Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 11

Not-For-Profit Sector

Zack Warren

Over the last few years, not-for-profit 

employment has expanded rapidly. 

Employment in not-for-profit establishments increased by over 5 percent in 

2 years between 2002 and 2004;1 over the 

same period, total private employment increased by less than 1 percent.2

 Likewise, 

the number of not-for-profit establishments 

has increased by more than 36 percent in 

the last 10 years.3 This rapid employment 

growth, combined with the unique nature of 

not-for-profit activities, has generated significant interest in employment patterns of 

not-for-profit establishments.

Although there are a fair number of statistics relating to the number and type of 

not-for-profit establishments in the United 

States, there are surprisingly few employment and wage data on the people who work 

in this sector. Among the most comprehensive analyses of not-for-profit employment 

was a study by Lester M. Salamon and S. 

Wojciech Sokolowski, who detailed the size 

and urban nature of not-for-profit work and 

described not-for-profit employment by 

industry.4 This article seeks to further their 

analysis by identifying the kinds of jobs 

found in the not-for-profit sector, as well 

as by comparing the wages of those working for not-for-profits with the wages of 

those working in for-profit establishments. 

It also examines differences in occupational 

staffing patterns between for-profit and notfor-profit establishments within the same 

industry. This is accomplished by combining 

data from the 2006 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey of the Bureau 

of Labor Statistics with tax-exempt-status 

information from the Internal Revenue 

Service’s Business Master File of the Statistics of Income program.5

For the purposes of this article, a not-forprofit establishment is defined as one with 

501(c) tax-exemption status. Not-for-profit 

organizations include “corporations, and any 

community chest, fund, or foundation, organized and operated exclusively for religious, 

charitable, scientific, testing for public safety, 

literary, or educational purposes...no part of 

the net wages of which inures to the benefit 

of any private shareholder or individual.” 

Not-for-profit establishments also consist 

of some labor and agricultural organizations, 

business leagues, clubs and fraternal organizations, employee benefit organizations, and 

credit unions.6 In order to maintain not-forprofit status, not-for-profit establishments 

must not contribute to political campaigns. 

As the aforementioned definition shows, 

the not-for-profit sector consists of much 

more than interest groups and charities. Although the 501(c) status does not encompass all not-for-profit work, it does cover a 

broad range of activities. The definition of 

not-for-profit employment based on 501(c) 

status excludes government workers; in this 

article, occupational employment and wage 

data for government workers are presented 

alongside the private for-profit and private 

not-for-profit establishments in industries 

where government employment is significant. When cross-industry government estimates are included, they comprise State-, 

local-, and Federal-level data. Industry-specific government estimates are for State and 

local government only. 

Occupational employment 

in the not-for-profit sector

The for-profit and not-for-profit sectors differ in regards to the industries

with the most employees and the types of jobs that employees most

commonly hold; the average wage of each sector is similar, but in a given

occupation, the profit sector is generally more highly remunerative 

Zack Warren is an 

economist in the Occupational Employment 

Statistics program, 

Bureau of Labor Statistics. E-mail: warren.

zachary@bls.gov
Not-For-Profit Sector

12 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Description of the data set

The OES program surveys 1.2 million business establishments in six semiannual collection panels over a period of 

3 years. Each establishment is asked to provide occupation 

and wage information on each of its workers. The data are 

used to create employment and wage estimates for the 801 

occupations in the Standard Occupational Classification 

system; the estimates are for the Nation, States, all metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, and almost 400 industries defined according to the North American Industry 

Classification System (NAICS). The sample is stratified 

and weighted by the establishments’ 4- or 5-digit NAICS

industry, by State or territory (including Puerto Rico, the 

Virgin Islands and Guam), by metropolitan or nonmetropolitan area, and by size. Because the OES survey does 

not ask whether establishments are for profit or not for 

profit, the original OES sample weights, which represent 

individual establishments’ probability of selection, are not 

adjusted for profit-status. 

The estimates presented in this article were created by 

pairing 2006 survey year OES establishment records with 

the 501(c)-firm master list from the IRS Business Master 

File. Records were linked on the basis of the Employer 

Identification Number (EIN), which is an identifier assigned by the IRS to all employers that file taxes. In this 

article, it is assumed that all establishments under a taxexempt EIN are tax exempt, because EINs are firm specific and not establishment specific. This methodology 

produced a sample of approximately 80,000 OES units 

identified as tax exempt, out of the total OES sample of 

1.2 million establishments. Although the OES sample 

does not target not-for-profit establishments specifically, the large size and deep stratification of the sample 

are sufficient to produce estimates for the not-for-profit 

sector nationally and for industries with a relatively large 

percentage of not-for-profit employment. This matching 

process is similar to, but less robust than, the one used by 

Salamon and Sokolowski to identify not-for-profit establishments within the Quarterly Census of Employment 

and Wages.7

Industries in the not-for-profit sector

Overall, not-for-profit employees make up approximately 

8 percent of the total weighted employment in the OES

Table 1. Industries with high levels of not-for-profit employment, 2006 

NAICS Industry Not-for-profit For-profit Government Percent of emp- 

 employment employment employment ployment in not-

 for-profits

6221 General, medical, and surgical hospitals................................................... 3,375,840 741,890 799,020 69

6113 Colleges, universities, and professional schools..................................... 994,510 81,630 1,632,110 37

6241 Individual and family services....................................................................... 665,180 299,040 (

1

) 69

6111 Elementary and secondary schools............................................................ 490,470 236,380 7,650,530 6

6231 Nursing care facilities....................................................................................... 411,470 1,159,310 (

1

) 26

8134 Civic and social organizations....................................................................... 374,910 34,130 (

1

) 92

6232 Residential mental retardation, mental health, and substance

 abuse facilities................................................................................................ 337,260 166,920 (

1

) 67

8139 Business, professional, labor, political, and similar organizations.... 307,020 120,170 (

1

) 72

6211 Offices of physicians......................................................................................... 293,560 1,848,440 (

1

) 14

6243 Vocational rehabilitation services................................................................ 257,100 54,850 (

1

) 82

6244 Child day care services..................................................................................... 251,560 517,390 (

1

) 33

6214 Outpatient care centers................................................................................... 241,290 246,730 (

1

) 49

6233 Community care facilities for the elderly .................................................. 222,860 405,060 (

1

) 35

7139 Other amusement and recreation Industries.......................................... 215,300 850,130 (

1

) 20

6216 Home health care services............................................................................. 170,050 684,980 (

1

) 20

5511 Management of companies and enterprises........................................... 167,210 1,629,380 (

1

) 9

5417 Scientific research and development services........................................ 157,190 429,470 (

1

) 27

8133 Social advocacy organizations...................................................................... 156,870 10,050 (

1

) 94

6239 Other residential care facilities..................................................................... 119,870 45,080 (

1

) 73

5221 Depository credit intermediation................................................................ 115,950 1,690,210 (

1

) 6

6242 Community food and housing, and emergency and

 other relief services...................................................................................... 107,480 22,910 (

1

) 82

8132 Grantmaking and giving services................................................................ 107,030 11,920 (

1

) 90

7121 Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions................................. 104,230 16,090 (

1

) 86

8131 Religious organizations................................................................................... 100,800 81,360 (

1

) 55

 

1

 Data are not available by industry for Federal Government workers or for State and local government workers outside schools and hospitals. 
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 13

sample, whereas for-profit employment is over 75 percent 

of the total; the remaining 16 percent of employees are in 

the public sector. Table 1 shows the 4-digit NAICS industries in the OES sample with the highest levels of not-forprofit employment, as well as the for-profit employment 

in the same industries. In agreement with previous studies, 

the table reveals that not-for-profits participate mostly in 

healthcare, educational, or community support activities. 

Occupations in the not-for-profit sector

The occupational composition of for-profit, not-for-profit, 

and government employment is shown in chart 1, with the 

share of employment in each of the 22 major occupational 

groups shown along the x-axis. For example, community 

and social services occupations represent only 0.3 percent 

of for-profit employment, but this occupational group 

represents about 7 percent of not-for-profit employment. 

The occupational mix of not-for-profits is influenced by 

the industries in which not-for-profits are concentrated. 

Compared with for-profit establishments, not-for-profits 

tend to employ more community and social service workers, teachers, healthcare workers, and personal care and 

service workers. These occupations are concentrated in the 

healthcare and social assistance industry and the education 

industry, which have the largest not-for-profit employment. They also employ far smaller shares of sales workers, 

food service workers, construction and extraction workers, 

maintenance workers, production workers, and transportation workers, because these occupational categories are 

more commonly associated with profit-seeking activities: 

a not-for-profit organization that is not manufacturing or 

selling a product will understandably require fewer sales 

and production workers than a for-profit establishment. 

Wages in the not-for-profit sector

Across all industries, for-profit employees earned an average hourly wage of $18.13, while not-for-profit employees 

had a slightly higher average wage of $19.93. Although 

the total average wages were higher for not-for-profit 

workers, this was often primarily due to the occupational 

composition and the relative lack of very low paying occupations in these establishments. It is also possible that 

the duties performed by people employed in these lowpaying occupations are also performed in not-for-profit 

establishments, but by volunteers instead of paid workers. 

Because unpaid workers are excluded from the OES survey, their work was not captured by this study. 

Chart 2 shows in more detail how occupational mix 

contributes to the difference in average wages. Despite 

the higher average wages in not-for-profit establishments 

compared with for-profit establishments, not-for-profits 

paid less for the same type of work: occupation by occupation, for-profit workers had higher average wages 

than not-for profit workers in 12 of the 22 occupational 

groups, including most of the higher paying occupational 

groups with more highly skilled workers. For many of the 

occupational groups, these wage differences are relatively 

small;8 however, in the instances where there is a large gap 

in wages for the same occupational group, the gap generally favors the for-profit workers. Some occupations had 

higher wages in not-for-profit establishments, including 

education-related occupations, architecture and engineering occupations, healthcare support workers, food service 

occupations, and building service occupations. Overall, 

government workers out-earned both for-profit and notfor-profit workers in production and service occupations, 

whereas for-profit workers out-earned government workers and not-for-profit workers in professional occupations.

In the few major occupational groups where not-forprofit employees earned considerably higher wages than 

for-profit employees, the comparisons may not be especially meaningful because of the small employment totals 

or, in the case of education workers, may be somewhat 

misleading. For example, the construction and extraction 

and farming, fishing, and forestry occupational groups 

both show an advantage for not-for-profit employees; 

however, not-for-profit workers in these groups are extremely rare. Although education workers earned higher 

wages in not-for-profit establishments, the premium is 

magnified by differences in the detailed occupational composition within this group. Education workers are shown 

to have had higher wages in part because postsecondary 

teachers, who generally earn more than elementary and 

secondary school teachers, made up a larger part of notfor-profit employment, and in part because teachers of all 

types earned more in private not-for-profits than they did 

in private for-profit establishments, as shown below. 

Not-for-profit For-profit Government

Postsecondary ........... $69,581 $53,254 $63,596 

Primary and 

Secondary ................. $37,968 $29,761 $50,117 

Salamon and Sokolowski demonstrated that, contrary 

to the conventional wisdom, workers in educational services earned higher wages in not-for-profits than in forprofit establishments;9

 by examining occupational data 
Not-For-Profit Sector

14 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Chart 1. Distribution of employment in not-for-profit, for-profit, and government establishments

Percentage of the sector in occupational group1

Occupational group

Management

Business and financial operations

Computer and mathematical

Architecture and engineering

Life, physical, and social science

Community and social services

Legal

Education, training, and library

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

Healthcare practitioners and technical operations

Healthcare support

Food preparation and serving related

Protective service

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

Personal care and service

Office and administrative support

Farming, fishing, and forestry

Construction and extraction

Installation, maintenance, and repair

Production

Transportation and material moving

Sales and related

 Not-for-profit

 For-profit

 Government

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Percentage of the sector in occupational group1

1

 This refers to the percentage of the sector (not-for-profit, for-profit, or government) that is represented by the occupational group in question, across 

all industries. For example, community and social services occupations represents 7 percent of not-for-profit employment.
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 15

Chart 2. Mean hourly wages in not-for-profit, for-profit, and government establishments

Occupational group

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Hourly wage, in dollars

Not-for-profit

For-profit

Government

Management

Business and financial operations

Computer and mathematical

Architecture and engineering

Life, physical, and social science

Community and social services

Legal

Education, training, and library

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

Healthcare practitioners and technical

Healthcare support 

Food preparation and serving related

Protective service

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

Personal care and service

Office and adminstrative support

Farming, fishing, and forestry

Construction and extraction

Installation, maintenance and repair

Production

Transportation and material moving

Sales and related

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Hourly wage, in dollars
Not-For-Profit Sector

16 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

one can see exactly why. Postsecondary education teachers’ 

wages were generally lower in the government sector than 

in not-for-profits, whereas government wages were usually higher for elementary and secondary school teachers 

than teachers’ wages in both for-profits and not-for-profits. Full employment and wage data for all detailed occupations are shown in appendix table A–1 at the end of 

this article. 

Managers and employees in legal occupations had much 

higher wages in for-profit establishments. This holds true 

for all detailed management occupations except education 

administrators and food service managers. The premium 

for legal occupations is due in part to the much higher 

wages for lawyers and law clerks in for-profit establishments, as well as to the larger share of legal occupation 

employment that lawyers and law clerks constitute. Managers and employees in legal occupations have the highest 

wage premiums in for-profit establishments in part because, compared with people in other occupations, these 

two groups have by far the widest range of wages and 

therefore more room for differentiation compared with 

low-paying occupations, which feature very narrow wage 

ranges. 

Because an establishment’s industry is a major determinant of its occupational composition, comparing forprofit and not-for-profit establishments within the same 

industry provides the best means of examining the effects 

of profit status on occupational staffing patterns. The 

next section examines three industries with high levels of 

not-for-profit employment: the hospital industry, which 

is the largest employer of not-for-profit workers; depository credit intermediation, which has the majority of its 

employment in for-profits; and social advocacy, which has 

the majority of its employment in not-for-profits.

General medical and surgical hospitals 

Of the industries shown in table 1, general medical and 

surgical hospitals had the highest level of not-for-profit 

employment. “This industry comprises establishments 

known and licensed as general medical and surgical 

hospitals primarily engaged in providing diagnostic and 

medical treatment (both surgical and nonsurgical) to 

inpatients with any of a wide variety of medical conditions.”10 Among the industries examined in this study, the 

general medical and surgical hospital industry is notable 

for its lack of differentiation between for-profit and notfor-profit establishments. By most measures other than 

total employment, the for-profit and not-for-profit sectors of this industry are very similar, because each sector 

employs relatively the same types of workers, as shown in 

table 2. 

The only two occupational groups with more than a percentage point difference in employment share are healthcare practitioners and technical workers, representing 55 

percent of for-profit employment and about 53 percent of 

not-for-profit employment, and office and administrative 

support workers, with approximate shares of 15 percent of 

not-for-profit employment and 14 percent of for-profit 

employment. Within the healthcare practitioner occupational group, the distribution of employment among the 

occupations is also very similar. The biggest differences are 

found in employment shares of physicians and surgeons 

and the nursing occupations. Physicians and surgeons 

account for 2.2 percent of employment in not-for-profit 

hospitals, 1.2 percent in for-profit hospitals, and 2.5 percent in State and local government hospitals. 

This may in part reflect differences in how the doctors are 

employed rather than in the number of doctors working 

at the hospital: private, for-profit hospitals may be more 

likely to have doctors who are self employed and would 

not be captured by the OES survey. Private for-profit 

hospitals employed relatively more registered nurses and 

licensed practical nurses than private not-for-profit hospitals and government hospitals. Not-for-profit hospitals 

also had about 8 percent more office and administrative 

support workers. The difference in office and administrative support employment is not due to a large difference 

in any single occupation, but rather to an accumulation of 

small differences in most occupations between for-profit 

and not-for-profit hospitals. 

Average wages across all occupations in this industry 

were $21.95 per hour in the for-profit sector and $22.59 

per hour in the not-for-profit sector—a marginal but statistically significant 64-cent advantage for not-for-profit 

employees. Average wages for all occupations were similar 

in part because the staffing patterns were similar, and in 

part because the wages for individual occupations were 

similar. As with employment, the biggest differences in 

wages were in nursing occupations, because registered 

nurses, licensed practical nurses, and nursing aides earned 

between 2 percent and 5 percent more in not-for-profit 

hospitals, as shown in table 3. 

The similarities between the two sectors are due to several reasons, not least of which is that the nature of hospital 

activities demands an adherence to standards of patient 

care and welfare that may limit the ability of profit-seeking hospitals to distinguish themselves from not-forprofit hospitals in terms of production and staffing. Also, 

in contrast to industries where not-for-profits make up a 
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 17

Table 2. Occupational employment in for-profit, not-for-profit, and government establishments in general medical and 

 surgical hospitals, 2006

 For-profit Not-for-profit Government Percentage Percentage Percentage

 Occupation employment employment employment of for-profit of not-for- of 

 employment profit employ- government 

 ment employment

 Total, all occupations....................... 741,890 3,375,840 799,020 100.0 100.0 100.0 ...

