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July 2018 
                    Report 1074

				 
			


		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		

		
		
































				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Highlights from the 2016 data
Educational attainment
Occupation
Families
Unrelated individuals
Labor market problems 
                          Statistical Tables 
						  
                          Technical Notes
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     A profile of the working poor, 2016
A profile of the working poor, 2016 imageIn 2016, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, about 40.6 million people, or 12.7 percent of the nation’s population, lived below the poverty level.1 (See the technical notes section for examples of poverty levels.) Although the poor were primarily children and adults who had not participated in the labor force during the year, 7.6 million individuals were among the “working poor” in 2016, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics; this measure was down from 2015. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the poverty level. In 2016, the working-poor rate—the ratio of the working poor to all individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks—was 4.9 percent, down 0.7 percentage point from the previous year. (See table A, chart 1, and table 1.)**Highlights from the 2016 data**Full-time workers continued to be much less likely to be among the working poor than were part-time workers. Among people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 3.1 percent of those usually employed full time were classified as working poor, compared with 12.2 percent of part-time workers (table 1).Women were more likely than men to be among the working poor. In addition, Blacks or African Americans and Hispanics or Latinos2 continued to be about twice as likely as Whites and Asians to be among the working poor. (See table 2 and chart 2.)The likelihood of being classified as working poor diminishes as workers attain higher levels of education. Among those with less than a high school diploma, 13.7 percent of those who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks were classified as working poor, compared with 1.4 percent of college graduates. (See table 3.)Individuals who were employed in service occupations continued to be more likely to be among the working poor than those employed in other major occupational groups. (See table 4.)Among families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, those with children under 18 years old were about 5 times as likely as those without children to live in poverty. Families maintained by women were twice as likely as families maintained by men to be living below the poverty level. (See table 5.)Table A. Poverty status of people and primary families in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2007–16(numbers in thousands)Characteristic2007200820092010201120122013201420152016Total in the labor force1146,567147,838147,902146,859147,475148,735149,483150,319152,230153,364In poverty7,5218,88310,39110,51210,38210,61210,4509,4878,5607,572Working-poor rate5.16.07.07.27.07.17.06.35.64.9Unrelated individuals33,22632,78533,79834,09933,73134,81035,06135,01835,95335,789In poverty2,5583,2753,9473,9473,6213,8514,1413,3953,1372,792Working-poor rate7.710.011.711.610.711.111.89.78.77.8Primary families265,15865,90765,46764,93166,22566,54166,46266,73267,19367,628In poverty4,1694,5385,1935,2695,4695,4785,1375,1084,6074,082Working-poor rate6.46.97.98.18.38.27.77.76.96.01Includes individuals in families, not shown separately.2Primary families with at least one member in the labor force for more than half the year.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).This report presents data on the relationship between labor force activity and poverty status in 2016 for workers and their families. These data were collected in the 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report, see the technical notes.) The specific income thresholds used to determine people’s poverty status vary, depending on whether the individuals are living with family members or are living alone or with nonrelatives. For family members, the poverty threshold is determined by their family’s total income; for individuals not living in families, their personal income is used as the determinant.View Chart DataChart 1. Working-poor rate of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 1986–2016YearPercent19866.219875.519885.419895.319905.519916.119926.319936.719946.219955.919965.819975.719985.419995.120004.720014.920025.320035.320045.620055.420065.120075.120086.020097.020107.220117.020127.120137.020146.320155.620164.9Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).**Demographic characteristics**Among those who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more in 2016, the number of women classified as working poor (4.1 million) was higher than that of men (3.4 million). The working-poor rate also continued to be higher for women, at 5.8 percent, than for men, at 4.2 percent, (table 2). The working-poor rates for both women and men were down from a year earlier.Blacks and Hispanics were about twice as likely as Whites and Asians to be among the working poor. In 2016, the working-poor rates of Blacks and Hispanics were 8.7 percent and 8.5 percent, respectively, compared with 4.3 percent for Whites and 3.5 percent for Asians (table 2).Among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, the working-poor rate was higher for women than for men. The rates for White women and men who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force were 4.9 percent and 3.9 percent, respectively. The rate for Black women was 10.5 percent, compared with 6.7 percent for Black men. The working-poor rate for Hispanic women was 9.6 percent, while that of Hispanic men stood at 7.8 percent. Among Asians, the rates for women and men were little different from each other: 4.0 percent and 3.1 percent, respectively (table 2 and chart 2).View Chart DataChart 2. Working-poor rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016GenderTotalWhiteBlackAsianHispanicTotal4.94.38.73.58.5Men4.23.96.73.17.8Women5.84.910.54.09.6Young workers are more likely to be below the poverty level than are workers in older age groups, in part because earnings are lower for young workers and the unemployment rate for young workers is higher. The working-poor rate of employed youths 20 to 24 years old was 8.7 percent in 2016, considerably higher than the rates for workers ages 35 to 44 (5.6 percent) and 55 to 64 (2.8 percent). Workers age 65 and older had a working-poor rate of 1.5 percent (table 2).