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.
ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE

June 4, 2018
2018 CO 46
No. 17SC346, Mason v. Farm Credit S. Colo., ACA
— C.R.C.P. 38
— Right to a Jury Trial
— Legal or Equitable
— Basic Thrust Test. This case concerns the right to a jury trial in a civil case. The supreme court considers whether trial courts must review the claims in a plaintiff’s amended complaint, as opposed to those in its original complaint, to determine whether a party is entitled to a jury trial under C.R.C.P. 38. The supreme cou rt concludes that its prio r

cases and the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure require it to answer that question affirmatively. Accordingly, the court holds that when a plaintiff amends its complaint and a party properly demands a jury trial under C.R.C.P. 38 , the trial court should determine whether the case may be tried to a jury based on the claims in the amended complaint. The supreme court further holds that C.R.C.P. 38 permits a case to be tried to a jury when the claims in the plaintiff’s amended complaint are primarily legal , as opposed to equitable. Finally, a fter examining the respondent s ’ amended complaint, the supreme court concludes that the respondent s ’ claims against the petitioner are primarily legal, meaning the petitioner was entitled to a jury trial under C.R.C.P. 38 . As a result, the supreme court reverses the j udgment of the court of appeals.1
2 The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado 3 2 East 14 th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 8020 3 4
2018 CO 46 5 Supreme Court Case No. 17SC346 6 Certior ari to the Colorado Court of Appeals 7 Court of Appeals Case No. 15CA852 8 Petitioner : 9 James C. Mason , a/k/a Jim Mason, 10

v. 11 Respondents : 12 Farm Credit of Southern Colorado, ACA , and Farm Credit of Southern Colorado, FLCA

. 13 Judgment Reversed 14 en banc 15 June 4, 2018 16 17 Attorneys for Petitioner : 18 James M. Croshal 19 Pueblo, Colorado 20 21 Mullans Piersel and Reed, PC 22 Shannon Reed 23 Pueblo, Colorado 24 25 Attorneys for Respondents : 26 Spencer Fane LLP 27 Scott C. Sandberg 28 John O’Brien 29 Denver, Colorado 30 31 32 33 34 35 CHIEF JUSTICE RICE delivered the Opinion of the Court. 362

¶1 In this case, we consider whether the petitioner was entitled to a jury trial under
Rule 38 of the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure

. 1 The court of appeals held that the petitioner was not entitled to a jury trial becau se the claims in the respondent s ’ original complaint were primarily equitable. Farm Credit of S. Colo. , ACA v. Mason , 2017 COA 42, __ P.3d __

. In drawing this conclusion, the court of appeals ignor ed the claims in the respondent s ’ a mended complaint. That was in error. As in other contexts, for purposes of the civil jury trial right, a plaintiff’s amended complaint supersedes its original complaint

. Accordingly, w e hold that when a plaintiff amends its complaint and a party properl y requests a jury trial , the trial court should determine whether the case may be tried to a jury based on the claims in the amended complaint , not the original complaint

. I f the claims against a particular defendant in a plainti ff’s amended complaint ent itle that defendant to a jury trial, then “ all issues of fact shall be tried by a jury , ” upon a proper jury demand and payment of the requisite fee. C.R.C.P. 38. Here, the claims against t he petitioner in the respondent s ’ amended complaint were primarily legal, as opposed to equitable, meaning the petitioner was entitled to a jury trial under
Rule 38. Therefore , we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the case to that court for further proceedings consi stent with this opinion.

