An official website of the United States government 
	  
	Here is how you know
 Department of Labor Logo  United States Department of Labor
 **The .gov means it's official.**
			 Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information,
			make sure you're on a federal government site.
 **The site is secure.**
			 The
			**https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any
			information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.


U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
 Follow Us
 
 Release Calendar Blog
 Search button
          Search:


Menu

  Search button
          Search:
	
	  Follow Us Follow Us on X, formerly referred to as Twitter| Release Calendar | Blog
    Home
        About BLS
		History	
		Our Leadership
		Budget and Performance		
		Questions and Answers	
		A-Z Index	
		Glossary	
		Careers at BLS	
		BLS Speakers Available
		Errata  				
		Contact BLSOverview of BLS Statistics
		Guide to Programs & Services
		Demographics
		Industries
		Business Costs
		Occupations
		GeographyResources For
		Business Leaders
		Consumers
		Developers
		Economists
		Investors
		Jobseekers
		Media
		Public Policymakers
		Researcher		
		Students & Teachers
		Survey Respondents
    Subjects
        Inflation & Prices
		Consumer Price Index
		Producer Price Indexes
		Import/Export Price Indexes
		Contract Escalation
		Price Index Research
		Pay & Benefits
		Employment Cost Index
		Employer Costs for Employee Compensation
						Wage Data by Occupation
		Earnings by Demographics
		Earnings by Industry
		County Wages  
		Benefits
		Modeled Wage Estimates		
		Compensation Research
		Strikes & Lockouts
		Wage Records from Unemployment Insurance
		Occupational RequirementsUnemployment
		National Unemployment Rate
		State & Local Unemployment Rates
		Unemployment Research
		Employment
		National Employment
		State & Local Employment
		County Employment 
		Worker Characteristics
		American Indian Report
		Employment Projections
		Job Openings & Labor Turnover Survey
		Business Response Survey
		Employment by Occupation
		Work Experience Over Time
		Business Employment Dynamics
		Foreign Direct Investment
		Employment Research
		Workplace InjuriesProductivity
		Labor and Total Factor Productivity
		Productivity Research
		Spending & Time Use
		Consumer Expenditures
		How Americans Spend Time			
		International
		International Technical Cooperation
		Import/Export Price Indexes
		Geographic Information
		Northeast (Boston-New York)
		Mid-Atlantic (Philadelphia)
		Southeast (Atlanta)
		Midwest (Chicago)
		Southwest (Dallas)
		Mountain-Plains (Kansas City)
		West (San Francisco)
    Data Tools
        Data Retrieval Tools
		BLS Popular Series
		Series Report
		Top Picks, One Screen, Multi-Screen, and Maps
		Data Finder
		Public Data APICharts and Applications
		Charts for Economic News Releases	
		CPI Inflation Calculator	
		Injury and Illness Calculator		
		Pay Measure Comparison
		Demographic Data Sources
		COVID-19 Economic Trends
		Industry Productivity Viewer
		Employment and Wages Data Viewer
		Industry Finder from the Quarterly Census of Employment and WagesCustomized Tables
		U.S. Economy at a Glance
		Regions, States & Areas at a Glance
		Industry at a Glance			
		Text Files
		News Release Tables
		
		More Sources of Data
		Restricted Data Access
		Discontinued Databases
		Questions & Answers
		Special Notices
    Publications
        Latest Publications
		The Economics Daily
		Monthly Labor Review
		Beyond the Numbers
		Spotlight on Statistics
		Reports
		Commissioner's Corner
		Videos
		Career OutlookOccupational Outlook Handbook
		Geographic Profile
		Handbook of Methods
		Research Papers
		Copyright Information
		Contact & Help
		Weekly Update
    Economic Releases
        Latest Releases
		Major Economic Indicators
		Schedules for news Releases
		By Month
		By News Release
		Current Year
		Prior Years
		Archived News ReleasesEmployment & Unemployment
		Monthly
		Quarterly, annual, and other
		Inflation & Prices
		Pay & Benefits & Workplace Injuries
		Productivity & Technology
		Employment Projections
		Regional News Releases
    Classroom
        K-12 Student & Teacher Resources		
        Games & Quizzes
		Student's Desk
		Teacher's Desk
		Questions & Answers
    Beta
        Redesigned News Releases


home
                  archive
                  about BLS reports
				  subscribe



November 2023 
                    Report 1105

				 
			















































																						



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by...Table 4. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or...Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or...Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational...Table 7. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or...Table 9. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race,...Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest...Table 12. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 12a. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and...Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and...Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected...nbspTable 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...
                          Technical Notes
                  Subscribe to BLS Reports
		
		 
		
 
				
				
     Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2022
Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2022 imageIn 2022, the labor market continued to rebound from the recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States declined by 1.7 percentage points to 3.6 percent from 2021 to 2022. This rate differed little from its pre-pandemic value of 3.7 percent in 2019. However, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups in 2022. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher than the national rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.2 percent), Blacks or African Americans (6.1 percent), and people categorized as being of Two or More Races (5.5 percent). The unemployment rate for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (4.0 percent) was little different from the overall unemployment rate in 2022. The jobless rates for Asians (2.8 percent) and Whites (3.2 percent) were lower than the national rate. The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity was 4.3 percent, compared with the rate of 3.5 percent for non-Hispanics. (See tables 1 and 2.)There are long-standing labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups. These differences are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in age distribution; educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives; Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders; people who are of Two or More Races; detailed Asian groups; and detailed Hispanic groups. However, because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables.The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. See the technical notes for definitions of terms and concepts used in this report. Additional information about the CPS can be found at: www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2022.Composition of the labor forceBy race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (77 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 7 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for about half a percent. People who were of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 25 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (15 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Koreans (7 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—18 percent—were classified as Other Asians, including individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, Hmong, and others—and those who were of two or more Asian groups. (See table 2.)People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race, made up 19 percent of the total labor force in 2022. Almost 9 in 10 Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent). Another 5 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. Most Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (60 percent). Central Americans made up another 11 percent, about one-third of whom were Salvadorans. Eight percent of Hispanics in the labor force were Puerto Rican, and 8 percent were South American. People of Cuban and Dominican ethnicity represented 5 percent and 4 percent, respectively, of the Hispanic labor force. An additional 4 percent were classified as Other Hispanic or Latino. (See table 2.)Labor force participationAmong the race and ethnicity groups in 2022, the percentage of the population either employed or unemployed—the labor force participation rate—was highest for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (66.6 percent), Hispanics (66.3 percent), and people who are of Two or More Races (65.3 percent). The participation rate for Asians was 64.5 percent; Blacks, 62.2 percent; Whites, 62.0 percent; and American Indians and Alaska Natives, 59.7 percent. (See tables 1, 2, and chart 1.)View Chart DataChart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averagesRacePercentTotal62.2White62.0Black or African American62.2Asian64.5American Indian and Alaska Native59.7Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander66.6Two or More Races65.3Hispanic or Latino66.3Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups (White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic), Hispanics were the most likely to be in the labor force, with a participation rate of 79.5 percent, and Blacks were the least likely, with a rate of 68.0 percent. The labor force participation rate was 74.9 percent and 70.1 percent for Asian adult men and White adult men, respectively. Among adult women, Blacks (62.0 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Hispanics (59.9 percent), Asians (59.5 percent), and Whites (57.1 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Whites were more likely to participate in the labor force than were other groups, with a participation rate of 39.0 percent, followed by Hispanic teens (33.2 percent) and Black teens (29.8 percent). Asian teens were the least likely to participate in the labor force at 23.0 percent. (See table 3.)EmploymentAmong the race and ethnicity groups, the employment-population ratio (the number of employed people as a percentage of the population) ranged from a high of 63.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders to a low of 56.0 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives. The employment-population ratio was 63.5 percent for Hispanics, 62.7 percent for Asians, 61.7 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 60.0 percent for Whites, and 58.4 percent for Blacks. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics continued to have the highest employment-population ratio (76.5 percent). Black men had the lowest (64.1 percent), also continuing a longstanding employment pattern. The employment-population ratios for Asian adult men and White adult men were 72.9 percent and 68.0 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios continued to show less variation compared with their male counterparts across the major race and ethnicity groups: 58.5 percent for Blacks, 58.0 percent for Asians, 57.4 percent for Hispanics, and 55.4 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)The employment-population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for Asians, Blacks, or Hispanics. The ratio for White teens (35.2 percent) is about 14.0 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (20.8 percent), 11.0 percentage points higher than for Black teens (24.5 percent), and about 6.0 percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (29.3 percent).Educational attainmentAmong people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 93 percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians in 2022. For Hispanics, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was 80 percent. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 68 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 44 percent of Whites, 34 percent of Blacks, and 25 percent of Hispanics. (See table 6 and chart 2.)View Chart DataChart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averagesEducational attainmentWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or LatinoLess than a high school diploma66420High school graduates, no college25301533Some college, no degree1418713Associate's degree111269Bachelor's degree and higher44346825Notes: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Higher levels of educational attainment are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For all major race and ethnicity groups except Asians, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than the rates for those with lower levels of educational attainment. For Asians, the unemployment rate for those with an associate’s degree was little different from the rate for those with a bachelor’s degree and higher. (See table 6.) Individuals with higher levels of education are also more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. For example, median earnings of people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across all the major race and ethnicity groups. (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences.) (See table 17.)OccupationIn 2022, 58 percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 43 percent of employed Whites, 35 percent of employed Blacks, and 25 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)View Chart DataChart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averagesOccupationWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or LatinoManagement, professional, and related43355825Service15211523Sales and office19201519Natural resources, construction, and maintenance105317Production, transportation, and material moving1218917Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among employed men, 59 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 39 percent of Whites, 29 percent of Blacks, and 22 percent of Hispanics. In addition, 18 percent of Black and Hispanic men worked in service occupations, compared with 12 percent of White men and 11 percent of Asian men. Employed Black men (28 percent) and Hispanic men (21 percent) also were more likely than White men (17 percent) and Asian men (12 percent) to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of employed White men, 10 percent of employed Black men, and 4 percent of employed Asian men. (See table 7.)Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 57 percent of Asian women worked in these occupations, compared with 48 percent of White women, 40 percent of Black women, and 30 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 57 percent of Hispanics worked in two major occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 50 percent of Blacks, 44 percent of Whites, and 36 percent of Asians.Hispanics accounted for 19 percent of total employment. However, they were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters and paperhangers (59 percent), construction laborers (51 percent), maids and housekeeping cleaners (51 percent), landscaping and groundskeeping workers (47 percent), and carpenters (42 percent). Blacks made up 13 percent of all employed workers, but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including nursing assistants (36 percent), security guards and gambling surveillance officers (35 percent), and home health aides (33 percent). Asians accounted for 7 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupational categories, including manicurists and pedicurists (65 percent), software developers (36 percent), computer programmers (21 percent), and taxi drivers (20 percent). Whites comprised 77 percent of all employed people and accounted for 95 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; construction managers (90 percent); and carpenters (89 percent). (See table 8.)IndustryAmong employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (22 percent) than were Whites (14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (4 percent). Employed Black men were more likely to work in transportation and utilities (16 percent) than were Hispanics (9 percent), Whites (8 percent), and Asians (8 percent). Twenty-two percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (14 percent), Black men (12 percent), and Hispanic men (12 percent). (See table 9.)A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (40 percent), Whites (35 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (29 percent). Similar in trend to their male counterparts, a higher share of Asian women (16 percent) worked in professional and business services compared with White women (12 percent), Hispanic women (12 percent), and Black women (9 percent). Hispanic women were more likely to work in leisure and hospitality (13 percent) than were White women (10 percent), Asian women (9 percent), and Black women (8 percent).Family and parentsAsian families and Hispanic families were more likely to have at least one family member employed (88 percent and 87 percent, respectively) in 2022, than were Black families (80 percent) and White families (79 percent). (See table 10.)Families maintained by women accounted for 41 percent of Black families, 25 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (88 percent). By comparison, 82 percent of Hispanic families, 79 percent of White families, and 76 percent of Black families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by men were more likely than married-couple families or families maintained by women to have an employed family member. (See table 10.)Among mothers living with children under 18 years old, Black mothers were more likely to participate in the labor force (77.9 percent) than were White mothers (72.3 percent), Asian mothers (70.3 percent), and Hispanic mothers (64.1 percent). (See table 11.)Across all the race and ethnicity groups, fathers living with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18 years. The labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.7 percent for White men, 93.2 percent for Hispanic men, 92.9 percent for Asian men, and 88.4 percent for Black men.UnemploymentThe overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States declined by 1.7 percentage points to 3.6 percent from 2021 to 2022, rebounding from the recession caused by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pre-pandemic jobless rate was 3.7 percent in 2019. But the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. In 2022, the unemployment rate averaged 6.2 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives; 6.1 percent for Blacks; 5.5 percent for people of Two or More Races; 4.0 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders; 3.2 percent for Whites; and 2.8 percent for Asians. The unemployment rate was 4.3 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)View Chart DataChart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averagesRacePercentTotal3.6White3.2Black or African American6.1Asian2.8American Indian and Alaska Native6.2Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander4.0Two or More Races5.5Hispanic or Latino4.3Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Blacks were the most likely to be jobless (with an unemployment rate of 5.8 percent), while Whites (3.0 percent) and Asians (2.7 percent) were the least likely. The jobless rate for Hispanic men was 3.8 percent. Among adult women, the unemployment rate for Asians (2.6 percent) was little different than the rate for Whites (2.9 percent). The rates for Hispanics (4.1 percent) and Blacks (5.6 percent) were higher than for the other groups. Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), the unemployment rate was 17.7 percent for Blacks, 11.5 percent for Hispanics, 9.7 percent for Whites, and 9.6 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)View Chart DataChart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2022 annual averagesYearBlack or African AmericanWhiteHispanic or LatinoAsian19739.44.37.5N/A197410.55.08.1N/A197514.87.812.2N/A197614.07.011.5N/A197714.06.210.1N/A197812.85.29.1N/A197912.35.18.3N/A198014.36.310.1N/A198115.66.710.4N/A198218.98.613.8N/A198319.58.413.7N/A198415.96.510.7N/A198515.16.210.5N/A198614.56.010.6N/A198713.05.38.8N/A198811.74.78.2N/A198911.44.58.0N/A199011.44.88.2N/A199112.56.110.0N/A199214.26.611.6N/A199313.06.110.8N/A199411.55.39.9N/A199510.44.99.3N/A199610.54.78.9N/A199710.04.27.7N/A19988.93.97.2N/A19998.03.76.4N/A20007.63.55.73.620018.64.26.64.5200210.25.17.55.9200310.85.27.76.0200410.44.87.04.4200510.04.46.04.020068.94.05.23.020078.34.15.63.2200810.15.27.64.0200914.88.512.17.3201016.08.712.57.5201115.87.911.57.0201213.87.210.35.9201313.16.59.15.2201411.35.37.45.020159.64.66.63.820168.44.35.83.620177.53.85.13.420186.53.54.73.020196.13.34.32.7202011.47.310.48.720218.64.76.85.020226.13.24.32.8Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data for Asians are available only since 2000.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS).Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Hispanics and Whites. The median duration of unemployment for Asians and Blacks was 10.5 weeks and 10.4 weeks, respectively, whereas the figure was 7.9 weeks each for Whites and Hispanics. (See table 13.)Of the 6.0 million people unemployed in 2022, 46.1 percent were job losers (defined as workers who were on temporary layoff, lost their jobs permanently, or who had completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (31.5 percent), job leavers (14.3 percent), and new entrants (8.0 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, 47.8 percent of Hispanics, 47.6 percent of Whites, 45.5 percent of Blacks, and 39.1 percent of Asians were job losers. (See table 14.)Not in the labor forceBlacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force and 24 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force in 2022. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force; wanted to work and were available to work; and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportional to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: they comprised 77 percent of the labor force and 65 percent of the marginally attached.Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (27 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)EarningsAmong the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians in 2022. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2022 were $823 for Hispanics, $878 for Blacks, $1,085 for Whites, and $1,401 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,172), Black men ($921), and Hispanic men ($887) were 75 percent, 59 percent, and 57 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($1,559). The median earnings of White women ($973), Black women ($835), and Hispanic women ($761) were 79 percent, 68 percent, and 62 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($1,234). (These earnings comparisons are broad and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, specialization, and educational attainment.) (See table 16.)The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for most of the major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,994) and White men ($1,730) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group) were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,434) and Black men ($1,395) in the same occupational group. However, median usual weekly earnings of White men ($790) and Asian men ($763) working full-time in service occupations were relatively close to the earnings of Black men ($703) and Hispanic men ($699) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for women also holds for most of the major occupational groups. Median usual weekly earnings of Asian women ($1,631) and White women ($1,284) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations were higher than the earnings of Hispanic women ($1,142) and Black women ($1,127) in the same occupational group. By contrast, median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity group were relatively close for service occupations: $661 for Asians, $644 for Whites, $632 for Blacks, and $613 for Hispanics.		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                        