**Educational attainment**Achieving higher levels of education reduces the incidence of living in poverty. Individuals who complete more years of education usually have greater access to higher paying jobs—such as management, professional, and related occupations—than those with fewer years of education. Of all the people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more in 2016, those with less than a high school diploma had a working-poor rate (13.7 percent) nearly twice that of high school graduates with no college (6.9 percent). Workers with some college or an associate’s degree and those with a bachelor’s degree or higher had the lowest working-poor rates (5.1 percent and 1.4 percent, respectively). In 2016, at all levels of educational attainment, women were more likely than men to be among the working poor. Blacks and Hispanics with a bachelor’s degree or higher were about twice as likely as Whites and Asians with the same educational attainment to be among the working poor (table 3).**Occupation**The likelihood of being among the working poor varies widely by occupation. Workers in occupations requiring higher education and characterized by relatively high earnings—such as management, professional, and related occupations—were least likely to be classified as working poor, at 1.6 percent in 2016. By contrast, individuals employed in service occupations, which typically do not require high levels of education and are characterized by relatively low earnings, were more likely to be among the working poor, at 10.7 percent. Individuals employed in service occupations, with 2.8 million working poor, accounted for 39 percent of all those classified as workers below the poverty level (7.1 million). Among those employed in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, 5.7 percent were classified as working poor (table 4).**Families**In 2016, 4.1 million families were living below the poverty level despite having at least one member in the labor force for half the year or more. This figure is down from 4.6 million in 2015. Married-couple families with only one member in the labor force in 2016 were less likely to be living below the poverty level, at 7.7 percent, than were families maintained by men, at 11.6 percent, and maintained by women, at 21.5 percent (table 5).Among families, those with children in the household were much more likely to live below the poverty level, (9.7 percent) than those without children (2.2 percent). Families maintained by women with children had a working-poor rate of 22.8 percent, more than double that of families maintained by men with children, at 11.2 percent. Both of these rates were higher than that for married-couple families with children (5.3 percent).**Unrelated individuals**The “unrelated individuals” category includes individuals who live by themselves or with others not related to them. Of the 35.8 million unrelated individuals who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2.8 million lived below the poverty level in 2016, down from 3.1 million a year earlier. The working-poor rate for unrelated individuals was 7.8 percent, a decrease of 0.9 percentage point from last year’s figure. (See table 6.)Within the group of unrelated individuals, teenagers (those ages 16 to 19) continued to be the most likely to be among the working poor, at 38.2 percent, followed by those ages 20 to 24, at 15.6 percent, in 2016. Overall, the working-poor rate for men living alone or with nonrelatives was 6.8 percent, and the rate for women was 9.0 percent. The working-poor rates for unrelated individuals were higher for Blacks and Hispanics (11.4 percent and 10.8 percent, respectively) than for Whites (7.1 percent) and Asians (5.6 percent). (See table 7.)Of the 2.8 million unrelated individuals considered to be among the working poor in 2016, 3 out of 5 lived with others. These individuals had a much higher working-poor rate, at 9.6 percent, than individuals who lived alone (6.1 percent). Many unrelated individuals living below the poverty level may live with others out of necessity. Conversely, many of those who live alone may do so because they have sufficient income to support themselves. Unrelated individuals’ poverty status, however, is determined by each person’s resources. The pooling of resources and sharing of living expenses may permit some individuals in this category—who are technically classified as poor—to live at a higher standard than they would have if they lived alone.**Labor market problems**Even though people who usually work full time are less likely to live in poverty, there were still 3.4 million (or 2.9 percent) full-time wage and salary workers who were classified as working poor in 2016—down from 3.8 million a year earlier. (See table 8.)There are three major labor market problems that can hinder a worker’s ability to earn an income above the poverty threshold: periods of unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, and low earnings. (See the technical notes for detailed definitions.)In 2016, 81 percent of the working poor who usually work full time experienced at least one of the major labor market problems mentioned above. Low earnings continued to be the most common problem among workers experiencing only one labor market problem, at 77 percent, followed by unemployment (21 percent). Among workers experiencing multiple labor market problems, those who experienced unemployment and low earnings had the highest rate below poverty level, at 35.7 percent (table 8).Some 659,000, or 19 percent, of the working poor who usually worked full time did not experience any of the three primary labor market problems in 2016. Their classification as working poor may be explained by other factors, including short-term employment, some weeks of voluntary part-time work, or a family structure that increases the risk of poverty.Notes
			
 
 
 1*Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016*, Current Population Reports, P60-259 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2017), table 3, https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/demo/P60-259.pdf
 2 People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.
	