1 We granted certiorar i to review the following issue : 1. [REFRAMED] Whether the court of appeals erred in considering only the claims in respondent ’ s original complaint, ignoring its amended complaint, to determine whether petitioner, a party joined as a defendant in the amended complaint, was entitled to a jury trial under C.R.C.P

. 38(a).3 

### I. Facts and Procedural History
¶2 Between 2008 a nd 2011, Zach ary Mason (“Zach ”) farmed several properties in Otero County, Colorado. During this time, Zach executed several loan agreements with Farm Credit of Southern Colorado, ACA , and Farm Credit of Southern Colorado, FLCA (collectively, “Farm Credit”). As part of the loan agreements, Farm Credit owned a perfected security inte rest in some of Zach ’s crops , farm equipment, and other items of personal property

. In May 2012, Zach defaulted on his loans. As a result, Farm Credit
sued Zach for judgment on his notes, foreclosure of real property collateral, replevin of personal property collateral, conversion of insurance proceeds, civil theft, breach of contract, and fraud.
¶3 In Ma rch 2013, Farm Credit amended its complaint to add Zach ’s father, James
Mason (“ Mason ”), as a defendant

. Mason also farmed in Otero County, but his farming operations were separate from Zach ’s, and he did not cosign any of Zach ’s loans. In its
amended co mplaint, Farm Credit brought claims against Mason for replevin and
conversion , and it also requested an accounting

. To support its replevin claim, Farm
Credit alleged that Mason harvested and then sol d, transferred, used, or store d crops that it held as c ollateral . Farm Credit sought the return of its crop collateral , plus any proceeds from the sale or use of it

. To support its conversion claim, Farm Credit alleged
that Mason used or disposed of crops, farm products, and machinery that Farm Credit4

held a s collateral without remitting the proceeds to Farm Credit

. The amended complaint did not significantly change the claims against Zach

. 2
¶4 In his answer, Mason demanded a jury trial. Farm Credit moved to strike
Mason ’s jury demand. In its motion, Farm Credit argued that the claims in a plaintiff’s initial complaint are the sole determinant of a defendant’s right to a jury trial under
Rule 38(a) and that because the claims in Farm Credit’s original complaint were primarily equitable, Mason was not e ntitled to a jury trial

. Alternatively, Farm Credit argued that even if the court considered the claims in its amended complaint to
determine whether Mason was entitled to a jury trial, the basic thrust of those claims remained equitable. Mason opposed t he motion, arguing that the claims against him in Farm Credit’s amended complaint were primarily legal and that those were the only
claims that the court should consider to decide the jury trial question. In a brief order,

t he trial court granted Farm Cre dit’s motion, adopting “the authorities, reasoning, and analysis ” as stated in the motion and finding that the basic thrust of the action was equitable

. Following a bench trial, the trial court found that Mason was liable for
conversion of the collateral.
¶5 Mason appeale d the trial court’s decision to strike his request for a jury trial. The court of appeals affirmed. Mason , ¶ 1. As relevant here, the court of appeals concluded
that Farm Credit’s original complaint “mainly [sought] judgment on promissory notes and the foreclosure and disposition of collateral,” i d. at ¶ 18, meaning it was an

2 A few months after Farm C redit filed its original complaint against Zach, Zach filed for bankruptcy. As a result, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court resolved most of Farm Credit’s monetary claims against Zach

.5

equitable action to be tried to the court. Furthermore, the court of appeals rejected
Mason ’s argument that the trial court should have considered the claims in Farm Credit’s amended complaint (when he was first added as a defendant). Id. at ¶ 19. In so doing, the court of appeals did not explicitly discuss whether claims in an original, as
oppo sed to an amended, complaint control the right to a jury trial; instead, it simply
held that Mason had no right to a jury trial because “the basic thrust of the underlying action was equitable.” Id. at ¶ 20.
¶6 W e granted certiorari to decide whether a trial court must consider the claims in a plaintiff’s amended complaint to determine whether a party is entitled to a jury trial
under Rule 38.


