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Women in the labor force: a databook

Over the past 70 years, women’s participation in labor force activities has 

greatly expanded. Immediately following World War II, less than one-third 

of women were in the labor force. However, women soon began to 

participate in greater numbers, and their labor force participation rose 

rapidly from the 1960s through the 1980s before slowing in the 1990s. 

Women reached the peak of their labor force participation in 1999, with a 

rate of 60.0 percent. Since then, labor force participation among women 

has declined, to 56.7 percent in 2015. In addition, a large share of women 

work full time and year-round. Over time, women have increasingly 

attained higher levels of education: among women ages 25 to 64 who are 

in the labor force, the proportion with a college degree more than tripled from 1970 to 2015, increasing from 11 percent 

to 41 percent. Women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings also have grown over time. In 1979, women working 

full time earned 62 percent of what men earned; in 2015, women’s earnings were 81 percent of men’s. This report 

presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey 

(CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed 

description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes at the 

end of this report.)

Selected demographic characteristics

Women’s labor force participation was 56.7 percent in 2015, down from 57.0 percent in 2014. Men’s labor force 

participation, which always has been much higher than that for women, was little changed at 69.1 percent in 2015. (See 

table 2.)

In 2015, the unemployment rate for women was 5.2 percent. The rate for men was 5.4 percent. Both figures were 0.9 

percentage point lower than in 2014. Women’s jobless rates varied by race and ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest 

rate (3.7 percent), followed by White (4.5 percent), Hispanic (7.1 percent), and Black (8.9 percent) women. (See tables 2

and 3.)

Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Divorced women had a higher 

labor force participation rate than married women, 62.7 percent versus 58.1 percent in 2015. By contrast, married men 

were more likely to participate in the labor force (73.4 percent) than divorced men (65.1 percent). (See table 4.)

Among mothers, the labor force participation rate was higher for those with children 6 to 17 years old than for those with 

younger children. In March 2015, the rate for women with children 6 to 17 years old was 74.6 percent. The rate for those 

with children under 6 years old was 63.9 percent, and the rate for women with children under 3 years old was lower, at 

61.4 percent. (See table 5; data were collected in the 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Unmarried mothers have higher labor force participation rates than married mothers. In March 2015, 75.1 percent of 

unmarried mothers with children under 18 years old were in the labor force, compared with 67.6 percent of married 

April 2017 | Report 1065
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mothers with children in the same age range. (See table 6; data were collected in the 2015 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement to the CPS.)

The labor force participation rate of all women with children under 18 years of age was 69.9 percent in March 2015, 

down from 70.8 percent in 2014. (See table 7; data were collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the 

CPS.)

Educational attainment

The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past 45 years. In 

2015, 41 percent of this group held a Bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11 percent in 1970. About 6 percent 

of women had less than a high school diploma (that is, did not graduate from high school) in 2015, down from 34 

percent in 1970. (See table 9A and 9B.)

Occupation and industry

In 2015, women accounted for 52 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related 

occupations, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific 

occupations within this large category varied. For example, 18 percent of software developers, 28 percent of chief 

executives, and 35 percent of lawyers were women, whereas 89 percent of registered nurses, 81 percent of elementary 

and middle school teachers, and 60 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 11.)

Asian and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations 

(50 percent and 44 percent, respectively) in 2015 than were Black (35 percent) and Hispanic (27 percent) women. 

Meanwhile, Hispanic (32 percent) and Black (28 percent) women were more likely than Asian and White women (20 

percent each) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)

In 2015, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several industry sectors: financial activities (53 

percent), education and health services (75 percent), leisure and hospitality (51 percent), and other services (52 

percent). However, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in 

agriculture (25 percent), mining (13 percent), construction (9 percent), manufacturing (29 percent), and transportation 

and utilities (23 percent). (See table 14.)

Earnings

In 2015, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $726, which 

represented 81 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($895). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians 

($877) and Whites ($743) than for Blacks ($615) and Hispanics ($566). Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher 

for Blacks and Hispanics (90 percent each) than for Whites (81 percent) and Asians (78 percent). (See table 16; note 

that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that may be 

important in explaining earnings differences.)

In 2015, female full-time wage and salary workers ages 25 and older with only a high school diploma had median usual 

weekly earnings of $586, which represented 83 percent of the earnings of women with an associate’s degree ($703) and 

55 percent of the earnings of women with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,064). (See table 17.)
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Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2015 for female chief executives 

($1,836), pharmacists ($1,811), and lawyers ($1,717). (See table 18.)

In 2015, 4 percent of all women paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage 

($7.25 per hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid at an hourly rate, 3 percent had earnings at or below 

the minimum wage, compared with 10 percent of women ages 16 to 24. (See table 20.)

Hours of work

In 2015, 25 percent of employed women usually worked part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. The percentage 

of women working part time has not changed much over the past five decades. In comparison, 12 percent of employed 

men usually worked part time in 2015. This rate has gradually trended up over time, though it has leveled off in recent 

years. (See table 21.)

Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2014, 61 percent worked full time and year round, 

compared with 41 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also rose over the 

period, from 66 percent in 1970 to 74 percent in 2014. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 and 2015 Annual 

Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

Married-couple families

Among married-couple families, 53 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2014, compared with 44 

percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband worked represented 19 percent of married-couple families in 2014, 

versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 24A and 24B; data were collected in the 1968 and 2015 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

In 2014, working wives contributed 36 percent of their families’ incomes, up by 9 percentage points from 1970, when 

wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their families’ total income. The proportion of wives earning more than their 

husbands also has grown: in 1987, 18 percent of working wives earned more than their working spouses; in 2014, the 

proportion was 28 percent. (See tables 25 and 26; data were collected in the 1971, 1988, and 2015 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

The working poor

Among workers who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2014, more women (5.1 million) than men (4.4 

million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who 

were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 7.2 percent for women and 5.5 percent for men. Black and Hispanic 

women were considerably more likely than White or Asian women to be among the working poor. The working-poor 

rates for Black and Hispanic women were 14.6 percent and 12.6 percent, respectively, compared with 5.9 percent for 

White women and 4.6 percent for Asian women. (See table 27; data are from the 2015 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

Worker displacement

From January 2013 through December 2015, 3.2 million workers ages 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had 

held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 44 percent of those displaced. Women were about as likely as men to 

have found a new job in January 2016: the reemployment rate for women was 64 percent, compared with 67 percent for 
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men. Among displaced workers, women and men were equally likely to be unemployed in January 2016, at 16 percent. 

About 20 percent of displaced women had left the labor force in January 2016, compared with 18 percent for men. (See 

table 28; data are from the January 2016 Displaced Worker Supplement to the CPS.)

Employee tenure

In January 2016, median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less 

tenure) for women declined to 4.0 years from 4.5 years in January 2014. For men, median tenure also declined; it was 

4.3 years in January 2016, compared with 4.7 years in January 2014. (See table 29; data are from the January 2016 

Displaced Worker Supplement to the CPS.)

School enrollment

Of the 3.0 million youth ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2015, about 2.1 

million (69 percent) were enrolled in college in October. For 2015 high school graduates, the college enrollment rate was 

73 percent for young women and 66 percent for young men. (See table 30.)

Female college students were more likely to be in the labor force (49.8 percent) than their male counterparts (45.4 

percent). Labor force participation rates for female and male high school students were similar to one another (22.5 

percent and 20.2 percent, respectively). (See table 31.)

In October 2015, the unemployment rates for youth ages 16 to 24 not enrolled in school who did not have a high school 

diploma were 22.6 percent for young women and 27.0 percent for young men. In contrast, the jobless rates of young 

women and men with at least a bachelor's degree were 7.7 percent and 4.5 percent, respectively.

Multiple jobholders and the self-employed

In 2015, 5.3 percent of employed women held more than one job. The rate for men was lower, at 4.5 percent. (See table 

32.)

In 2015, 4.9 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.7 percent of 

their male counterparts. In 2015, 39 percent of the self-employed were women, compared with 27 percent in 1976. (See 

table 33.)

Foreign born

Foreign-born women were somewhat less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2015 (52.9 percent, 

compared with 57.4 percent). Foreign-born women had an unemployment rate of 5.6 percent, compared with 5.1 

percent for native-born women. Foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (78.2 percent) than nativeborn men (67.3 percent). (See table 34.)

Union membership

In 2015, 10.6 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 11.5 percent for their 

male counterparts. For both men and women, the union membership rate in 2015 was lower than in 1983, but the rate 

has fallen much more for men over the 1983–2015 period. In 1983, union membership rates were 24.7 percent for men 

and 14.6 percent for women. (See table 35.)
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Veterans

There were 1.2 million female veterans in the labor force in 2015. This represents about 12 percent of the 10.8 million 

veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces. The unemployment rate for female veterans was 5.4 percent in 2015. (See table 36.)

Women with disabilities

Of the 16.0 million women with disabilities in 2015, 2.7 million, or 16.7 percent, were in the labor force. About half of 

women with disabilities were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 5.1 percent, 

compared with 28.1 percent for those ages 16 to 64. For women with a disability who were age 16 and older, the 

unemployment rate was 10.8 percent, twice that for women without a disability (5.0 percent). (See table 37.)
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Statistical Tables

Age Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

16 years and older 250,801 157,130 62.7 148,834 59.3 8,296 5.3 93,671

16 to 19 years 16,619 5,700 34.3 4,734 28.5 966 16.9 10,919

16 to 17 years 8,852 1,987 22.5 1,624 18.3 363 18.3 6,864

18 to 19 years 7,767 3,713 47.8 3,110 40.0 603 16.2 4,055

20 to 24 years 21,971 15,523 70.7 14,022 63.8 1,501 9.7 6,448

25 to 54 years 125,109 101,152 80.9 96,638 77.2 4,515 4.5 23,957

25 to 34 years 42,771 34,647 81.0 32,742 76.6 1,905 5.5 8,125

25 to 29 years 21,716 17,494 80.6 16,437 75.7 1,057 6.0 4,223

30 to 34 years 21,055 17,153 81.5 16,305 77.4 848 4.9 3,902

35 to 44 years 39,701 32,603 82.1 31,252 78.7 1,351 4.1 7,098

35 to 39 years 19,885 16,267 81.8 15,559 78.2 708 4.4 3,618

40 to 44 years 19,816 16,336 82.4 15,693 79.2 643 3.9 3,479

45 to 54 years 42,637 33,902 79.5 32,643 76.6 1,259 3.7 8,734

45 to 49 years 20,531 16,640 81.0 16,024 78.0 616 3.7 3,891

50 to 54 years 22,106 17,262 78.1 16,619 75.2 643 3.7 4,844

55 to 64 years 40,594 25,954 63.9 24,975 61.5 978 3.8 14,640

55 to 59 years 21,524 15,395 71.5 14,818 68.8 576 3.7 6,129

60 to 64 years 19,070 10,559 55.4 10,157 53.3 402 3.8 8,511

65 years and older 46,509 8,801 18.9 8,465 18.2 337 3.8 37,708

65 to 69 years 15,976 5,124 32.1 4,926 30.8 198 3.9 10,852

70 to 74 years 11,329 2,104 18.6 2,021 17.8 83 3.9 9,225

75 years and 

older 19,203 1,573 8.2 1,517 7.9 56 3.5 17,630

Women

16 years and older 129,700 73,510 56.7 69,703 53.7 3,807 5.2 56,190

16 to 19 years 8,189 2,815 34.4 2,380 29.1 435 15.5 5,374

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2015 annual averages (Number in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Age Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

16 to 17 years 4,342 991 22.8 825 19.0 166 16.7 3,351

18 to 19 years 3,847 1,824 47.4 1,555 40.4 269 14.8 2,023

20 to 24 years 10,959 7,485 68.3 6,849 62.5 636 8.5 3,474

25 to 54 years 63,684 46,926 73.7 44,786 70.3 2,140 4.6 16,758

25 to 34 years 21,629 15,871 73.4 14,996 69.3 874 5.5 5,758

25 to 29 years 10,938 8,076 73.8 7,596 69.4 480 5.9 2,862

30 to 34 years 10,691 7,795 72.9 7,400 69.2 394 5.1 2,896

35 to 44 years 20,257 15,047 74.3 14,391 71.0 656 4.4 5,210

35 to 39 years 10,129 7,454 73.6 7,115 70.2 339 4.5 2,675

40 to 44 years 10,128 7,593 75.0 7,276 71.8 317 4.2 2,536

45 to 54 years 21,798 16,009 73.4 15,399 70.6 610 3.8 5,789

45 to 49 years 10,470 7,801 74.5 7,491 71.6 310 4.0 2,669

50 to 54 years 11,328 8,208 72.5 7,907 69.8 300 3.7 3,121

55 to 64 years 21,076 12,326 58.5 11,884 56.4 442 3.6 8,749

55 to 59 years 11,103 7,362 66.3 7,105 64.0 257 3.5 3,740

60 to 64 years 9,973 4,964 49.8 4,779 47.9 185 3.7 5,009

65 years and older 25,792 3,957 15.3 3,804 14.7 153 3.9 21,835

65 to 69 years 8,487 2,370 27.9 2,275 26.8 95 4.0 6,117

70 to 74 years 6,106 913 14.9 880 14.4 33 3.6 5,194

75 years and 

older 11,199 674 6.0 649 5.8 25 3.7 10,525

Men

16 years and older 121,101 83,620 69.1 79,131 65.3 4,490 5.4 37,481

16 to 19 years 8,430 2,885 34.2 2,354 27.9 531 18.4 5,545

16 to 17 years 4,509 997 22.1 799 17.7 197 19.8 3,513

18 to 19 years 3,920 1,888 48.2 1,555 39.7 333 17.6 2,032

20 to 24 years 11,012 8,038 73.0 7,173 65.1 865 10.8 2,974

25 to 54 years 61,425 54,226 88.3 51,851 84.4 2,374 4.4 7,199

25 to 34 years 21,142 18,776 88.8 17,746 83.9 1,030 5.5 2,366

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2015 annual averages (Number in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

25 to 29 years 10,778 9,418 87.4 8,841 82.0 577 6.1 1,360

30 to 34 years 10,364 9,358 90.3 8,905 85.9 454 4.8 1,006

35 to 44 years 19,444 17,556 90.3 16,861 86.7 695 4.0 1,887

35 to 39 years 9,757 8,813 90.3 8,444 86.6 369 4.2 944

40 to 44 years 9,687 8,743 90.3 8,417 86.9 327 3.7 944

45 to 54 years 20,839 17,893 85.9 17,245 82.8 649 3.6 2,945

45 to 49 years 10,061 8,839 87.9 8,533 84.8 306 3.5 1,222

50 to 54 years 10,778 9,054 84.0 8,712 80.8 343 3.8 1,723

55 to 64 years 19,518 13,627 69.8 13,092 67.1 536 3.9 5,891

55 to 59 years 10,421 8,032 77.1 7,713 74.0 319 4.0 2,389

60 to 64 years 9,097 5,595 61.5 5,378 59.1 217 3.9 3,502

65 years and older 20,717 4,845 23.4 4,661 22.5 184 3.8 15,872

65 to 69 years 7,489 2,754 36.8 2,652 35.4 103 3.7 4,735

70 to 74 years 5,223 1,192 22.8 1,141 21.9 50 4.2 4,031

75 years and 

older 8,004 898 11.2 868 10.8 31 3.4 7,106

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2015 annual averages (Number in thousands)
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

1948 103,068 60,621 58.8 58,343 56.6 2,276 3.8 42,447

1949 103,994 61,286 58.9 57,651 55.4 3,637 5.9 42,708

1950 104,995 62,208 59.2 58,918 56.1 3,288 5.3 42,787

1951 104,621 62,017 59.2 59,961 57.3 2,055 3.3 42,604

1952 105,231 62,138 59.0 60,250 57.3 1,883 3.0 43,093

1953 107,056 63,015 58.9 61,179 57.1 1,834 2.9 44,041

1954 108,321 63,643 58.8 60,109 55.5 3,532 5.5 44,678

1955 109,683 65,023 59.3 62,170 56.7 2,852 4.4 44,660

1956 110,954 66,552 60.0 63,799 57.5 2,750 4.1 44,402

1957 112,265 66,929 59.6 64,071 57.1 2,859 4.3 45,336

1958 113,727 67,639 59.5 63,036 55.4 4,602 6.8 46,088

1959 115,329 68,369 59.3 64,630 56.0 3,740 5.5 46,960

1960 117,245 69,628 59.4 65,778 56.1 3,852 5.5 47,617

1961 118,771 70,459 59.3 65,746 55.4 4,714 6.7 48,312

1962 120,153 70,614 58.8 66,702 55.5 3,911 5.5 49,539

1963 122,416 71,833 58.7 67,762 55.4 4,070 5.7 50,583

1964 124,485 73,091 58.7 69,305 55.7 3,786 5.2 51,394

1965 126,513 74,455 58.9 71,088 56.2 3,366 4.5 52,058

1966 128,058 75,770 59.2 72,895 56.9 2,875 3.8 52,288

1967 129,874 77,347 59.6 74,372 57.3 2,975 3.8 52,527

1968 132,028 78,737 59.6 75,920 57.5 2,817 3.6 53,291

1969 134,335 80,734 60.1 77,902 58.0 2,832 3.5 53,602

1970 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.4 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1976 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

1980 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2005 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

2006 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

2007 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743

2008 233,788 154,287 66.0 145,362 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501

2009 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

2010 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

2011 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

2012 243,284 154,975 63.7 142,469 58.6 12,506 8.1 88,310

2013 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

2014 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

2015 250,801 157,130 62.7 148,834 59.3 8,296 5.3 93,671

Women

1948 53,071 17,335 32.7 16,617 31.3 717 4.1 35,737

1949 53,670 17,788 33.1 16,723 31.2 1,065 6.0 35,883

1950 54,270 18,389 33.9 17,340 32.0 1,049 5.7 35,881

1951 54,895 19,016 34.6 18,181 33.1 834 4.4 35,879

1952 55,529 19,269 34.7 18,568 33.4 698 3.6 36,261

1953 56,305 19,382 34.4 18,749 33.3 632 3.3 36,924

1954 56,925 19,678 34.6 18,490 32.5 1,188 6.0 37,247

1955 57,574 20,548 35.7 19,551 34.0 998 4.9 37,026

1956 58,228 21,461 36.9 20,419 35.1 1,039 4.8 36,769

1957 58,951 21,732 36.9 20,714 35.1 1,018 4.7 37,218

1958 59,690 22,118 37.1 20,613 34.5 1,504 6.8 37,574

1959 60,534 22,483 37.1 21,164 35.0 1,320 5.9 38,053

1960 61,582 23,240 37.7 21,874 35.5 1,366 5.9 38,343

1961 62,484 23,806 38.1 22,090 35.4 1,717 7.2 38,679

1962 63,321 24,014 37.9 22,525 35.6 1,488 6.2 39,308

1963 64,494 24,704 38.3 23,105 35.8 1,598 6.5 39,791

1964 65,637 25,412 38.7 23,831 36.3 1,581 6.2 40,225

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 12

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1965 66,731 26,200 39.3 24,748 37.1 1,452 5.5 40,531

1966 67,795 27,299 40.3 25,976 38.3 1,324 4.8 40,496

1967 68,968 28,360 41.1 26,893 39.0 1,468 5.2 40,608

1968 70,179 29,204 41.6 27,807 39.6 1,397 4.8 40,976

1969 71,436 30,513 42.7 29,084 40.7 1,429 4.7 40,924

1970 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386

1976 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 13

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1994 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

2006 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

2007 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707

2008 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 3,891 5.4 48,908

2009 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

2010 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

2011 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

2012 125,941 72,648 57.7 66,914 53.1 5,734 7.9 53,293

2013 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

2014 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

2015 129,700 73,510 56.7 69,703 53.7 3,807 5.2 56,190

Men

1948 49,996 43,286 86.6 41,725 83.5 1,559 3.6 6,710

1949 50,321 43,498 86.4 40,925 81.3 2,572 5.9 6,825

1950 50,725 43,819 86.4 41,578 82.0 2,239 5.1 6,906

1951 49,727 43,001 86.3 41,780 84.0 1,221 2.8 6,725

1952 49,700 42,869 86.3 41,682 83.9 1,185 2.8 6,832

1953 50,750 43,633 86.0 42,430 83.6 1,202 2.8 7,117

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 14

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1954 51,395 43,965 85.5 41,619 81.0 2,344 5.3 7,431

1955 52,109 44,475 85.4 42,621 81.8 1,854 4.2 7,634

1956 52,723 45,091 85.5 43,379 82.3 1,711 3.8 7,633

1957 53,315 45,197 84.8 43,357 81.3 1,841 4.1 8,118

1958 54,033 45,521 84.2 42,423 78.5 3,098 6.8 8,514

1959 54,793 45,886 83.7 43,466 79.3 2,420 5.2 8,907

1960 55,662 46,388 83.3 43,904 78.9 2,486 5.4 9,274

1961 56,286 46,653 82.9 43,656 77.6 2,997 6.4 9,633

1962 56,831 46,600 82.0 44,177 77.7 2,423 5.2 10,231

1963 57,921 47,129 81.4 44,657 77.1 2,472 5.2 10,792

1964 58,847 47,679 81.0 45,474 77.3 2,205 4.6 11,169

1965 59,782 48,255 80.7 46,340 77.5 1,914 4.0 11,527

1966 60,262 48,471 80.4 46,919 77.9 1,551 3.2 11,792

1967 60,905 48,987 80.4 47,479 78.0 1,508 3.1 11,919

1968 61,847 49,533 80.1 48,114 77.8 1,419 2.9 12,315

1969 62,898 50,221 79.8 48,818 77.6 1,403 2.8 12,677

1970 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993

1976 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 15

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1983 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