Management ................................................... 26,410 112,450 27,660 3.6 3.3 3.5 6 

Business and financial operations ............ 11,310 59,330 14,150 1.5 1.8 1.8 –15 

Computer and mathematical ..................... 5,490 33,650 8,560 .7 1.0 1.1 –35 

Architecture and engineering ................... 640 3,540 760 .1 .1 .1 –22 

Life, physical, and social science ............... 2,500 16,260 3,380 .3 .5 .4 –43 

Community and social services ................. 11,900 63,380 16,010 1.6 1.9 2.0 –17 

Legal .................................................................... 90 800 230 .0 .0 .0 –105 

Education, training, and library ................. 2,530 13,550 4,050 .3 .4 .5 –18 

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, 

and media ....................................................... 780 6,670 1,460 .1 .2 .2 –88 

Healthcare practitioners and technical ... 408,210 1,773,890 408,780 55.0 52.5 51.2 5 

 Dentists, general......................................... 50 500 270 .01 .01 .03 –120 

 Dietitians and nutritionists..................... 2,400 12,280 2,800 .32 .36 .35 –13 

 Pharmacists.................................................. 8,080 35,930 8,340 1.09 1.06 1.04 2 

 Anesthesiologists....................................... 390 2,500 820 .05 .07 .10 –42 

 Family and general practitioners.......... 1,780 11,730 2,610 .24 .35 .33 –45 

 Internists, general....................................... 590 5,230 760 .08 .16 .10 –95 

 Obstetricians and gynecologists.......... 260 1,630 310 .03 .05 .04 –38 

 Pediatricians, general................................ 300 2,320 540 .04 .07 .07 –71 

 Psychiatrists.................................................. 260 2,670 560 .04 .08 .07 –122 

 Surgeons....................................................... 560 3,860 510 .08 .11 .06 –52 

 

Physicians and surgeons, all other....... 4,970 42,750 14,030 .67 1.27 1.76 –89 

 Physician assistants................................... 1,280 11,250 2,010 .17 .33 .25 –93 

 Registered nurses....................................... 218,950 951,140 211,300 29.51 28.17 26.45 5 

 Occupational therapists........................... 3,810 16,100 3,440 .51 .48 .43 7 

 Physical therapists..................................... 7,150 31,390 6,530 .96 .93 .82 4 

 Respiratory therapists............................... 14,260 50,120 10,670 1.92 1.48 1.34 23 

 Medical and clinical laboratory 

 technologists........................................... 14,020 68,710 14,640 1.89 2.04 1.83 –8 

 Medical and clinical laboratory 

 technicians............................................... 9,000 43,620 9,670 1.21 1.29 1.21 –7 

 Cardiovascular technologists and 

 technicians............................................... 4,980 23,480 4,570 .67 .70 .57 –4 

 Diagnostic medical sonographers....... 4,130 18,450 3,480 .56 .55 .44 (

2

)

 

Radiologic technologists and 

 technicians............................................... 19,360 78,780 17,130 2.61 2.33 2.14 11 

 Emergency medical technicians and

 paramedics............................................... 6,260 24,110 9,230 .84 .71 1.16 15 

 Pharmacy technicians............................... 7,880 33,410 7,790 1.06 .99 .98 7 

 Surgical technologists.............................. 10,740 40,390 8,790 1.45 1.20 1.10 17 

 Licensed practical and licensed 

 vocational nurses................................... 33,940 107,210 33,870 4.57 3.18 4.24 31 

 Medical records and health 

 information technicians...................... 9,970 41,250 10,380 1.34 1.22 1.30 9 

 Health technologists and 

 technicians, all other ............................ 4,530 24,250 4,320 .61 .72 .54 –18 

Healthcare support ........................................ 94,130 430,380 103,980 12.7 12.7 13.0 (

2

)

 Nursing aides, orderlies, and 

 attendants................................................ 59,330 259,860 64,520 8.00 7.70 8.07 4 

 Medical assistants...................................... 5,920 33,240 8,950 .80 .98 1.12 –23 

 Medical equipment preparers............... 3,710 20,950 3,950 .50 .62 .49 –24 

 Medical transcriptionists......................... 5,330 27,490 5,470 .72 .81 .68 –13 

 Healthcare support workers, all other 10,080 48,820 9,190 1.36 1.45 1.15 –6 

Protective service ........................................... 4,910 26,800 6,600 .7 .8 .8 –20 

Relative percent difference 

between forprofit and notfor-profit1

See note at end of table.
Not-For-Profit Sector

18 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

relatively small proportion of total industry employment, 

not-for-profits accounted for 69 percent of employment 

in the hospital industry, and they may influence wages in 

the hospital industry more than not-for-profits influence 

wages in other industries.

Depository credit intermediation 

The depository credit intermediation industry illustrates a 

different aspect of not-for-profit employment: in contrast 

to hospitals, and despite composing one of the industries 

with the highest level of not-for-profit employment, the 

establishments in the depository credit intermediation 

industry are overwhelmingly for-profit. This industry is 

made up mostly of commercial banks, which are primarily 

for-profit institutions, and credit unions, which are equally 

Table 2. Continued—Occupational employment in for-profit, not-for-profit, and government establishments in general 

 medical and surgical hospitals, 2006

 For-profit Not-for-profit Government Percentage Percentage Percentage

 Occupation employment employment employment of for-profit of not-for- of 

 employment profit employ- government 

 ment employment

Sales and related ............................................ 1,580 9,980 1,540 .2 .3 .2 –39 

Office and administrative support ........... 106,300 520,100 125,850 14.3 15.4 15.8 –8 

 First-line supervisors/managers 

 of office and administrative 

 support workers..................................... 6,190 28,360 7,310 .83 .84 .91 (

2

)

 Switchboard operators, including

 answering service.................................. 4,790 15,030 3,590 .65 .45 .45 31 

 Bill and account collectors...................... 3,640 12,200 3,960 .49 .36 .50 26 

 Billing and posting clerks and 

 machine operators................................ 5,620 29,120 7,390 .76 .86 .92 –14 

 Bookkeeping, accounting, and 

 auditing clerks........................................ 3,800 20,890 6,050 .51 .62 .76 –21 

 Interviewers, except eligibility 

 and loan .................................................... 11,920 56,620 12,240 1.61 1.68 1.53 –4 

 Receptionists and information 

 clerks.......................................................... 5,600 30,140 5,580 .75 .89 .70 –18 

 Stock clerks and order fillers.................. 3,720 17,250 4,330 .50 .51 .54 (

2

)

 Medical secretaries.................................... 14,490 64,990 15,760 1.95 1.93 1.97 (

2

)

 Secretaries, except legal, medical, 

 and executive.......................................... 8,220 48,910 8,440 1.11 1.45 1.06 –31 

 Office clerks, general................................. 15,880 73,150 27,110 2.14 2.17 3.39 (

2

)

Construction and extraction ...................... 1,690 9,260 2,580 .2 .3 .3 –21 

Installation, maintenance, and repair ..... 7,230 34,590 9,440 1.0 1.0 1.2 –5 

Production ........................................................ 3,140 17,430 4,360 .4 .5 .5 –22 

Transportation and material moving ...... 1,930 11,370 2,310 .3 .3 .3 –29

Relative 

percent 

difference 

between 

for-profit 

and not-forprofit1

Food preparation and serving related .... 21,410 94,270 22,770 2.9 2.8 2.8 3 

Building and grounds cleaning and 

maintenance ............................................... 27,600 121,880 30,420 3.7 3.6 3.8 3 

Personal care and service ............................ 2,110 16,250 4,150 .3 .5 .5 –69

1

 This refers to the relative percentage difference between for-profit 

and not-for-profit percentage of employment, using the for-profit 

percentage as a base, which allows occupations with low and high levels 

of employment to be more easily compared. 

2

 All differences are statistically significant at the 90-percent confidence 

level, except those marked as footnote 2.

NOTE: Occupations that are indented are categories of the non-indented 

occupational groups and enter into each respective occupational group’s 

estimate. They are broken out from the occupational groups in order to 

provide more detail where necessary. 

divided between for-profit and not-for-profit establishments in the OES sample. As shown in table 4, this industry—unlike the hospital industry—shows a clear distinction between the profit sector and not-for-profit sector in 

regards to occupational employment and wages. Not-forprofit establishments in this industry accounted for only 6 

percent of total industry employment and therefore likely 

held much less sway over the industry’s wages than notfor-profit hospitals. 

Total average wages in this industry were $20.06 per 

hour in for-profit establishments, compared with $17.04 

in not-for-profit organizations. Unlike the cross-industry totals, this difference appears across the occupational 

board and is more than a mere effect of the occupational 

mix in the two establishment types. Wages in for-profit establishments were significantly higher in all occupational 
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 19

Table 3. Occupational wages in for-profit, not-for-profit, and government establishments in general medical and surgical 

 hospitals, 2006 

Difference Difference

Occupation For–profit Not–for–profit Government between between

wage wage wage for-profit for-profit 

and not-for- and 

profit government

 Total, all occupations.......................................... $21.95 $22.59 $21.24 –$0.64 $0.71 $1.35

Management ................................................................... 40.82 42.58 39.96 –1.76 .86 2.62

Business and financial operations ............................ 24.64 25.31 24.47 –.67 (

1

) .84

Computer and mathematical ..................................... 28.08 28.25 27.21 (

1

) (

1

) 1.04

Architecture and engineering ................................... 28.65 26.66 27.87 1.99 (

1

) –1.21

Life, physical, and social science ............................... 31.67 30.12 25.65 1.55 6.02 4.47

Community and social services ................................. 22.01 22.24 21.20 (

1

) .81 1.04

Legal .................................................................................... 42.43 40.53 32.33 (

1

) 10.10 8.20

Education, training, and library ................................. 32.43 26.20 34.03 (

1

) (

1

) –7.83

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .. 21.42 21.57 19.93 (

1

) 1.49 1.64

Healthcare practitioners and technical .................. 26.64 27.84 26.24 –1.20 (

1

) 1.60

 Dentists, general......................................................... 49.92 57.29 41.54 (

1

) 8.38 15.75

 Dietitians and nutritionists..................................... 23.36 23.12 22.86 (

1

) .50 (

1

)

 Pharmacists.................................................................. 45.01 44.21 44.77 .80 (

1

) –.56

 Anesthesiologists....................................................... 72.26 73.05 73.46 (

1

) (

1

) (1)

 Family and general practitioners.......................... 68.96 67.41 73.16 (

1

) (

1

) –5.75

 Internists, general....................................................... 76.42 62.84 67.01 13.58 9.41 (

1

)

 Obstetricians and gynecologists.......................... 68.24 74.63 76.96 (

1

) (

1

) –2.33

 Pediatricians, general................................................ 65.71 60.28 68.21 (

1

) (

1

) –7.93

 Psychiatrists.................................................................. 69.07 63.58 63.55 (

1

) (

1

) (

1

)

 Surgeons....................................................................... 75.47 73.13 79.26 (

1

) (

1

) (

1

)

 Physicians and surgeons, all other....................... 58.41 55.66 38.71 (

1

) 19.70 16.95

 Physician assistants................................................... 35.60 35.95 36.72 (

1

) –1.12 (

1

)

 Registered nurses....................................................... 28.97 29.48 28.26 –.51 .71 1.22

 Occupational therapists........................................... 31.32 29.94 30.60 1.38 .72 –.66

 Physical therapists..................................................... 33.14 32.09 32.22 1.05 .92 (

1

)

 Respiratory therapists............................................... 23.03 23.47 22.43 –.44 .60 1.04

 Medical and clinical laboratory technologists. 24.32 24.34 23.70 (

1

) .62 .64

 Medical and clinical laboratory technicians..... 17.46 17.32 16.89 (

1

) .57 .43

 Cardiovascular technologists and technicians 20.18 20.87 19.89 –.69 (

1

) .98

 Diagnostic medical sonographers...................... 27.42 27.93 26.61 –.51 .81 1.32

 Radiologic technologists and technicians........ 23.57 24.01 22.98 –.44 .59 1.03

 Emergency medical technicians and 

 paramedics.................................................... 14.82 14.88 13.78 (

1

) 1.04 1.10

 Pharmacy technicians............................................. 14.17 14.32 14.00 (

1

) (

1

) .32

 Surgical technologists.............................................. 17.52 17.94 16.45 –.42 1.07 1.49

 Licensed practical and licensed vocational 

 nurses.......................................................................... 16.90 17.51 16.18 –.61 .72 1.33

 Medical records and health information 

 technicians................................................................ 14.71 15.40 14.51 –.69 (

1

) .89

 Health technologists and technicians, 

 all other......................................................... 19.86 18.71 18.29 1.15 1.57 (

1

)

Healthcare support ........................................................ 12.27 12.70 11.77 –.43 .50 .93

 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants........... 11.27 11.81 10.72 –.54 .55 1.09

 Medical assistants...................................................... 13.15 14.03 13.46 –.88 –.31 .57

 Medical equipment preparers............................... 12.97 13.14 12.28 (

1

) .69 .86

 Medical transcriptionists......................................... 15.25 15.08 13.96 (

1

) 1.29 1.12

 Healthcare support workers, all other................ 13.45 13.19 12.98 (

1

) (

1

) (

1

)

Protective service ........................................................... 13.58 13.86 15.49 (

1

) –1.91 –1.63

Food preparation and serving related .................... 10.38 10.93 10.29 –.55 (

1

) .64

Building and grounds cleaning and 

maintenance ............................................................... 10.24 10.89 10.19 –.65 (

1

) .70

Personal care and service ............................................ 11.65 12.14 10.97 (

1

) .68 1.17

Sales and related ............................................................ 13.63 14.37 13.30 (

1

) (

1

) 1.07

Office and administrative support ........................... 13.85 14.40 13.70 –.55 (

1

) .70

 First-line supervisors/managers of office and 

See notes at end of table.

Difference 

between

not-for-profit

and

government
Not-For-Profit Sector

20 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

groups other than protective services; building, cleaning 

and maintenance occupations; and legal occupations, all 

of which are very small parts of the depository credit intermediation industry. The differences are illustrated by 

the high-paying occupations: for-profit managers earned 

an average of $45.89 per hour, compared with $38.91 for 

not-for-profit managers; for-profit business and financial 

workers earned $28.87, compared with $21.32; and forprofit computer and mathematical workers earned $32.58, 

compared with $24.47. 

As illustrated in table 4, not-for-profit credit intermediaries also showed a significant difference in occupational 

mix from their for-profit counterparts: for-profit establishments employed relatively more managers and business and financial workers and, like for-profit hospitals, 

relatively fewer office and administrative support workers. 

Among the business and financial operations occupations, 

the not-for-profits employed larger concentrations of 

loan officers, loan counselors, and training and development specialists than the for-profits, whereas most other 

business and financial operations occupations were more 

prevalent in the for-profit establishments. 

Among office and administrative workers, wages were 

generally higher in for-profit establishments. Bank tellers 

are one of the few occupations that received higher wages 

in not-for profit establishments, averaging $10.88 per 

hour in for-profits and $11.19 in not-for-profits. In addition to differences in wages, there were large differences 

in the occupational distribution of bank-related office and 

administrative workers. Tellers, who are heavily concentrated in the credit intermediation industry, accounted for 

29.8 percent of employment in for-profit establishments 

and 35.4 percent in not-for-profits. Similarly, loan interviewers accounted for 4.4 percent in for-profit businesses 

and 5.7 percent in not-for-profits. The difference in distribution among bank tellers, loan interviewers, and other 

bank-related office occupations may be due to the more 

diverse product lines offered by for-profit banks, which 

serve a wider market than credit unions (because credit 

unions, by definition, restrict their membership).

Perhaps most tellingly, for-profit banks also employed, 

by a large margin, relatively more sales workers than notfor-profit establishments in the industry. This suggests 

that active sales are a much more important part of forprofit business, which again relates to the more diverse 

products available from the for-profit banks, compared 

with the credit unions. Although for-profit banks employed higher shares of most sales occupations, the largest 

difference was in the share of securities, commodities, and 

financial services sales agents, who accounted for 2.9 per-

 administrative support workers........................ $21.88 $22.69 $21.02 –$0.81 $0.86 $1.67

 Switchboard operators, including 

 answering service................................................... 11.07 11.75 10.80 –.68 .27 .95

 Bill and account collectors...................................... 13.83 14.41 13.10 –.58 .73 1.31

 Billing and posting clerks and machine 

 operators.................................................................... 13.55 14.17 13.26 –.62 (

1

) .91

 Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing 

 clerks............................................................................ 14.63 15.24 14.76 –.61 (

1

) .48

 Office clerks, general................................................. 12.07 12.97 12.92 –.90 –.85 (

1

)

 Interviewers, except eligibility and loan............ 12.83 13.10 12.18 –.27 .65 .92

 Receptionists and information clerks................. 11.74 12.47 11.12 –.73 .62 1.35

 Stock clerks and order fillers.................................. 12.80 12.82 12.89 (

1

) (

1

) (

1

)

 Medical secretaries.................................................... 13.59 13.85 12.97 –.26 .62 .88

 Secretaries, except legal, medical, and 

 executive.................................................................... 13.14 14.49 13.31 –1.35 (

1

) 1.18

Construction and extraction ...................................... 21.84 22.97 24.57 –1.13 –2.73 –1.60

Installation, maintenance, and repair ..................... 17.09 18.39 17.20 –1.30 (

1

) 1.19

Production ........................................................................ 15.88 14.81 13.26 1.07 2.62 1.55

Transportation and material moving ...................... 12.92 12.71 12.89 (

1

) (

1

) (

1

)

 Table 3. Continued—Occupational wages in for-profit, not-for-profit, and government establishments in general medical 

 and surgical hospitals, 2006

Difference Difference

Occupation For-profit Not-for-profit Government between between

wage wage wage for-profit for-profit 

and not-for- and 

profit government

1

 All differences are statistically significant at the 90-percent confidence 

level, except those marked as footnote 1.

NOTE: Occupations that are indented are categories of the non-indented 

occupational groups and enter into each respective occupational group’s estimate. They are broken out from the occupational groups in order to provide 

more detail where necessary.

