117 8,106 

 Percent.............................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations........................ 40.6 41.5 33.8 46.1 24.1

 Management, business, and financial operations........................... 13.7 14.2 10.7 14.4 8.7

 Management occupations...................................................... 8.7 9.2 5.8 8.3 5.7

 Business and financial operations occupations........................... 5.0 4.9 4.8 6.0 3.0

 Professional and related occupations.......................................... 26.9 27.3 23.1 31.7 15.4

 Computer and mathematical occupations................................. 1.4 1.3 1.1 4.7 .5

 Architecture and engineering occupations................................. .5 .5 .2 1.0 .3

 Life, physical, and social science occupations........................... 1.0 1.0 .5 2.5 .4

 Community and social services occupations.............................. 2.3 2.1 3.6 1.6 1.9

 Legal occupations.................................................................. 1.3 1.4 .8 1.0 .7

 Education, training, and library occupations.............................. 9.7 10.3 7.7 6.2 6.4

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations......... 1.9 2.2 .7 1.8 1.1

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................ 8.8 8.7 8.6 13.0 4.0

Service occupations.................................................................. 21.3 20.1 28.3 21.3 33.2

 Healthcare support occupations................................................ 4.5 3.8 9.2 3.5 5.6

 Protective service occupations................................................... 1.1 .9 2.4 .5 1.2

 Food preparation and serving related occupations........................ 6.4 6.5 5.7 6.0 9.0

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations......... 3.3 3.2 4.0 2.4 10.2

 Personal care and service occupations....................................... 6.0 5.6 7.0 8.9 7.2

Sales and office occupations...................................................... 32.0 32.6 30.7 25.2 31.7

 Sales and related occupations................................................... 11.7 11.7 11.4 11.7 11.8

 Office and administrative support occupations.............................. 20.3 20.8 19.4 13.6 19.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations......... .9 1.0 .7 .6 1.7

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................................... .4 .4 .2 .2 1.2

 Construction and extraction occupations....................................... .3 .3 .2 .1 .3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................... .3 .3 .3 .3 .2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............ 5.2 4.9 6.5 6.7 9.3

 Production occupations............................................................ 3.4 3.2 3.8 5.7 6.2

 Transportation and material moving occupations........................... 1.9 1.8 2.7 1.1 3.1

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are 

not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

12
16

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Total, 16 years and older ..................................................................... 139,064 82.1 10.8 4.8 14.3 

Management, professional, and related occupations .................................... 51,743 83.6 8.4 6.1 7.3 

 Management, business, and financial operations............................................ 20,938 86.2 7.3 4.8 7.5 

 Management occupations ............................................................................ 15,001 87.6 6.4 4.4 7.6 

 Chief executives ........................................................................................ 1,505 93.0 2.8 3.2 4.8 

 General and operations managers ........................................................... 1,007 89.2 5.8 3.3 5.9 

 Legislators ................................................................................................ 13 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Advertising and promotions managers................................................ 78 96.2 0.8 2.3 9.6 

 Marketing and sales managers ......................................................... 959 87.8 5.9 5.0 5.1 

 Public relations managers ............................................................... 85 89.4 4.4 4.8 5.2 

 Administrative services managers ................................................... 104 82.7 9.0 5.5 9.5 

 Computer and information systems managers .................................... 537 82.7 6.8 9.0 7.2 

 Financial managers ........................................................................ 1,141 85.1 6.7 6.9 8.1 

 Human resources managers ............................................................ 268 85.8 9.1 3.0 7.9 

 Industrial production managers ......................................................... 254 90.9 3.0 4.4 9.4 

 Purchasing managers ..................................................................... 203 86.2 7.6 2.8 7.8 

 Transportation, storage, and distribution managers.............................. 278 86.3 9.5 2.8 11.7 

 Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers.................................... 237 97.0 0.6 0.8 9.8 

 Farmers and ranchers .................................................................. 713 96.8 0.6 0.7 1.5 

 Construction managers .................................................................. 1,083 93.3 3.5 2.0 8.5 

 Education administrators ............................................................... 830 84.7 11.1 2.0 6.4 

 Engineering managers .................................................................. 113 81.4 5.4 13.3 3.5 

 Food service managers .................................................................. 960 79.0 8.5 10.8 14.6 

 Funeral directors ........................................................................... 41 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Gaming managers ........................................................................ 19 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Lodging managers ........................................................................ 143 81.8 5.1 11.3 5.8 

 Medical and health services managers............................................. 549 83.4 12.4 3.2 7.2 

 Natural sciences managers ............................................................ 22 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Postmasters and mail superintendents............................................. 31 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Property, real estate, and community association managers.................. 604 87.9 7.7 2.6 11.4 

 Social and community service managers............................................. 326 82.8 13.1 1.6 7.0 

 Managers, all other ........................................................................ 2,898 86.5 6.8 4.8 8.5 

 Business and financial operations occupations....................................... 5,937 82.6 9.8 5.7 7.1 

 Agents and business managers of artists, performers,

 and athletes.............................................................................. 47 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products.................................... 15 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products.............................. 180 91.1 4.4 2.2 9.7 

 Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and

 farm products.............................................................................. 235 85.1 8.0 3.2 5.7 

 Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators..................... 282 79.8 13.8 3.3 7.4 

 Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health

 and safety, and transportation...................................................... 188 83.0 11.5 2.2 7.8 

 Cost estimators.............................................................................. 115 96.5 1.5 0.6 7.5 

 Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists..................... 824 81.4 14.0 2.6 10.2 

 Logisticians................................................................................. 68 77.9 10.6 8.7 7.9 

 Management analysts .................................................................. 658 83.9 7.2 7.6 6.7 

 Meeting and convention planners...................................................... 63 87.3 9.4 3.0 6.8 

 Other business operations specialists................................................ 243 81.5 10.3 4.4 7.1 

See notes at end of table.

13
17

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Accountants and auditors ............................................................... 1,646 80.8 8.6 9.1 5.8 

 Appraisers and assessors of real estate............................................. 79 93.7 3.0 1.8 2.5 

 Budget analysts........................................................................... 48 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Credit analysts .............................................................................. 24 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Financial analysts........................................................................... 97 79.4 11.6 6.9 3.0 

 Personal financial advisors............................................................... 369 87.8 5.2 4.9 3.5 

 Insurance underwriters.................................................................. 125 80.8 13.2 4.2 4.7 

 Financial examiners........................................................................ 8 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Loan counselors and officers............................................................ 363 84.3 9.9 4.6 10.6 

 Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents.................................... 71 69.0 25.6 3.5 7.1 

 Tax preparers.............................................................................. 106 78.3 13.0 6.1 11.1 

 Financial specialists, all other............................................................ 84 79.8 13.7 5.3 12.1 

 Professional and related occupations...................................................... 30,805 81.9 9.2 7.0 7.1 

 Computer and mathematical occupations............................................. 3,531 75.4 6.7 16.1 5.5 

 Computer scientists and systems analysts.......................................... 784 76.1 7.3 14.9 5.1 

 Computer programmers.................................................................. 470 81.7 5.1 12.4 6.5 

 Computer software engineers......................................................... 1,026 65.0 5.1 28.0 3.9 

 Computer support specialists............................................................ 388 79.1 11.3 7.9 6.9 

 Database administrators.................................................................. 101 75.2 9.0 11.8 8.6 

 Network and computer systems administrators.................................... 229 82.1 5.6 9.4 6.0 

 Network systems and data communications analysts........................... 366 84.2 6.6 7.4 6.7 

 Actuaries.................................................................................... 25 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Mathematicians.............................................................................. 5 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Operations research analysts............................................................ 107 81.3 10.7 5.8 8.4 

 Statisticians................................................................................. 28 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations................................. 3 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Architecture and engineering occupations Architecture and engineering occupations............................................. 2 619 , 84 2. 5 2. 9 0. 6 8. 

 Architects, except naval.................................................................. 184 95.1 2.1 1.9 7.8 

 Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists.............................. 43 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Aerospace engineers..................................................................... 126 88.1 6.7 3.7 3.8 

 Agricultural engineers..................................................................... 1 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Biomedical engineers..................................................................... 17 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Chemical engineers........................................................................ 63 85.7 3.1 11.5 1.0 

 Civil engineers.............................................................................. 318 84.6 4.9 8.9 6.9 

 Computer hardware engineers......................................................... 70 64.3 3.1 26.7 7.3 

 Electrical and electronics engineers................................................... 307 76.2 5.3 16.7 7.0 

 Environmental engineers............................................................... 35 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Industrial engineers, including health and safety................................. 159 83.0 5.0 10.2 7.8 

 Marine engineers and naval architects................................................ 11 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Materials engineers........................................................................ 36 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Mechanical engineers..................................................................... 293 84.0 3.2 11.0 3.7 

 Mining and geological engineers, including mining

 safety engineers........................................................................... 14 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Nuclear engineers........................................................................ 12 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Petroleum engineers..................................................................... 20 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Engineers, all other........................................................................ 334 79.9 7.1 12.5 5.2 

 Drafters....................................................................................... 143 90.9 3.6 4.1 11.3 

 Engineering technicians, except drafters............................................. 374 84.5 8.2 4.6 8.9 

See notes at end of table.

