U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 1

Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities in Construction, 2004

by Samuel W. Meyer and Stephen M. Pegula

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Originally Posted: May 24, 2006

The safety efforts of a number of governmental organizations have been focused on the construction industry recently;

construction workers accounted for 1 in 5 on-the-job fatalities and 1 in 10 nonfatal workplace injuries and illnesses in 2004.

To address the hazards inherent in construction work, such as trenches, heights, power lines, and dangerous equipment, the

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH) have established specific safety goals, which have contributed to safer working environments in the United States.1

This attention stems from construction being one of the industries in which workers are most frequently injured or killed.

Workers in establishments engaged in construction activities accounted for 1 in 5 on-the-job fatalities recorded in 2004 and 1

in 10 nonfatal workplace injuries and illnesses recorded that year.2

Fatal injuries. A total of 1,234 workers were killed on the job in the private construction industry in 2004.3 (See table 1.) This

represented a 9-percent increase from the 1,131 fatalities reported in 2003. But due to employment increases in this sector,

the fatality rate increase from 2003 was not statistically significant. The fatality rate for the private construction industry was

12.0 fatalities per 100,000 workers in 2004, fourth highest among industry sectors. The comparable figure for all workers was

4.1.4

Fatal injuries to workers in the private construction industry occur throughout the United States. In 2004, Florida had the most

fatalities among construction workers (115). Other States with a large number included Texas (114) and California (108).

Those fatally injured in the private construction industry in 2004 were overwhelmingly male (99 percent). Approximately 70

percent of the decedents were between the ages of 25 and 54. Almost 19 percent of the workers were self-employed. White

non-Hispanic workers accounted for 65 percent of the fatally injured workers.

There were 312 Hispanic construction workers killed on the job in 2004, a 20-percent jump from the previous year, when 261

were killed. Employment for Hispanic construction workers increased 12 percent during the same period. Just under 18

percent of Hispanic decedents fell from roofs, and 11 percent were struck by falling objects.

Falls accounted for the largest number of fatalities in construction in 2004, with approximately 36 percent of all fatally injured

workers in the industry killed in this manner. (See table 2.) Transportation incidents also accounted for a sizable portion of the

fatalities--23 percent--while another 18 percent were killed by being struck by an object or being caught in collapsing

materials, and 10 percent involved workers contacting an electric current.

Among all construction-related occupations, construction laborers suffered the highest number of fatalities in 2004, followed

by carpenters and construction managers. (See table 3.) Roofers experienced a 75-percent increase in fatal injuries from

2003 to 2004. One-third of fatalities to roofers did not involve falls from roofs; instead, they involved falls from objects used to

access roofs, motor vehicle accidents, and electrocutions.

Among construction fatalities, most decedents (759) were working in specialty trade contractor industries in 2004. (See chart

1.) Private sector workers in highway, street, and bridge construction incurred 100 fatalities, and those in utility system

construction incurred 95 fatalities.

Nonfatal injuries and illnesses. Accounting for 9 percent of the 4.3 million incidents in private industry in 2004, a total of

401,000 nonfatal injuries and illnesses were incurred by workers in construction, down approximately 2 percent from the

previous year. (See table 4.) The total recordable case rate (number of nonfatal injuries/illnesses per 100 full-time workers) in

2004 was 6.4, which was much higher than the total private industry rate of 4.8. This represents a decline of about 6 percent

from the previous year, when the rate was 6.8.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 2

Of those cases involving days away from work, the most common event for workers in private construction in 2004 was

overexertion, which accounted for 20 percent of cases. (See table 5.) Struck by object (18 percent) and fall to a lower level

(14 percent) were also frequent events.

Sprains and strains (37 percent) and cuts, lacerations (14 percent) were the most prominent types of injuries incurred. The

back (21 percent) was the part of body most frequently injured.

In 2004, 38,970 injuries were due to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), up from 37,190 in 2003.5 Nearly 10 percent of all

MSD cases in 2004 occurred in construction. During that year, MSD cases in the industry caused the worker to miss a

median of 10 days away from work--the same as the median for all workers. (See table 6.)

More than 28 percent of the cases in the private construction industry involving days away from work necessitated a worker

missing 31 days or more, while 13 percent required missing 1 day of work. The median days away from work was 10 in the

construction industry, while the median for all workers was 7 days. Injuries requiring 6 to 20 days away from work increased

by 9 percent from 2003 to 2004. In contrast, more severe injuries requiring 21 days or more away from work decreased by

nearly 9 percent.

The States of California, Texas, and Florida together recorded more than one-quarter of all private construction nonfatal

injuries and illnesses involving days away from work. California reported 15 median days away from work, Texas 14, and

Florida 9. The national median number of days away from work was 10 in 2004.