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by sex and race, 2022 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Sex and race
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
263,973
164,287
62.2
158,291
60.0
5,996
3.6
99,686Men
128,617
87,421
68.0
84,203
65.5
3,218
3.7
41,197Women
135,356
76,866
56.8
74,089
54.7
2,778
3.6
58,490White
203,214
125,957
62.0
121,908
60.0
4,049
3.2
77,257Men
100,122
68,162
68.1
65,924
65.8
2,238
3.3
31,959Women
103,093
57,794
56.1
55,984
54.3
1,811
3.1
45,298Black
34,131
21,236
62.2
19,937
58.4
1,300
6.1
12,895Men
15,740
10,259
65.2
9,617
61.1
642
6.3
5,480Women
18,392
10,977
59.7
10,319
56.1
658
6.0
7,415Asian
16,933
10,921
64.5
10,615
62.7
306
2.8
6,012Men
8,013
5,775
72.1
5,610
70.0
165
2.9
2,238Women
8,920
5,146
57.7
5,006
56.1
140
2.7
3,774American Indian and Alaska Native
3,060
1,826
59.7
1,713
56.0
113
6.2
1,234Men
1,488
974
65.5
911
61.2
63
6.5
514Women
1,572
852
54.2
802
51.0
50
5.9
720Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
1,117
744
66.6
714
63.9
30
4.0
374Men
535
393
73.5
376
70.3
17
4.3
142Women
582
351
60.2
338
58.0
13
3.6
232Two or More Races
5,518
3,603
65.3
3,404
61.7
199
5.5
1,914Men
2,720
1,857
68.3
1,764
64.8
93
5.0
864Women
2,797
1,747
62.4
1,641
58.6
106
6.1
1,051Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, sex, and race, 2022 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
263,973
164,287
62.2
158,291
60.0
5,996
3.6
99,686Men
128,617
87,421
68.0
84,203
65.5
3,218
3.7
41,197Women
135,356
76,866
56.8
74,089
54.7
2,778
3.6
58,490Asian
16,933
10,921
64.5
10,615
62.7
306
2.8
6,012Men
8,013
5,775
72.1
5,610
70.0
165
2.9
2,238Women
8,920
5,146
57.7
5,006
56.1
140
2.7
3,774Asian Indian
3,862
2,711
70.2
2,639
68.3
72
2.7
1,151Chinese
3,884
2,400
61.8
2,336
60.1
64
2.7
1,484Filipino
2,444
1,593
65.2
1,543
63.1
50
3.2
851Japanese
875
500
57.2
491
56.2
9
1.8
374Korean
1,167
732
62.7
711
60.9
21
2.9
435Vietnamese
1,727
1,072
62.1
1,043
60.4
28
2.7
655Other Asian
2,975
1,913
64.3
1,853
62.3
60
3.1
1,062Hispanic or Latino
46,171
30,601
66.3
29,299
63.5
1,302
4.3
15,570Men
23,084
17,368
75.2
16,654
72.1
715
4.1
5,716Women
23,087
13,233
57.3
12,646
54.8
587
4.4
9,854Mexican
27,692
18,422
66.5
17,626
63.6
796
4.3
9,271Men
14,048
10,713
76.3
10,265
73.1
448
4.2
3,335Women
13,644
7,709
56.5
7,361
53.9
348
4.5
5,935Puerto Rican
4,175
2,449
58.7
2,310
55.3
139
5.7
1,725Men
2,002
1,275
63.7
1,196
59.7
79
6.2
728Women
2,172
1,175
54.1
1,114
51.3
61
5.2
998Cuban
2,188
1,394
63.7
1,352
61.8
42
3.0
793Men
1,120
785
70.1
761
68.0
24
3.1
334Women
1,068
609
57.0
591
55.4
18
2.9
459Central American
4,670
3,315
71.0
3,185
68.2
130
3.9
1,355Men
2,387
1,970
82.5
1,903
79.7
67
3.4
417Women
2,283
1,345
58.9
1,282
56.2
63
4.7
938Salvadoran
1,459
1,053
72.1
1,016
69.6
37
3.5
406Men
714
595
83.3
575
80.5
20
3.4
119Women
745
458
61.5
442
59.3
16
3.6
287Other Central American
3,211
2,263
70.5
2,169
67.6
93
4.1
948Men
1,673
1,375
82.2
1,328
79.4
47
3.4
298Women
1,537
887
57.7
841
54.7
46
5.2
650South American
3,564
2,529
71.0
2,446
68.6
84
3.3
1,035Men
1,717
1,345
78.3
1,301
75.8
44
3.3
372Women
1,848
1,184
64.1
1,145
62.0
40
3.4
663Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino
3,882
2,491
64.2
2,380
61.3
111
4.4
1,390Men
1,810
1,280
70.7
1,227
67.8
53
4.1
530Women
2,072
1,211
58.5
1,153
55.6
58
4.8
861Dominican
1,820
1,161
63.8
1,087
59.7
74
6.4
660Men
819
566
69.2
530
64.8
36
6.4
253Women
1,001
594
59.3
556
55.5
38
6.4
407Other Hispanic or Latino
2,061
1,330
64.5
1,294
62.8
37
2.8
731Men
991
714
72.0
697
70.3
17
2.3
277Women
1,071
617
57.6
597
55.7
20
3.3
454Hispanic or Latino
46,171
30,601
66.3
29,299
63.5
1,302
4.3
15,570Men
23,084
17,368
75.2
16,654
72.1
715
4.1
5,716Women
23,087
13,233
57.3
12,646
54.8
587
4.4
9,854White Hispanic or Latino
40,861
27,128
66.4
26,008
63.6
1,120
4.1
13,733Men
20,446
15,482
75.7
14,862
72.7
620
4.0
4,964Women
20,415
11,645
57.0
11,145
54.6
500
4.3
8,769Black Hispanic or Latino
2,275
1,453
63.9
1,362
59.9
91
6.2
822Men
1,105
756
68.5
706
63.9
51
6.7
348Women
1,170
696
59.5
656
56.1
40
5.8
473Asian Hispanic or Latino
559
369
66.0
357
63.8
12
3.2
190Men
284
213
75.0
209
73.6
4
1.9
71Women
274
155
56.6
147
53.7
8
5.0
119Non-Hispanic or Latino
217,802
133,686
61.4
128,992
59.2
4,694
3.5
84,117Men
105,533
70,053
66.4
67,549
64.0
2,504
3.6
35,481Women
112,269
63,633
56.7
61,443
54.7
2,190
3.4
48,636White non-Hispanic or Latino
162,353
98,829
60.9
95,900
59.1
2,929
3.0
63,524Men
79,675
52,680
66.1
51,062
64.1
1,618
3.1
26,995Women
82,678
46,149
55.8
44,838
54.2
1,311
2.8
36,529Black non-Hispanic or Latino
31,857
19,784
62.1
18,575
58.3
1,209
6.1
12,073Men
14,635
9,503
64.9
8,912
60.9
591
6.2
5,132Women
17,222
10,281
59.7
9,663
56.1
618
6.0
6,942Asian non-Hispanic or Latino
16,374
10,552
64.4
10,259
62.7
294
2.8
5,822Men
7,728
5,562
72.0
5,401
69.9
161
2.9
2,167Women
8,645
4,991
57.7
4,858
56.2
133
2.7
3,655Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, sex, race, andHispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotalTotal, 16 years and older
263,973
164,287
62.2
158,291
60.0
5,996
3.6
99,68616 to 19 years
17,071
6,275
36.8
5,600
32.8
675
10.8
10,79620 years and older
246,902
158,012
64.0
152,691
61.8
5,321
3.4
88,89020 to 24 years
20,886
14,817
70.9
13,778
66.0
1,039
7.0
6,06825 to 54 years
127,162
104,837
82.4
101,578
79.9
3,259
3.1
22,32555 to 64 years
42,145
27,460
65.2
26,761
63.5
699
2.5
14,68565 years and older
56,710
10,897
19.2
10,574
18.6
323
3.0
45,812Men, 16 years and older
128,617
87,421
68.0
84,203
65.5
3,218
3.7
41,19716 to 19 years
8,653
3,145
36.3
2,794
32.3
351
11.2
5,50820 years and older
119,965
84,276
70.3
81,409
67.9
2,867
3.4
35,68920 to 24 years
10,413
7,625
73.2
7,032
67.5
593
7.8
2,78925 to 54 years
63,122
55,902
88.6
54,191
85.9
1,712
3.1
7,22055 to 64 years
20,591
14,624
71.0
14,248
69.2
376
2.6
5,96865 years and older
25,838
6,125
23.7
5,938
23.0
187
3.1
19,713Women, 16 years and older
135,356
76,866
56.8
74,089
54.7
2,778
3.6
58,49016 to 19 years
8,419
3,130
37.2
2,806
33.3
324
10.4
5,28920 years and older
126,937
73,736
58.1
71,283
56.2
2,453
3.3
53,20120 to 24 years
10,472
7,193
68.7
6,746
64.4
446
6.2
3,28025 to 54 years
64,039
48,934
76.4
47,387
74.0
1,548
3.2
15,10555 to 64 years
21,554
12,837
59.6
12,514
58.1
323
2.5
8,71765 years and older
30,872
4,772
15.5
4,636
15.0
136
2.9
26,100WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
203,214
125,957
62.0
121,908
60.0
4,049
3.2
77,25716 to 19 years
12,488
4,867
39.0
4,398
35.2
470
9.7
7,62120 years and older
190,726
121,089
63.5
117,510
61.6
3,579
3.0
69,63620 to 24 years
15,312
11,141
72.8
10,483
68.5
659
5.9
4,17025 to 54 years
94,865
78,726
83.0
76,590
80.7
2,136
2.7
16,13855 to 64 years
33,543
22,208
66.2
21,678
64.6
530
2.4
11,33665 years and older
47,007
9,014
19.2
8,759
18.6
255
2.8
37,993Men, 16 years and older
100,122
68,162
68.1
65,924
65.8
2,238
3.3
31,95916 to 19 years
6,362
2,424
38.1
2,181
34.3
244
10.1
3,93820 years and older
93,759
65,738
70.1
63,743
68.0
1,995
3.0
28,02120 to 24 years
7,683
5,776
75.2
5,387
70.1
389
6.7
1,90625 to 54 years
47,776
42,774
89.5
41,613
87.1
1,161
2.7
5,00255 to 64 years
16,603
12,006
72.3
11,717
70.6
289
2.4
4,59765 years and older
21,698
5,182
23.9
5,027
23.2
155
3.0
16,516Women, 16 years and older
103,093
57,794
56.1
55,984
54.3
1,811
3.1
45,29816 to 19 years
6,126
2,443
39.9
2,217
36.2
226
9.3
3,68320 years and older
96,967
55,352
57.1
53,767
55.4
1,585
2.9
41,61520 to 24 years
7,629
5,365
70.3
5,096
66.8
269
5.0
2,26425 to 54 years
47,088
35,952
76.4
34,977
74.3
975
2.7
11,13655 to 64 years
16,941
10,202
60.2
9,961
58.8
241
2.4
6,73965 years and older
25,309
3,832
15.1
3,733
14.7
100
2.6
21,477Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
34,131
21,236
62.2
19,937
58.4
1,300
6.1
12,89516 to 19 years
2,482
739
29.8
608
24.5
131
17.7
1,74320 years and older
31,649
20,497
64.8
19,328
61.1
1,169
5.7
11,15320 to 24 years
3,070
2,099
68.4
1,848
60.2
251
12.0
97125 to 54 years
17,703
14,277
80.6
13,514
76.3
763
5.3
3,42655 to 64 years
5,210
3,059
58.7
2,951
56.6
109
3.6
2,15065 years and older
5,666
1,062
18.7
1,016
17.9
45
4.3
4,605Men, 16 years and older
15,740
10,259
65.2
9,617
61.1
642
6.3
5,48016 to 19 years
1,231
393
31.9
323
26.3
70
17.7
83820 years and older
14,508
9,866
68.0
9,294
64.1
572
5.8
4,64220 to 24 years
1,480
1,028
69.5
901
60.9
127
12.4
45225 to 54 years
8,279
6,849
82.7
6,478
78.2
371
5.4
1,43155 to 64 years
2,395
1,474
61.5
1,419
59.3
55
3.7
92265 years and older
2,353
516
21.9
496
21.1
20
3.9
1,838Women, 16 years and older
18,392
10,977
59.7
10,319
56.1
658
6.0
7,41516 to 19 years
1,251
346
27.7
285
22.8
61
17.7
90420 years and older
17,141
10,631
62.0
10,034
58.5
596
5.6
6,51120 to 24 years
1,590
1,071
67.3
947
59.5
124
11.6
51925 to 54 years
9,424
7,428
78.8
7,036
74.7
393
5.3
1,99555 to 64 years
2,814
1,585
56.3
1,531
54.4
54
3.4
1,22965 years and older
3,313
546
16.5
520
15.7
25
4.7
2,767AsianTotal, 16 years and older
16,933
10,921
64.5
10,615
62.7
306
2.8
6,01216 to 19 years
895
206
23.0
187
20.8
20
9.6
68920 years and older
16,037
10,715
66.8
10,429
65.0
286
2.7
5,32320 to 24 years
1,336
750
56.1
691
51.7
60
7.9
58625 to 54 years
9,513
7,798
82.0
7,622
80.1
176
2.3
1,71555 to 64 years
2,312
1,567
67.8
1,531
66.2
37
2.3
74565 years and older
2,876
599
20.8
585
20.4
14
2.3
2,277Men, 16 years and older
8,013
5,775
72.1
5,610
70.0
165
2.9
2,23816 to 19 years
447
105
23.4
93
20.9
11
10.6
34220 years and older
7,566
5,671
74.9
5,517
72.9
154
2.7
1,89620 to 24 years
674
383
56.8
346
51.3
37
9.6
29125 to 54 years
4,575
4,165
91.0
4,074
89.0
91
2.2
41155 to 64 years
1,067
812
76.1
792
74.2
20
2.5
25565 years and older
1,250
311
24.9
305
24.4
6
1.9
939Women, 16 years and older
8,920
5,146
57.7
5,006
56.1
140
2.7
3,77416 to 19 years
449
102
22.7
93
20.7
9
8.6
34720 years and older
8,471
5,044
59.5
4,912
58.0
132
2.6
3,42720 to 24 years
663
367
55.5
345
52.0
23
6.2
29525 to 54 years
4,938
3,633
73.6
3,548
71.9
85
2.3
1,30555 to 64 years
1,245
756
60.7
739
59.4
17
2.2
49065 years and older
1,626
288
17.7
280
17.2
8
2.7
1,338Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
46,171
30,601
66.3
29,299
63.5
1,302
4.3
15,57016 to 19 years
4,269
1,416
33.2
1,253
29.3
163
11.5
2,85220 years and older
41,903
29,185
69.7
28,046
66.9
1,139
3.9
12,71720 to 24 years
4,918
3,582
72.8
3,329
67.7
253
7.1
1,33625 to 54 years
25,988
20,836
80.2
20,118
77.4
718
3.4
5,15155 to 64 years
5,679
3,740
65.8
3,610
63.6
129
3.5
1,94065 years and older
5,318
1,027
19.3
988
18.6
38
3.7
4,291Men, 16 years and older
23,084
17,368
75.2
16,654
72.1
715
4.1
5,71616 to 19 years
2,165
745
34.4
657
30.3
89
11.9
1,42020 years and older
20,919
16,623
79.5
15,997
76.5
626
3.8
4,29620 to 24 years
2,464
1,935
78.5
1,787
72.5
148
7.7
53025 to 54 years
13,256
11,940
90.1
11,565
87.2
375
3.1
1,31655 to 64 years
2,826
2,138
75.6
2,060
72.9
77
3.6
68865 years and older
2,372
610
25.7
585
24.7
25
4.1
1,762Women, 16 years and older
23,087
13,233
57.3
12,646
54.8
587
4.4
9,85416 to 19 years
2,103
671
31.9
596
28.3
75
11.1
1,43220 years and older
20,984
12,562
59.9
12,049
57.4
513
4.1
8,42120 to 24 years
2,453
1,647
67.1
1,543
62.9
105
6.4
80625 to 54 years
12,731
8,896
69.9
8,554
67.2
343
3.9
3,83555 to 64 years
2,854
1,602
56.1
1,550
54.3
52
3.3
1,25165 years and older
2,945
417
14.1
403
13.7
13
3.2
2,529Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2022 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
60.4
78.9
43.9
60.4
79.6
43.2
59.9
73.6
48.7
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
60.8
78.8
44.7
60.8
79.4
44.1
60.2
73.4
49.3
-
-
-
60.2
81.5
41.01974
61.3
78.7
45.7
61.4
79.4
45.2
59.8
72.9
49.0
-
-
-
61.1
81.7
42.41975
61.2
77.9
46.3
61.5
78.7
45.9
58.8
70.9
48.8
-
-
-
60.8
80.7
43.21976
61.6
77.5
47.3
61.8
78.4
46.9
59.0
70.0
49.8
-
-
-
60.8
79.6
44.31977
62.3
77.7
48.4
62.5
78.5
48.0
59.8
70.6
50.8
-
-
-
61.6
80.9
44.31978
63.2
77.9
50.0
63.3
78.6
49.4
61.5
71.5
53.1
-
-
-
62.9
81.1
46.61979
63.7
77.8
50.9
63.9
78.6
50.5
61.4
71.3
53.1
-
-
-
63.6
81.3
47.41980
63.8
77.4
51.5
64.1
78.2
51.2
61.0
70.3
53.1
-
-
-
64.0
81.4
47.41981
63.9
77.0
52.1
64.3
77.9
51.9
60.8
70.0
53.5
-
-
-
64.1
80.6
48.31982
64.0
76.6
52.6
64.3
77.4
52.4
61.0
70.1
53.7
-
-
-
63.6
79.7
48.11983
64.0
76.4
52.9
64.3
77.1
52.7
61.5
70.6
54.2
-
-
-
63.8
80.3
47.71984
64.4
76.4
53.6
64.6
77.1
53.3
62.2
70.8
55.2
-
-
-
64.9
80.6
49.61985
64.8
76.3
54.5
65.0
77.0
54.1
62.9
70.8
56.5
-
-
-
64.6
80.3
49.31986
65.3
76.3
55.3
65.5
76.9
55.0
63.3
71.2
56.9
-
-
-
65.4
81.0
50.11987
65.6
76.2
56.0
65.8
76.8
55.7
63.8
71.1
58.0
-
-
-
66.4
81.0
52.01988
65.9
76.2
56.6
66.2
76.9
56.4
63.8
71.0
58.0
-
-
-
67.4
81.9
53.21989
66.5
76.4
57.4
66.7
77.1
57.2
64.2
71.0
58.7
-
-
-
67.6
82.0
53.51990
66.5
76.4
57.5
66.9
77.1
57.4
64.0
71.0
58.3
-
-
-
67.4
81.4
53.11991
66.2
75.8
57.4
66.6
76.5
57.4
63.3
70.4
57.5
-
-
-
66.5
80.3
52.41992
66.4
75.8
57.8
66.8
76.5
57.7
63.9
70.7
58.5
-
-
-
66.8
80.7
52.81993
66.3
75.4
57.9
66.8
76.2
58.0
63.2
69.6
57.9
-
-
-
66.2
80.2
52.11994
66.6
75.1
58.8
67.1
75.9
58.9
63.4
69.1
58.7
-
-
-
66.1
79.2
52.91995
66.6
75.0
58.9
67.1
75.7
59.0
63.7
69.0
59.5
-
-
-
65.8
79.1
52.61996
66.8
74.9
59.3
67.2
75.8
59.1
64.1
68.7
60.4
-
-
-
66.5
79.6
53.41997
67.1
75.0
59.8
67.5
75.9
59.5
64.7
68.3
61.7
-
-
-
67.9
80.1
55.11998
67.1
74.9
59.8
67.3
75.6
59.4
65.6
69.0
62.8
-
-
-
67.9
79.8
55.61999
67.1
74.7
60.0
67.3
75.6
59.6
65.8
68.7
63.5
-
-
-
67.7
79.8
55.92000
67.1
74.8
59.9
67.3
75.5
59.5
65.8
69.2
63.1
67.2
76.1
59.2
69.7
81.5
57.52001
66.8
74.4
59.8
67.0
75.1
59.4
65.3
68.4
62.8
67.2
76.2
59.0
69.5
81.0
57.62002
66.6
74.1
59.6
66.8
74.8
59.3
64.8
68.4
61.8
67.2
75.9
59.1
69.1
80.2
57.62003
66.2
73.5
59.5
66.5
74.2
59.2
64.3
67.3
61.9
66.4
75.6
58.3
68.3
80.1
55.92004
66.0
73.3
59.2
66.3
74.1
58.9
63.8
66.7
61.5
65.9
75.0
57.6
68.6
80.4
56.12005
66.0
73.3
59.3
66.3
74.1
58.9
64.2
67.3
61.6
66.1
74.8
58.2
68.0
80.1
55.32006
66.2
73.5
59.4
66.5
74.3
59.0
64.1
67.0
61.7
66.2
75.0
58.3
68.7
80.7
56.12007
66.0
73.2
59.3
66.4
74.0
59.0
63.7
66.8
61.1
66.5
75.1
58.6
68.8
80.5
56.52008
66.0
73.0
59.5
66.3
73.7
59.2
63.7
66.7
61.3
67.0
75.3
59.4
68.5
80.2
56.22009
65.4
72.0
59.2
65.8
72.8
59.1
62.4
65.0
60.3
66.0
74.6
58.2
68.0
78.8
56.52010
64.7
71.2
58.6
65.1
72.0
58.5
62.2
65.0
59.9
64.7
73.2
57.0
67.5
77.8
56.52011
64.1
70.5
58.1
64.5
71.3
58.0
61.4
64.2
59.1
64.6
73.2
56.8
66.5
76.5
55.92012
63.7
70.2
57.7
64.0
71.0
57.4
61.5
63.6
59.8
63.9
72.2
56.5
66.4
76.1
56.62013
63.2
69.7
57.2
63.5
70.5
56.9
61.2
63.5
59.2
64.6
73.0
57.1
66.0
76.3
55.72014
62.9
69.2
57.0
63.1
69.8
56.7
61.2
63.6
59.2
63.6
72.4
55.8
66.1
76.1
56.02015
62.7
69.1
56.7
62.8
69.7
56.2
61.5
63.8
59.7
62.8
71.4
55.2
65.9
76.2
55.72016
62.8
69.2
56.8
62.9
69.8
56.3
61.6
64.1
59.4
63.2
72.1
55.5
65.8
76.0
55.82017
62.9
69.1
57.0
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.6
60.3
63.6
71.9
56.4
66.1
75.8
56.42018
62.9
69.1
57.1
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.8
60.2
63.5
71.6
56.4
66.3
75.7
57.02019
63.1
69.2
57.4
63.0
69.6
56.8
62.5
64.8
60.5
64.0
71.8
57.1
66.8
75.9
57.72020
61.7
67.7
56.2
61.8
68.2
55.7
60.5
62.6
58.8
62.7
70.9
55.5
65.6
74.9
56.42021
61.7
67.6
56.1
61.5
67.9
55.4
60.9
63.5
58.8
63.8
71.8
56.8
65.5
75.4
55.82022
62.2
68.0
56.8
62.0
68.1
56.1
62.2
65.2
59.7
64.5
72.1
57.7
66.3
75.2
57.3Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2022 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
64.4
71.0
58.0
68.9
75.0
63.9
67.6
73.2
62.42004
63.8
70.9
57.1
71.8
76.6
67.7
67.0
74.0
60.32005
63.5
70.0
57.2
73.4
77.1
69.8
67.0
72.0
62.32006
63.1
68.6
57.9
74.5
80.8
68.6
65.9
72.3
59.72007
63.3
69.9
57.0
73.0
78.4
68.2
66.3
71.9
60.82008
63.7
70.2
57.6
72.5
78.9
66.6
65.5
70.7
60.42009
59.0
64.1
54.2
69.4
77.3
62.3
65.6
70.4
61.02010
57.7
64.0
51.8
68.4
71.3
65.5
65.4
70.9
60.32011
59.2
65.2
53.2
69.4
75.6
63.6
64.0
68.9
59.52012
59.3
66.4
52.6
71.4
73.9
69.1
65.3
70.4
60.52013
59.2
65.3
53.3
70.0
73.7
66.6
63.3
69.2
57.82014
60.9
67.2
54.7
67.6
73.8
61.6
64.2
69.7
59.02015
60.6
65.9
55.5
66.6
73.7
59.7
64.5
68.4
60.92016
61.1
67.2
55.4
68.7
76.0
61.3
65.0
68.1
62.12017
60.3
65.8
54.8
67.0
72.6
61.7
66.9
70.7
63.32018
59.6
63.7
55.6
68.5
74.1
63.1
66.6
71.1
62.52019
60.8
65.1
56.7
68.4
73.9
63.2
67.1
70.9
63.52020
59.3
65.3
53.6
66.7
72.2
61.5
64.4
67.2
61.72021
60.5
66.2
55.0
66.9
70.9
62.9
65.4
68.2
62.62022
59.7
65.5
54.2
66.6
73.5
60.2
65.3
68.3
62.4Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2022 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
57.0
75.0
41.0
57.4
76.0
40.7
53.7
66.8
43.0
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
57.8
75.5
42.0
58.2
76.5
41.8
54.5
67.5
43.8
-
-
-
55.6
76.0
37.31974
57.8
74.9
42.6
58.3
75.9
42.4
53.5
65.8
43.5
-
-
-
56.2
75.7
38.41975
56.1
71.7
42.0
56.7
73.0
42.0
50.1
60.6
41.6
-
-
-
53.4
71.5
37.41976
56.8
72.0
43.2
57.5
73.4
43.2
50.8
60.6
42.8
-
-
-
53.8
71.1
38.61977
57.9
72.8
44.5
58.6
74.1
44.5
51.4
61.4
43.3
-
-
-
55.4
73.6
39.11978
59.3
73.8
46.4
60.0
75.0
46.3
53.6
63.3
45.8
-
-
-
57.2
74.9
41.31979
59.9