14
18

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Surveying and mapping technicians................................................... 61 96.7 1.6 0.3 10.9 

 Life, physical, and social science occupations....................................... 1,409 80.8 6.3 10.8 6.0 

 Agricultural and food scientists......................................................... 35 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Biological scientists........................................................................ 113 81.4 8.0 9.8 6.2 

 Conservation scientists and foresters................................................ 25 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Medical scientists........................................................................... 143 62.9 7.0 28.4 7.5 

 Astronomers and physicists............................................................ 12 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Atmospheric and space scientists...................................................... 7 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Chemists and materials scientists...................................................... 103 70.9 9.9 18.2 4.3 

 Environmental scientists and geoscientists.......................................... 108 88.0 5.4 3.0 2.9 

 Physical scientists, all other............................................................ 144 71.5 4.0 21.1 3.2 

 Economists................................................................................. 28 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Market and survey researchers......................................................... 150 84.0 5.1 7.7 2.8 

 Psychologists.............................................................................. 179 91.6 3.9 3.3 7.3 

 Sociologists................................................................................. 5 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Urban and regional planners............................................................ 26 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers.............................. 48 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Agricultural and food science technicians.......................................... 20 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Biological technicians..................................................................... 16 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Chemical technicians..................................................................... 62 77.4 12.8 8.4 13.8 

 Geological and petroleum technicians................................................ 21 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Nuclear technicians........................................................................ 3 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Other life, physical, and social science technicians.............................. 162 83.3 7.4 6.9 8.4 

 Community and social services occupations.......................................... 2,337 74.9 19.3 3.3 9.8 

 Counselors.................................................................................... 702 73.1 21.4 3.8 9.5 

 Social workers.............................................................................. 771 70.8 22.8 3.3 11.3 

 Miscellaneous community and social service specialists........................ 297 71.7 21.6 1.7 13.0 

 Clergy.......................................................................................... 429 82.8 12.6 2.9 6.3 

 Directors, religious activities and education.......................................... 53 94.3 2.0 4.3 4.0 

 Religious workers, all other............................................................... 84 86.9 6.0 6.2 9.0 

 Legal occupations........................................................................... 1,716 88.0 6.5 3.4 5.5 

 Lawyers....................................................................................... 1,040 90.9 4.3 3.4 3.4 

 Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers.................................... 71 81.7 12.5 3.9 7.8 

 Paralegals and legal assistants......................................................... 345 85.5 8.8 2.4 9.6 

 Miscellaneous legal support workers................................................ 259 81.5 10.4 4.4 7.7 

 Education, training, and library occupations.......................................... 8,628 84.9 9.4 3.8 8.0 

 Postsecondary teachers.................................................................. 1,300 81.2 6.3 11.0 5.0 

 Preschool and kindergarten teachers................................................ 712 82.7 13.4 2.7 9.6 

 Elementary and middle school teachers............................................. 2,813 86.7 9.3 2.4 7.3 

 Secondary school teachers............................................................ 1,221 88.9 8.0 1.6 6.7 

 Special education teachers............................................................... 387 89.4 6.8 2.0 6.2 

 Other teachers and instructors......................................................... 806 82.3 9.6 4.8 8.0 

 Archivists, curators, and museum technicians.................................. 50 94.0 3.3 0.6 2.5 

 Librarians.................................................................................... 216 87.5 9.2 1.7 5.2 

 Library technicians........................................................................ 43 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Teacher assistants........................................................................ 966 81.5 12.7 2.9 15.1 

 Other education, training, and library workers....................................... 114 78.9 16.1 1.7 11.2 

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations..................... 2,759 88.1 5.5 4.3 8.8 

See notes at end of table.

15
19

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Artists and related workers............................................................... 195 91.8 2.7 3.6 6.6 

 Designers.................................................................................... 793 88.9 3.3 5.2 9.0 

 Actors.......................................................................................... 25 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Producers and directors.................................................................. 152 83.6 9.1 5.5 10.9 

 Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers................................. 260 86.5 7.3 4.1 10.6 

 Dancers and choreographers............................................................ 15 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Musicians, singers, and related workers............................................. 182 81.3 13.9 2.1 8.7 

 Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers,

 all other.................................................................................... 40 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Announcers................................................................................. 52 84.6 12.9 2.0 18.0 

 News analysts, reporters and correspondents.................................... 81 86.4 3.0 6.0 7.2 

 Public relations specialists............................................................... 148 92.6 2.8 2.6 8.7 

 Editors....................................................................................... 162 88.9 4.9 5.0 3.9 

 Technical writers........................................................................... 56 89.3 5.4 3.8 2.0 

 Writers and authors........................................................................ 199 92.0 3.8 2.3 1.5 

 Miscellaneous media and communication workers.............................. 83 80.7 6.6 10.6 32.5 

 Broadcast and sound engineering technicians

 and radio operators..................................................................... 102 89.2 5.7 4.1 10.8 

 Photographers.............................................................................. 161 87.0 6.5 3.3 8.1 

 Television, video, and motion picture camera operators

 and editors................................................................................. 54 85.2 5.5 4.0 7.1 

 Media and communication equipment workers, all other........................ 2 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................................. 7,805 79.5 10.8 7.8 6.2 

 Chiropractors................................................................................. 57 94.7 – 5.3 2.0 

 Dentists....................................................................................... 175 85.1 0.3 13.7 5.7 

 Dietitians and nutritionists............................................................... 105 75.2 14.9 9.1 5.2 

 Optometrists................................................................................. 38 (

1

) (

1

) (

1

) (

1 p ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

 Pharmacists................................................................................. 255 78.0 5.2 15.1 4.3 

 Physicians and surgeons............................................................... 872 76.6 5.8 15.7 6.8 

 Physician assistants........................................................................ 99 87.9 5.0 5.8 9.2 

 Podiatrists.................................................................................... 12 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Registered nurses........................................................................ 2,843 78.6 12.0 7.5 4.9 

 Audiologists................................................................................. 18 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Occupational therapists.................................................................. 109 93.6 2.5 2.6 6.1 

 Physical therapists........................................................................ 187 85.0 5.8 7.6 5.4 

 Radiation therapists........................................................................ 18 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Recreational therapists.................................................................. 14 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Respiratory therapists..................................................................... 131 82.4 11.9 4.8 6.6 

 Speech-language pathologists......................................................... 132 96.2 2.9 0.7 6.1 

 Therapists, all other........................................................................ 138 87.0 6.6 4.0 10.4 

 Veterinarians................................................................................. 73 93.2 2.6 1.8 3.9 

 Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other........................... 27 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians................................. 342 71.3 15.1 10.3 7.4 

 Dental hygienists........................................................................... 141 89.4 4.3 5.9 3.0 

 Diagnostic related technologists and technicians................................. 349 87.1 7.2 4.8 7.7 

 Emergency medical technicians and paramedics................................. 179 92.7 4.4 0.9 3.7 

 Health diagnosing and treating practitioner

 support technicians..................................................................... 505 77.6 13.6 6.8 10.8 

See notes at end of table.

16
20

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................................. 573 69.3 24.4 3.8 6.2 

 Medical records and health information technicians.............................. 118 69.5 19.9 6.5 12.7 

 Opticians, dispensing..................................................................... 55 76.4 15.3 4.5 8.1 

 Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians.............................. 167 73.1 17.6 6.5 8.5 

 Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations..................... 70 85.7 8.7 3.0 9.6 

Service occupations.............................................................................. 24,634 76.9 15.3 4.9 21.3 

 Healthcare support occupations............................................................ 3,332 67.6 25.5 4.1 15.2 

 Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.......................................... 1,928 58.6 34.6 4.0 14.7 

 Occupational therapist assistants and aides.......................................... 10 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Physical therapist assistants and aides................................................ 86 84.9 6.2 6.6 14.5 

 Massage therapists........................................................................... 162 86.4 5.3 4.9 6.0 

 Dental assistants.............................................................................. 296 85.8 5.7 5.6 20.0 

 Medical assistants and other healthcare support occupations.................. 850 76.1 17.8 3.5 16.4 

 Protective service occupations............................................................... 3,289 76.9 17.8 2.4 13.3 

 First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers........................... 44 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives........................... 103 86.4 8.7 2.5 7.4 

 First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and

 prevention workers........................................................................ 41 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Supervisors, protective service workers, all other.................................... 105 77.1 19.9 2.3 8.2 

 Fire fighters.................................................................................... 301 90.7 6.4 0.5 9.6 

 Fire inspectors................................................................................. 18 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers................................................ 465 74.8 22.0 1.2 13.3 

 Detectives and criminal investigators................................................... 159 81.1 10.6 3.7 13.3 

 Fish and game wardens..................................................................... 6 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Parking enforcement workers............................................................ 12 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Police and sheriff Police and sheriff s’ patrol officers patrol officers......................................................... 714 83 2. 12 1. 2 7. 15 2. 

 Transit and railroad police.................................................................. 5 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Animal control workers..................................................................... 9 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Private detectives and investigators...................................................... 89 89.9 5.7 3.2 12.1 

 Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................................... 993 63.8 28.8 3.4 15.9 

 Crossing guards.............................................................................. 59 67.8 26.4 1.8 9.4 

 Lifeguards and other protective service workers.................................... 166 89.8 4.2 2.2 6.7 

 Food preparation and serving related occupations.................................... 7,660 79.8 11.3 5.6 22.2 

 Chefs and head cooks..................................................................... 337 68.8 12.0 16.5 17.9 

 First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation

 and serving workers........................................................................ 551 77.5 15.4 3.0 14.9 

 Cooks............................................................................................. 1,951 76.7 15.0 5.0 32.5 

 Food preparation workers.................................................................. 717 78.9 13.4 5.3 23.7 

 Bartenders....................................................................................... 393 92.1 3.8 2.1 10.7 

 Combined food preparation and serving workers, 

 including fast food........................................................................... 294 78.6 12.8 4.6 16.6 

 Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession,

 and coffee shop........................................................................... 269 79.6 11.3 5.7 18.5 

 Waiters and waitresses..................................................................... 2,067 83.6 7.1 6.1 16.6 

 Food servers, nonrestaurant............................................................... 174 71.3 18.6 6.5 16.3 

 Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers..................... 371 78.2 10.7 7.0 29.0 

 Dishwashers.................................................................................... 246 80.1 10.5 4.2 38.5 

See notes at end of table.