Difference 

between

not-for-profit

and

government
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 21

Table 4. For-profit and not-for-profit employment and wages in depository credit intermediation, 2006 

 

Occupation For-profit Not-for-profit For-profit Not-for- Percentage Percentage Relative Wage

employment employment wage profit wage of for-profit of not-for- percentage difference

employ- profit difference

ment employment between 

for-profit and 

not-for-profit1

 Total, all occupations.......................... 1,690,210 115,950 $20.06 $17.04 100.0 100.0 ... $3.02

Management ................................................... 140,820 9,330 45.89 38.91 8.3 8.0 (

2

) 6.98

Business and financial operations ............ 275,990 17,120 28.87 21.32 16.3 14.8 10 7.55

 Training and development 

 specialists................................................... 5,550 590 23.29 21.90 .33 .51 –54 1.39

 Business operations specialists, 

 all other....................................................... 15,100 720 29.65 23.86 .89 .62 31 5.79

 Accountants and auditors....................... 24,340 1,900 26.40 22.80 1.44 1.64 (

2

) 3.60

 Credit analysts............................................. 14,820 480 28.20 20.92 .88 .42 52 7.28

 Financial analysts....................................... 16,670 200 34.43 27.25 .99 .17 83 7.18

 Personal financial advisors...................... 23,680 250 36.62 36.59 1.40 .22 84 (

2

)

 Loan counselors.......................................... 4,320 540 22.01 16.62 .26 .47 –83 5.39

 Loan officers................................................. 121,560 10,860 27.80 20.35 7.19 9.37 –30 7.45

 Financial specialists, all other................. 19,390 480 27.41 22.84 1.15 .41 64 4.57

Computer and mathematical ..................... 53,280 2,350 32.58 24.47 3.2 2.0 36 8.11

Life, physical, and social science ............... 4,510 490 29.76 24.47 .3 .4 –59 5.29

Legal .................................................................... 3,140 60 44.57 34.94 .2 .1 71 (

2

)

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and 

 media ......................................................... 3,520 450 24.61 20.86 .2 .4 –88 3.75

Protective service ........................................... 4,240 440 17.16 20.28 .3 .4 (

2

) (

2

)

Building and grounds cleaning and 

 maintenance ............................................ 7,260 400 9.48 11.34 .4 .3 19 –1.86

Sales and related ............................................ 80,790 1,460 26.92 23.26 4.8 1.3 74 3.66

 Securities, commodities, and financial 

 services sales agents.............................. 48,930 610 29.35 23.40 2.89 .53 82 5.95

 Sales representatives, services, 

 all other....................................................... 16,010 380 21.95 21.04 .95 .33 66 (

2

)

Office and administrative support ........... 1,111,640 83,430 13.47 13.34 65.8 72.0 –9 (

2

)

 First-line supervisors/managers of 

 office and administrative support

 workers...................................................... 103,460 7,570 21.25 20.84 6.12 6.52 (

2

) (

2

)

 Bill and account collectors...................... 20,290 2,570 15.35 15.35 1.20 2.22 –85 (

2

)

 Bookkeeping, accounting, and 

 auditing clerks.......................................... 58,020 3,890 13.90 14.80 3.43 3.35 (

2

) –.90

 Tellers.............................................................. 503,950 41,000 10.88 11.19 29.82 35.36 –19 –.31

 Customer service representatives........ 97,520 7,330 14.36 13.99 5.77 6.32 (

2

) (

2

)

 Loan interviewers and clerks................. 74,030 6,600 15.18 14.80 4.38 5.69 –30 (

2

)

 New accounts clerks.................................. 68,430 5,650 14.06 13.57 4.05 4.87 –20 .49

 Receptionists and information 

 clerks............................................................ 8,040 1,010 11.20 11.09 .48 .87 –83 (

2

)

 Executive secretaries and 

 administrative assistants...................... 34,600 1,350 18.99 18.29 2.05 1.16 43 .70

 Office clerks, general................................. 37,740 2,020 12.32 11.94 2.23 1.74 22 .38

Installation, maintenance, and repair ..... 3,410 330 16.19 16.70 .2 .3 –43 (

2

)

Production ........................................................ 320 (

3

) 18.94 (

3

) .0 .0 49 (

2

)

cent of employment in for-profit establishments and only 

0.5 percent in not-for-profit establishments. Finally, forprofit establishments employed relatively more computer 

and mathematical workers, which may be a function of the 

greater urgency for innovation in the for-profit sector.

Social advocacy organizations 

The industry that most typifies what is generally considered to be not-for-profit work is the social advocacy 

industry, which comprises “establishments primarily en1 This refers to the relative percentage difference between for-profit and 

not-for-profit percentage of employment, using the for-profit percentage as 

a base, which allows occupations with low and high levels of employment to 

be more easily compared.

2

 All differences are statistically significant at the 90-percent confidence 

level, except those marked as footnote 2.

3

 Data not available.

NOTE: Occupations that are indented are categories of the nonindented occupational groups and enter into each respective occupational 

group’s estimate. They are broken out from the occupational groups in 

order to provide more detail where necessary. 
Not-For-Profit Sector

22 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Table 5. For-profit and not-for-profit employment and wages in social advocacy organizations, 2006

Occupation For-profit Not-for-profit For-profit Not-for- Percentage Percentage of Relative Wage 

employment employment wage profit wage of for-profit not-for-profit percentage difference

 employ- employment difference

 ment between for- 

 profit and 

 not-for-profit1

 Total, all occupations.............................. 10,050 156,870 $18.68 $17.95 100.0 100.0 ... $0.73 

Management .......................................................... 930 17,190 36.80 34.42 9.3 11.0 –18 (

2

) 

 Public relations managers.............................. 60 1,260 33.36 37.17 .56 .80 –44 –3.81 

 Financial managers........................................... 90 720 39.39 37.57 .85 .46 46 (

2

) 

 Social and community service 

 managers......................................................... 350 5,210 31.11 26.46 3.44 3.32 (

2

) (

2

) 

 General and operations managers............. 230 5,290 41.32 40.98 2.25 3.37 –50 (

2

) 

Business and financial operations ................... 920 11,590 27.62 23.22 9.2 7.4 20 4.40 

 Meeting and convention planners............. (

3

) 660 25.68 19.92 (

3

) .42 (

2

) 5.76 

 Business operations specialists,

 all other.............................................................. 430 5,370 26.58 22.05 4.27 3.42 20 4.53 

 Accountants and auditors.............................. 130 2,420 26.16 26.67 1.28 1.54 –21 (

2

) 

Community and social services ........................ 2,350 27,500 16.49 15.93 23.4 17.5 25 (

2

) 

 Mental health counselors............................... 170 330 12.05 16.89 1.70 .21 87 –4.84 

 Child, family, and school social workers.... 220 5,650 21.20 16.37 2.21 3.60 –63 4.83 

 Medical and public health social 

 workers............................................................. 130 1,600 25.03 18.72 1.31 1.02 22 6.31 

 Mental health and substance abuse 

 social workers................................................. 440 1,540 16.87 16.44 4.39 .98 78 (

2

) 

 Social workers, all other.................................. 100 1,070 23.59 18.28 .98 .68 30 5.31 

 Health educators............................................... 50 1,470 12.30 19.16 .45 .93 –108 –6.86 

 Social and human service assistants.......... 750 8,380 12.50 12.86 7.46 5.34 28 (

2

) 

 Community and social service 

 specialists, all other...................................... 390 5,220 17.89 17.61 3.89 3.33 14 (

2

) 

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and 

media .................................................................... 500 7,730 29.54 24.28 5.0 4.9 (

2

) (

2

) 

Healthcare practitioners and technical ......... 70 1,730 33.60 21.24 .7 1.1 –63 12.36 

Building and grounds cleaning and 

maintenance ...................................................... 140 3,510 11.43 10.61 1.4 2.2 –60 (

2

) 

Personal care and service ................................... 1,480 19,570 8.94 9.72 14.7 12.5 15 –.78 

Office and administrative support .................. 1,850 32,260 14.40 14.40 18.4 2.6 –11 (

2

) 

Computer and mathematical ............................ 170 2,150 25.39 27.08 1.7 1.4 18 (

2

) 

Life, physical, and social science ...................... 500 4,340 21.02 27.43 5.0 2.8 45 –6.41 

Legal ........................................................................... 70 1,710 24.10 32.99 .7 1.1 –51 –8.89 

Education, training, and library ........................ 290 11,000 12.37 13.34 2.8 7.0 –147 (

2

) 

Healthcare support ............................................... 20 800 11.41 10.21 .2 .5 –116 (

2

) 

Food preparation and serving related ........... 120 2,990 9.08 8.84 1.2 1.9 –65 (

2

) 

Sales and related ................................................... 160 3,740 15.03 19.89 1.6 2.4 –45 –4.86 

Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................... 40 440 15.20 12.12 .4 .3 32 (

2

) 

Construction and extraction ............................. 60 500 22.31 15.92 .6 .3 50 6.39 

Installation, maintenance, and repair ............ 80 1,490 17.31 14.36 .8 1.0 –15 2.95 

Transportation and material moving ............. 80 3,480 11.17 10.36 .8 2.2 –173 (

2

) 

gaged in promoting a particular cause or working for the 

realization of a specific social or political goal to benefit a 

broad or specific constituency.”11 The industry, predictably, 

heavily favors the not-for-profit sector, which makes up 

94 percent of industry employment. Although the total 

number of not-for-profit jobs in this industry is not as 

large as it is in some other industries, social advocacy organizations had the highest percentage of not-for-profit 

employment, as shown in table 1.

The staffing patterns in the for-profit and not-for-profit 

sectors of the social advocacy industry are disparate. The 

largest difference between the for-profit and not-forprofit establishments in the industry is in the community 

and social service occupational group, which makes up 23 

1

 This refers to the relative percentage difference between for-profit 

and not-for-profit percentage of employment, using the for-profit 

percentage as a base, which allows occupations with low and high levels 

of employment to be more easily compared.

2

 All differences are statistically significant at the 90-percent 

confidence level, except those marked as footnote 2.

3

 Data not available.

NOTE: Occupations that are indented are categories of the non-indented 

occupational groups and enter into each respective occupational group’s estimate. They are broken out from the occupational groups in order to provide 

more detail where necessary.
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 23

percent of for-profit social advocacy employment and only 

18 percent of not-for-profit social advocacy employment. 

(See table 5.) The difference in this group is driven by two 

mental-health-related occupations and by the assistants 

to the people in those occupations. The two occupations 

are mental health and substance abuse social workers and 

mental health counselors. Mental health and substance 

abuse workers accounted for 4.4 percent of employment 

in for-profit social advocacy establishments and one percent in not-for-profit social advocacy establishments. 

Mental health counselors accounted for 1.7 percent of 

employment in for-profits and 0.2 percent in not-forprofits. Social and human service assistants accounted for 

7.5 percent of not-for-profit employment and 5.3 percent 

of for-profit employment. The not-for-profit sector employed a higher concentration of education, training, and 

library workers, and a lower concentration of business and 

financial occupations. As it was in other industries, the 

share of office and administrative workers was higher in 

the not-for-profit sector.

Despite having fairly similar total average wages of $18.68 

per hour in for-profit establishments and $17.95 per hour 

in not-for-profit establishments, the social advocacy industry had relative wages that differed greatly depending 

on the occupation. Major differences in wages appear as 

large premiums for employees of for-profit establishments 

in business and financial, healthcare practitioner, and construction and extraction occupations. In contrast, the life, 

physical, and social science; legal; and sales occupational 

groups all show a sizeable wage premium for the not-forprofits. Together, these differences in opposite directions 

produce similar average wages, though some of the variation can be explained by the low level of for-profit employment in certain occupations in this industry. Three of 

the four social work occupations had much higher wages 

in for-profits, whereas other community and social service occupations earned much lower wages in for-profits. 

Meeting and convention planners and business operations 

specialists also earned higher wages in for-profits.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINED EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 

in for-profit and not-for-profit establishments, using data 

from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey and 

the IRS Business Master File, which was used to identify not-for-profit establishments that appeared in the 

OES sample. This article showed that average wages were 

slightly higher in not-for-profit establishments but that 

this is because not-for-profit organizations generally do 

not have the same employment patterns as for-profit businesses, not because not-for-profits pay more for the same 

work. The article demonstrates that, in general, not-forprofit workers earned less for a given occupation, especially 

among the highest paying occupations. Occupational differences between for-profit and not-for-profit establishments vary greatly from industry to industry, but not-forprofit establishments on the whole employed many fewer 

production, construction, transportation, sales, and food 

service workers, yet more scientists, healthcare workers, 

community workers, and personal care workers. 

Notes

1 Lester M. Salamon and S. Wojciech Sokolowski, “Employment in 

America’s Charities: A Profile,” Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies Nonprofit Employment Bulletin, December 2006, p. 9.

2 Total private employment 2002–2004 was calculated using “Table 

1. Total coverage (UI and UCFE) by ownership: Establishments, employment, and wages, 1997-2006 annual averages,” from the Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Sept. 

17, 2007, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/cew/ew06table1.pdf (visited 

Nov. 24, 2008).

3 “Number of Nonprofit Organizations in the United States, 1996 

– 2006,” National Center for Charitable Statistics, on the Internet at 

http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/PubApps/profile1.php?state=US

(visited Nov. 24, 2008).

 4 Lester M. Salamon and S. Wojciech Sokolowski, “Nonprofit organizations: new insights from the QCEW data,” Monthly Labor Review, 

September 2005, pp. 21–23.

 5 “SOI Tax Stats - Exempt Organizations: IRS Master File Data,” Internal Revenue Service, on the Internet at www.irs.gov/taxstats/charitablestats/article/0,,id=97186,00.html (visited Nov. 24, 2008).

 6 “Exemption from tax on corporations, certain trusts, etc,” Government Printing Office, 26 U.S. Code 501, Jan. 3, 2006. Visit www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode (visited Nov. 24, 2008) and search for 26USC501.

 7 Salamon and Sokolowski, “Employment in America’s Charities,” 

p. 21.

 8 The difference is, like all comparisons in the text, statistically significant at the 90-percent confidence interval for all occupations except for 

the arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupational group.

 9 Salamon and Sokolowski, pp. 24–25.

 10 See North American Industry Classification System, United States, 

2002 (Office of Management and Budget), NAICS 622110, p. 820. 

Available on the Internet at www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/ (visited 

Nov. 24, 2008).

 11 Ibid, NAICS 813310, p. 893. Available on the Internet at www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/ (visited Nov. 24, 2008).
Not-For-Profit Sector

24 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

See notes at end of table.

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Table A–1. For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

GovernFor-profit Not-for- GovernOccupation employ- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Chief executives.............................................. 228,750 28,170 45,190 0.23 0.26 0.21 $73.70 $66.26 $49.15

General and operations managers.......... 1,427,710 117,840 124,850 1.41 1.09 .58 48.65 42.78 41.09

Advertising and promotions managers. 33,670 4,090 810 .03 .04 .00 41.82 34.01 32.12

Marketing managers..................................... 150,130 8,880 2,080 .15 .08 .01 52.46 40.73 37.81

Sales managers............................................... 306,590 4,320 640 .30 .04 .00 49.26 45.62 36.69

Public relations managers........................... 22,420 15,630 6,190 .02 .14 .03 50.19 38.78 36.66

Administrative services managers........... 146,580 34,630 52,910 .14 .32 .25 35.85 33.11 33.64

Computer and information systems 

managers...................................................... 210,130 17,270 25,030 .21 .16 .12 53.03 46.27 42.20

Financial managers........................................ 388,550 36,070 48,030 .38 .33 .22 50.14 42.59 40.56

Compensation and benefits managers.. 37,570 5,170 4,180 .04 .05 .02 40.29 36.12 35.03

Training and development managers.... 20,330 3,940 3,330 .02 .04 .02 43.45 38.34 34.05

Human resources managers, all other.... 39,010 6,110 11,160 .04 .06 .05 47.29 41.35 40.63

Industrial production managers............... 152,810 1,020 1,080 .15 .01 .01 40.40 38.43 36.50

Purchasing managers................................... 57,230 2,720 7,100 .06 .03 .03 41.28 39.52 41.79

Transportation, storage, and 

distribution managers............................. 73,510 1,090 15,200 .07 .01 .07 37.54 34.67 38.56

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural

 managers..................................................... 2,630 160 520 .00 .00 .00 28.39 24.00 28.18

Farmers and ranchers................................... 230 (

1

) 50 .00 (

1

) .00 21.91 16.00 17.67

Construction managers............................... 197,060 1,710 9,770 .19 .02 .05 40.04 38.11 33.91

Education administrators, preschool 

and child care center/program ............ 22,520 18,370 6,230 .02 .17 .03 18.48 20.78 29.65

Education administrators, elementary 

and secondary school.............................. 8,780 18,500 190,270 .01 .17 .88 65,880 72,610 80,060

Education administrators, 

postsecondary............................................ 8,560 31,840 63,840 .01 .29 .30 33.39 39.51 40.61

Education administrators, all other ......... 7,110 6,290 14,260 .01 .06 .07 30.33 34.20 35.62

Engineering managers................................. 165,720 3,200 15,940 .16 .03 .07 53.21 54.98 48.52

Food service managers................................ 175,440 6,630 8,290 .17 .06 .04 22.36 25.13 22.08

Funeral directors............................................. 22,450 30 390 .02 .00 .00 27.47 25.41 29.47

Gaming managers......................................... 2,330 80 1,060 .00 .00 .00 32.89 20.51 31.08

Lodging managers......................................... 30,200 700 590 .03 .01 .00 23.81 23.23 25.11

Medical and health services managers.. 93,810 96,940 42,830 .09 .89 .20 38.05 39.80 39.24

Natural sciences managers......................... 19,820 4,770 14,190 .02 .04 .07 57.49 51.67 44.07

Property, real estate, and community 

association managers.............................. 142,200 5,910 9,530 .14 .05 .04 24.82 25.65 28.93

Social and community service 

managers...................................................... 17,490 65,800 29,390 .02 .61 .14 26.24 25.77 29.98

Managers, all other........................................ 181,050 31,210 123,790 .18 .29 .58 44.40 37.37 38.05

Agents and business managers 

of artists, performers, and athletes..... 10,330 780 (

1

) .01 .01 (

1

) 41.37 27.78 40.73

Purchasing agents and buyers, 

farm products............................................. 12,630 250 300 .01 .00 .00 25.99 21.77 20.46

Wholesale and retail buyers,

 except farm products.............................. 135,490 1,700 790 .13 .02 .00 24.52 23.62 21.59

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, 

retail, and farm products........................ 218,070 11,730 48,310 .22 .11 .22 25.55 23.45 28.39

Claims adjusters, examiners, and 

investigators................................................ 225,550 6,130 49,130 .22 .06 .23 24.67 22.91 28.60