### II. Standard of Review
¶7 W e interpret the Colorado Rules of Civi l Procedure de novo

. DCP Midstream,
LP v. Anadarko Petroleum Corp. , 2013 CO 36, ¶ 24, 303 P.3d 1187, 1193

. “ Rules of procedure are interpreted according to their ‘ commonly understood and accepted meaning. ’ ” Garcia v. Schneider Energy Servs., Inc. , 2012 CO 62, ¶ 7, 287 P.3d 112, 114 (quoting Leaffer v. Zarlengo , 44 P.3d 1072, 1078 (Colo. 2002) ). We construe the m liberally to effectuate their objective “ to secure the just, speedy, and inexpen sive determination of every action

. ” C.R.C.P. 1.


### III. Analysis ¶8 This case requires us to decide whether trial court s must consider the claims in a plaintiff’s amended complaint to determine whether a party is entitled to a jury trial
under Rule 38 . We conclude that they must

. Our opinion proceeds in four parts.6

In Part A, we provide some background on Colorado’ s civil jury trial right and the issues presented by this case

. In Part B, we explain how Rule 15 and Rule 38 of the
Colorado R ules of Civil Procedure require the result we reach here

. In Part C , we review our prior holdings in this area to clarify how t he rule we adopt complements and is supported by those cases. Finally, i n Part D , we apply our holding to the facts in
this case and conclude that based on the claims in Farm Credit’ s amended complaint Mason was entitled to a jury trial under Rule 38. Ac cordingly, we reverse the court of appeals and remand the case to that court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

### A. Colorado’s Civil Jury Trial Right
¶9 “ In Colorado there is no constitutional right to a trial by jury in a civil action. ”
Kaitz v. Dist. Court , 650 P.2d 553, 554 (Colo. 1982). Instead, t he right to a jury trial in
civil cases is derived from Rule 38 (a) , which provides in relevant part : Upon the filing of a demand and the simultaneous payment of the requisite jury fee by any party in actions wherein a trial by jury is provided by constitution or by statute , including actions for the recovery of specific real or personal property, with or without damages, or for money claimed as due on contract, or as damages for breach of con tract, or for injuries to person or property, all issues of fact shall be tried by a jury. Rule 38(b) then clarifies that to request a jury trial a party must serve a demand “ after
the commencement of the action but not later than 1 4 days after the service of the last pleading directed to such issue.” Essentially, three elements must be met before a civil case may be tried to a jury : (1) a party must timely file a demand ; (2) that party must pay the requisite jury fee ; and (3) either the constitution or a statute must authorize a7

jury trial for the type of action filed. This case concerns the third element : whether the constitution or a statute authorizes a jury trial for Farm Credit’s action against Mason

. ¶10 We have established two rules to help courts determine whether the Colorado constitution or statutes provide for a jury trial in a given case
. First , w e have interpreted Rule 38 and the former versions of that rule to provide for a jury trial only in proceedings that are legal in nature, not equitable. Kaitz , 650 P.2d at 554

– 55 (interpreting Rule 38) ; Neikirk v. Boulder Nat ’l Bank , 127 P. 137, 139 ( Colo. 1912) ( interpreting the code of civil procedure, which predates the rules of civil procedu re ) ; Selfridge v. Leonard

- Heffner Mach. Co. , 117 P. 158 , 159 (Colo. 1911) ( same ); see also
Miller v. Dist. Court , 388 P.2d 763, 765 (Colo. 1964) (holding that Rule 38 “ adopts without change the provisions of Rule 191 of the Code of Civil Procedure ”) . In general, actions for money damages are legal, whereas actions invoking the coercive powers of the court are equitable. Peterson v. McMahon , 99 P.3d 594, 598 (Colo. 2004).
¶11 Second, w e have held that whether an action is legal or equitable is dictate d only by the cl aims in a plaintiff’s complain t

. See Selfridge , 117 P. at 159

. By contrast , t he
claims in a defendant’s answer are irrelevant to determining the nature of a cause of
action

. Id. Thus , i f a plaintiff pleads only legal claims, the case will be tried to a jury upon proper demand and payment of the jury fee