17
21

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop........................ 284 84.5 8.1 4.0 14.3 

 Food preparation and serving related workers, all other........................... 5 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations..................... 5,328 80.5 13.6 3.1 35.2 

 First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping 

 janitorial workers........................................................................... 234 81.2 13.3 2.8 19.8 

 First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, 

 lawn service, and grounds keeping workers....................................... 229 93.0 3.8 1.1 20.5 

 Janitors and building cleaners............................................................ 2,186 76.8 17.1 3.2 30.9 

 Maids and housekeeping cleaners...................................................... 1,407 76.0 16.3 5.0 40.8 

 Pest control workers........................................................................ 76 88.2 5.3 1.7 15.9 

 Grounds maintenance workers............................................................ 1,195 89.8 6.3 1.3 43.8 

 Personal care and service occupations................................................... 5,024 74.8 14.8 7.8 14.6 

 First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers................................. 136 82.4 5.4 8.3 8.9 

 First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers..................... 185 75.7 7.7 14.5 9.0 

 Animal trainers................................................................................. 44 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Nonfarm animal caretakers............................................................... 169 92.9 2.7 2.0 12.7 

 Gaming services workers.................................................................. 121 61.2 5.0 29.6 10.5 

 Motion picture projectionists............................................................... 13 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers.......................................... 51 66.7 24.0 7.9 16.4 

 Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers..................... 173 80.3 12.8 3.1 14.4 

 Funeral service workers..................................................................... 18 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Barbers.......................................................................................... 96 60.4 37.2 1.2 12.1 

 Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists....................................... 770 82.9 10.6 4.7 12.7 

 Miscellaneous personal appearance workers.......................................... 273 40.3 7.5 51.4 10.9 

 Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges.......................................... 77 59.7 29.8 6.9 25.8 

 Tour and travel guides..................................................................... 35 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Transportation attendants Transportation attendants.................................................................. 110 80 0. 12 2. 4 9. 16 6. 

 Child care workers........................................................................... 1,247 78.3 16.0 3.4 19.1 

 Personal and home care aides............................................................ 973 66.0 23.8 6.4 17.6 

 Recreation and fitness workers............................................................ 379 84.2 11.3 1.8 6.9 

 Residential advisors........................................................................ 60 70.0 25.4 2.0 5.1 

 Personal care and service workers, all other.......................................... 91 89.0 5.9 3.6 9.5 

Sales and office occupations.................................................................. 33,433 82.2 11.3 4.2 12.6 

 Sales and related occupations............................................................... 15,386 83.1 9.8 5.0 11.8 

 First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers........................... 3,132 84.9 7.9 5.4 10.3 

 First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail sales workers........................ 1,131 86.8 5.9 5.6 9.6 

 Cashiers....................................................................................... 3,109 73.9 16.1 6.8 16.3 

 Counter and rental clerks.................................................................. 150 83.3 7.9 6.9 12.7 

 Parts salespersons........................................................................... 129 93.0 3.7 0.5 12.9 

 Retail salespersons........................................................................... 3,286 82.2 11.3 4.1 13.7 

 Advertising sales agents..................................................................... 214 89.7 6.3 2.7 4.9 

 Insurance sales agents..................................................................... 513 88.3 6.6 3.2 10.1 

 Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents..................... 308 84.7 6.4 8.0 4.8 

 Travel agents................................................................................. 76 80.3 9.9 6.5 8.7 

 Sales representatives, services, all other............................................. 524 83.6 9.6 4.9 9.9 

 Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing.............................. 1,284 91.1 4.0 3.3 9.3 

 Models, demonstrators, and product promoters....................................... 61 85.2 8.0 2.7 9.5 

See notes at end of table.

18
22

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Real estate brokers and sales agents................................................... 854 89.7 5.3 3.8 7.1 

 Sales engineers.............................................................................. 24 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Telemarketers................................................................................. 118 71.2 25.0 1.2 11.9 

 Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, 

 and related workers........................................................................ 203 81.8 12.9 3.6 15.7 

 Sales and related workers, all other...................................................... 268 87.3 7.0 4.1 8.1 

 Office and administrative support occupations.......................................... 18,047 81.4 12.5 3.6 13.4 

 First-line supervisors/managers of office and

 administrative support workers......................................................... 1,507 83.9 9.7 3.8 11.1 

 Switchboard operators, including answering service................................. 37 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Telephone operators........................................................................ 36 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Communications equipment operators, all other.................................... 6 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Bill and account collectors.................................................................. 216 75.5 17.5 2.9 18.9 

 Billing and posting clerks and machine operators.................................... 472 79.9 13.7 4.1 14.0 

 Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks....................................... 1,297 88.3 6.5 3.4 8.8 

 Gaming cage workers........................................................................ 6 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Payroll and timekeeping clerks............................................................ 167 86.8 10.4 1.9 10.7 

 Procurement clerks........................................................................... 30 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Tellers.......................................................................................... 453 81.9 11.3 5.2 14.0 

 Brokerage clerks.............................................................................. 9 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Correspondence clerks..................................................................... 11 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Court, municipal, and license clerks...................................................... 95 75.8 17.9 3.1 12.1 

 Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks................................................ 45 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Customer service representatives...................................................... 1,896 75.9 17.5 3.9 15.2 

 Eligibility interviewers, government programs.......................................... 89 66.3 20.2 6.2 23.0 

 File clerks....................................................................................... 334 76.3 16.0 3.9 14.3 

 H l l d d k l k Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks...................................................... 129 73 6. 15 3. 4 4. 11 6. 

 Interviewers, except eligibility and loan................................................ 210 73.3 17.3 5.8 12.0 

 Library assistants, clerical.................................................................. 115 87.8 5.9 3.2 12.3 

 Loan interviewers and clerks............................................................... 127 81.9 11.5 4.7 11.0 

 New accounts clerks........................................................................ 32 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Order clerks.................................................................................... 117 84.6 8.0 6.4 16.2 

 Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping.................. 44 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Receptionists and information clerks................................................... 1,281 84.5 9.8 3.3 16.8 

 Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks.................. 100 67.0 24.0 3.9 14.9 

 Information and record clerks, all other................................................ 116 78.4 16.7 2.8 10.0 

 Cargo and freight agents.................................................................. 21 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Couriers and messengers.................................................................. 270 79.3 16.4 2.4 15.6 

 Dispatchers.................................................................................... 293 83.6 13.5 1.6 14.4 

 Meter readers, utilities........................................................................ 36 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Postal service clerks ........................................................................ 124 58.9 29.5 8.3 11.1 

 Postal service mail carriers............................................................... 321 79.4 11.7 6.6 11.1 

 Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing

 machine operators........................................................................... 76 51.3 30.5 16.2 7.5 

 Production, planning, and expediting clerks .......................................... 259 84.9 9.5 3.4 7.2 

 Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks................................................... 558 81.2 12.5 3.6 21.9 

 Stock clerks and order fillers............................................................... 1,456 76.7 16.7 3.4 19.3 

 Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping.................. 70 84.3 10.8 3.1 22.3 

See notes at end of table.

19
23

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Secretaries and administrative assistants............................................. 3,082 87.4 8.6 1.9 9.4 

 Computer operators........................................................................... 122 76.2 10.8 9.1 11.8 

 Data entry keyers.............................................................................. 338 81.4 13.2 4.2 11.4 

 Word processors and typists............................................................... 144 82.6 12.3 2.5 13.9 

 Desktop publishers........................................................................... 5 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Insurance claims and policy processing clerks....................................... 231 79.2 16.5 2.3 11.5 

 Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service.................. 94 72.3 21.4 3.5 18.1 

 Office clerks, general........................................................................ 994 79.5 13.0 5.2 15.6 

 Office machine operators, except computer.......................................... 45 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Proofreaders and copy markers......................................................... 10 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Statistical assistants........................................................................ 19 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Office and administrative support workers, all other................................. 501 81.2 12.7 3.2 12.6 

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ..................... 13,073 88.9 6.7 2.0 25.0 

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations................................................ 987 90.1 5.2 1.9 41.8 

 First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing,

 and forestry workers........................................................................ 44 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Agricultural inspectors........................................................................ 28 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Animal breeders.............................................................................. 11 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Graders and sorters, agricultural products............................................. 103 79.6 9.2 7.3 50.3 

 Miscellaneous agricultural workers...................................................... 691 92.2 3.9 1.3 47.9 

 Fishers and related fishing workers...................................................... 32 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Hunters and trappers........................................................................ 1 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Forest and conservation workers......................................................... 14 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Logging workers.............................................................................. 63 81.0 13.6 0.7 6.2 

 Construction and extraction occupations................................................ 7,175 89.9 6.1 1.4 29.1 

 Fi li i / First-line supervisors/managers of i d construction trades

 and extraction workers..................................................................... 659 92.4 4.9 1.0 16.5 

 Boilermakers.................................................................................... 22 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons .................................... 162 88.9 6.7 0.8 35.5 

 Carpenters .................................................................................... 1,242 91.9 4.0 1.4 25.7 

 Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.......................................... 209 90.0 3.8 3.3 39.5 

 Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers........................ 88 86.4 12.0 (1

) 51.5 

 Construction laborers........................................................................ 1,267 86.0 9.0 2.2 43.1 

 Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators.............................. 19 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Pile-driver operators........................................................................ 2 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Operating engineers and other construction

 equipment operators........................................................................ 363 91.7 4.7 1.1 13.7 

 Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers................................. 171 94.2 2.5 0.3 58.6 

 Electricians.................................................................................... 691 89.4 7.0 1.6 14.0 

 Glaziers.......................................................................................... 42 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Insulation workers........................................................................... 40 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Painters, construction and maintenance................................................ 578 90.7 4.8 1.3 41.0 

 Paperhangers................................................................................. 7 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters................................. 526 89.9 7.2 1.3 20.8 

 Plasterers and stucco masons............................................................ 39 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Reinforcing iron and rebar workers...................................................... 3 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Roofers.......................................................................................... 214 90.2 4.0 1.3 46.4 

See notes at end of table.