Insurance appraisers, auto damage ........ 12,660 80 (

1

) .01 .00 (

1

) 23.91 27.73 20.32

Compliance officers, except agriculture, 

construction, health and safety, and 

transportation ............................................ 71,360 8,630 145,560 .07 .08 .68 28.10 25.38 22.48

Cost estimators............................................... 215,610 880 910 .21 .01 .00 27.30 28.45 26.44

Emergency management specialists...... 2,730 1,040 7,740 .00 .01 .04 27.29 26.13 22.65

Employment, recruitment, 

and placement specialists...................... 143,560 18,910 24,520 .14 .17 .11 25.07 21.11 20.36

Compensation, benefits, and job 

analysis specialists.................................... 73,030 12,430 18,750 .07 .11 .09 26.27 24.39 24.29
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 25

Training and development specialists.... 139,770 30,530 27,580 0.14 0.28 0.13 $24.81 $23.09 $24.66

Human resources, training, and labor 

relations specialists, all other................ 99,390 60,700 46,470 .10 .56 .22 26.61 22.85 29.64

Logisticians....................................................... 55,550 1,140 23,220 .05 .01 .11 30.81 29.74 33.34

Management analysts.................................. 354,410 20,900 102,060 .35 .19 .47 39.11 35.11 30.63

Meeting and convention planners.......... 27,280 12,690 2,640 .03 .12 .01 21.76 22.51 20.39

Business operations specialists, 

all other......................................................... 540,740 120,400 332,220 .53 1.11 1.54 29.95 24.22 28.67

Accountants and auditors........................... 899,880 72,650 131,160 .89 .67 .61 29.66 26.05 26.46

Appraisers and assessors of real estate.. 38,090 210 28,210 .04 .00 .13 26.78 29.59 21.53

Budget analysts.............................................. 23,310 4,080 31,170 .02 .04 .14 33.27 27.51 29.07

Credit analysts................................................. 65,510 1,430 210 .06 .01 .00 28.97 24.04 25.01

Financial analysts........................................... 182,380 8,490 7,270 .18 .08 .03 37.68 30.76 29.23

Personal financial advisors.......................... 115,620 3,220 1,000 .11 .03 .00 42.25 26.71 25.30

Insurance underwriters................................ 97,040 2,530 650 .10 .02 .00 27.85 25.75 23.48

Financial examiners....................................... 15,170 390 9,070 .01 .00 .04 31.95 32.00 37.83

Loan counselors.............................................. 21,150 5,650 3,750 .02 .05 .02 20.94 17.92 18.68

Loan officers..................................................... 340,400 14,510 5,740 .34 .13 .03 30.06 22.21 28.50

Tax preparers................................................... 62,660 210 70 .06 .00 .00 15.94 13.38 16.41

Financial specialists, all other..................... 83,210 8,980 29,330 .08 .08 .14 29.43 23.94 27.56

Computer and information scientists,

 research........................................................ 19,810 1,810 6,040 .02 .02 .03 48.40 42.92 40.69

Computer programmers............................. 352,860 16,040 28,950 .35 .15 .13 34.04 29.94 26.70

Computer software engineers, 

applications................................................. 440,360 13,460 19,310 .43 .12 .09 39.87 36.08 31.07

Computer software engineers, 

systems software....................................... 318,640 6,310 4,490 .31 .06 .02 42.03 42.38 34.00

Computer support specialists................... 397,810 39,010 80,050 .39 .36 .37 21.68 20.05 19.97

Computer systems analysts........................ 370,550 26,470 51,050 .37 .24 .24 35.64 31.88 29.24

Database administrators............................. 86,750 10,890 12,520 .09 .10 .06 33.48 28.38 28.46

Network and computer systems 

administrators............................................ 230,740 24,470 35,050 .23 .23 .16 32.11 29.51 27.62

Network systems and data

 communications analysts...................... 170,260 13,850 20,040 .17 .13 .09 33.15 30.39 27.47

Computer specialists, all other.................. 94,550 5,830 81,240 .09 .05 .38 32.19 28.08 34.93

Actuaries............................................................ 15,460 480 760 .02 .00 .00 44.51 39.12 38.56

Mathematicians.............................................. 1,150 220 1,470 .00 .00 .01 44.02 46.56 39.19

Operations research analysts..................... 42,760 3,500 9,970 .04 .03 .05 33.07 33.20 33.81

Statisticians...................................................... 9,100 2,600 8,240 .01 .02 .04 34.20 31.41 32.06

Mathematical technicians........................... 590 170 450 .00 .00 .00 26.40 22.18 16.45

Mathematical scientists, all other............. 9,460 250 480 .01 .00 .00 31.81 27.68 21.20

Architects, except landscape and naval. 96,150 470 4,790 .09 .00 .02 33.43 35.25 34.82

Landscape architects.................................... 19,970 90 2,110 .02 .00 .01 29.04 30.35 29.14

Cartographers and photogrammetrists. 7,090 210 4,180 .01 .00 .02 24.75 21.69 26.26

Surveyors........................................................... 51,690 300 5,120 .05 .00 .02 24.47 29.00 26.36

Aerospace engineers.................................... 74,850 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 42.07 (

1

) 46.38

Agricultural engineers.................................. 2,130 180 770 .00 .00 .00 32.84 33.30 31.40

Biomedical engineers................................... 11,100 2,010 940 .01 .02 .00 39.39 29.35 32.60

Chemical engineers....................................... 26,870 650 1,840 .03 .01 .01 39.37 43.08 34.67

Civil engineers................................................. 169,980 1,030 68,270 .17 .01 .32 35.31 33.28 32.73

Computer hardware engineers................. 68,870 1,440 4,340 .07 .01 .02 44.22 34.08 41.44

Electrical engineers....................................... 136,950 4,060 7,200 .14 .04 .03 37.99 37.98 36.08

Electronics engineers, except 

computer...................................................... 112,330 1,930 18,130 .11 .02 .08 39.38 42.71 41.89

Environmental engineers............................ 34,650 1,910 15,040 .03 .02 .07 35.61 39.64 32.60

Health and safety engineers, except 

mining safety engineers and 

inspectors..................................................... 20,720 780 3,210 .02 .01 .01 33.24 29.21 31.41

Industrial engineers...................................... 195,970 1,940 2,150 .19 .02 .01 33.90 34.53 34.63

Marine engineers and naval architects.. 6,530 330 960 .01 .00 .00 35.53 30.70 42.95

See notes at end of table.

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- GovernOccupation employ- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- - wage ment 
Not-For-Profit Sector

26 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Materials engineers....................................... 19,030 370 1,860 0.02 0.00 0.01 $36.03 $36.00 $41.55

Mechanical engineers.................................. 203,730 2,180 12,120 .20 .02 .06 34.67 38.53 37.70

Mining and geological engineers, 

including mining safety engineers..... 6,320 (

1

) 480 .01 (

1

) .00 37.56 35.11 34.24

Nuclear engineers.......................................... 11,650 580 2,650 .01 .01 .01 45.14 44.43 40.29

Petroleum engineers..................................... 14,630 30 410 .00 .00 .00 49.15 42.94 38.18

Engineers, all other........................................ 122,970 4,460 29,930 .12 .04 .14 38.40 39.96 42.11

Architectural and civil drafters.................. 103,680 320 4,160 .10 .00 .02 20.97 21.77 22.19

Electrical and electronics drafters............ 31,910 420 220 .03 .00 .00 23.88 21.64 22.68

Mechanical drafters....................................... 72,590 260 330 .07 .00 .00 22.07 25.60 21.15

Drafters, all other............................................ 21,050 530 1,450 .02 .00 .01 21.87 24.26 19.40

Aerospace engineering and operations 

technicians................................................... 7,890 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 25.92 (

1

) 20.56

Civil engineering technicians.................... 48,590 500 38,190 .05 .00 .18 20.76 21.63 19.76

Electrical and electronic engineering 

technicians................................................... 142,350 3,430 22,060 .14 .03 .10 23.75 23.78 28.43

Electro–mechanical technicians............... 14,520 390 440 .01 .00 .00 22.40 25.26 18.94

Environmental engineering technicians 16,660 590 3,520 .02 .01 .02 20.31 22.78 21.92

Industrial engineering technicians.......... 72,420 550 1,330 .07 .01 .01 24.40 25.55 27.44

Mechanical engineering technicians...... 45,120 800 890 .04 .01 .00 22.86 24.36 24.83

Engineering technicians, except, 

drafters all other ........................................ 53,310 1,420 24,310 .05 .01 .11 25.10 22.94 27.41

Surveying and mapping technicians...... 58,720 1,220 11,270 .06 .01 .05 16.06 20.50 19.02

Animal scientists............................................. 840 170 2,920 .00 .00 .01 28.70 27.56 24.58

Food scientists and technologists............ 7,380 620 820 .01 .01 .00 28.27 32.19 27.15

Soil and plant scientists............................... 5,100 810 5,210 .01 .01 .02 29.29 25.32 27.35

Biochemists and biophysicists.................. 14,420 2,630 1,650 .01 .02 .01 40.84 37.69 23.54

Microbiologists............................................... 7,990 2,240 5,760 .01 .02 .03 30.26 33.03 31.73

Zoologists and wildlife biologists............ 3,990 2,240 11,790 .00 .02 .05 28.29 25.44 26.82

Biological scientists, all other..................... 5,690 1,870 18,000 .01 .02 .08 33.68 28.95 29.52

Conservation scientists................................ 990 1,260 13,820 .00 .01 .06 24.94 27.00 26.73

Foresters............................................................ 3,840 120 6,820 .00 .00 .03 26.83 24.09 24.32

Epidemiologists.............................................. 540 810 2,800 .00 .01 .01 34.75 33.81 26.34

Medical scientists, except 

epidemiologists......................................... 38,540 19,950 19,890 .04 .18 .09 38.78 31.47 26.47

Life scientists, all other................................. 6,810 2,570 3,790 .01 .02 .02 33.50 27.59 28.26

Astronomers.................................................... 100 360 960 .00 .00 .00 48.71 43.53 46.15

Physicists........................................................... 6,830 3,730 4,860 .01 .03 .02 47.20 48.06 42.57

Atmospheric and space scientists............ 3,390 1,220 3,670 .00 .01 .02 32.93 43.39 39.56

Chemists............................................................ 67,790 2,610 12,470 .07 .02 .06 31.06 32.10 33.70

Materials scientists......................................... 8,360 560 470 .01 .01 .00 37.30 39.14 29.57

Environmental scientists and 

specialists, including health .................. 38,040 3,360 37,060 .04 .03 .17 31.02 31.71 27.25

Geoscientists, except hydrologists and 

geographers................................................ 22,390 360 6,280 .02 .00 .03 40.07 35.92 32.55

Hydrologists..................................................... 3,860 80 3,810 .00 .00 .02 33.20 44.19 32.14

Physical scientists, all other........................ 8,080 2,280 11,380 .01 .02 .05 43.86 35.29 39.51

Economists....................................................... 3,770 1,690 7,620 .00 .02 .04 43.86 41.19 37.75

Market research analysts............................. 196,040 14,130 4,210 .19 .13 .02 32.14 26.09 28.10

Survey researchers......................................... 19,850 2,160 2,280 .02 .02 .01 18.26 19.73 25.18

Clinical, counseling, and school 

psychologists.............................................. 21,660 23,390 52,600 .02 .22 .24 37.48 28.33 30.90

Industrial–organizational psychologists 750 250 150 .00 .00 .00 47.51 38.19 30.09

Psychologists, all other................................. 2,010 1,210 4,800 .00 .01 .02 45.90 38.70 35.39

Sociologists...................................................... 700 1,760 980 .00 .02 .00 33.64 36.23 26.09

Urban and regional planners..................... 6,480 420 25,800 .01 .00 .12 32.13 27.47 27.38

Anthropologists and archeologists......... 2,820 280 1,890 .00 .00 .01 23.78 23.73 28.07

Geographers.................................................... 210 50 710 .00 .00 .00 29.36 21.87 31.44

Historians.......................................................... 730 370 2,000 .00 .00 .01 27.38 22.69 25.10

Political scientists........................................... 770 680 2,520 .00 .01 .01 28.67 40.67 45.66

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

GovernFor-profit Not-for- GovernOccupation employ- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 27

Social scientists and related workers, 

all other......................................................... 9,080 4,880 17,470 0.01 0.04 0.08 $33.47 $34.55 $31.29

Agricultural and food science 

technicians................................................... 10,380 1,730 7,210 .01 .02 .03 16.23 16.78 15.94

Biological technicians................................... 28,180 18,340 25,530 .03 .17 .12 19.60 18.89 16.57

Chemical technicians.................................... 56,620 2,050 2,420 .06 .02 .01 19.69 18.47 19.06

Geological and petroleum technicians.. 10,790 60 430 .01 .00 .00 25.03 18.63 18.74

Nuclear technicians....................................... 5,990 320 100 .01 .00 .00 31.31 30.22 23.80

Social science research assistants............ 5,160 5,770 4,910 .01 .05 .02 18.69 16.50 16.54

Environmental science and protection

 technicians, including health............... 19,310 2,050 13,700 .02 .02 .06 18.77 16.37 20.48

Forensic science technicians...................... 1,700 220 10,540 .00 .00 .05 24.08 24.12 22.82

Forest and conservation technicians...... 980 380 29,240 .00 .00 .14 18.14 17.95 16.16

Life, physical, and social science

 technicians, all other............................... 22,730 11,080 25,410 .02 .10 .12 20.53 19.96 18.39

Substance abuse and behavioral 

disorder counselors.................................. 18,830 43,520 13,710 .02 .40 .06 17.13 16.63 19.54

Educational, vocational, and school 

counselors.................................................... 21,780 45,840 161,300 .02 .42 .75 19.81 19.22 25.70

Marriage and family therapists................. 6,200 9,080 6,080 .01 .08 .03 20.31 20.09 24.73

Mental health counselors............................ 23,810 54,330 13,770 .02 .50 .06 18.83 16.87 22.27

Rehabilitation counselors........................... 23,980 71,700 26,030 .02 .66 .12 16.52 13.92 20.32

Counselors, all other ..................................... 3,580 9,170 11,920 .00 .08 .06 18.26 17.28 20.98

Child, family, and school social 

workers.......................................................... 22,230 95,170 149,570 .02 .88 .70 17.56 16.64 21.52

Medical and public health social 

workers.......................................................... 35,820 58,820 22,670 .04 .54 .11 21.69 21.14 21.81

Mental health and substance abuse 

social workers............................................. 23,510 67,100 24,450 .02 .62 .11 19.04 17.37 19.87

Social workers, all other............................... 8,050 20,310 33,980 .01 .19 .16 19.31 18.76 23.61

Health educators............................................ 10,260 29,170 18,740 .01 .27 .09 21.12 20.23 24.51

Probation officers and correctional

 treatment specialists............................... 1,720 900 87,880 .00 .01 .41 15.32 14.26 22.31

Social and human service assistants....... 54,270 167,890 103,070 .05 1.55 .48 12.58 12.13 14.68

Community and social service 

specialists, all other................................... 14,640 45,900 48,640 .01 .42 .23 16.64 16.55 19.51

Clergy ................................................................. 15,050 19,400 3,520 .01 .18 .02 19.91 20.65 24.08

Directors, religious activities and 

education..................................................... 6,890 7,460 420 .01 .07 .00 16.93 18.47 29.33

Religious workers, all other......................... 2,280 3,610 130 .00 .03 .00 13.15 14.48 19.40

Lawyers.............................................................. 418,460 17,210 115,270 .41 .16 .54 58.09 41.08 43.50

Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators. 2,900 2,620 2,710 .00 .02 .01 27.59 28.07 28.70

Paralegals and legal assistants.................. 191,480 5,160 33,550 .19 .05 .16 21.61 20.37 23.35

Court reporters............................................... 6,370 (

1

) 10,290 .00 (

1

) .00 21.31 (

1

) 24.55

Law clerks.......................................................... 18,270 370 13,350 .02 .00 .06 18.38 13.98 19.62

Title examiners, abstractors, and 

searchers....................................................... 61,640 220 1,740 .06 .00 .01 19.53 18.60 19.85

Legal support workers, all other............... 12,920 1,180 24,980 .01 .01 .12 22.59 18.14 25.42

Business teachers, postsecondary ........... 6,020 22,300 39,700 .01 .21 .18 60,110 72,810 69,890

Computer science teachers,

 postsecondary........................................... 4,820 8,030 24,000 .00 .07 .11 58,780 73,950 63,050

Mathematical science teachers,

 postsecondary........................................... 1,660 10,320 32,870 .00 .10 .15 61,290 65,490 61,930

Architecture teachers, postsecondary.... 300 1,810 3,760 .00 .02 .02 64,340 71,870 65,020

Engineering teachers, postsecondary.... 890 7,700 23,580 .00 .07 .11 78,170 87,320 80,200

Agricultural sciences teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 80 950 9,120 .00 .01 .04 61,480 72,470 77,750

Biological science teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 880 15,610 35,700 .00 .14 .17 73,770 81,840 82,260

Forestry and conservation science

 teachers, postsecondary........................ (

1

) 440 2,170 (

1

) .00 .00 (

1

) 58,360 68,990

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- GovernOccupation employ- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment
Not-For-Profit Sector

28 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space 

sciences teachers, postsecondary....... 260 1,970 6,480 0.00 0.02 0.03 $73,290 $78,260 $73,890

Chemistry teachers, postsecondary........ 1,010 6,870 11,840 .00 .06 .06 68,680 72,440 68,680

Environmental science teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 110 1,650 2,570 .00 .02 .01 60,500 69,490 73,970

Physics teachers, postsecondary.............. 210 4,190 8,000 .00 .04 .04 77,480 78,370 72,500

Anthropology and archeology teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 70 1,710 3,300 .00 .02 .02 70,240 72,800 65,770

Area, ethnic, and cultural studies 

teachers, postsecondary......................... 180 2,860 4,340 .00 .03 .02 62,920 67,580 61,200

Economics teachers, postsecondary....... 300 4,340 7,770 .00 .04 .04 72,890 85,730 75,810