2006 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

2007 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036

2008 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 68.5 5,033 6.1 30,593

2009 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

2010 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

2011 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of 

January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2012 117,343 82,327 70.2 75,555 64.4 6,771 8.2 35,017

2013 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

2014 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

2015 121,101 83,620 69.1 79,131 65.3 4,490 5.4 37,481

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

White

Total, 16 years and older 196,868 123,607 62.8 117,944 59.9 5,662 4.6 73,261

16 to 19 years 12,323 4,487 36.4 3,824 31.0 662 14.8 7,836

20 to 24 years 16,171 11,755 72.7 10,784 66.7 970 8.3 4,416

25 to 54 years 95,856 78,300 81.7 75,276 78.5 3,024 3.9 17,556

55 to 64 years 33,005 21,534 65.2 20,783 63.0 751 3.5 11,471

65 years and older 39,513 7,531 19.1 7,276 18.4 255 3.4 31,982

Women, 16 years and older 100,720 56,589 56.2 54,052 53.7 2,537 4.5 44,132

16 to 19 years 6,040 2,178 36.1 1,891 31.3 288 13.2 3,862

20 to 24 years 8,007 5,589 69.8 5,200 64.9 390 7.0 2,418

25 to 54 years 48,024 35,472 73.9 34,078 71.0 1,393 3.9 12,553

55 to 64 years 16,938 10,045 59.3 9,695 57.2 351 3.5 6,893

65 years and older 21,711 3,304 15.2 3,188 14.7 116 3.5 18,407

Men, 16 years and older 96,147 67,018 69.7 63,892 66.5 3,126 4.7 29,129

16 to 19 years 6,282 2,308 36.7 1,934 30.8 375 16.2 3,974

20 to 24 years 8,164 6,165 75.5 5,585 68.4 581 9.4 1,999

25 to 54 years 47,831 42,829 89.5 41,198 86.1 1,630 3.8 5,003

55 to 64 years 16,067 11,489 71.5 11,088 69.0 400 3.5 4,579

65 years and older 17,802 4,227 23.7 4,088 23.0 139 3.3 13,575

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 31,386 19,318 61.5 17,472 55.7 1,846 9.6 12,068

16 to 19 years 2,491 701 28.1 502 20.1 199 28.4 1,790

20 to 24 years 3,425 2,337 68.2 1,953 57.0 384 16.4 1,089

25 to 54 years 16,545 12,984 78.5 11,924 72.1 1,061 8.2 3,561

55 to 64 years 4,718 2,584 54.8 2,433 51.6 151 5.8 2,134

65 years and older 4,207 711 16.9 660 15.7 51 7.2 3,496

Women, 16 years and older 17,118 10,218 59.7 9,308 54.4 911 8.9 6,899

16 to 19 years 1,254 376 29.9 276 22.0 99 26.4 879

20 to 24 years 1,764 1,192 67.6 1,017 57.7 174 14.6 572

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

25 to 54 years 8,998 6,880 76.5 6,333 70.4 547 8.0 2,118

55 to 64 years 2,588 1,381 53.4 1,319 51.0 62 4.5 1,207

65 years and older 2,515 391 15.6 363 14.4 28 7.2 2,123

Men, 16 years and older 14,268 9,099 63.8 8,164 57.2 935 10.3 5,169

16 to 19 years 1,237 326 26.3 226 18.2 100 30.8 911

20 to 24 years 1,662 1,145 68.9 936 56.3 209 18.3 517

25 to 54 years 7,547 6,105 80.9 5,591 74.1 514 8.4 1,442

55 to 64 years 2,130 1,204 56.5 1,115 52.3 89 7.4 927

65 years and older 1,692 320 18.9 297 17.5 23 7.2 1,372

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 14,420 9,053 62.8 8,706 60.4 347 3.8 5,366

16 to 19 years 833 172 20.6 147 17.7 25 14.4 661

20 to 24 years 1,293 682 52.8 625 48.4 57 8.4 610

25 to 54 years 8,317 6,476 77.9 6,283 75.5 193 3.0 1,842

55 to 64 years 1,960 1,315 67.1 1,263 64.4 53 4.0 644

65 years and older 2,017 408 20.2 388 19.3 20 4.8 1,609

Women, 16 years and older 7,683 4,242 55.2 4,086 53.2 156 3.7 3,441

16 to 19 years 428 89 20.8 79 18.4 10 11.4 339

20 to 24 years 637 335 52.6 307 48.2 28 8.4 302

25 to 54 years 4,407 2,988 67.8 2,894 65.7 93 3.1 1,419

55 to 64 years 1,077 652 60.5 633 58.8 19 2.9 425

65 years and older 1,135 179 15.8 174 15.3 6 3.2 956

Men, 16 years and older 6,737 4,811 71.4 4,620 68.6 191 4.0 1,925

16 to 19 years 406 83 20.5 69 16.9 15 17.7 322

20 to 24 years 656 347 53.0 318 48.6 29 8.4 308

25 to 54 years 3,911 3,488 89.2 3,389 86.7 99 2.9 423

55 to 64 years 883 664 75.1 630 71.3 34 5.1 219

65 years and older 882 229 25.9 215 24.4 14 6.1 653

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total, 16 years and older 39,617 26,126 65.9 24,400 61.6 1,726 6.6 13,491

16 to 19 years 3,705 1,144 30.9 922 24.9 221 19.3 2,562

20 to 24 years 4,697 3,365 71.6 3,027 64.4 338 10.0 1,332

25 to 54 years 23,262 18,315 78.7 17,326 74.5 989 5.4 4,948

55 to 64 years 4,255 2,666 62.7 2,523 59.3 143 5.4 1,589

65 years and older 3,698 637 17.2 601 16.3 36 5.6 3,061

Women, 16 years and older 19,872 11,072 55.7 10,289 51.8 783 7.1 8,800

16 to 19 years 1,820 533 29.3 436 23.9 98 18.3 1,287

20 to 24 years 2,301 1,514 65.8 1,372 59.6 142 9.4 787

25 to 54 years 11,452 7,593 66.3 7,120 62.2 473 6.2 3,859

55 to 64 years 2,205 1,151 52.2 1,091 49.5 60 5.2 1,054

65 years and older 2,094 280 13.4 270 12.9 11 3.9 1,813

Men, 16 years and older 19,745 15,054 76.2 14,111 71.5 943 6.3 4,691

16 to 19 years 1,886 610 32.4 487 25.8 124 20.3 1,275

20 to 24 years 2,396 1,851 77.3 1,655 69.1 196 10.6 545

25 to 54 years 11,810 10,722 90.8 10,206 86.4 516 4.8 1,089

55 to 64 years 2,050 1,515 73.9 1,432 69.9 83 5.5 535

65 years and older 1,604 356 22.2 331 20.7 25 7.0 1,248

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Marital status and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older 250,801 157,130 62.7 148,834 59.3 8,296 5.3 93,671

Married, spouse 

present 125,178 82,383 65.8 79,935 63.9 2,448 3.0 42,795

Unmarried, total 125,623 74,747 59.5 68,898 54.8 5,848 7.8 50,876

Never married 76,296 49,541 64.9 45,147 59.2 4,394 8.9 26,755

Other martial status 49,327 25,206 51.1 23,751 48.2 1,455 5.8 24,121

Divorced 25,720 16,377 63.7 15,484 60.2 893 5.5 9,343

Separated 8,783 5,856 66.7 5,436 61.9 420 7.2 2,927

Widowed 14,823 2,973 20.1 2,831 19.1 142 4.8 11,850

Women

Total, 16 years and older 129,700 73,510 56.7 69,703 53.7 3,807 5.2 56,190

Married, spouse 

present 62,203 36,135 58.1 34,997 56.3 1,138 3.1 26,067

Unmarried, total 67,497 37,374 55.4 34,706 51.4 2,669 7.1 30,123

Never married 36,145 22,738 62.9 20,881 57.8 1,857 8.2 13,408

Other martial status 31,352 14,637 46.7 13,825 44.1 812 5.5 16,715

Divorced 15,003 9,402 62.7 8,927 59.5 475 5.1 5,601

Separated 4,820 3,036 63.0 2,801 58.1 235 7.7 1,784

Widowed 11,529 2,199 19.1 2,097 18.2 101 4.6 9,331

Men

Total, 16 years and older 121,101 83,620 69.1 79,131 65.3 4,490 5.4 37,481

Married, spouse 

present 62,975 46,248 73.4 44,938 71.4 1,310 2.8 16,727

Unmarried, total 58,126 37,373 64.3 34,193 58.8 3,180 8.5 20,753

Never married 40,151 26,803 66.8 24,267 60.4 2,537 9.5 13,348

Other martial status 17,975 10,569 58.8 9,926 55.2 643 6.1 7,405

Divorced 10,718 6,975 65.1 6,557 61.2 417 6.0 3,743

Separated 3,963 2,820 71.2 2,635 66.5 185 6.6 1,143

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Note: Separated includes married, spouse absent.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Marital status and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Widowed 3,294 774 23.5 734 22.3 40 5.2 2,520

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Women, 16 years and older 129,342 73,380 56.7 69,636 53.8 3,744 5.1 55,962

With children under 18 years old 35,911 25,107 69.9 23,841 66.4 1,265 5.0 10,805

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

20,192 15,059 74.6 14,437 71.5 622 4.1 5,133

With children under 6 years 

old 15,719 10,048 63.9 9,405 59.8 643 6.4 5,671

With children under 3 years 

old 8,953 5,494 61.4 5,119 57.2 375 6.8 3,459

With no children under 18 years 

old 93,431 48,273 51.7 45,794 49.0 2,479 5.1 45,158

Men, 16 years and older 120,738 83,108 68.8 77,987 64.6 5,121 6.2 37,630

With children under 18 years old 27,198 25,244 92.8 24,318 89.4 925 3.7 1,954

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

15,468 14,191 91.7 13,685 88.5 506 3.6 1,277

With children under 6 years 

old 11,730 11,053 94.2 10,634 90.7 419 3.8 677

With children under 3 years 

old 6,777 6,401 94.5 6,160 90.9 241 3.8 376

With no children under 18 years 

old 93,540 57,864 61.9 53,668 57.4 4,196 7.3 35,676

White

Women, 16 years and older 100,535 56,565 56.3 54,098 53.8 2,467 4.4 43,970

With children under 18 years old 27,158 18,889 69.6 18,126 66.7 763 4.0 8,269

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

15,328 11,401 74.4 11,015 71.9 386 3.4 3,928

With children under 6 years 

old 11,829 7,488 63.3 7,111 60.1 377 5.0 4,341

With children under 3 years 

old 6,787 4,129 60.8 3,895 57.4 234 5.7 2,658

With no children under 18 years 

old 73,378 37,677 51.3 35,972 49.0 1,704 4.5 35,701

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Men, 16 years and older 95,899 66,783 69.6 63,144 65.8 3,639 5.4 29,116

With children under 18 years old 21,972 20,572 93.6 19,873 90.4 700 3.4 1,399

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

12,534 11,592 92.5 11,201 89.4 391 3.4 942

With children under 6 years 

old 9,438 8,980 95.1 8,672 91.9 309 3.4 458

With children under 3 years 

old 5,493 5,239 95.4 5,055 92.0 184 3.5 254

With no children under 18 years 

old 73,927 46,210 62.5 43,271 58.5 2,939 6.4 27,717

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and older 17,054 10,095 59.2 9,151 53.7 944 9.3 6,959

With children under 18 years old 4,914 3,748 76.3 3,361 68.4 387 10.3 1,166

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

2,797 2,221 79.4 2,039 72.9 182 8.2 576

With children under 6 years 

old 2,117 1,527 72.1 1,321 62.4 206 13.5 590

With children under 3 years 

old 1,199 818 68.3 706 58.9 112 13.7 380

With no children under 18 years 

old 12,140 6,347 52.3 5,791 47.7 557 8.8 5,793

Men, 16 years and older 14,203 8,929 62.9 7,910 55.7 1,019 11.4 5,274

With children under 18 years old 2,382 2,072 87.0 1,940 81.5 131 6.3 310

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,374 1,179 85.8 1,110 80.8 69 5.8 196

With children under 6 years 

old 1,007 893 88.6 831 82.4 62 7.0 114

With children under 3 years 

old 588 524 89.1 493 83.9 31 5.9 64

With no children under 18 years 

old 11,822 6,858 58.0 5,969 50.5 888 13.0 4,964

Asian

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Women, 16 years and older 7,622 4,219 55.3 4,092 53.7 127 3.0 3,403

With children under 18 years old 2,468 1,529 62.0 1,492 60.4 38 2.5 939

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,365 934 68.5 912 66.8 22 2.4 430

With children under 6 years 

old 1,103 595 53.9 580 52.5 15 2.6 508

With children under 3 years 

old 600 311 51.9 302 50.4 9 2.8 289

With no children under 18 years 

old 5,154 2,690 52.2 2,600 50.5 89 3.3 2,464

Men, 16 years and older 6,803 4,839 71.1 4,647 68.3 192 4.0 1,964

With children under 18 years old 2,000 1,870 93.5 1,821 91.1 49 2.6 129

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,097 1,019 92.9 990 90.3 29 2.8 78

With children under 6 years 

old 903 852 94.3 831 92.0 20 2.4 51

With children under 3 years 

old 487 452 92.7 443 90.9 8 1.9 36

With no children under 18 years 

old 4,803 2,968 61.8 2,826 58.8 143 4.8 1,835

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older 19,722 10,866 55.1 10,079 51.1 787 7.2 8,855

With children under 18 years old 7,603 4,686 61.6 4,358 57.3 327 7.0 2,917

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

4,058 2,737 67.5 2,600 64.1 137 5.0 1,321

With children under 6 years 

old 3,545 1,948 55.0 1,758 49.6 190 9.7 1,596

With children under 3 years 

old 1,888 954 50.6 847 44.9 107 11.2 933

With no children under 18 years 

old 12,119 6,181 51.0 5,721 47.2 460 7.4 5,938

Men, 16 years and older 19,601 14,860 75.8 13,793 70.4 1,067 7.2 4,740

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Note: Children are "own" children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown 

(White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 18 years old 5,391 5,049 93.6 4,813 89.3 236 4.7 342

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

2,856 2,637 92.3 2,516 88.1 120 4.6 220

With children under 6 years 

old 2,535 2,412 95.2 2,297 90.6 115 4.8 123

With children under 3 years 

old 1,388 1,329 95.8 1,254 90.3 75 5.7 59

With no children under 18 years 

old 14,209 9,812 69.1 8,980 63.2 832 8.5 4,398

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 129,342 73,380 56.7 69,636 53.8 3,744 5.1 55,962

With children under 18 years old 35,911 25,107 69.9 23,841 66.4 1,265 5.0 10,805

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

20,192 15,059 74.6 14,437 71.5 622 4.1 5,133

With children under 6 years old 15,719 10,048 63.9 9,405 59.8 643 6.4 5,671

With children under 3 years old 8,953 5,494 61.4 5,119 57.2 375 6.8 3,459

With no children under 18 years old 93,431 48,273 51.7 45,794 49.0 2,479 5.1 45,158

Total, married, spouse present

Total women, 16 years and older 62,171 36,388 58.5 35,314 56.8 1,074 3.0 25,783

With children under 18 years old 24,822 16,779 67.6 16,305 65.7 474 2.8 8,043

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

13,977 10,126 72.4 9,851 70.5 275 2.7 3,851

With children under 6 years old 10,845 6,653 61.3 6,454 59.5 198 3.0 4,192

With children under 3 years old 6,316 3,760 59.5 3,633 57.5 127 3.4 2,556

With no children under 18 years old 37,350 19,609 52.5 19,009 50.9 600 3.1 17,741

Total, other marital statuses1

Total women, 16 years and older 67,171 36,992 55.1 34,322 51.1 2,670 7.2 30,179

With children under 18 years old 11,090 8,328 75.1 7,536 68.0 791 9.5 2,762

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

6,216 4,933 79.4 4,586 73.8 347 7.0 1,283

With children under 6 years old 4,874 3,395 69.6 2,950 60.5 444 13.1 1,479

With children under 3 years old 2,637 1,734 65.7 1,486 56.4 247 14.3 903

With no children under 18 years old 56,081 28,664 51.1 26,785 47.8 1,879 6.6 27,417

White, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 100,535 56,565 56.3 54,098 53.8 2,467 4.4 43,970

With children under 18 years old 27,158 18,889 69.6 18,126 66.7 763 4.0 8,269

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

15,328 11,401 74.4 11,015 71.9 386 3.4 3,928

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 6 years old 11,829 7,488 63.3 7,111 60.1 377 5.0 4,341

With children under 3 years old 6,787 4,129 60.8 3,895 57.4 234 5.7 2,658

With no children under 18 years old 73,378 37,677 51.3 35,972 49.0 1,704 4.5 35,701

White, married, spouse present

Total women, 16 years and older 51,597 29,966 58.1 29,129 56.5 836 2.8 21,632

With children under 18 years old 20,079 13,605 67.8 13,247 66.0 357 2.6 6,474

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

11,286 8,189 72.6 7,984 70.7 205 2.5 3,098

With children under 6 years old 8,793 5,416 61.6 5,263 59.9 153 2.8 3,377

With children under 3 years old 5,176 3,100 59.9 3,003 58.0 98 3.1 2,076

With no children under 18 years old 31,518 16,361 51.9 15,882 50.4 479 2.9 15,157

White, other marital statuses1

Total women, 16 years and older 48,938 26,600 54.4 24,969 51.0 1,631 6.1 22,338

With children under 18 years old 7,079 5,284 74.6 4,878 68.9 406 7.7 1,795

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

4,042 3,212 79.5 3,030 75.0 182 5.7 830

With children under 6 years old 3,036 2,072 68.2 1,848 60.9 224 10.8 965

With children under 3 years old 1,610 1,028 63.8 892 55.4 136 13.2 582

With no children under 18 years old 41,859 21,316 50.9 20,091 48.0 1,225 5.7 20,544

Black or African American, all marital 

statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 17,054 10,095 59.2 9,151 53.7 944 9.3 6,959

With children under 18 years old 4,914 3,748 76.3 3,361 68.4 387 10.3 1,166

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

2,797 2,221 79.4 2,039 72.9 182 8.2 576

With children under 6 years old 2,117 1,527 72.1 1,321 62.4 206 13.5 590

With children under 3 years old 1,199 818 68.3 706 58.9 112 13.7 380

With no children under 18 years old 12,140 6,347 52.3 5,791 47.7 557 8.8 5,793

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Black or African American, married, 

spouse present

Total women, 16 years and older 4,485 2,874 64.1 2,740 61.1 134 4.7 1,611

With children under 18 years old 1,779 1,336 75.1 1,268 71.3 67 5.0 443

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

1,072 846 78.9 807 75.3 39 4.6 226

With children under 6 years old 707 490 69.3 462 65.3 28 5.7 217

With children under 3 years old 410 268 65.3 250 61.1 18 6.6 142

With no children under 18 years old 2,706 1,538 56.9 1,471 54.4 67 4.4 1,167

Black or African American, other 

marital statuses1

Total women, 16 years and older 12,569 7,221 57.4 6,412 51.0 809 11.2 5,348

With children under 18 years old 3,135 2,412 77.0 2,092 66.7 320 13.3 722

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

1,725 1,375 79.7 1,233 71.5 142 10.4 350

With children under 6 years old 1,410 1,037 73.5 860 61.0 177 17.1 373

With children under 3 years old 789 550 69.8 456 57.8 94 17.1 238

With no children under 18 years old 9,435 4,809 51.0 4,319 45.8 489 10.2 4,626

Asian, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 7,622 4,219 55.3 4,092 53.7 127 3.0 3,403

With children under 18 years old 2,468 1,529 62.0 1,492 60.4 38 2.5 939

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

1,365 934 68.5 912 66.8 22 2.4 430

With children under 6 years old 1,103 595 53.9 580 52.5 15 2.6 508

With children under 3 years old 600 311 51.9 302 50.4 9 2.8 289

With no children under 18 years old 5,154 2,690 52.2 2,600 50.5 89 3.3 2,464

Asian, married, spouse present

Total women, 16 years and older 4,452 2,536 57.0 2,472 55.5 65 2.5 1,916

With children under 18 years old 2,133 1,284 60.2 1,253 58.8 31 2.4 849

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

1,171 781 66.7 760 64.9 20 2.6 391

With children under 6 years old 962 504 52.4 493 51.2 11 2.1 458

With children under 3 years old 523 263 50.3 258 49.4 5 1.9 260

With no children under 18 years old 2,319 1,252 54.0 1,218 52.5 33 2.7 1,067

Asian, other marital statuses1

Total women, 16 years and older 3,170 1,683 53.1 1,620 51.1 62 3.7 1,488

With children under 18 years old 335 245 73.1 238 71.1 7 2.7 90

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

194 154 79.4 152 78.4 2 1.2 40

With children under 6 years old 142 91 64.4 87 61.2 5 5.1 50

With children under 3 years old 77 48 - 44 - 4 - 29

With no children under 18 years old 2,835 1,438 50.7 1,382 48.7 56 3.9 1,398

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital 

statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 19,722 10,866 55.1 10,079 51.1 787 7.2 8,855

With children under 18 years old 7,603 4,686 61.6 4,358 57.3 327 7.0 2,917

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

4,058 2,737 67.5 2,600 64.1 137 5.0 1,321

With children under 6 years old 3,545 1,948 55.0 1,758 49.6 190 9.7 1,596

With children under 3 years old 1,888 954 50.6 847 44.9 107 11.2 933

With no children under 18 years old 12,119 6,181 51.0 5,721 47.2 460 7.4 5,938

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, 

spouse present

Total women, 16 years and older 8,747 4,638 53.0 4,399 50.3 239 5.2 4,109

With children under 18 years old 4,885 2,687 55.0 2,554 52.3 133 4.9 2,198

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

2,610 1,572 60.3 1,514 58.0 58 3.7 1,037

With children under 6 years old 2,275 1,115 49.0 1,040 45.7 75 6.7 1,160

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

1

 Includes never-married; married, spouse absent; divorced; separated; and widowed persons.

