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Poor, 2010

U.S. Department of Labor

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statisitics

March 2012

Report 1035

Table A.3RYHUW\VWDWXVRISHUVRQVDQGSULPDU\IDPLOLHVLQWKH 

ODERUIRUFHIRUZHHNVRUPRUH 

(Numbers in thousands) 

Characteristic 2007 2008 2009 2010

Total persons1 ........................... 146,567 147,838 147,902 146,859

In poverty ............................... 7,521 8,883 10,391 10,512

Working-poor rate .................. 5.1 6.0 7.0 7.2

Unrelated individuals ................. 33,226 32,785 33,798 34,099

In poverty ............................... 2,558 3,275 3,947 3,947

Working-poor rate .................. 7.7 10.0 11.7 11.6

Primary families2........................ 65,158 65,907 65,467 64,931

In poverty ............................... 4,169 4,538 5,193 5,269

Working-poor rate .................. 6.4 6.9 7.9 8.1

1 Includes persons in families, not shown separately. 2 Primary families with at least one member in the labor force for more 

than half the year. 

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the 

release of January data.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey 

(CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) 

I

n 2010, according to the Census Bureau, about 46.2 million 

people, or 15.1 percent of the nation’s population, lived below 

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Following are additional highlights from the 2010 data: 

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those with less than a high school diploma.

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in service jobs.

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This report presents data on the relationship between labor 

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famlies.

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personal income is used as the determinant. Data were collected 

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1

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United States: 2010&XUUHQW3RSXODWLRQ5HSRUWVSS86&HQVXV%XUHDX

6HSWHPEHURQOLQHDWhttp://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf.

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Additional errors were found in this report; data in table 4 were corrected since its reissue. More information is at www.bls.gov/bls/errata/corrected-workingpoor-data.htm.
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did other age groups in 2010.

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management, professional, and related occupations—than those 

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an associate’s degree and those with a bachelor’s degree or higher 

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for White men and women. For example, 20.2 percent of White 

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2.0 percent and 1.9 percent for White men and White women, 

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high school diploma were about the same—24.0 percent and 26.5 

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a bachelor’s degree or higher also were similar, at 4.0 percent and 

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SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement 
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was 12.7 percent, in contrast to 2.8 percent for families without 

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a complete count using the same questionnaire and procedures. 

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numbers are small. Thus, both small estimates and small differences between estimates should be interpreted with caution. 

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Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United 

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hhes/www/income/income.html.

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without permission.

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The 2010 estimates in this report, which were collected in the 

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the different consumption requirements of families predicated on 

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changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers 

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information, see Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010, online at http://www.census.gov/

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and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010, online at http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf.

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5

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used to describe the race of people in this report. People in these 

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Table 1. 3HRSOHLQWKHODERUIRUFHSRYHUW\VWDWXVDQGZRUNH[SHULHQFHE\ZHHNVLQWKHODERUIRUFH

(Numbers in thousands)

Poverty status and work experience Total in the labor force

27 or more weeks in the labor force

Total 50 to 52 weeks

7RWDO

Total in labor force ................................................................................ 158,882 146,859 134,601

 Did not work during the year ............................................................... 6,562 4,497 4,024

 Worked during the year ...................................................................... 152,320 142,362 130,577

 Usual full-time workers ..................................................................... 119,145 115,227 108,637

 Usual part-time workers .................................................................... 33,175 27,135 21,940

 Involuntary part-time workers ......................................................... 10,852 9,680 8,388

 Voluntary part-time workers ............................................................ 22,323 17,455 13,552

$WRUDERYHSRYHUW\OHYHO

Total in labor force ................................................................................ 145,964 136,348 125,589

 Did not work during the year ............................................................... 4,289 2,918 2,612

 Worked during the year ...................................................................... 141,674 133,430 122,977

 Usual full-time workers ..................................................................... 113,625 110,399 104,397

 Usual part-time workers .................................................................... 28,049 23,031 18,581

 Involuntary part-time workers ......................................................... 8,189 7,328 6,364

 Voluntary part-time workers ............................................................ 19,861 15,702 12,217

%HORZSRYHUW\OHYHO

Total in labor force ................................................................................ 12,919 10,512 9,012