Geography teachers, postsecondary...... 130 780 3,170 .00 .01 .01 60,180 64,710 62,500

Political science teachers, p

ostsecondary............................................... 330 5,030 8,520 .00 .05 .04 71,400 71,750 67,270

Psychology teachers, postsecondary...... 1,250 10,350 18,190 .00 .10 .08 65,150 66,490 63,380

Sociology teachers, postsecondary......... 430 5,720 9,990 .00 .05 .05 62,310 67,400 60,730

Social sciences teachers, postsecondary,

 all other........................................................ 430 1,590 3,830 .00 .00 .00 49,620 73,510 70,130

Health specialties teachers,

 postsecondary........................................... 8,720 41,080 68,140 .01 .38 .32 61,590 95,580 91,680

Nursing instructors and teachers,

 postsecondary........................................... 4,090 11,190 24,270 .00 .10 .11 55,420 60,870 58,070

Education teachers, postsecondary ........ 3,740 17,760 32,370 .00 .16 .15 53,090 56,110 58,600

Library science teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 40 880 2,950 .00 .01 .01 56,630 53,960 58,490

Criminal justice and law enforcement 

teachers, postsecondary......................... 400 2,080 7,960 .00 .02 .04 55,330 53,030 55,880

Law teachers, postsecondary .................... 940 6,240 4,790 .00 .06 .02 71,870 95,680 96,300

Social work teachers, postsecondary...... 110 2,620 5,170 .00 .02 .02 54,710 59,630 57,190

Art, drama, and music teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 6,230 29,980 36,120 .01 .28 .17 55,630 59,630 57,500

Communications teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 1,010 6,790 15,910 .00 .06 .07 52,110 57,510 56,480

English language and literature 

teachers, postsecondary......................... 2,600 15,800 41,220 .00 .15 .19 56,410 59,650 56,430

Foreign language and literature 

teachers, postsecondary......................... 2,290 9,470 13,120 .00 .09 .06 41,180 66,700 58,340

History teachers, postsecondary.............. 550 7,570 12,940 .00 .07 .06 63,760 67,470 60,560

Philosophy and religion teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 930 10,430 6,570 .00 .10 .03 54,710 59,750 61,520

Graduate teaching assistants..................... 960 25,550 86,620 .00 .24 .40 28,320 32,600 29,480

Home economics teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 130 500 3,720 .00 .00 .02 46,500 62,050 60,890

Recreation and fitness studies teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 1,440 4,370 11,380 .00 .04 .05 47,630 50,130 56,330

Vocational education teachers, 

postsecondary............................................ 43,660 12,880 54,690 .04 .12 .25 20.25 24.61 23.81

Postsecondary teachers, all other............ 14,570 77,750 182,640 .01 .72 .85 69,280 77,640 70,060

Preschool teachers, except special 

education..................................................... 195,330 119,920 48,640 .19 1.11 .23 10.50 12.45 20.17

Kindergarten teachers, except special 

education..................................................... 11,740 14,550 140,080 .01 .13 .65 32,220 36,730 49,250

Elementary school teachers, except 

special education ...................................... 66,520 86,710 1,379,610 .07 .80 6.41 38,520 41,150 49,330

Middle school teachers, except 

special and vocational education........ 19,890 42,800 594,870 .02 .39 2.77 40,950 44,210 49,960

Vocational education teachers,.................

middle school............................................. 290 1,020 14,550 .00 .01 .07 38,190 40,540 47,180

Secondary school teachers, except 

special and vocational education........ 28,960 76,490 938,890 .03 .70 4.37 46,060 47,250 51,310

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

GovernFor-profit Not-for- GovernOccupation employ- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- - wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 29

Vocational education teachers, 

secondary school ...................................... 2,110 2,960 91,940 0.00 0.03 0.43 $52,160 $53,580 $50,500

Special education teachers, preschool, 

kindergarten, and elementary

 school ........................................................... 7,620 15,410 194,310 .01 .14 .90 43,870 42,410 50,470

Special education teachers, middle 

school ............................................................ 1,520 3,890 100,950 .00 .04 .47 44,890 47,290 51,620

Special education teachers, secondary 

school ............................................................ 3,930 6,500 126,680 .00 .06 .59 45,200 46,980 52,990

Adult literacy, remedial education, and 

GED teachers and instructors.................. 9,710 10,070 52,050 .01 .09 .24 18.18 18.75 23.94

Self–enrichment education teachers...... 76,520 45,790 27,730 .08 .42 .13 17.44 18.59 21.17

Teachers and instructors, all other........... 71,610 54,060 456,420 .07 .50 2.12 34,270 35,700 35,410

Archivists........................................................... 1,050 2,510 1,930 .00 .02 .01 21.58 19.73 23.20

Curators............................................................. 1,030 5,620 2,900 .00 .05 .01 25.16 23.51 24.58

Museum technicians and 

conservators................................................ 670 4,220 4,960 .00 .04 .02 18.42 17.47 18.94

Librarians........................................................... 10,370 21,220 118,910 .01 .20 .55 23.97 23.85 24.45

Library technicians........................................ 5,250 13,980 95,590 .01 .13 .44 14.46 14.19 13.22

Audio–visual collections specialists........ 350 1,160 5,120 .00 .01 .02 17.01 18.17 20.78

Farm and home management advisors. 1,850 570 10,280 .00 .01 .05 35.63 20.08 20.28

Instructional coordinators.......................... 18,550 21,600 77,970 .02 .20 .36 25.55 23.17 27.91

Teacher assistants.......................................... 114,100 154,720 983,120 .11 1.43 4.57 20,060 21,340 22,130

Education, training, and library 

workers, all other....................................... 4,290 11,940 68,650 .00 .11 .32 17.74 17.84 16.94

Art directors..................................................... 28,990 1,860 350 .03 .02 .00 38.25 29.59 28.18

Craft artists....................................................... 4,400 370 140 .00 .00 .00 13.91 10.35 16.44

Fine artists, including painters, 

sculptors, and illustrators....................... 9,940 570 750 .01 .01 .00 22.65 21.16 23.57

Multi–media artists and animators.......... 25,040 690 560 .02 .01 .00 28.11 24.01 22.23

Artists and related workers, all other...... 4,050 320 3,510 .00 .00 .02 19.37 18.84 28.70

Commercial and industrial designers..... 33,040 300 230 .03 .00 .00 28.58 25.74 22.43

Fashion designers.......................................... 15,370 250 60 .02 .00 .00 33.53 20.91 23.77

Floral designers............................................... 61,400 120 70 .06 .00 .00 11.05 13.22 16.90

Graphic designers.......................................... 179,020 6,200 6,650 .18 .06 .03 20.97 20.64 22.90

Interior designers........................................... 52,100 170 320 .05 .00 .00 23.01 23.57 28.48

Merchandise displayers and window 

trimmers....................................................... 62,760 190 30 .06 .00 .00 12.75 13.07 17.80

Set and exhibit designers............................ 5,620 1,950 770 .01 .02 .00 23.12 18.19 22.58

Designers, all other........................................ 10,700 410 320 .01 .00 .00 23.28 28.77 23.71

Actors.................................................................. 45,420 6,190 270 .04 .06 .00 22.11 20.10 15.37

Producers and directors............................... 52,300 8,280 3,590 .05 .08 .02 36.80 24.88 25.66

Athletes and sports competitors.............. 10,840 1,420 250 .01 .01 .00 78,980 44,020 49,270

Coaches and scouts....................................... 56,750 40,360 57,410 .06 .37 .27 33,390 33,170 33,250

Umpires, referees, and other sports 

officials.......................................................... 5,500 3,000 5,320 .01 .03 .02 28,620 25,300 27,410

Dancers.............................................................. 13,080 3,030 70 .01 .03 .00 13.05 17.01 13.98

Choreographers.............................................. 14,480 1,800 100 .01 .02 .00 18.10 21.16 16.66

Music directors and composers................ 5,240 4,000 240 .01 .04 .00 26.44 24.53 26.05

Musicians and singers.................................. 22,660 22,870 1,160 .02 .21 .01 26.06 29.38 19.24

Entertainers and performers, sports 

and related workers, all other............... 56,610 1,440 1,450 .06 .01 .01 16.84 17.40 16.11

Radio and television announcers............. 37,210 2,640 420 .04 .02 .00 17.37 17.10 14.44

Public address system and other 

announcers.................................................. 8,110 110 110 .01 .00 .00 16.31 17.15 15.32

Broadcast news analysts.............................. 6,450 330 90 .01 .00 .00 32.44 29.06 18.05

Reporters and correspondents................. 51,300 1,850 280 .05 .02 .00 20.19 18.61 20.01

Public relations specialists.......................... 117,600 62,790 30,420 .12 .58 .14 26.63 24.68 24.79

Editors................................................................ 86,170 11,430 2,940 .09 .11 .01 25.75 25.06 21.87

Technical writers............................................. 42,070 1,650 1,660 .04 .02 .01 29.28 28.54 28.85

Writers and authors....................................... 33,280 7,320 2,820 .03 .07 .01 28.70 24.13 28.17

Interpreters and translators........................ 9,730 4,760 16,520 .01 .04 .08 20.15 17.40 18.97

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- GovernOccupation employ- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- - wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment
Not-For-Profit Sector

30 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Media and communication workers, 

all other......................................................... 16,010 3,010 4,170 0.02 .03 0.02 $23.11 $21.09 $19.46

Audio and video equipment

 technicians.................................................. 30,840 4,150 5,840 .03 .04 .03 19.03 16.57 17.21

Broadcast technicians................................... 27,180 2,700 2,680 .03 .02 .01 16.63 17.69 19.71

Radio operators.............................................. 470 40 930 .00 .00 .00 17.68 20.08 16.71

Sound engineering technicians................ 12,970 990 220 .01 .01 .00 24.45 20.16 19.25

Photographers................................................ 58,280 1,080 1,180 .06 .01 .01 15.09 21.76 19.75

Camera operators, television, video, 

and motion picture................................... 19,970 1,310 1,140 .02 .01 .01 22.50 15.13 23.13

Film and video editors.................................. 16,900 410 130 .02 .00 .00 28.17 18.19 19.76

Media and communication equipment 

workers, all other....................................... 9,460 2,170 6,350 .01 .02 .03 22.58 23.97 30.22

Chiropractors................................................... 24,870 510 90 .02 .00 .00 39.09 35.93 24.86

Dentists, general............................................. 80,710 3,260 2,350 .08 .03 .01 68.76 55.55 47.14

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons................ 5,030 250 50 .00 .00 .00 80.94 50.56 47.32

Orthodontists.................................................. 5,120 (

1

) (

1

) .01 (

1

) (

1

) 85.64 53.80 (

1

)

Prosthodontists............................................... 450 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 78.39 47.26 (

1

)

Dentists, all other specialists...................... 1,880 200 2,530 .00 .00 .01 74.59 40.17 36.15

Dietitians and nutritionists......................... 19,780 19,000 12,980 .02 .18 .06 23.22 22.84 22.67

Optometrists.................................................... 22,910 1,040 410 .02 .01 .00 47.47 49.02 31.09

Pharmacists...................................................... 181,900 41,510 18,220 .18 .38 .08 45.17 44.18 42.73

Anesthesiologists........................................... 24,420 4,440 1,210 .02 .04 .01 91.74 76.56 64.78

Family and general practitioners.............. 69,750 27,880 12,580 .07 .26 .06 76.00 68.08 56.96

Internists, general .......................................... 34,750 12,450 1,670 .03 .11 .01 81.79 66.30 62.94

Obstetricians and gynecologists.............. 18,010 3,900 650 .02 .04 .00 88.00 78.53 59.79

Pediatricians, general.................................... 19,230 8,390 1,450 .02 .08 .01 70.07 63.47 64.46

Psychiatrists...................................................... 10,260 8,380 6,170 .01 .08 .03 77.59 70.35 65.11

Surgeons........................................................... 41,780 8,060 2,140 .04 .07 .01 91.04 79.51 72.79

Physicians and surgeons, all other........... 99,800 62,410 48,110 .10 .58 .22 84.26 59.60 45.83

Physician assistants....................................... 39,570 17,430 6,060 .04 .16 .03 35.59 35.90 35.65

Podiatrists......................................................... 7,640 730 670 .01 .01 .00 58.92 50.73 41.53

Registered nurses........................................... 829,950 1,164,360 439,300 .82 10.73 2.04 28.34 29.07 27.88

Audiologists..................................................... 6,920 2,170 1,830 .01 .02 .01 30.21 28.37 27.43

Occupational therapists............................... 40,730 29,160 18,910 .04 .27 .09 31.88 28.93 27.69

Physical therapists......................................... 91,700 48,910 16,130 .09 .45 .07 33.37 31.98 30.56

Radiation therapists...................................... 4,150 8,240 1,920 .00 .08 .01 34.86 31.78 30.33

Recreational therapists................................ 8,420 8,570 7,200 .01 .08 .03 16.11 17.02 19.85

Respiratory therapists................................... 33,350 54,080 12,360 .03 .50 .06 23.32 23.45 22.60

Speech–language pathologists................ 26,610 18,240 53,950 .03 .17 .25 33.41 29.60 27.06

Therapists, all other....................................... 4,730 5,390 1,590 .00 .05 .01 21.92 20.35 25.14

Veterinarians.................................................... 46,310 1,140 2,380 .05 .01 .01 39.53 33.90 34.55

Health diagnosing and treating 

practitioners, all other ............................. 19,480 17,740 16,130 .02 .16 .08 52.94 29.75 35.42

Medical and clinical laboratory 

technologists.............................................. 55,940 81,320 27,110 .06 .75 .13 23.86 24.20 23.99

Medical and clinical laboratory 

technicians................................................... 63,480 59,570 22,180 .06 .55 .10 15.90 17.20 17.13

Dental hygienists............................................ 162,610 2,310 1,570 .16 .02 .01 30.11 27.13 23.32

Cardiovascular technologists 

and technicians.......................................... 14,010 24,920 5,210 .01 .23 .02 21.65 20.94 20.20

Diagnostic medical sonographers........... 20,140 20,330 4,080 .02 .19 .02 27.89 27.99 27.09

Nuclear medicine technologists............... 7,460 10,000 1,940 .01 .09 .01 30.70 30.16 28.58

Radiologic technologists and 

technicians................................................... 81,230 87,830 22,720 .08 .81 .11 23.25 24.06 23.09

Emergency medical technicians and 

paramedics.................................................. 76,080 49,380 73,080 .08 .46 .34 13.15 13.76 15.23

Dietetic technicians....................................... 8,540 11,440 4,560 .01 .11 .02 11.85 12.99 12.64

Pharmacy technicians.................................. 230,410 38,300 15,680 .23 .35 .07 12.29 14.34 15.10

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

GovernFor-profit Not-for- GovernOccupation employ- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 31

Psychiatric technicians................................. 15,120 13,620 30,340 0.01 0.13 0.14 $12.90 $13.27 $16.11

Respiratory therapy technicians............... 5,360 10,490 3,300 .01 .10 .02 18.62 19.44 17.86

Surgical technologists.................................. 31,630 43,180 10,220 .03 .40 .05 18.20 18.00 16.44

Veterinary technologists and 

technicians................................................... 65,350 1,930 2,560 .06 .02 .01 13.15 15.03 16.92

Licensed practical and licensed 

vocational nurses...................................... 419,690 212,350 96,550 .41 1.96 .45 18.28 17.78 16.77

Medical records and health

information technicians.......................... 80,470 63,590 21,710 .08 .59 .10 13.66 14.89 16.12

Opticians, dispensing ................................... 64,490 1,180 130 .06 .01 .00 15.41 17.49 16.01

Orthotists and prosthetists......................... 4,100 630 590 .00 .01 .00 30.83 24.29 28.68

Health technologists and technicians, 

all other......................................................... 33,360 28,890 10,360 .03 .27 .05 17.64 18.77 19.46

Occupational health and safety 

specialists..................................................... 19,130 3,300 20,160 .02 .03 .09 29.23 28.78 27.60

Occupational health and safety 

technicians................................................... 5,710 1,330 3,020 .01 .01 .01 22.32 18.40 20.64

Athletic trainers.............................................. 7,370 4,470 3,620 .01 .04 .02 36,890 38,520 43,250

Healthcare practitioners and technical 

workers, all other....................................... 21,040 19,150 10,650 .02 .18 .05 20.65 20.83 25.18

Home health aides......................................... 471,040 245,180 36,690 .46 2.26 .17 9.27 9.97 12.45

Nursing aides, orderlies, and 

attendants.................................................... 727,130 499,070 152,340 .72 4.60 .71 10.58 11.47 11.79

Psychiatric aides............................................. 13,110 12,260 31,910 .01 .11 .15 10.52 11.36 12.84

Occupational therapist assistants............ 12,950 7,550 3,250 .01 .07 .02 21.20 18.90 19.43

Occupational therapist aides..................... 3,810 2,630 1,370 .00 .02 .01 13.62 12.40 14.35

Physical therapist assistants....................... 38,510 16,940 4,320 .04 .16 .02 20.08 19.37 19.47

Physical therapist aides................................ 31,770 10,690 3,110 .03 .10 .01 11.11 11.79 10.03

Massage therapists........................................ 40,140 1,590 390 .04 .01 .00 18.83 20.21 19.72

Dental assistants............................................. 266,370 6,400 7,190 .26 .06 .03 14.76 14.06 15.30

Medical assistants.......................................... 315,340 75,720 19,060 .31 .70 .09 12.88 13.52 14.46

Medical equipment preparers................... 13,910 24,040 4,910 .01 .22 .02 12.78 13.15 12.51

Medical transcriptionists............................. 46,580 33,670 6,710 .05 .31 .03 14.61 15.00 14.22

Pharmacy aides............................................... 46,080 3,070 930 .05 .03 .00 9.75 12.20 12.18

Veterinary assistants and laboratory 

animal caretakers...................................... 64,210 3,760 2,540 .06 .03 .01 9.88 12.23 12.98

Healthcare support workers, all other.... 81,870 71,260 33,830 .08 .66 .16 13.05 13.43 14.86

First–line supervisors/managers 

of correctional officers............................. 1,060 80 36,410 .00 .00 .17 20.78 21.78 26.40

First–line supervisors/managers 

of police and detectives.......................... 30 510 91,530 .00 .00 .43 28.27 31.34 33.20

First–line supervisors/managers 

of fire fighting and prevention 

workers.......................................................... 580 200 50,370 .00 .00 .23 26.81 21.06 31.26

First–line supervisors/managers, 

protective service workers, 

all other......................................................... 31,110 4,320 10,840 .03 .04 .05 20.20 21.64 27.39

Fire fighters....................................................... 5,290 2,630 277,940 .01 .02 1.29 16.84 13.34 20.44

Fire inspectors and investigators.............. 1,280 60 12,120 .00 .00 .06 22.20 21.77 24.13

Forest fire inspectors and prevention 

specialists..................................................... 30 (

1

) 1,680 .00 (

1

) .00 14.08 (

1

) 17.28

Correctional officers and jailers................. 15,110 960 409,010 .01 .01 1.90 13.56 12.70 18.48

Detectives and criminal investigators.... (

1

) 60 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 30.40 (

1

)

Parking enforcement workers................... 330 290 9,500 .00 .00 .04 14.70 10.81 15.16

Police and sheriff’s patrol officers............. 230 3,640 642,600 .00 .03 2.99 20.22 21.45 22.93

Transit and railroad police........................... (

1

) (

1

) 3,870 (

1

) (

1

) .00 23.81 (

1

) 23.74

Animal control workers................................ 80 1,470 13,070 .00 .01 .06 13.88 12.37 14.31

Private detectives and investigators....... 31,810 560 3,730 .03 .01 .02 17.91 24.29 21.51

Gaming surveillance officers 

and gaming investigators...................... 4,070 50 4,520 .00 .00 .02 13.64 14.55 15.42

See notes at end of table.