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                


Table 1. People in the labor force: poverty status and work experience, by weeks in the labor force, 2016 (numbers in thousands)
Poverty status and work experience
Total in labor force
27 weeks or more in labor forceTotal
50 to 52 weeks**Total**Total in the labor force
166,221
153,364
140,137Did not work during the year
2,583
1,199
983Worked during the year
163,638
152,165
139,153Usual full-time workers
130,560
126,083
118,837Usual part-time workers
33,078
26,082
20,317Involuntary part-time workers
7,240
6,321
5,242Voluntary part-time workers
25,838
19,761
15,075**At or above poverty level**Total in the labor force
156,199
145,792
133,857Did not work during the year
1,663
732
582Worked during the year
154,536
145,060
133,275Usual full-time workers
125,793
122,157
115,476Usual part-time workers
28,743
22,903
17,799Involuntary part-time workers
5,648
4,990
4,121Voluntary part-time workers
23,096
17,913
13,677**Below poverty level**Total in the labor force
10,021
7,572
6,280Did not work during the year
920
466
401Worked during the year
9,101
7,105
5,878Usual full-time workers
4,767
3,926
3,361Usual part-time workers
4,335
3,179
2,518Involuntary part-time workers
1,592
1,331
1,120Voluntary part-time workers
2,742
1,848
1,397**Rate1**Total in the labor force
6.0
4.9
4.5Did not work during the year
35.6
38.9
40.8Worked during the year
5.6
4.7
4.2Usual full-time workers
3.7
3.1
2.8Usual part-time workers
13.1
12.2
12.4Involuntary part-time workers
22.0
21.1
21.4Voluntary part-time workers
10.6
9.4
9.31 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).



Table 2. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 (numbers in thousands)
Age and gender
Total
Below poverty level
Rate1Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino**Total, 16 years and older**
153,364
120,202
18,864
9,418
25,673
7,572
5,222
1,649
330
2,192
4.9
4.3
8.7
3.5
8.516 to 19 years
3,471
2,704
431
108
673
355
249
76
10
98
10.2
9.2
17.6
9.1
14.520 to 24 years
13,310
10,145
1,901
582
2,989
1,156
779
247
43
272
8.7
7.7
13.0
7.5
9.125 to 34 years
34,828
26,280
4,779
2,374
6,907
2,204
1,441
540
91
669
6.3
5.5
11.3
3.8
9.735 to 44 years
31,930
24,345
4,136
2,373
6,290
1,783
1,257
391
62
651
5.6
5.2
9.4
2.6
10.445 to 54 years
33,012
26,115
3,967
2,128
5,126
1,180
847
207
85
334
3.6
3.2
5.2
4.0
6.555 to 64 years
26,862
22,125
2,757
1,445
2,895
745
547
152
31
137
2.8
2.5
5.5
2.1
4.765 years and older
9,951
8,488
894
407
791
149
102
37
9
30
1.5
1.2
4.1
2.3
3.8**Men, 16 years and older**
81,679
65,240
8,893
5,018
14,682
3,431
2,516
599
156
1,139
4.2
3.9
6.7
3.1
7.816 to 19 years
1,659
1,303
201
49
337
168
121
38
4
51
10.1
9.3
19.1
-
15.120 to 24 years
6,916
5,356
910
280
1,630
458
331
81
13
133
6.6
6.2
8.9
4.8
8.225 to 34 years
18,766
14,347
2,352
1,326
4,046
998
698
187
50
345
5.3
4.9
7.9
3.7
8.535 to 44 years
17,349
13,602
1,894
1,288
3,715
839
621
153
33
344
4.8
4.6
8.1
2.6
9.345 to 54 years
17,427
14,132
1,809
1,102
2,907
544
420
70
36
178
3.1
3.0
3.8
3.2
6.155 to 64 years
13,945
11,613
1,303
752
1,606
341
260
56
15
69
2.4
2.2
4.3
2.0
4.365 years and older
5,617
4,886
425
222
442
83
65
13
5
19
1.5
1.3
3.0
2.3
4.2**Women, 16 years and older**
71,685
54,962
9,971
4,400
10,991
4,140
2,707
1,050
175
1,053
5.8
4.9
10.5
4.0
9.616 to 19 years
1,812
1,400
229
59
336
187
127
37
6
47
10.3
9.1
16.3
-
14.020 to 24 years
6,394
4,789
991
302
1,360
698
449
165
30
139
10.9
9.4
16.7
9.9
10.225 to 34 years
16,062
11,932
2,427
1,049
2,862
1,206
743
353
41
324
7.5
6.2
14.5
3.9
11.335 to 44 years
14,581
10,743
2,242
1,085
2,575
943
636
237
28
307
6.5
5.9
10.6
2.6
11.945 to 54 years
15,585
11,983
2,158
1,026
2,219
636
427
137
49
156
4.1
3.6
6.4
4.8
7.055 to 64 years
12,917
10,511
1,454
693
1,289
404
288
95
16
69
3.1
2.7
6.6
2.3
5.365 years and older
4,334
3,602
469
185
349
66
37
24
4
11
1.5
1.0
5.1
2.3
3.21 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash represents zero, rounds to zero, or indicates that base is less than 80,000.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).