. Id. ; C.R.C.P. 38. If a plaintiff pleads only equitable claims, the case will be tried to the court. When a plaintiff’s complaint presents both legal and equitable claims, the trial court must look to the overall
character of the action to determine whether it is fundamentally legal or equitable

. See Esselstyn v. U.S. Gold Corp. , 149 P. 93, 94 ( Colo. 1915) (holding that an action seeking8

both damages for past trespasses and an injunction of future trespasses was, on the whole, equitable); see also Kaitz , 6 50 P.2d at 555 (holding that an action for breach of fiduciary duty was equitable in nature despite seeking compensatory and punitive damages ) . This analysis is known as the “basic thrust” doctrine. See First Nat’l Bank v.
Theos , 794 P. 2d 1055, 1059 (Colo. App. 1990)

. ¶12 Those two rules ex plain the process that trial courts should follow to determine
whether a lawsuit is legal or equitable when the plaintiff’s claims appear in a single complaint. See, e.g. , Neikirk , 127 P. at 138

. Today, however, we must dec ide for the
first time how trial courts should treat the claims in a plaintiff’s amended complaint , as compared with those in an initi al complaint, when analyzing a party’s entitlement to a jury trial under Rule 38

. The court of appeals ignored the claims in Farm Credit’s amended complaint. We conclude that that was in error. W e hold that when a plaintiff
amends its complaint and a party properly requests a jury trial under Rule 38 , the trial
court should determine whether the case may be tried to a jury based on the claims in the amended complaint. As in other contexts, for purposes of the civil jury trial right,

“ O nce a pla intiff files an amended complaint, the original complaint is superseded

. ”
Currier v. Sutherland , 218 P.3d 709, 715 (Colo. 2009)

. I f the claims in a plaintiff’s amended complaint entitle the parties to a jury trial and at least one party makes a proper de mand , then “ all issues of fact shall be tried by a jury.” C.R.C.P. 38 (a)

.



### B
. Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure
¶13 Our holding that trial courts must consider the claims in a plaintiff’s amend ed complaint when determining the availability of a ju ry trial in a civil case effectuates the9

goal of Rule 15 and Rule 38 to permit all parties either alleging or defending against legal claims to litigate them before a jury. Our holding also makes practical sense and avoids reading absurdity into the rules.
¶14 Read together, Rule 15 and Rule 38 support our holding in three ways. First, despite Rule 15’s clear allowance for parties to amend their pleadings, Rule 38 does not distinguish between original pleadings and amended pleadings for purposes of the civil jury tr ial right

. Specifically, Rule 15 permits plaintiffs to amend their original complaint under certain circumstances, and w e have held that “ [o] nce a plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original complaint is superseded.” Currier , 218 P.3d at 715

. Despite this,
Rule 38(a) provides, simply, that “all issues of fact shall be tried by a jury” when any party to a lawsuit timely files a jury demand and the action is one “wherein a trial by jury is provided,” i.e., where a plaintiff’s claims against a def endant are primarily legal. Thus, Rule 38 focuses on whether an action is legal or equitable based on the claims that will ultimately go to trial; it is not concerned with claims that appear in a plaintiff’s initial complain t but are later overridden by c laims in an amended complaint. This reading is consistent with our holding in Currier

. ¶15 Second, Rule 38 permit s parties to endorse a request for a jury trial upon an amended pleading, which negates Farm Credit’s argument that only the claims in a plaintiff’s original complaint determine the nature of a case