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- Governemploy- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 
Not-For-Profit Sector

32 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Security guards............................................... 863,230 70,590 100,000 0.85 0.65 0.46 $10.86 $12.39 $13.54

Crossing guards.............................................. 10,870 310 56,630 .01 .00 .26 12.08 12.36 10.43

Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other 

recreational protective service 

workers.......................................................... 29,820 34,340 45,040 .03 .32 .21 8.72 8.31 9.34

Protective service workers, all other ....... 27,180 3,820 51,140 .03 .04 .24 12.53 13.48 15.71

Chefs and head cooks................................... 96,120 4,770 3,840 .09 .04 .02 17.78 22.49 22.84

First–line supervisors/managers 

of food preparation and serving 

workers.......................................................... 692,580 26,910 55,840 .68 .25 .26 13.77 15.32 14.20

Cooks, fast food .............................................. 619,950 (

1

) (

1

) .61 (

1

) (

1

) 7.64 8.94 (

1

)

Cooks, institution and cafeteria ................ 149,180 72,160 159,120 .15 .67 .74 10.19 10.80 9.99

Cooks, private household............................ 500 390 (

1

) .00 .00 (

1

) 15.38 11.53 9.98

Cooks, restaurant............................................ 813,950 12,800 3,250 .80 .12 .02 10.07 11.60 10.59

Cooks, short order.......................................... 183,450 6,300 540 .18 .06 .00 8.97 9.56 9.74

Cooks, all other................................................ 11,500 1,330 110 .01 .01 .00 11.47 10.19 11.70

Food preparation workers.......................... 718,420 67,840 100,860 .71 .63 .47 8.69 9.50 9.62

Bartenders........................................................ 433,670 49,990 3,670 .43 .46 .02 8.98 8.30 8.74

Combined food preparation and 

serving workers, including fast food.. 2,283,990 42,830 146,240 2.25 .39 .68 7.51 9.15 9.50

Counter attendants, cafeteria, 

food concession, and coffee shop....... 479,820 14,580 36,510 .47 .13 .17 8.01 9.13 9.21

Waiters and waitresses................................. 2,261,080 54,460 9,120 2.23 .50 .04 8.23 9.31 8.39

Food servers, nonrestaurant...................... 126,550 47,790 10,170 .12 .44 .05 9.32 9.65 10.45

Dining room and cafeteria attendants 

and bartender helpers............................. 362,300 20,150 20,700 .36 .19 .10 7.75 8.51 8.82

Dishwashers..................................................... 477,930 21,130 6,170 .47 .19 .03 7.75 8.37 8.11

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, 

lounge, and coffee shop......................... 336,140 3,790 2,030 .33 .03 .01 8.07 9.95 8.91

Food preparation and serving related 

workers, all other....................................... 45,230 4,550 5,620 .04 .04 .03 9.10 10.15 10.12

First–line supervisors/managers 

of housekeeping and janitorial

workers.......................................................... 122,090 20,610 41,870 .12 .19 .19 15.33 16.93 17.93

First–line supervisors/managers 

of landscaping, lawn service, 

and groundskeeping workers............... 87,030 7,750 16,940 .09 .07 .08 18.82 21.34 20.84

Janitors and cleaners, except maids

and housekeeping cleaners.................. 1,449,300 172,700 536,320 1.43 1.59 2.49 9.68 10.65 12.25

Maids and housekeeping cleaners.......... 729,880 141,370 34,170 .72 1.30 .16 8.76 9.96 9.66

Building cleaning workers, all other........ 12,240 (

1

) (

1

) .01 (

1

) (

1

) 13.01 10.77 (

1

)

Pest control workers...................................... 61,260 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.03 (

1

) 14.67

Landscaping and groundskeeping 

workers.......................................................... 739,780 65,120 126,850 .73 .60 .59 10.70 11.11 12.91

Pesticide handlers, sprayers, 

and applicators, vegetation................... 22,360 340 3,230 .02 .00 .02 13.52 14.84 15.00

Tree trimmers and pruners......................... 24,380 360 3,920 .02 .00 .02 13.99 16.96 16.37

Grounds maintenance workers, 

all other......................................................... 13,250 1,200 7,650 .01 .01 .04 11.84 10.06 11.87

Gaming supervisors...................................... 17,040 590 6,460 .02 .01 .03 20.86 15.65 19.37

Slot key persons.............................................. 7,060 60 6,440 .01 .00 .03 12.56 12.09 11.69

First–line supervisors/managers 

of personal service workers................... 78,910 30,410 17,220 .08 .28 .08 17.00 16.26 20.47

Animal trainers................................................ 9,250 700 90 .01 .01 .00 14.17 16.82 16.93

Nonfarm animal caretakers........................ 87,420 16,120 4,880 .09 .15 .02 9.47 10.00 13.15

Gaming dealers............................................... 61,160 1,250 21,260 .06 .01 .10 7.78 10.56 9.14

Gaming and sports book writers 

and runners................................................. 9,990 3,760 4,070 .01 .03 .02 9.85 9.14 11.25

Gaming service workers, all other............ 7,920 380 6,150 .01 .00 .03 12.10 10.04 11.02

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

GovernFor-profit Not-for- Governemploy- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 33

Motion picture projectionists.................... 10,370 360 (

1

) 0.01 0.00 (

1

) $9.58 $11.68 $15.04

Ushers, lobby attendants, 

and ticket takers........................................ 88,650 9,600 4,440 .09 .09 .02 8.24 9.34 9.26

Amusement and recreation 

attendants.................................................... 164,180 24,950 47,270 .16 .23 .22 8.15 8.44 9.37

Costume attendants..................................... 2,630 1,190 330 .00 .01 .00 14.44 14.11 12.61

Locker room, coatroom, and dressing

room attendants........................................ 14,120 3,850 860 .01 .04 .00 9.33 9.93 10.29

Entertainment attendants 

and related workers, all other............... (1) 5,630 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 8.36 10.59

Embalmers........................................................ 8,780 80 (

1

) .01 .00 (

1

) 19.44 18.07 17.95

Funeral attendants......................................... 32,620 90 (

1

) .03 .00 (

1

) 10.52 12.95 (

1

)

Barbers............................................................... 11,360 50 180 .01 .00 .00 12.68 13.00 15.67

Hairdressers, hairstylists, 

and cosmetologists.................................. 345,940 990 360 .34 .01 .00 11.78 12.08 12.93

Makeup artists, theatrical 

and performance....................................... 1,080 190 (

1

) .00 .00 (

1

) 16.98 21.43 (

1

)

Manicurists and pedicurists........................ 47,640 (

1

) (

1

) .05 (

1

) (

1

) 10.22 11.78 (

1

)

Shampooers..................................................... 15,660 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 8.19 (

1

) (

1

)

Skin care specialists....................................... 23,080 110 (

1

) .02 .00 (

1

) 14.06 15.79 16.50

Baggage porters and bellhops.................. 47,330 400 1,110 .05 .00 .01 10.33 10.26 11.08

Concierges........................................................ 18,040 620 740 .02 .01 .00 12.62 11.08 10.08

Tour guides and escorts............................... 16,640 11,150 3,040 .02 .10 .01 11.02 9.72 12.56

Travel guides.................................................... 3,100 120 60 .00 .00 .00 14.92 12.93 11.17

Flight attendants............................................ 96,940 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) (

1

) (

1

) (

1

)

Transportation attendants, 

except flight attendants 

and baggage porters............................... 16,490 370 4,340 .02 .00 .02 10.00 9.72 10.57

Child care workers......................................... 272,180 175,890 127,020 .27 1.62 .59 8.39 9.23 10.15

Personal and home care aides................... 370,210 193,230 19,010 .37 1.78 .09 8.28 9.45 9.85

Fitness trainers and aerobics 

instructors.................................................... 149,740 48,730 8,040 .15 .45 .04 15.70 13.95 14.07

Recreation workers........................................ 76,200 83,070 115,720 .08 .77 .54 10.73 10.44 11.62

Residential advisors....................................... 8,980 27,800 11,760 .01 .26 .05 11.48 11.39 12.95

Personal care and service workers, 

all other......................................................... 38,770 10,870 9,190 .04 .10 .04 10.18 10.39 11.24

First–line supervisors/managers 

of retail sales workers............................... 1,107,610 9,760 7,300 1.09 .09 .03 18.62 16.34 18.98

First–line supervisors/managers 

of non–retail sales workers.................... 269,790 3,400 14,450 .27 .03 .07 37.35 31.43 28.29

Cashiers.............................................................. 3,429,260 37,620 44,370 3.38 .35 .21 8.55 9.50 12.11

Gaming change persons 

and booth cashiers................................... 18,820 460 7,660 .02 .00 .04 10.53 9.72 9.79

Counter and rental clerks............................ 465,360 4,980 1,080 .46 .05 .01 11.21 10.13 11.39

Parts salespersons.......................................... 236,960 40 40 .23 .00 .00 14.37 18.75 16.55

Retail salespersons........................................ 4,376,750 30,980 13,220 4.32 .29 .06 11.48 9.69 11.66

Advertising sales agents.............................. 156,990 2,900 180 .15 .03 .00 24.68 24.75 16.71

Insurance sales agents................................. 307,360 (

1

) (

1

) .30 (

1

) (

1

) 28.08 27.39 (

1

)

Securities, commodities, and financial 

services sales agents................................ 259,800 1,510 100 .26 .01 .00 43.42 34.01 35.19

Travel agents.................................................... 87,500 910 90 .09 .01 .00 15.06 15.57 11.43

Sales representatives, services, 

all other......................................................... 489,920 11,850 1,310 .48 .11 .01 27.17 24.35 23.59

Sales representatives, wholesale 

and manufacturing, technical 

and scientific products............................ 391,050 1,740 260 .39 .02 .00 34.90 33.85 20.82

Sales representatives, wholesale 

and manufacturing, except technical

and scientific products............................ 1,492,150 3,770 510 1.47 .03 .00 28.08 27.38 22.10

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- Governemploy- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation
Not-For-Profit Sector

34 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Demonstrators and product 

promoters.................................................... 83,440 650 80 0.08 0.01 0.00 $12.32 $13.38 $17.25

Models................................................................ 690 210 570 .00 .00 .00 13.31 13.68 13.50

Real estate brokers........................................ 46,670 360 90 .05 .00 .00 38.58 33.77 28.33

Real estate sales agents............................... 161,630 2,260 4,880 .16 .02 .02 26.09 22.14 28.49

Sales engineers............................................... 74,900 300 90 .07 .00 .00 39.92 39.01 36.00

Telemarketers.................................................. 378,230 10,050 150 .37 .09 .00 11.61 10.99 12.68

Door–to–door sales workers, news and 

street vendors, and related workers... 10,960 (

1

) (

1

) .01 (

1

) (

1

) 12.84 12.12 (

1

)

Sales and related workers, all other......... 140,690 19,230 3,380 .14 .18 .02 19.23 21.21 23.27

First–line supervisors/managers of 

office and administrative support

 workers......................................................... 1,100,580 116,310 148,660 1.09 1.07 .69 22.25 22.23 22.76

Switchboard operators, including 

answering service ..................................... 129,360 30,680 13,330 .13 .28 .06 11.17 11.63 12.38

Telephone operators..................................... 23,480 2,150 1,040 .02 .02 .00 15.90 13.60 14.44

Communications equipment 

operators, all other.................................... 1,950 460 1,840 .00 .00 .01 14.65 11.98 18.21

Bill and account collectors.......................... 387,110 28,110 11,750 .38 .26 .05 14.66 14.87 14.89

Billing and posting clerks and

machine operators.................................... 430,380 64,960 26,740 .42 .60 .12 14.38 14.30 13.78

Bookkeeping, accounting, and

 auditing clerks........................................... 1,545,730 131,990 191,410 1.52 1.22 .89 15.18 15.15 15.83

Gaming cage workers................................... 12,910 100 5,140 .01 .00 .02 11.82 10.93 11.11

Payroll and timekeeping clerks................. 164,880 14,830 28,150 .16 .14 .13 15.75 16.12 16.54

Procurement clerks........................................ 47,220 5,560 22,270 .05 .05 .10 15.51 15.17 17.51

Tellers.................................................................. 564,980 42,220 430 .56 .39 .00 10.92 11.20 13.35

Brokerage clerks............................................. 72,290 170 160 .07 .00 .00 18.88 18.65 21.59

Correspondence clerks................................ 13,090 1,150 2,050 .01 .01 .01 14.56 14.15 13.11

Court, municipal, and license clerks........ 3,140 60 103,970 .00 .00 .48 12.16 16.37 15.76

Credit authorizers, checkers, 

and clerks..................................................... 65,020 (

1

) (

1

) .06 (

1

) (

1

) 15.15 15.49 (

1

)

Customer service representatives............ 2,010,600 93,250 56,810 1.98 .86 .26 14.59 14.24 14.98

Eligibility interviewers, government 

programs...................................................... 2,400 3,030 101,720 .00 .03 .47 16.37 14.29 18.29

File clerks........................................................... 172,010 26,760 25,490 .17 .25 .12 11.12 11.53 12.33

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks........ 213,500 1,010 810 .21 .01 .00 9.35 9.93 9.86

Interviewers, except eligibility 

and loan........................................................ 102,720 76,860 32,480 .10 .71 .15 12.44 13.28 14.50

Library assistants, clerical............................ 4,000 15,660 89,660 .00 .14 .42 11.85 11.39 10.93

Loan interviewers and clerks..................... 240,550 8,860 910 .24 .08 .00 15.67 15.11 14.74

New accounts clerks...................................... 76,130 5,840 (1) .08 .05 (1) 14.17 13.61 10.39

Order clerks...................................................... 261,330 3,190 690 .26 .03 .00 13.51 13.43 14.85

Human resources assistants, except 

payroll and timekeeping ........................ 99,740 18,280 42,900 .10 .17 .20 16.43 15.89 17.53

Receptionists and information clerks..... 921,160 130,070 66,410 .91 1.20 .31 11.39 11.40 12.08

Reservation and transportation ticket 

agents and travel clerks.......................... 158,570 1,270 530 .16 .01 .00 14.48 12.62 15.81

All other information and record 

clerks.............................................................. 107,700 14,330 110,700 .11 .13 .51 14.75 15.44 16.86

Cargo and freight agents............................ 84,060 470 680 .08 .00 .00 18.45 19.62 22.99

Couriers and messengers............................ 93,980 7,800 6,890 .09 .07 .03 10.92 11.18 12.51

Police, fire, and ambulance 

dispatchers.................................................. 6,200 2,450 86,160 .01 .02 .40 14.53 14.26 15.78

Dispatchers, except police, fire, 

and ambulance .......................................... 166,990 4,980 14,660 .16 .05 .07 16.57 14.92 16.43

Meter readers, utilities.................................. 22,920 3,140 19,800 .02 .03 .09 16.40 14.26 14.42

Production, planning, and expediting 

clerks.............................................................. 259,740 10,900 17,210 .26 .10 .08 19.13 16.71 21.82

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks..... 743,210 10,250 14,060 .73 .09 .07 13.11 12.41 18.55

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- Governemploy- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 35

Stock clerks and order fillers...................... 1,646,820 33,720 44,050 1.62 0.31 0.20 $10.61 $11.88 $15.44

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and 

samplers, recordkeeping........................ 74,430 1,880 1,490 .07 .02 .01 13.16 10.81 14.62

Executive secretaries and 

administrative assistants........................ 1,042,460 195,140 267,500 1.03 1.80 1.24 18.94 18.16 18.46

Legal secretaries............................................. 245,460 3,780 20,980 .24 .03 .10 19.14 17.48 17.93

Medical secretaries........................................ 281,520 95,040 21,080 .28 .88 .10 14.09 13.88 13.56

Secretaries, except legal, medical, 

and executive.............................................. 1,119,710 202,500 456,820 1.10 1.87 2.12 13.10 13.97 14.66

Computer operators...................................... 96,540 9,220 19,140 .10 .08 .09 16.67 16.06 17.66

Data entry keyers........................................... 243,390 19,550 36,160 .24 .18 .17 12.03 12.79 13.71

Word processors and typists...................... 57,360 8,190 96,130 .06 .08 .45 14.91 14.67 14.15

Desktop publishers........................................ 28,340 1,260 890 .03 .01 .00 17.34 18.27 16.52