Table 3. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status, by educational attainment, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 2016 (numbers in thousands)
Educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Below poverty level
Rate1Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women**Total, 16 years and older**
153,364
81,679
71,685
7,572
3,431
4,140
4.9
4.2
5.8Less than a high school diploma
12,094
7,586
4,507
1,651
875
777
13.7
11.5
17.2Less than 1 year of high school
3,895
2,613
1,282
532
310
222
13.6
11.8
17.31–3 years of high school
6,366
3,849
2,516
923
481
442
14.5
12.5
17.64 years of high school, no diploma
1,833
1,124
710
196
84
113
10.7
7.5
15.9High school graduates, no college2
40,857
23,963
16,894
2,831
1,380
1,451
6.9
5.8
8.6Some college or associate's degree
44,263
22,032
22,231
2,276
879
1,398
5.1
4.0
6.3Some college, no degree
27,817
14,322
13,495
1,658
657
1,000
6.0
4.6
7.4Associate's degree
16,446
7,710
8,736
619
221
397
3.8
2.9
4.5Bachelor's degree and higher3
56,150
28,098
28,052
813
298
515
1.4
1.1
1.8**White, 16 years and older**
120,202
65,240
54,962
5,222
2,516
2,707
4.3
3.9
4.9Less than a high school diploma
9,464
6,178
3,286
1,238
712
527
13.1
11.5
16.0Less than 1 year of high school
3,216
2,225
992
454
283
171
14.1
12.7
17.21–3 years of high school
4,910
3,095
1,815
645
370
275
13.1
12.0
15.14 years of high school, no diploma
1,338
858
480
139
58
81
10.4
6.8
16.8High school graduates, no college2
31,809
19,142
12,667
1,923
997
926
6.0
5.2
7.3Some college or associate's degree
34,511
17,485
17,026
1,477
585
892
4.3
3.3
5.2Some college, no degree
21,238
11,158
10,080
1,077
427
650
5.1
3.8
6.4Associate's degree
13,273
6,327
6,946
400
158
242
3.0
2.5
3.5Bachelor's degree and higher3
44,418
22,435
21,982
585
222
362
1.3
1.0
1.6**Black or African American, 16 years and older**
18,864
8,893
9,971
1,649
599
1,050
8.7
6.7
10.5Less than a high school diploma
1,487
765
722
282
100
182
19.0
13.1
25.2Less than 1 year of high school
291
159
132
31
6
25
10.7
4.0
18.91–3 years of high school
898
442
456
209
77
132
23.3
17.5
28.94 years of high school, no diploma
298
163
135
42
16
26
14.1
9.9
19.3High school graduates, no college2
5,934
3,159
2,775
662
256
406
11.2
8.1
14.6Some college or associate's degree
6,393
2,837
3,556
576
197
379
9.0
6.9
10.7Some college, no degree
4,313
1,950
2,364
418
153
265
9.7
7.8
11.2Associate's degree
2,080
888
1,192
158
44
114
7.6
5.0
9.5Bachelor's degree and higher3
5,049
2,132
2,917
129
46
83
2.5
2.1
2.8**Asian, 16 years and older**
9,418
5,018
4,400
330
156
175
3.5
3.1
4.0Less than a high school diploma
525
267
259
43
21
22
8.2
7.8
8.5Less than 1 year of high school
211
103
108
16
4
11
7.4
4.1
10.61–3 years of high school
207
110
96
17
10
7
8.3
9.1
7.44 years of high school, no diploma
108
53
55
10
7
3
9.3
-
-High school graduates, no college2
1,701
893
808
111
58
52
6.5
6.5
6.5Some college or associate's degree
1,774
910
864
102
49
53
5.8
5.4
6.2Some college, no degree
1,160
625
535
77
38
39
6.7
6.1
7.4Associate's degree
613
285
329
25
11
14
4.1
3.9
4.2Bachelor's degree and higher3
5,418
2,948
2,470
74
27
47
1.4
0.9
1.9Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and older
25,673
14,682
10,991
2,192
1,139
1,053
8.5
7.8
9.6Less than a high school diploma
6,044
4,028
2,016
889
516
374
14.7
12.8
18.5Less than 1 year of high school
2,933
2,030
903
439
262
176
15.0
12.9
19.51–3 years of high school
2,396
1,529
867
382
221
161
15.9
14.5
18.54 years of high school, no diploma
714
469
245
69
32
36
9.6
6.9
14.9High school graduates, no college2
8,162
5,016
3,145
786
421
365
9.6
8.4
11.6Some college or associate's degree
6,890
3,440
3,450
391
152
239
5.7
4.4
6.9Some college, no degree
4,742
2,417
2,324
308
127
180
6.5
5.3
7.8Associate's degree
2,148
1,022
1,126
84
25
59
3.9
2.5
5.2Bachelor's degree and higher3
4,577
2,198
2,379
126
50
76
2.8
2.3
3.21 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.
2 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
3 Includes people with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash represents zero, rounds to zero, or indicates that base is less than 80,000.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).



