Internet address:  http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm
Technical information:  (202) 691-6378          USDL 01-21

                                                For release:  10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact:                691-5902          Thursday, January 18, 2001


                                     
                           UNION MEMBERS IN 2000
                                     
   The share of wage and salary workers who are union members averaged
13.5 percent in 2000 as compared with 13.9 percent in 1999, the U.S.
Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.  The
number of union members, 16.3 million, also fell slightly from its 1999
level.  The union membership rate has fallen from 20.1 percent in 1983, the
first year for which comparable data are available.  Some highlights from
the 2000 data are:

    --Nearly 4 in 10 government workers were union members, compared with
      less than 1 in 10 private sector employees.

    --Protective service workers, a group that includes police officers and
      fire fighters, had the highest unionization rate--39.4 percent.

    --Blacks were more likely than either whites or Hispanics to be union
      members.

Membership by Industry and Occupation
   
   In 2000, government workers continued to have a substantially higher
unionization rate (37.5 percent) than workers in the private sector (9.0
percent).  Within the public sector, local government workers--a group that
includes public school teachers as well as police and firefighters--had the
highest unionization rate at 43.2 percent.  Among the private
nonagricultural industries, the highest unionization rate occurred in
transportation and public utilities (24.0 percent).  Unionization rates in
manufacturing (14.8 percent) and in construction (18.3 percent) also were
well above the rates in other private nonagricultural industries.  Finance,
insurance, and real estate had the lowest unionization rate among private
nonagricultural industries--1.6 percent.  (See table 3.)
   
   Among the occupational groups, protective service workers continued to
have the highest unionization rate at 39.4 percent.  Precision production,
craft, and repair workers and operators, fabricators, and laborers had
union membership rates that were higher than most other occupational groups
at 21.9 percent and 19.8 percent, respectively.  Many workers in those
occupations are employed in the manufacturing and construction industries.
Professional specialty workers--an occupational group that includes
teachers--also had a higher unionization rate than most other occupational
groups at 19.3 percent.  The unionization rate was lowest in sales
occupations (3.5 percent).  (See table 3.)

                                  - 2 -

Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
   
   Union membership continued to be higher among men (15.2 percent) than
women (11.5 percent).  The gap in unionization rates between the sexes has
been closing; in 1983, the rate for men was 24.7 percent and the rate for
women was 14.6 percent.
   
   Blacks continued to have higher unionization rates (17.1 percent) than
whites (13.0 percent) and Hispanics (11.4 percent).  Among the major worker
groups, black men had the highest union membership rate (19.1 percent),
while white and Hispanic women had the lowest rates (10.9 and 10.2 percent,
respectively).  Workers ages 45 to 64 were more likely to be union members
than their younger and older counterparts.  Full-time workers were more
than twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members.  (See table 1.)
   
Union Representation of Nonmembers
   
   About 1.7 million wage and salary workers were represented at their
work place by a union in 2000, but were not union members themselves.  (See
table 1.)  About half of these workers were employed in government.  (See
table 3.)
   
Earnings
   
   In 2000, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $696,
compared with a median of $542 for wage and salary workers who were not
represented by unions.  (See table 2.)  The difference reflects a variety
of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement,
including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion
employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.  (For a
discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of union
status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee
earnings, see Kay E. Anderson, Philip M. Doyle, and Albert E. Schwenk,
"Measuring Union-Nonunion Earnings Differences," Monthly Labor Review, June
1990, pp. 26-38.)
   
Union Membership by State
   
   Every state in the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and Pacific
divisions had unionization rates of 15.0 percent or more in 2000.  In
contrast, every state in the East South Central, South Atlantic, or West
South Central divisions had union membership rates below 15 percent.  (See
chart and table 5.)
   
   Five states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2000--New
York, Hawaii, Alaska, Michigan, and New Jersey.  Two states had membership
rates below 5.0 percent--North Carolina and South Carolina.  Overall, 23
states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates above the
U.S. average (13.5 percent), while 27 states had lower rates.
   