73.8
47.5
60.6
75.1
47.5
53.8
63.4
46.0
-
-
-
58.3
75.6
42.51980
59.2
72.0
47.7
60.0
73.4
47.8
52.3
60.4
45.7
-
-
-
57.6
73.5
42.41981
59.0
71.3
48.0
60.0
72.8
48.3
51.3
59.1
45.1
-
-
-
57.4
72.4
43.01982
57.8
69.0
47.7
58.8
70.6
48.1
49.4
56.0
44.2
-
-
-
54.9
68.9
41.31983
57.9
68.8
48.0
58.9
70.4
48.5
49.5
56.3
44.1
-
-
-
55.1
69.4
41.11984
59.5
70.7
49.5
60.5
72.1
49.8
52.3
59.2
46.7
-
-
-
57.9
72.1
44.21985
60.1
70.9
50.4
61.0
72.3
50.7
53.4
60.0
48.1
-
-
-
57.8
72.1
43.81986
60.7
71.0
51.4
61.5
72.3
51.7
54.1
60.6
48.8
-
-
-
58.5
72.5
44.71987
61.5
71.5
52.5
62.3
72.7
52.8
55.6
62.0
50.3
-
-
-
60.5
74.0
47.41988
62.3
72.0
53.4
63.1
73.2
53.8
56.3
62.7
51.2
-
-
-
61.9
75.3
48.81989
63.0
72.5
54.3
63.8
73.7
54.6
56.9
62.8
52.0
-
-
-
62.2
75.8
48.81990
62.8
72.0
54.3
63.7
73.3
54.7
56.7
62.6
51.9
-
-
-
61.9
74.9
48.61991
61.7
70.4
53.7
62.6
71.6
54.2
55.4
61.3
50.6
-
-
-
59.8
72.1
47.31992
61.5
69.8
53.8
62.4
71.1
54.2
54.9
59.9
50.8
-
-
-
59.1
71.2
46.81993
61.7
70.0
54.1
62.7
71.4
54.6
55.0
60.0
50.9
-
-
-
59.1
71.7
46.31994
62.5
70.4
55.3
63.5
71.8
55.8
56.1
60.8
52.3
-
-
-
59.5
71.7
47.21995
62.9
70.8
55.6
63.8
72.0
56.1
57.1
61.7
53.4
-
-
-
59.7
72.1
47.31996
63.2
70.9
56.0
64.1
72.3
56.3
57.4
61.1
54.4
-
-
-
60.6
73.3
47.91997
63.8
71.3
56.8
64.6
72.7
57.0
58.2
61.4
55.6
-
-
-
62.6
74.5
50.21998
64.1
71.6
57.1
64.7
72.7
57.1
59.7
62.9
57.2
-
-
-
63.1
74.7
51.01999
64.3
71.6
57.4
64.8
72.8
57.3
60.6
63.1
58.6
-
-
-
63.4
75.3
51.72000
64.4
71.9
57.5
64.9
73.0
57.4
60.9
63.6
58.6
64.8
73.3
57.1
65.7
77.4
53.62001
63.7
70.9
57.0
64.2
72.0
57.0
59.7
62.1
57.8
64.2
72.7
56.4
64.9
76.2
53.32002
62.7
69.7
56.3
63.4
70.8
56.4
58.1
61.1
55.8
63.2
71.3
55.8
63.9
74.5
52.92003
62.3
68.9
56.1
63.0
70.1
56.3
57.4
59.5
55.6
62.4
70.9
54.9
63.1
74.3
51.22004
62.3
69.2
56.0
63.1
70.4
56.1
57.2
59.3
55.5
63.0
71.6
55.1
63.8
75.1
51.82005
62.7
69.6
56.2
63.4
70.8
56.3
57.7
60.2
55.7
63.4
71.8
55.9
64.0
75.8
51.52006
63.1
70.1
56.6
63.8
71.3
56.6
58.4
60.6
56.5
64.2
72.7
56.5
65.2
76.8
52.82007
63.0
69.8
56.6
63.6
70.9
56.7
58.4
60.7
56.5
64.3
72.8
56.6
64.9
76.2
53.02008
62.2
68.5
56.2
62.8
69.7
56.3
57.3
59.1
55.8
64.3
72.2
57.2
63.3
74.1
51.92009
59.3
64.5
54.4
60.2
66.0
54.8
53.2
53.7
52.8
61.2
68.7
54.4
59.7
68.9
50.12010
58.5
63.7
53.6
59.4
65.1
54.0
52.3
53.1
51.7
59.9
67.5
53.0
59.0
68.0
49.62011
58.4
63.9
53.2
59.4
65.3
53.7
51.7
52.8
50.8
60.0
68.2
52.6
58.9
67.9
49.32012
58.6
64.4
53.1
59.4
65.8
53.3
53.0
54.1
52.2
60.1
68.1
53.1
59.5
68.6
50.42013
58.6
64.4
53.2
59.4
65.7
53.3
53.2
54.5
52.0
61.2
69.0
54.3
60.0
69.6
50.42014
59.0
64.9
53.5
59.7
66.1
53.7
54.3
55.9
52.9
60.4
68.6
53.3
61.2
71.0
51.42015
59.3
65.3
53.7
59.9
66.5
53.7
55.7
57.2
54.4
60.4
68.6
53.2
61.6
71.5
51.82016
59.7
65.8
54.1
60.2
66.7
54.0
56.4
58.3
54.8
60.9
69.6
53.4
62.0
71.9
52.32017
60.1
66.0
54.6
60.4
66.9
54.2
57.6
59.4
56.1
61.5
69.5
54.5
62.7
72.3
53.22018
60.4
66.3
54.9
60.7
67.1
54.5
58.3
60.3
56.6
61.6
69.4
54.7
63.2
72.4
54.12019
60.8
66.6
55.4
61.0
67.3
54.9
58.7
60.6
57.1
62.3
69.8
55.6
63.9
72.9
55.02020
56.8
62.4
51.5
57.3
63.4
51.4
53.6
55.0
52.4
57.3
65.4
50.2
58.7
67.6
50.02021
58.4
63.9
53.2
58.6
64.6
52.8
55.7
57.7
54.1
60.6
68.3
53.9
61.1
70.5
51.82022
60.0
65.5
54.7
60.0
65.8
54.3
58.4
61.1
56.1
62.7
70.0
56.1
63.5
72.1
54.8Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2022 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
57.7
63.1
52.4
63.6
69.8
58.4
61.4
66.4
56.82004
57.7
64.0
51.8
67.4
71.4
64.1
61.2
67.6
55.02005
57.6
63.9
51.5
70.2
73.4
67.1
61.6
66.3
57.22006
58.1
63.2
53.3
70.6
75.7
65.7
61.5
67.0
56.22007
58.1
64.3
52.3
69.4
74.2
65.3
61.5
66.5
56.62008
57.4
62.6
52.5
67.8
72.8
63.3
59.3
63.6
55.22009
51.2
54.2
48.3
61.8
68.3
56.0
56.7
60.4
53.22010
49.0
53.0
45.2
60.1
61.6
58.7
56.5
60.8
52.52011
50.5
55.2
45.9
62.2
67.0
57.7
55.3
59.2
51.72012
52.1
58.5
45.9
63.0
64.7
61.4
57.6
61.9
53.52013
51.6
56.6
46.9
62.9
65.5
60.4
56.4
61.3
51.72014
54.0
59.2
48.9
63.5
69.6
57.5
57.6
62.1
53.42015
54.6
58.6
50.8
62.8
69.5
56.3
59.0
62.8
55.62016
55.7
61.0
50.6
65.7
72.7
58.5
60.2
62.9
57.62017
55.6
60.3
50.9
62.9
68.7
57.4
62.4
65.8
59.22018
55.6
59.3
52.1
64.9
70.3
59.7
62.9
66.8
59.32019
57.1
60.9
53.5
66.2
71.5
61.2
63.6
67.0
60.32020
52.4
57.1
47.8
60.8
65.7
56.1
56.9
59.7
54.22021
55.5
60.9
50.5
62.2
64.9
59.6
60.0
61.7
58.42022
56.0
61.2
51.0
63.9
70.3
58.0
61.7
64.8
58.6Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 20002–002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 yearsand older
Less than ahigh schooldiploma
High schoolgraduates,no college(1)
Some college,no degree
Associate'sdegree
Bachelor'sdegree andhigher(2)TotalCivilian noninstitutional population
226,016
19,789
63,707
32,938
23,601
85,981Civilian labor force
143,195
8,988
35,919
20,042
15,601
62,644Percent of population
63.4
45.4
56.4
60.8
66.1
72.9Employed
138,913
8,498
34,497
19,348
15,175
61,394Employment-population ratio
61.5
42.9
54.2
58.7
64.3
71.4Unemployed
4,281
490
1,422
694
427
1,250Unemployment rate
3.0
5.5
4.0
3.5
2.7
2.0MenCivilian noninstitutional population
109,551
10,195
32,541
15,873
10,502
40,441Civilian labor force
76,651
5,867
21,463
10,724
7,554
31,043Percent of population
70.0
57.5
66.0
67.6
71.9
76.8Employed
74,376
5,565
20,655
10,374
7,348
30,434Employment-population ratio
67.9
54.6
63.5
65.4
70.0
75.3Unemployed
2,275
302
808
350
206
609Unemployment rate
3.0
5.1
3.8
3.3
2.7
2.0WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
116,465
9,594
31,165
17,066
13,099
45,540Civilian labor force
66,544
3,122
14,456
9,318
8,048
31,601Percent of population
57.1
32.5
46.4
54.6
61.4
69.4Employed
64,537
2,934
13,842
8,974
7,827
30,960Employment-population ratio
55.4
30.6
44.4
52.6
59.8
68.0Unemployed
2,007
188
614
344
221
641Unemployment rate
3.0
6.0
4.2
3.7
2.7
2.0WhiteCivilian noninstitutional population
175,414
15,018
49,356
25,504
18,663
66,872Civilian labor force
109,948
7,143
27,443
15,211
12,151
48,001Percent of population
62.7
47.6
55.6
59.6
65.1
71.8Employed
107,027
6,800
26,511
14,754
11,853
47,108Employment-population ratio
61.0
45.3
53.7
57.9
63.5
70.4Unemployed
2,921
342
931
456
297
894Unemployment rate
2.7
4.8
3.4
3.0
2.4
1.9MenCivilian noninstitutional population
86,077
7,921
25,421
12,490
8,459
31,785Civilian labor force
59,962
4,804
16,788
8,342
6,058
23,969Percent of population
69.7
60.7
66.0
66.8
71.6
75.4Employed
58,356
4,593
16,236
8,100
5,904
23,523Employment-population ratio
67.8
58.0
63.9
64.9
69.8
74.0Unemployed
1,605
211
553
241
154
446Unemployment rate
2.7
4.4
3.3
2.9
2.5
1.9WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
89,338
7,097
23,935
13,014
10,204
35,088Civilian labor force
49,986
2,338
10,654
6,869
6,093
24,032Percent of population
56.0
32.9
44.5
52.8
59.7
68.5Employed
48,671
2,207
10,276
6,654
5,949
23,585Employment-population ratio
54.5
31.1
42.9
51.1
58.3
67.2Unemployed
1,315
131
378
215
144
448Unemployment rate
2.6
5.6
3.6
3.1
2.4
1.9Black or African AmericanCivilian noninstitutional population
28,579
2,810
9,550
5,048
3,107
8,064Civilian labor force
18,398
1,048
5,596
3,274
2,197
6,284Percent of population
64.4
37.3
58.6
64.8
70.7
77.9Employed
17,481
945
5,228
3,099
2,102
6,106Employment-population ratio
61.2
33.7
54.7
61.4
67.7
75.7Unemployed
917
102
368
175
95
178Unemployment rate
5.0
9.8
6.6
5.3
4.3
2.8MenCivilian noninstitutional population
13,028
1,404
4,801
2,215
1,232
3,377Civilian labor force
8,838
611
3,055
1,537
902
2,733Percent of population
67.8
43.5
63.6
69.4
73.2
80.9Employed
8,393
545
2,864
1,460
862
2,662Employment-population ratio
64.4
38.8
59.7
65.9
70.0
78.8Unemployed
445
67
191
77
40
71Unemployment rate
5.0
10.9
6.2
5.0
4.4
2.6WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
15,551
1,406
4,749
2,834
1,875
4,687Civilian labor force
9,560
436
2,540
1,736
1,296
3,551Percent of population
61.5
31.1
53.5
61.3
69.1
75.8Employed
9,087
401
2,364
1,639
1,240
3,444Employment-population ratio
58.4
28.5
49.8
57.8
66.1
73.5Unemployed
472
36
177
98
55
107Unemployment rate
4.9
8.2
7.0
5.6
4.3
3.0AsianCivilian noninstitutional population
14,701
1,098
2,566
1,110
958
8,969Civilian labor force
9,964
397
1,479
711
637
6,740Percent of population
67.8
36.2
57.6
64.1
66.5
75.2Employed
9,738
386
1,439
687
626
6,601Employment-population ratio
66.2
35.1
56.1
61.9
65.4
73.6Unemployed
226
11
40
24
11
140Unemployment rate
2.3
2.9
2.7
3.4
1.7
2.1MenCivilian noninstitutional population
6,892
431
1,104
553
404
4,401Civilian labor force
5,288
205
769
397
297
3,620Percent of population
76.7
47.5
69.7
71.8
73.6
82.2Employed
5,171
198
750
383
293
3,547Employment-population ratio
75.0
45.9
68.0
69.3
72.4
80.6Unemployed
117
7
19
14
5
73Unemployment rate
2.2
3.5
2.5
3.5
1.6
2.0WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
7,809
668
1,462
557
554
4,568Civilian labor force
4,677
193
709
315
340
3,121Percent of population
59.9
28.8
48.5
56.4
61.3
68.3Employed
4,568
188
688
304
333
3,054Employment-population ratio
58.5
28.2
47.1
54.6
60.2
66.9Unemployed
109
4
21
10
6
67Unemployment rate
2.3
2.2
3.0
3.3
1.8
2.1Hispanic or Latino ethnicityCivilian noninstitutional population
36,985
9,168
12,084
4,756
3,121
7,856Civilian labor force
25,603
5,213
8,328
3,434
2,327
6,300Percent of population
69.2
56.9
68.9
72.2
74.6
80.2Employed
24,717
4,964
8,016
3,317
2,258
6,162Employment-population ratio
66.8
54.1
66.3
69.7
72.4
78.4Unemployed
886
250
312
117
69
138Unemployment rate
3.5
4.8
3.7
3.4
3.0
2.2MenCivilian noninstitutional population
18,455
4,777
6,470
2,277
1,337
3,593Civilian labor force
14,688
3,510
5,217
1,807
1,095
3,059Percent of population
79.6
73.5
80.6
79.3
81.9
85.1Employed
14,210
3,358
5,040
1,753
1,065
2,994Employment-population ratio
77.0
70.3
77.9
77.0
79.6
83.3Unemployed
478
152
177
54
30
65Unemployment rate
3.3
4.3
3.4
3.0
2.7
2.1WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
18,530
4,391
5,614
2,479
1,784
4,263Civilian labor force
10,915
1,703
3,111
1,627
1,232
3,241Percent of population
58.9
38.8
55.4
65.6
69.1
76.0Employed
10,507
1,606
2,976
1,564
1,193
3,168Employment-population ratio
56.7
36.6
53.0
63.1
66.9
74.3Unemployed
408
98
135
63
39
74Unemployment rate
3.7
5.7
4.3
3.9
3.2
2.3Footnotes(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averages
Occupation and sex
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
158,291
121,908
19,937
10,615
29,299Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
43.0
43.4
35.0
58.0
25.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
18.5
19.4
13.8
20.2
11.3Management occupations
12.8
13.5
9.1
12.6
7.9Business and financial operations occupations
5.8
5.8
4.7
7.7
3.4Professional and related occupations
24.5
24.1
21.1
37.7
14.0Computer and mathematical occupations
3.9
3.3
2.8
13.0
1.8Architecture and engineering occupations
2.2
2.2
1.1
4.5
1.2Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.2
1.1
0.6
3.0
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.9
1.8
2.8
1.0
1.4Legal occupations
1.2
1.3
0.8
0.9
0.7Education, training, and library occupations
5.8
6.1
5.2
4.7
3.7Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.2
2.3
1.4
1.8
1.5Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
6.2
6.0
6.4
8.9
3.1Service occupations
16.1
15.1
21.4
14.6
22.9Healthcare support occupations
3.1
2.5
6.4
3.4
3.6Protective service occupations
1.9
1.8
3.2
0.8
1.5Food preparation and serving related occupations
5.0
4.7
5.5
5.0
7.6Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.5
3.6
3.9
1.6
7.7Personal care and service occupations
2.5
2.4
2.4
3.7
2.5Sales and office occupations
19.2
19.4
20.0
15.4
18.5Sales and related occupations
9.0
9.3
7.9
7.7
8.5Office and administrative support occupations
10.2
10.0
12.1
7.7
10.0Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
9.0
10.1
5.3
2.6
16.7Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.2
1.5Construction and extraction occupations
5.3
6.0
3.0
1.3
11.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
3.1
3.4
2.1
1.1
3.6Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
12.7
12.0
18.3
9.4
16.6Production occupations
5.2
5.1
6.2
4.6
6.9Transportation and material moving occupations
7.5
6.9
12.1
4.9
9.8Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
84,203
65,924
9,617
5,610
16,654Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
39.2
39.4
29.4
59.0
21.5Management, business, and financial operations occupations
19.2
20.2
13.4
20.8
11.1Management occupations
14.3
15.2
9.8
14.3
8.6Business and financial operations occupations
4.9
5.1
3.6
6.5
2.5Professional and related occupations
20.0
19.2
16.0
38.2
10.4Computer and mathematical occupations
5.4
4.7
3.7
17.0
2.4Architecture and engineering occupations
3.5
3.5
1.8
6.7
1.7Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.1
1.1
0.5
2.9
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.1
1.1
1.9
0.8
0.8Legal occupations
1.0
1.2
0.6
0.6
0.4Education, training, and library occupations
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.2
1.5Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.1
2.2
1.9
1.5
1.5Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
2.8
2.6
2.7
5.5
1.5Service occupations
13.0
12.1
18.3
10.9
17.9Healthcare support occupations
0.9
0.7
2.0
1.6
0.8Protective service occupations
2.8
2.7
4.4
1.4
2.0Food preparation and serving related occupations
4.4
3.9
5.9
4.7
7.0Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.8
3.9
4.6
1.6
7.0Personal care and service occupations
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.6
1.1Sales and office occupations
14.0
13.9
14.4
13.7
12.0Sales and related occupations
8.6
8.9
6.9
7.7
6.7Office and administrative support occupations
5.4
5.0
7.5
6.0
5.3Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
16.0
17.7
10.2
4.4
27.4Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.9
1.0
0.4
0.2
1.9Construction and extraction occupations
9.6
10.7
5.9
2.2
19.5Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5.5
6.1
3.9
1.9
6.0Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17.9
16.8
27.7
12.1
21.1Production occupations
6.9
6.8
8.4
4.9
7.9Transportation and material moving occupations
11.0
10.0
19.3
7.2
13.3Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
74,089
55,984
10,319
5,006
12,646Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
47.4
48.1
40.2
56.9
30.3Management, business, and financial operations occupations
17.8
18.3
14.2
19.6
11.6Management occupations
11.0
11.6
8.5
10.6
7.0Business and financial operations occupations
6.7
6.8
5.6
9.0
4.6Professional and related occupations
29.6
29.8
26.0
37.3
18.7Computer and mathematical occupations
2.2
1.7
2.0
8.5
1.0Architecture and engineering occupations
0.8
0.7
0.5
2.1
0.5Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.2
1.1
0.6
3.0
0.6Community and social service occupations
2.7
2.6
3.8
1.3
2.2Legal occupations
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.1
1.1Education, training, and library occupations
9.1
9.8
7.4
6.4
6.5Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.3
2.5
1.1
2.1
1.5Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
10.0
9.9
9.7
12.8
5.2Service occupations
19.6
18.6
24.4
18.8
29.4Healthcare support occupations
5.6
4.7
10.5
5.5
7.2Protective service occupations
1.0
0.8
2.1
0.3
0.9Food preparation and serving related occupations
5.7
5.7
5.1
5.3
8.4Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.2
3.3
3.3
1.6
8.5Personal care and service occupations
4.1
4.1
3.4
6.0
4.3Sales and office occupations
25.2
25.8
25.2
17.4
27.1Sales and related occupations
9.6
9.8
8.8
7.7
10.8Office and administrative support occupations
15.6
16.0
16.5
9.7
16.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.1
1.2
0.7
0.5
2.5Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.1
1.0Construction and extraction occupations
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.2
1.1Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
6.8
6.3
9.5
6.5
10.7Production occupations
3.3
3.0
4.2
4.2
5.5Transportation and material moving occupations
3.5
3.2
5.3
2.3
5.2Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Totalemployed
Percent of total employedWhite
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and over
158,291
77.0
12.6
6.7
18.5Management, professional, and related occupations
68,099
77.7
10.2
9.0
10.9Management, business, and financial operations occupations
29,350
80.4
9.4
7.3
11.3Management occupations
20,199
81.6
9.0
6.6
11.5Chief executives
1,780
85.9
5.9
6.7
6.8General and operations managers
1,165
82.4
9.1
5.3
11.5Legislators
14
-
-
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
68
80.3
13.8
4.4
8.9Marketing managers
656
83.9
6.8
7.5
11.4Sales managers
566
88.3
5.9
3.5
11.3Public relations and fundraising managers
131
87.4
8.9
2.9
7.5Administrative services managers
69
82.1
9.4
4.8
17.3Facilities managers
129
92.0
6.1
1.1
17.8Computer and information systems managers
764
72.6
7.8
16.5
7.5Financial managers
1,380
78.5
9.6
9.3
10.1Compensation and benefits managers
18
-
-
-
-Human resources managers
295
81.5
12.0
4.0
11.6Training and development managers
63
86.4
6.2
6.6
4.4Industrial production managers