Table 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year: poverty status, by occupation of longest job held, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 2016 (numbers in thousands)
**Occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity**
Total
Men
Women
Below poverty level
Rate1Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women**Total, 16 years and older2**
152,165
81,000
71,166
7,105
3,169
3,936
4.7
3.9
5.5Management, professional, and related occupations
60,375
29,110
31,264
943
368
575
1.6
1.3
1.8Management, business, and financial operations occupations
25,619
14,181
11,438
402
211
191
1.6
1.5
1.7Professional and related occupations
34,756
14,930
19,826
541
157
384
1.6
1.1
1.9Service occupations
26,177
11,437
14,741
2,800
1,000
1,800
10.7
8.7
12.2Sales and office occupations
33,203
12,770
20,433
1,615
458
1,156
4.9
3.6
5.7Sales and related occupations
15,553
7,739
7,814
892
247
645
5.7
3.2
8.3Office and administrative support occupations
17,650
5,031
12,619
723
211
511
4.1
4.2
4.1Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,277
13,568
709
814
741
73
5.7
5.5
10.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,195
896
299
117
83
35
9.8
9.2
11.6Construction and extraction occupations
8,052
7,816
235
570
544
26
7.1
7.0
11.0Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5,030
4,855
174
127
115
12
2.5
2.4
7.0Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
18,063
14,053
4,010
931
598
332
5.2
4.3
8.3Production occupations
8,630
6,187
2,443
391
228
163
4.5
3.7
6.7Transportation and material-moving occupations
9,433
7,866
1,567
540
371
169
5.7
4.7
10.8**White, 16 years and older2**
119,494
64,844
54,649
4,951
2,353
2,598
4.1
3.6
4.8Management, professional, and related occupations
48,478
23,647
24,831
698
299
399
1.4
1.3
1.6Management, business, and financial operations occupations
21,368
12,055
9,313
330
183
147
1.5
1.5
1.6Professional and related occupations
27,110
11,592
15,518
369
117
252
1.4
1.0
1.6Service occupations
18,957
8,474
10,483
1,854
677
1,177
9.8
8.0
11.2Sales and office occupations
26,020
10,142
15,878
1,063
331
733
4.1
3.3
4.6Sales and related occupations
12,466
6,481
5,985
590
193
397
4.7
3.0
6.6Office and administrative support occupations
13,554
3,661
9,893
473
137
335
3.5
3.8
3.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
12,410
11,796
614
702
642
60
5.7
5.4
9.8Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,086
815
272
112
81
31
10.3
9.9
11.4Construction and extraction occupations
7,037
6,838
200
483
461
21
6.9
6.7
10.7Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,286
4,144
143
108
100
8
2.5
2.4
5.5Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
13,581
10,745
2,836
631
400
230
4.6
3.7
8.1Production occupations
6,652
4,903
1,749
278
159
119
4.2
3.2
6.8Transportation and material-moving occupations
6,930
5,842
1,087
353
242
112
5.1
4.1
10.3**Black or African American, 16 years and older2**
18,515
8,698
9,817
1,494
517
977
8.1
5.9
10.0Management, professional, and related occupations
5,601
2,150
3,451
139
38
101
2.5
1.8
2.9Management, business, and financial operations occupations
2,015
927
1,088
42
14
28
2.1
1.5
2.6Professional and related occupations
3,587
1,223
2,364
96
24
72
2.7
1.9
3.1Service occupations
4,591
1,862
2,728
660
194
466
14.4
10.4
17.1Sales and office occupations
4,276
1,452
2,824
405
81
324
9.5
5.6
11.5Sales and related occupations
1,741
633
1,109
208
26
182
12.0
4.1
16.5Office and administrative support occupations
2,535
820
1,716
196
55
141
7.8
6.7
8.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1,076
1,023
53
71
65
5
6.6
6.4
-Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
63
50
13
1
1
-
-
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
603
579
25
64
60
5
10.6
10.3
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
410
395
15
5
4
1
1.2
1.1
-Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
2,958
2,198
760
220
139
81
7.4
6.3
10.7Production occupations
1,176
784
392
80
47
33
6.8
6.0
8.5Transportation and material-moving occupations
1,782
1,413
368
140
92
48
7.9
6.5
13.0**Asian, 16 years and older2**
9,330
4,966
4,364
313
150
162
3.4
3.0
3.7Management, professional, and related occupations
4,828
2,648
2,180
67
23
44
1.4
0.9
2.0Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,655
927
729
19
11
8
1.1
1.2
1.0Professional and related occupations
3,173
1,721
1,451
48
12
36
1.5
0.7
2.5Service occupations
1,516
608
908
135
58
76
8.9
9.6
8.4Sales and office occupations
1,783
789
994
64
38
26
3.6
4.8
2.6Sales and related occupations
887
444
443
47
25
21
5.3
5.7
4.8Office and administrative support occupations
896
345
551
17
13
4
1.9
3.7
0.8Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
329
312
18
11
8
3
3.4
2.4
-Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
9
1
8
-
-
-
-
-
-Construction and extraction occupations
157
155
2
3
3
-
1.9
2.0
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
164
156
8
8
5
3
4.9
2.9
-Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
870
606
264
36
23
13
4.2
3.9
4.9Production occupations
507
307
200
15
7
8
2.9
2.4
3.8Transportation and material-moving occupations
363
299
64
22
16
6
5.9
5.4
-**Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and older2**
25,446
14,558
10,888
2,100
1,097
1,003
8.3
7.5
9.2Management, professional, and related occupations
5,569
2,569
3,000
174
71
103
3.1
2.8
3.4Management, business, and financial operations occupations
2,429
1,285
1,143
97
54
42
4.0
4.2
3.7Professional and related occupations
3,141
1,284
1,857
77
16
61
2.5
1.3
3.3Service occupations
6,264
2,928
3,336
845
343
501
13.5
11.7
15.0Sales and office occupations
5,333
2,090
3,243
352
113
238
6.6
5.4
7.4Sales and related occupations
2,467
1,183
1,283
195
72
124
7.9
6.1
9.6Office and administrative support occupations
2,866
907
1,960
156
41
115
5.5
4.6
5.9Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
4,308
4,047
261
409
373
35
9.5
9.2
13.6Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
535
382
153
65
43
22
12.1
11.2
14.5Construction and extraction occupations
2,770
2,706
64
279
271
8
10.1
10.0
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
1,004
959
44
65
60
5
6.4
6.2
-Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
3,963
2,917
1,046
320
196
125
8.1
6.7
11.9Production occupations
1,970
1,280
689
158
90
68
8.0
7.0
9.9Transportation and material-moving occupations
1,993
1,636
357
162
106
56
8.1
6.5
15.81 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year.
2 Estimates for the occupational groups do not sum to totals because data include the long-term unemployed with no previous work experience and a small number of people whose last job was in the Armed Forces.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash represents zero, rounds to zero, or indicates that base is less than 80,000.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).