   California (2.3 million), New York (2.0 million), and Illinois (1.0
million) had the greatest number of union members.  More than half (54
percent) of the 16.3 million union members in the U.S. lived in seven
states, though these states accounted for only 38 percent of wage and
salary employment nationally.
Technical Note
 
 
 
 The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force,
employment, and unemployment.  The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census from a
scientifically selected national sample of about 50,000 households.  The
union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the
CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers.  Excluded
are all self-employed workers.
 
 Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request.  Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates
 
 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error.  When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed,
there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent.  The exact difference, or sampling error,
varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate.  There is about a 90-
percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample
will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population
value because of sampling error.  BLS analyses are generally conducted at
the 90-percent level of confidence.
 
 The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.  Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
 
 For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and
information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.

Definitions
 
 The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly
below.
 
 Union members.  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
 
 Represented by unions.  Data refer to union members, as well as workers
who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an
employee association contract.
 
 Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other
deductions and include any overtime pay,  commissions, or tips usually
received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders).  Prior to
1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week.  Since
January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly,
annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time
period.  Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a
weekly equivalent.  The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent.  If
the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed
to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or
5 months.
 
 Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings
distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median
and the other having earnings below the median.
 
 The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly
earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples
of $50.  The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of
the interval in which the median lies.
 
 Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries,
commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates.  The group includes
employees in both the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of
the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed
persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
 
 Full-time workers.  Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at
their sole or principal job.
 
 Part-time workers.  Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week
at their sole or principal job.
 
 Hispanic origin.  Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American, or other Hispanic origin or descent.
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in
the numbers for the white and black populations.
     Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
     
     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    1999                                    2000                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                             Members of     Represented              Members of     Represented  
                                                             unions(1)       by unions(2)            unions(1)       by unions(2)
                    Characteristic                 Total                                   Total                                 
                                                    em-                                     em-                                  
                                                   ployed         Percent         Percent  ployed         Percent         Percent
                                                           Total     of    Total     of            Total     of    Total     of  
                                                                    em-             em-                     em-             em-  
                                                                   ployed          ployed                  ployed          ployed
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                     SEX AND AGE                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
      Total, 16 years and over................... 118,963  16,477   13.9   18,182   15.3  120,786  16,258   13.5   17,944   14.9 
       16 to 24 years............................  19,606   1,110    5.7    1,239    6.3   20,166   1,010    5.0    1,152    5.7 
       25 years and over.........................  99,358  15,367   15.5   16,943   17.1  100,620  15,248   15.2   16,792   16.7 
        25 to 34 years...........................  28,657   3,415   11.9    3,785   13.2   28,406   3,369   11.9    3,720   13.1 
        35 to 44 years...........................  32,438   4,918   15.2    5,428   16.7   32,470   4,822   14.9    5,293   16.3 
        45 to 54 years...........................  24,665   4,881   19.8    5,377   21.8   25,651   4,815   18.8    5,305   20.7 
        55 to 64 years...........................  10,880   1,932   17.8    2,107   19.4   11,204   1,998   17.8    2,193   19.6 
        65 years and over........................   2,718     221    8.1      247    9.1    2,889     243    8.4      281    9.7 
                                                                                                                                 
       Men, 16 years and over....................  61,914   9,949   16.1   10,758   17.4   62,853   9,578   15.2   10,355   16.5 
        16 to 24 years...........................  10,116     716    7.1      781    7.7   10,440     618    5.9      697    6.7 
        25 years and over........................  51,797   9,232   17.8    9,977   19.3   52,412   8,960   17.1    9,657   18.4 
         25 to 34 years..........................  15,330   2,142   14.0    2,325   15.2   15,197   2,030   13.4    2,207   14.5 
         35 to 44 years..........................  17,020   2,993   17.6    3,241   19.0   17,028   2,871   16.9    3,077   18.1 
         45 to 54 years..........................  12,395   2,800   22.6    3,026   24.4   12,898   2,739   21.2    2,956   22.9 
         55 to 64 years..........................   5,622   1,186   21.1    1,267   22.5    5,770   1,191   20.6    1,268   22.0 
         65 years and over.......................   1,431     111    7.7      118    8.2    1,519     129    8.5      148    9.8 
                                                                                                                                 
