19

- 2155 In Re: Mirena IUS Levonorgestrel

- Related Products Liability Litigation (No. II)

U NITED S TATES C OURT OF A PPEALS F OR THE S ECOND C IRCUIT

August Term 2020

(Argued: December 2 , 2020 Decided: December 8

, 2020 )

Docket No. 19

- 2155



### I N RE 

### : M IRENA 

### IUS L EVONORGESTREL



### - R ELATED 

### P RODUCTS 

### L IABILITY 

### L ITIGATION 

### (N O



### . II)

A BRA 

### C ONING 

### , K AYLA 

### T ALLEY 

### , T IFFANY 

### H AUSNER 

### , S HANE 

### H AUSNER 

### , S HELAIN 

### C OOPER 

### , A LLISON 

### S IMPSON 

### , A MELIA 

### H OLMAN 

### M ILES 

### , J ONATHAN 

### M ILES 

### , J ESSICA 

### G UGLIELMO 

### , M EGAN 

### R OBINSON 

### , K IMBERLY 

### B LACK 

### , C HAQUITA 

### D UDLEY 

### , K ELLY 

### R IEGEL



### - G REEN 

### , D ANISE 

### H OFFMAN 

### , J ACQUELINE 

### G OYENA 

### , J ANELLE 

### P ALLANSCH 

### , B RITTANY 

### G RECO 

### , M ISTY 

### S OLOMON 

### , D APHNE 

### H OUCK 

### , H OLLY 

### A LLEN 

### , J ENNIFER 

### S ANTIAGO 

### , M ELANIE 

### H OWE 

### , M ISTY 

### M CCANDLESS 

### , A NGELA 

### K LOPFENSTEIN 

### , A DAM 

### K LOPFENSTEIN 

### , C ATIE 

### K ESSLER 

### , J ACLYN 

### S PETT 

### , A BIGAIL 

### M ICHEL 

### , C HERIE 

### M CGEE 

### , B RITTANY 

### W ILSON 

### , B REANNA 

### P IETERS 

### , E LLEN 

### B URNS 

### , I NDIVIDUALLY 

### , D AVID 

### B URNS 

### , L AURA 

### B URNS 

### , W HITNEY 

### W ALK ER 

### , J ESSICA 

### W ATSON 

### , K ARNA 

### L YNNE 

### P ETTLON 

### , A MBERLY 

### B UCKNER 

### , C ARLEY 

### H AMILTON 

### , D ANIELLA 

### P AVELKA 

### , A NDREA 

### J OHNSON 

### , C HRISTINA 

### S TEPHANIE 

### A LBERTSON 

### , A BIGAIL 

### T HIESING 

### , A MANDA 

### M ASSIE 

### , A MY 

### E DWARDS 

### , S HERRICKER 

### R ODGERS 

### , A NNALISSA 

### S ANCHEZ 

### , N ICOLE 

### V INCENT 

### , L IANA 

### E RB 

### , S ARA H 

### M ARIE 

### W ESSEL 

### , K ATIE 

### M YERS 

### , L A 

### T OYA 

### S. T HOMPSON 

### , A SHLEY 

### B ABICH



### - Z ACHARIAS 

### , B ETHANY 

### V INCENT 

### , W HITNEY 

### M ANCHEL 

### W ASHINGTON 

### , L AUREN 

### H ARDWICK 

### , B RITTANY 

### S. S MITH 

### , E LIZABETH 

### H EAGY 

### , B ARBARA 

### A NDERSON 

### , S HAMARA 

### V ON 

### L ANE 

### , C RYSTAL 

### V AZQUEZ 

### , B RITTANY 

### C OLLINS 

### , A SHLEY 

### N OBLES



### - H OBBS 

### , S HAKARA2 

### C ARTER 

### , M IRANDA 

### G LEDHILL 

### , M ELISSA 

### T OLBERT 

### , D EVON 

### M AHLSTEDT 

### , D ANIELLE 

### A DAMS 

### , L AUREN 

### C ARMAN 

### , A NNA 

### C ONLEY 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### D AWSON 

### , A NDREA 

### G EE 

### , V ICTORIA 

### L EE 

### , L ACEY 

### L ANGSTON 

### S ANDERLIN 

### , A SHLEY 

### A MBER 

### C OCKRELL 

### , S HAWNA 

### L OUISE 

### C OOPER 

### , M ARYSSA 

### R EESE 

### , C ARNES HIA 

### C ASON 

### , K ASEY 

### G ARRISON 

### , A SHLEY 

### S TEED 

### , S TEFFANIE 

### M ICHELLE 

### D ENNIS 

### , J ESSICA 

### M ARIE 

### P ETERSON 

### , K ASEY 

### J ACKSON 

### , L ESLIE 

### M ARIE 

### C OAPMAN 

### , L ATRICIA 

### A NDERSON 

### J OHNSON 

### , M ARY 

### M ARGARET 

### C OTTINGHAM 

### , S HAMEKA 

### M. B RIDGES 

### , P ETERSON 

### B RIDGES 

### , L ATONYA 

### H OSKIN 

### , K RISTEN 

### D ENISE 

### B RYAN 

### , S AMANTHA 

### L IFORD 

### , C HRISTI 

### U TLEY 

### , J ESSICA 

### S TANLEY 

### , M ACEY 

### B EELER 

### , N OELLE 

### H ICKEY 

### , C RYSTAL 

### T AYLOR 

### , V ALERIE 

### T OWNSEND 

### , A NDREA 

### V EGA 

### , A MANDA 

### E VANS 

### , B REANNA 

### W ILLIAMS 

### , M ANDY 

### M ITLYNG 

### , L YSSA 

### KI RK 

### , M ARSHA 

### S APP 

### H ANKINS 

### , L EAH 

### F ACKRELL 

### , T IARA 

### M ITCHELL 

### , S IOBHAN 

### S CHALL 

### , K A THLEEN 

### C HEEK 

### , B ILLY 

### C HEEK 

### , N ICOLE 

### H AMILL 

### , K AREAMA 

### P ATTERSON 

### , K YLARA 

### B OOTH 

### , D ANIEL 

### P ARSONS 

### , C HRISTA 

### D IEHL 

### , V ANESSA 

### B OURGOIN 

### , D ANIEL 

### B OURGOIN 

### , K ARA 

### S TANLEY 

### , T IFFANY 

### S AWYER 

### , C AITLYN 

### A BOULBA 

### , K EYSA 

### E LLIS 

### , M ARIA 

### A GUILAR 

### , E LLEN 

### B URNS 

### , A S PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OR EXECUTRIX OR ADMINISTRATRIX

OF THE 

### E STATE OF 

### A NNE 

### A LDEN 

### B URNS 

### , A MANDA 

### C LARK 

### , T AQUOYA 

### K ERYAWNA 

### W ILLIAMS 

### , M ARIA 

### P ITTS 

### , H EATHER 

### N ICOLLE 

### M CMULLAN 

### , N ICOLE 

### L ASSO 

### , R ANDI 

### W HITE 

### , H EATHER 

### O NSUM 

### S TOOPS 

### , J ANEKA 

### H AYNES 

### , S HENEQUA 

### P ERDUE 

### , R ACHEL 

### F REITAS 

### , K ATRINA 

### E VERE TT



### - C AREY 

### , N AYELI 

### J UAREZ



### - G ARCIA 

### ,

M ELISSA 