Samuel W. Meyer

Economist, Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Telephone: (202) 691-6273; E-mail: Meyer.Samuel@bls.gov

Stephen M. Pegula

Economist, Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Telephone: (202) 691-6166; E-mail: Pegula.Stephen@bls.gov

Notes

1 Both the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

publish information on construction and have set specific goals to address each emphasis area in the industry. In addition, the second decade

of NIOSH’s National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) will give specific attention to the Construction sector. For more information, see

the following websites: OSHA Construction Industry page: http://www.osha.gov/doc/index.html; OSHA Local Emphasis Programs: http://

www.osha.gov/dep/local_emphasis_programs.html; NIOSH Construction page: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/construction/; NIOSH Strategic

Goals in Construction page: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/construction/draftgoal-inst.html; NORA’s second decade page: http://

www.cdc.gov/niosh/nora/intro.html.

2 The data in this analysis come from two programs within the BLS Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities (IIF) program: data on fatalities are from

the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI); data on nonfatal injuries and illnesses are from the Survey of Occupational Injuries and

Illnesses (SOII) program, which collects data from a sample of business establishments in the United States. For more information on both

programs, see "Chapter 9, Occupational safety and health statistics" in BLS Handbook of Methods, available on the Internet at http://

www.bls.gov/opub/hom/home.htm. The IIF program uses the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS) to define event.

Occupation is defined using the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system, and industry is defined using the North American

Industrial Classification System (NAICS). 3 Fatalities in this study are based on revised and final fatality counts. Although 44 Government construction workers incurred fatal injuries in

2004, the focus of this analysis is on construction workers in the private sector.

4 Employment data are from the BLS Current Population Survey (CPS). Private sector employment of workers aged 16 years and older in the

construction industry was 9,632,000 in 2003 and 10,272,000 in 2004.

5 Includes cases in which the nature of injury is among the following: sprains, tears; back pain, hurt back; soreness, pain, hurt, except back;

carpal tunnel syndrome; hernia; or musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases and disorders; injury- or illness-causing events or

exposures such as bodily reaction/bending, climbing, crawling, reaching, twisting; overexertion; or repetition. Cases of Raynaud’s

phenomenon, tarsal tunnel syndrome, and herniated spinal discs are not included. Although these cases may be considered MSDs, the cases

are classified in categories that also include non-MSD cases.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 3

Table 1. Construction fatalities by event, 2003–04

Event 2003 2004

Total fatalities 1,131 1,234

Falls 364 445

Transportation incidents 290 287

Highway incidents 145 148

Nonhighway incidents 48 45

Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment 84 78

Contact with objects & equipment 231 267

Struck by object 111 150

Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials 78 71

Exposure to harmful substances and environments 179 170

Contact with electric current 132 122

Table 2. Construction fatalities from falls, 2003–04

Event 2003 2004

Total fatalities 1,131 1,234

Falls 364 445

Fall from roof 110 159

Fall from roof edge 59 62

Fall through skylight 12 27

Fall from scaffolding, staging 67 74

Fall from ladder 60 79

Fall from nonmoving vehicle 20 20

Table 3. Construction fatalities by occupation, 2003–04

Occupation 2003 2004

Total fatalities 1,131 1,234

Construction laborers 270 283

Carpenters 90 107

Construction managers 63 95

Roofers 53 94

First-line supervisors 96 93

Electricians 64 70

Painters and paperhangers 55 57

Truck drivers 42 56
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 4

Table 4. Number and rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses in the construction industry, 2003–04

Case Type

2003 2004

Number Rate Number Rate

Total cases 408,300 6.8 401,000 6.4

Days away from work, job transfer, or restriction 218,000 3.6 212,200 3.4

Days away from work 155,400 2.6 153,200 2.4

Job transfer or restriction 62,500 1.0 59,000 0.9

Other recordable cases 190,300 3.2 188,900 3.0

Note: Rate equals number of injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers.

Table 5. Nonfatal injuries and illnesses involving days away from work in the construction industry, 2003–04

Event or exposure 2003 2004

Total 155,420 153,200

Overexertion 30,390 30,460

Struck by object 28,890 27,950

Fall to lower level 20,280 20,950

Fall to same level 14,050 12,700

Struck against object 13,570 12,720

Table 6. Percent distribution of days away from work due to nonfatal injuries and illnesses in the construction

industry, 2003–04

Days away from work (DAFW) 2003 2004

Total injuries with DAFW 155,420 153,200

Percent distribution:

Total 100.0 100.0

1 day away from work 13.1 13.5

2 days 10.4 10.1

3 to 5 days 16.7 17.1

6 to 10 days 11.1 12.2

11 to 20 days 10.6 11.8

21 to 30 days 7.2 7.0

31 or more days 30.9 28.3

Median days away from work 10 10
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS

Page 5

Data for Chart 1. Construction fatalities by industry, 2004

Industry Percent distribution

Specialty trade contractors 62%

Construction of buildings 18%

Heavy and civil engineering 18%

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | Division of Information and Marketing Services, PSB Suite 2850, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE Washington, DC

20212-0001 | www.bls.gov/OPUB | Telephone: 1-202-691-5200 | Contact Us