       Women, 16 years and over..................  57,050   6,528   11.4    7,425   13.0   57,933   6,680   11.5    7,590   13.1 
        16 to 24 years...........................   9,489     393    4.1      458    4.8    9,726     392    4.0      455    4.7 
        25 years and over........................  47,560   6,135   12.9    6,966   14.6   48,207   6,288   13.0    7,135   14.8 
         25 to 34 years..........................  13,327   1,273    9.6    1,460   11.0   13,209   1,340   10.1    1,513   11.5 
         35 to 44 years..........................  15,418   1,924   12.5    2,187   14.2   15,441   1,951   12.6    2,215   14.3 
         45 to 54 years..........................  12,270   2,081   17.0    2,351   19.2   12,752   2,077   16.3    2,348   18.4 
         55 to 64 years..........................   5,258     746   14.2      839   16.0    5,434     807   14.9      925   17.0 
         65 years and over.......................   1,287     110    8.5      129   10.0    1,370     114    8.3      133    9.7 
                                                                                                                                 
            RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                 
       White, 16 years and over..................  99,147  13,349   13.5   14,668   14.8  100,455  13,094   13.0   14,453   14.4 
         Men.....................................  52,492   8,246   15.7    8,896   16.9   53,105   7,911   14.9    8,541   16.1 
         Women...................................  46,655   5,103   10.9    5,771   12.4   47,350   5,183   10.9    5,912   12.5 
                                                                                                                                 
       Black, 16 years and over..................  14,346   2,463   17.2    2,757   19.2   14,544   2,489   17.1    2,744   18.9 
         Men.....................................   6,585   1,348   20.5    1,464   22.2    6,701   1,282   19.1    1,388   20.7 
         Women...................................   7,760   1,116   14.4    1,293   16.7    7,843   1,208   15.4    1,356   17.3 
                                                                                                                                 
       Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........  12,810   1,525   11.9    1,684   13.1   13,609   1,554   11.4    1,740   12.8 
         Men.....................................   7,457     966   13.0    1,052   14.1    7,884     972   12.3    1,063   13.5 
         Women...................................   5,353     559   10.4      632   11.8    5,725     582   10.2      677   11.8 
                                                                                                                                 
             FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(3)                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                 
       Full-time workers.........................  97,626  14,974   15.3   16,501   16.9   99,917  14,822   14.8   16,306   16.3 
       Part-time workers.........................  21,065   1,459    6.9    1,634    7.8   20,619   1,395    6.8    1,593    7.7 

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
       3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Beginning in 1994, these data will
     not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple
     jobholders.
         NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed
     workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.  Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups
     will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the
     white and black population groups.  Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household
     survey.
     Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    1999                                    2000                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                    Characteristic                           Members    Repre-                       Members    Repre-           
                                                    Total       of      sented     Non-     Total       of      sented     Non-  
                                                            unions(1)     by      union             unions(1)     by      union  
                                                                      unions(2)                               unions(2)          
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                     SEX AND AGE                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
      Total, 16 years and over...................    $549      $672      $667      $516      $576      $696      $691      $542  
       16 to 24 years............................     341       437       433       335       361       437       436       355  
       25 years and over.........................     592       688       683       569       611       709       705       592  
        25 to 34 years...........................     518       604       601       506       550       627       624       529  
        35 to 44 years...........................     611       691       687       594       631       716       712       614  
        45 to 54 years...........................     652       750       745       617       671       755       752       639  
        55 to 64 years...........................     604       696       697       582       617       727       723       592  
        65 years and over........................     404       616       623       381       442       577       565       422  
                                                                                                                                 
       Men, 16 years and over....................     618       711       708       599       646       739       737       620  
        16 to 24 years...........................     356       449       443       348       376       458       457       370  
        25 years and over........................     668       727       726       648       700       753       752       682  
         25 to 34 years..........................     577       627       623       560       603       678       675       591  
         35 to 44 years..........................     702       735       734       691       731       776       774       718  
         45 to 54 years..........................     763       789       787       751       777       801       799       769  
         55 to 64 years..........................     725       735       737       718       738       755       757       729  
         65 years and over.......................     470       666       665       421       537       613       613       514  
                                                                                                                                 