### F RANCES 

### H ALL 

### , E LIZABETH 

### A DAMS 

### , S YLVIA 

### G REER 

### , N I 

### 'M ATULLAH 

### K ING 

### , M ARIE 

### S HIVER 

### , S USAN 

### T OOMEY 

### , M EGAN 

### H ARRIS 

### , K ATHRYN 

### A SBEL 

### , A SHLI 

### G ARNER 

### , L ISA 

### V ALLERY 

### , B RITTANY 

### N ICOLE 

### J AMES 

### , S ARA 

### T ESS 

### S ANBORN 

### , R OBERT 

### Z INN 

### , K IMBERLY 

### S TIE R 

### , D EWAYNA 

### D ENILLE 

### B ROWN 

### , L OIS 

### M ICHELLE 

### P ALMER 

### , K ELLI 

### S ALAZAR 

### , J ESSICA 

### R OBERSON 

### , S TACY 

### B RYAN 

### , S TEVEN 

### B RYAN 

### , R EBECCA 

### E LWOOD 

### , A MBER 

### H ANSON 

### , R EBEKAH 

### R OGERS 

### , T ESSA 

### W ATTS 

### , S HEREE



### M ITCHELL 

### , L ASHONDA 

### R OBINS 

### , M ISTY 

### R EITZ 

### , B ERNESHA 

### M EANS 

### , S AMANTHA



### D AVIS 

### , T AMATHA 

### T U CKER



### - W HITAKER 

### , M ISTY 

### C OLEMAN



### - W OODS 

### , S HARON 

### C AIN 

### , S HANNON 

### W ALKER 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### S CHLUETER 

### , K ATHARINE 

### W ELLS 

### , C YNTHIA 

### G UNN 

### , J ESSICA 

### H IXSON 

### R OBINSON 

### , J ESSICA 

### G ARDNER 

### , C ATHERINE 

### D IANNE 

### B EITEL 

### , C HRISTY 

### N ICOLE 

### M CGREGOR 

### , A MBER 

### D ARLENE 

### P ROUT 

### , A MANDA 

### L EEANN 

### B ARBER 

### , A LET A 

### B REK 

### R ICHARDS 

### , E RICA 

### S ILVA 

### , J OHN 

### S ILVA 

### , III, A MY 

### H ODGE 

### , J OANNA 

### L YNN 

### L UCERO 

### , K ELSEY 

### R AMM 

### , K ATIE 

### R EBECCA 

### L AWRENCE 

### , K ELLI 

### B OYT 

### R OWLAND 

### , C ANDICE 

### S MALL 

### , J ADE 

### A. L UDWIKOWSKI 

### ,3 

### S HAHIRA 

### O SMAN 

### , N AQUASHA 

### R ISER 

### , L AUREN 

### E LIZABETH 

### S INGLETON 

### , J ETTA 

### A LLEN 

### , J ULIANA 

### C ATAR INA 

### H ERNANDEZ 

### , T IRZAH 

### M ARIE 

### E LLET 

### , K AYLA 

### S COTT 

### , T OMEKA 

### W ILLIAMS



### - J AMES 

### , C OURTNEY 

### T RENNEPOHL 

### , T IFFANY 

### C OLLINS 

### , S TACY 

### C AMINO 

### , K ATHLEEN 

### F OX 

### , C HANTHINIA 

### W HITE 

### , B RIANNA 

### P ETERS 

### , D EVINA 

### W ILLIAMS 

### , C HAVON 

### P LANGE 

### , S ADIE 

### M ILLER 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### S ELLERS 

### , F REDDREKIA 

### B RADLEY 

### , S TARLA 

### M C 

### C OLLUM 

### , L ACEY 

### H UBERT 

### , A NAIS 

### F ORCIER 

### , J ENNIFER 

### U RE 

### , R HONDA 

### P EZZULLO 

### , R ACHAEL 

### N IKL 

### , A LECIA 

### C ONNER 

### , K IMMI 

### V ESEY 

### , D EANNA 

### M OONEY 

### , M ARLENE 

### M ENDEZ 

### , C IERA 

### T URNER 

### , T YSHEA 

### M OTT 

### , M ELISSA 

### P OLOMSKY 

### , H EATHER 

### K URAMOTO 

### , J ESSICA 

### B IHLER 

### , L AMARA 

### W ALKER 

### , C ANDICE 

### B AIL EY 

### , A LYSSA 

### J OHNSON 

### , K RISTIN 

### C ARRICO 

### , G LORIBI 

### P ASTOR 

### , C HANDRA 

### B ROWN 

### , J ULIA 

### M EACHEM 

### , S HAQUANDA 

### M C 

### M ILLION 

### , L AKEYSHIA 

### T ATE 

### , A SHLEY



### M C 

### L UCKIE 

### , K ATELYNN 

### H AMMOND 

### , D ORETHA 

### S MITH 

### , L AUREN 

### H OLLOBAUGH 

### , G EMBELLE 

### H ORLACHER 

### , K IMBERLY 

### B URKHART 

### , K IMBERLY 

### M ACAULAY 

### , M ARISOL 

### M ARCANO 

### , A SHLYN 

### H ACKWORTH



### - W ILLIAMS 

### , N ADINE 

### K ELLAM 

### , J ONEL 

### E DWARDS 

### , E LIZABETH 

### M ONTANARO 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### B REWER 

### , A NGELINE 

### S TANGER 

### , J ESSICA 

### R OSELAND 

### , J ACOB 

### R OSELAND 

### , N ICOLE 

### A SKIN 

### , C HRISTIE 

### E PPERLY 

### , T IFFANY 

### M OSLEY 

### , N ICOLE 

### C LARK 

### , N AOMI 

### W ILSON 

### , P ORSCHE 

### P ATTERSON 

### , N ATAS HKA 

### M ILLER 

### , K AREN 

### C REAR 

### , S TACIE 

### H UFFER 

### , L ATOYA 

### H UNT 

### , L AUREN 

### R OBERTS 

### , B RITTANY 

### T HOMAS 

### , A MBER 

### H ODA 

### , C HRISTAL 

### B AUGH 

### , A RIN 

### B OEHMER 

### , J ENNIFER 

### D RAYTON 

### , C HRISTINA 

### H OLLAND 

### , N IKIA 

### B ROWN 

### , A LANA 

### S IRMANS 

### , R OSANNA 

### K NUDSEN 

### , M ICHELLE 

### M ORGAN 

### , M AUREEN 

### G ARRETT 

### , N ICOLE 

### P ARKE R 

### , C ONSTANCE 

### S TEELE 

### , A MANDA 

### G OODLET 

### , K IMBERLY 

### H ENAO 

### , B RIANNA 

### B LACKMAN 

### , A NGELA 

### N ORRED 

### , J ESSIKA 

### A LLEN 

### , P ATRICE 

### R ENEE 

### F RANK 

### , C HRISTINA 

### R EID 

### , R EVA 

### M C 

### D ONALD 

### , C ASSANDRA 

### N. J OHNSON 

### , F AITH 

### L AW 

### , J ERALYN 

### W ILEY 

### , J EFKIDA 

### J OHNSON



### - S TINSON 

### , J ALISA 

### C RAPO 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### G RADY 

### , S IMIN 

### K ASHANI 

### , I EACHA 

### J ACKSON 

### , A LEXANDRA 

### H AINES 

### , H EIDI 

### T HOMAS 

### , L ATOYA 

### K ENDRIX 

### , S ARAH 

### A NNE 

### M C 

### L AUGHLIN 

### , T IERRA 

### H ALL 

### , J AMISHA 

### D YER 

### , A MY 

### A MMONS 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### A DAMS 

### , A NDREA 

### L UCERO 

### , J ESSICA 

### L YNN 

### S IMMONS 

### , K RISTEN 

### C AMPBELL 

### , L AURA 

### B RYAN 

### , A IDA 

### L OZADA 

### , T ABITHA



### L EE 

### , A MA NDA 

### P ICHLA 

### , L ATORIA 

### W OODALL 

### , B RITTANY 

### W ATKINS 

### , E RENDIRA 

### C UEVAS 

### , L INDSEY 

### R OSS 

### , C RYSTAL 

### C OVERT 

### , C ATHERINA 

### A NDRADE 

### , K ENDRA 

### W ICKWARE 

### , K ELLY 

### C ICHETTI 

### , A SIA 

### S HAKESPEARE 

### , S AMANTHA 

### S TAATS 

### , H ALEY 

### H ENN 

### , J ENNIFER 

### L EGASSIE 

### , D ESHONDA 

### K NIGHT 

### , T ABITHA 

### S AYLOR 

### , E LIZABETH 

### K

. M OORE 