20
24

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Sheet metal workers........................................................................ 108 90.7 5.8 0.4 18.8 

 Structural iron and steel workers......................................................... 59 96.6 0.6 (1

) 11.5 

 Helpers, construction trades............................................................... 60 93.3 4.5 0.2 41.6 

 Construction and building inspectors................................................... 104 88.5 8.3 2.3 9.0 

 Elevator installers and repairers......................................................... 34 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Fence erectors................................................................................. 44 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Hazardous materials removal workers................................................... 38 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Highway maintenance workers............................................................ 110 80.9 14.2 2.6 11.0 

 Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators........................... 11 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners....................................... 16 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Miscellaneous construction and related workers.................................... 38 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, 

 oil, gas, and mining........................................................................ 38 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Earth drillers, except oil and gas......................................................... 21 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters.................. 11 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Mining machine operators .................................................................. 60 91.7 2.4 (1

) 20.8 

 Roof bolters, mining ........................................................................ 5 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Roustabouts, oil and gas.................................................................. 9 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Helpers—extraction workers............................................................... 7 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Other extraction workers..................................................................... 55 87.3 10.0 (1

) 24.6 

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.................................... 4,911 87.2 7.8 2.9 15.7 

 First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, 

 installers, and repairers.................................................................. 381 87.7 7.5 1.9 9.9 

 Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers........................ 305 81.0 10.0 8.0 10.1 

 Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers............ 166 82.5 9.3 6.2 10.4 

 Avionics technicians........................................................................ 13 (

1

) (

1

) (

1

) (

1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

 Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers.................................... 29 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Electrical and electronics installers and repairers,

 transportation equipment.................................................................. 3 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility........................... 19 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles..................... 12 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Electronic home entertainment equipment

 installers and repairers..................................................................... 52 76.9 12.1 6.0 11.3 

 Security and fire alarm systems installers ............................................. 60 90.0 6.0 1.9 16.7 

 Aircraft mechanics and service technicians.......................................... 136 82.4 7.1 7.1 15.3 

 Automotive body and related repairers................................................ 168 92.3 6.3 0.8 22.6 

 Automotive glass installers and repairers............................................. 24 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Automotive service technicians and mechanics....................................... 802 87.4 6.8 3.5 20.3 

 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists........................... 339 88.5 7.6 1.6 13.2 

 Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service

 technicians and mechanics............................................................... 235 91.1 4.6 1.1 14.1 

 Small engine mechanics..................................................................... 57 87.7 6.4 2.7 14.0 

 Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment

 mechanics, installers, and repairers................................................... 99 89.9 7.3 0.7 25.7 

 Control and valve installers and repairers............................................. 23 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics

 and installers................................................................................. 392 88.8 8.0 2.2 17.2 

See notes at end of table.

21
25

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Home appliance repairers.................................................................. 53 84.9 7.7 6.1 17.5 

 Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics....................................... 447 87.9 8.1 2.2 14.4 

 Maintenance and repair workers, general............................................. 347 84.1 11.1 2.7 18.0 

 Maintenance workers, machinery......................................................... 31 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Millwrights....................................................................................... 45 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Electrical power-line installers and repairers.......................................... 124 89.5 8.2 0.7 10.3 

 Telecommunications line installers and repairers.................................... 163 84.0 9.4 1.6 17.5 

 Precision instrument and equipment repairers....................................... 73 87.7 10.8 0.5 12.4 

 Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers............... 35 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Commercial divers........................................................................... – – – – –

 Locksmiths and safe repairers............................................................ 26 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Manufactured building and mobile home installers................................. 11 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Riggers.......................................................................................... 9 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Signal and track switch repairers......................................................... 7 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers........................... 30 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers................................. 197 91.4 5.4 1.4 18.5 

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations........................ 16,180 79.6 13.9 4.2 21.0 

 Production occupations........................................................................ 7,998 80.9 11.4 5.5 21.9 

 First-line supervisors/managers of production

 and operating workers..................................................................... 702 85.6 7.3 5.5 15.7 

 Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers..................... 23 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers........................ 151 59.6 15.1 22.6 17.1 

 Engine and other machine assemblers................................................ 36 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Structural metal fabricators and fitters................................................... 27 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators............................................. 805 76.9 15.3 6.1 20.5 

 Bakers.......................................................................................... 206 81.1 9.8 5.8 30.6 

 Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers.................. 331 74.3 14.0 10.4 36.2 

 Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying

 machine operators and tenders......................................................... 14 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Food batchmakers........................................................................... 107 84.1 9.7 2.6 27.6 

 Food cooking machine operators and tenders....................................... 16 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Computer control programmers and operators....................................... 56 87.5 6.9 2.1 18.3 

 Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic......................................................... 9 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic........................................................................... 10 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic........................................................................... 10 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic......................................................... 78 82.1 11.1 2.6 15.2 

 Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operator,

 and tenders, metal and plastic......................................................... 1 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine

 tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........................... 54 85.2 11.3 1.5 16.7 

 Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic............................................................... 20 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

See notes at end of table.

22
26

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Milling and planning machine setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic............................................................... 4 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Machinists....................................................................................... 408 88.2 4.3 5.5 15.1 

 Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders....................................... 25 80.0 13.0 4.7 14.6 

 Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic.............................. 7 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Molders and molding machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic......................................................... 55 83.6 10.7 1.9 19.0 

 Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic........................................................................... 6 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Tool and die makers........................................................................ 68 94.1 1.8 1.0 7.4 

 Welding, soldering, and brazing workers................................................ 479 87.3 7.0 3.6 22.7 

 Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic........................................................................... 7 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Lay-out workers, metal and plastic...................................................... 7 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Plating and coating machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic......................................................... 17 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners................................................... 6 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other.......................................... 337 78.9 11.2 7.2 24.2 

 Bookbinders and bindery workers......................................................... 20 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Job printers.................................................................................... 50 82.0 13.5 4.4 11.7 

 Prepress technicians and workers...................................................... 46 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Printing machine operators............................................................... 162 81.5 13.7 1.8 19.6 

 Laundry and dry-cleaning workers...................................................... 195 70.8 15.9 9.3 30.1 

 Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials.................................... 59 66.1 19.3 9.2 36.6 

 Sewing machine operators.................................................................. 170 74.7 13.3 10.8 40.2 

 Shoe and leather workers and repairers................................................ 9 (1

) (1) (1) (1) 1 1 1 1 Shoe machine operators and tenders................................................... 5 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers...................................................... 76 69.7 4.9 20.9 19.6 

 Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders.................. 5 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders........................... 10 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Textile knitting and weaving machine setters,

 operators, and tenders..................................................................... 9 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine

 setters, operators, and tenders......................................................... 16 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Extruding and forming machine setters, operator,

 and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers................................................ 2 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Fabric and apparel patternmakers...................................................... 3 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Upholsterers.................................................................................... 41 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other................................. 23 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters................................................... 62 91.9 4.0 2.8 20.8 

 Furniture finishers........................................................................... 16 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Model makers and patternmakers, wood................................................ – – – – –

 Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood........................... 36 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 except sawing.............................................................................. 18 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Woodworkers, all other..................................................................... 22 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers.............................. 40 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

See notes at end of table.

23
27

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Stationary engineers and boiler operators............................................. 91 83.5 9.8 5.3 14.5 

 Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators.................. 77 87.0 6.8 3.4 10.1 

 Miscellaneous plant and system operators............................................. 40 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders.................. 58 79.3 17.6 2.7 17.0 

 Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers..................... 90 78.9 16.0 2.2 23.2 

 Cutting workers.............................................................................. 67 85.1 10.1 3.0 27.6 

 Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting

 machine setters, operators, and tenders............................................. 43 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders..................... 17 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers.............................. 669 80.9 11.1 5.3 16.9 

 Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers.................................... 33 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians........................... 92 83.7 5.5 7.8 12.5 

 Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.............................. 255 76.5 16.4 4.1 42.3 

 Painting workers.............................................................................. 139 85.6 9.3 0.5 26.4 

 Photographic process workers and processing 

 machine operators........................................................................... 48 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Semiconductor processors.................................................................. 3 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders........................... 10 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment

 operators and tenders..................................................................... 12 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders........................... 5 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Etchers and engravers..................................................................... 10 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic........................... 37 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders.............................. 41 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Tire builders.................................................................................... 24 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Helpers—production workers............................................................... 41 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Production workers, all other............................................................... 921 78.9 14.9 4.2 22.8 

 Transportation and material moving occupations....................................... 8,182 78.3 16.4 2.8 20.0 

 Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers........................ 263 76.0 18.3 3.0 15.1 

 Aircraft pilots and flight engineers......................................................... 110 95.5 1.0 1.0 6.3 

 Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists........................... 46 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Ambulance drivers and attendants, except

 emergency medical technicians......................................................... 13 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Bus drivers.................................................................................... 600 70.3 25.1 2.2 12.3 

 Driver/sales workers and truck drivers................................................... 3,028 82.9 13.6 1.5 17.5 

 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs............................................................... 390 56.9 26.6 13.0 15.7 

 Motor vehicle operators, all other......................................................... 54 87.0 7.8 2.7 22.0 

 Locomotive engineers and operators................................................... 57 86.0 5.7 2.4 4.7 

 Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators.......................................... 6 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Railroad conductors and yardmasters................................................... 58 75.9 19.9 1.2 8.4 

 Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers........................... 9 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Sailors and marine oilers.................................................................. 23 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Ship and boat captains and operators................................................... 48 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Ship engineers................................................................................. 6 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Bridge and lock tenders ..................................................................... 4 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Parking lot attendants ..................................................................... 75 58.7 25.7 12.8 18.0 

 Service station attendants .................................................................. 77 84.4 8.6 4.0 17.1 

See notes at end of table.