       Women, 16 years and over..................     473       608       606       449       491       616       613       472  
        16 to 24 years...........................     324       418       416       321       342       406       405       339  
        25 years and over........................     497       618       616       477       515       627       623       497  
         25 to 34 years..........................     470       557       555       457       493       579       578       483  
         35 to 44 years..........................     503       612       611       486       520       605       604       506  
         45 to 54 years..........................     534       686       679       502       565       697       692       522  
         55 to 64 years..........................     492       623       621       467       505       659       647       481  
         65 years and over.......................     370       567       596       329       378       485       484       365  
                                                                                                                                 
            RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                 
       White, 16 years and over..................     573       692       689       534       591       716       711       565  
         Men.....................................     638       731       730       615       669       757       755       641  
         Women...................................     483       619       618       461       500       631       627       482  
                                                                                                                                 
       Black, 16 years and over..................     445       575       575       415       468       596       590       436  
         Men.....................................     488       588       589       459       503       619       614       479  
         Women...................................     409       548       545       388       429       564       555       408  
                                                                                                                                 
       Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........     385       561       559       363       396       584       580       377  
         Men.....................................     406       604       597       384       414       631       620       394  
         Women...................................     348       490       490       329       364       489       492       346  

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
         NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed workers
     regardlesses of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.  Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will
     not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white
     and black population groups.  Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household
     survey.

     Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
     
     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    1999                                    2000                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                             Members of     Represented              Members of     Represented  
                                                             unions(1)       by unions(2)            unions(1)       by unions(2)
               Occupation and industry             Total                                   Total                                 
                                                    em-                                     em-                                  
                                                   ployed         Percent         Percent  ployed         Percent         Percent
                                                           Total     of    Total     of            Total     of    Total     of  
                                                                    em-             em-                     em-             em-  
                                                                   ployed          ployed                  ployed          ployed
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                      OCCUPATION                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
     Managerial and professional specialty.......  34,693   4,594   13.2    5,352   15.4   35,378   4,536   12.8    5,277   14.9 
       Executive, administrative, and managerial.  16,000     903    5.6    1,138    7.1   16,434     875    5.3    1,075    6.5 
       Professional specialty....................  18,693   3,691   19.7    4,215   22.5   18,944   3,661   19.3    4,202   22.2 
                                                                                                                                 
     Technical, sales, and administrative support  35,514   3,191    9.0    3,609   10.2   36,124   3,119    8.6    3,521    9.7 
       Technicians and related support...........   4,188     461   11.0      523   12.5    4,279     431   10.1      500   11.7 
       Sales occupations.........................  13,451     549    4.1      613    4.6   13,677     481    3.5      533    3.9 
       Administrative support, including clerical  17,874   2,182   12.2    2,474   13.8   18,167   2,207   12.1    2,487   13.7 
                                                                                                                                 
     Service occupations.........................  16,829   2,151   12.8    2,336   13.9   16,953   2,234   13.2    2,441   14.4 
       Protective service........................   2,427     927   38.2      991   40.8    2,384     938   39.4    1,003   42.1 
       Service, except protective service........  14,403   1,224    8.5    1,346    9.3   14,569   1,295    8.9    1,438    9.9 
                                                                                                                                 
     Precision production, craft, and repair.....  12,474   2,800   22.4    2,929   23.5   12,716   2,783   21.9    2,910   22.9 
                                                                                                                                 
     Operators, fabricators, and laborers........  17,514   3,627   20.7    3,830   21.9   17,642   3,498   19.8    3,687   20.9 
       Machine operators, assemblers, and                                                                                        
         inspectors..............................   7,255   1,490   20.5    1,572   21.7    7,043   1,366   19.4    1,442   20.5 
       Transportation and material moving                                                                                        
         occupations.............................   5,041   1,148   22.8    1,216   24.1    5,182   1,195   23.1    1,260   24.3 
       Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and                                                                                
         laborers................................   5,218     989   18.9    1,042   20.0    5,417     938   17.3      984   18.2 
                                                                                                                                 