Insurance claims and policy 

processing clerks....................................... 226,260 9,990 3,180 .22 .09 .01 15.71 16.04 16.95

Mail clerks and mail machine 

operators, except postal 

service ........................................................... 119,200 9,660 13,010 .12 .09 .06 11.79 12.48 13.89

Office clerks, general..................................... 2,169,390 290,330 598,230 2.14 2.68 2.78 11.87 12.18 12.78

Office machine operators, 

except computer....................................... 83,850 2,710 5,560 .08 .02 .03 12.36 13.10 14.28

Proofreaders and copy markers................ 15,130 440 1,410 .01 .00 .01 14.54 15.61 9.21

Statistical assistants....................................... 8,900 1,990 9,950 .01 .02 .05 16.93 15.93 14.15

Office and administrative support 

workers, all other....................................... 144,260 31,190 103,750 .14 .29 .48 14.48 13.89 13.49

First–line supervisors/managers 

of farming, fishing, and forestry

 workers......................................................... 16,670 370 2,800 .02 .00 .01 18.61 21.19 22.94

Farm labor contractors................................. 2,050 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 13.87 (

1

) (

1

)

Agricultural inspectors................................. 3,230 290 11,420 .00 .00 .05 16.65 13.38 19.27

Animal breeders............................................. 1,990 70 (

1

) .00 .00 (

1

) 15.38 15.19 (

1

)

Graders and sorters, agricultural 

products....................................................... 43,940 90 1,920 .04 .00 .01 8.80 10.27 12.27

Agricultural equipment operators........... 20,810 100 300 .02 .00 .00 10.52 9.15 13.19

Farmworkers and laborers, crop, 

nursery, and greenhouse........................ 228,140 1,330 2,080 .23 .01 .01 8.42 10.97 12.68

Farmworkers, farm and ranch 

animals.......................................................... 45,760 950 1,280 .05 .01 .01 9.80 10.15 13.74

Agricultural workers, all other................... 5,340 270 2,980 .01 .00 .01 11.03 11.68 13.88

Fishers and related fishing workers......... 770 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 12.98 (

1

) 17.32

Forest and conservation workers............. 1,420 650 6,810 .00 .01 .03 12.92 10.40 11.73

Fallers.................................................................. 8,640 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.72 (

1

) (

1

)

Logging equipment operators.................. 28,140 (

1

) 150 .00 (

1

) .00 14.84 (

1

) 16.50

Log graders and scalers............................... 4,750 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.88 (

1

) 15.87

Logging workers, all other.......................... 5,740 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.15 (

1

) (

1

)

First–line supervisors/managers 

of construction trades 

and extraction workers........................... 532,090 3,700 46,100 .52 .03 .21 27.73 29.38 24.41

Boilermakers.................................................... 16,710 160 560 .02 .00 .00 23.34 22.56 21.54

Brickmasons and blockmasons................. 117,460 230 1,290 .12 .00 .01 21.26 19.84 21.19

Stonemasons................................................... 19,100 (

1

) 50 .02 (

1

) .00 17.88 22.51 18.62

Carpenters........................................................ 964,000 8,060 22,620 .95 .07 .11 19.08 21.01 19.53

Carpet installers.............................................. 36,730 50 100 .04 .00 .00 18.39 22.48 19.62

Floor layers, except carpet, wood, 

and hard tiles.............................................. 14,850 (

1

) 60 .01 (

1

) .00 18.80 17.42 20.22

Floor sanders and finishers......................... 7,440 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.31 (

1

) (

1

)

Tile and marble setters................................. 51,370 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 18.89 (

1

) 24.70

Cement masons and concrete 

finishers......................................................... 219,580 100 1,350 .22 .00 .01 17.00 19.57 18.68

Construction laborers................................... 984,670 2,220 48,260 .97 .02 .22 14.22 14.95 15.01

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 Govern- Not-foremploy- employ-

 ment profit wage 

ment ment employ- 

 ment 

See notes at end of table.

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation

For-profit

wage

Government

wage
Not-For-Profit Sector

36 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Paving, surfacing, and tamping 

equipment operators............................... 48,040 (

1

) (

1

) 0.00 (

1

) (

1

) $16.62 (

1

) $15.74

Pile–driver operators.................................... 5,040 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 24.16 (

1

) 20.40

Operating engineers and other 

construction equipment operators.... 326,970 1,320 68,960 .32 0.01 0.32 19.95 20.01 16.77

Drywall and ceiling tile installers.............. 140,530 150 60 .14 .00 .00 18.66 13.80 19.79

Electricians........................................................ 584,680 6,120 31,060 .58 .06 .14 22.28 23.30 23.20

Glaziers............................................................... 51,770 (

1

) 310 .05 (

1

) .00 18.25 24.78 23.02

Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, 

and wall......................................................... 31,110 600 70 .03 .01 .00 16.44 14.01 18.87

Insulation workers, mechanical ................ 27,550 30 570 .03 .00 .00 19.87 14.57 23.89

Painters, construction 

and maintenance ...................................... 244,650 3,930 16,360 .24 .04 .08 16.13 18.60 19.99

Paperhangers................................................... 6,120 (

1

) (

1

) .01 (

1

) (

1

) 17.41 21.98 18.49

Pipelayers.......................................................... 47,800 160 10,680 .05 .00 .05 16.33 15.25 15.59

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.. 409,960 3,290 25,420 .40 .03 .12 22.03 22.55 20.76

Plasterers and stucco masons.................... 50,190 50 780 .05 .00 .00 17.79 20.41 22.64

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers......... 30,980 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 20.01 (

1

) 23.71

Roofers............................................................... 124,960 100 660 .12 .00 .00 16.92 20.05 20.72

Sheet metal workers..................................... 170,800 270 7,090 .17 .00 .03 19.43 21.93 22.87

Helpers––brickmasons, blockmasons, 

stonemasons, and tile and marble 

setters............................................................ 62,540 (

1

) 110 .00 (

1

) .00 13.34 (

1

) 19.52

Helpers––carpenters..................................... 107,410 330 400 .11 .00 .00 11.45 12.65 11.03

Helpers––electricians................................... 102,070 210 1,240 .10 .00 .01 11.85 15.71 16.47

Helpers––painters, paperhangers, 

plasterers, and stucco masons.............. 23,320 40 170 .02 .00 .00 10.81 13.59 15.92

Helpers––pipelayers, plumbers, 

pipefitters, and steamfitters.................. 81,250 150 1,450 .08 .00 .01 12.04 14.89 19.64

Helpers, construction trades, 

all other......................................................... 34,630 140 1,700 .03 .00 .01 11.74 14.77 14.14

Construction and building inspectors.... 41,140 700 55,520 .04 .01 .26 23.82 20.20 22.95

Elevator installers and repairers................ 21,400 30 600 .02 .00 .00 29.62 25.13 27.70

Fence erectors................................................. 24,470 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 13.53 (

1

) 10.62

Hazardous materials removal workers... 37,350 340 1,440 .04 .00 .01 18.24 19.29 20.56

Highway maintenance workers................ 5,460 40 136,940 .01 .00 .64 15.51 14.97 15.32

Rail–track laying and maintenance 

equipment operators............................... 13,180 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 18.91 (

1

) 22.65

Construction and related workers, 

all other......................................................... 46,660 720 8,950 .05 .01 .04 15.75 17.56 15.90

Derrick operators, oil and gas.................... 16,910 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 18.23 (

1

) (

1

)

Rotary drill operators, oil and gas............ 18,010 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 20.36 (

1

) (

1

)

Earth drillers, except oil and gas............... 19,200 (

1

) 150 .00 (

1

) .00 17.66 (

1

) 21.11

Explosives workers, ordnance handling 

experts, and blasters................................ 3,600 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 20.24 (

1

) 18.76

Mine cutting and channeling machine 

operators...................................................... 7,730 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 18.68 (

1

) (

1

)

Rock splitters, quarry .................................... 3,830 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 13.85 (

1

) (

1

)

Helpers––extraction workers..................... 24,000 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.59 (

1

) (

1

)

Extraction workers, all other ...................... 8,690 (

1

) 210 .00 (

1

) .00 18.40 (

1

) 20.78

First–line supervisors/managers 

of mechanics, installers, 

and repairers............................................... 385,310 12,340 56,250 .38 .11 .26 27.04 25.99 26.28

Computer, automated teller, 

and office machine repairers................. 135,450 1,070 4,510 .13 .01 .02 18.20 18.05 18.98

Radio mechanics............................................ 5,240 40 960 .01 .00 .00 18.55 19.95 22.55

Telecommunications equipment 

installers and repairers, except line 

installers........................................................ 185,020 2,620 3,610 .18 .02 .02 24.39 20.77 21.67

Avionics technicians...................................... 13,200 50 2,120 .01 .00 .01 22.80 21.80 22.65

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- Governemploy- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Not-for-profit

employment

Occupation
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 37

Electric motor, power tool, 

and related repairers................................ 21,740 150 340 0.02 0.00 0.00 $16.67 $13.83 $20.72

Electrical and electronics installers 

and repairers, transportation 

equipment................................................... 16,660 280 (

1

) .02 .00 (

1

) 20.42 19.80 (

1

)

Electrical and electronics repairers, 

commercial and industrial 

equipment................................................... 64,760 630 13,610 .06 .01 .06 21.48 22.84 23.87

Electrical and electronics repairers, 

powerhouse, substation, 

and relay....................................................... 18,510 1,400 2,410 .02 .01 .01 27.62 25.72 25.01

Electronic equipment installers 

and repairers, motor vehicles................ 19,380 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.82 (

1

) 22.61

Electronic home entertainment 

equipment installers and repairers..... 35,070 60 270 .03 .00 .00 15.20 14.70 19.67

Security and fire alarm systems 

installers........................................................ 51,980 140 510 .05 .00 .00 17.35 19.65 19.77

Aircraft mechanics and service 

technicians................................................... 99,900 650 18,250 .10 .01 .08 23.77 21.64 23.37

Automotive body and related

 repairers....................................................... 154,690 70 1,670 .15 .00 .01 18.29 20.18 21.00

Automotive glass installers 

and repairers............................................... 18,790 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.35 (

1

) (

1

)

Automotive service technicians 

and mechanics........................................... 607,850 2,740 35,890 .60 .03 .17 17.15 17.94 19.56

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel 

engine specialists...................................... 216,120 1,240 38,900 .21 .01 .18 18.31 18.61 19.12

Farm equipment mechanics...................... 29,200 40 300 .03 .00 .00 14.56 15.57 16.06

Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, 

except engines........................................... 100,460 260 19,340 .10 .00 .09 19.58 19.75 21.06

Rail car repairers............................................. 19,860 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 19.85 (

1

) (

1

)

Motorboat mechanics.................................. 18,450 80 100 .00 .00 .00 16.53 15.90 18.67

Outdoor power equipment and other 

small engine mechanics......................... 24,610 240 730 .02 .00 .00 13.28 15.54 17.78

Bicycle repairers.............................................. 8,320 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 10.86 (

1

) (

1

)

Recreational vehicle service 

technicians................................................... 13,520 30 (

1

) .01 .00 (

1

) 16.00 12.86 14.37

Tire repairers and changers........................ 103,840 (

1

) 370 .10 (

1

) .00 10.90 11.59 15.53

Mechanical door repairers.......................... 15,070 (

1

) 100 .00 (

1

) .00 16.34 (

1

) 17.55

Control and valve installers 

and repairers, except mechanical 

door................................................................ 33,140 1,470 7,860 .03 .01 .04 22.17 19.89 20.26

Heating, air conditioning, 

and refrigeration mechanics 

and installers............................................... 229,340 4,470 19,100 .23 .04 .09 18.83 21.23 20.83

Home appliance repairers........................... 43,160 150 150 .04 .00 .00 16.91 19.98 18.97

Industrial machinery mechanics.............. 243,080 1,290 10,100 .24 .01 .05 20.28 20.62 22.95

Maintenance and repair workers, 

general .......................................................... 999,240 95,320 226,040 .99 .88 1.05 16.02 15.12 16.67

Maintenance workers, machinery............ 73,170 890 8,030 .07 .01 .04 17.33 17.97 18.63

Millwrights........................................................ 53,020 70 250 .05 .00 .00 22.99 24.74 22.61

Electrical power–line installers 

and repairers............................................... 79,470 16,940 15,250 .08 .16 .07 24.17 23.35 23.25

Telecommunications line installers 

and repairers............................................... 155,850 1,590 1,000 .15 .01 .00 21.91 20.96 22.44

Camera and photographic equipment 

repairers........................................................ 3,130 140 230 .00 .00 .00 17.81 17.64 15.53

Medical equipment repairers.................... 24,770 6,020 1,490 .02 .06 .01 20.50 21.27 20.67

Musical instrument repairers 

and tuners.................................................... 4,980 60 90 .00 .00 .00 15.15 21.03 21.15

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- Governemploy- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation
Not-For-Profit Sector

38 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Precision instrument and equipment 

repairers, all other ..................................... 9,950 120 3,160 0.01 0.00 0.01 $22.35 $19.89 $23.25

Coin, vending, and amusement 

machine servicers and repairers.......... 37,230 300 2,060 .04 .00 .01 14.25 12.71 15.73

Commercial divers......................................... 2,500 60 130 .00 .00 .00 22.08 16.73 18.01

Fabric menders, except garment.............. 1,260 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.53 (

1

) 16.07

Locksmiths and safe repairers................... 15,200 610 2,120 .01 .01 .01 15.34 21.14 20.23

Manufactured building and mobile 

home installers........................................... 9,510 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 12.79 (

1

) (

1

)

Riggers............................................................... 10,340 400 1,330 .01 .00 .01 18.34 21.49 23.67

Signal and track switch repairers.............. 4,710 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 23.50 18.41 (

1

)

Helpers––installation, maintenance, 

and repair workers.................................... 141,990 3,760 16,320 .14 .03 .08 11.27 13.03 14.15

Installation, maintenance, and repair 

workers, all other....................................... 115,450 1,430 15,280 .11 .01 .07 16.54 16.12 20.74

First–line supervisors/managers 

of production and operating 

workers.......................................................... 652,250 6,870 23,370 .64 .06 .11 24.21 21.21 25.47

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, 

and systems assemblers......................... 27,650 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 21.09 (

1

) (

1

)

Coil winders, tapers, and finishers............ 22,660 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 12.90 (

1

) (

1

)

Electrical and electronic equipment 

assemblers................................................... 215,100 700 190 .21 .01 .00 13.10 14.53 12.27

Electromechanical equipment 

assemblers................................................... 60,260 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 13.87 (

1

) (

1

)

Engine and other machine assemblers.. 45,150 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 17.01 (

1

) (

1

)

Structural metal fabricators and fitters.. 100,170 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.07 (

1

) 18.38

Team assemblers............................................ 1,253,650 (

1

) (

1

) 1.24 (

1

) (

1

) 12.56 9.47 (

1

)

Timing device assemblers, adjusters, 

and calibrators............................................ 2,470 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.54 (

1

) (

1

)

Assemblers and fabricators, all other...... 283,830 4,840 640 .28 .04 .00 14.97 9.75 10.19

Bakers................................................................. 140,660 630 830 .14 .01 .00 11.31 12.57 13.20

Butchers and meat cutters.......................... 128,940 (

1

) 1,220 .13 (

1

) .01 13.47 12.51 18.93

Meat, poultry, and fish cutters

 and trimmers............................................. 140,490 (

1

) (1) .14 (

1

) (

1

) 10.21 10.66 (

1

)

Slaughterers and meat packers................ 118,750 (

1

) (1) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 10.54 (

1

) (

1

)

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, 

and drying machine operators 

and tenders................................................. 18,570 (

1

) (1) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 12.34 (

1

) (

1

)

Food batchmakers......................................... 93,000 (

1

) (1) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 11.89 (

1

) (

1

)

Food cooking machine operators 

and tenders................................................. 44,340 (

1

) (1) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 10.93 (

1

) (

1

)

Computer–controlled machine tool 

operators, metal and plastic.................. 139,600 270 (

1

) .14 .00 (

1

) 15.77 14.51 (

1

)

Numerical tool and process control 

programmers.............................................. 17,740 (

1

) (

1

) .02 (

1

) (

1

) 21.54 20.44 (

1

)

Extruding and drawing machine 

setters, operators, and tenders, metal 

and plastic.................................................... 94,300 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.09 (

1

) 23.13

Forging machine setters, operators, 

and tenders, metal and plastic ............. 30,640 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.31 (

1

) 22.04

Rolling machine setters, operators, 

and tenders, metal and plastic ............. 34,490 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.42 (

1

) (

1

)

Cutting, punching, and press machine 

setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic ....................................... 270,480 380 110 .27 .00 .00 13.30 12.46 15.18

Drilling and boring machine tool 

setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic ....................................... 42,550 (

1

) (

1

) .04 (

1

) (

1

) 15.20 11.49 (

1

)

Grinding, lapping, polishing, 

and buffing machine tool setters, 

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- employ- employ- ment wage profit wage 

ment ment employment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation

Government

wage
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 39

operators, and tenders, metal 

and plastic.................................................... 99,920 (

1

) (

1

) 0.00 (

1

) (

1

) $14.30 (

1

) (

1

)

Lathe and turning machine tool 

setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic ....................................... 65,910 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.97 (

1

) (

1

)

Milling and planing machine setters, 

operators, and tenders, metal 

and plastic.................................................... 29,050 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.51 (

1

) (

1

)

Machinists......................................................... 379,640 1,230 5,140 .37 0.01 0.02 17.12 $20.00 $23.03

Metal–refining furnace operators 

and tenders................................................. 18,330 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 16.12 (

1

) (

1

)

Pourers and casters, metal.......................... 14,850 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.87 (

1

) (

1

)

Model makers, metal and plastic.............. 8,260 60 60 .01 .00 .00 21.19 21.03 22.31

Patternmakers, metal and plastic............. 7,060 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 18.31 (

1

) (

1

)

Foundry mold and coremakers................. 14,430 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.38 (