### , S IERRA 

### M OORE 

### , T AMARA 

### W HALIN 

### , B RITTANY 

### H ARSCH 

### , K RISTEN 

### N.4 

### C HANDLER 

### , B ARBARA 

### N APIER 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### B ENNETT 

### , J ESSICA 

### K ILBOURNE 

### , D ONISHA 

### B ISHOP 

### , M ARGARET 

### B ENDER 

### , C HELSEA 

### M. S AWYER 

### , G UADALUPE 

### P INEDA 

### , S HA 

### .D EBRA 

### C OLLIER 

### , V ALERIE 

### A RTHUR 

### , C HRISTY 

### S. M URPHY 

### , J E SSICA 

### H UPMAN 

### , J ENNIFER 

### S AND



### - S HEQUEN 

### , D ANA 

### Y. C OOPER 

### , J ENNIFER 

### G UZDEK 

### , T RICIA 

### P ONICKI 

### , T RACY 

### D. G OULD 

### , C ORTNIE 

### S HORT 

### , D AVID 

### R ODRIGUEZ 

### , J ESSICA 

### N IESLAWSKI 

### , K ARLA 

### M. D UELLEY 

### , N ATALEE 

### W ILLIAMS 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### B URT 

### , P AULA 

### C. G ARCIA 

### , J ULIE 

### N ELSON 

### , H EATHER 

### B AKER 

### , D APH NE 

### F RANKLIN 

### , A NDREA 

### M ARTINEZ 

### , E SHIA 

### D AVIS 

### , J UANITA 

### F IGUEROA 

### , D AWN 

### B REEN 

### , K INDRA 

### N ELSON 

### , A MBER 

### R. D RYDEN 

### , A SHLEY 

### P EARSON 

### , M ELISSA 

### S. H OPKINS 

### , M ARQUITA 

### W ILLIAMS 

### , J ESSICA 

### C ASH 

### , E LIZABETH 

### B RYCE 

### , N ICOLE 

### P ERKINS 

### , M ARY 

### W ALKER 

### , M ADISON 

### F OWLER 

### , A LAINA 

### D ICE 

### , T ONI 

### S T REETER 

### , C HEETARR 

### J ACKSON 

### , A PRIL 

### R OBERTSON 

### , K ELSEY 

### H ARRIS 

### , S IERRA 

### R ADDEN 

### , M ARQUSEY 

### E VANS 

### , D ALIA 

### J ASSO 

### , K AITLYN 

### S KLENAR 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### P ELLETIER 

### , S ONYA 

### R AMSEY 

### , C HEYLO 

### C OLLADO 

### , D ETRA 

### F ERGUSON 

### , A LISON 

### A SHCROFT 

### , J EANIE 

### L ASCELLES 

### , L ORI 

### A NNALORA 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### S TOCKMAN 

### , T IERRA 

### J ACKSON 

### , A MBER 

### O STERMILLER



### - F ORD 

### , A MANDA 

### S TEVENS 

### , K ATHERINE 

### S OTELO 

### , T ONI 

### I VY 

### , E RICKA 

### J ONES



### - G EORGE 

### , D ONNA 

### R AWDON 

### , P AULENA 

### W HITE 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### C LARK 

### , J ESSICA 

### C ROUSE 

### , K ATI 

### V ALENTINE 

### , A NALYCIA 

### S ANCHEZ 

### , E RICA 

### S MITH 

### , G ABRIELLE 

### H OFFMAN 

### , S AMANTHA 

### W ILLIAMS 

### , S HAQ UETTA 

### F ELDER 

### , C HARMINA 

### L EWIS 

### , T ANIA 

### K ENT 

### , M ARQUISA 

### J OHNSON 

### , N ICOLE 

### J ACKSON 

### , E MILLIE 

### H OPPER 

### , K RISTY 

### C OLLINS 

### , S AMANTHA 

### A LLEN 

### , S ARA 

### W ASHBURN 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### T REAT 

### , K IMBERLY 

### M C 

### K INNEY 

### , T ANIQUA 

### B LETCHER 

### , C RYSTAL 

### R ODGERS 

### , S ANDY 

### T ATUM 

### , T IFFANY 

### D EBUSK 

### , A MANDA 

### C RITES 

### , A N ISHA 

### L ONGMIRE 

### , B ETH 

### B URTON 

### , K AY 

### P AGE 

### , S HAVONTE 

### J OHNSON 

### , J ULIA 

### F ERGUSON 

### , D ESIREE 

### S AENZ 

### , T RISTYN 

### A RIYAN 

### , D ODIE 

### A RNOLD 

### , K IMBERLY 

### M OULTON 

### , J O 

### A N 

### R EDFIELD 

### , R EBECCA 

### D URDEN 

### , C AROLYN 

### S UTTON 

### , T YMEIKA 

### B ASKIN 

### , L ILLIE 

### B ATTLE



### - E ASON 

### , R ACHELLE 

### L ILLY 

### , A NGELA 

### H ENDERSON 

### , B RI TTANY 

### S HUMPERT 

### , D ANIELLE 

### W EHRLEY 

### , N ICHOLE 

### H ITCHCOCK 

### , J AMIE 

### O'B RYAN 

### , M EGAN 

### D EAN 

### , J OANNA 

### M OMOKO 

### C LINE 

### , S HARI 

### H ERNANDEZ 

### , K ATHERINE 

### J ACOBSEN 

### , L INDSAY 

### M ILLER 

### , A NGELA 

### R OSE 

### P ADILLA 

### , J ASMAN 

### A L



### - S HWAIYAT 

### , C HESSICA 

### M AUS 

### , C HRISTINE 

### W ILSON 

### , J AIMER 

### P ELLER 

### , A RLENE 

### C ORDER O 

### , J ULIE 

### G ONZALEZ 

### , J ENNIFER 

### H ULL 

### , W ENDY 

### B ROWN 

### , A MANDA 

### W AITE 

### , T ANAZIA 

### M C 

### C ANTS 

### , A LEXANDRIA 

### E STRADA 

### ,

A LEXIS 