     Farming, forestry, and fishing..............   1,940     113    5.8      125    6.4    1,974      89    4.5      109    5.5 
                                                                                                                                 
                       INDUSTRY                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                 
     Private wage and salary workers............. 100,025   9,419    9.4   10,216   10.2  101,810   9,148    9.0    9,969    9.8 
       Agriculture...............................   1,721      43    2.5       48    2.8    1,821      38    2.1       45    2.5 
       Nonagricultural industries................  98,304   9,376    9.5   10,168   10.3   99,989   9,110    9.1    9,924    9.9 
         Mining..................................     531      57   10.6       60   11.4      499      54   10.9       57   11.4 
         Construction............................   6,230   1,187   19.1    1,224   19.6    6,666   1,220   18.3    1,268   19.0 
                                                                                                                                 
         Manufacturing...........................  19,323   3,024   15.6    3,209   16.6   19,167   2,832   14.8    2,999   15.6 
           Durable goods.........................  11,824   1,941   16.4    2,063   17.5   11,688   1,791   15.3    1,894   16.2 
           Nondurable goods......................   7,499   1,083   14.4    1,146   15.3    7,480   1,041   13.9    1,105   14.8 
                                                                                                                                 
         Transportation and public utilities.....   7,317   1,865   25.5    1,956   26.7    7,508   1,805   24.0    1,920   25.6 
           Transportation........................   4,450   1,136   25.5    1,186   26.7    4,573   1,135   24.8    1,203   26.3 
           Communications and public utilities...   2,866     729   25.4      770   26.9    2,935     670   22.8      717   24.4 
                                                                                                                                 
         Wholesale and retail trade..............  24,671   1,278    5.2    1,406    5.7   25,133   1,194    4.7    1,315    5.2 
           Wholesale trade.......................   4,573     248    5.4      281    6.1    4,766     243    5.1      265    5.6 
           Retail trade..........................  20,098   1,030    5.1    1,126    5.6   20,366     951    4.7    1,049    5.2 
                                                                                                                                 
         Finance, insurance, and real estate.....   7,588     156    2.1      191    2.5    7,488     121    1.6      156    2.1 
         Services................................  32,645   1,809    5.5    2,121    6.5   33,528   1,884    5.6    2,208    6.6 
                                                                                                                                 
     Government workers..........................  18,938   7,058   37.3    7,966   42.1   18,976   7,110   37.5    7,976   42.0 
       Federal...................................   3,264   1,047   32.1    1,275   39.0    3,233   1,033   32.0    1,186   36.7 
       State.....................................   5,233   1,527   29.2    1,781   34.0    5,464   1,641   30.0    1,867   34.2 
       Local.....................................  10,440   4,484   42.9    4,911   47.0   10,278   4,436   43.2    4,923   47.9 

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
          NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed
     workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.  Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised
     population controls used in the household survey.

     Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    1999                                    2000                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
               Occupation and industry                       Members    Repre-                       Members    Repre-           
                                                    Total       of      sented     Non-     Total       of      sented     Non-  
                                                            unions(1)     by      union             unions(1)     by      union  
                                                                      unions(2)                               unions(2)          
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                      OCCUPATION                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
     Managerial and professional specialty.......    $797      $826      $819      $792      $836      $840      $834      $836  
       Executive, administrative, and managerial.     792       823       829       789       840       834       854       839  
       Professional specialty....................     800       826       817       794       832       841       829       832  
                                                                                                                                 
     Technical, sales, and administrative support     488       583       580       477       506       598       590       497  
       Technicians and related support...........     618       714       711       608       648       748       741       635  
       Sales occupations.........................     523       513       519       523       550       526       522       552  
       Administrative support, including clerical     447       574       564       429       469       588       579       453  
                                                                                                                                 
     Service occupations.........................     336       536       529       314       355       554       542       327  
       Protective service........................     592       737       728       477       623       786       771       502  
       Service, except protective service........     311       412       409       303       324       423       419       316  
                                                                                                                                 