24
28

Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Percent of total employed

 Occupation

Total 

(In thousands) White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Transportation inspectors .................................................................. 46 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Other transportation workers ............................................................ 16 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Conveyor operators and tenders ......................................................... 5 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Crane and tower operators ............................................................... 50 90.0 6.9 0.4 12.2 

 Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators .............................. 51 96.1 3.3 0.1 9.6 

 Hoist and winch operators.................................................................. 6 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Industrial truck and tractor operators ................................................... 499 74.1 22.0 1.2 32.0 

 Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ................................................... 333 78.4 14.8 3.7 35.6 

 Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ........................... 1,700 77.4 16.9 3.0 21.3 

 Machine feeders and offbearers ......................................................... 32 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Packers and packagers, hand ............................................................ 403 75.9 17.3 4.2 41.3 

 Pumping station operators ............................................................... 25 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Refuse and recyclable material collectors ............................................. 88 71.6 23.9 0.2 21.2 

 Shuttle car operators........................................................................ 2 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Tank car, truck, and ship loaders ......................................................... 2 (1

) (1) (1) (1)

 Material moving workers, all other...................................................... 59 81.4 13.2 2.7 17.8 

1 Percents are not shown where base is less than 50,000.

NOTE: Dashes indicate no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African 

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.

25
29

Table 7. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

Industry and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Total, 16 years and older (thousands)........................ 139,064 114,168 15,010 6,705 19,906 

 Percent............................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................. 1.6 1.8 .4 .4 2.4

 Mining .................................................................. .5 .6 .2 .1 .6

 Construction............................................................ 6.5 7.2 3.3 2.3 11.1

 Manufacturing......................................................... 10.1 10.3 8.4 12.0 11.0

Durable goods...................................................... 6.3 6.5 4.5 8.0 5.8

Nondurable goods................................................ 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 5.2

 Wholesale and retail trade.......................................... 14.2 14.4 13.1 13.6 13.7

 Wholesale trade................................................... 2.7 2.9 1.9 2.7 2.8

 Retail trade......................................................... 11.5 11.5 11.2 10.9 10.9

 Transportation and utilities....................................... 5.1 4.9 7.6 4.0 5.2

 Information............................................................ 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.6 1.6

 Financial activities................................................... 6.7 6.9 5.6 7.5 4.8

 Professional and business services.............................. 11.0 11.2 8.8 12.9 11.1

 Education and health services.................................... 23.1 22.2 30.0 22.9 16.7

 Leisure and hospitality............................................. 9.0 8.7 8.9 11.9 12.3

 Other services......................................................... 4.9 4.9 4.2 6.3 5.7

 Other services, except private households............... 4.4 4.4 3.8 6.0 4.4

 Private households................................................ .5 .5 .4 .3 1.3

 Public administration................................................ 5.0 4.8 7.2 3.5 3.8

 Men, 16 years and older (thousands)........................ 73,359 61,252 6,865 3,588 11,800 

 Percent............................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................. 2.3 2.5 .8 .4 3.2

 Mining .................................................................. .9 .9 .5 .1 .9

 Construction............................................................ 11.3 12.2 6.7 3.8 18.1

 Manufacturing......................................................... 13.8 13.9 12.9 14.6 13.3

Durable goods...................................................... 9.1 9.3 7.1 10.3 7.5

Nondurable goods................................................ 4.8 4.7 5.9 4.3 5.8

 Wholesale and retail trade.......................................... 14.7 14.8 14.4 14.0 13.3

 Wholesale trade................................................... 3.7 3.8 3.1 3.1 3.5

 Retail trade......................................................... 11.0 11.0 11.3 10.9 9.8

 Transportation and utilities....................................... 7.5 7.1 12.1 5.7 6.9

 Information............................................................ 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.3 1.7

 Financial activities................................................... 5.8 5.9 4.4 7.3 3.7

 Professional and business services.............................. 12.2 12.2 10.8 15.6 11.8

 Education and health services.................................... 11.0 10.4 14.4 14.9 7.2

 Leisure and hospitality............................................. 8.3 7.9 9.2 12.1 11.6

 Other services......................................................... 4.5 4.4 4.7 4.9 4.9

 Other services, except private households............... 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.7

 Private households................................................ .1 .1 .1 – .2

 Public administration................................................ 5.2 5.2 6.7 3.3 3.5

See note at end of table.

26
30

Table 7. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages 

 —Continued

Industry and sex Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Women, 16 years and older (thousands).................. 65,705 52,916 8,145 3,117 8,106 

 Percent............................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................. .8 1.0 .1 .4 1.3

 Mining .................................................................. .2 .2 .1 .1 .1

 Construction............................................................ 1.2 1.4 .4 .6 1.0

 Manufacturing......................................................... 6.0 6.1 4.7 9.0 7.6

Durable goods...................................................... 3.3 3.3 2.3 5.3 3.2

Nondurable goods................................................ 2.7 2.8 2.4 3.7 4.4

 Wholesale and retail trade.......................................... 13.6 13.9 12.1 13.2 14.4

 Wholesale trade................................................... 1.7 1.7 .9 2.3 1.9

 Retail trade......................................................... 12.0 12.1 11.2 10.8 12.5

 Transportation and utilities....................................... 2.5 2.3 3.7 2.1 2.6

 Information............................................................ 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.4

 Financial activities................................................... 7.7 8.0 6.6 7.6 6.4

 Professional and business services.............................. 9.6 10.0 7.1 9.8 10.1

 Education and health services.................................... 36.5 35.8 43.2 32.2 30.5

 Leisure and hospitality............................................. 9.8 9.8 8.6 11.7 13.3

 Other services......................................................... 5.3 5.4 3.7 8.0 6.9

 Other services, except private households............... 4.4 4.4 3.1 7.3 3.9

 Private households................................................ .9 1.0 .6 .7 3.0

 Public administration................................................ 4.8 4.3 7.6 3.6 4.2

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data 

are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data 

not available.

27
31

Table 8. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

 Total families ..................................................................... 78,246 63,551 9,404 3,531 10,561 

With employed member(s) ......................................................... 62,560 51,048 7,030 3,081 8,897 

As a percent of total families ................................................... 80.0 80.3 74.8 87.3 84.2 

With unemployed member(s) ................................................... 9,695 7,202 1,807 400 1,841 

As a percent of total families ................................................ 12.4 11.3 19.2 11.3 17.4 

Some member(s) employed ................................................... 6,566 5,069 1,009 308 1,262 

 As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)............... 67.7 70.4 55.8 76.8 68.6 

 Some usually work full time ................................................ 5,572 4,289 862 267 1,060 

 As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)......... 57.5 59.6 47.7 66.8 57.6 

 Married-couple families ......................................................... 57,524 49,474 4,201 2,779 6,670 

With employed member(s) ......................................................... 47,238 40,383 3,495 2,453 5,891 

As a percent of total families ................................................... 82.1 81.6 83.2 88.3 88.3 

With unemployed member(s) ................................................... 6,147 4,990 708 297 1,154 

As a percent of total families ................................................ 10.7 10.1 16.9 10.7 17.3 

Some member(s) employed ................................................... 4,884 3,963 559 246 897 

 As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)............... 79.5 79.4 79.0 82.8 77.7 

 Some usually work full time ................................................ 4,225 3,413 492 219 766 

 As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)......... 68.7 68.4 69.5 73.7 66.4 

 Families maintained by women ............................................. 14,913 9,773 4,188 470 2,665 

With employed member(s) ......................................................... 10,715 7,177 2,813 385 1,949 

As a percent of total families ................................................... 71.9 73.4 67.2 81.9 73.1 

With unemployed member(s) ................................................... 2,446 1,444 861 58 448 

As a percent of total families ................................................ 16.4 14.8 20.6 12.3 16.8 

Some member( ) s employed ................................................... 1,094 684 338 34 219 

 As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)............... 44.7 47.4 39.3 58.6 48.9 

 Some usually work full time ................................................ 858 526 275 26 173 

 As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)......... 35.1 36.4 31.9 44.8 38.6 

 Families maintained by men ................................................... 5,809 4,304 1,015 281 1,226 

With employed member(s) ......................................................... 4,607 3,488 722 243 1,057 

As a percent of total families ................................................... 79.3 81.0 71.1 86.5 86.2 

With unemployed member(s) ................................................... 1,102 768 239 45 239 

As a percent of total families ................................................ 19.0 17.8 23.5 16.0 19.5 

Some member(s) employed ................................................... 587 422 112 28 146 

 As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)............... 53.3 54.9 46.9 62.2 61.1 

 Some usually work full time ................................................ 489 349 95 22 121 

 As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)......... 44.4 45.4 39.7 48.9 50.6 

   

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not 

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

28
32

Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 1996–2010 annual averages

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1996............ 60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3

1997............ 60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5

1998............ 60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2

1999............ 60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6

2000............ 60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5

2001............ 60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4

2002............ 60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7

2003............ 59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2

2004............ 59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5

2005............ 59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9

2006............ 60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9

2007............ 59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0

2008............ 59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6

2009............ 59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7

2010............ 58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9

With children under 18 years

1996............ 81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3

1997............ 81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0

1998............ 81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7

1999............ 82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5

2000............ 82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2

Year

2000............ 82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2

2001............ 81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9

2002............ 81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7

2003............ 81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5

2004............ 80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5

2005............ 80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3

2006............ 81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9

2007............ 81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6

2008............ 81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7

2009............ 81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3

2010............ 80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1996............ 84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1

1997............ 84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7

1998............ 84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6

1999............ 84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4

2000............ 85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0

2001............ 85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1

2002............ 84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8

2003............ 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1

2004............ 84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9

2005............ 83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2

2006............ 83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8

2007............ 84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5

2008............ 84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6

2009............ 84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3

2010............ 83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2

See note at end of table.