Note: Children are own children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, and other related and unrelated children. Details for the race groups shown (White, Black or African 

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 3 years old 1,227 557 45.4 509 41.5 49 8.7 670

With no children under 18 years old 3,862 1,950 50.5 1,844 47.8 106 5.4 1,912

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other 

marital statuses1

Total women, 16 years and older 10,975 6,228 56.8 5,680 51.8 548 8.8 4,746

With children under 18 years old 2,718 1,998 73.5 1,804 66.4 194 9.7 720

With children 6 to 17 years old, none 

younger

1,448 1,165 80.4 1,086 75.0 79 6.8 284

With children under 6 years old 1,269 833 65.7 718 56.6 115 13.8 436

With children under 3 years old 661 397 60.1 339 51.3 58 14.7 264

With no children under 18 years old 8,257 4,230 51.2 3,876 46.9 354 8.4 4,027

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in 

thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under age 18

1975 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0

1976 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9

1977 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9

1978 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6

1979 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7

1980 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1

1981 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0

1982 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1

1983 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3

1984 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1

1985 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7

1986 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2

1987 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6

1988 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5

1989 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9

1990 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0

1991 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0

1992 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5

1993 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7

1994 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1

1995 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1

1996 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4

1997 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9

1998 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6

1999 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6

2000 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3

2001 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7

2002 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8

2003 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1

2004 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2005 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3

2006 26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9

2007 26,834 71.3 25,646 1,188 4.4

2008 25,930 71.2 24,637 1,294 5.0

2009 26,122 71.6 24,079 2,043 7.8

2010 25,783 71.3 23,510 2,273 8.8

2011 25,376 70.9 23,109 2,266 8.9

2012 25,384 70.9 23,366 2,018 7.9

2013 25,112 70.3 23,121 1,991 7.9

2014 25,209 70.8 23,542 1,667 6.6

2015 25,107 69.9 23,841 1,265 5.0

With children ages 6 to 17, none younger

1975 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9

1976 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6

1977 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5

1978 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3

1979 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8

1980 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4

1981 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7

1982 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2

1983 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1

1984 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9

1985 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1

1986 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3

1987 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3

1988 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1

1989 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9

1990 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2

1991 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3

1992 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0

1993 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1994 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7

1995 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8

1996 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4

1997 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7

1998 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4

1999 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4

2000 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5

2001 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9

2002 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9

2003 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2

2004 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9

2005 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3

2006 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0

2007 15,940 77.7 15,341 599 3.8

2008 15,479 77.5 14,842 636 4.1

2009 15,625 78.2 14,562 1,063 6.8

2010 15,247 77.2 14,058 1,189 7.8

2011 14,973 76.5 13,842 1,131 7.6

2012 14,922 76.0 13,908 1,014 6.8

2013 14,941 74.8 13,909 1,032 6.9

2014 15,227 75.8 14,389 838 5.5

2015 15,059 74.6 14,437 622 4.1

With children under age 6

1975 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9

1976 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8

1977 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2

1978 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5

1979 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3

1980 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0

1981 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2

1982 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1983 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4

1984 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1

1985 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9

1986 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0

1987 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4

1988 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6

1989 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2

1990 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1

1991 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1

1992 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5

1993 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9

1994 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0

1995 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8

1996 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8

1997 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6

1998 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3

1999 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3

2000 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4

2001 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9

2002 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4

2003 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6

2004 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1

2005 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9

2006 10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2

2007 10,894 63.5 10,305 589 5.4

2008 10,452 63.6 9,794 657 6.3

2009 10,497 63.6 9,517 980 9.3

2010 10,536 64.2 9,452 1,085 10.3

2011 10,403 64.2 9,268 1,135 10.9

2012 10,462 64.7 9,458 1,004 9.6

2013 10,171 64.7 9,212 958 9.4

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2014 9,982 64.3 9,153 829 8.3

2015 10,048 63.9 9,405 643 6.4

With children under age 3

1975 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7

1976 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5

1977 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2

1978 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9

1979 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9

1980 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2

1981 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7

1982 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3

1983 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1

1984 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8

1985 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1

1986 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7

1987 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8

1988 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5

1989 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5

1990 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5

1991 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1

1992 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4

1993 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2

1994 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8

1995 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5

1996 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1

1997 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1

1998 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3

1999 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4

2000 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6

2001 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8

2002 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2003 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2

2004 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7

2005 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1

2006 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6

2007 6,006 60.1 5,679 327 5.5

2008 5,754 59.6 5,380 374 6.5

2009 5,960 61.1 5,401 559 9.4

2010 5,878 61.1 5,240 638 10.9

2011 5,639 60.9 5,006 633 11.2

2012 5,529 60.7 4,960 569 10.3

2013 5,448 62.1 4,937 511 9.4

2014 5,358 61.8 4,870 487 9.1

2015 5,494 61.4 5,119 375 6.8

With no children under age 18

1975 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9

1976 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3

1977 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4

1978 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8

1979 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2

1980 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5

1981 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4

1982 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2

1983 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6

1984 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8

1985 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6

1986 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4

1987 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9

1988 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9

1989 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5

1990 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6

1991 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, step-children, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1992 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8

1993 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9

1994 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0

1995 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0

1996 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0

1997 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6

1998 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1

1999 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4

2000 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3

2001 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0

2002 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4

2003 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6

2004 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4

2005 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9

2006 43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5

2007 44,039 53.9 42,279 1,760 4.0

2008 45,585 54.3 43,417 2,168 4.8

2009 45,649 53.8 42,343 3,306 7.2

2010 46,098 53.5 42,256 3,842 8.3

2011 46,198 53.0 42,569 3,629 7.9

2012 47,222 52.6 43,494 3,728 7.9

2013 47,607 52.3 44,294 3,313 7.0

2014 48,076 52.1 44,980 3,096 6.4

2015 48,273 51.7 45,794 2,479 5.1

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Educational attainment and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years 165,702 127,106 76.7 121,613 73.4 5,493 4.3 38,596

Less than a high school 

diploma 17,071 10,317 60.4 9,482 55.5 835 8.1 6,754

High school graduates, no 

college 45,962 32,982 71.8 31,148 67.8 1,835 5.6 12,980

Some college or associate's 

degree 45,307 35,220 77.7 33,621 74.2 1,600 4.5 10,087

College graduates, total 57,362 48,586 84.7 47,362 82.6 1,223 2.5 8,776

Bachelor's degree 36,840 30,839 83.7 29,993 81.4 846 2.7 6,001

Advanced degree 20,522 17,747 86.5 17,370 84.6 377 2.1 2,775

Master's degree 15,210 13,018 85.6 12,711 83.6 307 2.4 2,192

Professional degree 2,559 2,251 88.0 2,219 86.7 33 1.4 308

Doctoral degree 2,754 2,478 90.0 2,440 88.6 38 1.5 276

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years 84,760 59,252 69.9 56,670 66.9 2,582 4.4 25,507

Less than a high school 

diploma 7,949 3,613 45.5 3,258 41.0 355 9.8 4,336

High school graduates, no 

college 21,806 13,727 62.9 12,960 59.4 767 5.6 8,079

Some college or associate's 

degree 24,328 17,566 72.2 16,742 68.8 824 4.7 6,762

College graduates, total 30,676 24,347 79.4 23,711 77.3 636 2.6 6,330

Bachelor's degree 19,494 15,191 77.9 14,749 75.7 442 2.9 4,303

Advanced degree 11,183 9,156 81.9 8,962 80.1 194 2.1 2,027

Master's degree 8,821 7,184 81.4 7,023 79.6 161 2.2 1,637

Professional degree 1,160 940 81.0 927 79.9 14 1.4 220

Doctoral degree 1,201 1,032 85.9 1,013 84.3 19 1.9 169

Men

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2015 annual 

averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total, 25 to 64 years 80,943 67,853 83.8 64,943 80.2 2,910 4.3 13,089

Less than a high school 

diploma 9,122 6,704 73.5 6,224 68.2 480 7.2 2,418

High school graduates, no 

college 24,156 19,256 79.7 18,188 75.3 1,068 5.5 4,900

Some college or associate's 

degree 20,979 17,654 84.2 16,879 80.5 775 4.4 3,324

College graduates, total 26,685 24,239 90.8 23,652 88.6 587 2.4 2,446

Bachelor's degree 17,346 15,648 90.2 15,244 87.9 404 2.6 1,698

Advanced degree 9,340 8,591 92.0 8,408 90.0 183 2.1 748

Master's degree 6,388 5,834 91.3 5,688 89.0 146 2.5 554

Professional degree 1,399 1,311 93.7 1,292 92.4 19 1.4 88

Doctoral degree 1,553 1,446 93.1 1,428 91.9 19 1.3 107

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2015 annual 

averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Total

1970 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Women

1970 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–2015

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1976 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

Men

1970 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982 47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–2015

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual 

averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1983 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–2015
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

Year Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college1

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher2

Total

1992 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

2004 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

2006 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0

2007 125,104 100.0 9.3 29.2 27.7 33.8

2008 126,011 100.0 9.0 28.8 28.0 34.2

2009 126,247 100.0 9.0 28.6 28.0 34.4

2010 126,237 100.0 8.9 28.6 27.9 34.6

2011 125,508 100.0 8.7 28.0 28.0 35.3

2012 125,963 100.0 8.4 27.4 28.2 36.0

2013 125,892 100.0 8.2 27.1 28.0 36.7

2014 126,269 100.0 8.0 26.7 27.9 37.3

2015 127,106 100.0 8.1 25.9 27.7 38.2

Women

1992 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–2015

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 44

Year Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college1

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher2

1996 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

2006 57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9

2007 57,791 100.0 7.1 27.9 30.1 34.9

2008 58,465 100.0 6.9 27.2 30.4 35.6

2009 58,787 100.0 7.0 26.7 30.3 36.0

2010 58,808 100.0 6.8 26.4 30.3 36.4

2011 58,520 100.0 6.7 25.8 30.4 37.1

2012 59,031 100.0 6.5 25.0 30.4 38.1

2013 58,812 100.0 6.3 24.6 30.1 39.0

2014 58,983 100.0 6.1 24.1 29.8 40.0

2015 59,252 100.0 6.1 23.2 29.6 41.1

Men

1992 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–2015

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 45

1

 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual 

averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college1

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher2

2001 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

2006 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3

2007 67,313 100.0 11.2 30.4 25.6 32.9

2008 67,546 100.0 10.9 30.2 25.9 33.0

2009 67,460 100.0 10.8 30.3 25.9 33.0

2010 67,429 100.0 10.6 30.6 25.8 33.0

2011 66,989 100.0 10.4 30.0 26.0 33.7

2012 66,932 100.0 10.0 29.6 26.2 34.1

2013 67,081 100.0 9.8 29.2 26.2 34.7

2014 67,287 100.0 9.8 29.1 26.2 35.0

2015 67,853 100.0 9.9 28.4 26.0 35.7

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–2015
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 46

Occupation and gender

Year

2014 2015

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older 146,305 100.0 148,834 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 56,050 38.3 57,960 38.9

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 23,171 15.8 24,108 16.2

Professional and related occupations 32,879 22.5 33,852 22.7

Service occupation 25,854 17.7 25,896 17.4

Sales and office occupations 33,416 22.8 33,598 22.6

Sales and related occupations 15,646 10.7 15,700 10.5

Office and administrative support occupations 17,771 12.1 17,897 12.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,537 9.3 13,733 9.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,022 .7 1,073 .7

Construction and extraction occupations 7,637 5.2 7,652 5.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,879 3.3 5,008 3.4

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17,448 11.9 17,647 11.9

Production occupations 8,438 5.8 8,522 5.7

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,010 6.2 9,125 6.1

Women

Total, 16 years and older 68,613 100.0 69,703 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 28,931 42.2 29,871 42.9

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 10,129 14.8 10,519 15.1

Professional and related occupations 18,801 27.4 19,351 27.8

Service occupation 14,651 21.4 14,686 21.1

Sales and office occupations 20,655 30.1 20,659 29.6

Sales and related occupations 7,697 11.2 7,741 11.1

Office and administrative support occupations 12,958 18.9 12,918 18.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 598 .9 642 .9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 229 .3 260 .4

Construction and extraction occupations 197 .3 207 .3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 172 .3 175 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 3,778 5.5 3,846 5.5

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2014 and 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 47

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender

Year

2014 2015

Number Percent Number Percent

Production occupations 2,364 3.4 2,452 3.5

Transportation and material moving occupations 1,414 2.1 1,394 2.0

Men

Total, 16 years and older 77,692 100.0 79,131 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 27,119 34.9 28,090 35.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 13,041 16.8 13,589 17.2

Professional and related occupations 14,078 18.1 14,501 18.3

Service occupation 11,203 14.4 11,209 14.2

Sales and office occupations 12,761 16.4 12,939 16.4

Sales and related occupations 7,948 10.2 7,960 10.1

Office and administrative support occupations 4,813 6.2 4,980 6.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 12,939 16.7 13,091 16.5

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 792 1.0 813 1.0

Construction and extraction occupations 7,440 9.6 7,445 9.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,707 6.1 4,833 6.1

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 13,670 17.6 13,801 17.4

Production occupations 6,074 7.8 6,070 7.7

Transportation and material moving occupations 7,596 9.8 7,731 9.8

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2014 and 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 48

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Total, 16 years and older 148,834 46.8

Management, professional, and related occupations 57,960 51.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 24,108 43.6

Management occupations 16,994 39.2

Chief executives 1,517 27.9

General and operations managers 899 27.6

Legislators 13 –

Advertising and promotions managers 67 53.6

Marketing and sales managers 1,006 43.2

Public relations and fundraising managers 61 59.2

Administrative services managers 195 47.7

Computer and information systems managers 652 27.2

Financial managers 1,197 49.6

Compensation and benefits managers 23 –

Human resources managers 290 73.3

Training and development managers 41 –

Industrial production managers 280 18.3

Purchasing managers 198 44.8

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 263 21.1

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 1,052 23.9

Construction managers 737 6.7

Education administrators 928 65.7

Architectural and engineering managers 110 7.4

Food service managers 1,192 47.1

Funeral service managers 15 –

Gaming managers 23 –

Lodging managers 159 53.5

Medical and health services managers 636 73.7

Natural sciences managers 25 –

Postmasters and mail superintendents 24 –

Property, real estate, and community association managers 685 50.9

Social and community service managers 378 67.4

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 49

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Emergency management directors 10 –

Managers, all other 4,315 34.3

Business and financial operations occupations 7,114 54.3

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 46 –

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 10 –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 190 52.7

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 280 49.7

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 321 55.3

Compliance officers 246 49.0

Cost estimators 112 17.8

Human resources workers 662 74.0

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 68 73.0

Training and development specialists 118 62.1

Logisticians 117 40.9

Management analysts 848 39.7

Meeting, convention, and event planners 159 78.6

Fundraisers 77 73.4

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 261 58.8

Business operations specialists, all other 213 56.7

Accountants and auditors 1,732 59.7

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 76 39.3

Budget analysts 44 –

Credit analysts 21 –

Financial analysts 322 43.0

Personal financial advisors 498 37.9

Insurance underwriters 107 58.6

Financial examiners 15 –

Credit counselors and loan officers 332 54.6

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 58 65.5

Tax preparers 109 61.4

Financial specialists, all other 71 54.6

Professional and related occupations 33,852 57.2

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 50

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Computer and mathematical occupations 4,369 24.7

Computer and information research scientists 24 –

Computer systems analysts 552 34.2

Information security analysts 70 19.7

Computer programmers 480 21.0

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,353 17.9

Web developers 204 34.3

Computer support specialists 475 26.4

Database administrators 93 38.0

Network and computer systems administrators 218 15.9

Computer network architects 114 12.1

Computer occupations, all other 547 24.3

Actuaries 21 –

Mathematicians 6 –

Operations research analysts 123 50.7

Statisticians 86 52.9

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 4 –

Architecture and engineering occupations 2,954 15.1

Architects, except naval 203 25.7

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 38 –

Aerospace engineers 138 11.3

Agricultural engineers 6 –

Biomedical engineers 16 –

Chemical engineers 84 14.7

Civil engineers 360 12.6

Computer hardware engineers 72 12.8

Electrical and electronics engineers 302 12.5

Environmental engineers 40 –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 214 20.2

Marine engineers and naval architects 11 –

Materials engineers 40 –

Mechanical engineers 323 8.3

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 51

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 15 –

Nuclear engineers 6 –

Petroleum engineers 44 –

Engineers, all other 440 13.6

Drafters 133 21.2

Engineering technicians, except drafters 403 20.3

Surveying and mapping technicians 65 5.2

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,404 46.6

Agricultural and food scientists 25 –

Biological scientists 86 42.6

Conservation scientists and foresters 25 –

Medical scientists 157 54.9

Life scientists, all other 1 –

Astronomers and physicists 19 –

Atmospheric and space scientists 12 –

Chemists and materials scientists 99 36.1

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 92 27.5

Physical scientists, all other 232 41.4

Economists 34 –

Survey researchers 0 –

Psychologists 193 70.3

Sociologists 1 –

Urban and regional planners 25 –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 45 –

Agricultural and food science technicians 25 –

Biological technicians 18 –

Chemical technicians 82 40.0

Geological and petroleum technicians 21 –

Nuclear technicians 3 –

Social science research assistants 4 –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 203 53.9

Community and social service occupations 2,596 65.3

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Counselors 802 71.4

Social workers 765 83.8

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 99 55.4

Social and human service assistants 194 82.6

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers 117 70.8

Clergy 469 20.6

Directors, religious activities and education 78 57.8

Religious workers, all other 73 59.0

Legal occupations 1,803 50.2

Lawyers 1,160 34.5

Judicial law clerks 13 –

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 58 39.0

Paralegals and legal assistants 400 85.4

Miscellaneous legal support workers 172 76.4

Education, training, and library occupations 8,908 73.4

Postsecondary teachers 1,341 46.5

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 695 96.8

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,152 80.7

Secondary school teachers 1,144 59.2

Special education teachers 330 87.5

Other teachers and instructors 876 62.3

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 53 60.1

Librarians 166 83.0

Library technicians 31 –

Teacher assistants 960 91.4

Other education, training, and library workers 161 73.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,051 47.6

Artists and related workers 222 56.9

Designers 899 54.9

Actors 49 –

Producers and directors 169 36.9

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 296 36.1

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Dancers and choreographers 19 –

Musicians, singers, and related workers 202 34.5

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 41 –

Announcers 55 16.5

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 68 46.7

Public relations specialists 147 61.3

Editors 160 51.0

Technical writers 68 58.2

Writers and authors 208 59.4

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 84 67.9

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 119 9.2

Photographers 180 49.9

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 64 14.8

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 2 –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 8,766 75.1

Chiropractors 75 29.5

Dentists 196 25.9

Dietitians and nutritionists 108 94.6

Optometrists 39 –

Pharmacists 282 57.0

Physicians and surgeons 1,007 37.9

Physician assistants 74 72.6

Podiatrists 15 –

Audiologists 16 –

Occupational therapists 116 88.0

Physical therapists 274 72.1

Radiation therapists 13 –

Recreational therapists 11 –

Respiratory therapists 108 66.8

Speech-language pathologists 158 98.6

Exercise physiologists 5 –

Therapists, all other 189 80.9

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Veterinarians 90 60.5

Registered nurses 2,973 89.4

Nurse anesthetists 27 –

Nurse midwives 7 –

Nurse practitioners 149 90.8

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 17 –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 327 76.1

Dental hygienists 177 96.4

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 322 73.7

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 220 32.9

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 626 81.5

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 670 90.1

Medical records and health information technicians 200 89.6

Opticians, dispensing 52 60.4

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 117 67.5

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 108 52.7

Service occupations 25,896 56.7

Healthcare support occupations 3,514 87.6

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 2,032 89.4

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 23 –

Physical therapist assistants and aides 68 67.7

Massage therapists 189 77.9

Dental assistants 286 94.1

Medical assistants 524 90.7

Medical transcriptionists 42 –

Pharmacy aides 36 –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 38 –

Phlebotomists 106 84.1

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers 170 69.6

Protective service occupations 3,109 21.3

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 52 31.4

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 110 12.8

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

Occupation Total employed Percent women

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 49 –

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 81 23.2

Firefighters 293 5.9

Fire inspectors 19 –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 443 23.8

