### Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Librarians and Library Media Specialists Summary
                        
            
                                                        
                                                                
                        
            
            
            
                            
                                                
                                                
                                                
                                                
            						
							
				                                                
                                            




            			librarians imageLibrarians help people find information and conduct research for personal and professional use.							
						Quick Facts:     Librarians and Library Media Specialists2023     Median Pay
            						$64,370     per year
										$30.95     per hourTypical Entry-Level Education
                                    Master's degreeWork Experience in a Related Occupation
                                    NoneOn-the-job Training
                                    NoneNumber of Jobs, 2022
                                    141,200Job Outlook, 2022-32
                                    3% (As fast as average)Employment Change, 2022-32
                                    4,300What Librarians and Library Media Specialists Do
                                                
                        
                        
Librarians and library media specialists help people find information and conduct research for personal and professional use.
            
                        Work Environment
                        
Librarians and library media specialists work for local governments, schools, and other organizations. Most work full time, although part-time work is common.
            
                                                How to Become a Librarian or Library Media Specialist
                                                
                        
Librarians typically need a master’s degree in library science (MLS). School librarians and library media specialists typically need a bachelor’s or master’s degree in a related field, along with a teaching certificate; requirements vary by state.
            
                        Pay
                        												                            																				    														The median annual wage for librarians and library media specialists was $64,370 in May 2023.									                                					
						
            
                        Job Outlook
                        						
												Employment							of librarians and library media specialists is projected to grow							 3 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
						About 13,700 openings for librarians and library media specialists are projected each year, on average, over the decade.
            			
            			 Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
						State & Area Data
                       Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for librarians and library media specialists.
            
            
						
                        Similar Occupations
                        
                                                    Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of librarians and library media specialists with similar occupations.
            
            
                        More Information, Including Links to O*NET
                        
                                               
                        Learn more about librarians and library media specialists by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
 What Librarians and Library Media Specialists Do 
            

			librarians imageLibrarian's job duties vary based on the type of library they work in, such as a public, school, or medical library.			
Librarians and library media specialists help people find information and conduct research for personal and professional use. Their job duties may change based on the type of setting they work in, such as public, school, or medical libraries.
Duties
Librarians and library media specialists typically do the following:
Create and use databases of library materials
Organize library materials so they are easy to find
Help library patrons to conduct research to evaluate search results and reference materials
Research new books and materials by reading book reviews, publishers’ announcements, and catalogs
Maintain existing collections and choose new books, videos, and other materials for purchase
Plan programs for different audiences, such as story time for children
Teach classes about information resources
Research computers and other equipment for purchase, as needed
Train and supervise library technicians, assistants, other support staff, and volunteers
Prepare library budgetsIn small libraries, these workers are often responsible for many or all aspects of library operations. In large libraries, they usually focus on one aspect of the library, such as user services, technical services, or administrative services.
The following are examples of types of librarians and library media specialists:
***Academic librarians*** assist students, faculty, and staff in postsecondary institutions. They help students research topics related to their coursework and teach students how to access information. They also assist faculty and staff in locating resources related to their research projects or studies. Some campuses have multiple libraries, and librarians may specialize in a particular subject.
***Administrative services librarians*** manage libraries, prepare budgets, and negotiate contracts for library materials and equipment. Some conduct public relations or fundraising activities for the library.
***Public librarians*** work in their communities to serve all members of the public. They help patrons find books to read for pleasure; conduct research for schoolwork, business, or personal interest; and learn how to access the library’s resources. Many public librarians plan programs for patrons, such as story time for children, book clubs, or educational activities.
***School librarians***, sometimes called *school library media specialists*, typically work in elementary, middle, and high school libraries. They teach students how to use library resources, including technology. They also help teachers develop lesson plans and find materials for classroom instruction.
***Special librarians*** work in settings other than school or public libraries. They are sometimes called *information professionals*. Businesses, museums, government agencies, and many other groups have their own libraries that use special librarians. The main purpose of these libraries and information centers is to serve the information needs of the organization that houses the library. Therefore, special librarians collect and organize materials focused on those subjects. Special librarians may need an additional degree in the subject that they specialize in. The following are examples of special librarians:
***Corporate librarians*** assist employees of private businesses in conducting research and finding information. They work for a wide range of organizations, including insurance companies, consulting firms, and publishers.
***Law librarians*** conduct research or help lawyers, judges, law clerks, and law students locate and analyze legal resources. They often work in law firms and law school libraries.
***Medical librarians***, also called *health science librarians*, help health professionals, patients, and researchers find health and science information. They may provide information about new clinical trials and medical treatments and procedures, teach medical students how to locate medical information, or answer consumers’ health questions.***Technical services librarians*** obtain, prepare, and organize print and electronic library materials. They arrange materials for patrons’ ease in finding information. They are also responsible for ordering new library materials and archiving to preserve older items.
***User services librarians*** help patrons conduct research using both electronic and print resources. They teach patrons how to use library resources to find information on their own. This may include familiarizing patrons with catalogs of print materials, helping them access and search digital libraries, or educating them on Internet search techniques. Some user services librarians work with a particular audience, such as children or young adults.
 Work Environment
			LibrariansLibrarians plan outreach programs targeted toward different groups, such as story time for children.			