29
33

Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 1996–2010 annual averages—Continued

(Percent)

Total White Black or African American

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children under 6 years

1996............ 77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2

1997............ 78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8

1998............ 78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0

1999............ 78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9

2000............ 78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9

2001............ 78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9

2002............ 77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5

2003............ 77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8

2004............ 76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8

2005............ 77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4

2006............ 77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8

2007............ 77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4

2008............ 77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7

2009............ 77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4

2010............ 77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8

With children under 3 years

1996............ 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1

1997............ 76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1

1998............ 77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5

1999............ 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0

Year

2000............ 76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8

2001............ 76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7

2002............ 76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6

2003............ 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0

2004............ 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4

2005............ 74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0

2006............ 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2

2007............ 75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7

2008............ 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7

2009............ 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6

2010............ 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6

See note at end of table.

30
34

Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 1996–2010 annual averages—Continued

(Percent)

Year Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1996............ — — — 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997............ — — — 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998............ — — — 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999............ — — — 62.5 71.6 52.2

— — —

2000............ — — — 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001............ — — — 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002............ 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003............ 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004............ 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005............ 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006............ 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

2007............ 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008............ 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009............ 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010............ 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

With children under 18 years

1996............ — — — 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997............ — — — 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998............ — — — 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999............ — — — 74.6 93.8 60.3

— — —

2000............ — — — 75 7. 93 8. 62 0.

2001............ — — — 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002............ 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003............ 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004............ 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005............ 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006............ 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007............ 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008............ 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009............ 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010............ 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1996............ — — — 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997............ — — — 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998............ — — — 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999............ — — — 78.6 91.2 69.5

— — —

2000............ — — — 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001............ — — — 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002............ 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003............ 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004............ 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005............ 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006............ 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007............ 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008............ 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009............ 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010............ 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

See note at end of table.

31
35

Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, 1996–2010 annual averages—Continued

(Percent)

Year Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women

With children under 6 years

1996............ — — — 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997............ — — — 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998............ — — — 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999............ — — — 71.2 95.9 52.1

— — —

2000............ — — — 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001............ — — — 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002............ 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003............ 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004............ 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005............ 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006............ 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007............ 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008............ 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009............ 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

2010............ 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

With children under 3 years

1996............ — — — 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997............ — — — 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998............ — — — 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999............ — — — 68.8 96.2 47.4

— — —

2000............ — — — 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001............ — — — 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002............ 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003............ 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004............ 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005............ 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006............ 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007............ 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008............ 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009............ 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010............ 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who 

selected that race group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they 

identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian 

is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" 

children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, 

grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

32
36

Table 10. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2010 annual averages 

(Percent)

White Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972....... 5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 — — — — — —

1973...... 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 — — — 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974...... 5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 — — — 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975...... 8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 — — — 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976...... 7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 — — — 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977...... 7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 — — — 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978...... 6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 — — — 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979...... 5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 — — — 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980...... 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 — — — 10.1 9.7 10.7

1981...... 7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 — — — 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982...... 9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 — — — 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983...... 9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 — — — 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984...... 7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 — — — 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985...... 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 — — — 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986...... 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 — — — 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987...... 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 — — — 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988...... 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 — — — 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989...... 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 — — — 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990...... 5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 — — — 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991...... 6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 — — — 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992...... 7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 — — — 11.6 11.7 11.4

Total Black or African American

Year

1993...... 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 — — — 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994...... 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 — — — 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995...... 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 — — — 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996...... 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 — — — 8.9 7.9 10.2

1997...... 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 — — — 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998...... 4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 — — — 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999...... 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 — — — 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000...... 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001...... 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002...... 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003...... 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004...... 5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005...... 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006...... 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007...... 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008...... 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009...... 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010...... 9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Back or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race 

group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is 

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

33
37

Table 11. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2010 annual averages

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)................... 14,825 10,916 2,852 543 2,843

 Percent............................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks........................................................ 18.7 19.8 14.9 16.0 21.0

5 to 14 weeks............................................................... 22.0 22.6 20.1 19.6 22.8

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 16.0 15.8 16.6 16.1 16.9

27 weeks and over....................................................... 43.3 41.9 48.3 48.3 39.3

Average (mean) duration, in weeks................................. 33.0 32.0 36.6 36.7 30.5

Median duration, in weeks............................................. 21.4 20.3 25.9 25.9 18.8

 Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)................... 8,626 6,476 1,550 305 1,711

 Percent............................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks........................................................ 18.2 19.2 14.6 15.0 21.7

5 to 14 weeks............................................................... 21.4 22.1 19.2 17.7 22.8

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 15.7 15.4 16.6 17.2 16.0

27 weeks and over....................................................... 44.6 43.2 49.7 50.2 39.5

Average (mean) duration, in weeks................................. 33.7 32.8 37.4 37.9 30.2

Median duration, in weeks............................................. 22.2 21.0 27.1 27.2 18.5

 Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)................ 6,199 4,440 1,302 238 1,132

 Percent............................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks........................................................ 19.3 20.6 15.3 17.3 20.0

5 to 14 weeks............................................................... 22.9 23.2 21.3 22.1 22.9

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 16.3 16.2 16.7 14.7 18.1

27 weeks and over....................................................... 41.5 40.1 46.7 45.9 39.1

Average (mean) duration, in weeks................................. 32.0 30.9 35.7 35.1 31.1

Median duration, in weeks............................................. 20.3 19.2 24.6 23.8 19.2

   

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because 

data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

34
38

Table 12. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2010 annual averages

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)...................... 14,825 10,916 2,852 543 2,843

 Percent............................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......... 62.4 64.4 56.6 60.9 62.2

 On temporary layoff....................................................... 9.6 11.0 5.4 5.9 10.9

 Not on temporary layoff....................................................... 52.7 53.3 51.2 55.0 51.3

 Permanent job losers.................................................... 43.2 43.9 40.6 47.9 38.4

 Persons who completed temporary jobs............................ 9.5 9.4 10.6 7.1 13.0

Job leavers......................................................................... 6.0 6.2 5.2 6.4 4.9

Reentrants......................................................................... 23.4 21.9 28.1 22.4 22.8

New entrants...................................................................... 8.2 7.5 10.1 10.3 10.0

 Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)...................... 8,626 6,476 1,550 305 1,711

 Percent............................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......... 68.6 70.8 61.6 66.6 69.8

 On temporary layoff....................................................... 11.5 13.1 5.9 5.6 12.6

 Not on temporary layoff....................................................... 57.2 57.7 55.8 60.7 57.2

 Permanent job losers.................................................... 46.1 46.7 43.3 53.4 42.3

 Persons who completed temporary jobs............................ 11.1 11.0 12.5 7.5 14.8

Job leavers......................................................................... 5.3 5.4 4.7 6.6 4.7

Reentrants......................................................................... 18.6 17.2 23.5 18.4 17.1

New entrants...................................................................... 7.4 6.6 10.1 8.5 8.4

 Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) ................ 6,199 4,440 1,302 238 1,132

 Percent.................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......... 53.7 55.0 50.5 53.8 50.7

 On temp y y orary layoff....................................................... 7.1 8.0 4.8 6.3 8.2

 Not on temporary layoff....................................................... 46.6 47.0 45.7 47.5 42.6

 Permanent job losers.................................................... 39.2 39.9 37.3 40.8 32.4

 Persons who completed temporary jobs............................ 7.4 7.0 8.4 6.7 10.1

Job leavers......................................................................... 7.0 7.3 5.8 6.3 5.3

Reentrants......................................................................... 30.0 28.8 33.6 27.3 31.4

New entrants...................................................................... 9.3 8.9 10.1 12.6 12.5

    NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data 

are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

35
39

Table 13. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Race, age, sex, Civilian Total Do

and labor not

Hispanic origin force 1 Total 2 want

Total a

job

now

Total

Total, 16 years and older.................. 153,889 83,941 6,059 3,111 2,487 1,173 1,315 77,882

 16 to 24 years................................. 20,934 17,014 2,024 1,056 782 291 491 14,990

 25 to 54 years................................. 102,940 22,350 2,691 1,502 1,218 595 623 19,659

 55 years and older..................... 30,014 44,577 1,344 553 487 287 200 43,233

Men, 16 years and older................... 81,985 33,189 2,880 1,601 1,337 731 606 30,309

 16 to 24 years................................. 10,855 8,273 1,053 567 436 186 250 7,220

 25 to 54 years................................. 55,326 6,660 1,178 740 637 373 265 5,482

 55 years and older....................... 15,803 18,257 649 293 264 173 91 17,607

Women, 16 years and older............. 71,904 50,752 3,179 1,510 1,151 442 709 47,573

 16 to 24 years................................. 10,079 8,741 971 489 346 105 241 7,770

 25 to 54 years................................. 47,614 15,690 1,513 762 581 222 358 14,177

 55 years and older........................ 14,211 26,320 695 259 224 115 109 25,626

White

Total, 16 years and older.................. 125,084 66,991 4,377 2,191 1,733 811 922 62,614

 16 to 24 years................................. 16,809 12,361 1,433 737 524 190 334 10,928

25 t 54 82 597 16 928 1 870 1 017 824 396 428 15 058

Available for work now 3

Total Discouraged

workers 4

Other

Not in the labor force

Want a job

Searched for work in the prior year

36

 25 to 54 years................................. 82,597 16,928 1,870 1,017 824 396 428 15,058

 55 years and older........................ 25,677 37,702 1,074 437 385 225 160 36,628

Men, 16 years and older................... 67,728 26,353 2,096 1,133 939 508 431 24,257

 16 to 24 years................................. 8,804 6,016 753 396 294 119 176 5,263

 25 to 54 years................................. 45,239 4,774 813 499 431 252 179 3,960

 55 years and older....................... 13,685 15,564 530 238 214 137 77 15,034

Women, 16 years and older............. 57,356 40,638 2,280 1,057 794 303 491 38,357

 16 to 24 years................................. 8,005 6,345 680 340 230 71 159 5,665

 25 to 54 years................................. 37,358 12,154 1,056 518 393 144 249 11,098

 55 years and older....................... 11,992 22,138 544 199 171 88 83 21,594

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older.................. 17,862 10,846 1,151 642 543 271 272 9,695

 16 to 24 years................................. 2,748 3,006 423 233 192 78 114 2,583

 25 to 54 years................................. 12,505 3,339 551 334 286 154 132 2,788

 55 years and older....................... 2,610 4,501 178 74 65 40 25 4,324

Men, 16 years and older................... 8,415 4,524 548 333 292 169 123 3,975

 16 to 24 years................................. 1,325 1,462 217 126 107 51 55 1,245

 25 to 54 years................................. 5,904 1,275 254 173 154 95 60 1,022

 55 years and older....................... 1,186 1,786 78 34 31 23 7 1,708

Women, 16 years and older............. 9,447 6,322 602 308 252 102 149 5,720

 16 to 24 years................................. 1,423 1,544 206 107 85 26 59 1,338

 25 to 54 years................................. 6,600 2,064 297 161 132 59 73 1,767

 55 years and older........................ 1,424 2,715 100 40 34 17 18 2,616

See notes at end of table. 