 Did not work during the year ............................................................... 2,272 1,580 1,412

 Worked during the year ...................................................................... 10,646 8,932 7,599

 Usual full-time workers ..................................................................... 5,520 4,829 4,240

 Usual part-time workers .................................................................... 5,126 4,104 3,360

 Involuntary part-time workers ......................................................... 2,664 2,351 2,024

 Voluntary part-time workers ............................................................ 2,462 1,752 1,335

5DWH1

Total in labor force ................................................................................ 8.1 7.2 6.7

 Did not work during the year ............................................................... 34.6 35.1 35.1

 Worked during the year ...................................................................... 7.0 6.3 5.8

 Usual full-time workers ..................................................................... 4.6 4.2 3.9

 Usual part-time workers .................................................................... 15.5 15.1 15.3

 Involuntary part-time workers ......................................................... 24.5 24.3 24.1

 Voluntary part-time workers ............................................................ 11.0 10.0 9.9

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force.

6

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 2. 3HRSOHLQWKHODERUIRUFHIRURUPRUHZHHNVSRYHUW\VWDWXVE\DJHVH[UDFHDQG+LVSDQLFRU/DWLQR

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(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Below poverty level

Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

 Total, 16 years and older .................. 146,859 119,582 16,827 7,063 21,283 10,512 7,728 2,120 339 3,010

16 to 19 years ....................................... 3,140 2,621 329 72 571 452 326 101 7 125

20 to 24 years ....................................... 13,300 10,669 1,795 449 2,546 2,057 1,531 429 43 421

25 to 34 years ....................................... 32,561 25,743 4,216 1,661 6,127 3,005 2,132 670 89 954

35 to 44 years ....................................... 32,056 25,461 3,884 1,948 5,467 2,353 1,778 428 87 862

45 to 54 years ....................................... 34,721 28,539 3,870 1,636 4,068 1,689 1,258 314 66 454

55 to 64 years ....................................... 24,066 20,426 2,197 1,049 1,943 814 604 148 43 162

65 years and older ................................ 7,015 6,122 536 247 560 143 99 30 5 32

 Men, 16 years and older ................... 78,626 65,229 7,848 3,759 12,653 5,299 4,166 816 167 1,817

16 to 19 years ....................................... 1,577 1,317 153 37 328 206 164 27 4 74

20 to 24 years ....................................... 7,035 5,720 862 253 1,547 908 718 160 12 211

25 to 34 years ....................................... 17,908 14,446 2,031 926 3,857 1,568 1,228 226 51 615

35 to 44 years ....................................... 17,362 14,146 1,784 1,022 3,275 1,242 1,023 161 33 549

45 to 54 years ....................................... 18,223 15,244 1,790 854 2,255 890 674 150 45 268

55 to 64 years ....................................... 12,627 10,900 987 526 1,081 408 305 75 19 80

65 years and older ................................ 3,893 3,455 240 141 311 77 54 16 3 20

 Women, 16 years and older ............. 68,234 54,353 8,979 3,304 8,630 5,213 3,561 1,304 173 1,193

16 to 19 years ....................................... 1,563 1,304 177 35 244 246 162 74 3 51

20 to 24 years ....................................... 6,265 4,950 933 196 999 1,149 813 269 30 210

25 to 34 years ....................................... 14,652 11,296 2,185 735 2,270 1,437 904 444 38 339

35 to 44 years ....................................... 14,694 11,314 2,099 927 2,192 1,111 756 267 54 314

45 to 54 years ....................................... 16,498 13,295 2,079 782 1,814 799 584 163 21 186

55 to 64 years ....................................... 11,439 9,526 1,209 524 862 406 299 73 24 81

65 years and older ................................ 3,122 2,667 297 105 249 66 45 14 – 12