### W ALTON 

### , K AYLA 

### O WENS 

### , C ORNEISHA 

### F OSTER 

### , E RIKA 

### N ACKE 

### , B RIANA 

### G ARNER 

### , E LIZABETH 

### P AIGE 

### , S HARLA 

### B ERNDT 

### , K ESHIA 

### B ARNETTE 

### , D EVON5 

### P INCKNEY 

### , P ORSCHE 

### D AVIS 

### , K HEL EE 

### S AWYER 

### , D AFFNEY 

### H ICKS 

### , Z EBERA 

### L AUNIUS 

### , C HARLA 

### M YERS



### - P ERKINS 

### , W ILMA 

### F. M ITCHELL 

### , Q UINEISHA 

### J UDD 

### , M OKEDA 

### A LEXANDER 

### , K ENDRA 

### H ILL 

### , V ALIENCIA 

### P ARKER 

### , D ARNESIA 

### F INKLEY 

### , M ARY 

### N ORTON 

### , A SHLEY 

### M ANDOLINE 

### , J ESSICA 

### W ATSON 

### , C OURTNEY 

### S MITH 

### , S ARA 

### S UTPHIN 

### , K ELLY 

### H ARRIGA N 

### , J ACQUELINE 

### S HERLEY



### - D OUGLAS 

### , N ICOLE 

### S WEITZER 

### , T ONJA 

### A BIAKAM 

### , J ENNIFER 

### D RAUGHN 

### , H ATTIE 

### H ANSEN 

### , K HADIJAH 

### R OBINSON 

### , T ONI 

### E. C OLEMAN 

### , B RANDY 

### F LETCHER 

### , A NDREA 

### R OBINSON 

### , B RIANA



### S TILLS 

### , A LICIA 

### T HAMES 

### , J ESSICA 

### G RABILL 

### , V IVIAN 

### D AIGLE 

### , K ELLY 

### R EIS 

### , L ESLIE 

### M ARTIN 

### , A NGELA 

### R OBINSON 

### , G INGER 

### K UCHLER 

### , K ARLENA 

### J ENKS 

### , T ESS 

### M ORSE 

### , T AMMI 

### M ILLER 

### , T INA 

### W EBBER 

### , A MANDA 

### H ARVEY 

### , L AUREN 

### D ONALDSON 

### , C ATHERINE 

### K ING 

### , B RANDI 

### G EDDINGS 

### , B RIGITTE 

### C OCKCROFT 

### , A NN 

### E VERETT 

### , P EGGY 

### P OSPICHEL 

### , S HONTON 

### L. B URTON 

### , S HANEEN 

### T HOMPSON 

### , N ICOLE 

### A MARO 

### , M IC HELLE 

### W HITTED 

### , T ERI 

### C ARMICHEAL 

### , L AURA 

### G ABRIEL 

### , B RIANA 

### M C 

### C RANIE 

### , H EATHER 

### H EMBERGER 

### , T AMI 

### U NROE 

### , C HARLENE 

### G OMEZ 

### , C HELSEA 

### C OULTER 

### , A LIYA 

### Q UICK 

### , A RIELLE 

### C ATRON 

### , B RIDGET 

### C OBURN 

### , A SHLEY 

### A NTKOWIAK 

### , K ATIE 

### L YNN 

### A RABIE 

### , J ILL 

### G ENOVESI 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### C OEN 

### , J ULIE 

### G ARCIA 

### , K AYLA 

### F AULKNER 

### , M ELISSA 

### S NOW 

### , A ISLYNN 

### P OUNDS 

### , C ORA 

### C LEAR 

### , K ARRIE 

### S HIELDS 

### , C HRISTON 

### F ORE 

### , K IMBERLY 

### H AMILTON 

### , S HUNIKA 

### H EMINGWAY 

### , C ASSANDRA 

### B ECKER 

### , D ANYELL 

### R USSELL 

### , E RICA 

### O WENS 

### , C ATHERINE 

### M ARTINEZ 

### , K IMBERLY 

### G RANT 

### , J ACLYN 

### H ERALD 

### , B ROOKE 

### B IRGE 

### , T IFFANI 

### D ALTON 

### , S TACY 

### B ETH 

### S WENTON 

### , B RANDI 

### C ARROLL 

### , A SHLEY 

### R ODRIGUEZ 

### , K RISTIN 

### A NDRICK 

### , K ERI 

### R ICE 

### , S TEFANIE 

### T HACKER 

### , L AURA 

### F RISBY 

### , L INDSEY 

### G RADY 

### , B ESS 

### P ATTERSON 

### , A LYSTA 

### E SPINAL 

### , A ISHA 

### C UFFIE 

### , E MILY 

### C OKRLIE 

### , T AMMY 

### S CHATZBERG 

### , J AIME 

### P OWELL 

### , S HELBY 

### L UANN 

### M C 

### C AIN 

### , M ELISSA 

### F USCO 

### , J ANELL 

### D AVIS 

### , A LICIA 

### R UFFIN 

### , A NGELA 

### K OLEBUCK 

### U TZ 

### , J ENNIFER 

### B AXTER 

### , A IMEE 

### G ALLOWAY 

### , T INA 

### P ERSONETTE 

### , H ANNAH 

### R UTLEDGE 

### , K ATIE 

### A RABIE 

### , T ONINA 

### B ARTLES 

### , C ATHERINE 

### J ENSEN 

### , B RIANNA 

### S MITH 

### , S HANEKUA 

### W ATKINS 

### , D ESIREE 

### L EMASTER 

### , A PRIL 

### G ALLOWAY 

### , Q UASHUNNA 

### M ILLER 

### , R ACHE L 

### M C 

### I NTYRE 

### , S UNDRIA 

### C ARROLL 

### , D ENISE 

### F ORD 

### , V ICTORIA 

### K YAKUWA 

### , S HANTELLA 

### B ROWN 

### S ANDERS 

### , G RACE 

### D IXON 

### , C HANELL 

### W INN 

### , A SHA 

### ' A NA 

### T HOMAS 

### , L INDSEY 

### C ADWELL 

### , R OBIN 

### C OLEMAN 

### , A MANDA 

### S AILORS 

### , L AURA 

### B OYCE 

### , M ICHELLE 

### T HOMAS 

### , L ISA 

### K UEHL 

### , J ERRY 

### J ANE 

### W YNNE 

### , C HYNEICE 

### O LIVER 

### , C YNTHIA 

### M AURO 

### , D ANIELLE 

### H OLT 

### , A NDREA 

### N OVAK 

### , M ICHELLE 

### K APLAN 

### , L YCIA 

### S LEDGE 

### , Q UANTASHIA 

### M OSLEY



### - M ORRIS 

### , L ATOYA6 

### S TEVENSON 

### , D ONNA 

### H ARRIS 

### , K AYLA 

### C LAYTON 

### , S EDONA 

### B LAKE 

### , K AMILLE 

### T URNBOW 

### , C INDEL 

### D OWNS 

### , C ANDICE 

### A RNWINE 

### , A LYXIS 

### F ELTUS 

### , D EVON 

### P ARKER 

### , K IERA 

### M C 

### C LENDON 

### , C ATHERINE 

### G ODFREY 

### , K ATIE 

### D ECKER 

### , L ATASHA 

### M ONET 

### , E BONY 

### R AY 

### , C HARLES 

### M ONET 

### , A NDREA 

### E ASTER 

### , W HITNEY 

### R OBERTS 

### , S HANELLE 

### H ARRIS 

### , J ILL 

### S NEED 

### , J OY 

### M YERS 

### , K EONA 

### B URTON 

### , P AIGE 

### O LSON 

### , M ARY 

### J O 

### T RACEY 

### , T ANISHA 

### J ONES 

### , C HRISTINA 

### R AY 

### , L ATARSHA 

### P ASCHAL 

### , E MILY 

### S PRINGER 

### , R ACH EL 

### E LIZABETH 

### S AMMONS 

### , E RICA 