281
84.0
6.7
6.7
12.9Purchasing managers
234
78.2
11.5
7.5
8.4Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
351
85.1
8.9
3.4
17.2Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
946
94.8
1.5
0.6
6.6Construction managers
1,057
89.8
5.3
2.6
16.2Education and childcare administrators
988
78.0
16.3
4.0
9.8Architectural and engineering managers
202
76.5
6.7
14.3
9.6Food service managers
1,153
71.2
13.0
11.2
19.5Funeral home managers
8
-
-
-
-Entertainment and recreation managers
65
87.4
7.1
1.6
8.6Lodging managers
113
75.4
6.6
12.9
8.4Medical and health services managers
797
74.6
16.0
7.3
9.0Natural sciences managers
28
-
-
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
26
-
-
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
835
83.1
9.9
4.3
11.0Social and community service managers
434
78.1
12.7
4.7
12.8Emergency management directors
22
-
-
-
-Personal service managers, all other
6
-
-
-
-Managers, all other
5,557
80.9
8.9
7.0
12.5Business and financial operations occupations
9,152
77.9
10.2
8.9
11.0Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
39
-
-
-
-Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
4
-
-
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
179
85.2
6.8
3.4
15.2Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
266
82.3
7.2
7.4
7.9Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
365
75.2
16.0
5.7
13.2Compliance officers
294
76.5
13.7
5.6
16.5Cost estimators
140
91.9
1.1
4.2
9.0Human resources workers
936
77.0
14.0
6.2
16.2Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
65
52.1
32.0
9.4
16.3Training and development specialists
157
78.7
13.2
4.9
13.1Logisticians
169
74.0
18.0
5.4
16.3Project management specialists
841
78.3
9.0
9.3
7.7Management analysts
1,045
76.2
8.5
12.6
6.5Meeting, convention, and event planners
159
78.9
14.0
3.7
12.5Fundraisers
76
91.8
0.3
3.9
9.3Market research analysts and marketing specialists
455
79.6
5.8
11.1
9.9Business operations specialists, all other
409
78.6
10.9
7.0
12.4Accountants and auditors
1,652
76.1
9.7
11.7
9.7Property appraisers and assessors
100
92.4
4.2
2.7
7.8Budget analysts
48
-
-
-
-Credit analysts
51
72.8
6.9
11.3
9.3Financial and investment analysts
387
74.7
8.0
14.2
12.2Personal financial advisors
543
82.7
6.3
9.5
8.4Insurance underwriters
105
83.5
13.2
2.3
13.0Financial examiners
19
-
-
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
391
77.2
12.2
6.1
13.2Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
71
83.5
9.8
5.8
15.0Tax preparers
98
83.1
6.7
9.2
17.2Other financial specialists
87
66.0
14.3
11.7
7.1Professional and related occupations
38,749
75.7
10.9
10.3
10.6Computer and mathematical occupations
6,171
65.1
9.1
22.3
8.6Computer and information research scientists
41
-
-
-
-Computer systems analysts
501
68.8
12.7
15.3
9.4Information security analysts
178
76.6
11.6
7.7
11.9Computer programmers
457
69.5
5.5
21.4
8.0Software developers
2,085
55.0
5.7
36.4
5.7Software quality assurance analysts and testers
83
67.1
8.0
23.9
12.1Web developers
79
80.2
0.8
10.2
20.4Web and digital interface designers
89
79.1
7.2
9.1
9.0Computer support specialists
704
71.2
11.3
12.5
12.9Database administrators and architects
137
65.3
7.5
23.6
6.8Network and computer systems administrators
217
75.1
9.5
11.9
9.1Computer network architects
98
65.9
16.9
11.6
8.2Computer occupations, all other
969
67.9
14.7
14.0
11.1Actuaries
30
-
-
-
-Mathematicians
4
-
-
-
-Operations research analysts
135
68.7
17.6
9.2
11.3Statisticians
51
56.9
6.4
35.3
2.7Other mathematical science occupations
314
74.1
5.7
17.5
7.0Architecture and engineering occupations
3,464
77.3
6.6
13.9
10.3Architects, except landscape and naval
182
87.7
4.6
7.0
8.3Landscape architects
32
-
-
-
-Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
43
-
-
-
-Aerospace engineers
173
80.9
3.8
12.4
9.6Agricultural engineers
4
-
-
-
-Bioengineers and biomedical engineers
24
-
-
-
-Chemical engineers
75
70.2
7.8
13.5
7.3Civil engineers
482
76.1
6.5
15.8
12.2Computer hardware engineers
90
53.9
9.3
34.1
7.0Electrical and electronics engineers
296
71.4
6.0
21.5
5.8Environmental engineers
47
-
-
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
221
73.5
7.1
16.8
6.1Marine engineers and naval architects
8
-
-
-
-Materials engineers
48
-
-
-
-Mechanical engineers
403
79.4
3.6
14.9
11.9Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
3
-
-
-
-Nuclear engineers
11
-
-
-
-Petroleum engineers
18
-
-
-
-Engineers, all other
631
74.7
7.1
15.2
8.9Architectural and civil drafters
46
-
-
-
-Other drafters
80
88.2
5.1
6.7
12.6Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians
90
74.6
12.6
8.1
17.3Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters
374
76.6
11.0
10.1
13.7Surveying and mapping technicians
83
89.2
8.5
0.0
11.5Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,840
73.3
6.1
17.1
8.2Agricultural and food scientists
19
-
-
-
-Biological scientists
110
80.4
5.7
11.8
3.5Conservation scientists and foresters
29
-
-
-
-Medical scientists
147
47.6
9.3
41.1
4.2Life scientists, all other
13
-
-
-
-Astronomers and physicists
26
-
-
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
12
-
-
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
78
67.5
8.3
21.8
9.1Environmental scientists and specialists, including health
33
-
-
-
-Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers
43
-
-
-
-Physical scientists, all other
442
62.6
5.0
29.4
6.4Economists
29
-
-
-
-Survey researchers
2
-
-
-
-Clinical and counseling psychologists
13
-
-
-
-School psychologists
48
-
-
-
-Other psychologists
154
87.3
5.8
3.2
8.1Sociologists
3
-
-
-
-Urban and regional planners
35
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
57
86.4
1.9
8.2
4.9Agricultural and food science technicians
42
-
-
-
-Biological technicians
24
-
-
-
-Chemical technicians
51
82.7
3.8
9.7
20.1Environmental science and geoscience technicians
15
-
-
-
-Nuclear technicians
7
-
-
-
-Social science research assistants
5
-
-
-
-Other life, physical, and social science technicians
320
75.1
7.8
11.4
9.8Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians
79
78.2
7.6
9.4
18.2Community and social service occupations
2,945
73.6
19.3
3.6
14.1Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors
137
74.6
16.3
3.4
15.9Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors
408
75.4
17.6
3.0
11.4Marriage and family therapists
38
-
-
-
-Mental health counselors
195
82.4
14.9
1.1
10.6Rehabilitation counselors
21
-
-
-
-Counselors, all other
248
76.1
19.1
1.6
13.3Child, family, and school social workers
72
61.3
30.5
6.2
11.1Healthcare social workers
89
69.3
23.5
5.8
13.9Mental health and substance abuse social workers
24
-
-
-
-Social workers, all other
731
65.4
27.3
4.2
17.3Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
70
77.5
21.5
0.6
26.0Social and human service assistants
228
67.8
25.0
1.8
16.9Other community and social service specialists
112
70.9
20.4
2.7
21.7Clergy
434
79.7
9.9
6.1
10.2Directors, religious activities and education
68
91.0
7.8
1.1
9.5Religious workers, all other
68
90.4
1.8
4.5
11.8Legal occupations
1,861
84.1
8.5
4.9
10.9Lawyers
1,141
87.8
6.3
3.8
6.5Judicial law clerks
21
-
-
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
68
81.3
12.4
6.1
3.3Paralegals and legal assistants
445
77.9
12.3
5.7
20.2Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers
104
74.5
11.9
9.5
15.4Legal support workers, all other
80
80.2
12.8
6.1
18.8Education, training, and library occupations
9,220
80.4
11.2
5.4
11.7Postsecondary teachers
1,087
79.5
7.5
10.8
8.0Preschool and kindergarten teachers
645
74.6
16.7
4.1
13.5Elementary and middle school teachers
3,336
82.5
11.1
3.9
11.2Secondary school teachers
1,000
85.8
8.6
3.7
9.8Special education teachers
369
84.6
10.8
1.4
9.4Tutors
168
77.2
9.7
9.2
14.8Other teachers and instructors
805
76.5
15.0
4.6
12.5Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
70
87.6
6.3
0.8
10.0Librarians and media collections specialists
168
86.0
4.3
5.1
8.0Library technicians
38
-
-
-
-Teaching assistants
1,380
76.1
12.1
8.2
17.2Other educational instruction and library workers
155
74.6
17.7
3.2
11.9Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,441
82.8
8.3
5.5
12.7Artists and related workers
324
83.9
6.1
5.7
14.5Commercial and industrial designers
10
-
-
-
-Fashion designers
22
-
-
-
-Floral designers
58
90.0
5.5
1.6
21.5Graphic designers
328
82.0
6.3
7.7
12.9Interior designers
125
87.3
2.1
8.3
11.2Merchandise displayers and window trimmers
29
-
-
-
-Other designers
375
83.0
4.4
10.0
12.3Actors
56
71.0
24.3
3.8
11.1Producers and directors
185
82.9
11.6
3.2
9.3Athletes and sports competitors
39
-
-
-
-Coaches and scouts
297
85.9
8.0
3.3
13.2Umpires, referees, and other sports officials
32
-
-
-
-Dancers and choreographers
22
-
-
-
-Music directors and composers
45
-
-
-
-Musicians and singers
165
78.1
13.6
6.6
8.6Disc jockeys, except radio
27
-
-
-
-Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
42
-
-
-
-Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys
21
-
-
-
-News analysts, reporters, and journalists
88
79.8
13.1
3.0
8.8Public relations specialists
120
81.4
12.2
2.4
11.9Editors
104
91.5
2.6
3.5
3.0Technical writers
53
87.6
0.0
9.5
9.2Writers and authors
277
87.7
6.7
4.5
7.3Interpreters and translators
94
69.3
10.3
15.5
35.8Court reporters and simultaneous captioners
32
-
-
-
-Media and communication workers, all other
28
-
-
-
-Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians
118
82.0
8.5
2.3
12.3Photographers
210
83.3
8.4
3.7
15.8Television, video, and film camera operators and editors
111
75.8
8.9
6.2
18.8Media and communication equipment workers, all other
1
-
-
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,808
74.4
12.9
9.7
9.3Chiropractors
57
80.9
9.0
7.3
1.5Dentists
140
76.9
7.7
14.0
7.1Dietitians and nutritionists
141
74.9
18.1
3.1
9.6Optometrists
42
-
-
-
-Pharmacists
375
68.1
10.6
18.7
6.9Emergency medicine physicians
21
-
-
-
-Radiologists
26
-
-
-
-Other physicians
933
67.0
8.4
22.4
7.2Surgeons
48
-
-
-
-Physician assistants
160
84.1
4.5
8.2
6.1Podiatrists
13
-
-
-
-Audiologists
12
-
-
-
-Occupational therapists
149
86.2
5.4
8.3
6.1Physical therapists
274
82.6
5.9
7.2
4.3Radiation therapists
16
-
-
-
-Recreational therapists
14
-
-
-
-Respiratory therapists
104
79.4
12.8
6.6
12.7Speech-language pathologists
171
93.9
4.0
0.5
2.7Exercise physiologists
5
-
-
-
-Therapists, all other
254
80.7
14.6
2.4
14.0Veterinarians
83
91.4
2.2
4.3
0.5Registered nurses
3,363
73.6
14.5
8.9
8.1Nurse anesthetists
37
-
-
-
-Nurse midwives
6
-
-
-
-Nurse practitioners
263
81.9
9.9
6.2
6.7Acupuncturists
28
-
-
-
-Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other
15
-
-
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
333
69.0
12.0
14.9
13.5Dental hygienists
217
91.4
2.5
5.6
12.7Cardiovascular technologists and technicians
46
-
-
-
-Diagnostic medical sonographers
93
79.9
4.8
14.7
10.9Radiologic technologists and technicians
223
80.0
11.2
5.9
10.5Magnetic resonance imaging technologists
52
69.7
14.2
12.1
9.3Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists
28
-
-
-
-Emergency medical technicians
139
82.4
9.1
5.3
15.6Paramedics
107
90.9
1.6
6.7
9.0Pharmacy technicians
355
66.1
19.0
10.1
17.3Psychiatric technicians
91
61.0
31.6
4.2
19.8Surgical technologists
93
70.2
22.6
2.1
13.1Veterinary technologists and technicians
148
92.3
1.1
2.0
11.5Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians
68
66.5
23.2
3.1
11.8Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
588
63.3
29.1
4.9
12.3Medical records specialists
193
74.8
14.9
5.5
10.9Opticians, dispensing
46
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
146
63.8
22.1
8.9
17.2Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
91
77.1
8.2
6.2
11.3Service occupations
25,438
72.3
16.8
6.1
26.3Healthcare support occupations
4,930
62.6
25.8
7.4
21.3Home health aides
617
52.5
32.5
11.1
28.9Personal care aides
1,407
60.8
26.2
8.0
21.0Nursing assistants
1,236
55.4
36.0
5.6
15.3Orderlies and psychiatric aides
59
56.7
30.0
3.7
18.6Occupational therapy assistants and aides
25
-
-
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
77
84.2
5.7
4.7
7.6Massage therapists
149
71.2
8.5
12.2
11.1Dental assistants
327
77.5
9.8
9.0
28.3Medical assistants
541
75.7
15.7
5.6
32.9Medical transcriptionists
38
-
-
-
-Pharmacy aides
45
-
-
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
67
78.6
12.4
4.0
23.6Phlebotomists
114
59.0
22.0
7.9
20.2Other healthcare support workers
228
67.9
23.8
5.3
15.2Protective service occupations
3,057
71.7
20.9
2.9
14.7First-line supervisors of correctional officers
47
-
-
-
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
91
88.0
4.9
0.4
18.6First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers
63
92.0
8.0
0.0
9.7First-line supervisors of security workers
74
69.2
24.5
2.1
11.7First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
3
-
-
-
-Firefighters
307
85.5
9.9
1.5
15.2Fire inspectors
35
-
-
-
-Bailiffs
23
-
-
-
-Correctional officers and jailers
285
63.7
27.3
4.2
12.8Detectives and criminal investigators
142
80.2
12.4
3.2
10.5Fish and game wardens
8
-
-
-
-Parking enforcement workers
7
-
-
-
-Police officers
746
78.3
16.7
2.5
13.1Animal control workers
9
-
-
-
-Private detectives and investigators
105
83.4
11.0
2.1
13.9Security guards and gambling surveillance officers
835
54.9
34.5
4.5
16.6Crossing guards and flaggers
48
-
-
-
-Transportation security screeners
37
-
-
-
-School bus monitors
45
-
-
-
-Other protective service workers
147
89.6
2.0
0.4
16.6Food preparation and serving related occupations
7,907
73.2
13.9
6.7
28.1Chefs and head cooks
465
63.3
15.8
15.7
22.7First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
491
74.3
18.0
4.2
22.9Cooks
2,012
69.4
17.7
5.9
36.1Food preparation workers
932
72.1
15.2
5.9
30.3Bartenders
457
82.0
7.7
2.0
21.1Fast food and counter workers
784
70.7
12.7
7.7
21.4Waiters and waitresses
1,762
77.9
9.7
8.3
24.5Food servers, nonrestaurant
200
69.9
21.9
6.8
23.5Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
269
76.0
10.0
4.7
35.0Dishwashers
235
70.9
18.9
3.3
32.8Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
293
81.8
7.2
5.2
27.4Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
9
-
-
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,576
78.7
14.0
3.1
40.4First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
314
76.8
18.6
2.4
28.4First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
281
83.4
11.9
1.1
29.1Janitors and building cleaners
2,183
75.4
17.4
3.2
34.6Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,364
75.6
15.7
4.3
51.0Pest control workers
100
87.3
7.7
3.6
23.5Landscaping and groundskeeping workers
1,213
85.2
7.1
2.3
46.5Tree trimmers and pruners
104
96.0
1.7
0.0
35.6Other grounds maintenance workers
18
-
-
-
-Personal care and service occupations
3,968
73.8
12.2
9.9
18.3Supervisors of personal care and service workers
232
68.7
13.8
14.2
12.0Animal trainers
66
93.5
0.0
2.0
5.4Animal caretakers
305
88.1
3.6
3.3
12.8Gambling services workers
74
66.1
8.3
20.6
7.8Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
39
-
-
-
-Other entertainment attendants and related workers
237
79.5
10.3
4.5
19.5Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants
28
-
-
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers
36
-
-
-
-Barbers
123
58.4
27.1
9.8
40.4Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
720
78.6
13.7
6.0
18.8Manicurists and pedicurists
295
24.5
7.6
65.4
15.2Skincare specialists
96
78.8
4.4
7.5
21.5Other personal appearance workers
30
-
-
-
-Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
78
71.7
20.0
6.9
16.1Tour and travel guides
58
84.9
6.3
4.1
5.9Childcare workers
1,007
77.6
13.5
3.7
23.9Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors
234
81.8
11.1
3.5
12.8Recreation workers
158
79.5
15.1
1.8
11.8Residential advisors
28
-
-
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
122
85.1
7.6
4.0
19.9Sales and office occupations
30,412
77.7
13.1
5.4
17.8Sales and related occupations
14,316
79.6
11.0
5.7
17.4First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,081
78.5
10.8
6.7
15.9First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,203
82.5
7.7
6.5
15.5Cashiers
2,712
71.9
16.2
6.6
24.4Counter and rental clerks
83
88.1
8.0
1.6
23.8Parts salespersons
108
93.9
3.0
0.5
19.7Retail salespersons
2,582
79.6
12.1
4.6
18.8Advertising sales agents
130
85.6
7.8
5.4
9.9Insurance sales agents
614
78.2
13.5
4.3
16.8Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
226
83.8
6.5
9.1
9.3Travel agents
71
78.1
14.7
6.7
6.9Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel
615
86.3
6.2
4.5
10.8Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,155
87.5
6.3
4.3
13.5Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
23
-
-
-
-Real estate brokers and sales agents
1,182
82.4
8.4
5.7
13.5Sales engineers
51
85.2
0.2
13.1
5.4Telemarketers
39
-
-
-
-Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
73
87.0
5.9
2.0
26.0Sales and related workers, all other
369
81.5