Age and sex

Rate1

Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic or

Latino

ethnicity

 Total, 16 years and older .................. 7.2 6.5 12.6 4.8 14.1

16 to 19 years ....................................... 14.4 12.4 30.6 2 ( ) 21.8

20 to 24 years ....................................... 15.5 14.3 23.9 9.5 16.5

25 to 34 years ....................................... 9.2 8.3 15.9 5.4 15.6

35 to 44 years ....................................... 7.3 7.0 11.0 4.5 15.8

45 to 54 years ....................................... 4.9 4.4 8.1 4.0 11.2

55 to 64 years ....................................... 3.4 3.0 6.8 4.1 8.3

65 years and older ................................ 2.0 1.6 5.5 2.1 5.8

 Men, 16 years and older ................... 6.7 6.4 10.4 4.4 14.4

16 to 19 years ....................................... 13.1 12.5 17.9 2 ( ) 22.5

20 to 24 years ....................................... 12.9 12.6 18.5 4.8 13.6

25 to 34 years ....................................... 8.8 8.5 11.1 5.5 15.9

35 to 44 years ....................................... 7.2 7.2 9.0 3.2 16.8

45 to 54 years ....................................... 4.9 4.4 8.4 5.2 11.9

55 to 64 years ....................................... 3.2 2.8 7.6 3.6 7.4

65 years and older ................................ 2.0 1.6 6.7 2.2 6.4

 Women, 16 years and older ............. 7.6 6.6 14.5 5.2 13.8

16 to 19 years ....................................... 15.7 12.4 41.7 2 ( ) 20.9

20 to 24 years ....................................... 18.3 16.4 28.8 15.5 21.0

25 to 34 years ....................................... 9.8 8.0 20.3 5.2 15.0

35 to 44 years ....................................... 7.6 6.7 12.7 5.8 14.3

45 to 54 years ....................................... 4.8 4.4 7.9 2.7 10.2

55 to 64 years ....................................... 3.5 3.1 6.0 4.6 9.4

65 years and older ................................ 2.1 1.7 4.6 1.9 4.9

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the

labor force for 27 or more weeks. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

 NOTE: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or

African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are

not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash represents or rounds to

zero.

7

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
7DEOH People in the labor force for 27 or more weeks: poverty status by educational attainment, race, Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, and sex, 2010

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8
Table 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year: poverty status by occupation of longest job

held, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 2010

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total Men Women

Below poverty level Rate1

Total Men Women Total Men Women

 Total, 16 years and older2 .......................................... 142,362 75,942 66,420 8,932 4,427 4,505 6.3 5.8 6.8

 Management, professional, and related occupations .... 52,776 25,631 27,145 1,069 476 593 2.0 1.9 2.2

 Management, business, and financial operations

occupations .............................................................. 21,829 12,458 9,371 354 201 153 1.6 1.6 1.6

 Professional and related occupations .......................... 30,947 13,173 17,774 715 275 440 2.3 2.1 2.5

 Service occupations ...................................................... 24,784 10,864 13,921 3,092 1,061 2,031 12.5 9.8 14.6

 Sales and office occupations ......................................... 33,738 12,718 21,020 2,069 667 1,402 6.1 5.2 6.7

 Sales and related occupations .................................... 15,309 7,689 7,621 1,246 373 874 8.1 4.8 11.5

 Office and administrative support occupations ............ 18,429 5,030 13,399 822 294 528 4.5 5.9 3.9

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations .............................................................. 14,023 13,433 591 1,404 1,339 66 10.0 10.0 11.1

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................. 1,007 794 213 196 159 36 19.4 20.1 17.1

 Construction and extraction occupations ..................... 8,060 7,873 188 968 942 25 12.0 12.0 13.5

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...... 4,956 4,766 190 241 237 4 4.9 5.0 2.0

 Production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations .............................................................. 16,920 13,190 3,730 1,283 871 412 7.6 6.6 11.1

 Production occupations ............................................... 8,446 6,009 2,437 603 342 261 7.1 5.7 10.7

 Transportation and material-moving occupations ........ 8,474 7,180 1,294 680 529 151 8.0 7.4 11.7

 White, 16 years and older2 ......................................... 116,412 63,292 53,120 6,695 3,563 3,132 5.8 5.6 5.9

 Management, professional, and related occupations .... 44,286 21,924 22,362 801 404 397 1.8 1.8 1.8

 Management, business, and financial operations

occupations .............................................................. 18,820 11,020 7,800 272 173 100 1.4 1.6 1.3

 Professional and related occupations .......................... 25,466 10,904 14,562 528 231 297 2.1 2.1 2.0