	    
				
	
	
	
	
	
	
	    					 Librarians and library media specialists held about 141,200 jobs in 2022. The largest employers of librarians and library media specialists were as follows:
        Elementary and secondary schools; state, local, and private
                35%Local government, excluding education and hospitals
                31Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private
                18Information
                6Most librarians and library media specialists typically work on the floor with patrons, behind the circulation desk, or in offices. Some have private offices, but those in small libraries usually share work space with others.
Work Schedules
Most librarians and library media specialists work full time, although part-time work is common. Public and academic librarians often work on weekends and evenings and may work holidays. School librarians and library media specialists usually have the same work and vacation schedules as teachers, including summers off. Special librarians, such as corporate librarians, typically work normal business hours but may need to work more than 40 hours per week to help meet deadlines.
 How to Become a Librarian or Library Media Specialist

			LibrariansSome librarians assist patrons with research.			
Librarians typically need a master’s degree in library science (MLS). School librarians and library media specialists typically need a bachelor’s or master’s degree in a related field, along with a teaching certificate; requirements vary by state.
Education
Librarians typically need a master's degree in library science. Some colleges and universities have other names for their library science programs, such as Master of Information Studies or Master of Library and Information Studies. Students need a bachelor’s degree in any major to enter MLS or similar programs.
MLS programs usually take 1 to 2 years to complete. Coursework typically covers information such as learning different research methods and strategies, online reference systems, and Internet search techniques. The American Library Association accredits master’s degree programs in library and information studies.
Requirements for public school librarians and library media specialists vary by state. Most states require an MLS or a bachelor’s or master’s degree in education, often with a specialization related to library media.
Special librarians, such as those in a corporate, law, or medical library, usually supplement a master’s degree in library science with knowledge of their specialized field. Some employers require special librarians to have a master’s degree, a professional degree, or a Ph.D. in that subject. For example, a law librarian may be required to have a law degree.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Public school librarians and library media specialists typically need a teacher’s certification. Some states require school librarians to pass a standardized test, such as the PRAXIS II Library Media Specialist test. Contact your state department of education for details about requirements in your state.
Some states also require certification for librarians in public libraries. Contact your state’s licensing board for specific requirements.
Important Qualities
***Communication skills.*** Librarians and library media specialists need to be able to explain ideas and information in ways that patrons understand.
***Initiative.*** New information, technology, and resources constantly change librarians’ and library media specialists' duties. Workers must be able and willing to continually update their knowledge of these changes to be effective at their jobs.
***Interpersonal skills.*** Librarians and library media specialists must be able to work both as part of a team and with the public or with researchers.
***Organizational skills.*** Librarians and library media specialists help patrons research topics efficiently. They should be able to direct the logical use of resources, databases, and other materials.
***Problem-solving skills.*** These workers need to be able to identify a problem, figure out where to find information to solve the problem, and draw conclusions based on the information found.
***Reading skills.*** Librarians and library media specialists must be excellent readers. Those working in special libraries are expected to read the latest literature in their field of specialization.
 Pay

			



	
 
                                                     
            
    
                Librarians and Library Media SpecialistsMedian annual wages, May 2023Librarians and media collections specialists$64,370  Librarians, curators, and archivists$55,460  Total, all occupations$48,060Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
 

	
	



		
	
	
	
The median annual wage for librarians and library media specialists was $64,370 in May 2023. 