Table 5. Primary families: poverty status, presence of related children, and work experience of family members in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2016 (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Total families
At or above poverty level
Below poverty level
Rate1**Total primary families**
67,628
63,546
4,082
6.0With related children under 18 years
34,681
31,333
3,347
9.7Without children
32,947
32,213
734
2.2With one member in the labor force
29,090
25,547
3,542
12.2With two or more members in the labor force
38,538
37,999
539
1.4With two members
32,140
31,645
495
1.5With three or more members
6,399
6,355
44
0.7**Married-couple families2**
49,798
48,156
1,642
3.3With related children under 18 years
24,224
22,941
1,283
5.3Without children
25,574
25,215
359
1.4With one member in the labor force
17,231
15,903
1,328
7.7Husband
12,160
11,176
985
8.1Wife
4,303
4,030
272
6.3Relative
768
696
72
9.3With two or more members in the labor force
32,567
32,253
313
1.0With two members
27,537
27,246
290
1.1With three or more members
5,030
5,007
23
0.5**Families maintained by women3**
12,253
10,262
1,991
16.2With related children under 18 years
7,701
5,945
1,756
22.8Without children
4,552
4,317
235
5.2With one member in the labor force
8,497
6,674
1,823
21.5Householder
6,779
5,202
1,577
23.3Relative
1,718
1,472
246
14.3With two or more members in the labor force
3,756
3,588
168
4.5**Families maintained by men3**
5,577
5,129
449
8.0With related children under 18 years
2,756
2,447
309
11.2Without children
2,821
2,681
140
5.0With one member in the labor force
3,362
2,971
391
11.6Householder
2,684
2,403
280
10.5Relative
678
568
111
16.3With two or more members in the labor force
2,216
2,158
58
2.61 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year.
2 Opposite-sex married-couple families only.
3 No opposite-sex spouse present.
Note: Data relate to primary families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).