36
40

Table 13. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Race, age, sex, Civilian Total Do

and labor not

Hispanic origin force 1 Total 2 want

Total a

job

now

Asian

Total, 16 years and older.................. 7,248 3,951 294 152 109 49 60 3,657

 16 to 24 years................................. 647 942 67 34 24 8 16 875

 25 to 54 years................................. 5,369 1,350 167 89 58 26 33 1,183

 55 years and older....................... 1,233 1,659 60 30 26 15 11 1,599

Men, 16 years and older................... 3,893 1,422 127 73 55 29 26 1,295

 16 to 24 years................................. 339 465 33 19 14 6 8 432

 25 to 54 years................................. 2,877 345 68 40 27 14 13 277

 55 years and older..................... 677 612 26 15 14 9 5 586

Women, 16 years and older............. 3,355 2,529 167 79 54 20 34 2,362

 16 to 24 years................................. 308 478 34 15 10 2 8 444

 25 to 54 years................................. 2,491 1,005 100 49 31 12 19 905

 55 years and older....................... 555 1,046 34 15 13 7 6 1,013

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older.................. 22,748 10,964 1,035 518 419 195 224 9,930

16 t 24 3 761 3 362 380 188 150 56 94 2 982

Other

Available for work now 3

Total Discouraged

workers 4

Searched for work in the prior year

Not in the labor force

Want a job

37

 16 to 24 years................................. 3,761 3,362 380 188 150 56 94 2,982

 25 to 54 years................................. 16,538 4,021 523 271 219 105 114 3,498

 55 years and older...................... 2,449 3,582 132 59 49 34 16 3,450

Men, 16 years and older................... 13,511 3,849 450 257 217 119 98 3,399

 16 to 24 years................................. 2,165 1,516 181 97 79 35 44 1,335

 25 to 54 years................................. 9,982 923 204 127 110 63 47 719

 55 years and older....................... 1,363 1,409 65 32 28 22 6 1,344

Women, 16 years and older............. 9,238 7,116 585 261 202 76 126 6,531

 16 to 24 years................................. 1,596 1,845 199 91 71 21 50 1,646

 25 to 54 years................................. 6,555 3,098 318 144 109 42 67 2,780

 55 years and older...................... 1,086 2,173 67 26 22 12 9 2,105

1 The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.

2 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and 

transportation problems, as well as a small number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 

3 Refers to people who have searched for work during the prior 12 months (but not during the prior 4 weeks) and were available to take a 

job during the reference week, also referred to as "marginally attached to the labor force."

4 Includes the following reasons for not actively looking for work in the prior 4 weeks: thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks 

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not

presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

37
41

Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2010 annual averages

Years Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, both sexes

1979.................. $241 $248 $199 — $194

1980.................. 262 269 212 — 209

1981.................. 284 291 235 — 223

1982.................. 302 310 245 — 240

1983.................. 313 320 261 — 250

1984.................. 326 336 269 — 259

1985.................. 344 356 277 — 270

1986.................. 359 371 291 — 277

1987.................. 374 384 301 — 285

1988.................. 385 395 314 — 290

1989.................. 399 409 319 — 298

1990.................. 412 424 329 — 304

1991.................. 426 442 348 — 312

1992.................. 440 458 357 — 321

1993.................. 459 475 369 — 331

1994.................. 467 484 371 — 324

1995.................. 479 494 383 — 329

1996.................. 490 506 387 — 339

1997.................. 503 519 400 — 351

1998.................. 523 545 426 — 370

1999.................. 549 573 445 — 385

2000.................. 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

38

2001.................. 596 610 491 639 417

2002.................. 608 623 498 658 424

2003.................. 620 636 514 693 440

2004.................. 638 657 525 708 456

2005.................. 651 672 520 753 471

2006.................. 671 690 554 784 486

2007.................. 695 716 569 830 503

2008.................. 722 742 589 861 529

2009.................. 739 757 601 880 541

2010.................. 747 765 611 855 535

See note at end of table.

38
42

Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2010 annual averages—Continued 

Years Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Men

1979.................. $292 $298 $227 — $219

1980.................. 313 320 244 — 234

1981.................. 340 350 268 — 251

1982.................. 364 375 278 — 269

1983.................. 379 387 294 — 274

1984.................. 392 401 303 — 287

1985.................. 407 418 305 — 296

1986.................. 419 433 319 — 299

1987.................. 434 450 327 — 306

1988.................. 449 465 348 — 308

1989.................. 468 482 348 — 315

1990.................. 481 494 361 — 318

1991.................. 493 506 375 — 323

1992.................. 501 514 380 — 339

1993.................. 510 524 392 — 346

1994.................. 522 547 400 — 343

1995.................. 538 566 411 — 350

1996.................. 557 580 412 — 356

1997.................. 579 595 432 — 371

1998.................. 598 615 468 — 390

1999.................. 618 638 488 — 406

39

2000.................. 641 662 510 $685 417

2001.................. 670 689 529 732 440

2002.................. 679 702 524 756 451

2003.................. 695 715 555 772 464

2004.................. 713 732 569 802 480

2005.................. 722 743 559 825 489

2006.................. 743 761 591 882 505

2007.................. 766 788 600 936 520

2008.................. 798 825 620 966 559

2009.................. 819 845 621 952 569

2010.................. 824 850 633 936 560

See note at end of table.

39
43

Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2010 annual averages—Continued 

Years Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women

1979.................. $182 $184 $169 — $157

1980.................. 201 203 185 — 172

1981.................. 219 221 206 — 190

1982.................. 239 242 217 — 203

1983.................. 252 254 232 — 215

1984.................. 265 268 241 — 223

1985.................. 277 281 252 — 230

1986.................. 291 294 264 — 241

1987.................. 303 307 276 — 251

1988.................. 315 318 288 — 260

1989.................. 328 334 301 — 269

1990.................. 346 353 308 — 278

1991.................. 366 373 323 — 292

1992.................. 380 387 335 — 302

1993.................. 393 401 348 — 313

1994.................. 399 408 346 — 305

1995.................. 406 415 355 — 305

1996.................. 418 428 362 — 316

1997.................. 431 444 375 — 318

1998.................. 456 468 400 — 337

1999.................. 473 483 409 — 348

40

2000.................. 493 502 429 $547 366

2001.................. 512 522 454 563 388

2002.................. 529 547 473 566 397

2003.................. 552 567 491 598 410

2004.................. 573 584 505 613 419

2005.................. 585 596 499 665 429

2006.................. 600 609 519 699 440

2007.................. 614 626 533 731 473

2008.................. 638 654 554 753 501

2009.................. 657 669 582 779 509

2010.................. 669 684 592 773 508

See note at end of table.

40
44

Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2010 annual averages—Continued 

Years Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women's earnings as a percent of men's

1979.................. 62.3 61.7 74.4 — 71.7

1980.................. 64.2 63.4 75.8 — 73.5

1981.................. 64.4 63.1 76.9 — 75.7

1982.................. 65.7 64.5 78.1 — 75.5

1983.................. 66.5 65.6 78.9 — 78.5

1984.................. 67.6 66.8 79.5 — 77.7

1985.................. 68.1 67.2 82.6 — 77.7

1986.................. 69.5 67.9 82.8 — 80.6

1987.................. 69.8 68.2 84.4 — 82.0

1988.................. 70.2 68.4 82.8 — 84.4

1989.................. 70.1 69.3 86.5 — 85.4

1990.................. 71.9 71.5 85.3 — 87.4

1991.................. 74.2 73.7 86.1 — 90.4

1992.................. 75.8 75.3 88.2 — 89.1

1993.................. 77.1 76.5 88.8 — 90.5

1994.................. 76.4 74.6 86.5 — 88.9

1995.................. 75.5 73.3 86.4 — 87.1

1996.................. 75.0 73.8 87.9 — 88.8

1997.................. 74.4 74.6 86.8 — 85.7

1998.................. 76.3 76.1 85.5 — 86.4

1999.................. 76.5 75.7 83.8 — 85.7

41

2000.................. 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001.................. 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002.................. 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003.................. 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004.................. 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005.................. 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006.................. 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007.................. 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008.................. 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009.................. 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010.................. 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who 

selected that race group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they 

identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian 

is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data 

not available.