10.2
4.8
18.7Office and administrative support occupations
16,096
76.0
15.0
5.1
18.2First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,199
80.5
12.3
3.9
15.5Switchboard operators, including answering service
16
-
-
-
-Telephone operators
26
-
-
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
5
-
-
-
-Bill and account collectors
103
75.0
20.6
3.6
9.3Billing and posting clerks
463
77.0
14.8
4.4
17.3Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,132
82.5
8.7
5.7
14.9Gambling cage workers
23
-
-
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
126
80.0
11.2
5.0
24.6Procurement clerks
30
-
-
-
-Tellers
218
79.8
9.4
6.2
21.3Financial clerks, all other
128
76.8
13.2
7.0
14.8Brokerage clerks
8
-
-
-
-Correspondence clerks
3
-
-
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
84
71.3
24.8
0.4
13.7Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
45
-
-
-
-Customer service representatives
2,714
73.0
17.6
5.5
19.7Eligibility interviewers, government programs
80
61.1
24.6
6.2
22.6File clerks
127
73.9
15.0
4.1
17.4Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
132
64.8
15.3
8.8
24.5Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
171
70.4
18.7
4.0
19.3Library assistants, clerical
76
77.0
7.9
14.5
8.6Loan interviewers and clerks
169
83.6
11.9
2.7
15.6New accounts clerks
14
-
-
-
-Order clerks
124
68.5
14.5
12.7
18.0Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
89
70.6
17.9
7.2
7.0Receptionists and information clerks
1,171
76.8
15.5
3.9
21.6Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
112
66.9
20.4
8.4
21.5Information and record clerks, all other
93
72.4
17.1
7.6
18.0Cargo and freight agents
29
-
-
-
-Couriers and messengers
936
69.8
21.6
4.4
23.6Public safety telecommunicators
82
72.3
18.4
3.1
11.1Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance
181
78.0
17.8
2.0
22.7Meter readers, utilities
16
-
-
-
-Postal service clerks
107
51.7
40.4
5.3
11.6Postal service mail carriers
280
69.0
22.4
6.5
11.6Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
59
43.2
38.5
14.6
8.2Production, planning, and expediting clerks
212
76.3
11.3
7.8
11.3Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks
645
75.9
13.3
7.5
28.8Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
59
80.7
12.8
3.3
23.8Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants
244
79.4
10.5
5.9
15.7Legal secretaries and administrative assistants
46
-
-
-
-Medical secretaries and administrative assistants
74
65.3
21.8
4.5
12.5Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive
1,915
83.3
9.5
3.5
14.6Data entry keyers
237
72.6
15.8
6.1
11.7Word processors and typists
35
-
-
-
-Desktop publishers
1
-
-
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
314
67.5
25.8
3.5
17.6Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
53
66.4
23.2
8.8
23.3Office clerks, general
1,256
76.5
14.0
5.6
20.0Office machine operators, except computer
29
-
-
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
7
-
-
-
-Statistical assistants
17
-
-
-
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
582
76.7
14.2
4.6
17.9Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,260
86.7
7.4
1.9
34.2Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
980
89.2
4.6
1.8
44.7First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
52
92.5
5.1
1.1
29.2Agricultural inspectors
14
-
-
-
-Animal breeders
9
-
-
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
47
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous agricultural workers
753
89.4
4.7
1.5
49.3Fishing and hunting workers
32
-
-
-
-Forest and conservation workers
15
-
-
-
-Logging workers
57
89.8
4.2
0.0
6.3Construction and extraction occupations
8,427
87.1
7.1
1.6
40.3First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
661
91.1
4.1
1.6
25.6Boilermakers
15
-
-
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
119
87.0
8.7
1.3
46.9Carpenters
1,282
88.6
5.5
1.9
41.8Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
147
83.9
7.5
3.2
55.7Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
70
87.6
7.6
0.0
52.5Construction laborers
2,227
84.9
8.4
1.9
50.7Construction equipment operators
369
88.9
5.4
0.7
18.9Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
161
92.8
0.8
2.2
70.3Electricians
918
88.5
7.3
2.0
24.9Glaziers
32
-
-
-
-Insulation workers
52
82.5
15.8
0.0
44.0Painters and paperhangers
644
89.8
6.8
0.7
59.1Pipelayers
52
97.0
2.3
0.0
60.2Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
610
83.3
8.9
2.2
28.2Plasterers and stucco masons
23
-
-
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
9
-
-
-
-Roofers
208
87.7
6.9
0.0
66.5Sheet metal workers
131
85.1
7.0
1.1
21.8Structural iron and steel workers
66
73.3
16.5
0.0
16.1Solar photovoltaic installers
28
-
-
-
-Helpers, construction trades
54
88.5
3.2
1.0
48.4Construction and building inspectors
113
85.0
9.7
4.8
12.9Elevator and escalator installers and repairers
43
-
-
-
-Fence erectors
48
-
-
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
25
-
-
-
-Highway maintenance workers
108
83.4
12.9
0.0
18.1Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
17
-
-
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
6
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
32
-
-
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas
26
-
-
-
-Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining
3
-
-
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
27
-
-
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
7
-
-
-
-Underground mining machine operators
33
-
-
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
10
-
-
-
-Other extraction workers
50
86.1
5.0
0.0
28.6Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
4,853
85.7
8.5
2.4
21.6First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
245
87.6
5.4
2.0
12.0Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
177
73.2
16.3
6.3
15.1Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
112
82.4
10.7
3.0
26.0Avionics technicians
8
-
-
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
20
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
0
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
15
-
-
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
10
-
-
-
-Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers
26
-
-
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
67
87.3
8.6
3.1
30.4Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
149
85.5
7.1
6.4
19.3Automotive body and related repairers
151
90.6
3.6
3.5
28.9Automotive glass installers and repairers
27
-
-
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
926
84.6
8.6
2.7
28.2Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
347
85.3
7.6
1.8
21.5Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
224
92.5
4.2
0.2
17.7Small engine mechanics
51
88.8
7.9
2.0
6.6Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
81
89.9
5.4
1.7
21.0Control and valve installers and repairers
18
-
-
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
472
86.0
10.2
1.6
22.4Home appliance repairers
46
-
-
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
401
86.6
8.9
2.4
17.3Maintenance and repair workers, general
646
82.1
11.7
2.8
23.0Maintenance workers, machinery
19
-
-
-
-Millwrights
40
-
-
-
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
119
89.9
5.2
0.9
12.1Telecommunications line installers and repairers
134
86.8
8.4
0.9
22.5Precision instrument and equipment repairers
53
85.6
9.4
4.0
16.6Wind turbine service technicians
9
-
-
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
37
-
-
-
-Commercial divers
3
-
-
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
19
-
-
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
4
-
-
-
-Riggers
10
-
-
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
15
-
-
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
173
89.6
3.5
1.5
21.8Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
20,082
72.7
18.2
5.0
24.3Production occupations
8,256
75.3
15.0
5.9
24.3First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
799
76.6
14.9
5.3
18.3Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
6
-
-
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
102
67.5
13.5
18.7
25.1Engine and other machine assemblers
8
-
-
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
20
-
-
-
-Other assemblers and fabricators
1,047
66.0
21.5
7.7
23.9Bakers
230
77.5
10.0
8.5
31.7Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
252
70.7
18.3
7.5
33.2Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
9
-
-
-
-Food batchmakers
94
77.6
12.7
5.1
24.7Food cooking machine operators and tenders
13
-
-
-
-Food processing workers, all other
142
66.6
17.4
6.2
38.6Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers
78
80.0
9.9
6.9
22.4Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
30
-
-
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
60
82.1
13.4
0.0
17.8Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
25
-
-
-
-Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
13
-
-
-
-Machinists
313
88.2
5.7
3.5
13.0Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
18
-
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
0
-
-
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
20
-
-
-
-Tool and die makers
40
-
-
-
-Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
550
82.7
10.2
2.9
25.5Other metal workers and plastic workers
387
71.0
16.1
8.6
22.2Prepress technicians and workers
21
-
-
-
-Printing press operators
151
76.3
13.2
5.5
21.6Print binding and finishing workers
7
-
-
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
115
68.9
20.4
10.0
37.2Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
21
-
-
-
-Sewing machine operators
131
73.6
14.0
7.7
32.4Shoe and leather workers
11
-
-
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
58
72.8
6.6
18.0
19.4Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders
19
-
-
-
-Upholsterers
18
-
-
-
-Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers
19
-
-
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
71
97.3
2.2
0.0
30.6Furniture finishers
14
-
-
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
27
-
-
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
15
-
-
-
-Other woodworkers
25
-
-
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
23
-
-
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
85
77.9
12.4
6.5
13.8Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
93
88.1
8.8
0.6
11.0Miscellaneous plant and system operators
38
-
-
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
73
79.6
12.6
3.0
18.0Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
76
81.3
9.2
3.2
28.7Cutting workers
57
67.8
24.3
3.7
22.5Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
12
-
-
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
10
-
-
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
781
74.4
13.7
8.0
18.8Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
65
76.4
3.8
12.6
23.8Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians
95
77.9
12.0
9.2
23.3Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
304
66.8
23.8
4.7
41.6Painting workers
173
84.0
10.2
0.9
40.0Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
14
-
-
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
4
-
-
-
-Etchers and engravers
2
-
-
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
24
-
-
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
20
-
-
-
-Tire builders
9
-
-
-
-Helpers--production workers
65
70.2
16.5
4.8
25.9Other production equipment operators and tenders
6
-
-
-
-Other production workers
1,246
74.5
18.5
4.1
25.3Transportation and material moving occupations
11,826
70.9
20.3
4.4
24.3Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
312
72.8
14.8
5.8
19.9Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
187
95.7
2.6
1.6
9.7Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
35
-
-
-
-Flight attendants
116
78.4
11.1
6.5
12.5Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
15
-
-
-
-Bus drivers, school
250
74.7
19.9
3.3
14.4Bus drivers, transit and intercity
245
57.5
36.6
2.9
12.2Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,539
74.1
18.3
4.0
23.3Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs
59
60.6
26.1
2.6
26.0Taxi drivers
455
50.0
26.3
20.0
23.0Motor vehicle operators, all other
193
62.1
28.2
4.9
18.8Locomotive engineers and operators
52
71.0
17.2
3.5
3.2Railroad conductors and yardmasters
38
-
-
-
-Other rail transportation workers
18
-
-
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
25
-
-
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
41
-
-
-
-Ship engineers
6
-
-
-
-Parking attendants
68
63.2
26.2
9.3
30.1Transportation service attendants
91
69.2
12.9
6.7
15.5Transportation inspectors
44
-
-
-
-Passenger attendants
21
-
-
-
-Other transportation workers
47
-
-
-
-Crane and tower operators
60
91.4
7.0
0.5
13.5Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators
29
-
-
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
636
68.7
24.9
1.4
31.9Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
350
73.5
19.5
2.4
36.4Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
2,244
70.5
21.5
3.0
27.0Machine feeders and offbearers
24
-
-
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
719
68.8
21.8
4.8
37.9Stockers and order fillers
1,722
70.0
20.3
4.8
22.6Pumping station operators
19
-
-
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
112
69.6
25.8
1.6
26.7Other material moving workers
55
67.1
23.8
2.4
23.8Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averages
Industry and sex
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
158,291
121,908
19,937
10,615
29,299Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
1.4
1.7
0.4
0.2
1.9Mining
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4Construction
7.4
8.4
3.9
2.3
13.8Manufacturing
9.6
9.8
8.3
10.6
9.0Durable goods
6.1
6.3
4.7
7.2
4.9Nondurable goods
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.3
4.1Wholesale and retail trade
12.3
12.4
11.9
11.2
12.8Wholesale trade
2.0
2.1
1.5
1.9
2.2Retail trade
10.3
10.3
10.4
9.2
10.6Transportation and utilities
6.4
5.8
10.5
5.5
6.9Information
1.8
1.8
1.6
2.5
1.2Financial activities
7.0
7.0
6.2
8.3
4.8Professional and business services
13.0
13.0
10.6
18.8
11.9Education and health services
22.3
21.6
27.4
22.7
16.5Leisure and hospitality
8.7
8.4
8.5
9.0
11.6Other services
4.8
4.9
3.8
5.2
5.6Other services, except private households
4.3
4.5
3.5
4.9
4.6Other services, private households
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
1.0Public administration
4.8
4.6
6.8
3.5
3.5Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
84,203
65,924
9,617
5,610
16,654Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2.0
2.3
0.6
0.3
2.5Mining
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.7Construction
12.5
13.9
7.2
3.7
22.3Manufacturing
12.8
13.0
11.5
13.1
10.7Durable goods
8.5
8.8
6.7
9.7
6.3Nondurable goods
4.3
4.3
4.8
3.5
4.4Wholesale and retail trade
12.7
12.7
13.0
11.8
12.1Wholesale trade
2.7
2.8
2.2
2.2
2.7Retail trade
10.0
9.9
10.8
9.5
9.4Transportation and utilities
8.9
8.1
15.6
7.8
9.0Information
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.9
1.4Financial activities
6.3
6.5
4.8
8.0
3.9Professional and business services
14.1
13.9
12.1
21.6
11.8Education and health services
10.7
10.0
13.6
14.4
6.8Leisure and hospitality
8.1
7.5
9.3
9.3
10.5Other services
4.3
4.4
3.9
3.4
5.3Other services, except private households
4.2
4.3
3.7
3.3
5.2Other services, private households
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1Public administration
5.0
4.9
6.3
3.5
3.1Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
74,089
55,984
10,319
5,006
12,646Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
0.9
1.0
0.2
0.1
1.2Mining
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1Construction
1.7
2.0
0.9
0.8
2.5Manufacturing
6.0
6.1
5.3
7.7
6.9Durable goods
3.3
3.3
2.8
4.5
3.1Nondurable goods
2.7
2.8
2.5
3.2
3.7Wholesale and retail trade
11.8
12.0
10.8
10.5
13.7Wholesale trade
1.3
1.3
0.8
1.6
1.5Retail trade
10.6
10.7
10.0
8.9
12.2Transportation and utilities
3.4
3.0
5.8
2.9
4.2Information
1.5
1.5
1.2
2.0
1.0Financial activities
7.7
7.7
7.5
8.6
6.0Professional and business services
11.8
12.0
9.2
15.6
12.1Education and health services
35.6
35.3
40.2
32.1
29.3Leisure and hospitality
9.4
9.5
7.8
8.8
13.1Other services
5.3
5.5
3.7
7.1
6.0Other services, except private households
4.5
4.6
3.2
6.6
3.9Other services, private households
0.8
0.9
0.5
0.5
2.1Public administration
4.7
4.3
7.2
3.5
3.9Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal families
83,798
65,498
10,372
5,305
14,037With at least one family member employed
67,159
52,007
8,295
4,675
12,255As a percent of total families
80.1
79.4
80.0
88.1
87.3With at least one family member unemployed
3,975
2,724
830
228
932As a percent of total families
4.7
4.2
8.0
4.3
6.6Some family member(s) employed
2,819
2,000
511
194
675As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
70.9
73.4
61.6
85.4