Detectives and criminal investigators 144 27.2

Fish and game wardens 6 –

Parking enforcement workers 10 –

Police and sheriff’s patrol officers 688 13.6

Transit and railroad police 1 –

Animal control workers 5 –

Private detectives and investigators 100 38.4

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 869 22.0

Crossing guards 57 59.8

Transportation security screeners 38 –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 144 43.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations 8,142 54.5

Chefs and head cooks 415 19.6

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 527 57.4

Cooks 2,091 39.9

Food preparation workers 858 59.1

Bartenders 451 59.8

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 420 63.4

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 233 66.7

Waiters and waitresses 2,057 70.1

Food servers, nonrestaurant 190 70.9

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 321 44.2

Dishwashers 281 21.3

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 293 82.1

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 5 –

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,716 41.1

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 293 40.6

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

Occupation Total employed Percent women

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 215 6.6

Janitors and building cleaners 2,263 34.3

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,510 89.3

Pest control workers 85 4.7

Grounds maintenance workers 1,349 6.4

Personal care and service occupations 5,415 76.8

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 168 46.6

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 185 71.0

Animal trainers 54 50.9

Nonfarm animal caretakers 252 67.9

Gaming services workers 89 52.2

Motion picture projectionists 6 –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 44 –

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 221 39.2

Embalmers and funeral attendants 9 –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 35 –

Barbers 116 22.1

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 707 94.2

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 324 85.3

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 76 16.1

Tour and travel guides 54 54.3

Childcare workers 1,206 94.9

Personal care aides 1,251 85.1

Recreation and fitness workers 429 61.6

Residential advisors 38 –

Personal care and service workers, all other 149 49.8

Sales and office occupations 33,598 61.5

Sales and related occupations 15,700 49.3

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,245 44.0

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,242 28.7

Cashiers 3,246 72.5

Counter and rental clerks 109 50.9

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Parts salespersons 124 12.4

Retail salespersons 3,346 49.4

Advertising sales agents 200 49.7

Insurance sales agents 615 51.2

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 258 26.2

Travel agents 89 75.9

Sales representatives, services, all other 479 34.8

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,281 27.9

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 68 70.7

Real estate brokers and sales agents 906 55.5

Sales engineers 42 –

Telemarketers 60 64.3

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 156 67.0

Sales and related workers, all others 236 46.8

Office and administrative support occupations 17,897 72.2

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,474 68.3

Switchboard operators, including answering service 16 –

Telephone operators 34 –

Communications equipment operators, all other 5 –

Bill and account collectors 168 68.3

Billing and posting clerks 473 90.1

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,182 89.8

Gaming cage workers 14 –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 138 89.3

Procurement clerks 40 –

Tellers 357 87.3

Financial clerks, all other 69 63.3

Brokerage clerks 3 –

Correspondence clerks 3 –

Court, municipal, and license clerks 71 87.0

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 52 72.9

Customer service representatives 2,271 65.1

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 74 77.3

File clerks 203 82.2

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 156 59.5

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 151 83.2

Library assistants, clerical 98 77.3

Loan interviewers and clerks 139 83.5

New accounts clerks 26 –

Order clerks 84 65.6

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 59 82.9

Receptionists and information clerks 1,232 90.6

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 111 61.3

Information and record clerks, all other 127 76.9

Cargo and freight agents 21 –

Couriers and messengers 235 14.3

Dispatchers 277 56.3

Meter readers, utilities 41 –

Postal service clerks 130 46.0

Postal service mail carriers 320 41.2

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 64 50.0

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 286 55.0

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 575 29.5

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,529 35.8

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 72 57.8

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,870 94.5

Computer operators 69 46.8

Data entry keyers 281 74.3

Word processors and typists 103 92.1

Desktop publishers 1 –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 287 77.1

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 81 59.4

Office clerks, general 1,288 82.3

Office machine operators, except computer 37 –

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Proofreaders and copy markers 8 –

Statistical assistants 17 –

Office and administrative support workers, all other 477 77.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,733 4.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,073 24.2

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 54 21.2

Agricultural inspectors 18 –

Animal breeders 8 –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 97 61.7

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 789 21.9

Fishers and related fishing workers 39 –

Hunters and trappers 0 –

Forest and conservation workers 18 –

Logging workers 51 2.8

Construction and extraction occupations 7,652 2.7

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 712 3.3

Boilermakers 20 –

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 172 .7

Carpenters 1,281 1.8

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 156 1.7

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 54 .2

Construction laborers 1,649 2.9

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 12 –

Pile-driver operators 2 –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 357 1.9

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 151 1.6

Electricians 773 2.3

Glaziers 47 –

Insulation workers 49 –

Painters, construction and maintenance 572 5.7

Paperhangers 1 –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 573 .7

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 60

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Plasterers and stucco masons 28 –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 10 –

Roofers 221 2.3

Sheet metal workers 122 4.5

Structural iron and steel workers 58 2.2

Solar photovoltaic installers 11 –

Helpers, construction trades 52 1.3

Construction and building inspectors 90 9.9

Elevator installers and repairers 30 –

Fence erectors 34 –

Hazardous materials removal workers 42 –

Highway maintenance workers 103 2.0

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 11 –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 12 –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 32 –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 34 –

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 29 –

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 9 –

Mining machine operators 67 2.5

Roof bolters, mining 2 –

Roustabouts, oil and gas 9 –

Helpers--extraction workers 4 –

Other extraction workers 64 3.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5,008 3.5

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 262 6.1

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 241 13.2

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 158 8.5

Avionics technicians 5 –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 23 –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 1 –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 20 –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 18 –

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 38 –

Security and fire alarm systems installers 74 3.8

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 140 5.2

Automotive body and related repairers 154 .6

Automotive glass installers and repairers 22 –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 924 1.5

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 345 .1

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 233 .0

Small engine mechanics 54 3.1

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 81 1.9

Control and valve installers and repairers 29 –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 408 1.7

Home appliance repairers 53 3.8

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 425 3.6

Maintenance and repair workers, general 527 3.2

Maintenance workers, machinery 29 –

Millwrights 57 3.3

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 119 1.2

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 177 6.0

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 66 4.8

Wind turbine service technicians 4 –

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 48 –

Commercial divers 1 –

Locksmiths and safe repairers 21 –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 5 –

Riggers 10 –

Signal and track switch repairers 8 –

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 28 –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 200 5.8

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17,647 21.8

Production occupations 8,522 28.8

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 817 18.6

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 14 –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 133 51.4

Engine and other machine assemblers 11 –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 32 –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 1,026 38.6

Bakers 231 60.8

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 302 25.7

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 14 –

Food batchmakers 101 72.3

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 13 –

Food processing workers, all other 135 34.2

Computer control programmers and operators 88 3.9

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 9 –

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 8 –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 15 –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 82 21.6

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and and plastic 5 –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 51 10.3

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 11 –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 0 –

Machinists 363 6.7

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 30 –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 5 –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 46 –

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 1 –

Tool and die makers 47 –

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 615 4.2

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 –

Layout workers, metal and plastic 5 –

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 23 –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 6 –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 376 22.5

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Prepress technicians and workers 22 –

Printing press operators 180 20.0

Print binding and finishing workers 20 –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 192 60.8

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 34 –

Sewing machine operators 196 74.8

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 7 –

Shoe machine operators and tenders 2 –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 83 82.2

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 3 –

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 –

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 0 –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 4 –

Upholsterers 40 –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 16 –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 60 7.9

Furniture finishers 15 –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 1 –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 29 –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 24 –

Woodworkers, all other 31 –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 33 –

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 81 3.4

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 89 4.4

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 36 –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 63 13.0

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 86 11.0

Cutting workers 64 16.7

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 28 –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 7 –

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 64

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 752 37.3

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 44 –

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 110 48.6

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 250 49.9

Painting workers 151 12.9

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 33 –

Semiconductor processors 1 –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 11 –

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 4 –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 4 –

Etchers and engravers 19 –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 27 –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 30 –

Tire builders 10 –

Helpers--production workers 40 –

Production workers, all other 944 25.5

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,125 15.3

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 205 18.1

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 140 9.4

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 30 –

Flight attendants 86 74.9

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 19 –

Bus drivers 550 47.1

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,469 5.1

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 446 14.6

Motor vehicle operators, all other 51 9.4

Locomotive engineers and operators 50 3.5

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 6 –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 52 7.7

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 15 –

Sailors and marine oilers 11 –

Ship and boat captains and operators 35 –

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Ship engineers 6 –

Bridge and lock tenders 5 –

Parking lot attendants 91 10.0

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 99 11.0

Transportation inspectors 29 –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 22 –

Other transportation workers 43 –

Conveyor operators and tenders 7 –

Crane and tower operators 76 3.4

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 35 –

Hoist and winch operators 6 –

Industrial truck and tractor operators 589 7.1

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 338 11.1

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,908 17.6

Machine feeders and offbearers 33 –

Packers and packagers, hand 505 51.9

Pumping station operators 23 –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 97 10.4

Mine shuttle car operators 1 –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 5 –

Material moving workers, all other 43 –

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 66

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 54,052 9,308 4,086 10,289

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 44.0 35.2 50.2 26.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 15.6 11.7 17.5 9.7

Professional and related occupations 28.4 23.6 32.6 16.9

Service occupations 19.8 27.7 20.0 31.8

Sales and office occupations 30.1 29.2 23.2 30.4

Sales and related occupations 11.2 10.7 10.2 12.2

Office and administrative support occupations 18.9 18.5 13.0 18.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 1.0 .6 .4 2.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .4 .1 .2 1.2

Construction and extraction occupations .3 .2 .1 .6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .3 .2 .2 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 5.1 7.3 6.2 9.1

Production occupations 3.2 4.1 5.4 5.9

Transportation and material moving occupations 1.9 3.2 0.8 3.2

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Percent distribution)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Industry and gender

Year

2014 2015

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older 146,305 100.0 148,834 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 2,237 1.5 2,422 1.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 1,088 .7 917 .6

Construction 9,813 6.7 9,935 6.7

Manufacturing 15,100 10.3 15,338 10.3

Durable goods 9,542 6.5 9,709 6.5

Nondurable goods 5,559 3.8 5,629 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade 20,251 13.8 20,320 13.7

Wholesale trade 3,642 2.5 3,635 2.4

Retail trade 16,609 11.4 16,686 11.2

Transportation and utilities 7,581 5.2 7,726 5.2

Transportation and warehousing 6,377 4.4 6,459 4.3

Utilities 1,204 .8 1,267 .9

Information 3,115 2.1 2,988 2.0

Financial activities 9,871 6.7 10,087 6.8

Finance and insurance 6,956 4.8 7,081 4.8

Real estate and rental and leasing 2,915 2.0 3,005 2.0

Professional and business services 17,004 11.6 17,409 11.7

Professional and technical services 10,327 7.1 10,625 7.1

Management, administrative, and waste services 6,677 4.6 6,784 4.6

Education and health services 32,830 22.4 33,678 22.6

Educational services 13,253 9.1 13,601 9.1

Health care and social assistance 19,577 13.4 20,077 13.5

Hospitals 6,586 4.5 6,698 4.5

Health services, except hospitals 9,930 6.8 10,165 6.8

Social assistance 3,060 2.1 3,213 2.2

Leisure and hospitality 13,489 9.2 13,821 9.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 3,082 2.1 3,184 2.1

Accommodation and food services 10,407 7.1 10,637 7.1

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2014 and 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Industry and gender

Year

2014 2015

Number Percent Number Percent

Other services 7,169 4.9 7,264 4.9

Other services, except private households 6,349 4.3 6,466 4.3

Private households 820 .6 798 .5

Public administration 6,757 4.6 6,928 4.7

Women

Total, 16 years and older 68,613 100.0 69,703 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 552 .8 597 .9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 145 .2 120 .2

Construction 872 1.3 929 1.3

Manufacturing 4,420 6.4 4,456 6.4

Durable goods 2,407 3.5 2,384 3.4

Nondurable goods 2,014 2.9 2,073 3.0

Wholesale and retail trade 9,113 13.3 9,098 13.1

Wholesale trade 1,099 1.6 1,071 1.5

Retail trade 8,013 11.7 8,027 11.5

Transportation and utilities 1,744 2.5 1,749 2.5

Transportation and warehousing 1,470 2.1 1,466 2.1

Utilities 274 .4 283 .4

Information 1,209 1.8 1,169 1.7

Financial activities 5,254 7.7 5,345 7.7

Finance and insurance 3,906 5.7 3,942 5.7

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,348 2.0 1,403 2.0

Professional and business services 7,012 10.2 7,149 10.3

Professional and technical services 4,396 6.4 4,469 6.4

Management, administrative, and waste services 2,616 3.8 2,680 3.8

Education and health services 24,507 35.7 25,125 36.0

Educational services 9,129 13.3 9,373 13.4

Health care and social assistance 15,379 22.4 15,752 22.6

Hospitals 4,979 7.3 5,055 7.3

Health services, except hospitals 7,805 11.4 7,974 11.4

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2014 and 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

Industry and gender

Year

2014 2015

Number Percent Number Percent

Social assistance 2,594 3.8 2,723 3.9

Leisure and hospitality 6,934 10.1 7,066 10.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,440 2.1 1,466 2.1

Accommodation and food services 5,493 8.0 5,599 8.0

Other services 3,785 5.5 3,764 5.4

Other services, except private households 3,028 4.4 3,023 4.3

Private households 757 1.1 741 1.1

Public administration 3,066 4.5 3,136 4.5

Men

Total, 16 years and older 77,692 100.0 79,131 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1,685 2.2 1,826 2.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 943 1.2 798 1.0

Construction 8,941 11.5 9,006 11.4

Manufacturing 10,680 13.7 10,882 13.8

Durable goods 7,135 9.2 7,325 9.3

Nondurable goods 3,545 4.6 3,556 4.5

Wholesale and retail trade 11,138 14.3 11,222 14.2

Wholesale trade 2,542 3.3 2,564 3.2

Retail trade 8,595 11.1 8,659 10.9

Transportation and utilities 5,838 7.5 5,977 7.6

Transportation and warehousing 4,907 6.3 4,993 6.3

Utilities 930 1.2 983 1.2

Information 1,906 2.5 1,819 2.3

Financial activities 4,617 5.9 4,742 6.0

Finance and insurance 3,050 3.9 3,139 4.0

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,567 2.0 1,602 2.0

Professional and business services 9,992 12.9 10,259 13.0

Professional and technical services 5,932 7.6 6,156 7.8

Management, administrative, and waste services 4,061 5.2 4,103 5.2

Education and health services 8,322 10.7 8,553 10.8

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2014 and 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 70

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry and gender

Year

2014 2015

Number Percent Number Percent

Educational services 4,124 5.3 4,229 5.3

Health care and social assistance 4,198 5.4 4,325 5.5

Hospitals 1,607 2.1 1,643 2.1

Health services, except hospitals 2,125 2.7 2,191 2.8

Social assistance 466 0.6 490 0.6

Leisure and hospitality 6,555 8.4 6,755 8.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,642 2.1 1,717 2.2

Accommodation and food services 4,914 6.3 5,038 6.4

Other services 3,384 4.4 3,500 4.4

Other services, except private households 3,321 4.3 3,443 4.4

Private households 64 .1 58 .1

Public administration 3,691 4.8 3,792 4.8

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2014 and 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Industry Total employed Percent women

Total, 16 years and older 148,834 46.8

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 2,422 24.6

Crop production 1,219 23.7

Animal production and aquaculture 847 26.2

Forestry, except logging 49 –

Logging 83 3.5

Fishing, hunting, and trapping 56 11.6

Support activities for agriculture and forestry 168 35.7

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 917 13.1

Oil and gas extraction 103 18.3

Coal mining 68 5.2

Metal ore mining 45 –

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 86 10.6

Not specified type of mining 7 –

Support activities for mining 609 13.2

Construction 9,935 9.3

Manufacturing 15,338 29.1

Durable goods 9,709 24.6

Nonmetallic mineral products 456 18.3

Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing 23 –

Clay building material and refractories manufacturing 24 –

Glass and glass product manufacturing 148 21.4

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing 180 10.7

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 82 18.2

Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing 1,726 18.2

Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing 303 11.0

Aluminum production and processing 68 20.7

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing 60 22.5

Foundries 88 12.4

Metal forgings and stampings 64 22.0

Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing 39 –

Structural metals and boiler, tank and shipping container manufacturing 375 19.0

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Industry Total employed Percent women

Machine shops; turned products; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing 300 15.7

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities 67 17.1

Ordnance 49 –

Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing 283 23.0

Not specified metal industries 30 –

Machinery manufacturing 1,270 20.8

Agricultural implement manufacturing 132 22.0

Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing 203 17.7

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 72 27.5

Metalworking machinery manufacturing 138 15.3

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing 61 22.2

Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c. 654 21.9

Not specified machinery manufacturing 10 –

Computers and electronic products manufacturing 1,171 30.7

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing 212 30.2

Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing 127 23.1

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing 220 31.7

Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c. 612 32.1

Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing 377 31.3

Household appliance manufacturing 87 33.2

Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c. 290 30.7

Transportation equipment manufacturing 2,366 24.5

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing 1,284 26.7

Aircraft and parts manufacturing 734 23.4

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 102 19.7

Railroad rolling stock manufacturing 39 –

Ship and boat building 157 15.0

Other transportation equipment manufacturing 50 29.5

Wood products manufacturing 411 12.7

Sawmills and wood preservation 119 5.2

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products 45 –

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes 37 –

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Industry Total employed Percent women

Miscellaneous wood products 209 14.7

Furniture and fixtures manufacturing 425 24.2

Miscellaneous manufacturing 1,507 33.9

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 585 36.9

Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing 110 32.6

Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c. 531 33.6

Not specified manufacturing industries 281 28.8

Nondurable goods manufacturing 5,629 36.8

Food manufacturing 1,753 39.7

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling 142 29.7

Sugar and confectionery products 80 45.0

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing 173 32.0

Dairy product manufacturing 136 30.1

Animal slaughtering and processing 510 36.3

Retail bakeries 256 65.4

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries 199 37.5

Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c. 201 36.4

Not specified food industries 54 38.7

Beverages and tobacco products manufacturing 282 28.2

Beverage manufacturing 254 25.6

Tobacco manufacturing 28 –

Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing 627 53.8

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 14 –

Fabric mills, except knitting mills 109 41.4

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills 13 –

Carpet and rug mills 77 40.5

Textile product mills, except carpet and rug 88 49.2

Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills 16 –

Cut and sew apparel manufacturing 247 67.3

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing 7 –

Footwear manufacturing 41 –

Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing 16 –

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Industry Total employed Percent women

Paper manufacturing and printing 890 29.6

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 206 12.6

Paperboard container manufacturing 92 29.9

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products 83 26.9

Printing and related support activities 509 36.9

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 206 21.6

Petroleum refining 183 22.1

Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 24 –

Chemicals manufacturing 1,367 37.0

Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing 162 29.5

Agricultural chemical manufacturing 37 –

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 521 49.2

Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing 71 21.6

Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing 146 45.6

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals 430 24.7

Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 504 28.9

Plastics product manufacturing 372 30.7

Tire manufacturing 56 11.9

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing 76 33.0

Wholesale and retail trade 20,320 44.8

Wholesale trade 3,635 29.5

Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers 162 20.5

Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers 79 34.1

Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers 171 17.5

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 338 33.7

Metals and minerals, except petroleum merchant wholesalers 53 24.8

Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers 217 28.1

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 139 23.3

Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 368 24.3

Recyclable material merchant wholesalers 102 13.9

Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers 97 44.4

Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers 54 32.6

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Industry Total employed Percent women