41
45

Table 15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational 

attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages

Educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 Total, 25 years and older............................................ $782 $808 $638 $885 $571

Less than a high school diploma.................................... 444 446 426 457 414

High school graduates, no college1

................................. 626 649 532 579 543

Some college, no degree................................................ 712 737 606 689 634

Associate degree............................................................ 767 794 631 735 708

Bachelor's degree and higher2

....................................... 1,144 1,159 934 1,217 949

 Men, 25 years and older............................................ 874 899 665 970 590

Less than a high school diploma.................................... 486 488 466 496 443

High school graduates, no college1

................................. 710 736 593 620 590

Some college, no degree................................................ 820 854 645 732 700

Associate degree............................................................ 886 912 676 802 799

Bachelor's degree and higher2

....................................... 1,330 1,354 1,010 1,341 1,065

 Women, 25 years and older....................................... 704 719 615 797 527

Less than a high school diploma.................................... 388 382 402 419 364

High school graduates, no college1

................................. 543 558 490 518 490

Some college, no degree................................................ 616 625 577 630 590

Associate degree............................................................ 677 697 602 654 622

Bachelor's degree and higher2

....................................... 986 996 889 1,082 849

1 Incl des people ith a high school diploma or eq i alent Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. 2 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

42
46

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, 

sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages

Occupation Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

 Total, 16 years and older............................................................ $747 $765 $611 $855 $535

Management, professional, and related occupations........................... 1,063 1,080 857 1,263 876

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations............ 1,155 1,169 956 1,258 900

 Management occupations......................................................... 1,230 1,248 963 1,428 933

 Business and financial operations occupations.............................. 1,036 1,048 945 1,147 854

 Professional and related occupations............................................. 1,008 1,019 810 1,265 860

 Computer and mathematical occupations.................................... 1,289 1,267 950 1,480 1,121

 Architecture and engineering occupations..................................... 1,255 1,241 1,156 1,507 1,063

 Life, physical, and social science occupations.............................. 1,062 1,091 917 1,044 936

 Community and social services occupations................................. 802 829 747 866 729

 Legal occupations.................................................................. 1,213 1,249 917 1,242 852

 Education, training, and library occupations................................. 913 931 753 1,005 830

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations............ 920 918 808 1,013 712

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................... 986 999 803 1,177 897

Service occupations..................................................................... 479 485 444 508 411

 Healthcare support occupations................................................... 471 475 443 568 429

 Protective service occupations...................................................... 747 799 600 596 727

 Food preparation and serving related occupations........................... 406 402 398 496 381

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations............ 446 453 422 453 399

 Personal care and service occupations........................................... 455 457 425 499 419

Sales and office occupations......................................................... 631 642 583 675 554

 Sales and related occupations...................................................... 666 697 501 652 507

 Office and administrative support occupations................................. 619 621 605 694 577

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations............ 719 723 693 696 525

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations...................................... 416 420 377 308 377

 Construction and extraction occupations....................................... 709 715 691 612 531

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations............................. 794 799 739 786 671

43

, , p p

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............... 599 614 532 533 484

 Production occupations............................................................... 599 618 521 516 482

 Transportation and material moving occupations............................... 599 610 544 619 488

See note at end of table.

43
47

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, 

 sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued

Occupation Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

 Men, 16 years and older............................................................ $824 $850 $633 $936 $560

Management, professional, and related occupations........................... 1,256 1,273 957 1,408 1,002

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations............ 1,363 1,388 1,027 1,439 1,026

 Management occupations......................................................... 1,414 1,434 997 1,568 1,025

 Business and financial operations occupations.............................. 1,227 1,254 1,060 1,136 1,026

 Professional and related occupations............................................. 1,179 1,191 933 1,396 970

 Computer and mathematical occupations.................................... 1,349 1,344 978 1,527 1,157

 Architecture and engineering occupations..................................... 1,293 1,282 1,172 1,515 1,109

 Life, physical, and social science occupations.............................. 1,158 1,174 895 1,243 945

 Community and social services occupations................................. 864 882 741 1,117 714

 Legal occupations.................................................................. 1,674 1,768 992 1,145 1,032

 Education, training, and library occupations................................. 1,065 1,084 841 1,138 936

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations............ 977 973 914 1,146 825

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................... 1,233 1,274 925 1,269 1,010

Service occupations..................................................................... 543 559 498 555 437

 Healthcare support occupations................................................... 515 512 514 514 498

 Protective service occupations...................................................... 800 847 623 632 759

 Food preparation and serving related occupations........................... 423 418 412 569 395

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations............ 493 497 469 498 423

 Personal care and service occupations........................................... 519 560 467 548 454

Sales and office occupations......................................................... 736 761 596 715 589

 Sales and related occupations...................................................... 805 839 619 694 606

 Office and administrative support occupations................................. 656 673 584 734 578

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations............ 726 730 707 733 538

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations...................................... 438 445 374 312 393

 Construction and extraction occupations....................................... 710 716 690 630 533

44

Co st uct o a d e t act o occupat o s 0 6 690 630 533

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations............................. 799 803 752 802 673

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............... 640 661 576 596 510

 Production occupations............................................................... 664 686 597 564 510

 Transportation and material moving occupations............................... 618 633 559 656 509

See note at end of table.

44
48

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, 

 sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued

Occupation Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

 Women, 16 years and older......................................................... $669 $684 $592 $773 $508

Management, professional, and related occupations........................... 923 932 812 1,143 789

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations............ 971 972 925 1,160 798

 Management occupations......................................................... 1,018 1,023 944 1,176 822

 Business and financial operations occupations.............................. 914 907 893 1,153 767

 Professional and related occupations............................................. 900 912 764 1,132 782

 Computer and mathematical occupations.................................... 1,135 1,103 863 1,400 980

 Architecture and engineering occupations..................................... 1,040 1,025 761 1,420 874

 Life, physical, and social science occupations.............................. 977 988 974 955 920

 Community and social services occupations................................. 774 799 748 805 735

 Legal occupations.................................................................. 974 981 877 1,270 807

 Education, training, and library occupations................................. 862 880 734 907 774

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations............ 834 836 748 773 645

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................... 933 945 778 1,146 872

Service occupations..................................................................... 423 423 420 473 387

 Healthcare support occupations................................................... 465 471 435 575 422

 Protective service occupations...................................................... 606 647 556 480 573

 Food preparation and serving related occupations........................... 387 385 384 424 352

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations............ 391 388 395 409 360

 Personal care and service occupations........................................... 432 429 422 478 412

Sales and office occupations......................................................... 597 600 577 643 532

 Sales and related occupations...................................................... 516 529 422 594 437

 Office and administrative support occupations................................. 612 612 612 667 577

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations............ 537 537 616 406 362

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations...................................... 369 371 383 299 346

 Construction and extraction occupations....................................... 646 627 729 406 371

45

Co st uct o a d e t act o occupat o s 6 6 6 9 06 3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations............................. 683 704 629 462 631

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............... 473 473 469 479 385

 Production occupations............................................................... 481 485 455 484 399

 Transportation and material moving occupations............................... 447 432 493 426 365

 NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

45
49

Technical Note

The estimates in this report were obtained from the 

Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly 

sample survey of approximately 60,000 households 

that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, 

employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected 

from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is 

conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by 

the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District 

of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with 

appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. 

This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals 

upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay 

Service: (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 

16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, 

such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active 

duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed persons. All persons who, during the reference 

week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid 

employees; worked in their own business, profession, or 

on their own farm; or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid 

workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family; 

and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs 

or businesses from which they were temporarily absent 

because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, 

maternity or paternity leave, labor-management dispute, job 

training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not 

they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.

Unemployed persons. All persons who had no employment 

during the reference week, were available for work (except 

for temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find 

employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with 

the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled 

to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been 

looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of 

time (through the reference week) that persons classified as 

unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full 

weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; 

median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of 

unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they 

began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are 

divided into four major groups:

1. Job losers, comprising (a) persons on temporary layoff, 

who have been given a date to return to work or who 

expect to return within 6 months (persons on layoff 

need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), 

(b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended 

involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) 

persons who completed temporary jobs, who began 

looking for work after the jobs ended.

2. Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated 

their employment voluntarily and immediately began 

looking for work.

3. Reentrants, persons who previously worked but who 

were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job 

search.

4. New entrants, persons who had never worked.

Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as 

employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This represents the number of unemployed persons as a percent of the labor force.

Participation rate. This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force.

Employment-population ratio. This represents the proportion 

of the population that is employed.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons 

in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed. Persons marginally attached to 

the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force who wanted and were available for work and had 

looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since 

the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 

months). They were not counted as unemployed because 

they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the 

survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally at-
50

tached, were not looking for work because they believed no 

jobs were available for them.

Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job 

held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs 

are classified in the occupation and industry in which they 

worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and 

industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2002 Census Occupational Classification system and the 2007 Census 

Industrial Classification system, which are derived from the 

2000 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2007 

North American Industry Classification (NAICS). Additional 

information about these classifications is available online at 

http://www. bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

White, Black or African American, and Asian. These are 

terms used to describe the race of persons. Beginning in 

2003, persons in these categories are those who selected that 

race group only. (Previously, persons identified a group as 

their main race.) Persons in the remaining race categories—

American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other 

Pacific Islander, and persons who selected more than one race 

category—are included in the estimates of total employment 

and unemployment but are not shown separately because the 

number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality. In the enumeration process, race 

is determined by the household respondent. More information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic 

ethnicity is available on the BLS website at http://www.bls.

gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified 

as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More information 

on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.

pdf.

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes 

and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of 

multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than 

weekly (for example, annual, monthly, hourly) are converted 

to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the 

weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the 

sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all 

self-employed persons regardless of whether their businesses 

were incorporated).

Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part 

having values above the median and the other having values 

below the median. The medians shown in this publication are 

calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval 

within which each median falls.

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, 

or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of 

one family. Families are classified either as married-couple 

families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses present.

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and 

include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. 

Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the “true” population values 

they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 

1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because 

of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to 

obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability 

or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.

A full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS 

and information on estimating standard errors is available 

online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.