 Service occupations ...................................................... 18,818 8,431 10,387 2,258 816 1,442 12.0 9.7 13.9

 Sales and office occupations ......................................... 27,447 10,379 17,068 1,451 506 945 5.3 4.9 5.5

 Sales and related occupations .................................... 12,686 6,552 6,134 857 293 565 6.8 4.5 9.2

 Office and administrative support occupations ............ 14,762 3,827 10,934 594 214 381 4.0 5.6 3.5

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations .............................................................. 12,427 11,927 500 1,227 1,166 61 9.9 9.8 12.2

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................. 909 727 182 181 149 32 19.9 20.5 17.5

 Construction and extraction occupations ..................... 7,177 7,007 170 846 820 25 11.8 11.7 14.9

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...... 4,340 4,192 148 201 197 4 4.6 4.7 2.5

 Production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations .............................................................. 13,331 10,536 2,796 943 657 286 7.1 6.2 10.2

 Production occupations ............................................... 6,746 4,939 1,807 453 278 175 6.7 5.6 9.7

 Transportation and material-moving occupations ........ 6,585 5,597 988 489 379 110 7.4 6.8 11.2

 Black or African American, 16 years and older2 ......... 15,847 7,277 8,570 1,673 590 1,082 10.6 8.1 12.6

 Management, professional, and related occupations .... 4,424 1,559 2,865 183 32 151 4.1 2.1 5.3

 Management, business, and financial operations

occupations .............................................................. 1,519 639 881 43 11 31 2.8 1.8 3.6

 Professional and related occupations .......................... 2,905 921 1,984 141 21 120 4.8 2.3 6.0

 Service occupations ...................................................... 4,079 1,604 2,475 626 160 467 15.4 9.9 18.9

 Sales and office occupations ......................................... 3,939 1,354 2,585 485 121 364 12.3 8.9 14.1

 Sales and related occupations .................................... 1,488 566 921 301 49 251 20.2 8.7 27.3

 Office and administrative support occupations ............ 2,452 788 1,664 184 71 113 7.5 9.1 6.8

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations .............................................................. 985 931 54 112 112 – 11.3 12.0 3 ( )

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................. 61 41 20 8 8 – 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

 Construction and extraction occupations ..................... 539 528 10 72 72 – 13.4 13.7 3 ( )

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...... 385 361 23 31 31 – 8.2 8.7 3 ( )

 Production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations .............................................................. 2,405 1,820 585 267 166 101 11.1 9.1 17.2

 Production occupations ............................................... 1,002 640 363 114 44 70 11.4 6.8 19.4

 Transportation and material-moving occupations ........ 1,403 1,181 222 152 122 30 10.9 10.4 13.5

See footnotes at end of table.

9

This revised table corrects errors in data by occupation. More information is at www.bls.gov/bls/errata/corrected-working-poor-data.htm. 
Table 4. People in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year: poverty status by occupation of longest job

held, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 2010 — Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total Men Women

Below poverty level Rate1

Total Men Women Total Men Women

 Asian, 16 years and older2 ......................................... 6,860 3,666 3,194 290 141 149 4.2 3.8 4.7

 Management, professional, and related occupations .... 3,131 1,731 1,400 48 29 18 1.5 1.7 1.3

 Management, business, and financial operations

occupations .............................................................. 1,107 609 497 18 11 6 1.6 1.9 1.2

 Professional and related occupations .......................... 2,025 1,122 903 30 18 12 1.5 1.6 1.4

 Service occupations ...................................................... 1,180 504 675 115 48 67 9.7 9.5 9.9

 Sales and office occupations ......................................... 1,541 692 849 72 26 46 4.7 3.8 5.4

 Sales and related occupations .................................... 788 406 382 56 24 32 7.1 6.0 8.4

 Office and administrative support occupations ............ 753 286 467 16 2 14 2.1 .7 2.9

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations .............................................................. 271 255 17 17 17 – 6.1 6.5 3 ( )

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................. 11 7 4 – – – 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

 Construction and extraction occupations ..................... 128 125 2 13 13 – 10.2 10.4 3 ( )

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...... 133 122 10 4 4 – 2.6 2.9 3 ( )

 Production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations .............................................................. 737 484 253 39 21 18 5.2 4.3 7.1