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers 226 45.2

Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers 121 46.2

Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers 842 27.0

Farm product raw materials merchant wholesalers 73 25.3

Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers 108 30.0

Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers 116 20.5

Farm supplies merchant wholesalers 61 31.2

Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers 184 40.9

Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers 66 39.9

Not specified wholesale trade 57 27.5

Retail trade 16,686 48.1

Automobile dealers 1,321 21.2

Other motor vehicle dealers 153 19.9

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 530 13.8

Furniture and home furnishings stores 554 43.7

Household appliance stores 65 21.7

Electronics stores 588 31.0

Building material and supplies dealers 982 30.1

Hardware stores 199 34.9

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 267 27.9

Grocery stores 2,784 48.5

Specialty food stores 249 47.0

Beer, wine, and liquor stores 137 31.0

Pharmacies and drug stores 913 66.2

Health and personal care, except drug, stores 395 68.0

Gasoline stations 533 50.7

Clothing stores 1,055 73.7

Shoe stores 177 51.5

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 183 64.5

Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores 499 42.3

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores 63 66.6

Musical instrument and supplies stores 43 –

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 76

Industry Total employed Percent women

Book stores and news dealers 112 64.5

Department stores and discount stores 2,090 60.4

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores 569 60.2

Retail florists 100 63.9

Office supplies and stationery stores 153 39.7

Used merchandise stores 272 63.3

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops 108 77.5

Miscellaneous retail stores 472 51.8

Electronic shopping 285 44.1

Electronic auctions 29 –

Mail-order houses 85 65.2

Vending machine operators 57 22.7

Fuel dealers 83 25.4

Other direct selling establishments 171 73.8

Not specified retail trade 407 50.7

Transportation and utilities 7,726 22.6

Transportation and warehousing 6,459 22.7

Air transportation 539 33.7

Rail transportation 246 6.6

Water transportation 68 25.9

Truck transportation 2,018 11.4

Bus service and urban transit 481 39.3

Taxi and limousine service 337 12.6

Pipeline transportation 49 –

Scenic and sightseeing transportation 31 –

Services incidental to transportation 819 26.8

Postal Service 658 40.9

Couriers and messengers 748 17.7

Warehousing and storage 465 32.0

Utilities 1,267 22.4

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution 661 22.1

Natural gas distribution 128 26.4

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 77

Industry Total employed Percent women

Electric and gas, and other combinations 85 28.9

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems 270 20.4

Sewage treatment facilities 92 11.1

Not specified utilities 31 –

Information 2,988 39.1

Newspaper publishers 191 51.2

Periodical, book, and directory publishers 264 55.3

Software publishers 91 30.3

Motion pictures and video industries 398 39.0

Sound recording industries 53 28.4

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming 593 29.3

Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals 114 33.0

Wired telecommunications carriers 502 31.5

Other telecommunications services 430 34.3

Data processing, hosting, and related services 104 42.0

Libraries and archives 196 76.5

Other information services 50 32.6

Financial activities 10,087 53.0

Finance and insurance 7,081 55.7

Banking and related activities 2,051 61.9

Savings institutions, including credit unions 220 68.6

Nondepository credit and related activities 998 50.6

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments 1,082 36.5

Insurance carriers and related activities 2,730 59.4

Real estate and rental and leasing 3,005 46.7

Real estate 2,617 49.3

Rental and leasing services 389 28.9

Automotive equipment rental and leasing 174 29.9

Video tape and disk rental 11 –

Other consumer goods rental 92 32.5

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing 111 20.8

Professional and business services 17,409 41.1

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 78

Industry Total employed Percent women

Professional and technical services 10,625 42.1

Legal services 1,595 54.0

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 1,095 59.0

Architectural, engineering, and related services 1,521 24.8

Specialized design services 395 55.5

Computer systems design and related services 2,542 25.6

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 1,554 42.9

Scientific research and development services 572 45.7

Advertising, public relations, and related services 559 49.0

Veterinary services 349 80.7

Other professional, scientific, and technical services 443 52.4

Management, administrative, and waste services 6,784 39.5

Management of companies and enterprises 193 49.0

Employment services 978 53.2

Business support services 803 63.8

Travel arrangement and reservation services 299 60.9

Investigation and security services 782 24.1

Services to buildings and dwellings 1,518 54.0

Landscaping services 1,356 8.4

Other administrative and other support services 300 48.6

Waste management and remediation services 552 18.6

Education and health services 33,678 74.6

Educational services 13,601 68.9

Elementary and secondary schools 8,892 75.4

Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges 3,792 55.1

Business, technical, and trade schools and training 107 53.2

Other schools and instruction, and educational support services 811 64.0

Health care and social assistance 20,077 78.5

Hospitals 6,698 75.5

Health services, except hospitals 10,165 78.4

Offices of physicians 1,678 75.9

Offices of dentists 895 78.5

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 79

Industry Total employed Percent women

Offices of chiropractors 152 65.9

Offices of optometrists 141 78.2

Offices of other health practitioners 334 77.6

Outpatient care centers 1,623 76.8

Home health care services 1,379 89.2

Other health care services 1,331 68.0

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 1,830 84.9

Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities 802 73.8

Social assistance 3,213 84.8

Individual and family services 1,493 78.6

Community food and housing, and emergency services 113 65.6

Vocational rehabilitation services 115 63.6

Child day care services 1,492 94.0

Leisure and hospitality 13,821 51.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 3,184 46.1

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries 879 43.0

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions 353 46.7

Bowling centers 39 –

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries 1,913 47.4

Accommodation and food services 10,637 52.6

Accommodation 1,571 57.5

Traveler accommodation 1,481 57.7

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses 91 53.1

Food services and drinking places 9,066 51.8

Restaurants and other food services 8,835 51.8

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 231 52.4

Other services 7,264 51.8

Other services, except private households 6,466 46.8

Repair and maintenance 2,113 10.9

Automotive repair and maintenance 1,275 7.3

Car washes 167 12.4

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 141 22.6

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 80

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified

Note: Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry Total employed Percent women

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance 328 6.7

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance 200 31.0

Footwear and leather goods repair 1 –

Personal and laundry services 2,333 71.7

Barber shops 115 22.6

Beauty salons 908 91.9

Nail salons and other personal care services 496 73.2

Drycleaning and laundry services 255 62.4

Funeral homes and cemeteries and crematories 129 35.3

Other personal services 429 56.9

Membership associations and organizations 2,020 55.4

Religious organizations 1,093 46.8

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services 717 67.0

Labor unions 66 42.2

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations 144 68.8

Private households 798 92.8

Public administration 6,928 45.3

Executive offices and legislative bodies 1,000 53.4

Public finance activities 322 62.9

Other general government and support 138 36.2

Justice, public order, and safety activities 2,856 34.1

Administration of human resource programs 1,000 72.6

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs 260 43.2

Administration of economic programs and space research 554 43.4

National security and international affairs 799 37.2

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 81

Industry White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 54,052 9,308 4,086 10,289

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction .2 .1 .1 .1

Construction 1.5 .6 .6 1.4

Manufacturing 6.3 5.5 9.5 7.5

Durable goods manufacturing 3.4 2.8 5.5 3.2

Nondurable goods manufacturing 3.0 2.7 4.0 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade 13.2 11.9 12.4 14.8

Wholesale trade 1.6 .9 1.7 1.9

Retail trade 11.6 11.0 10.7 12.9

Transportation and utilities 2.3 4.0 1.5 2.8

Transportation and warehousing 1.9 3.6 1.2 2.5

Utilities .4 .4 .3 .3

Information 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.1

Financial activities 7.9 6.4 7.9 6.2

Finance and insurance 5.7 5.1 6.5 4.4

Real estate and rental and leasing 2.2 1.3 1.4 1.8

Professional and business services 10.6 7.9 12.3 11.2

Professional and technical services 6.7 3.5 9.8 4.2

Management, administrative, and waste services 3.8 4.4 2.4 7.0

Education and health services 35.7 41.4 31.5 28.9

Educational services 14.3 11.3 8.9 9.8

Health care and social assistance 21.3 30.1 22.6 19.1

Hospitals 7.0 8.2 8.9 4.7

Health services, except hospitals 10.6 16.2 11.1 10.0

Social assistance 3.7 5.6 2.6 4.4

Leisure and hospitality 10.0 9.7 10.7 14.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 2.2 1.4 2.0 1.7

Accommodation and food services 7.8 8.3 8.6 12.7

Other services 5.5 3.9 7.6 6.6

Other services, except private households 4.4 3.2 6.9 3.8

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 82

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Private households 1.1 .7 .8 2.8

Public administration 4.1 6.8 3.7 3.9

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Percent distribution)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 83

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980 262 269 212 - 209

1981 284 291 235 - 223

1982 302 310 245 - 240

1983 313 320 261 - 250

1984 326 336 269 - 259

1985 344 356 277 - 270

1986 359 371 291 - 277

1987 374 384 301 - 285

1988 385 395 314 - 290

1989 399 409 319 - 298

1990 412 424 329 - 304

1991 426 442 348 - 312

1992 440 458 357 - 321

1993 459 475 369 - 331

1994 467 484 371 - 324

1995 479 494 383 - 329

1996 490 506 387 - 339

1997 503 519 400 - 351

1998 523 545 426 - 370

1999 549 573 445 - 385

2000 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 84

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

Women

1979 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980 201 203 185 - 172

1981 219 221 206 - 190

1982 239 242 217 - 203

1983 252 254 232 - 215

1984 265 268 241 - 223

1985 277 281 252 - 230

1986 291 294 264 - 241

1987 303 307 276 - 251

1988 315 318 288 - 260

1989 328 334 301 - 269

1990 346 353 308 - 278

1991 366 373 323 - 292

1992 380 387 335 - 302

1993 393 401 348 - 313

1994 399 408 346 - 305

1995 406 415 355 - 305

1996 418 428 362 - 316

1997 431 444 375 - 318

1998 456 468 400 - 337

1999 473 483 409 - 348

2000 493 502 429 $547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 85

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

Men

1979 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980 313 320 244 - 234

1981 340 350 268 - 251

1982 364 375 278 - 269

1983 379 387 294 - 274

1984 392 401 303 - 287

1985 407 418 305 - 296

1986 419 433 319 - 299

1987 434 450 327 - 306

1988 449 465 348 - 308

1989 468 482 348 - 315

1990 481 494 361 - 318

1991 493 506 375 - 323

1992 501 514 380 - 339

1993 510 524 392 - 346

1994 522 547 400 - 343

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 86

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1995 538 566 411 - 350

1996 557 580 412 - 356

1997 579 595 432 - 371

1998 598 615 468 - 390

1999 618 638 488 - 406

2000 641 662 510 $685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

Women's earnings as a percentage of men's

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 87

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 88

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability 

section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people 

who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 

2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified 

as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.

Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 89

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings

Total

Total 99,291 $860

Less than high school diploma 7,289 493

High school graduate or more 92,001 900

High school graduate, no college 25,221 678

Some college or associate's degree 26,801 762

Some college, no degree 15,894 738

Associate's degree 10,908 798

Occupational program 4,684 785

Academic program 6,224 809

Bachelor's degree and higher 39,979 1,230

Bachelor's degree 25,043 1,137

Master's degree 11,106 1,341

Professional degree 1,752 1,730

Doctoral degree 2,080 1,623

Women

Total 44,020 761

Less than high school diploma 2,255 418

High school graduate or more 41,766 787

High school graduate, no college 9,905 586

Some college or associate's degree 12,692 664

Some college, no degree 7,153 637

Associate's degree 5,539 703

Occupational program 2,199 678

Academic program 3,340 723

Bachelor's degree and higher 19,169 1,064

Bachelor's degree 11,748 975

Master's degree 5,885 1,160

Professional degree 721 1,451

Doctoral degree 814 1,442

Men

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2015 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 90

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings

Total 55,270 $947

Less than high school diploma 5,035 520

High school graduate or more 50,236 1,001

High school graduate, no college 15,316 759

Some college or associate's degree 14,109 883

Some college, no degree 8,741 850

Associate's degree 5,368 931

Occupational program 2,485 915

Academic program 2,883 950

Bachelor's degree and higher 20,811 1,420

Bachelor's degree 13,295 1,304

Master's degree 5,220 1,566

Professional degree 1,030 1,888

Doctoral degree 1,266 1,758

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2015 annual 

averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 91

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Total, full-time wage and salary workers 109,080 $809 48,334 $726 60,746 $895 81.1

Management, professional, and related occupations 44,844 1,158 23,038 996 21,807 1,383 72.0

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 18,422 1,258 8,404 1,073 10,018 1,436 74.7

Management occupations 12,480 1,351 5,147 1,139 7,332 1,486 76.6

Chief executives 1,046 2,041 283 1,836 763 2,251 81.6

General and operations managers 823 1,260 202 1,002 621 1,347 74.4

Legislators 8 – 4 – 5 – –

Advertising and promotions managers 55 1,050 26 – 29 – –

Marketing and sales managers 948 1,462 378 1,258 570 1,603 78.5

Public relations and fundraising managers 59 1,557 35 – 24 – –

Administrative services managers 170 1,191 73 981 96 1,451 67.6

Computer and information systems managers 636 1,728 169 1,563 466 1,817 86.0

Financial managers 1,124 1,408 573 1,130 551 1,732 65.2

Compensation and benefits managers 23 – 16 – 7 – –

Human resources managers 254 1,365 186 1,274 68 1,495 85.2

Training and development managers 37 – 20 – 17 – –

Industrial production managers 267 1,485 45 – 221 1,528 –

Purchasing managers 193 1,348 84 1,226 109 1,404 87.3

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 276 966 52 749 224 1,006 74.5

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 129 769 23 – 106 847 –

Construction managers 471 1,329 42 – 429 1,357 –

Education administrators 778 1,423 496 1,252 282 1,585 79.0

Architectural and engineering managers 110 1,899 10 – 101 1,892 –

Food service managers 763 742 374 680 389 820 82.9

Funeral service managers 13 – 2 – 10 – –

Gaming managers 19 – 6 – 13 – –

Lodging managers 123 985 68 902 54 1,171 77.0

Medical and health services managers 592 1,210 438 1,156 154 1,422 81.3

Natural sciences managers 24 – 13 – 11 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 92

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Postmasters and mail superintendents 20 – 10 – 10 – –

Property, real estate, and community association 

managers

401 914 230 823 171 1,137 72.4

Social and community service managers 305 1,022 200 965 105 1,142 84.5

Emergency management directors 9 – 3 – 6 – –

Managers, all other 2,803 1,408 1,085 1,213 1,717 1,525 79.5

Business and financial operations occupations 5,942 1,137 3,256 1,004 2,686 1,327 75.7

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, 

and athletes 27 – 14 – 13 – –

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 11 – 2 – 9 – –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 142 926 69 985 73 886 111.2

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm 

products 260 1,009 124 986 136 1,020 96.7

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and 

investigators 317 963 176 824 141 1,134 72.7

Compliance officers 235 1,198 109 1,025 126 1,375 74.5

Cost estimators 95 1,232 12 – 83 1,264 –

Human resources workers 592 1,002 441 984 151 1,158 85.0

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 63 998 50 898 12 – –

Training and development specialists 107 990 65 1,037 42 – –

Logisticians 111 1,028 44 – 66 1,075 –

Management analysts 529 1,431 237 1,348 291 1,519 88.7

Meeting, convention, and event planners 117 859 90 840 27 – –

Fundraisers 62 1,136 48 – 14 – –

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 203 1,284 118 1,239 85 1,411 87.8

Business operations specialists, all other 186 1,090 112 969 74 1,461 66.3

Accountants and auditors 1,464 1,132 846 988 618 1,345 73.5

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 42 – 21 – 21 – –

Budget analysts 44 – 28 – 17 – –

Credit analysts 17 – 9 – 8 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 93

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Financial analysts 295 1,426 127 1,171 168 1,680 69.7

Personal financial advisors 407 1,419 159 1,033 248 1,738 59.4

Insurance underwriters 106 1,149 63 956 44 – –

Financial examiners 17 – 8 – 9 – –

Credit counselors and loan officers 313 997 166 906 146 1,186 76.4

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 59 1,051 39 – 20 – –

Tax preparers 56 892 37 – 19 – –

Financial specialists, all other 66 1,162 40 – 25 – –

Professional and related occupations 26,423 1,112 14,634 963 11,789 1,343 71.7

Computer and mathematical occupations 4,009 1,428 973 1,245 3,036 1,503 82.8

Computer and information research scientists 28 – 5 – 23 – –

Computer systems analysts 499 1,389 173 1,256 325 1,462 85.9

Information security analysts 67 1,538 11 – 56 1,562 –

Computer programmers 450 1,438 93 1,302 357 1,501 86.7

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,287 1,682 232 1,415 1,054 1,751 80.8

Web developers 151 1,165 53 1,026 98 1,233 83.2

Computer support specialists 396 1,079 105 908 291 1,135 80.0

Database administrators 90 1,536 32 – 58 1,829 –

Network and computer systems administrators 208 1,242 28 – 179 1,266 –

Computer network architects 115 1,552 15 – 100 1,577 –

Computer occupations, all other 490 1,227 116 1,145 374 1,252 91.5

Actuaries 24 – 6 – 18 – –

Mathematicians 6 – 0 – 6 – –

Operations research analysts 122 1,441 63 1,325 59 1,574 84.2

Statisticians 76 1,275 39 – 37 – –

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Architecture and engineering occupations 2,656 1,424 383 1,257 2,272 1,452 86.6

Architects, except naval 138 1,441 31 – 106 1,492 –

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 29 – 6 – 23 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 94

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Aerospace engineers 140 1,662 18 – 122 1,668 –

Agricultural engineers 5 – 0 – 5 – –

Biomedical engineers 12 – 2 – 10 – –

Chemical engineers 79 1,532 10 – 69 1,583 –

Civil engineers 316 1,460 41 – 275 1,474 –

Computer hardware engineers 72 1,876 10 – 62 1,871 –

Electrical and electronics engineers 283 1,778 37 – 246 1,819 –

Environmental engineers 35 – 9 – 26 – –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 205 1,447 37 – 168 1,430 –

Marine engineers and naval architects 9 – 0 – 9 – –

Materials engineers 36 – 4 – 33 – –

Mechanical engineers 316 1,534 23 – 294 1,550 –

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety 

engineers 15 – 0 – 15 – –

Nuclear engineers 5 – 2 – 3 – –

Petroleum engineers 43 – 3 – 39 – –

Engineers, all other 393 1,527 54 1,448 339 1,537 94.2

Drafters 114 977 23 – 91 977 –

Engineering technicians, except drafters 352 963 68 827 284 984 84.0

Surveying and mapping technicians 58 1,012 4 – 54 1,031 –

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,176 1,206 514 1,067 662 1,379 77.4

Agricultural and food scientists 22 – 10 – 12 – –

Biological scientists 74 1,233 28 – 46 – –

Conservation scientists and foresters 23 – 7 – 16 – –

Medical scientists 151 1,250 84 1,082 68 1,362 79.4

Life scientists, all other 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Astronomers and physicists 14 – 3 – 11 – –

Atmospheric and space scientists 8 – 1 – 8 – –

Chemists and materials scientists 93 1,432 33 – 61 1,496 –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 95

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 90 1,423 25 – 65 1,740 –

Physical scientists, all other 189 1,553 68 1,170 121 1,770 66.1

Economists 29 – 12 – 17 – –

Survey researchers 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Psychologists 114 1,367 83 1,189 31 – –

Sociologists 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Urban and regional planners 22 – 9 – 13 – –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 37 – 19 – 19 – –

Agricultural and food science technicians 28 – 7 – 21 – –

Biological technicians 20 – 10 – 10 – –

Chemical technicians 75 944 32 – 43 – –

Geological and petroleum technicians 22 – 4 – 18 – –

Nuclear technicians 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Social science research assistants 3 – 3 – 0 – –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science 

technicians 157 846 78 780 79 1,001 77.9

Community and social service occupations 2,143 889 1,367 845 776 973 86.8

Counselors 635 904 451 902 184 908 99.3

Social workers 677 877 549 862 127 943 91.4

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 85 967 43 – 42 – –

Social and human service assistants 173 676 149 673 23 – –

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, 

including health educators and community health 

workers

92 831 63 728 29 – –

Clergy 376 1,002 60 924 316 1,021 90.5

Directors, religious activities and education 62 929 31 – 31 – –

Religious workers, all other 44 – 21 – 23 – –

Legal occupations 1,346 1,391 722 1,135 624 1,877 60.5

Lawyers 803 1,886 300 1,717 503 1,914 89.7

Judicial law clerks 11 – 10 – 1 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 96

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 54 1,952 20 – 33 – –

Paralegals and legal assistants 341 927 294 910 47 – –

Miscellaneous legal support workers 136 770 97 746 40 – –

Education, training, and library occupations 6,884 956 5,034 907 1,849 1,144 79.3

Postsecondary teachers 917 1,258 401 1,144 516 1,405 81.4

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 517 616 506 618 11 – –

Elementary and middle school teachers 2,806 974 2,262 957 543 1,077 88.9

Secondary school teachers 1,048 1,066 610 1,006 438 1,149 87.6

Special education teachers 297 987 258 990 38 – –

Other teachers and instructors 378 896 199 817 179 1,024 79.8

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 38 – 20 – 18 – –

Librarians 130 991 102 966 27 – –

Library technicians 18 – 15 – 4 – –

Teacher assistants 614 541 565 530 48 – –

Other education, training, and library workers 123 1,001 95 1,031 28 – –

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,643 1,001 713 942 930 1,088 86.6

Artists and related workers 58 1,166 20 – 39 – –

Designers 593 993 291 918 301 1,099 83.5

Actors 12 – 4 – 8 – –

Producers and directors 120 1,270 53 1,234 67 1,340 92.1

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 147 780 39 – 108 818 –

Dancers and choreographers 11 – 9 – 2 – –

Musicians, singers, and related workers 42 – 9 – 33 – –

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, 

all other 14 – 3 – 11 – –

Announcers 25 – 5 – 21 – –

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 56 1,218 27 – 29 – –

Public relations specialists 120 1,211 71 971 49 – –

Editors 108 1,148 50 1,125 58 1,205 93.4

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 97

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Technical writers 52 1,158 30 – 22 – –

Writers and authors 79 1,232 42 – 36 – –

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 46 – 30 – 16 – –

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio 

operators 83 954 7 – 77 937 –

Photographers 45 – 21 – 24 – –

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators 

and editors 30 – 1 – 28 – –

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 6,566 1,041 4,928 991 1,639 1,272 77.9