Table 6. People in families and unrelated individuals: poverty status and work experience, 2016 (numbers in thousands)
Poverty status and work experience
Total
In married-couple families1
In families maintained by women2
In families maintained by men2
Unrelated individualsHusbands
Wives
Related children under 18 years
Other relatives
Householder
Related children under 18 years
Other relatives
Householder
Related children under 18 years
Other relatives**Total**All people
254,413
60,187
60,772
5,687
21,691
15,551
2,223
14,565
6,409
704
7,214
59,411With labor force activity
166,221
45,407
37,550
1,501
13,519
10,816
497
8,969
4,875
163
4,665
38,2581 to 26 weeks
12,857
1,539
2,626
860
2,478
786
267
1,086
229
104
415
2,46827 weeks or more
153,364
43,868
34,924
641
11,041
10,030
230
7,883
4,647
60
4,250
35,789With no labor force activity
88,193
14,780
23,222
4,186
8,172
4,735
1,726
5,595
1,534
541
2,549
21,153**At or above poverty level**All people
225,760
57,112
57,678
5,380
20,808
11,416
1,492
12,406
5,565
569
6,479
46,856With labor force activity
156,199
43,987
36,823
1,458
13,289
8,683
386
8,255
4,475
129
4,421
34,2921 to 26 weeks
10,407
1,406
2,440
839
2,405
366
198
858
158
77
366
1,29427 weeks or more
145,792
42,581
34,383
618
10,884
8,317
188
7,398
4,317
52
4,055
32,998With no labor force activity
69,561
13,124
20,855
3,922
7,519
2,733
1,106
4,150
1,090
440
2,058
12,564**Below poverty level**All people
28,653
3,076
3,094
307
883
4,134
731
2,159
844
135
735
12,555With labor force activity
10,021
1,420
727
43
229
2,132
111
714
400
34
244
3,9661 to 26 weeks
2,450
133
186
20
72
420
69
228
70
27
49
1,17427 weeks or more
7,572
1,287
542
22
157
1,713
42
486
330
7
195
2,792With no labor force activity
18,632
1,656
2,367
265
653
2,002
620
1,445
444
100
491
8,589**Rate3**All people
11.3
5.1
5.1
5.4
4.1
26.6
32.9
14.8
13.2
19.1
10.2
21.1With labor force activity
6.0
3.1
1.9
2.8
1.7
19.7
22.4
8.0
8.2
20.8
5.2
10.41 to 26 weeks
19.1
8.7
7.1
2.4
2.9
53.4
26.0
21.0
30.8
25.8
11.9
47.627 weeks or more
4.9
2.9
1.6
3.5
1.4
17.1
18.3
6.2
7.1
-
4.6
7.8With no labor force activity
21.1
11.2
10.2
6.3
8.0
42.3
35.9
25.8
28.9
18.6
19.3
40.61 Opposite-sex married-couple families only.
2 No opposite-sex spouse present.
3 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total.
Note: Dash represents zero, rounds to zero, or indicates that base is less than 80,000.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).



Table 7. Unrelated individuals in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and living arrangement, 2016 (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Total
At or above poverty level
Below poverty level
Rate1**Age and gender**Total unrelated individuals
35,789
32,998
2,792
7.816 to 19 years
375
232
143
38.220 to 24 years
4,248
3,584
664
15.625 to 64 years
28,458
26,542
1,916
6.765 years and older
2,708
2,639
68
2.5Men
19,550
18,215
1,335
6.8Women
16,239
14,783
1,456
9.0**Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity**White
27,693
25,725
1,968
7.1Men
15,286
14,331
954
6.2Women
12,408
11,394
1,013
8.2Black or African American
5,238
4,640
598
11.4Men
2,732
2,439
293
10.7Women
2,506
2,201
305
12.2Asian
1,603
1,514
89
5.6Men
838
810
28
3.4Women
765
704
61
8.0Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
4,735
4,225
510
10.8Men
2,941
2,683
258
8.8Women
1,794
1,542
252
14.1**Living arrangement**Living alone
18,344
17,228
1,117
6.1Living with others
17,445
15,770
1,675
9.61 Number below the poverty level as percentage of total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).