     Precision production, craft, and repair.....     594       755       747       546       613       784       778       570  
                                                                                                                                 
     Operators, fabricators, and laborers........     429       591       584       398       446       605       602       411  
       Machine operators, assemblers, and                                                                                        
         inspectors..............................     423       572       566       394       436       575       572       408  
       Transportation and material moving                                                                                        
         occupations.............................     513       668       657       478       540       694       690       502  
       Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and                                                                                
         laborers................................     363       507       499       340       378       555       551       355  
                                                                                                                                 
     Farming, forestry, and fishing..............     331       512       514       322       334       516       506       325  
                                                                                                                                 
                       INDUSTRY                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                 
     Private wage and salary workers.............     521       633       627       510       549       663       656       530  
       Agriculture...............................     340      (3)       (3)        337       347      (3)       (3)        344  
       Nonagricultural industries................     525       634       628       513       555       664       657       537  
         Mining..................................     734       710       731       735       768       746       748       774  
         Construction............................     552       778       772       509       584       814       810       529  
                                                                                                                                 
         Manufacturing...........................     576       614       611       561       595       630       628       587  
           Durable goods.........................     594       628       625       584       618       662       659       610  
           Nondurable goods......................     529       584       579       518       553       594       594       537  
                                                                                                                                 
         Transportation and public utilities.....     651       748       742       613       679       768       762       639  
           Transportation........................     596       727       718       551       615       744       741       582  
           Communications and public utilities...     751       773       770       738       776       808       798       766  
                                                                                                                                 
         Wholesale and retail trade..............     421       499       492       418       444       518       514       439  
           Wholesale trade.......................     573       584       570       573       595       607       608       593  
           Retail trade..........................     391       472       463       387       403       495       490       399  
                                                                                                                                 
         Finance, insurance, and real estate.....     598       582       587       599       620       596       593       621  
         Services................................     517       554       563       515       543       567       574       540  
                                                                                                                                 
     Government workers..........................     641       714       709       585       665       730       726       609  
       Federal...................................     729       721       723       737       745       736       738       755  
       State.....................................     615       683       677       578       633       685       681       606  
       Local.....................................     623       726       720       525       650       746       738       562  

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
       3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
         NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed workers regard-                                                                 
     less of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.  Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population
     controls used in the household survey.
     Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
     
     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    1999                                    2000                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                             Members of     Represented              Members of     Represented  
                                                             unions(1)      by unions(2)             unions(1)      by unions(2) 
                        State                      Total                                   Total                                 
                                                    em-                                     em-                                  
                                                   ployed         Percent         Percent  ployed         Percent         Percent
                                                           Total     of    Total     of            Total     of    Total     of  
                                                                    em-             em-                     em-             em-  
                                                                   ployed          ployed                  ployed          ployed
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
       Alabama...................................   1,833     201   11.0      225   12.3    1,878     181    9.6      198   10.5 
       Alaska....................................     251      51   20.4       59   23.6      259      57   21.9       64   24.8 
       Arizona...................................   2,047     137    6.7      168    8.2    2,015     130    6.4      148    7.3 
       Arkansas..................................   1,058      79    7.5       91    8.6    1,052      61    5.8       71    6.7 
       California................................  13,811   2,286   16.6    2,527   18.3   14,359   2,295   16.0    2,546   17.7 
       Colorado..................................   1,927     181    9.4      199   10.4    1,923     173    9.0      193   10.0 
       Connecticut...............................   1,455     264   18.2      279   19.2    1,508     246   16.3      262   17.4 
       Delaware..................................     339      47   13.8       53   15.5      353      47   13.3       52   14.6 
       District of Columbia......................     245      32   13.1       38   15.4      244      36   14.7       40   16.5 
       Florida...................................   6,263     410    6.5      543    8.7    6,399     434    6.8      554    8.7 
                                                                                                                                 