Chiropractors 22 – 7 – 15 – –

Dentists 59 1,656 20 – 39 – –

Dietitians and nutritionists 79 886 69 879 9 – –

Optometrists 19 – 13 – 6 – –

Pharmacists 206 1,920 108 1,811 98 2,117 85.5

Physicians and surgeons 740 1,824 283 1,533 457 1,915 80.1

Physician assistants 57 1,368 40 – 17 – –

Podiatrists 9 – 4 – 5 – –

Audiologists 8 – 6 – 1 – –

Occupational therapists 74 1,210 64 1,199 10 – –

Physical therapists 178 1,265 123 1,215 56 1,347 90.2

Radiation therapists 12 – 7 – 5 – –

Recreational therapists 6 – 4 – 2 – –

Respiratory therapists 99 1,000 67 937 32 – –

Speech-language pathologists 108 1,147 106 1,148 1 – –

Exercise physiologists 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Therapists, all other 132 944 101 951 31 – –

Veterinarians 55 1,455 39 – 16 – –

Registered nurses 2,382 1,116 2,104 1,098 278 1,222 89.9

Nurse anesthetists 23 – 12 – 11 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 98

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Nurse midwives 6 – 6 – 0 – –

Nurse practitioners 115 1,532 103 1,522 11 – –

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 2 – 2 – 0 – –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 270 901 201 796 69 1,089 73.1

Dental hygienists 86 914 80 953 6 – –

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 253 964 177 908 76 1,106 82.1

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 175 811 49 – 126 899 –

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 487 636 389 633 99 652 97.1

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 508 743 459 737 48 – –

Medical records and health information technicians 174 740 157 723 17 – –

Opticians, dispensing 44 – 23 – 21 – –

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 99 671 66 642 32 – –

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 78 1,128 38 – 40 – –

Service occupations 15,279 509 7,650 463 7,629 585 79.1

Healthcare support occupations 2,395 498 2,074 490 320 577 84.9

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 1,400 467 1,237 457 163 526 86.9

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 17 – 12 – 4 – –

Physical therapist assistants and aides 53 742 35 – 18 – –

Massage therapists 37 – 22 – 16 – –

Dental assistants 188 531 175 522 14 – –

Medical assistants 422 539 387 530 35 – –

Medical transcriptionists 28 – 26 – 3 – –

Pharmacy aides 22 – 18 – 4 – –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 21 – 17 – 4 – –

Phlebotomists 91 551 76 534 15 – –

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including 

medical equipment preparers 115 524 71 511 44 – –

Protective service occupations 2,729 796 547 655 2,181 851 77.0

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 57 856 16 – 41 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 99

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 114 1,427 17 – 97 1,425 –

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 42 – 3 – 39 – –

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all 

other 72 808 16 – 56 825 –

Firefighters 260 1,033 16 – 245 1,052 –

Fire inspectors 18 – 3 – 15 – –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 453 754 112 686 341 779 88.1

Detectives and criminal investigators 141 1,159 41 – 100 1,265 –

Fish and game wardens 6 – 1 – 5 – –

Parking enforcement workers 9 – 3 – 6 – –

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 655 1,002 86 1,009 569 1,001 100.8

Transit and railroad police 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Animal control workers 4 – 2 – 2 – –

Private detectives and investigators 85 843 36 – 49 – –

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 708 567 153 515 555 592 87.0

Crossing guards 26 – 13 – 13 – –

Transportation security screeners 33 – 11 – 22 – –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective 

service workers 42 – 18 – 24 – –

Food preparation and serving related occupations 4,124 441 1,991 414 2,133 481 86.1

Chefs and head cooks 340 619 55 492 285 656 75.0

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving 

workers 378 498 222 458 156 621 73.8

Cooks 1,302 416 494 400 808 427 93.7

Food preparation workers 366 402 192 388 174 414 93.7

Bartenders 252 521 142 493 110 569 86.6

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including 

fast food 173 391 107 380 67 401 94.8

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee 

shop 56 354 28 – 28 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 100

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Waiters and waitresses 868 451 563 411 305 501 82.0

Food servers, nonrestaurant 93 509 62 485 31 – –

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender 

helpers 107 403 48 – 59 389 –

Dishwashers 117 398 19 – 98 401 –

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 66 400 58 397 8 – –

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 6 – 3 – 4 – –

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3,605 486 1,275 419 2,330 517 81.0

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial 

workers 172 620 64 571 108 700 81.6

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and 

groundskeeping workers 80 649 1 – 79 653 –

Janitors and building cleaners 1,536 507 425 429 1,111 547 78.4

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 876 416 742 407 134 475 85.7

Pest control workers 77 585 3 – 74 591 –

Grounds maintenance workers 862 469 39 – 824 473 –

Personal care and service occupations 2,427 498 1,763 475 664 597 79.6

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 117 769 52 680 65 900 75.6

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 60 608 35 – 25 – –

Animal trainers 26 – 8 – 19 – –

Nonfarm animal caretakers 100 505 68 501 32 – –

Gaming services workers 69 676 39 – 30 – –

Motion picture projectionists 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 9 – 4 – 5 – –

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related 

workers 69 485 28 – 42 – –

Embalmers and funeral attendants 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 23 – 7 – 17 – –

Barbers 46 – 12 – 33 – –

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 253 461 229 463 23 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

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 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 101

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 191 501 159 497 32 – –

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 75 608 12 – 63 606 –

Tour and travel guides 21 – 9 – 11 – –

Childcare workers 407 437 393 430 14 – –

Personal care aides 680 462 552 441 128 537 82.1

Recreation and fitness workers 185 555 107 526 78 684 76.9

Residential advisors 24 – 16 – 8 – –

Personal care and service workers, all other 67 499 32 – 35 – –

Sales and office occupations 23,620 673 14,236 627 9,384 777 80.7

Sales and related occupations 9,725 716 4,303 578 5,423 880 65.7

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 2,326 711 1,030 614 1,296 825 74.4

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 835 1,028 280 896 556 1,140 78.6

Cashiers 1,342 415 931 405 411 471 86

Counter and rental clerks 73 594 37 – 35 – –

Parts salespersons 92 601 11 – 82 600 –

Retail salespersons 1,918 590 759 494 1,159 694 71.2

Advertising sales agents 161 925 83 729 78 1,155 63.1

Insurance sales agents 427 815 232 717 194 1,028 69.7

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales 

agents 211 1,155 65 767 146 1,461 52.5

Travel agents 62 711 53 685 9 – –

Sales representatives, services, all other 406 966 139 699 268 1,147 60.9

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,138 1,020 295 917 843 1,066 86.0

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 15 – 11 – 4 – –

Real estate brokers and sales agents 463 837 266 735 197 1,052 69.9

Sales engineers 33 – 2 – 31 – –

Telemarketers 39 – 21 – 17 – –

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and 

related workers 28 – 18 – 9 – –

Sales and related workers, all other 158 916 70 727 89 1,088 66.8

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

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 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 102

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Office and administrative support occupations 13,894 656 9,933 646 3,961 693 93.2

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support 

workers 1,297 812 863 781 434 878 89.0

Switchboard operators, including answering service 17 – 10 – 7 – –

Telephone operators 22 – 18 – 4 – –

Communications equipment operators, all other 5 – 3 – 2 – –

Bill and account collectors 152 657 98 648 54 674 96.1

Billing and posting clerks 406 657 366 664 39 – –

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 769 692 682 692 87 690 100.3

Gaming cage workers 11 – 10 – 2 – –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 128 757 111 751 17 – –

Procurement clerks 35 – 21 – 15 – –

Tellers 264 514 231 516 33 – –

Financial clerks, all other 61 767 32 – 30 – –

Brokerage clerks 3 – 1 – 1 – –

Correspondence clerks 3 – 2 – 1 – –

Court, municipal, and license clerks 60 755 51 743 9 – –

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 42 – 29 – 12 – –

Customer service representatives 1,760 621 1,149 604 611 690 87.5

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 67 781 50 805 17 – –

File clerks 145 634 120 627 25 – –

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 127 481 69 467 58 486 96.1

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 105 615 89 617 16 – –

Library assistants, clerical 35 – 28 – 7 – –

Loan interviewers and clerks 134 710 109 722 25 – –

New accounts clerks 20 – 17 – 3 – –

Order clerks 74 599 48 – 26 – –

Human resources assistants, except payroll and 

timekeeping 50 737 40 – 11 – –

Receptionists and information clerks 852 575 781 569 72 619 91.9

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

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 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 103

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel 

clerks 95 713 61 680 34 – –

Information and record clerks, all other 100 618 78 616 22 – –

Cargo and freight agents 20 – 9 – 12 – –

Couriers and messengers 153 752 19 – 134 750 –

Dispatchers 250 698 141 655 109 759 86.3

Meter readers, utilities 39 – 4 – 34 – –

Postal service clerks 127 927 51 833 76 974 85.5

Postal service mail carriers 302 954 115 854 187 1,021 83.6

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing 

machine operators 53 828 26 – 27 – –

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 256 838 141 732 116 978 74.8

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 502 591 148 566 354 604 93.7

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,027 520 376 506 651 537 94.2

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, 

recordkeeping 59 629 31 – 29 – –

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,223 687 2,099 683 124 786 86.9

Computer operators 58 751 33 – 25 – –

Data entry keyers 223 619 169 638 55 589 108.3

Word processors and typists 68 650 62 639 6 – –

Desktop publishers 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 259 689 203 675 56 762 88.6

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal 

service 63 563 39 – 24 – –

Office clerks, general 929 620 773 622 156 609 102.1

Office machine operators, except computer 31 – 16 – 14 – –

Proofreaders and copy markers 2 – 2 – 0 – –

Statistical assistants 15 – 10 – 5 – –

Office and administrative support workers, all other 391 745 298 718 93 852 84.3

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

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Page 104

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 

occupations 10,834 761 453 580 10,381 770 75.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 810 464 174 437 637 477 91.6

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry 

workers 42 – 10 – 32 – –

Agricultural inspectors 12 – 6 – 7 – –

Animal breeders 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 83 486 51 468 32 – –

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 613 445 102 398 511 460 86.5

Fishers and related fishing workers 11 – 0 – 11 – –

Hunters and trappers 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Forest and conservation workers 15 – 5 – 10 – –

Logging workers 31 – 0 – 31 – –

Construction and extraction occupations 5,722 749 137 704 5,586 751 93.7

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction 

workers 560 1,040 20 – 540 1,047 –

Boilermakers 21 – 0 – 21 – –

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 122 652 0 – 122 652 –

Carpenters 802 687 10 – 792 687 –

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 89 637 1 – 89 634 –

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 44 – 0 – 44 – –

Construction laborers 1,181 639 25 – 1,155 642 –

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 10 – 0 – 10 – –

Pile-driver operators 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment 

operators 324 856 6 – 318 859 –

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 121 596 2 – 119 595 –

Electricians 651 888 19 – 632 891 –

Glaziers 33 – 0 – 32 – –

Insulation workers 43 – 3 – 41 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 105

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Painters, construction and maintenance 344 585 14 – 330 587 –

Paperhangers 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 456 863 2 – 455 862 –

Plasterers and stucco masons 20 – 1 – 19 – –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 9 – 0 – 9 – –

Roofers 171 584 2 – 170 580 –

Sheet metal workers 106 766 6 – 100 776 –

Structural iron and steel workers 54 869 2 – 52 864 –

Solar photovoltaic installers 8 – 0 – 8 – –

Helpers, construction trades 47 – 0 – 47 – –

Construction and building inspectors 67 939 9 – 58 965 –

Elevator installers and repairers 23 – 0 – 23 – –

Fence erectors 33 – 0 – 33 – –

Hazardous materials removal workers 39 – 5 – 35 – –

Highway maintenance workers 91 754 0 – 91 755 –

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 9 – 0 – 9 – –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 8 – 0 – 8 – –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 25 – 2 – 23 – –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and 

mining 28 – 1 – 27 – –

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 30 – 0 – 30 – –

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and 

blasters 5 – 0 – 5 – –

Mining machine operators 68 1,106 2 – 65 1,098 –

Roof bolters, mining 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Roustabouts, oil and gas 7 – 0 – 7 – –

Helpers—extraction workers 6 – 0 – 6 – –

Other extraction workers 61 900 3 – 58 918 –

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,301 839 143 761 4,159 842 90.4

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

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Page 106

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and 

repairers 270 1,032 18 – 252 1,033 –

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 194 856 28 – 166 865 –

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and 

repairers 139 862 13 – 126 879 –

Avionics technicians 4 – 0 – 4 – –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 22 – 1 – 20 – –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, 

transportation equipment 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 18 – 0 – 17 – –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor 

vehicles 17 – 0 – 17 – –

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and 

repairers 30 – 2 – 28 – –

Security and fire alarm systems installers 67 911 2 – 65 913 –

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 133 1,025 7 – 125 1,032 –

Automotive body and related repairers 120 846 2 – 118 849 –

Automotive glass installers and repairers 21 – 1 – 20 – –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 710 722 16 – 694 724 –

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 327 831 0 – 327 830 –

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians 

and mechanics 206 928 0 – 206 928 –

Small engine mechanics 39 – 0 – 39 – –

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, 

installers, and repairers 66 592 1 – 65 591 –

Control and valve installers and repairers 23 – 0 – 23 – –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and 

installers 341 806 4 – 337 810 –

Home appliance repairers 36 – 0 – 36 – –

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 394 895 11 – 383 894 –

Maintenance and repair workers, general 469 773 10 – 459 771 –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 107

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Maintenance workers, machinery 31 – 1 – 30 – –

Millwrights 49 – 1 – 48 – –

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 113 1,105 0 – 112 1,105 –

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 157 882 9 – 148 880 –

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 64 996 4 – 60 1,009 –

Wind turbine service technicians 3 – 0 – 3 – –

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and 

repairers 38 – 4 – 34 – –

Commercial divers 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Locksmiths and safe repairers 12 – 0 – 12 – –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 4 – 1 – 4 – –

Riggers 7 – 0 – 7 – –

Signal and track switch repairers 9 – 0 – 9 – –

Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers 17 – 0 – 17 – –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 150 792 6 – 144 810 –

Production, transportation, and material moving 

occupations 14,504 656 2,958 512 11,546 704 72.7

Production occupations 7,551 663 2,003 519 5,548 729 71.2

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 783 875 133 623 650 924 67.4

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems 

assemblers 15 – 4 – 11 – –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 123 554 64 544 59 566 96.1

Engine and other machine assemblers 14 – 2 – 12 – –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 31 – 3 – 28 – –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 950 581 377 512 573 637 80.4

Bakers 150 505 80 475 69 570 83.3

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing 

workers 247 542 60 463 187 582 79.6

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine 

operators and tenders 9 – 1 – 7 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 108

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Food batchmakers 79 500 54 489 25 – –

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 7 – 2 – 5 – –

Food processing workers, all other 132 594 50 508 82 679 74.8

Computer control programmers and operators 83 833 2 – 81 857 –

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 8 – 1 – 7 – –

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal 

and plastic 6 – 0 – 6 – –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and 

plastic 15 – 3 – 12 – –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, 

and tenders, metal and plastic 78 633 15 – 62 674 –

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 5 – 1 – 5 – –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool 

setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 41 – 3 – 39 – –

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 12 – 1 – 11 – –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Machinists 338 834 17 – 320 840 –

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 29 – 1 – 28 – –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 6 – 3 – 3 – –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 47 – 9 – 39 – –

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Tool and die makers 49 – 0 – 49 – –

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 568 760 23 – 545 767 –

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic 4 – 0 – 4 – –

Layout workers, metal and plastic 4 – 1 – 4 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 109

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 24 – 0 – 24 – –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 7 – 0 – 7 – –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 351 639 72 581 278 678 85.7

Prepress technicians and workers 14 – 2 – 12 – –

Printing press operators 160 707 26 – 134 729 –

Print binding and finishing workers 16 – 6 – 9 – –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 133 466 80 460 53 487 94.5

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 21 – 12 – 9 – –

Sewing machine operators 147 493 105 476 42 – –

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 5 – 1 – 4 – –

Shoe machine operators and tenders 1 – 1 – 0 – –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 37 – 27 – 9 – –

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and 

tenders 2 – 0 – 2 – –

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 – 2 – 7 – –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, 

and tenders 8 – 4 – 3 – –

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, 

operators, and tenders 7 – 2 – 5 – –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 4 – 1 – 3 – –

Upholsterers 29 – 7 – 21 – –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 16 – 4 – 12 – –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 40 – 2 – 38 – –

Furniture finishers 6 – 0 – 6 – –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 26 – 4 – 22 – –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

except sawing 23 – 1 – 21 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 110

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Woodworkers, all other 17 – 3 – 14 – –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 35 – 1 – 34 – –

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 84 996 3 – 81 1,012 –

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system 

operators 82 880 3 – 79 868 –

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 35 – 3 – 33 – –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and 

tenders 62 1,052 5 – 57 1,082 –

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 82 652 7 – 75 668 –

Cutting workers 51 685 9 – 41 – –

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine 

setters, operators, and tenders 31 – 6 – 25 – –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 6 – 0 – 5 – –

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 701 710 260 583 440 844 69.1

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 19 – 7 – 11 – –

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 86 648 42 – 44 – –

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 239 518 120 482 118 605 79.7

Painting workers 129 708 18 – 110 733 –

Photographic process workers and processing machine 

operators 26 – 14 – 12 – –

Semiconductor processors 1 – 0 – 1 – –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 9 – 4 – 5 – –

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators 

and tenders 4 – 1 – 2 – –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 4 – 0 – 3 – –

Etchers and engravers 12 – 4 – 8 – –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 14 – 2 – 12 – –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 27 – 5 – 22 – –

Tire builders 8 – 0 – 8 – –

Helpers—production workers 24 – 7 – 18 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 111

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Production workers, all other 846 625 203 501 643 666 75.2

Transportation and material moving occupations 6,953 646 955 494 5,998 679 72.8

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 186 894 33 – 153 898 –

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 114 1,735 9 – 104 1,830 –

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 32 – 8 – 24 – –

Flight attendants 63 846 43 – 20 – –

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency 

medical technicians 18 – 4 – 14 – –

Bus drivers 323 615 138 572 184 681 84.0

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 2,687 747 105 632 2,582 751 84.2

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 253 585 38 – 216 600 –

Motor vehicle operators, all other 21 – 3 – 18 – –

Locomotive engineers and operators 44 – 2 – 42 – –

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 5 – 0 – 5 – –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 55 1,117 4 – 52 1,137 –

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 15 – 3 – 12 – –

Sailors and marine oilers 10 – 0 – 9 – –

Ship and boat captains and operators 29 – 1 – 28 – –

Ship engineers 5 – 1 – 4 – –

Bridge and lock tenders 4 – 0 – 4 – –

Parking lot attendants 57 492 8 – 49 – –

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 63 452 5 – 58 470 –

Transportation inspectors 21 – 7 – 14 – –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 17 – 8 – 9 – –

Other transportation workers 39 – 4 – 35 – –

Conveyor operators and tenders 7 – 0 – 7 – –

Crane and tower operators 75 988 4 – 71 1,016 –

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 25 – 0 – 25 – –

Hoist and winch operators 5 – 0 – 5 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 112

Note: Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data 

or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Industrial truck and tractor operators 579 609 37 – 541 612 –

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 222 485 22 – 200 498 –

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,433 526 219 455 1,214 547 83.2

Machine feeders and offbearers 30 – 9 – 21 – –

Packers and packagers, hand 385 438 227 424 158 462 91.8

Pumping station operators 18 – 1 – 17 – –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 72 501 6 – 66 496 –

Mine shuttle car operators 0 – 0 – 0 – –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 6 – 0 – 6 – –

Material moving workers, all other 37 – 5 – 32 – –

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 113

Industry

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Total, 16 years and older 109,080 $809 48,334 $726 60,746 $895 81.1

Agriculture and related industries 1,124 533 201 469 923 556 84.4

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas 

extraction 846 1,162 102 1,021 744 1,168 87.4

Construction 6,882 788 574 757 6,308 791 95.7

Manufacturing 13,968 839 3,872 688 10,096 902 76.3

Durable goods manufacturing 8,996 873 2,132 726 6,864 919 79.0

Nondurable goods 

manufacturing 4,972 776 1,739 643 3,233 863 74.5

Wholesale and retail trade 13,819 653 5,508 571 8,311 741 77.1

Wholesale trade 3,095 841 888 736 2,208 897 82.1

Retail trade 10,723 610 4,620 538 6,103 689 78.1

Transportation and utilities 6,313 871 1,359 733 4,954 915 80.1

Transportation and warehousing 5,072 819 1,094 676 3,978 863 78.3

Utilities 1,240 1,098 265 924 975 1,150 80.3

Information 2,351 1,091 874 938 1,477 1,205 77.8

Financial activities 8,170 961 4,414 821 3,755 1,219 67.4

Finance and insurance 6,255 1,020 3,539 843 2,716 1,374 61.4

Real estate and rental and 

leasing 1,915 787 875 749 1,040 842 89.0

Professional and business 

services 12,418 953 4,871 811 7,547 1,091 74.3

Professional and technical 

services 7,704 1,253 3,119 966 4,585 1,458 66.3

Management, administrative, and 

waste services 4,713 609 1,752 585 2,961 623 93.9

Education and health services 25,210 846 18,520 787 6,690 1,011 77.8

Educational services 10,426 935 7,092 896 3,334 1,048 85.5

Health care and social 

assistance 14,784 760 11,428 718 3,355 974 73.7

Leisure and hospitality 7,416 518 3,398 480 4,018 569 84.4

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 114

1 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

2 Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000.