72.4Some family member(s) employed full time
2,466
1,747
446
176
586As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
62.0
64.1
53.7
77.1
62.8Married-couple families(1)
60,877
50,300
4,814
4,251
8,640With at least one family member employed
48,707
39,666
3,999
3,732
7,692As a percent of total families
80.0
78.9
83.1
87.8
89.0With at least one family member unemployed
2,284
1,750
286
167
495As a percent of total families
3.8
3.5
6.0
3.9
5.7Some family member(s) employed
1,878
1,436
233
148
413As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
82.2
82.0
81.2
88.4
83.4Some family member(s) employed full time
1,682
1,281
213
133
366As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
73.6
73.2
74.4
79.4
74.0Families maintained by women(2)
15,574
9,936
4,274
638
3,489With at least one family member employed
12,224
7,838
3,265
560
2,844As a percent of total families
78.5
78.9
76.4
87.8
81.5With at least one family member unemployed
1,171
639
416
37
286As a percent of total families
7.5
6.4
9.7
5.7
8.2Some family member(s) employed
627
351
212
28
162As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
53.5
54.9
51.0
76.3
56.9Some family member(s) employed full time
509
280
175
25
131As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
43.4
43.8
42.0
68.4
45.9Families maintained by men(2)
7,348
5,262
1,284
416
1,908With at least one family member employed
6,228
4,503
1,031
382
1,719As a percent of total families
84.8
85.6
80.3
92.0
90.1With at least one family member unemployed
519
335
127
24
152As a percent of total families
7.1
6.4
9.9
5.7
7.9Some family member(s) employed
314
213
65
18
100As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
60.5
63.7
51.7
77.7
65.9Some family member(s) employed full time
276
186
58
18
88As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
53.1
55.4
45.4
73.9
58.1Footnotes(1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families. Prior to 2020, included opposite-sex married-couple families only.(2) Beginning with data for 2020, includes families with no spouse of either sex present. Prior to 2020, included only families with no opposite-sex spouse present.Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2022 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black orAfrican American
Asian
Hispanic orLatino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenWith no children under 18 years1994
60.2
67.1
53.6
60.6
67.7
53.8
57.2
62.0
52.4
-
-
-
62.3
71.5
51.51995
60.2
67.0
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
57.5
62.3
52.7
-
-
-
61.2
70.9
50.21996
60.1
66.8
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
56.9
61.5
52.3
-
-
-
61.6
71.3
50.51997
60.4
67.0
53.8
60.8
67.8
53.8
57.3
61.2
53.5
-
-
-
62.6
72.1
51.41998
60.3
67.0
53.9
60.6
67.6
53.8
58.0
62.0
54.2
-
-
-
62.8
72.1
51.71999
60.4
66.8
54.1
60.7
67.5
53.9
58.3
62.1
54.6
-
-
-
62.5
71.6
52.22000
60.6
67.0
54.3
60.9
67.7
54.3
58.4
62.5
54.5
-
-
-
63.7
73.2
52.62001
60.4
66.7
54.3
60.8
67.4
54.3
57.9
61.7
54.4
-
-
-
63.0
72.4
52.62002
60.0
66.2
53.9
60.4
66.8
54.0
56.8
61.0
52.7
61.2
67.8
55.0
63.9
72.7
53.22003
59.7
65.4
54.1
60.1
66.1
54.1
56.5
60.0
53.2
59.7
66.4
53.7
62.8
72.1
51.52004
59.6
65.3
54.0
60.0
66.1
54.0
56.4
59.5
53.5
59.1
65.0
53.5
63.5
72.6
52.52005
59.8
65.5
54.2
60.1
66.2
54.1
57.3
60.8
53.9
59.9
66.0
54.3
63.0
72.1
51.92006
60.0
65.8
54.2
60.4
66.5
54.2
57.1
60.5
53.9
60.0
66.2
54.1
63.7
73.0
52.22007
59.8
65.6
54.0
60.3
66.4
54.1
56.5
60.1
53.0
60.2
66.6
54.0
63.7
72.8
52.42008
59.9
65.6
54.3
60.3
66.3
54.3
56.9
60.4
53.6
60.3
66.6
54.4
63.5
72.7
52.12009
59.3
64.6
54.0
59.9
65.4
54.3
55.9
59.3
52.7
59.0
65.3
53.1
62.6
70.7
52.82010
58.7
63.8
53.6
59.1
64.5
53.7
56.0
59.1
52.9
58.1
64.3
52.4
62.0
69.8
52.32011
58.1
63.1
53.0
58.6
63.8
53.2
55.1
58.4
51.8
58.0
63.9
52.6
60.8
68.3
51.62012
57.5
62.6
52.5
58.1
63.7
52.4
55.2
57.6
52.8
58.1
63.2
53.4
60.7
68.1
52.02013
57.2
62.3
52.1
57.4
62.9
52.0
54.5
57.1
52.0
58.8
64.5
53.6
60.6
68.2
51.92014
56.7
61.7
51.7
56.9
62.2
51.6
54.8
57.5
52.1
57.0
63.0
51.7
60.5
68.0
51.82015
56.5
61.6
51.5
56.7
62.1
51.2
55.3
58.0
52.7
56.5
61.7
51.7
60.4
68.1
51.92016
56.7
61.9
51.6
56.8
62.3
51.4
55.2
58.4
52.2
57.1
63.1
51.8
60.3
67.9
52.02017
56.8
61.9
51.9
56.8
62.2
51.4
56.1
59.2
53.2
57.4
62.9
52.5
61.0
68.2
53.22018
56.8
61.7
51.9
56.7
62.1
51.3
56.3
59.1
53.8
57.0
62.0
52.5
60.7
67.8
53.02019
57.0
62.0
52.2
57.0
62.4
51.6
56.4
59.0
54.0
57.7
62.6
53.2
61.3
68.3
53.82020
55.7
60.4
51.0
55.7
60.9
50.5
54.5
56.8
52.5
56.5
61.8
51.7
60.4
67.4
52.92021
55.7
60.5
50.9
55.4
60.7
50.3
55.3
58.2
52.6
57.5
62.9
52.6
60.8
68.3
52.62022
56.1
60.9
51.3
55.8
60.8
50.7
56.3
59.7
53.0
57.8
63.7
52.3
61.5
68.5
53.9With children under 18 years1994
79.8
94.1
69.0
80.9
94.8
69.5
74.9
89.5
68.4
-
-
-
70.2
92.1
54.71995
80.3
94.1
69.8
81.3
94.9
70.3
76.3
89.6
70.3
-
-
-
71.0
92.2
55.61996
81.1
94.5
70.8
81.8
95.3
70.7
78.5
89.7
73.3
-
-
-
72.3
93.7
56.71997
81.8
94.6
71.9
82.4
95.4
71.7
79.6
89.6
75.0
-
-
-
74.0
93.4
59.61998
81.8
94.6
71.8
82.2
95.3
71.3
81.0
90.4
76.7
-
-
-
74.2
92.9
60.21999
82.0
94.6
72.2
82.3
95.4
71.5
82.0
89.3
78.5
-
-
-
74.6
93.8
60.32000
82.1
94.7
72.3
82.3
95.3
71.6
82.2
90.3
78.2
-
-
-
75.7
93.8
62.02001
81.9
94.6
72.1
82.2
95.3
71.5
81.8
89.7
77.9
-
-
-
75.7
93.6
62.02002
81.6
94.3
71.8
81.9
94.8
71.1
81.9
90.3
77.7
78.3
93.2
66.6
75.8
93.2
62.72003
81.2
94.1
71.1
81.4
94.7
70.3
81.5
89.7
77.5
78.9
93.5
67.0
75.1
93.4
61.22004
80.7
94.1
70.4
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.5
88.4
76.5
77.9
93.8
64.9
74.9
93.9
60.42005
80.7
94.1
70.5
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.4
88.7
76.3
77.9
93.1
65.6
74.5
94.2
59.62006
81.0
94.1
70.9
81.4
94.9
70.2
80.5
88.1
76.9
78.3
93.2
66.3
75.3
94.2
60.92007
81.4
94.3
71.0
81.7
95.0
70.3
81.2
89.6
76.6
78.9
93.1
67.1
76.5
94.8
61.42008
81.5
94.1
71.4
81.8
94.8
70.8
81.1
89.7
76.7
80.0
93.0
68.8
76.4
94.4
61.42009
81.3
93.8
71.4
81.8
94.5
70.9
80.2
87.7
76.3
80.1
94.1
68.0
76.5
94.2
61.52010
80.9
93.7
70.8
81.4
94.5
70.5
79.7
89.0
74.9
78.2
92.2
66.2
76.6
93.9
62.12011
80.6
93.5
70.6
81.1
94.3
70.2
79.6
87.9
75.3
78.3
93.0
65.4
76.1
93.5
61.82012
80.4
93.1
70.3
81.0
94.0
70.3
80.0
88.9
75.4
76.7
93.0
63.2
76.4
93.7
63.22013
80.0
92.8
69.9
80.6
93.6
69.6
80.0
87.9
75.6
77.0
92.7
64.2
75.3
92.9
61.22014
80.1
92.8
70.1
80.6
93.5
69.8
79.9
87.9
75.4
77.4
93.3
64.3
75.8
93.1
62.02015
80.0
92.7
69.9
80.4
93.5
69.4
80.4
87.3
76.6
76.2
92.9
62.4
75.7
93.4
61.42016
80.4
92.8
70.5
80.8
93.6
70.0
80.8
87.3
77.2
76.7
92.6
63.4
76.0
93.4
61.82017
80.8
92.8
71.1
81.2
93.7
70.5
81.6
87.3
78.4
77.8
93.1
65.0
76.0
93.1
61.92018
81.3
93.3
71.5
81.7
93.9
71.2
81.6
89.0
77.2
78.0
93.4
65.0
77.4
93.8
63.92019
81.8
93.4
72.3
82.2
94.1
71.9
81.7
88.6
77.6
78.5
93.8
65.8
78.0
93.8
64.92020
80.7
92.3
71.2
81.5
93.4
71.3
79.8
86.0
76.0
77.3
92.5
64.3
76.4
92.6
62.82021
80.8
92.5
71.2
81.3
93.3
70.9
80.1
87.2
75.9
79.2
94.0
66.6
75.8
93.1
61.72022
81.9
92.9
72.9
82.2
93.7
72.3
81.9
88.4
77.9
80.8
92.9
70.3
77.1
93.2
64.1With children 6 to 17 years, none younger1994
83.5
93.1
76.1
84.3
93.9
76.5
79.6
88.0
75.5
-
-
-
74.9
89.7
64.51995
83.7
93.0
76.6
84.6
93.7
77.2
80.1
88.1
76.4
-
-
-
75.4
89.7
65.51996
84.5
93.5
77.5
85.3
94.4
77.7
81.3
87.9
78.1
-
-
-
77.3
92.3
66.71997
84.7
93.6
77.9
85.4
94.4
78.0
81.8
88.1
78.7
-
-
-
77.6
91.2
68.21998
84.5
93.5
77.6
84.9
94.2
77.3
83.1
88.2
80.6
-
-
-
77.5
90.6
68.11999
84.8
93.4
78.2
85.4
94.4
78.1
83.2
86.7
81.4
-
-
-
78.6
91.2
69.52000
85.1
93.5
78.7
85.7
94.3
78.6
83.3
87.8
81.0
-
-
-
79.3
91.5
70.52001
85.0
93.6
78.3
85.5
94.5
78.1
83.3
87.5
81.1
-
-
-
79.6
91.7
70.92002
84.8
93.3
78.2
85.1
94.0
77.8
84.3
89.2
81.8
82.6
91.6
75.7
79.0
91.1
70.22003
84.5
93.1
77.8
84.7
93.7
77.3
84.0
88.0
82.1
82.9
93.5
74.3
78.8
91.5
69.42004
84.1
93.1
77.3
84.5
93.9
76.9
82.7
86.3
80.9
82.6
93.8
73.4
79.6
92.8
70.22005
83.7
93.0
76.5
84.1
93.8
76.3
82.4
86.9
80.2
80.7
92.3
71.2
78.8
92.9
68.72006
83.8
93.1
76.7
84.3
94.0
76.3
82.4
85.7
80.8
80.8
91.8
72.0
79.1
92.6
69.42007
84.3
93.2
77.2
84.6
94.0
76.7
83.7
87.7
81.5
81.8
91.7
73.6
80.5
93.1
70.42008
84.3
93.1
77.3
84.7
93.9
77.0
83.1
87.8
80.6
82.7
91.8
74.9
80.4
93.2
70.02009
84.2
92.7
77.3
84.7
93.7
77.0
82.2
85.7
80.3
82.7
92.9
74.0
80.7
93.6
69.92010
83.7
92.8
76.5
84.2
93.6
76.3
81.9
87.1
79.2
81.8
92.2
73.1
80.1
92.6
69.92011
83.3
92.6
76.1
83.9
93.5
76.0
81.5
86.5
78.8
80.8
92.2
71.2
79.2
91.9
69.02012
82.6
92.2
75.1
83.2
93.0
75.1
81.9
87.3
79.1
78.4
91.6
67.7
79.4
92.7
69.12013
82.3
91.9
74.7
83.0
92.8
74.8
81.4
86.4
78.6
78.8
91.7
68.4
78.1
91.8
67.52014
82.2
91.6
74.7
82.7
92.4
74.6
81.7
86.5
79.0
80.1
92.6
70.1
78.4
91.9
68.22015
82.1
91.8
74.4
82.5
92.5
74.2
81.4
85.5
79.1
79.0
92.0
68.4
78.3
92.3
67.32016
82.5
91.9
75.0
82.8
92.7
74.6
81.9
85.6
79.9
80.0
92.2
69.9
78.5
92.4
67.72017
82.8
91.7
75.7
83.3
92.6
75.3
82.4
84.9
81.1
81.5
92.8
72.2
78.8
92.0
68.12018
83.4
92.2
76.4
83.9
93.0
76.1
82.1
87.0
79.5
81.5
92.0
72.9
80.1
93.1
69.72019
83.6
92.0
76.8
84.1
92.9
76.6
82.7
86.3
80.7
81.2
92.1
72.3
80.2
92.6
70.22020
82.5
91.4
75.4
83.3
92.4
75.5
81.7
85.7
79.4
79.7
91.8
69.6
78.5
91.6
67.72021
82.6
91.5
75.5
83.0
92.1
75.3
81.7
85.4
79.7
81.7
93.9
71.7
78.5
92.4
67.12022
83.5
91.8
76.7
83.8
92.7
76.2
82.8
86.6
80.6
82.4
91.5
74.6
79.5
92.3
69.1With children under 6 years1994
75.8
95.2
61.2
77.1
95.9
61.6
70.0
91.3
61.2
-
-
-
66.6
94.0
47.01995
76.6
95.5
62.3
77.7
96.1
62.6
72.0
91.4
63.9
-
-
-
67.6
94.1
47.71996
77.2
95.6
63.2
77.9
96.3
62.7
75.4
91.9
68.2
-
-
-
68.5
94.8
48.71997
78.3
95.8
64.8
78.8
96.5
64.1
77.1
91.3
70.8
-
-
-
70.9
95.1
52.31998
78.6
96.1
64.9
78.9
96.6
64.1
78.5
93.0
72.0
-
-
-
71.3
94.9
53.01999
78.5
96.1
64.8
78.5
96.7
63.4
80.6
92.5
74.9
-
-
-
71.2
95.9
52.12000
78.4
96.1
64.6
78.2
96.5
63.0
80.9
93.3
74.9
-
-
-
72.5
95.7
54.52001
78.1
95.8
64.3
78.1
96.2
63.0
80.0
92.5
73.9
-
-
-
72.2
95.2
53.82002
77.7
95.5
63.7
77.9
95.9
62.7
78.9
91.8
72.5
73.5
94.8
56.3
73.1
94.8
56.12003
77.2
95.4
62.8
77.3
96.0
61.5
78.2
92.1
71.8
74.2
93.4
58.5
71.9
94.9
53.42004
76.5
95.4
61.8
76.8
96.0
60.7
77.6
91.1
70.8
73.1
93.8
56.0
70.6
94.8
51.22005
77.0
95.4
62.8
77.2
96.1
61.6
77.8
91.2
71.4
74.9
94.0
59.3
70.6
95.4
50.92006
77.5
95.4
63.5
77.7
95.9
62.5
78.0
91.1
71.8
75.6
94.8
59.9
71.7
95.6
52.72007
77.8
95.7
63.3
77.9
96.2
62.3
77.9
92.3
70.4
75.8
94.8
59.9
72.9
96.1
53.02008
77.9
95.4
64.0
78.0
95.9
62.9
78.6
92.4
71.7
77.1
94.3
61.9
72.7
95.5
53.02009
77.8
95.1
64.2
78.1
95.6
63.3
77.7
90.4
71.4
77.3
95.4
61.4
72.4
94.9
53.12010
77.5
94.7
63.9
78.0
95.5
63.4
77.1
91.3
69.8
74.3
92.2
58.3
73.2
95.2
54.62011
77.4
94.5
63.9
77.7
95.2
63.0
77.4
89.7
71.1
75.4
93.8
58.4
73.2
95.0
54.72012
77.7
94.2
64.6
78.2
95.1
64.3
77.6
91.0
71.0
74.7
94.5
57.8
73.3
94.6
57.02013
77.2
93.9
63.9
77.5
94.7
62.9
78.5
89.8
72.1
74.9
93.8
59.3
72.3
94.0
54.52014
77.5
94.2
64.2
78.0
94.9
63.7
77.6
89.6
71.0
74.3
94.0
57.4
73.1
94.4
55.22015
77.4
93.9
64.2
77.7
94.7
63.3
79.2
89.5
73.4
72.8
94.1
55.0
72.9
94.5
54.72016
77.8
94.0
64.7
78.2
94.8
63.9
79.4
89.5
73.6
72.8
93.2
55.6
72.9
94.6
54.82017
78.2
94.1
65.1
78.4
95.0
64.2
80.7
90.1
75.0
73.1
93.5
55.2
72.5
94.4
54.32018
78.5
94.5
65.1
78.9
95.1
64.7
80.9
91.4
74.4
73.8
95.0
55.1
74.0
94.6
56.52019
79.4
95.0
66.4
79.6
95.6
65.8
80.5
91.2
73.8
75.3
95.7
57.4
75.2
95.2
58.12020
78.4
93.4
65.8
79.2
94.7
65.6
77.6
86.4
71.8
74.2
93.2
57.2
73.5
93.8
56.22021
78.5
93.9
65.6
79.0
94.9
65.2
78.1
89.3
71.2
75.7
94.2
59.1
72.5
94.0
54.92022
79.9
94.4
67.9
80.1
95.1
67.1
80.8
90.4
74.6
78.6
94.9
64.1
74.0
94.4
57.8With children under 3 years1994
74.0
95.3
57.7
75.6
96.0
58.6
66.0
91.5
55.6
-
-
-
64.4
94.1
42.21995
74.8
95.5
58.9
76.0
96.2
59.2
68.9
90.9
60.0
-
-
-
65.7
94.1
43.71996
75.4
95.8
59.4
76.2
96.5
59.2
72.1
92.2
63.1
-
-
-
66.2
94.6
44.71997
76.6
95.9
61.4
77.5
96.5
61.4
73.6
92.1
65.1
-
-
-
68.6
94.6
48.01998
77.2
96.2
61.9
77.7
96.7
61.5
75.8
93.2
67.5
-
-
-
69.5
95.0
48.91999
77.0
96.4
61.5
77.0
97.0
60.1
78.7
92.4
72.0
-
-
-
68.8
96.2
47.42000
76.3
96.4
60.4
76.3
96.7
59.0
77.6
93.6
69.8
-
-
-
70.4
96.2
50.02001
76.0
95.9
60.2
76.1
96.4
58.9
77.3
92.6
69.7
-
-
-
69.7
95.3
48.72002
76.1
95.8
60.2
76.3
96.2
59.2
76.9
93.2
68.6
72.1
95.4
53.5
70.3
95.1
50.32003
75.2
95.7
58.9
75.6
96.2
57.8
74.7
91.4
67.0
73.0
94.5
55.1
69.5
95.2
47.92004
74.4
95.7
57.5
74.9
96.3
56.8
74.7
91.0
66.4
70.2
93.8
50.4
68.2
95.2
46.02005
74.8
95.5
58.4
75.1
96.4
57.2
74.7
90.6
67.0
72.4
92.9
55.8
67.7
96.0
45.02006
75.8
95.5
60.2
76.2
96.2
59.3
75.0
90.6
67.2
73.4
94.2
56.8
69.5
95.9
48.62007
75.6
95.9
59.2
76.0
96.4
58.3
74.8
92.8
65.7
73.6
94.2
56.2
69.9
96.0
47.62008
76.1
95.7
60.4
76.4
96.2
59.4
75.0
92.4
66.7
75.9
94.4
59.5
70.3
95.9
47.92009
76.1
95.0
61.1
76.6
95.5
60.5
74.5
90.2
66.6
76.1
95.9
58.2
70.0
94.4
49.12010
75.7
94.7
60.7
76.4
95.7
60.3
74.2
91.0
65.6
72.2
91.2
55.3
71.3
95.3
50.82011
75.7
94.7
60.6
76.1
95.3
60.0
75.0
89.2
67.5
73.8
95.3
54.1
71.3
95.5
50.12012
76.0
95.0
61.2
76.6
95.5
61.2
75.5
92.2
67.0
72.4
94.3
53.7
71.2
95.5
52.42013
75.8
94.0
61.1
76.2
94.9
60.3
76.6
89.9
68.8
72.5
92.6
55.5
70.3
94.3
50.42014
76.0
94.4
61.0
76.6
95.0
60.8
75.9
90.2
67.6
72.6
94.5
53.4
70.8
95.1
50.62015
76.1
93.9
61.4
76.4
94.7
60.6
77.5
89.7
70.3
70.8
92.8
52.0
70.9
94.4
50.62016
76.5
94.2
61.8
77.1
95.1
61.3
78.2
90.2
70.8
69.3
92.5
49.8
70.9
94.5
50.62017
77.0
94.6
62.3
77.4
95.3
61.8
79.2
91.5
71.1
70.7
93.2
50.8
70.9
95.3
50.52018
76.9
94.8
61.9
77.4
95.4
61.6
79.0
91.0
71.2
71.2
95.0
50.2
71.2
94.4
51.42019
78.0
95.2
63.5
78.5
95.9
63.1
79.1
91.4
71.1
72.6
95.7
52.2
74.0
95.5
55.12020
77.3
93.5
63.3
78.0
94.8
63.1
75.7
85.9
68.7
74.3
93.5
56.2
71.9
93.6
53.32021
77.1
93.8
63.1
77.9
94.9
62.8
76.3
89.3
67.8
74.0
93.5
56.5
70.2
93.9
50.92022
78.8
94.6
65.6
79.2
95.6
64.8
78.8
90.0
71.3
79.5
94.7
66.0
71.8
94.6
53.6Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2022 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
5.6
5.0
6.6
5.1
4.5
5.9
10.4
9.3
11.8
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
4.9
4.2
6.0
4.3
3.8
5.3
9.4
8.0
11.1
-
-
-
7.5
6.7
9.01974
5.6
4.9
6.7
5.0
4.4
6.1
10.5
9.8
11.3
-
-
-
8.1
7.3
9.41975
8.5
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.2
8.6
14.8
14.8
14.8
-
-
-
12.2
11.4
13.51976
7.7
7.1
8.6
7.0
6.4
7.9
14.0
13.7
14.3
-
-
-
11.5
10.8
12.71977
7.1
6.3
8.2
6.2
5.5
7.3
14.0
13.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.1
9.0
11.91978
6.1
5.3
7.2
5.2
4.6
6.2
12.8
11.8
13.8
-
-
-
9.1
7.7
11.31979
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.9
12.3
11.4
13.3
-
-
-
8.3
7.0
10.31980
7.1
6.9
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.5
14.3
14.5
14.0
-
-
-
10.1
9.7
10.71981
7.6
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
6.9
15.6
15.7
15.6
-
-
-
10.4
10.2
10.81982
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.8
8.3
18.9
20.1
17.6
-
-
-
13.8
13.6
14.11983
9.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
8.8
7.9
19.5
20.3
18.6
-
-
-
13.7
13.6
13.81984
7.5
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
15.9
16.4
15.4
-
-
-
10.7
10.5
11.11985
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
15.1
15.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.5
10.2
11.01986
7.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
14.5
14.8
14.2
-
-
-
10.6
10.5
10.81987
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
13.0
12.7
13.2
-
-
-
8.8
8.7
8.91988
5.5
5.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
-
-
-
8.2
8.1
8.31989
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
-
-
-
8.0
7.6
8.81990
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.8
4.9
4.7
11.4
11.9
10.9
-
-
-
8.2
8.0
8.41991
6.8
7.2
6.4
6.1
6.5
5.6
12.5
13.0
12.0
-
-
-
10.0
10.3
9.61992
7.5
7.9
7.0
6.6
7.0
6.1
14.2
15.2
13.2
-
-
-
11.6
11.7
11.41993
6.9
7.2
6.6
6.1
6.3
5.7
13.0
13.8
12.1
-
-
-
10.8
10.6
11.01994
6.1
6.2
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.5
12.0
11.0
-
-
-
9.9
9.4
10.71995
5.6
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.8
10.4
10.6
10.2
-
-
-
9.3
8.8
10.01996
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.5
11.1
10.0
-
-
-
8.9
7.9
10.21997
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
10.0
10.2
9.9
-
-
-
7.7
7.0
8.91998
4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
-
-
-
7.2
6.4
8.21999
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.8
8.0
8.2
7.8
-
-
-
6.4
5.6
7.62000
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
7.6
8.0
7.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
5.0
6.82001
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.1
8.6
9.3
8.1
4.5
4.5
4.4
6.6
5.9
7.52002
5.8
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
4.9
10.2
10.7
9.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.2
8.02003
6.0
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.8
10.8
11.6
10.2
6.0
6.2
5.7
7.7
7.2
8.42004
5.5
5.6
5.4
4.8
5.0
4.7
10.4
11.1
9.8
4.4
4.5
4.3
7.0
6.5
7.62005
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
10.0
10.5
9.5
4.0
4.0
3.9
6.0
5.4
6.92006
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.9
9.5
8.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