       Georgia...................................   3,483     253    7.3      313    9.0    3,632     228    6.3      267    7.4 
       Hawaii....................................     494     114   23.2      124   25.0      497     124   24.8      129   26.0 
       Idaho.....................................     527      48    9.2       59   11.3      533      41    7.6       48    9.0 
       Illinois..................................   5,514     993   18.0    1,054   19.1    5,639   1,046   18.6    1,101   19.5 
       Indiana...................................   2,704     424   15.7      454   16.8    2,687     418   15.6      461   17.1 
       Iowa......................................   1,334     184   13.8      209   15.7    1,333     182   13.6      215   16.1 
       Kansas....................................   1,224     119    9.7      141   11.5    1,200     109    9.0      135   11.2 
       Kentucky..................................   1,656     192   11.6      213   12.9    1,729     208   12.0      235   13.6 
       Louisiana.................................   1,795     145    8.1      180   10.0    1,711     122    7.1      155    9.0 
       Maine.....................................     544      84   15.4       93   17.1      556      78   14.0       92   16.6 
                                                                                                                                 
       Maryland..................................   2,444     367   15.0      438   17.9    2,423     353   14.6      406   16.7 
       Massachusetts.............................   2,875     465   16.2      492   17.1    2,841     406   14.3      445   15.7 
       Michigan..................................   4,490     963   21.5    1,009   22.5    4,513     938   20.8      985   21.8 
       Minnesota.................................   2,302     444   19.3      471   20.5    2,307     419   18.2      434   18.8 
       Mississippi...............................   1,086      67    6.2       94    8.6    1,120      68    6.0      104    9.3 
       Missouri..................................   2,458     353   14.4      376   15.3    2,567     338   13.2      365   14.2 
       Montana...................................     362      55   15.3       62   17.2      369      51   13.9       58   15.7 
       Nebraska..................................     748      66    8.8       92   12.2      775      65    8.4       89   11.5 
       Nevada....................................     823     161   19.5      172   20.9      881     151   17.1      165   18.8 
       New Hampshire.............................     565      60   10.6       69   12.2      576      60   10.4       67   11.6 
                                                                                                                                 
       New Jersey................................   3,609     741   20.5      807   22.4    3,668     762   20.8      801   21.8 
       New Mexico................................     660      65    9.9       78   11.8      692      56    8.1       70   10.1 
       New York..................................   7,490   1,897   25.3    1,986   26.5    7,683   1,958   25.5    2,036   26.5 
       North Carolina............................   3,359     109    3.2      132    3.9    3,404     124    3.6      148    4.4 
       North Dakota..............................     268      25    9.3       27   10.1      272      18    6.5       21    7.8 
       Ohio......................................   5,008     896   17.9      955   19.1    5,071     879   17.3      955   18.8 
       Oklahoma..................................   1,403     124    8.8      140   10.0    1,384      94    6.8      108    7.8 
       Oregon....................................   1,420     216   15.2      234   16.5    1,457     234   16.1      251   17.2 
       Pennsylvania..............................   5,152     896   17.4      960   18.6    5,149     870   16.9      926   18.0 
       Rhode Island..............................     433      77   17.7       81   18.8      438      80   18.2       83   18.8 
                                                                                                                                 
       South Carolina............................   1,716      61    3.5       65    3.8    1,740      70    4.0       89    5.1 
       South Dakota..............................     332      20    6.0       26    7.8      329      18    5.5       22    6.7 
       Tennessee.................................   2,411     181    7.5      213    8.8    2,387     212    8.9      239   10.0 
       Texas.....................................   8,725     520    6.0      611    7.0    8,755     505    5.8      645    7.4 
       Utah......................................     935      60    6.4       70    7.5      945      69    7.3       85    9.0 
       Vermont...................................     273      26    9.7       29   10.8      274      28   10.3       34   12.4 
       Virginia..................................   3,107     204    6.6      249    8.0    3,199     179    5.6      227    7.1 
       Washington................................   2,585     535   20.7      610   23.6    2,593     471   18.2      516   19.9 
       West Virginia.............................     702     107   15.2      113   16.1      718     103   14.3      111   15.5 
       Wisconsin.................................   2,505     452   18.1      476   19.0    2,533     446   17.6      473   18.7 
       Wyoming...................................     212      19    9.1       23   10.8      216      18    8.3       22   10.0 

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
         NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed workers
     regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.