Table 8. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: poverty status and labor market problems of full-time wage and salary workers, 2016 (numbers in thousands)
Labor market problems
Total
At or above poverty level
Below poverty level
Rate1**Total, full-time wage and salary workers**
119,915
116,480
3,435
2.9**No unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, or low earnings2**
102,040
101,381
659
0.6**Workers experiencing one labor market problem**Unemployment only
5,409
4,994
415
7.7Involuntary part-time employment only
2,612
2,566
46
1.8Low earnings only
6,900
5,389
1,510
21.9**Workers experiencing multiple labor market problems**Unemployment and involuntary part-time employment
786
690
96
12.2Unemployment and low earnings
1,163
748
415
35.7Involuntary part-time employment and low earnings
676
519
156
23.2Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, and low earnings
330
192
138
41.8**Workers experiencing each labor market problem**Unemployment (alone or with other problems)
7,688
6,624
1,064
13.8Involuntary part-time employment (alone or with other problems)
4,404
3,968
436
9.9Low earnings (alone or with other problems)
9,069
6,849
2,220
24.51 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.
2 The low-earnings threshold in 2016 was $353.25 per week.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).

Technical Notes
     
The data presented in this report were collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data from the CPS are used to obtain the monthly estimates of the nation’s employment and unemployment levels. The ASEC, conducted in the months of February through April, includes questions about work activity and income during the previous calendar year. For instance, data collected in 2017 refer to the 2016 calendar year.
Estimates in this report are based on a sample and, consequently, may differ from figures that would have been obtained from a complete count using the same questionnaire and procedures. Sampling variability may be relatively large in cases where the numbers are small. Thus, both small estimates and small differences between estimates should be interpreted with caution. For a detailed explanation of the ASEC, its sampling variability, more extensive definitions than those provided here, and additional information about income and poverty measures, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016,” *Current Population Reports*, p60-259 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2017), https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/demo/P60-259.pdf.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
Upon request, the information in this report will be made available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.
****Concepts and definitions****
*Poverty classification*. Poverty statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families, predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age.
The actual poverty thresholds vary because of the makeup of the family. In 2016, the weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four was $24,563; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $49,721; and for one person (unrelated individual), it was $12,228. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016,” https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/demo/P60-259.pdf.)
*Low earnings*. The low-earnings level, as first developed in 1987, represented the average of the real value of the minimum wage between 1967 and 1987 for a 40-hour workweek. The year 1967 was chosen as the base year because that was the first year in which minimum-wage legislation covered essentially the same broad group of workers that currently is covered. The low-earnings level has been adjusted each year since then in accordance with the CPI-U, so the measure maintains the same real value that it held in 1987. In 2016, the low-earnings threshold was $353.25 per week. For a complete definition, see Bruce W. Klein and Philip L. Rones, “A profile of the working poor,” *Monthly Labor Review*, October 1989, pp. 3–11, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1989/10/art1full.pdf.
*Income*. Data on income are limited to money income—before personal income taxes and payroll deductions—received in the calendar year preceding the CPS supplement. Data on income do not include the value of noncash benefits such as food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, public housing, and employer-provided benefits. For a complete definition of income, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016,” https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/demo/P60-259.pdf.
*Labor force*. People in the labor force are those who worked or looked for work sometime during the calendar year. The number of weeks in the labor force is accumulated over the entire year. The focus in this report is on people who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more.
*Working poor*. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level.
*Working-poor rate*. This rate is the number of individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level, as a percentage of all people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks during the calendar year.
*Involuntary part-time workers*. These are people who, during at least 1 week of the year, worked fewer than 35 hours because of slack work or business conditions or because they could not find full-time work. The number of weeks of involuntary part-time work is accumulated over the year.
*Occupation*. This term refers to the job in which a person worked the most weeks during the calendar year.
*Unemployed*. Unemployed people are those who looked for work while not employed or those who were on layoff from a job and were expecting to be recalled to that job. The number of weeks unemployed is accumulated over the entire year.
*Householder.* The householder is the family reference person. This is the person, or one of the persons, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The relationships of the other individuals in the household are defined in terms of their relationships to the householder. The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder.
*Family*. A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The count of families is for “primary” families only. A primary family consists of a householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. A subfamily is a family that does not maintain its own household, for example, a married couple living in the home of a friend and their family. Families include those with or without children under 18 years old. Families are classified either as married-couple families, which refers to opposite-sex married couples only, or as those maintained by men or women without opposite-sex spouses present. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner of either sex. Family status is determined at the time of the survey interview and, thus, may be different from that of the previous year.
*Unrelated individuals*. These are people who are not living with anyone related to them by birth, marriage, or adoption. Such individuals may live alone, reside in a nonrelated family household, or live in group quarters with other unrelated individuals.
*Related children*. These are children under age 18 that live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
*Race*. White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander are terms used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are included in totals, but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.*This term refers to people who identified themselves in the CPS enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Facebook
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