### R ODRIGUEZ 

### , L ARISSA 

### W AY 

### , M ICHELLE 

### V AETH 

### , R IKKI 

### S ATTERFIELD 

### , L EQUITA 

### N EELY 

### , T AMEKIA 

### P ERTEET 

### , M ELISSA 

### M ARTIN 

### , N ICHOLE 

### T HOMAS 

### , E LIZABETH 

### O LSON 

### , K IMBERLY 

### T AFFER 

### , K AITLIN 

### S TRINGFELLOW 

### , M AGAN 

### W ILLS 

### , D AVID 

### S TRINGFELLOW 

### , H OPE 

### G AYLE 

### , A LFR EDA 

### B OLDEN 

### , S YLVIA 

### H AGANS 

### , L A 

### V ONDA 

### L EWIS 

### , J ENNIFER 

### S ISSON 

### , R ICKEYA 

### F REEMAN 

### , C HANDRA 

### M ASON 

### , C ALLIE 

### J ORDAN 

### , R OXANNE 

### B ENDICK 

### , A SHLEY 

### M C 

### C UNE 

### , C OSETTE 

### P OSORSKI 

### , O LUSHOLA 

### W ALKER 

### , M ICHELLE 

### R UTHERFORD 

### , N IJA 

### J OHNSON 

### , A MBER 

### L ARGE 

### , T ASHENA 

### E ASON 

### , K HALILAH



### B OWENS 

### , S AR AH 

### J ENKINS 

### , L EAH 

### S OUTHARD 

### , M AURISSA 

### H ARRIS 

### , C LARITY 

### P AVON



### - M OORE 

### , N ICOLE 

### M AJOR 

### , T ANKIA 

### R HODES 

### , C ARRIE 

### T HOMPSON 

### , C ARRIE 

### T HOMPSON 

### , D YONCHE 

### W ILLIS 

### , K IMBERLY 

### B ARROW 

### , A DRIENNE 

### S EUZENEAU 

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D AVITA 

### R OBINSON 

### , R OSEAN 

### M OORE 

### , J ENNIFER 

### D UCRE 

### , M ADONNA 

### L YNN 

### D UGAS 

### , K ALENA 

### W ILLIAMS 

### , L ARYNA 

### L EWIS 

### , M ARIAN 

### C ALE 

### , M ARIAN 

### C ALE 

### ,

J ULIE 

### S PENCER 

### , G ASHIA 

### W ILLIAMS 

### , T YRUNSIA 

### L OWE 

### , S HANTRELL 

### T ALTON 

### , A DRIAN 

### C LARK 

### , T ONIA 

### B LALOCK 

### , E RICA 

### W ILLIAMS 

### , S ARAH 

### H AFER 

### , M EGAN 

### M ILLER 

### , M ONICA 

### A NDERTON 

### , K ATOMIA 

### M ORRIS 

### , M ALKIA 

### W OODWARD 

### , J ASMINE 

### H OWARD 

### , A UDR EY 

### J OINES 

### , A NDRIA 

### R EED 

### , K RYSTLE 

### W OOD 

### , A MANDA 

### S ANTORO 

### , T RUEMEKA 

### W ALLACE 

### , K ENDRA 

### P ATTERSON 

### , C HERYL 

### D ANIELLE 

### B RODFEHRER 

### , L ATOYA 

### G REEN 

### , T AMMY 

### M ICHELLE 

### H OUSE 

### , S UZIE 

### D ANGERFIELD 

### , S ELENA 

### I RVIN 

### , L ATOSHA 

### L EWIS 

### , M AGUILE 

### S EYMOUR 

### , A LECIA 

### H ENRY 

### , C ANDACE 

### C ROVETTO 

### , G EORG IA 

### F OSTER 

### , K AQANTE 

### B ROWN 

### , M AKEYTA 

### A NDERSON 

### , T ACHICKA 

### R OBINSON 

### , T IERRA 

### S LACK 

### , J ERICA 

### S CHAFFER 

### , K ATRICE 

### R OUSSELL 

### , L AVONDA 

### D AVENPORT 

### , B RITNEY 

### T HOMPSON 

### , L AUREN 

### D AVREN 

### , B ONNIE 

### C EDANO 

### , D ESHAUNNA 

### J OHNSON 

### , C HASSIDY 

### F RUGE 

### , K EISHA 

### S EWARD 

### , F ALLON 

### E VANS 

### , N ICOLE 

### W HITE 

### , K ELLY 

### C ASNAVE 

### , T YNA 

### R EESE 

### , L ORI 

### H ARTFORD 

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W ILLETTE 

### S MITH 

### , B RANDI 

### F AVORS 

### , S HONTAE 

### B LOUNT 

### , J EVON 

### B OGAN 

### , S HADANA 

### R ELIFORD



### - P ALMER 

### , K ATHLEEN 

### M OLINA 

### , L'T ICIA 

### S IAS 

### , J ESSICA 

### O QUELI 

### , A NITA 

### L ONG 

### , J ENNIFER 

### L YNN 

### C ARR



### - A MONETT 

### , C IARA 

### H AYES 

### , N ADIA7 

### B ODY 

### , A LINKIE 

### J OSEPH 

### , J ULIE 

### L A 

### V IGNE 

### , E BONEE 

### R ICHARDSON 

### , E LIZABETH 

### D AMRON 

### , N EDRA 

### B ELL 

### , N ATASHA 

### M ANNING 

### , A NITRA 

### W ADE 

### , L ESLIE 

### B ERRY 

### , C ARRIE 

### B REAUX 

### , J ESSICA 

### J ETT 

### , T RICHELLE 

### H ARRISON 

### R OBINSON 

### , S CHAMEKA 

### S ANTA 

### C RUZE 

### , A NNE 

### G UILLOT 

### , P ATRICE 

### W EBSTER 

### , F ELITA 

### D OOLEY 

### , T RASULA



### C LARK 

### , S HANTEL L 

### F IELDS 

### , A NGELINA 

### S HARIDAN 

### , T ERRAINE 

### Z ENO 

### , S HARON 

### T OUPS 

### , A LISHA 

### S CUDDER 

### , K AYTLIN 

### R AINES 

### , L ESLEE 

### D IAZ 

### , E BONY 

### T AYLOR 

### , J ILL 

### J OHNSON 

### , S HERRIE 

### L EWIS 

### , S HARISH 

### D AVIS 

### , M ELINDA 

### J OSEPH 

### , B RIGETTE 

### M ORRIS 

### , P AULA 

### D'A MICO 

### , L EONA 

### J IMMERSON 

### , J ENNIFER 

### G IBLIANT 

### , Q UINTELLA 

### L ANDRY 

### , R ENEE 

### P ILCHER 

### , D ELILAH 

### P EREZ 

### , L ESLIE 

### F ATZ 

### , L EIGH 

### R ODERICK 

### , J ERRELDA 

### S ANDERS 

### , H AILEY 

### S HELTON 

### , C INDY 

### N. B EST 

### , K ATHLEEN 

### R ENATA 

### S EEGERS 

### , N ICHOLE 

### H ILLER 

### , J ENNIFER 

### S ULLIVAN 

### , K ELSEY 

### J ACKSON 

### , K EMISHA 

### W ILDER 

### , A NNE 

### W ILSON 

### , Q UIANA 

### B RYANT 

### , K IMBERLY 

### D AVIS 

### , H EATH ER 

### G ARCIA 

### , J ESSICA 

### F ULLER 

### , L A 

### T ONYA 

### H ILLIARD 

### , A MANDA 

### W ILSON 

### , A MBER 

### F ENNELL 

### , N AOMI 

### W ILLIAMS 

### , K ELLY 

### K