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Arts, entertainment, and 

recreation 1,654 662 666 594 988 723 82.2

Accommodation and food 

services 5,762 492 2,732 453 3,030 520 87.1

Other services 4,154 686 1,826 592 2,328 775 76.4

Other services, except private 

households 3,776 712 1,484 616 2,292 778 79.2

Private households 378 478 342 470 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Public administration 6,410 983 2,815 885 3,595 1,069 82.8

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 115

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total Percentage of hourly paid workers At prevailing federal minimum wage Below prevailing federal minimum wage

Age and gender

Total, 16 years and older 78,232 2,561 3.3 870 1,691

16 to 24 years 15,562 1,153 7.4 475 678

25 years and older 62,670 1,408 2.2 395 1,013

Women, 16 years and older 39,500 1,602 4.1 540 1,062

16 to 24 years 7,784 736 9.5 282 454

25 years and older 31,716 866 2.7 258 608

Men, 16 years and older 38,732 959 2.5 330 629

16 to 24 years 7,778 417 5.4 193 224

25 years and older 30,954 542 1.8 137 404

Race and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity1

White 60,306 1,872 3.1 561 1,311

Women 29,858 1,205 4.0 343 862

Men 30,448 667 2.2 218 450

Black or African American 11,178 481 4.3 247 234

Women 6,163 270 4.4 162 108

Men 5,015 212 4.2 85 127

Asian 3,690 109 3.0 32 78

Women 1,975 74 3.8 20 55

Men 1,715 35 2.0 12 23

Hispanic or Latino 15,809 459 2.9 159 300

Women 6,984 272 3.9 92 179

Men 8,825 188 2.1 67 121

Full- and part-time status2

Full-time workers 57,809 1,075 1.9 288 787

Women 26,146 606 2.3 170 436

Men 31,662 469 1.5 118 351

Part-time workers 20,285 1,477 7.3 579 898

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2015 

annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 116

1

 Estimates for the race groups—White, Black or African American, and Asian—do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

2

 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple 

jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total Percentage of hourly paid workers At prevailing federal minimum wage Below prevailing federal minimum wage

Women 13,296 991 7.5 367 624

Men 6,989 486 7.0 212 274

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2015 

annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 117

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usuallyfull time Percentage usuallypart time

Total

1968 75,920 65,277 10,644 86.0 14.0

1969 77,902 66,596 11,306 85.5 14.5

1970 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

1997 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 118

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usuallyfull time Percentage usuallypart time

1999 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

2006 144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

2007 146,047 121,091 24,956 82.9 17.1

2008 145,362 120,030 25,332 82.6 17.4

2009 139,877 112,634 27,244 80.5 19.5

2010 139,064 111,714 27,350 80.3 19.7

2011 139,869 112,556 27,313 80.5 19.5

2012 142,469 114,809 27,661 80.6 19.4

2013 143,929 116,314 27,615 80.8 19.2

2014 146,305 118,718 27,587 81.1 18.9

2015 148,834 121,492 27,341 81.6 18.4

Women

1968 27,807 20,893 6,914 75.1 24.9

1969 29,084 21,781 7,303 74.9 25.1

1970 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1

1971 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8

1972 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9

1973 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8

1974 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8

1975 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6

1976 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5

1977 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4

1978 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9

1979 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7

1980 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8

1981 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 119

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usuallyfull time Percentage usuallypart time

1982 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1

1983 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1

1984 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1

1985 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6

1986 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4

1987 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1

1988 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7

1989 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5

1990 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2

1991 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6

1992 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4

1993 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3

1994 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7

1995 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4

1996 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9

1997 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4

1998 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9

1999 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3

2000 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6

2001 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8

2002 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3

2003 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6

2004 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7

2005 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2

2006 66,925 50,380 16,545 75.3 24.7

2007 67,792 51,056 16,736 75.3 24.7

2008 67,876 51,178 16,698 75.4 24.6

2009 66,208 48,683 17,525 73.5 26.5

2010 65,705 48,214 17,491 73.4 26.6

2011 65,579 48,224 17,355 73.5 26.5

2012 66,914 49,331 17,583 73.7 26.3

2013 67,577 49,979 17,598 74.0 26.0

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 120

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usuallyfull time Percentage usuallypart time

2014 68,613 50,889 17,724 74.2 25.8

2015 69,703 52,142 17,561 74.8 25.2

Men

1968 48,114 44,384 3,730 92.2 7.8

1969 48,818 44,815 4,003 91.8 8.2

1970 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

1990 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 121

Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major 

redesign of the Current Population Survey.

Source: Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usuallyfull time Percentage usuallypart time

1997 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

2000 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

2007 78,254 70,035 8,220 89.5 10.5

2008 77,486 68,853 8,634 88.9 11.1

2009 73,670 63,951 9,719 86.8 13.2

2010 73,359 63,501 9,858 86.6 13.4

2011 74,290 64,333 9,957 86.6 13.4

2012 75,555 65,477 10,078 86.7 13.3

2013 76,353 66,335 10,017 86.9 13.1

2014 77,692 67,829 9,863 87.3 12.7

2015 79,131 69,351 9,780 87.6 12.4

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 122

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 123

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of 

January data. Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

2007 39.2 36.1 41.7 39.1 36.1 41.6

2008 38.9 36.1 41.3 38.8 36.1 41.2

2009 37.9 35.3 40.2 37.8 35.3 40.1

2010 38.2 35.5 40.5 38.1 35.6 40.4

2011 38.3 35.6 40.6 38.2 35.6 40.6

2012 38.5 35.8 40.8 38.4 35.8 40.7

2013 38.6 36.0 40.9 38.5 36.0 40.8

2014 38.6 35.9 41.0 38.6 35.9 40.9

2015 38.6 35.9 40.9 38.5 35.9 40.8

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2015 annual averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 124

Year and gender Population in thousands

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total in thousands Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

Total

1970 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9

1975 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7

1980 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7

1985 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6

1990 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6

1995 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2

2000 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.8 19.5 9.3 10.2

2005 227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7

2006 231,033 156,658 67.8 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.7 9.4

2007 232,995 157,653 67.7 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.8 9.3

2008 235,086 157,472 67.0 100.0 79.5 65.6 13.9 20.5 10.5 10.0

2009 237,158 153,929 64.9 100.0 78.3 64.0 14.3 21.7 11.3 10.4

2010 238,999 152,320 63.7 100.0 78.2 64.7 13.5 21.8 11.2 10.6

2011 242,602 153,479 63.3 100.0 78.6 65.8 12.8 21.4 11.2 10.2

2012 244,993 156,194 63.8 100.0 78.4 65.5 12.9 21.6 11.2 10.4

2013 247,258 156,987 63.5 100.0 79.0 66.9 12.1 21.0 10.9 10.1

2014 250,080 159,056 63.6 100.0 79.6 67.9 11.7 20.6 10.8 9.8

Women

1970 73,657 38,809 52.5 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1

1975 80,834 43,511 52.9 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1

1980 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4

1985 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5

1990 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4

1995 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4

2000 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7

2005 117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2

2006 119,300 73,527 61.6 100.0 73.0 60.7 12.3 27.0 14.1 12.9

2007 120,300 74,115 61.6 100.0 73.6 61.5 12.1 26.4 14.2 12.2

2008 121,328 74,363 61.3 100.0 72.2 59.3 12.9 27.8 15.0 12.9

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2014 (Percentage distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 125

Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year.

The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on 

income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2015.

Year and gender Population in thousands

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total in thousands Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

2009 122,339 72,855 59.6 100.0 71.5 59.3 12.2 28.5 15.8 12.7

2010 123,012 71,980 58.5 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.6 12.9

2011 125,619 72,976 58.1 100.0 71.7 59.8 11.9 28.3 15.7 12.6

2012 126,791 74,051 58.4 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.2 13.3

2013 127,863 74,397 58.2 100.0 71.8 60.5 11.3 28.2 15.2 13.0

2014 129,342 75,416 58.3 100.0 72.7 61.2 11.5 27.3 14.7 12.6

Men

1970 65,296 55,041 84.1 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0

1975 72,346 59,091 80.6 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1

1980 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4

1985 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7

1990 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4

1995 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4

2000 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.2 12.6 5.5 7.1

2005 110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7

2006 111,733 83,131 74.4 100.0 87.8 75.2 12.6 12.2 5.7 6.5

2007 112,695 83,538 74.1 100.0 87.4 74.6 12.8 12.6 5.9 6.7

2008 113,758 83,109 73.1 100.0 86.0 71.2 14.8 14.0 6.5 7.5

2009 114,820 81,073 70.6 100.0 84.4 68.3 16.1 15.6 7.3 8.3

2010 115,986 80,341 69.3 100.0 84.3 69.4 14.9 15.7 7.3 8.4

2011 116,984 80,503 68.8 100.0 84.8 71.2 13.6 15.2 7.2 8.0

2012 118,202 82,143 69.5 100.0 84.5 71.0 13.5 15.5 7.5 8.0

2013 119,395 82,590 69.2 100.0 85.5 72.7 12.8 14.5 7.1 7.4

2014 120,738 83,640 69.3 100.0 85.7 73.9 11.8 14.3 7.2 7.1

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2014 (Percentage distribution)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 126

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1967 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148

1989 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138

1990 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164

1991 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197

1992 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199

1993 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156

1994 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151

1995 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127

Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2014 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 127

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2015.

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1996 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123

1997 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158

1998 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141

1999 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167

2000 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139

2001 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129

2002 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121

2003 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117

2004 58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123

2005 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121

2006 59,050 8,091 14,545 10,693 3,261 591 36,414 33,880 1,752 639 142

2007 58,490 7,914 14,264 10,392 3,265 608 36,312 33,718 1,847 597 149

2008 59,183 8,083 14,622 10,567 3,435 620 36,477 33,930 1,739 650 158

2009 58,516 8,466 15,035 10,565 3,849 621 35,015 32,327 1,789 739 160

2010 58,135 8,626 15,406 10,880 3,935 591 34,103 31,425 1,783 722 172

2011 59,071 9,152 15,972 11,301 4,015 656 33,947 31,212 1,833 739 163

2012 59,327 9,101 15,831 11,271 3,891 669 34,395 31,594 1,881 750 170

2013 59,795 9,556 15,825 11,368 3,788 669 34,414 31,685 1,849 711 169

2014 60,091 9,434 15,627 11,240 3,767 620 35,030 32,000 2,082 764 183

Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2014 (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 128

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1967 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 .8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 .8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 .7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 .7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 .9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 .9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3

1989 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 .8 .3

1990 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 .9 .3

1991 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 .4

1992 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 .4

1993 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 .3

1994 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 .3

1995 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 .2

Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2014 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 129

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2015.

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1996 100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 .2

1997 100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 .3

1998 100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 .3

1999 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 .9 .3

2000 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 .2

2001 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 .9 .2

2002 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 .2

2003 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 .9 .2

2004 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 .9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.0 .2

2005 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 .2

2006 100.0 13.7 24.6 18.1 5.5 1.0 61.7 57.4 3.0 1.1 .2

2007 100.0 13.5 24.4 17.8 5.6 1.0 62.1 57.6 3.2 1.0 .3

2008 100.0 13.7 24.7 17.9 5.8 1.0 61.6 57.3 2.9 1.1 .3

2009 100.0 14.5 25.7 18.1 6.6 1.1 59.8 55.2 3.1 1.3 .3

2010 100.0 14.8 26.5 18.7 6.8 1.0 58.7 54.1 3.1 1.2 .3

2011 100.0 15.5 27.0 19.1 6.8 1.1 57.5 52.8 3.1 1.3 .3

2012 100.0 15.3 26.7 19.0 6.6 1.1 58.0 53.3 3.2 1.3 .3

2013 100.0 16.0 26.5 19.0 6.3 1.1 57.6 53.0 3.1 1.2 .3

2014 100.0 15.7 26.0 18.7 6.3 1.0 58.3 53.3 3.5 1.3 .3

Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2014 (Percent distribution)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 130

Year Contribution to family income (median percentage)

1970 26.6

1971 27.5

1972 26.7

1973 26.0

1974 25.4

1975 26.3

1976 26.4

1977 26.1

1978 26.1

1979 26.0

1980 26.7

1981 27.3

1982 28.4

1983 28.8

1984 28.4

1985 28.3

1986 29.0

1987 29.5

1988 29.6

1989 29.9

1990 30.7

1991 31.3

1992 32.4

1993 32.2

1994 31.9

1995 31.9

1996 32.6

1997 32.7

1998 32.8

1999 32.8

2000 33.5

2001 34.4

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2014

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 131

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2015.

Year Contribution to family income (median percentage)

2002 34.8

2003 35.2

2004 34.9

2005 35.1

2006 35.6

2007 36.0

2008 36.0

2009 37.1

2010 37.6

2011 37.0

2012 37.3

2013 37.3

2014 36.0

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2014
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 132

1

 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

Year

Families in which wives have earnings but husbands may not1 Families in which both wives and husbands have earnings2

Married-couple families in which wife 

(but not necessarily husband) have 

earnings from work

Wives who earn 

more than their 

husbands

Percentage of wives who 

earn more than their 

husbands

Married-couple families in which 

both wife and husband have 

earnings from work

Wives who earn 

more than their 

husbands

Percentage of wives who 

earn more than their 

husbands

1987 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8

1988 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1

1989 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8

1990 33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2

1991 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9

1992 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3

1993 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3

1994 35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5

1995 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0

1996 35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7

1997 35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7

1998 35,807 10,468 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7

1999 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3

2000 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3

2001 36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1

2002 36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0

2003 36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2

2004 36,710 11,985 32.6 33,110 8,386 25.3

2005 37,055 12,215 33.0 33,364 8,524 25.5

2006 37,733 12,601 33.4 33,838 8,707 25.7

2007 37,536 12,570 33.5 33,678 8,712 25.9

2008 37,988 13,104 34.5 33,905 9,020 26.6

2009 36,858 13,903 37.7 32,280 9,326 28.9

2010 36,024 13,798 38.3 31,373 9,147 29.2

2011 35,908 13,505 37.6 31,165 8,762 28.1

2012 36,181 13,779 38.1 31,549 9,147 29.0

2013 36,138 13,779 38.1 31,646 9,287 29.3

2014 36,489 13,530 37.1 31,963 9,005 28.2

Table 26. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2014 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 133

2

 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Earnings include self-employment earnings.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988–2015.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 134

Age and gender

Total Below poverty level Rate1

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years 

and older 150,319 118,831 18,076 8,747 24,335 9,487 6,503 2,112 379 2,843 6.3 5.5 11.7 4.3 11.7

16 to 19 

years

3,303 2,581 414 118 687 343 235 71 10 88 10.4 9.1 17.1 8.7 12.8

20 to 24 

years

13,234 10,129 1,959 544 2,816 1,605 1,140 367 39 363 12.1 11.2 18.8 7.2 12.9

25 to 34 

years

33,239 25,397 4,420 2,181 6,513 2,762 1,757 722 101 872 8.3 6.9 16.3 4.6 13.4

35 to 44 

years

31,936 24,516 4,084 2,213 6,161 2,134 1,468 453 95 818 6.7 6.0 11.1 4.3 13.3

45 to 54 

years

33,356 26,653 3,930 1,954 4,901 1,597 1,113 321 96 488 4.8 4.2 8.2 4.9 10.0

55 to 64 

years

26,139 21,707 2,587 1,335 2,564 864 647 149 30 180 3.3 3.0 5.7 2.2 7.0

65 years and 

older 9,110 7,847 681 402 693 181 144 29 8 33 2.0 1.8 4.2 1.9 4.8

Women, 16 

years and 

older

70,180 54,167 9,645 4,088 10,206 5,078 3,213 1,407 187 1,282 7.2 5.9 14.6 4.6 12.6

16 to 19 

years

1,728 1,323 229 69 331 203 125 49 8 49 11.8 9.4 21.5 ( 2 ) 14.7

20 to 24 

years

6,392 4,797 1,022 259 1,237 982 656 262 21 191 15.4 13.7 25.7 7.9 15.5

25 to 34 

years

15,119 11,233 2,324 998 2,567 1,497 884 476 43 412 9.9 7.9 20.5 4.3 16.1

35 to 44 

years

14,718 10,954 2,190 1,034 2,514 1,041 631 299 54 310 7.1 5.8 13.6 5.3 12.3

45 to 54 

years

15,724 12,275 2,134 909 2,139 786 518 193 42 218 5.0 4.2 9.0 4.6 10.2

55 to 64 

years

12,390 10,121 1,375 641 1,107 479 334 106 16 87 3.9 3.3 7.7 2.5 7.8

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 135

1

 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.

2

 Data not shown where labor force base is less than 80,000.

Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 

People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Age and gender

Total Below poverty level Rate1

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

65 years and 

older 4,109 3,465 371 177 310 91 65 21 4 15 2.2 1.9 5.8 2.5 4.9

Men, 16 years 

and older 80,139 64,664 8,430 4,659 14,130 4,409 3,290 705 191 1,561 5.5 5.1 8.4 4.1 11.1

16 to 19 

years

1,576 1,259 185 49 356 140 110 22 3 40 8.9 8.7 11.7 ( 2 ) 11.1

20 to 24 

years

6,842 5,333 937 284 1,579 623 484 105 18 171 9.1 9.1 11.2 6.5 10.9

25 to 34 

years

18,120 14,164 2,096 1,182 3,946 1,265 873 247 58 460 7.0 6.2 11.8 4.9 11.7

35 to 44 

years

17,218 13,562 1,894 1,179 3,647 1,093 837 154 41 509 6.3 6.2 8.1 3.5 13.9

45 to 54 

years

17,632 14,378 1,796 1,046 2,762 811 595 128 55 270 4.6 4.1 7.1 5.2 9.8

55 to 64 

years

13,749 11,586 1,213 693 1,457 386 313 42 14 93 2.8 2.7 3.5 2.0 6.4

65 years and 

older 5,001 4,383 310 226 383 91 79 7 3 18 1.8 1.8 2.4 1.3 4.7

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 

(Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 136

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total in thousands

Percentage distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor force

Total, 20 years and older 3,191 100.0 65.5 15.9 18.6

20 to 24 years 71 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

25 to 54 years 2,023 100.0 72.5 17.1 10.4

55 to 64 years 853 100.0 60.0 15.0 24.9

64 years and older 245 100.0 26.5 10.7 62.8

Women, 20 years and older 1,419 100.0 64.1 16.3 19.6

20 to 24 years 38 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

25 to 54 years 872 100.0 72.3 17.0 10.7

55 to 64 years 383 100.0 56.8 15.0 28.2

64 years and older 125 100.0 28.9 13.3 57.8

Men, 20 years and older 1,773 100.0 66.5 15.7 17.8

20 to 24 years 33 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

25 to 54 years 1,151 100.0 72.7 17.2 10.1

55 to 64 years 469 100.0 62.6 15.1 22.3

64 years and older 119 100.0 24.0 7.9 68.1

White

Total, 20 years and older 2,573 100.0 66.5 14.8 18.6

Women 1,123 100.0 65.0 14.9 20.1

Men 1,450 100.0 67.7 14.8 17.5

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and older 394 100.0 61.5 20.3 18.2

Women 224 100.0 62.5 20.9 16.6

Men 170 100.0 60.1 19.6 20.3

Asian

Total, 20 years and older 145 100.0 54.9 24.7 20.3

Women 49 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

Men 96 100.0 59.4 20.3 20.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and older 423 100.0 69.4 14.3 16.3

Women 187 100.0 61.9 18.4 19.6

Men 236 100.0 75.4 11.0 13.7

Table 28. Displaced workers,1 by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2016

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 137

1

 Workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2013 and December 2015 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions 

or shifts.

2

 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2016 Displaced Worker Supplement.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 138

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2002–2016 Displaced Worker Supplement.

Age and gender January 2002 January 2004 January 2006 January 2008 January 2010 January 2012 January 2014 January 2016

Total, 16 years and older 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.2

16 to 17 years .7 .7 .6 .7 .7 .7 .7 .6

18 to 19 years .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .8 .8

20 to 24 years 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3

25 years and older 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.1

25 to 34 years 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8

35 to 44 years 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.2 4.9

45 to 54 years 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9

55 to 64 years 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.9 10.0 10.3 10.4 10.1

65 years and older 8.6 9.0 8.8 10.2 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.3

Women, 16 years and older 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.0

16 to 17 years .7 .6 .6 .6 .7 .7 .7 .6

18 to 19 years .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .8 .8

20 to 24 years 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2

25 years and older 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.0

25 to 34 years 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6

35 to 44 years 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.1 4.8

45 to 54 years 6.5 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.5

55 to 64 years 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.0

65 years and older 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.4

Men, 16 years and older 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.3

16 to 17 years .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .6 .7 .6

18 to 19 years .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .9 .8

20 to 24 years 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3

25 years and older 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.2

25 to 34 years 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9

35 to 44 years 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.0

45 to 54 years 9.1 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.4

55 to 64 years 10.2 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.7 10.2

65 years and older 8.1 8.2 8.3 10.4 9.7 10.2 10.0 10.2

Table 29. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2002–2016
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 139

1

 Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2015.

2

 Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2014 and October 2015.