The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $101,970.





		
	    					 In May 2023, the median annual wages for librarians and library media specialists in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:	
        Elementary and secondary schools; state, local, and private
                $67,250Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private
                66,270Information
                60,870Local government, excluding education and hospitals
                60,770Most librarians and library media specialists work full time, although part-time work is common. Public and academic librarians often work on weekends and evenings, and may work holidays. School librarians and library media specialists usually have the same work and vacation schedules as teachers, including summers off. Special librarians, such as corporate librarians, typically work normal business hours but may need to work more than 40 hours per week to help meet deadlines.
 Job Outlook

   
        
    
          
        
    
               Librarians and Library Media SpecialistsPercent change in employment, projected 2022-32Librarians and media collections specialists3%  Total, all occupations3%  Librarians, curators, and archivists1%Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
            
            
			 
	
	
	

			Employment				of librarians and library media specialists is projected to grow				 3 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
			
			About 13,700 openings for librarians and library media specialists are projected each year, on average, over the decade.
			
			 Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
			Employment
	
			
Despite a decline by the public in traditional borrowing of materials, libraries still need librarians to host a variety of services and activities. Therefore, there will be a need for librarians to manage libraries and to help patrons find information. Parents value the learning opportunities that libraries present for children because libraries have information and learning materials that children often cannot access from home. Library patrons are expected to continue attending events and using other library services, such as child-focused activities and employment assistance.
			

                        Employment projections data for     librarians and library media specialists, 2022-32
                Occupational Title
                        SOC Code
                        Employment, 2022
                        Projected Employment, 2032
                        Change, 2022-32
                        Employment by IndustryPercent
                        NumericSOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program**Librarians and media collections specialists**
			25-4022
			141,200
			145,500
			3
			4,300
			Get data
 State & Area Data **Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)** The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OES data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Librarians and media collections specialists **Projections Central** Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved. **CareerOneStop** CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.
 Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of librarians and library media specialists. Occupation
                Job Duties
                ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
                2023     MEDIAN PAY**Adult Basic and Secondary Education and ESL Teachers**
            Adult basic and secondary education and ESL (English as a Second Language) teachers instruct adults in fundamental skills, such as reading and speaking English. They also help students earn their high school equivalency credential.
            Bachelor's degree
            $60,560**Archivists, Curators, and Museum Workers**
            Archivists and curators oversee institutions’ collections, such as of historical items or of artwork. Museum technicians and conservators prepare and restore items in those collections.
            See How to Become One
            $57,120**High School Teachers**
            High school teachers teach academic lessons and various skills that students will need to attend college and to enter the job market.
            Bachelor's degree
            $65,220**Instructional Coordinators**
            Instructional coordinators oversee school curriculums and teaching standards. They develop instructional material, implement it, and assess its effectiveness.
            Master's degree
            $74,620**Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers**
            Kindergarten and elementary school teachers instruct young students in basic subjects in order to prepare them for future schooling.
            Bachelor's degree
            $63,670**Library Technicians and Assistants**
            Library technicians and assistants help librarians with all aspects of running a library.
            See How to Become One
            $36,700**Middle School Teachers**
            Middle school teachers educate students, typically in sixth through eighth grades.
            Bachelor's degree
            $64,290**Postsecondary Teachers**
            Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a variety of academic subjects beyond the high school level.
            See How to Become One
            $84,380
 Contacts for More Information
								
For more information about librarians and library media specialists, including accredited library education programs, visit
American Library Association
For more information about becoming a school librarian or library media specialist, contact your state board of education.
For information about medical librarians, visit
Medical Library Association
For information about law librarians, visit
American Association of Law Libraries
For information about many different types of special librarians, visit
Special Libraries Association
Occupational Requirements Survey
For a profile highlighting selected BLS data on occupational requirements, see
Librarians and media collections specialists (PDF)

                                                
                                                        
                                                                                                    O*NET
                                        Librarians and Media Collections Specialists
 Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.  Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Librarians and Library Media Specialists, 
        	 at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/librarians.htm (visited *May 21, 2024*).
 **Last Modified Date:**
                        Wednesday, April 17, 2024


**U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics**
Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections 
PSB Suite 2135 
2 Massachusetts Avenue NE  
Washington, DC 20212-0001 Telephone:1-202-691-5700 

www.bls.gov/ooh
Contact OOH