 Production occupations ............................................... 511 299 211 28 14 14 5.5 4.8 6.5

 Transportation and material-moving occupations ........ 226 185 42 10 6 4 4.6 3.4 3 ( )

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and older2 ....... 20,484 12,160 8,324 2,695 1,638 1,056 13.2 13.5 12.7

 Management, professional, and related occupations .... 3,950 1,809 2,141 122 55 67 3.1 3.0 3.1

 Management, business, and financial operations

occupations .............................................................. 1,669 912 758 57 34 23 3.4 3.7 3.1

 Professional and related occupations .......................... 2,281 897 1,384 65 21 44 2.8 2.3 3.1

 Service occupations ...................................................... 5,223 2,650 2,573 964 438 526 18.5 16.5 20.4

 Sales and office occupations ......................................... 4,374 1,798 2,576 450 160 290 10.3 8.9 11.3

 Sales and related occupations .................................... 1,921 938 983 271 90 181 14.1 9.6 18.4

 Office and administrative support occupations ............ 2,453 859 1,594 179 70 109 7.3 8.1 6.9

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations .............................................................. 3,427 3,236 191 723 686 37 21.1 21.2 19.2

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................. 469 353 116 132 103 28 28.1 29.3 24.4

 Construction and extraction occupations ..................... 2,246 2,203 42 502 495 8 22.4 22.4 3 ( )

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...... 713 680 33 89 88 1 12.4 12.9 3 ( )

 Production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations .............................................................. 3,489 2,652 837 436 300 137 12.5 11.3 16.3

 Production occupations ............................................... 1,746 1,165 581 202 117 85 11.6 10.1 14.6

 Transportation and material-moving occupations ........ 1,743 1,487 256 234 182 52 13.4 12.3 20.4

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor

force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year. 2 Includes the long-term unemployed with no previous work experience

and a small number of people whose last job was in the Armed Forces. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

 Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented

for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may

be of any race. Dash represents or rounds to zero.

 Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

10
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(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Total families At or above

poverty level

Below poverty

level Rate1

 Total primary families ................................................ 64,931 59,662 5,269 8.1

With related children under 18 years ................................ 34,722 30,299 4,424 12.7

Without children ................................................................ 30,209 29,363 846 2.8

With one member in the labor force .................................. 27,726 23,403 4,322 15.6

With two or more members in the labor force ................... 37,206 36,259 947 2.5

 With two members .......................................................... 31,186 30,375 811 2.6

 With three or more members .......................................... 6,020 5,884 136 2.3

 Married-couple families ............................................. 48,427 46,167 2,260 4.7

With related children under 18 years ................................ 24,518 22,724 1,794 7.3

Without children ................................................................ 23,908 23,443 465 1.9

With one member in the labor force .................................. 16,288 14,651 1,637 10.1

 Husband .......................................................................... 11,589 10,310 1,279 11.0

 Wife ................................................................................. 4,052 3,755 296 7.3

 Relative ........................................................................... 647 585 62 9.6

With two or more members in the labor force ................... 32,139 31,516 623 1.9

 With two members .......................................................... 27,197 26,653 544 2.0

 With three or more members .......................................... 4,942 4,863 79 1.6

 Families maintained by women ................................. 11,678 9,211 2,466 21.1

With related children under 18 years ................................ 7,793 5,597 2,196 28.2

Without children ................................................................ 3,885 3,615 270 7.0

With one member in the labor force .................................. 8,452 6,232 2,221 26.3

 Householder .................................................................... 7,003 5,063 1,940 27.7

 Relative ........................................................................... 1,450 1,169 281 19.4

With two or more members in the labor force ................... 3,225 2,980 246 7.6

 Families maintained by men ..................................... 4,827 4,284 543 11.2

With related children under 18 years ................................ 2,411 1,978 433 18.0

Without children ................................................................ 2,416 2,306 110 4.5

With one member in the labor force .................................. 2,986 2,521 465 15.6

 Householder .................................................................... 2,448 2,059 390 15.9

 Relative ........................................................................... 537 462 75 13.9

With two or more members in the labor force ................... 1,841 1,763 78 4.2

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.

 NOTE: Data relate to primary families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

11
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14