1

) 25.43

Molding, coremaking, and casting 

machine setters, operators, 

and tenders, metal and plastic ............. 156,290 50 490 .00 .00 .00 13.08 17.30 22.71

Multiple machine tool setters, 

operators, and tenders, metal 

and plastic.................................................... 97,530 170 70 .10 .00 .00 15.38 11.01 19.33

Tool and die makers...................................... 96,970 50 440 .10 .00 .00 21.88 21.09 26.13

Welders, cutters, solderers, 

and brazers.................................................. 373,220 470 5,280 .37 .00 .02 15.69 18.00 21.31

Welding, soldering, and brazing

machine setters, operators, 

and tenders................................................. 48,810 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 16.05 (

1

) 19.97

Heat treating equipment setters, 

operators, and tenders, metal 

and plastic.................................................... 26,830 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.21 (

1

) 22.40

Lay-out workers, metal and plastic.......... 9,110 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 16.30 (

1

) 22.96

Plating and coating machine setters, 

operators, and tenders, metal 

and plastic.................................................... 41,060 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 13.98 (

1

) 21.27

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners........ 17,510 (

1

) 120 .02 (

1

) .00 15.43 14.63 21.77

Metal workers and plastic workers, 

all other......................................................... 46,710 190 1,040 .05 .00 .00 18.06 13.50 20.78

Bindery workers.............................................. 61,840 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 12.99 (

1

) 17.78

Bookbinders..................................................... 6,620 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.01 (

1

) 23.99

Job printers....................................................... 43,670 1,390 1,370 .04 .01 .01 16.29 17.06 16.78

Prepress technicians and workers............ 68,910 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 16.60 (

1

) 19.29

Printing machine operators....................... 184,310 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.63 (

1

) 19.02

Laundry and dry–cleaning workers......... 188,040 22,770 8,540 .19 .21 .04 8.90 9.77 10.93

Pressers, textile, garment, and related 

materials....................................................... 74,890 690 110 .00 .00 .00 8.86 8.83 12.40

Sewing machine operators......................... 223,660 2,370 370 .22 .02 .00 9.67 8.60 14.22

Shoe and leather workers 

and repairers............................................... 8,160 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 10.40 (

1

) (

1

)

Sewers, hand.................................................... 9,430 290 60 .01 .00 .00 10.46 8.35 12.90

Tailors, dressmakers, and custom 

sewers............................................................ 29,560 440 140 .03 .00 .00 11.85 15.13 12.38

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine 

operators and tenders............................. 20,180 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 11.48 12.60 (

1

)

Textile cutting machine setters, 

operators, and tenders............................ 19,350 190 (

1

) .02 .00 (

1

) 10.86 9.55 (

1

)

Textile knitting and weaving machine 

setters, operators, and tenders............. 38,790 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 11.75 (

1

) (1)

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing 

out machine setters, operators, 

and tenders................................................. 44,120 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 11.32 (

1

) (

1

)

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- Governemploy- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation
Not-For-Profit Sector

40 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Extruding and forming machine 

setters, operators, and tenders, 

synthetic and glass fibers....................... 17,890 (

1

) (

1

) 0.00 (

1

) (

1

) $14.38 (

1

) (

1

)

Fabric and apparel patternmakers........... 8,780 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 18.49 $11.36 (

1

)

Upholsterers..................................................... 40,180 100 190 .04 .00 .00 13.66 15.16 $17.77

Textile, apparel, and furnishings 

workers, all other....................................... 21,560 420 950 .02 .00 .00 11.54 10.37 20.81

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters... 127,970 130 530 .13 .00 .00 13.75 16.38 20.14

Furniture finishers.......................................... 25,040 30 (

1

) .02 .00 (

1

) 12.79 11.86 (

1

)

Sawing machine setters, operators, 

and tenders, wood.................................... 60,210 30 30 .06 .00 .00 12.20 9.64 16.59

Woodworking machine setters, 

operators, and tenders, except 

sawing ........................................................... 97,580 100 140 .10 .00 .00 12.06 11.39 14.13

Woodworkers, all other................................ 10,600 180 600 .01 .00 .00 11.59 8.58 20.78

Nuclear power reactor operators............. 3,550 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 34.25 (

1

) 30.71

Power distributors and dispatchers......... 6,200 450 1,780 .01 .00 .01 30.20 28.37 30.27

Power plant operators.................................. 26,520 1,700 6,020 .03 .02 .03 27.51 25.10 22.95

Stationary engineers and boiler 

operators...................................................... 20,760 6,630 15,780 .02 .06 .07 22.12 22.92 22.88

Water and liquid waste treatment 

plant and system operators................... 17,260 2,050 88,980 .02 .02 .41 17.69 16.66 17.83

Chemical plant and system operators.... 53,470 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 23.44 (

1

) 20.24

Gas plant operators....................................... 11,800 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 26.05 (

1

) 19.02

Petroleum pump system operators, 

refinery operators, and gaugers........... 40,760 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 25.21 (

1

) 21.43

Plant and system operators, all other..... 10,030 280 3,810 .01 .00 .02 22.29 20.54 21.84

Chemical equipment operators 

and tenders................................................. 51,530 (

1

) (

1

) .05 (

1

) (

1

) 19.79 19.52 (

1

)

Separating, filtering, clarifying, 

precipitating, and still machine 

setters, operators, and tenders............. 43,400 70 270 .04 .00 .00 17.36 17.86 16.86

Crushing, grinding, and polishing 

machine setters, operators, 

and tenders................................................. 41,600 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 14.14 (

1

) 18.60

Grinding and polishing workers, hand... 44,010 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 12.22 (

1

) 22.47

Mixing and blending machine setters, 

operators, and tenders............................ 142,030 330 (

1

) .14 .00 (

1

) 14.76 15.32 19.45

Cutters and trimmers, hand ....................... 28,830 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 11.67 (

1

) (

1

)

Cutting and slicing machine setters, 

operators, and tenders............................ 78,240 160 40 .08 .00 .00 14.20 12.45 11.19

Extruding, forming, pressing, 

and compacting machine setters, 

operators, and tenders............................ 81,590 70 70 .08 .00 .00 13.99 13.98 14.95

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle 

operators and tenders............................. 26,940 110 60 .03 .00 .00 15.24 15.66 18.38

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, 

and weighers.............................................. 476,950 4,640 5,500 .47 .04 .03 15.41 13.28 21.38

Jewelers and precious stone and metal 

workers.......................................................... 26,480 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.97 (

1

) (

1

)

Dental laboratory technicians................... 45,110 90 700 .04 .00 .00 16.69 18.28 22.01

Medical appliance technicians.................. 9,850 600 210 .01 .01 .00 16.52 16.00 19.01

Ophthalmic laboratory technicians......... 29,220 460 160 .03 .00 .00 13.17 16.48 19.87

Packaging and filling machine 

operators and tenders............................. 387,480 1,710 550 .38 .02 .00 11.97 12.23 14.81

Coating, painting, and spraying 

machine setters, operators, 

and tenders................................................. 102,170 180 260 .10 .00 .00 13.54 14.82 16.59

Painters, transportation equipment........ 51,860 (

1

) 320 .00 (

1

) .00 18.54 (

1

) 21.24

Painting, coating, and decorating 

workers.......................................................... 29,580 150 320 .03 .00 .00 12.05 12.50 19.80

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for-  Governemploy- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 41

Photographic process workers.................. 23,560 380 310 0.02 0.00 0.00 $12.79 $12.56 $15.95

Photographic processing machine 

operators...................................................... 49,930 220 100 .05 .00 .00 10.33 13.31 14.10

Semiconductor processors......................... 41,390 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 16.70 (

1

) (

1

)

Cementing and gluing machine 

operators and tenders............................. 23,630 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 12.89 (

1

) (

1

)

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling 

equipment operators and tenders...... 15,530 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 12.20 (

1

) (

1

)

Cooling and freezing equipment 

operators and tenders............................. 10,100 (

1

) (

1

) .01 (

1

) (

1

) 12.42 13.12 (

1

)

Etchers and engravers.................................. 11,290 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 13.21 (

1

) 34.77

Molders, shapers, and casters, except 

metal and plastic ....................................... 42,580 (

1

) 290 .04 (

1

) .00 12.80 16.17 16.75

Paper goods machine setters, 

operators, and tenders............................ 114,320 120 (

1

) .11 .00 (

1

) 15.66 14.46 (

1

)

Helpers—production workers................... 537,470 3,610 1,700 .53 .03 .01 10.61 10.33 12.26

Production workers, all other .................... 291,380 6,000 2,890 .29 .06 .01 13.72 9.85 17.22

Aircraft cargo handling supervisors........ 5,440 (

1

) 230 .01 (

1

) .00 21.55 21.34 28.50

First–line supervisors/managers 

of helpers, laborers, and material 

movers, hand .............................................. 174,310 2,040 4,240 .17 .02 .02 20.12 17.73 20.08

First–line supervisors/managers 

of transportation and material–

moving machine and vehicle 

operators...................................................... 189,100 2,580 30,580 .19 .02 .14 24.16 20.08 26.47

Airline pilots, copilots, and flight 

engineers...................................................... 72,750 340 2,850 .00 .00 .00 (

1

) (

1

) (

1

)

Commercial pilots.......................................... 25,250 980 1,030 .02 .01 .00 67,570 52,800 56,180

Airfield operations specialists.................... 3,060 60 1,660 .00 .00 .01 18.67 17.03 22.30

Ambulance drivers and attendants, 

except emergency medical 

technicians................................................... 13,960 3,640 3,800 .01 .03 .02 10.30 10.12 11.53

Bus drivers, transit and intercity ............... 73,090 3,950 115,360 .07 .04 .54 13.40 11.45 17.55

Bus drivers, school ......................................... 166,340 26,030 265,490 .16 .24 1.23 12.54 10.61 11.91

Driver/sales workers...................................... 397,090 1,580 250 .39 .01 .00 11.71 10.81 12.29

Truck drivers, heavy and tractor–

trailer.............................................................. 1,651,430 2,430 32,990 1.63 .02 .15 17.42 15.84 16.04

Truck drivers, light or delivery 

services.......................................................... 917,570 12,550 19,130 .91 .12 .09 13.18 11.64 14.30

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs......................... 128,130 19,720 8,110 .13 .18 .04 10.60 10.04 11.74

Motor vehicle operators, all other............ 53,630 2,170 16,320 .05 .02 .08 11.48 12.38 17.05

Locomotive engineers.................................. 35,260 30 1,580 .03 .00 .01 29.93 14.04 25.69

Railroad brake, signal, and switch 

operators...................................................... 22,200 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 25.06 (

1

) (

1

)

Railroad conductors and yardmasters.... 35,670 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 28.33 (

1

) (

1

)

Subway and streetcar operators............... (

1

) (

1

) 6,180 (

1

) (

1

) .00 20.65 (

1

) 22.34

Rail transportation workers, all other ..... 5,630 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (1) 18.15 (

1

) 20.66

Sailors and marine oilers............................. 28,360 250 3,380 .03 .00 .02 15.51 15.30 17.16

Captains, mates, and pilots of water 

vessels............................................................ 26,720 820 1,960 .00 .00 .00 27.43 24.12 27.81

Motorboat operators.................................... 1,830 80 560 .00 .00 .00 15.25 13.77 21.78

Ship engineers................................................ 12,640 100 1,500 .01 .00 .01 28.70 23.14 27.31

Bridge and lock tenders............................... 670 50 2,980 .00 .00 .01 14.33 13.50 18.01

Parking lot attendants.................................. 122,730 4,320 6,260 .12 .04 .03 8.77 9.26 10.04

Service station attendants.......................... 93,340 110 2,690 .09 .00 .01 8.99 12.27 15.21

Traffic technicians.......................................... (

1

) (

1

) 5,820 (

1

) (

1

) .00 17.57 (

1

) 18.77

Transportation inspectors........................... 13,190 80 10,600 .01 .00 .05 23.18 25.29 30.86

Transportation workers, all other............. 37,740 320 4,390 .04 .00 .02 15.40 14.71 16.40

Conveyor operators and tenders.............. 50,150 (

1

) (

1

) .05 (

1

) (

1

) 13.43 17.93 (

1

)

Crane and tower operators......................... 44,630 100 1,280 .04 .00 .01 19.85 19.58 20.74

See notes at end of table.

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- Governemploy- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation
Not-For-Profit Sector

42 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008

Dredge operators........................................... 1,650 (

1

) (

1

) 0.00 (

1

) (

1

) $17.62 (

1

) $20.44

Excavating and loading machine 

and dragline operators............................ 65,670 290 2,410 .06 .00 .01 17.12 $21.26 15.86

Hoist and winch operators......................... 2,670 (1) (1) .00 (1) (1) 17.94 (

1

) 20.37

Industrial truck and tractor operators.... 620,160 2,340 9,180 .61 .02 .04 13.89 13.87 18.63

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment....... 329,580 (

1

) (

1

) .33 (

1

) (

1

) 9.55 11.56 (

1

)

Laborers and freight, stock, 

and material movers, hand.................... 2,296,910 31,760 66,790 2.27 .29 .31 11.04 10.62 11.62

Machine feeders and offbearers............... 148,740 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 11.57 (

1

) 11.34

Packers and packagers, hand..................... 826,770 6,860 1,130 .82 .06 .01 9.27 8.26 17.12

Gas compressor and gas pumping 

station operators....................................... 3,860 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 21.53 (

1

) (

1

)

Pump operators, except wellhead 

pumpers....................................................... 9,580 (

1

) 550 .00 (

1

) .00 19.65 (

1

) 16.66

Refuse and recyclable material 

collectors...................................................... 78,320 340 49,880 .08 .00 .23 14.86 11.82 14.73

Shuttle car operators.................................... 2,800 50 (

1

) .00 .00 (

1

) 18.98 16.24 (

1

)

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders............... 15,440 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 16.40 (

1

) (

1

)

Material moving workers, all other.......... 47,140 650 4,450 .05 .01 .02 15.89 13.77 15.71

Bailiffs................................................................. (

1

) (

1

) 18,800 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 17.21

Postal service clerks....................................... 120 (

1

) 82,410 .00 (

1

) .00 7.50 (

1

) 21.15

Postal service mail sorters, processors, 

and processing machine operators.... 80 (

1

) 203,900 .00 (

1

) .00 16.66 (

1

) 19.74

Hunters and trappers.................................... (

1

) (

1

) 30 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.24

Terrazzo workers and finishers.................. 6,640 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 16.72 (

1

) (

1

)

Tapers................................................................. 40,090 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 20.48 (

1

) (

1

)

Structural iron and steel workers............. 68,100 (

1

) 500 .00 (

1

) .00 20.89 (

1

) 26.08

Helpers––roofers............................................ 21,140 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 10.92 (

1

) (

1

)

Septic tank servicers and sewer 

pipe cleaners............................................... 17,390 (

1

) 4,960 .00 (

1

) .00 15.12 (

1

) 17.26

Segmental pavers.......................................... 880 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 13.80 (

1

) (

1

)

Service unit operators, oil, gas,

and mining .................................................. 25,360 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 17.37 (

1

) (

1

)

Continuous mining machine operators. 9,610 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 19.38 (

1

) (

1

)

Mining machine operators, all other....... 2,880 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 18.49 (

1

) (

1

)

Roof bolters, mining...................................... 4,240 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 20.29 (

1

) (

1

)

Roustabouts, oil and gas............................. 41,120 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 12.93 (

1

) (

1

)

Motorcycle mechanics................................. 16,720 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.37 (

1

) 23.09

Refractory materials repairers, 

except brickmasons.................................. 3,340 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 19.61 (

1

) (

1

)

Watch repairers............................................... 3,100 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 15.64 (

1

) (

1

)

Fiberglass laminators and fabricators..... 32,520 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 12.96 (

1

) (

1

)

Shoe machine operators and tenders.... 4,210 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 10.83 (

1

) (

1

)

Model makers, wood .................................... 1,870 (

1

) 50 .00 (

1

) .00 15.62 (

1

) 23.70

Patternmakers, wood.................................... 2,240 (

1

) 40 .00 (

1

) .00 16.03 (

1

) 25.51

Tire builders...................................................... 23,240 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 18.36 (

1

) (

1

)

Air traffic controllers...................................... 2,540 (

1

) 20,850 .00 (

1

) .00 32.55 (

1

) 55.39

Locomotive firers............................................ 530 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 22.08 (

1

) (

1

)

Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, 

and hostlers................................................. 5,710 (

1

) 100 .00 (

1

) .00 19.15 (

1

) 24.17

Loading machine operators, 

underground mining............................... 2,490 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 19.35 (

1

) (

1

)

Wellhead pumpers........................................ 13,270 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 17.67 (

1

) (

1

)

Legislators......................................................... (

1

) (

1

) 62,150 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 32,780.00

Postmasters and mail superintendents. (

1

) (

1

) 26,670 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 26.76

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue 

agents............................................................ (

1

) (

1

) 75,980 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 23.81

Administrative law judges, 

adjudicators, and hearing officers....... (

1

) (

1

) 14,540 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 37.36

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

GovernFor-profit Not-for- GovernOccupation employ- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- wage ment 

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

See notes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 43

1

 Data not available. 

NOTE: The teaching occupations, athletes, coaches, umpires, athletic trainJudges, magistrate judges, 

and magistrates......................................... (

1

) (

1

) 26,320 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) $45.92

Detectives and criminal investigators.... (

1

) (

1

) 100,890 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 28.99

Fish and game wardens............................... (

1

) (

1

) 7,560 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 21.21

Postal service mail carriers.......................... (

1

) (

1

) 348,170 (

1

) (

1

) .00 (

1

) (

1

) 21.03

Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 

 

For-profit Not-for-profit 

 GovernFor-profit Not-for- Governemploy- employ- ment wage profit wage ment 

ment ment employ- - wage ment 

ers, legislators, flight attendants, and pilots show annual wages instead of 

hourly wages, because these occupations generally do not work full time 

year round.

Percentage

of forprofit

employment

Percentage

of not-forprofit

employment

Percentage of

 government

employment

Occupation