4.8
5.92007
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
8.3
9.1
7.5
3.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
5.3
6.12008
5.8
6.1
5.4
5.2
5.5
4.9
10.1
11.4
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.72009
9.3
10.3
8.1
8.5
9.4
7.3
14.8
17.5
12.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
12.1
12.5
11.52010
9.6
10.5
8.6
8.7
9.6
7.7
16.0
18.4
13.8
7.5
7.8
7.1
12.5
12.7
12.32011
8.9
9.4
8.5
7.9
8.3
7.5
15.8
17.8
14.1
7.0
6.8
7.3
11.5
11.2
11.82012
8.1
8.2
7.9
7.2
7.4
7.0
13.8
15.0
12.8
5.9
5.8
6.1
10.3
9.9
10.92013
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.5
6.8
6.2
13.1
14.2
12.1
5.2
5.6
4.8
9.1
8.8
9.52014
6.2
6.3
6.1
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.3
12.2
10.5
5.0
5.3
4.6
7.4
6.8
8.22015
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.6
4.7
4.5
9.6
10.3
8.9
3.8
4.0
3.7
6.6
6.3
7.12016
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.3
4.4
4.2
8.4
9.1
7.8
3.6
3.5
3.9
5.8
5.4
6.32017
4.4
4.4
4.3
3.8
3.8
3.8
7.5
8.1
6.9
3.4
3.4
3.4
5.1
4.7
5.72018
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.4
6.5
7.0
6.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.7
4.3
5.12019
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.2
6.1
6.6
5.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
4.3
4.0
4.72020
8.1
7.8
8.3
7.3
7.0
7.6
11.4
12.1
10.9
8.7
7.8
9.6
10.4
9.7
11.42021
5.3
5.5
5.2
4.7
4.8
4.6
8.6
9.2
8.0
5.0
4.9
5.1
6.8
6.5
7.22022
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.2
3.3
3.1
6.1
6.3
6.0
2.8
2.9
2.7
4.3
4.1
4.4Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2022 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
10.5
11.2
9.6
7.7
6.9
8.6
9.1
9.3
8.92004
9.6
9.7
9.4
6.1
6.8
5.4
8.7
8.7
8.72005
9.3
8.7
10.1
4.3
4.8
3.9
8.0
7.9
8.22006
7.9
7.9
8.0
5.3
6.3
4.3
6.7
7.3
6.02007
8.1
7.9
8.4
4.8
5.4
4.3
7.1
7.4
6.82008
9.9
10.8
8.8
6.4
7.7
4.9
9.5
10.1
8.72009
13.3
15.5
10.8
10.8
11.6
10.0
13.6
14.2
12.92010
15.1
17.3
12.7
12.0
13.6
10.4
13.6
14.2
13.02011
14.6
15.4
13.7
10.4
11.4
9.3
13.6
14.0
13.12012
12.3
11.9
12.7
11.8
12.4
11.2
11.9
12.1
11.52013
12.8
13.3
12.1
10.2
11.1
9.3
11.0
11.4
10.52014
11.3
11.9
10.6
6.1
5.7
6.6
10.2
10.9
9.52015
9.9
11.1
8.5
5.7
5.7
5.6
8.4
8.1
8.72016
8.9
9.2
8.7
4.4
4.3
4.5
7.5
7.6
7.32017
7.8
8.5
7.1
6.1
5.4
7.0
6.7
6.9
6.42018
6.6
6.9
6.3
5.3
5.2
5.4
5.5
6.0
5.12019
6.1
6.5
5.6
3.2
3.3
3.2
5.3
5.4
5.22020
11.7
12.5
10.8
8.9
9.0
8.7
11.6
11.1
12.22021
8.2
8.1
8.3
6.9
8.4
5.3
8.2
9.5
6.82022
6.2
6.5
5.9
4.0
4.3
3.6
5.5
5.0
6.1Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averages
Duration of unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
5,996
4,049
1,300
306
1,302Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
37.0
39.2
31.2
32.6
40.05 to 14 weeks
28.5
28.6
28.3
27.8
27.515 to 26 weeks
12.6
12.0
14.9
12.1
11.527 weeks and over
21.9
20.2
25.6
27.5
21.0Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
22.6
21.4
25.6
26.6
21.7Median duration, in weeks
8.7
7.9
10.4
10.5
7.9Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,218
2,238
642
165
715Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
36.4
38.1
32.0
29.2
40.55 to 14 weeks
28.1
28.2
28.7
29.2
26.515 to 26 weeks
12.3
12.0
13.8
11.4
10.427 weeks and over
23.2
21.7
25.6
30.2
22.6Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
23.7
22.7
26.2
27.9
22.7Median duration, in weeks
9.0
8.4
10.1
11.4
7.8Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
2,778
1,811
658
140
587Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
37.6
40.5
30.4
36.7
39.35 to 14 weeks
29.0
29.2
27.9
26.1
28.815 to 26 weeks
12.9
11.9
16.0
12.9
12.727 weeks and over
20.4
18.3
25.7
24.3
19.2Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
21.4
19.8
25.1
24.9
20.4Median duration, in weeks
8.3
7.4
10.7
9.5
8.1Footnotes(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averages
Reason for unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
5,996
4,049
1,300
306
1,302Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
46.1
47.6
45.5
39.1
47.8On temporary layoff
13.8
16.5
8.1
8.6
16.8Not on temporary layoff
32.3
31.1
37.4
30.5
31.1Permanent job losers
22.7
22.3
24.8
23.4
20.7Persons who completed temporary jobs
9.6
8.9
12.6
7.1
10.3Job leavers
14.3
14.7
13.3
13.0
11.9Reentrants
31.5
30.4
32.7
33.9
29.6New entrants
8.0
7.3
8.5
14.0
10.6Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,218
2,238
642
165
715Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
50.4
52.5
47.4
43.4
53.4On temporary layoff
15.2
18.1
8.3
4.9
19.4Not on temporary layoff
35.3
34.4
39.0
38.5
34.0Permanent job losers
24.3
24.1
25.0
29.5
21.3Persons who completed temporary jobs
11.0
10.2
14.1
8.9
12.7Job leavers
13.8
14.5
12.3
10.5
12.1Reentrants
27.5
25.7
31.1
31.2
23.0New entrants
8.3
7.4
9.2
14.9
11.5Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
2,778
1,811
658
140
587Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
41.2
41.6
43.7
33.9
41.1On temporary layoff
12.3
14.5
7.8
12.8
13.6Not on temporary layoff
28.8
27.1
35.9
21.1
27.5Permanent job losers
20.8
19.9
24.7
16.2
20.0Persons who completed temporary jobs
8.1
7.2
11.2
4.9
7.5Job leavers
14.9
15.0
14.3
16.0
11.7Reentrants
36.3
36.2
34.2
37.2
37.6New entrants
7.7
7.3
7.8
12.9
9.6Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2022 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian laborforce(1)
Not in the labor forceTotal
Want a job
Do not want a job nowTotal
Searched for work in previous year,but not in past 4 weeksTotal
Marginally attached(available to work now)(2)Total
Discouraged workers(3)
Other(4)TotalTotal, 16 years and older
164,287
99,686
5,639
2,139
1,484
407
1,077
94,04716 to 24 years
21,093
16,864
1,573
644
405
97
308
15,29225 to 54 years
104,837
22,325
2,460
1,055
735
204
531
19,86555 years and older
38,358
60,497
1,606
440
343
106
237
58,891Men, 16 years and older
87,421
41,197
2,691
1,055
782
254
528
38,50616 to 24 years
10,770
8,296
822
337
224
65
159
7,47425 to 54 years
55,902
7,220
1,102
507
388
128
260
6,11855 years and older
20,749
25,680
767
211
169
61
108
24,913Women, 16 years and older
76,866
58,490
2,948
1,084
702
153
549
55,54116 to 24 years
10,323
8,568
751
306
181
32
149
7,81825 to 54 years
48,934
15,105
1,359
548
347
76
271
13,74655 years and older
17,609
34,817
839
230
174
45
129
33,978WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
125,957
77,257
3,813
1,395
961
256
705
73,44416 to 24 years
16,009
11,791
1,053
415
266
63
203
10,73825 to 54 years
78,726
16,138
1,577
658
448
119
329
14,56255 years and older
31,222
49,328
1,183
323
246
73
174
48,145Men, 16 years and older
68,162
31,959
1,861
709
526
163
362
30,09816 to 24 years
8,201
5,844
575
223
154
46
108
5,26925 to 54 years
42,774
5,002
719
329
249
76
173
4,28355 years and older
17,188
21,113
566
156
122
42
81
20,546Women, 16 years and older
57,794
45,298
1,952
686
435
92
343
43,34616 to 24 years
7,808
5,947
478
191
112
18
94
5,46925 to 54 years
35,952
11,136
857
329
199
43
156
10,27955 years and older
14,034
28,215
617
167
124
31
93
27,598Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
21,236
12,895
1,064
462
350
111
239
11,83116 to 24 years
2,838
2,714
286
129
87
26
61
2,42725 to 54 years
14,277
3,426
523
256
197
63
133
2,90355 years and older
4,121
6,755
255
77
67
22
45
6,500Men, 16 years and older
10,259
5,480
478
205
157
64
93
5,00216 to 24 years
1,421
1,290
130
59
39
16
23
1,16025 to 54 years
6,849
1,431
233
112
88
38
51
1,19855 years and older
1,990
2,759
115
34
30
11
20
2,645Women, 16 years and older
10,977
7,415
586
257
193
48
145
6,82916 to 24 years
1,417
1,424
156
70
48
10
38
1,26825 to 54 years
7,428
1,995
290
144
109
26
83
1,70655 years and older
2,131
3,996
140
43
36
11
25
3,856AsianTotal, 16 years and older
10,921
6,012
424
143
83
24
59
5,58816 to 24 years
957
1,275
96
40
18
2
16
1,17925 to 54 years
7,798
1,715
216
76
44
12
31
1,49955 years and older
2,166
3,021
112
27
21
10
12
2,909Men, 16 years and older
5,775
2,238
197
73
49
17
31
2,04116 to 24 years
487
633
57
26
14
1
13
57625 to 54 years
4,165
411
80
31
22
8
14
33155 years and older
1,123
1,194
60
16
13
8
5
1,134Women, 16 years and older
5,146
3,774
227
70
35
7
28
3,54716 to 24 years
469
642
39
14
4
1
4
60325 to 54 years
3,633
1,305
136
44
22
4
17
1,16955 years and older
1,044
1,827
52
11
9
2
7
1,775Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
30,601
15,570
1,277
460
325
98
228
14,29316 to 24 years
4,999
4,188
416
162
107
28
79
3,77225 to 54 years
20,836
5,151
607
235
170
55
115
4,54455 years and older
4,767
6,230
254
63
48
15
33
5,977Men, 16 years and older
17,368
5,716
583
222
169
58
110
5,13316 to 24 years
2,680
1,949
205
79
57
18
39
1,74525 to 54 years
11,940
1,316
255
111
87
31
55
1,06155 years and older
2,748
2,450
124
32
25
9
16
2,327Women, 16 years and older
13,233
9,854
694
238
157
39
117
9,16016 to 24 years
2,318
2,239
212
83
50
10
40
2,02725 to 54 years
8,896
3,835
352
124
83
23
60
3,48355 years and older
2,019
3,780
130
31
23
6
17
3,650Footnotes(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2022 annual averages
Year
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
6552018
886
916
694
1,095
6802019
917
945
735
1,174
7062020
984
1,003
794
1,310
7582021
998
1,018
801
1,328
7772022
1,059
1,085
878
1,401
823Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
6902018
973
1,002
735
1,241
7202019
1,007
1,036
769
1,336
7472020
1,082
1,110
830
1,447
7972021
1,097
1,125
825
1,453
8202022
1,154
1,172
921
1,559
887Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
6032018
789
817
654
937
6172019
821
840
704
1,025
6422020
891
905
764
1,143
7052021
912
925
776
1,141
7182022
958
973
835
1,234
761Women's earnings asa percent of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.42018
81.1
81.5
89.0
75.5
85.72019
81.5
81.1
91.5
76.7
85.92020
82.3
81.5
92.0
79.0
88.52021
83.1
82.2
94.1
78.5
87.62022
83.0
83.0
90.7
79.2
85.8Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averages
Educational attainment and sex
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 25 years and older
$1,123
$1,145
$908
$1,448
$873Less than a high school diploma
682
690
618
643
672High school graduates, no college(1)
853
884
747
784
795Some college, no degree
935
982
791
914
881Associate's degree
1,005
1,035
872
994
929Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,544
1,553
1,276
1,834
1,340Men, 25 years and older
1,219
1,243
969
1,628
922Less than a high school diploma
745
753
675
704
730High school graduates, no college(1)
945
982
809
868
864Some college, no degree
1,070
1,132
850
1,016
975Associate's degree
1,156
1,189
953
1,106
1,090Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,765
1,774
1,452
1,983
1,499Women, 25 years and older
1,002
1,022
867
1,262
791Less than a high school diploma
594
595
557
602
588High school graduates, no college(1)
735
748
697
710
703Some college, no degree
815
845
753
803
780Associate's degree
883
896
806
873
824Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,372
1,377
1,169
1,571
1,224Footnotes(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2022 annual averages
Occupation and sex
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
$1,059
$1,085
$878
$1,401
$823Management, professional, and related occupations
1,465
1,469
1,210
1,863
1,271Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,569
1,593
1,338
1,887
1,311Management occupations
1,658
1,670
1,352
1,949
1,347Business and financial operations occupations
1,464
1,469
1,281
1,699
1,243Professional and related occupations
1,392
1,385
1,156
1,841
1,243Computer and mathematical occupations
1,789
1,731
1,490
2,018
1,506Architecture and engineering occupations
1,735
1,728
1,383
2,006
1,561Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,463
1,452
1,210
1,843
1,488Community and social services occupations
1,128
1,145
1,067
1,129
1,061Legal occupations
1,763
1,861
1,423
1,751
1,244Education, training, and library occupations
1,148
1,156
1,059
1,342
1,082Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,273
1,271
1,084
1,627
1,171Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,354
1,371
1,151
1,563
1,239Service occupations
697
707
666
703
649Healthcare support occupations
685
690
672
709
680Protective service occupations
1,024
1,109
845
1,065
962Food preparation and serving related occupations
622
628
581
667
616Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
671
675
639
733
621Personal care and service occupations
686
693
644
690
657Sales and office occupations
880
896
795
951
785Sales and related occupations
941
982
744
974
780Office and administrative support occupations
847
851
811
939
787Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
965
971
875
1,031
814Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
645
651
595
620
617Construction and extraction occupations
943
952
835
1,019
822Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
1,043
1,050
982
1,068
965Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
821
842
770
787
740Production occupations
862
889
764
855
748Transportation and material moving occupations
796
806
774
743
734Men, 16 years and older
$1,154
$1,172
$921
$1,559
$887Management, professional, and related occupations
1,726
1,730
1,395
1,994
1,434Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,772
1,797
1,462
2,012
1,407Management occupations
1,868
1,881
1,429
2,244
1,425Business and financial operations occupations
1,632
1,634
1,494
1,895
1,355Professional and related occupations
1,647
1,640
1,355
1,985
1,455Computer and mathematical occupations
1,884
1,834
1,631
2,096
1,590Architecture and engineering occupations
1,751
1,744
1,360
2,116
1,556Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,539
1,504
1,186
1,914
1,401Community and social services occupations
1,199
1,233
1,092
1,325
1,170Legal occupations
2,297
2,432
1,897
1,878
1,781Education, training, and library occupations
1,354
1,378
1,161
1,584
1,203Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,380
1,396
1,063
1,939
1,296Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,605
1,653
1,380
1,702
1,510Service occupations
767
790
703
763
699Healthcare support occupations
743
789
691
755
729Protective service occupations
1,106
1,152
928
1,060
1,039Food preparation and serving related occupations
663
677
601
703
648Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
716
723
688
801
683Personal care and service occupations
789
807
719
899
711Sales and office occupations
1,019
1,068
882
1,025
872Sales and related occupations
1,139
1,189
855
1,065
911Office and administrative support occupations
933
937
909
997
835Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
979
983
886
1,079
834Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
661
666
610
727
625Construction and extraction occupations
951
961
828
1,078
829Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
1,051
1,059
990
1,105
979Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
891
911
810
824
792Production occupations
943
971
815
923
816Transportation and material moving occupations
842
861
805
767
773Women, 16 years and older
$958
$973
$835
$1,234
$761Management, professional, and related occupations
1,284
1,284
1,127
1,631
1,142Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,409
1,414
1,194
1,734
1,192Management occupations
1,457
1,462
1,242
1,830
1,241Business and financial operations occupations
1,351
1,358
1,148
1,562
1,154Professional and related occupations
1,229
1,224
1,101
1,576
1,116Computer and mathematical occupations
1,546
1,467
1,235
1,900
1,245Architecture and engineering occupations
1,593
1,537
1,697
1,773
1,641Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,409
1,414
1,256
1,739
1,513Community and social services occupations
1,093
1,110
1,061
1,056
1,022Legal occupations
1,445
1,437
1,306
1,727
1,191Education, training, and library occupations
1,089
1,097
1,013
1,285
1,030Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,173
1,163
1,108
1,440
1,056Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,277
1,308
1,124
1,481
1,151Service occupations
643
644
632
661
613Healthcare support occupations
677
680
665
694
672Protective service occupations
835
915
751
1,485
882Food preparation and serving related occupations
598
602
556
619
593Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
596
592
586
667
579Personal care and service occupations
655
667
614
642
641Sales and office occupations
810
818
751
907
744Sales and related occupations
783
805
653
887
696Office and administrative support occupations
818
821
776
915
768Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
700
697
709
728
612Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
611
618
401
519
596Construction and extraction occupations
796
780
1,006
676
638Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
861
829
723
991
734Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
694
685
715
721
652Production occupations
700
693
704
767
654Transportation and material moving occupations
687
673
727
658
650Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes
     