. Rule 38 permits parties to endorse their demand for a jury trial “upon a pleading,” such as a complaint or answer or an amended complaint or answer. Rule 38 does not require the pleading to b e “original.” Thus, if a plaintiff amends its complaint as permitted by Rule 15 to allege10

only legal claims, the defendant can file an answer pursuant to Rule 15 and endorse a jury trial request upon that pleading pursuant to Rule 38. In such a case, the plaintiff has the same right to request a jury trial either in its amended complaint or in a separate, timely filed demand. C.R.C.P. 38. Interpreting Rule 38 to designate the plaintiff’s original complaint as the sole determinant of the nature of a case would render ineffective the clauses in Rule 15 and Rule 38 that permit parties to request a jury trial in an amended pleading. We refuse to adopt s uch a construction.
¶16 Third , Rule 38’s timeliness requirements support our reading that the claims in a pl aintiff’s amended complaint determine the nature of a lawsuit. Rule 38 does not insist that parties file their requests for a jury at the beginning of a lawsuit. Instead, u nder
Rule 38 a jury demand is timely if it is filed “ not later than 14 days after the service of the last pleading directed to such issue ” (emphasis added); this could refer to a plaintiff’s amended complaint or a defendant’s answer to an amended complaint.
¶17 Finally, the rule that a plaintiff’s amended comp laint controls the nature of an action for purposes of the jury trial right makes practical sense and avoids absurdity

. Rule 38 provides all parties the opportunity to request a jury trial in cases that are legal
in nature . Determining the nature of a ca se based on the most

- recently

- filed complaint prevents both the plaintiff and the defendant from engaging in gamesmanship and effectuates Rule 38’s purpose . For example, a rule designating a plaintiff’s original complaint as solely determinative of the na ture of a case would allow a plaintiff to avoid a jury trial by alleging only equitable claims in an initial complaint and then later amending that complaint to contain primarily legal claims. Similarly, that rule would11

allow a defendant to block the jury trial request of a well

- intentioned plaintiff that amends its purely equitable complaint to add newly discovered legal claims

. Finally , under that rule, a plaintiff could allege only legal claims in its original complaint, request a jury trial, and then amend its complaint to contain only equitable claims but nonetheless have its case tried to a jury.
¶18 The purpose of Rule 38 is to provide for a jury trial in cases where the claims going to trial are primarily legal . Only a rule designating a pl aintiff’s most

- recently

amended complaint as determinative of the nature of a lawsuit effectuates that purpose

. Therefore, upon receipt of a proper jury demand, the trial court must consider the claims in the plaintiff’s most

- recently

- filed complaint to d etermine whether the case must be tried to a jury

. 3



### C
. Colorado Supreme Court Precedents ¶19 Farm Credit concedes that the plain language of Rule 38 does not support its argument, but it argues that our prior cases require trial courts to consider only those claims in a plaintiff’s original complaint when determining a party’s entitlement to a jury trial

. In addition to the division here, a t least two other divisions of the court of appeals have interpreted our case law to preclude trial courts from con sidering the claims in a plaintiff’s amended complaint when determining the basic thrust of an
action. Carder v. Cash , 97 P.3d 174 , 187 (Colo. App. 2003) ; see Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co.

3 Our holding does not overrule Murray v. Dist

. Court , 539 P.2d 1254 (Colo. 1975)

. That case addresses the extreme circumstance in which a party abuses its r ig ht to request a jury trial to disrupt a tria l calendar and to obtain delay

. Id. at 1255. In such a circumstance, trial courts maintain the discretion t o handle their trial calendars “as they deem expedient.” C.R.C.P. 40

.12

v. DeWitt , 216 P.3d 60 , 63 (Colo. App. 2008) , aff’d , 218 P.3d 318 (Colo . 2009)

. We disapprove of these char acterizations of our case law. Not only have we never held that a trial court is limited to considering only those claims in a plaintiff’s initial complaint,
but we have also considered the claims in a plaintiff ’ s amended complaint when conducting our own analysis of a defendant’s right to a jury trial. See Plains Iron Works Co. v. Haggott , 210 P. 696, 697 ( Colo. 1922). We review our cases in this area to clarify our prior holdings.
¶20 We first articulated the rule that the plaintiff’s complaint dictates the nature of a lawsuit for purposes of the jury trial right in Selfridge . We held that the defendant was not entitled to a jury trial because the plaintiff’s action to foreclose a mechanic’s lien on
a mill site wa s equitable , an d the fact that the defendant sought legal damages in a
counterclaim 4 d id not change “ the cause of action as set forth in, and determined by, the complaint