ENNEDY 

### , M ELISSA 

### D I 

### L OSA 

### , K IMBERLY 

### J ACKSON 

### , S HAWN 

### A UGUST 

### , K AREN 

### F RANCIS 

### , B ETTY 

### W EMPE 

### , H EATHER 

### C RUVER 

### , S EQUILLA 

### G ARRETT 

### , S HAMIKKI 

### S HIPP 

### , K ATRINA 

### S TEVENSON 

### , K EION NE 

### T HOMPSON 

### , D ONISHA 

### B UTLER 

### , S HELIA 

### S PEARMAN 

### , D ANIELLE 

### S CHMIDT 

### , R OBIN 

### G UIDRY 

### , K IA 

### B ARNES 

### , A MBER 

### B RUEGGERT 

### , J ASMINE 

### B AYNHAM 

### , M ONIQUE 

### D UNMILES 

### , J OZZETTE 

### R ANDLE 

### , A LEXIS 

### G ALLIEN 

### , L ISA 

### C LANTON 

### , J ESSICA 

### W HITE 

### , I NGRID



### B USTOS 

### , R HONDA 

### D IAMOND 

### , J ODIE 

### S WOFFER 

### , C HELSE Y 

### B AUDOIN 

### , D ENISE 

### A NCAR 

### , T ANIKA 

### B RUMFIELD 

### , M ARY 

### S MITH 

### , A NGELL 

### N AVARRE 

### , E VE 

### S IMS 

### , D ANIELLE 

### B UTLER 

### , K YONDRA 

### A LBERT 

### , A NDREA 

### B RUNO 

### , K EYSHARA 

### A RMSTEAD 

### , B RIDGETTE 

### B LUNT 

### , K ASSANDRA 

### H ALSTEAD 

### , L INDSAY 

### B OONE 

### , J ERESA 

### M ORGAN 

### , J AMIE 

### W HITELY 

### , B RAYANNE 

### F ORD 

### , R OSE 

### R AINEY 

### , N ORMA 

### T HOMAS 

### , K IMBERLY



### L ANDRY 

### , K IMBERLY 

### S TEWART 

### , T ONYA 

### A LLEN 

### , A RRIELLE 

### H UGHES 

### , H ILLERY 

### T HOMPSON 

### , C IERA 

### L AMB 

### , C HELSEA 

### M ARIE 

### B RYANT 

### , T EXAS 

### B LUNDELL 

### , F LORA 

### J ORDAN 

### , J ESSICA 

### J EFFERSON 

### , S HEENA 

### C HENEAU 

### , C AROLINA 

### R OMERO 

### , J ASMINE 

### L EFORT 

### , D ORIONNE 

### H UNTINGTON 

### , J ASMI NE 

### S HORT 

### , M ARY 

### D ORAN 

### , C AROL 

### J ACKSON 

### , T ONIA 

### R OUEGE 

### , T AMIKA 

### H YDE 

### , E BONI 

### S HAW 

### , B RIANNE 

### T RIGGER 

### , C HELSEA 

### V AN 

### W ERT 

### , T ANERA 

### D ALE



### - N APPER 

### , N ICOLE 

### L OWRY 

### , C IERRA 

### D ENISE 

### G ARNER 

### , G INA 

### B AKER 

### , A MANDA 

### W OLTERS 

### , A MANDA 

### G ARCIA 

### , C RYSTAL 

### B ARLOW 

### , C HRISTOPHER 

### B ARLOW 

### , N ATALIE 

### S T EVANUS 

### , K ATRENA 

### W ARR 

### , B RENDA 

### Y EAROUT 

### , M YLAH 

### N WANKWO 

### , C LARA 

### A LLEN 

### , A NGELA 

### S CHNEIDER 

### , J ACQUELYN 

### S EIFERT 

### , T AMMIE 

### W IRE 

### , K EISHA 

### C URRIE 

### , D IANA 

### L EONARD 

### , C ONICA8 

### W INSTON 

### , A MY 

### C HOLEWINSKI 

### , C ARLA 

### W ALCOTT 

### , V ICTORIA 

### H ONPY 

### , J AMI 

### O LSON 

### , D ANIELLE 

### K ORTE 

### , B RITTNEY 

### M. G ENTRY 

### , J OSHUA 

### G ENTRY 

### , K RISTA 

### B URKE 

### , S ARAH 

### B OETTGER 

### , C ARMEN 

### M ORALES 

### , S ABRINA 

### B OISAUBIN 

### , N ORA 

### M ATA 

### , J ENNA 

### T RUE 

### , S TEPHANIE 

### B AKER 

### , K ATELYN 

### T OWER 

### , C HARLOTTE 

### S TRIBLING 

### , H EIDI 

### R OSENOW 

### , B RITNEY 

### M URPHY 

### , H OPE 

### G ARCIA 

### , A SHTON 

### S ILVIS 

### ,

E MILIE 

### S ITZMAN 

### , R OCHELL 

### M YLES 

### , A N 

### J ANET 

### C OLEMAN 

### , S AMANTHA 

### D ARBY 

### , K ATE 

### J ENSEN 

### , C IERA 

### C OLE 

### , D ENISE 

### K EIDERLING 

### , L ISA 

### F RAZIER 

### , E RICKA 

### T URNER 

### , J ASMIN 

### T HURMAN 

### , K ATIE 

### S CHUBEL 

### , K ATHLEEN 

### F RIZZELL 

### , S HAKEEMA 

### M OORE 

### , J ESSICA 

### W EIN 

### , J AYDE 

### S EAFORD 

### , J ENA 

### C OOK 

### , H OLLY 

### J ONES 

### , K EISHA 

### P IERCE 

### , M ELISSA 

### L OVE 

### , D E 

### S HERA 

### M Y ERS 

### , G RACEANN 

### R OBINSON 

### , S ARAH 

### O TTMAR 

### , N ICOLE 

### N UNERY 

### , A SHLEY 

### D AVIS 

### , L AURA 

### D ACUS 

### , G LORIA 

### F IELDS 

### , A PRIL 

### J OHNSON 

### , M ARIA 

### R ODRIGUEZ 

### , K ATHLEENA 

### H AYS 

### , L ISA 

### S ETTLE 

### , T IFFANY 

### F ITCH 

### ,

N ICOLE 

### M AZZANTI 

### , W HITNEY 

### H OMER 

### , M EGAN 

### I SHAM 

### , D ANICA 

### H ENDRICKS 

### , M ELINDA 

### D OBSON 

### , C HARLO TTE 

### B ROWN 

### , M ARY 

### B URDETTE 

### ,
Plaintiffs

- A ppell ants ,

v.

B AYER 

### P HARMA 

### AG, B AYER 

### O Y 

### , B AYER 

### H EALTHCARE 

### P HARMACEUTICALS 

### I NC



### . ,
Defendant s

- Appellant s

. ∗

O N A PPEAL FROM THE U NITED S TATES D ISTRICT C OURT
FOR THE S OUTHERN D ISTRICT OF N EW Y ORK

Before: S ACK , C HIN , and L OHIER , Circuit Judges

.

∗ The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption to conform to the above.9 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York (Engelmayer, J

. ) granting summary judgment in

favor of defendants

- appellees dismissing plaintiffs

- appellants' products liability

claims after precluding , pursuant to Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
,
509 U.S. 579 (1993), the opinions of plaintiffs

- appellants' expert witnesses as to

general causation

.

A FFIRMED

.