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total, 2015 high school 

graduates1 2,965 1,401 47.3 1,171 39.5 230 16.4 1,563

Women 1,516 659 43.5 543 35.8 116 17.7 857

Men 1,448 742 51.2 628 43.4 114 15.3 706

Enrolled in college 2,053 738 36.0 645 31.4 93 12.6 1,314

Percentage of total 2015 

graduates 69.2 52.7 - 55.1 - 40.4 - 84.1

Women 1,100 377 34.3 343 31.2 34 9.0 723

Percentage of female 2015 

graduates 72.6 57.2 - 63.2 - 29.3 - 84.4

Men 953 361 37.9 302 31.7 59 16.3 592

Percentage of male 2015 

graduates 65.8 48.7 - 48.1 - 51.8 - 83.9

Not enrolled in college 912 663 72.7 526 57.7 137 20.7 249

Percentage of total 2015 

graduates 30.8 47.3 - 44.9 - 59.6 - 15.9

Women 416 282 67.7 199 47.9 82 29.3 135

Percentage of female 2015 

graduates 27.4 42.8 - 36.6 - 70.7 - 15.8

Men 495 381 76.9 326 65.9 55 14.3 114

Percentage of male 2015 

graduates 34.2 51.3 - 51.9 - 48.2 - 16.1

Total, 2014–2015 high school 

dropouts2 521 239 45.9 192 36.8 47 19.8 282

Women 240 104 43.3 91 37.8 13 12.7 136

Men 281 135 48.1 101 36.0 34 25.2 146

Table 30. Labor force status of 2015 high school graduates and 2014–2015 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, 

October 2015 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 140

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, School Enrollment Supplement, October 2015.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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1

 Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Enrolled in school 21,948 7,943 36.2 7,242 33.0 702 8.8 14,005

Women 11,226 4,317 38.5 3,997 35.6 321 7.4 6,907

Men 10,722 3,626 33.8 3,245 30.3 381 10.5 7,098

Enrolled in high school1 9,604 2,050 21.3 1,752 18.2 299 14.6 7,554

Women 4,667 1,051 22.5 903 19.3 149 14.1 3,615

Men 4,937 999 20.2 849 17.2 150 15.0 3,939

Enrolled in college 12,344 5,893 47.7 5,490 44.5 403 6.8 6,451

Women 6,559 3,266 49.8 3,094 47.2 172 5.3 3,292

Men 5,785 2,627 45.4 2,396 41.4 231 8.8 3,159

Not enrolled in school 16,543 13,246 80.1 11,703 70.7 1,543 11.7 3,297

Women 7,874 5,958 75.7 5,268 66.9 690 11.6 1,916

Less than a high school 

diploma 1,034 461 44.6 357 34.5 104 22.6 573

High school graduates, 

no college2 3,175 2,302 72.5 1,951 61.4 351 15.2 874

Some college or 

associate's degree 2,147 1,796 83.6 1,669 77.7 127 7.1 351

Bachelor’s degree and 

higher 1,517 1,399 92.3 1,291 85.1 108 7.7 117

Men 8,670 7,289 84.1 6,436 74.2 853 11.7 1,381

Less than a high school 

diploma 1,220 799 65.5 584 47.9 216 27.0 420

High school graduates, 

no college2 4,243 3,578 84.3 3,144 74.1 434 12.1 665

Some college or 

associate's degree 2,101 1,855 88.3 1,699 80.9 156 8.4 247

Bachelor’s degree and 

higher 1,106 1,057 95.5 1,009 91.2 48 4.5 49

Table 31. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2015 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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2

 Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, School Enrollment Supplement, October 2015.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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1

 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total employed

Multiple jobholders Multiple-jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Men Total Women Men

Number Percentage of all multiple jobholders

1994 123,060 7,260 3,336 46.0 3,924 5.9 5.9 5.9

1995 124,900 7,693 3,554 46.2 4,139 6.2 6.2 6.1

1996 126,708 7,832 3,640 46.5 4,192 6.2 6.2 6.1

1997 129,558 7,955 3,718 46.7 4,237 6.1 6.2 6.1

1998 131,463 7,926 3,748 47.3 4,178 6.0 6.2 5.9

1999 133,488 7,802 3,698 47.4 4,104 5.8 6.0 5.7

2000 136,891 7,604 3,608 47.4 3,996 5.6 5.7 5.5

2001 136,933 7,357 3,523 47.9 3,834 5.4 5.5 5.2

2002 136,485 7,291 3,557 48.8 3,734 5.3 5.6 5.1

2003 137,736 7,315 3,599 49.2 3,716 5.3 5.6 5.1

2004 139,252 7,473 3,638 48.7 3,835 5.4 5.6 5.1

2005 141,730 7,546 3,691 48.9 3,855 5.3 5.6 5.1

2006 144,427 7,576 3,753 49.5 3,822 5.2 5.6 4.9

2007 146,047 7,655 3,822 49.9 3,833 5.2 5.6 4.9

2008 145,362 7,620 3,783 49.6 3,837 5.2 5.6 5.0

2009 139,877 7,271 3,741 51.5 3,530 5.2 5.6 4.8

2010 139,064 6,878 3,552 51.6 3,326 4.9 5.4 4.5

2011 139,869 6,880 3,496 50.8 3,384 4.9 5.3 4.6

2012 142,469 6,943 3,495 50.3 3,448 4.9 5.2 4.6

2013 143,929 7,002 3,517 50.2 3,486 4.9 5.2 4.6

2014 146,305 7,146 3,636 50.9 3,511 4.9 5.3 4.5

2015 148,834 7,262 3,692 50.8 3,571 4.9 5.3 4.5

Table 32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Year

Total Women Men Self-employed women as 

percentage of total selfemployed

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

1976 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8

1977 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7

1978 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2

1979 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2

1980 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0

1981 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9

1982 96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8

1983 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2

1984 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0

1985 103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3

1986 106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1

1987 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9

1988 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7

1989 114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4

1990 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8

1991 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6

1992 115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5

1993 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2

1994 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2

1995 121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6

1996 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1

1997 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2

1998 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9

1999 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0

2000 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4

2001 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4

2002 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2

2003 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6

2004 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1

2005 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5

Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 145

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of 

January data. Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total Women Men Self-employed women as 

percentage of total selfemployed

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

2006 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0

2007 143,952 9,557 6.6 67,302 3,637 5.4 76,650 5,920 7.7 38.1

2008 143,194 9,219 6.4 67,358 3,483 5.2 75,836 5,736 7.6 37.8

2009 137,775 8,995 6.5 65,712 3,468 5.3 72,062 5,527 7.7 38.6

2010 136,858 8,860 6.5 65,164 3,388 5.2 71,694 5,472 7.6 38.2

2011 137,615 8,603 6.3 65,023 3,341 5.1 72,592 5,262 7.2 38.8

2012 140,283 8,749 6.2 66,353 3,483 5.2 73,930 5,266 7.1 39.8

2013 141,799 8,619 6.1 67,058 3,508 5.2 74,742 5,111 6.8 40.7

2014 144,068 8,602 6.0 68,061 3,444 5.1 76,007 5,158 6.8 40.0

2015 146,411 8,665 5.9 69,106 3,396 4.9 77,305 5,269 6.7 39.2

Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 146

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Native born 16 years and older1 210,544 130,872 62.2 123,871 58.8 7,002 5.4 79,671

16 to 24 years 34,965 19,362 55.4 17,082 48.9 2,280 11.8 15,602

25 to 34 years 35,111 28,989 82.6 27,369 77.9 1,620 5.6 6,122

35 to 44 years 30,548 25,420 83.2 24,373 79.8 1,048 4.1 5,127

45 to 54 years 34,495 27,389 79.4 26,395 76.5 994 3.6 7,106

55 to 64 years 34,796 22,063 63.4 21,278 61.2 785 3.6 12,733

65 years and older 40,630 7,649 18.8 7,374 18.1 275 3.6 32,981

Foreign born 16 years and older2 40,257 26,258 65.2 24,963 62.0 1,295 4.9 14,000

16 to 24 years 3,625 1,861 51.3 1,674 46.2 187 10.0 1,765

25 to 34 years 7,660 5,657 73.9 5,373 70.1 284 5.0 2,003

35 to 44 years 9,153 7,183 78.5 6,880 75.2 303 4.2 1,970

45 to 54 years 8,142 6,513 80.0 6,248 76.7 265 4.1 1,629

55 to 64 years 5,798 3,891 67.1 3,698 63.8 193 5.0 1,907

65 years and older 5,879 1,152 19.6 1,090 18.5 62 5.4 4,727

Women

Native born 16 years and older1 108,991 62,548 57.4 59,355 54.5 3,193 5.1 46,443

16 to 24 years 17,362 9,508 54.8 8,528 49.1 980 10.3 7,854

25 to 34 years 17,885 13,718 76.7 12,979 72.6 739 5.4 4,167

35 to 44 years 15,606 12,087 77.4 11,592 74.3 495 4.1 3,519

45 to 54 years 17,689 13,181 74.5 12,696 71.8 485 3.7 4,508

55 to 64 years 18,039 10,596 58.7 10,235 56.7 361 3.4 7,443

65 years and older 22,410 3,459 15.4 3,326 14.8 133 3.9 18,951

Foreign born 16 years and older2 20,709 10,961 52.9 10,348 50.0 613 5.6 9,747

16 to 24 years 1,786 793 44.4 701 39.3 92 11.6 993

25 to 34 years 3,744 2,153 57.5 2,018 53.9 135 6.3 1,591

35 to 44 years 4,651 2,960 63.6 2,799 60.2 161 5.4 1,691

45 to 54 years 4,109 2,828 68.8 2,703 65.8 125 4.4 1,281

Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 147

1

 The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

2

 The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not 

U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these 

categories.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

55 to 64 years 3,037 1,731 57.0 1,649 54.3 81 4.7 1,306

65 years and older 3,382 497 14.7 478 14.1 19 3.9 2,885

Men

Native born 16 years and older1 101,553 68,324 67.3 64,516 63.5 3,808 5.6 33,228

16 to 24 years 17,603 9,855 56.0 8,555 48.6 1,300 13.2 7,748

25 to 34 years 17,226 15,272 88.7 14,390 83.5 881 5.8 1,954

35 to 44 years 14,942 13,333 89.2 12,781 85.5 553 4.1 1,608

45 to 54 years 16,806 14,208 84.5 13,699 81.5 509 3.6 2,598

55 to 64 years 16,757 11,467 68.4 11,043 65.9 424 3.7 5,290

65 years and older 18,219 4,189 23.0 4,048 22.2 141 3.4 14,030

Foreign born 16 years and older2 19,548 15,296 78.2 14,615 74.8 681 4.5 4,252

16 to 24 years 1,839 1,068 58.1 973 52.9 95 8.9 771

25 to 34 years 3,916 3,504 89.5 3,355 85.7 149 4.3 412

35 to 44 years 4,502 4,223 93.8 4,080 90.6 143 3.4 279

45 to 54 years 4,033 3,686 91.4 3,546 87.9 140 3.8 347

55 to 64 years 2,761 2,160 78.2 2,048 74.2 112 5.2 601

65 years and older 2,497 655 26.2 613 24.5 43 6.5 1,842

Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 148

Year

Total Women Men

Total 

employed

Members of unions1 Represented by 

unions2

Total 

employed

Members of unions1 Represented by 

unions2

Total 

employed

Members of unions1 Represented by 

unions2

Total Percentage of 

employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

1983 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

1986 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

1990 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

1994 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

1997 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

1998 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

1999 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

2002 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

2006 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

2007 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4 67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1

2008 129,377 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9 66,846 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5

2009 124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7 63,539 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4

2010 124,073 14,715 11.9 16,290 13.1 60,542 6,722 11.1 7,528 12.4 63,531 7,994 12.6 8,761 13.8

Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 149

1

 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2

 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced 

annually with the release of January data.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total Women Men

Total 

employed

Members of unions1 Represented by 

unions2

Total 

employed

Members of unions1 Represented by 

unions2

Total 

employed

Members of unions1 Represented by 

unions2

Total Percentage of 

employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

2011 125,187 14,764 11.8 16,290 13.0 60,502 6,758 11.2 7,558 12.5 64,686 8,006 12.4 8,731 13.5

2012 127,577 14,366 11.3 15,922 12.5 61,679 6,470 10.5 7,311 11.9 65,898 7,895 12.0 8,611 13.1

2013 129,110 14,528 11.3 16,028 12.4 62,316 6,573 10.5 7,340 11.8 66,794 7,955 11.9 8,688 13.0

2014 131,431 14,576 11.1 16,152 12.3 63,383 6,638 10.5 7,434 11.7 68,048 7,939 11.7 8,717 12.8

2015 133,743 14,795 11.1 16,441 12.3 64,445 6,833 10.6 7,681 11.9 69,298 7,963 11.5 8,760 12.6

Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 150

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men Women as a percentage of total

Total veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 21,209 1,997 19,212 9.4

Civilian labor force 10,757 1,241 9,517 11.5

Participation rate 50.7 62.1 49.5

Employed 10,263 1,174 9,089 11.4

Employment-population ratio 48.4 58.8 47.3

Unemployed 495 67 428 13.5

Unemployment rate 4.6 5.4 4.5

Not in labor force 10,452 757 9,695 7.2

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 3,594 635 2,959 17.7

Civilian labor force 2,913 451 2,462 15.5

Participation rate 81.0 71.0 83.2

Employed 2,745 422 2,322 15.4

Employment-population ratio 76.4 66.4 78.5

Unemployed 168 29 140 17.3

Unemployment rate 5.8 6.4 5.7

Not in labor force 681 184 497 27.0

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 3,440 529 2,911 15.4

Civilian labor force 2,768 389 2,378 14.1

Participation rate 80.4 73.6 81.7

Employed 2,662 368 2,294 13.8

Employment-population ratio 77.4 69.5 78.8

Unemployed 105 21 84 20.0

Unemployment rate 3.8 5.5 3.5

Not in labor force 673 140 533 20.8

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 8,901 317 8,585 3.6

Civilian labor force 2,350 86.0 2,264 3.7

Participation rate 26.4 27.2 26.4

Table 36. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 151

Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could 

have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 

1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a 

wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men Women as a percentage of total

Employed 2,248 80 2,168 3.6

Employment-population ratio 25.3 25.3 25.3

Unemployed 102 6 96 5.9

Unemployment rate 4.3 6.8 4.2

Not in labor force 6,551 231 6,320 3.5

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population 5,273 516 4,756 9.8

Civilian labor force 2,726 314 2,412 11.5

Participation rate 51.7 60.9 50.7

Employed 2,608 304 2,303 11.7

Employment-population ratio 49.5 58.9 48.4

Unemployed 119 10 108 8.4

Unemployment rate 4.4 3.3 4.5

Not in labor force 2,547 202 2,345 7.9

Nonveterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 220,740 123,360 97,380 55.9

Civilian labor force 144,385 71,278 73,107 49.4

Participation rate 65.4 57.8 75.1

Employed 136,947 67,704 69,243 49.4

Employment-population ratio 62.0 54.9 71.1

Unemployed 7,439 3,574 3,864 48.0

Unemployment rate 5.2 5.0 5.3

Not in labor force 76,355 52,082 24,273 68.2

Table 36. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)
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Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Total persons with a disability

Civilian noninstitutional population 29,752 16,014 13,739

Civilian labor force 5,813 2,679 3,134

Participation rate 19.5 16.7 22.8

Employed 5,193 2,389 2,803

Employment-population ratio 17.5 14.9 20.4

Unemployed 621 290 331

Unemployment rate 10.7 10.8 10.6

Not in labor force 23,939 13,334 10,605

16 to 64 years

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,771 8,083 7,688

Civilian labor force 4,812 2,275 2,537

Participation rate 30.5 28.1 33.0

Employed 4,250 2,008 2,242

Employment-population ratio 26.9 24.8 29.2

Unemployed 562 267 295

Unemployment rate 11.7 11.7 11.6

Not in labor force 10,959 5,808 5,151

65 years and older

Civilian noninstitutional population 13,981 7,931 6,050

Civilian labor force 1,001 404 597

Participation rate 7.2 5.1 9.9

Employed 942 381 561

Employment-population ratio 6.7 4.8 9.3

Unemployed 59 23 36

Unemployment rate 5.9 5.7 6.0

Not in labor force 12,980 7,527 5,453

Total persons without a disability

Civilian noninstitutional population 221,049 113,686 107,362

Civilian labor force 151,317 70,830 80,486

Participation rate 68.5 62.3 75.0

Employed 143,641 67,314 76,327

Table 37. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, 

remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a 

doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Employment-population ratio 65.0 59.2 71.1

Unemployed 7,676 3,517 4,159

Unemployment rate 5.1 5.0 5.2

Not in labor force 69,732 42,856 26,876

16 to 64 years

Civilian noninstitutional population 188,521 95,825 92,696

Civilian labor force 143,517 67,278 76,239

Participation rate 76.1 70.2 82.2

Employed 136,119 63,891 72,228

Employment-population ratio 72.2 66.7 77.9

Unemployed 7,398 3,387 4,011

Unemployment rate 5.2 5.0 5.3

Not in labor force 45,004 28,547 16,457

65 years and older

Civilian noninstitutional population 32,528 17,861 14,666

Civilian labor force 7,800 3,553 4,248

Participation rate 24.0 19.9 29.0

Employed 7,522 3,423 4,100

Employment-population ratio 23.1 19.2 28.0

Unemployed 278 130 148

Unemployment rate 3.6 3.7 3.5

Not in labor force 24,728 14,309 10,419

Table 37. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
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Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, 

using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. Upon request, this information 

is available to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. 

Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the 

household.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed.

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional 

population.

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active 

duty in the Armed Forces.

Disability. The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify people with disabilities. The questions are about physical, 

mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. People are classified as having a 

disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the 

respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she 

is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. More information, including the wording of the 

six questions used to identify people with a disability, is available at www.bls.gov/cps/demographics.htm#disability.

Displaced workers. Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs 

because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was 

abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or 

more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated 

businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data were collected through a biennial supplement to the 

January CPS.

Employed people. Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all as paid 

employees; (b) worked in their own business, in a profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 or more hours as 

unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because 

of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.
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Family. A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. 

Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses 

present. Families include those without children as well as those with children under 18.

Foreign born. The foreign born are people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they 

were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents, neither of 

whom was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary 

residents such as students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not 

separately identify the number of people in these categories. The native born are people born in the United States or 

one of its outlying areas or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being 

Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race; estimates for 

the race groups include Hispanics. Information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity in 2003 

is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all jobs) during 

the survey reference week. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off during the Columbus 

Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday.

Median weekly earnings. These figures indicate the number that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, 

one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. Median weekly earnings 

shown in this publication are estimated through the linear interpolation of the $50-centered interval in which the median 

lies.

Minimum wage. The estimates of the numbers of workers with reported earnings at or below the federal minimum wage 

pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are 

not included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum 

wage. Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly 

earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the 

hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process.

The prevailing federal minimum wage is $7.25, effective July 24, 2009. Note that some states have established 

minimum-wage standards that exceed the federal level. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the 

minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because there are a 

number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded their 

hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As a result, some might have reported hourly earnings below the 

minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage or higher.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed.

Occupation and industry. For the employed, this information applies to the job held during the reference week. People 

with two or more jobs are classified as being in the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of 

hours. The CPS uses the Census occupational classification, based on the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification 

(SOC), and the 2012 Census industry classification, derived from the 2012 North American Industry Classification 
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System (NAICS). Additional information about these classifications is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/

cpsoccind.htm.

Race. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian 

are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that 

race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of two or more races. More 

information on the 2003 changes to questions on race is available at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for other race 

groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of two or 

more races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report.

Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, in a 

profession, in a trade, or on a farm. The unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category. Selfemployed people whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise 

specified.

Employee tenure. Tenure is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the 

time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more 

tenure and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers 

are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data were 

collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for 

work (except in the case of temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-

week period ending with the survey reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they 

had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Union membership. Union membership refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a 

union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. 

All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated 

businesses.

Usual hours or usual full- or part-time status. Data on people “at work” exclude those who were temporarily absent from 

a job and therefore were classified into the zero-hours-worked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are people 

who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in 

a labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the survey reference week, 

people also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time status. In this context, full-time workers are those who 

usually work 35 or more hours (at all jobs combined) per week. This group includes some individuals who worked less 

than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who were temporarily 

absent from work. Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), 

regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. These workers may include some individuals who 

actually worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who were temporarily absent from work.
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Usual weekly earnings. Data on usual weekly earnings represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and 

include any overtime pay, commissions, and tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). 

Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The 

term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are 

instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.” Data refer to the sole 

or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether or not their 

businesses were incorporated) and are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample.

Veterans. Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed 

Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on active duty at the time of the survey 

are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who 

never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, “Did 

you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?”

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece 

rates. The group includes employees in the private and the public sectors. Data on union membership and earnings of 

wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated businesses and those with 

unincorporated businesses.

Work experience. These data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the 

following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or 

“Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” 

Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the average levels for 

any given month, which are based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly 

estimates.

Workers paid by the hour. These are people paid at an hourly rate on their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly 

wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.

Working poor. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for 

work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, 

and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of 

confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population 

value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 
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of data. Information on the reliability of data from the CPS and on estimating standard errors is available at www.bls.gov/

cps/documentation.htm#reliability.