. ” Selfridge , 117 P. at 159

. Since then, we have applied the Selfridge rule consistently to exclude claims brought by defendants from our jury trial right analysis.
S ee Miller , 388 P.2d at 7 65

– 66 (ignoring the claims in the defendant’s counterclaim) ; Tiger Placers Co. v. Fisher , 54 P.2d 891 , 892 (Colo. 1936 ) (same , but the counterclaim

was titled “cross

- complaint” ); Neikirk , 127 P. at 139 (same)

. In each of these cases , we emphasized that only claims brought by plaintiffs affect the status of a case as legal or equitable for purposes of the civil jury trial right

.

4 In Selfridge , t he defendant’s claim against the sole plaintiff w as titled a “cross

complaint.” 117 P. at 159

.13

¶21 Notably, we have analyzed the availability of a jury trial in only two case s involving amended complaints

. In Plains Iron Works , we concluded that the
defendants were not entitled to a jury trial because the underlying case was a lawsuit for specific performance , which is an equitable action

. 210 P. at 697

. In so holding, we
considered in part “ the allegations of the amended complaint. ” Id. In DeWitt , we were tasked with determining whether the plaintiff’s amended complaint , which alleged two negligence claims, sou ght legal or equitable remedies. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v.
DeWitt , 218 P.3d 318, 324 (Colo. 2009) . However, the plaintiff “did not specify the type of damages sought in [its] Amended Complaint ” ; it alleged negligence without requesting any specific relief. Id

. Rather than hold that we could not or need not consider the claims in the amended complaint, we inferred the remedies available to the plaintiff based on its status as a subrogee , a part y limited to those claims and remedies available to the subrogor

. Id. We concluded that had the subrogor brought the lawsuit independently he “ would have sought monetary damages intended to compensate him for his injuries .” Id. Accordingly, we held that the plaintiff was limited to seeking compensatory damages and, therefore , asserted legal claims in its amended complaint

. Id

. Thus, in the only jury trial right cases involving amended complaints that we have
reviewed , we cons idered the claims plead ed in the amended complaints rather than ignoring those claims.
¶22 Farm Credit ’s argument that trial courts must ignore the claims in a plaintiff’s amended complaint when conducting a jury trial right analysis stems from its misunderstanding of our holdings in Tiger Placers , 54 P.2d at 892 , Johnson v. Neel , 2 2914

P.2d 939, 945 (Colo. 1951) , and Miller , 388 P.2d at 766. The divisions of the court of appeals that have adopted the rule Farm Credit proposes misconstrued these cases as
well. See Carder , 97 P.3d at 187 ; DeWitt , 216 P.3d at 63

. Neither Tiger Placers nor Johnson nor Miller suggests that trial courts must ignore the claims in a plaintiff’s amended complaint when conducting a jury trial right analysis , and we disapprove of
any cases holding that they do

. ¶23 In Tiger Placers , which involved a n equitable lawsuit met by a counterclaim for damages , we applied the Selfridge rule and held that w hile the c ounterclaim “ presented issues determinable at law, the complaint fixed the nature of the suit and by what arm
of the court it should be tried

. ” 54 P.2d at 89 2

. Johnson added the word “original” to
the Tiger Placers rule. 229 P.2d at 945 (“[I] n Tiger Placers , [w e] recognized the rule that
the original complaint filed in an action fixes ‘the nature of the suit .’” )

. A fter Johnson , this “original complaint” language beca me a fixture in the articulation of the S elfridge rule both by this court and , more often, by the court of appeals. See, e.g. , Miller , 388
P.2d at 7 65

– 66 ; DeWitt , 216 P.3d at 63; Carder , 97 P.3d at 187 ; Citicorp Acceptance Co. v.
Sittner , 772 P.2d 655 , 656 (Colo. App. 1989) ; In re Tr. of Malone , 658 P.2d 284, 286 (Colo. App. 1982)