M AXWELL K ENNERLY , Kennerly Loutey LLC, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania ( Lawrence L. Jones II, Jones Ward PLC, Louisville, Kentucky, and Martin D. Crump, Davis & Crump, P.C., Gulfport, Mississippi, on the brief ), for Plaintiffs

- Appellants

.

L ISA S. B LATT (F. Lane Heard III, Matthew J. Greer, Kimberly Broecker, on the brief), Williams & Connolly LLP, Washington, D.C.; Paul W. Schmidt, Michael X. Imbroscio, Phyllis A. Jones, Covington & Burling LLP, New York, New Yor k, and Washington, D.C.; Elmore James Shepherd, Shook, Hardy & Bacon, LLP, Houston, Texas; and Shayna S. Cook, Goldman Ismail Tomaselli Brennan & Baum LLP, Chicago, Illinois
, for Defendants

- Appellees

.10 P ER C URIAM :

Plaintiffs

- appellants ("plaintiffs") appeal the district court's

judgment entered June 21, 2019, in favor of defendant

- appellee Bayer

Pharmaceuticals Inc. ("Bayer") and dismissing all claims. By opinion and order

entered October 24, 2018, the district cou rt granted Bayer's motion pursuant to

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 509 U.S. 579 (1993), to exclude the

testimony of all of plaintiffs' experts

. In re Mirena IUS Levonorgestrel

- Related

Prods. Liab. Litig. , 341 F. Supp. 3d 213 (S.D.N.Y. 201 8) . B y opinion and order

entered June 11, 2019, the district court granted Bayer's motion for summary

judgment on the ground that the remaining evidence was insufficient to establish

general causation, or in other words, that plaintiffs failed to offer evidence to

suggest that Bayer's product is capable of caus ing the type of injuries from which

plaintiffs claim to suffer. In re Mirena IUS Levonorgestrel

- Related Prods. Li ab. Litig.
,
387 F. Supp. 3d 323 (S.D.N.Y. 2019).

On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the district court improperly

excluded the opinions of their experts on general causation, erred in granting

summary judgment for Bayer, and denied plaintiffs their right t o obtain and

produce evidence in discovery. We reject plaintiffs' arguments, and for11 substantially the reasons set forth in the district court's thorough opinion s , we

affirm its judgment.

BACKGROUND

The Mirena Intrauterine System ("Mirena") is a plastic T

- shaped

intrauterine device ("IUD"), manufactured by Bayer, that releases a synthetic

steroid hormone called levonorgestrel ("LNG") into the uterus to prevent

pregnancy. Plaintiffs are women from acr oss the country who allege that they

developed idiopathic intracranial hypertension ("IIH") as a result of using

Mirena. 1 The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ("JPML") consolidated

plaintiffs' cases in the Southern District of New York for pretrial proceedings,

where plaintiffs filed their consolidated amended complaint alleging negligence,

manufacturing defect, d esign defect, failure to warn, breach of implied and

express warranties, negligent misrepresentation, fraudulent misrepresentation,

fraud, and state consumer fraud violations.

On June 21, 2017, the district court entered a scheduling order giving

"priorit y" to the issue of "whether plaintiffs have admissible evidence sufficient

1 IIH is known by multiple names, including pseudotumor cerebri ("PTC") and benign intracranial hypertension ("BIH").12 to establish general causation of the harms alleged." S. App'x at 212.

Accordingly, the district court scheduled a hearing pursuant to Daubert , "as to all

expert evidence bearing on general causation

. " S. App'x at 214. The district court

held its Daubert hearing April 9

- 1 1 , 2018, at which plaintiffs and Bayer put

forward seven and twelve expert witnesses, respectively, on the is sue of general

causation. Plaintiffs' experts were (1) Dr. Vincenzo Salpietro, (2) Dr. Conrad

Joh a nson, (3) Dr. Philip Darney, (4) Dr. Lemuel Moyé, (5) Dr. James Wheeler, (6)

Dr. Frederick Fraunfelder, and (7) Dr. Laura Plunkett.

On October 24, 2018, the district court issued its 156

- page opinion

and orde r granting Bayer's Daubert motion as to all of plaintiffs ' experts and

denying as moot plaintiffs' motion to preclude Bayer's experts.

Bayer then moved for summary judgment, arguing that without

expert witnesses, plaintiffs had insufficient evidence to es tablish general

causation. On June 11, 2019, the district court granted Bayer's summary

judgment motion, and on June 21, 2019, entered judgment and closed all of the

cases in the MDL. This appeal followed.13 DISCUSSIO N

I. Standard of Review

We review a "district court's decision to a dmit or exclude expert

testimony under a highly deferential abuse of discretion standard." Zuchowicz v.

United States , 140 F.3d 381, 386 (2d Cir. 1998) (citing Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner , 522

U.S. 136, 141 (1997)). "A decision to admit or exclude expert scientific testimony

is not an abuse of discretion unless it is manifestly erroneous." Amorgianos v.

Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. , 303 F.3d 256, 265 (2d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation

marks omitted). "Signif icantly, the abuse of discretion standard 'applies as much

to the trial court's decisions about how to determine reliability as to its ultimate

conclusion.'" Id. (quoting Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael , 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999)).

Thus, the trial judge has broad discretion in determining "what method is

appropriate for evaluating reliability under the circumstances of each case." Id.

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo , "construing the

facts in the light most favorable to the non

- moving party and drawing all

reasonable inferences in that party's favor." Burns v. Martuscello , 890 F.3d 77, 83

(2d Cir. 2018).14 II. Daubert

Under Federal Rule of Evidence 702, lower courts perform a

"gatekeeping" function and are charged with "the task of ensuring that an

expert's testimony both rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to the task

at hand." Daubert , 509 U.S. at 597. But while "Rule 702 sets forth specific criteria

for the district court's consideration, the Daubert inquiry is fluid and will

nece ssarily vary from case to case." Amorgianos , 303 F.3d at 266. Similarly, while

the Court in Daubert identified four factors bearing on reliability that district

courts may consider

-- (1) whether a theory or technique "can be (and has been)

tested"; (2) "whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review

and publication"; (3) a technique's "known or potential rate of error," and "the

existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique's operation";

and (4) whether a particular technique or theory has gained "general acceptance"

in the relevant scientific community, Daubert
, 509 U.S. at 593

- 94

-- the Court

cautioned that "[t]hese factors do not constitute . . . a 'definitive checklist or test.'"

Amorgianos , 303 F.3d at 266 (quot ing Daubert , 509 U.S. at 593). So long as "an

expert's analysis [is] reliable at every step
, " it is admissible. Id. at 267.15 Plaintiffs argue that the district court abused its discretion by

(1) focusing on plaintiffs' experts' conclusions rather than their methodologies,

(2) requiring the experts to back their opinions with published studies that

definitively supported their conclusions, and (3) taking a "hard look" at the

experts' methodology. Appellant Br. at 14

- 15. Each argument is rejected.

We start with plaintiffs' third argument: that the district court erred

by taking a "hard look" at each expert's methodology. This argument is central to

plaintiffs' appeal, as they argue the district court's analysis of each expert was too

searching. But as noted, an expert's methodology must be reliable at every step

of the way, and "[i]n deciding whether a step in an expert's analysis is unreliable,

the district court should undertake a rigorous examination of the facts on which

the expert relies, t he method by which the expert draws an opinion from those

facts, and how the expert applies the facts and methods to the case at hand."