The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.
Concepts and definitions
The civilian noninstitutional population is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
The employed are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.
The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week but were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness) and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
Duration of unemployment refers to the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.
Reason for unemployment refers to the status of unemployed individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:
Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.
Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.
New entrants, people who had never worked.The civilian labor force includes all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
The labor force participation rate represents the number of people in the labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
The employment-population ratio represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.
People not in the labor force are those who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.
Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2018 Census occupational classification system and the 2017 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2018 Standard Occupation **Classification** (SOC) and the 2017 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.1
Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget standards, White; Black or African American; Asian; American Indian and Alaska Native; and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives; Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders; and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality.2
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. The detailed classifications include Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, South American, and Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino. The Central American category includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans). The Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino category also includes two subcategories—Dominican, and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.3
Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).
The median of usual weekly earnings reflects the midpoint in an earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.
A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the person, or one of the people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:
*Married-couple families* refer to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.
*Families maintained by women and families maintained by men* are made up of householders residing with one or more family members but no spouse of either sex present. Unmarried domestic partners of either sex may or may not be present in the household.
*Children* refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are biological, step-, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household. Children not living in the household are also not included.Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.4


1 Additional information about these classification systems is available online; see “Occupational and industry classifications used in the CPS,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), **https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi**.
2 More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), **https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf**.
3 See Bowler, et al, **https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf**.
4 A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey Estimates,” Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2018), **https://www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf**.
 Facebook
 Twitter
 LinkedIn


Home
   Subjects
   Data Tools
   Publications
   Economic Releases
   Classroom
   Beta


**U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics**
Division of Information and Marketing Services 
PSB Suite 2850 
2 Massachusetts Avenue NE  
Washington, DC 20212-0001 Telephone:1-202-691-5200 Telecommunications Relay Service:7-1-1 www.bls.gov/OPUB Contact Us
 resources  Inspector General (OIG)
								Budget and Performance	
								Department of Labor Grants									
								No Fear Act
								USA.gov
								Vote.gov
 about the site  Sitemap						
								Freedom of Information Act
								Privacy and Security Statement
								Disclaimers
								Linking and Copyright Info	
								Important Website Notices
								Help and Tutorials
								Babel Notice: accessing language services


Twitter Youtube Email


- Publications
- BLS Reports