. However, Johnson does not stand for the principle that trial courts must consider only those claims in a plaintiff’s original complaint

— as distinct from its
amended complaint

— when conducting a jury trial right analysi s . I nstead , Johnson merely reinforces the basic Selfridge rule that a court should not consider the
defendant’s counter claims when determining the availability of a jury trial

. See Johnson , 229 P.2d at 943

– 45

. First, Johnson was about a party’s waiver of its right to a15

jury trial, not its entitlement to a jury trial

. Id

. Second , we decided Johnson on equitable estoppel grounds, and we expressly declined to apply the rule from Tiger
Placers

. Id

. at 945. Third , and most importantly, Johnson did not use the phrase “original complaint” to distinguish between a plaintiff’s initial complain t and a later amended complaint because it did not involve an amended complaint at all

. See i d. at
940

– 41

. ¶24 Finally, Miller quote d the “original complaint” language from Johnson , but
Miller reinforces only that the plaintiff’s claims, not the defendant’s, determine the nature of an action for purposes of the jury trial right. 388 P.2d at 765

– 66. In that case,

w e applied the Selfridge rule to hold that the defendants were not entitled to a jury trial under Rule 38 because the plaintiff’s complaint for foreclosure sounded in equity , and
the defendants’ counterclaim for breach of contract did not change that

. Id. at 764

– 65

. An d, l ike Johnson , Miller did not involve an amended complaint

. See i d. at 764.
¶25 Thus, n one of our cases should be read to support a rule that limits trial courts to consider ing only the claims in a plaintiff’s initial complaint to determine the basic thrust of a plaintiff’s cause of action , and we disapprove of the court of appeals cases that construe them that way. Instead , our cases support our holding that upon receipt of a
prope r jury demand under Rule 38 a trial court must consider the claims in the plaintiff’s most

- recently

- filed complaint to determine whether the case must be tried to a jury

. See Plains Iron Works , 210 P. at 697

.16 

### D
. Application to Farm Credit’s Amended Complaint ¶26 After examining Farm Credit’s amended complaint, we conclude that the basic thrust of Farm Credit’s action against Mason was legal, meaning Mason was entitled to a jury trial.
¶27 There are two methods to determine whether an action is legal or equitable

. Peterson , 99 P.3d at 597

. Under the first method , courts examine the nature of the remedy sought : “ Actions seeking monetary damages are considered legal while actions seeking to invoke the coercive power of the court, such as those seeking inj unctions or specific performance, are deemed equitable. ” Id. Under the second method, courts look to the historical nature of the right that a plaintiff is seeking to enforce. Id. at 597

– 98. If the plaintiff is seeking to enforce a right historically d ecided by equity courts , the
claim is equitable

. Id. If the right was historically enforced by a court of law, the claim is legal. See i d. at 598. “[W]e have generally preferred using the remedi al method in deciding whether a claim is legal or equitable .” Id. However, b oth methods support
our conclusion that Farm Credit’s amende d complaint was primarily lega l.
¶28 Farm Credit ’s amended complaint brought claims against Mason for conversion, replevin , and an accounting

. We examine each claim in turn.
¶29 First, “ [c] onversion is any distinct, unauthorized act of dominion or ownership exercised by one person over personal property belonging to another .” Byron v. York
Inv. Co. , 296 P.2d 742, 745 ( Colo. 1956)

. A ctions for conv ersion often, if not always, seek money damages equivalent to the value of the personal property that was converted.
See Md. Cas. Co. v. Messina , 874 P.2d 1058, 1065 (Colo. 1994) ( acknowledging that in a17

successful claim for conversion, the defendant “ may justly be required to pay the othe r the full value of the chattel ” ). As a result, c laims for conversion have been considered
actions at law requiring a trial by jury upon demand. S ee , e.g. , Montgomery v. Tufford , 437 P.2d 36, 37 ( Colo. 1968) (reviewing a conversion claim that was tried before a jury)