Amorgianos , 303 F.3d at 267 (emphasis added). Accordingly, not only was it

appropriate for the district court to take a hard look at plaintiffs' experts' reports,

the court was required to do so to ensure reliability

.
Plaintiffs' contention that the district court impermissibly focused on

plaintiffs' experts' conclusions instead of their methodologies is similarly16 unavail ing. The district court provided in

- depth analysis of whether the experts

applied their methodologies reliably. S

. App'x at 52 (discussing in detail how

Moyé's analysis "is flawed by serious methodological deficiencies"), 70

- 71

(explaining the "number of methodological flaws" with Plunkett's analysis), 84

(Wheeler's methodology was "flawed in multiple respects"), 102 (discussing the

"hallmarks of unreliability" throughout Fraunfelder's analysis), 119, 121 ( noting

that Darney's report suffers from a broad overarching lapse of methodology and

two speculative leaps rendering it unreliable), 139 ("infirmities precluding a

finding of reliability as to three of the four steps" of Johanson's method), 149

(Salpietro's opinion "does not meet any of the Daubert crit eria for reliability").

Plaintiffs may (and do) challenge whether the reliability analysis was correct, but

plaintiffs have no basis to argue that the district court did not engage in a

detailed analysis of their experts' methodologies.

Next, plaintiffs argue that the district court erred by requiring the

experts to back their opinions with studies definitively supporting their

conclusions. Even assuming the district court did impose such a requirement, it

did not err in doing so. We have held that "[w ]here an expert otherwise reliably

utilizes scientific methods to reach a conclusion, lack of textual support may go17 to the weight, not the admissibility of the expert's testimony." Amorgianos , 303

F.3d at 267 (internal quotation marks and citations omitt ed). In other words, an

expert need not back his or her opinion with published studies that support his

or her conclusion if he or she has utilized reliable s cientific methods to reach that

conclusion . But here, because the district court found that plai ntiffs' experts did

not "otherwise reliably utilize[] scientific methods," and the conclusions were not

supported by other studies, the experts' reports were properly excluded. Id. ; see

Joiner , 522 U.S. at 146. Further, the court was well within its disc retion to

consider whether plaintiffs' experts' conclusions were generally accepted by the

scientific community. The "general acceptance" of an expert's conclusion is one

of the four enumerated considerations in Daubert , 509 U.S. at 594, and while a

court need not consider the Daubert factors, it does not abuse its discretion in

doing so.

In sum, the district court appropriately undertook a rigorous review

of each of plaintiffs' experts, and based on that review reasonably found that the

experts' methods were not sufficiently reliable and that their conclusions were

not otherwise supported by the scientific community. Accordingly, the district

court did not abuse its discretion in precluding the experts' conclusions.18 I I I. Summary Judgment

We turn to wh ether the court correctly granted summary judgment

in favor of Bayer. We conclude that it did, for we agree that no reasonable juror

could find that it was more likely than not that general causation had been

established based on plaintiffs' admissible evidence.

State law controls on the question of what evidence is necessary to

prove an element of a state law claim, such as general causation. See Amorgianos
,
303 F.3d at 268. The district court concluded that all fifty states "require some

evidence of general causation in products liability cases involving complex

products liability (or medical) issues." S

. App'x at 175. This question was

presented to us in a previous MDL regarding Mirena, and we affirmed the

district court's holding to that effect there. See Mirena MDL Plaintiffs v. Bayer

HealthCare Pharms. Inc. ( In re Mirena IUD Prods. Liability Litig. I ), 713 F. App'x 11,

15

- 16 (2d Cir. 2017) (summary order). Plaintiffs attack that conclusion from the

previous Mir ena IUD MDL case and the district court's holding below, but, as

the district court noted and is still true now, plaintiffs have failed to point to any

state that does not have a general causation requirement for the type of claims at

issue here. Rather, plaintiffs argue that some states allow evidence on specific19 causation before or in conjunction with the presentment of evidence on general

causation, but that is a challenge to the way in which the district court managed

the litigation

-- which is discuss ed below

-- not the substantive state law that the

district court applied. Accordingly, we are not persuaded that the district court

erred in holding that there is a general causation requirement across all states.

Alternatively, plaintiffs argue that e ven if they were required to

satisfy a threshold general causation showing, their failure to do so was because

the district court prevented them from obtaining and presenting such evidence.

We also reject this argument.

"A district court has wide latitude to determine the scope of

discovery, and we ordinarily defer to the discretion of district courts regarding

discovery matters. A district court abuses its discretion only when the discovery

is so limited as to affect a party's substantial rights." Twinam v. Dow Chem. Co. ( In

re Agent Orange Prod. Liab. Litig. ), 517 F.3d 76, 103 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal

quotation marks and alteration omitted). In other words, "[a] party must be

afforded a meaningful opportunity to estab lish the facts necessary to support his

claim." Id.20 Plaintiffs first argue that the district court erred in granting Bayer's

summary judgment motion for lack of evidence of general causation because the

district court excluded all of their experts' report s instead of just portions of

them. Plaintiffs therefore are suggesting that the testimony that they believe

should have been carved out as admissible would have been sufficient to

establish general causation. But plaintiffs have not explained which port ions of

their experts' reports should have been carved out as admissible (assuming, as

the plaintiffs ask us to on this issue, that the district court's Daubert analysis was

correct but warranted exclusion of only portions of their experts' reports) nor do

they explain how those portions would have established general causation. We

cannot credit a nonmovant's merely speculativ e assertion that some evidence

that they h ave not specifically identified could have created a genuine dispute

regarding general cau sation. See DiStiso v. Cook , 691 F.3d 226, 229

- 30 (2d Cir.

2012).

Plaintiffs next argue that the district court erred in precluding

differential

- diagnosis evidence, which they argue would have established that

Mirena may have been the likely cause of thei r IIH. 2 But whether Mirena

2 A differential diagnosis is "a patient

- specific process of elimination that medical practitioners use to identify the 'most likely' cause of a set of signs and symptoms from21 actually caused plaintiff's IIH is an issue of specific causation, not general

causation, the latter of which concerns whether Mirena is even ca pable of

causing IIH

. See Amorgianos , 303 F.3d at 268. And while we have declined to

adopt a bright

- line rule that "a differential diagnosis may never provide a

sufficient basis for an opinion as to general causation," we have explained that

the "district judge has broad discretion in deter mining whether in a given case a

differential diagnosis is enough by itself to support such an opinion." Ruggiero
,
424 F.3d at 254. Here, plaintiffs failed to explain below or on appeal how "the

rigor of differential diagnosis performed, the expert's tra ining and experience,

the type of illness or injury at issue, or some other case

- specific circumstance"

militates in favor of admitting that evidence to establish general causation. Id.

Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its broad discretion i n excluding

differential

- diagnosis evidence.

Plaintiffs also argue that the district court improperly precluded

th em from obtaining other general

- causation discovery. But the district court did

not abuse its broad discretion in managing discovery. Afte r the parties notified

the district court of numerous discovery disputes, the court issued rulings from

a list of possible causes." Ruggiero v. Warner

- Lambert Co. , 424 F.3d 249, 254 (2d Cir. 2005).22 the bench ordering Bayer to produce millions of documents from more than fifty

custodians. Forty

- one of those custodians had been identified in the pre vious

Mirena IUD MDL, but the court allowed plaintiffs to obtain documents from

eleven new custodians. Despite plaintiffs' arguments to the contrary, the district

court considered relevance and proportionality when resolving the discovery

disputes. We co nclude that the district court's thorough and well

- reasoned

discovery orders throughout the litigation were well within its wide discretion.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons , the district court's judgment is

AFFIRMED

.