. Farm Credit’s conversion claim against Mason is likewise legal , and Farm Credit does not dispute that

. Farm Credit alleged that Mason used or disposed of harvested crops, growing crops, livest ock, unmanufactured farm products, and farm machinery belonging to Farm Credit

. T his claim necessarily seeks money damages to replace the
converted collateral. Therefore, it is a legal claim.
¶30 Second , Farm Credit’s claim for replevin is a lso a cause of action at law

. Replevin is, and historically has been, “ a possessory action in which a claimant seeks to recover both possession of personal property that has been wrongfully taken or detained and damages for its unlawful detention.” In re Marr iage of Allen , 7 24 P.2d 651, 656 (Colo. 1986) ; c ompare Code of Civil Procedure, ch. 5, § 86 (1908) , with C.R.C.P. 104 ( each defining replevin in substantially the same way )

. T he civil jury trial right in Colorado has applied to such actions almost since i ts inception. Compare Code of Civil Procedure, ch. 12, § 190 (1908) , with C.R.C.P. 38 (both providing for trial by jury in

“ actions for the recovery of specific real or personal property, with or without damages ”). As a result, Colorado courts have permitted actions in replevin to be tried
before a jury. See, e.g. , Israel v. Day , 68 P. 122, 124 ( Colo. App. 1902) (reviewing on appeal a replevin action tried to a jury). Thus, tracing its historical roots, replevin is an
action at law

.18

¶31 Additionally , Farm Credit’ s claim for replevin against Mason sought a legal remedy. Farm Credit’s replevin claim alleged that Mason harvested certain crops belonging to Farm Credit and then sold, transferred, used, or stored the crops. Farm Credit sought a ny proceeds from the sale of the crops, including any livestock that
consumed them

. Farm Credit argues that, as a secured creditor, its replevin claim against Mason was in the nature of a foreclosure and must be considered equitable
under W estern Nat ional Bank of Cas per v. ABC Drilling Co. , 599 P.2d 942 ( Colo. App. 1979)

. I n Western National , a creditor sought to replevy an oil rig from a debtor in
default pursuant to section 4

- 9

- 503(1), C.R.S. (1973) (currently located at § 4

- 9

- 609 , C.R.S. (2017))

. 599 P.2d at 946

– 47

. T he cou rt of appeals held that the debtor was not entitled to a jury trial because, although Rule 38 applies in actions for the recovery of personal property, “ the rule is not intended to extend to actions involving the repossession of collateral by a secured party

. ” Id. at 947. Crucially, the court of appeals
noted that section 4

- 9

- 503(1) permitted the secured party to take possession of collateral upon the debtor’s default “without judicial process.” Id. Because of that language and
the defendan t’s status as a debtor to the plaintiff , the court of appeals held that “ the secured party ’ s remedy [was] in the nature of a foreclosure, an equitable action which is
to be tried to the court

. ” Id. That is not the case here. Mason is not a debtor of Farm Credit, so Farm Credit’s replevin claim against him was not in the nature of a
foreclosure ; it was instead an ordinary replevin claim triable to a jury

. See Citicorp , 772
P.2d at 656 (holding that a replevin claim by a secured cre ditor to collect proceeds of collateral from a third party non

- debtor was legal , not equitable )

.19

¶32 Finally , the parties agree that Farm Credit’s claim against Mason for an accounting was an equitable claim. See Peterson , 99 P.3d at 599 (acknowledging that a claim requesting an accounting is equitable)

. Nonetheless, the basic thrust of Farm Credit’s action against Mason is legal because its legal claims for replevin and
conversion are more substantive and more numerous than its equitabl e claim for an accounting

. Accordingly, Mason was entitled to a jury trial.


### IV . Conclusion
¶33 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the case to that court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.