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Regional Variations in Workplace Homicide Rates

by Christopher A. Janicak, Ph.D., CSP, ARM

Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Originally Posted: November 24, 2003

Nearly 1 in 5 on-the-job fatalities result from homicides; almost half occur in the South. This study found a statistically

significant correlation between unemployment rates and occupational homicide rates.

Violence in the workplace continues to be a leading cause of occupational fatalities in the United States. According to the

BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, for example, nearly 16 percent of the 5,915 occupational fatalities that occurred in

2000 were due to assaults and violent acts.1 Such assaults, which include attacks by animals and self-inflicted injuries

(suicides), have been declining in recent years. In 1993, for example, 21 percent of all fatal occupational injuries were the

result of assaults and violent acts. In 1997, the comparable figure was 18 percent.2

Similar downward trends can be identified when examining the more specific category occupational homicides. BLS

economists Eric F. Sygnatur and Guy A. Toscano reported that homicides decreased 18 percent from 1997 to 1998 and 34

percent from 1994 to 1998.3

The kind of occupation in which one is employed significantly affects the probability of one’s becoming a victim of

occupational homicide. The study by Sygnatur and Toscano found that workers engaged in an occupation in which cash

transactions take place are at greatest risk.4 In particular, the occupational group at greatest risk of a workplace homicide is

taxicab drivers and chauffeurs, with a rate of 17.9 homicides per 100,000 workers--a risk level that is 36 times that of all

employed persons. These workers are more susceptible to occupational homicide than others because they often work

alone, handle cash transactions, and work in areas with higher crime rates.5

Supervisors and proprietors in sales occupations have the highest counts of fatal assaults among occupations. Grocery

stores had the highest count of all industries, with 16 percent of the total, followed closely by eating and drinking places.

Retail trade as a whole accounted for 45 percent of the homicide total in 2000.

Examining the characteristics of the victims involved in workplace homicides reveals that the majority of the victims are men.

In a 1995 study, for example, Guy Toscano and William Weber reported that 82 percent of all workplace homicide victims in

1993 were men and that robbery was the principal motive.6 In fact, robberies and related crimes accounted for three-fourths

of all workplace homicides that year. The data also show that 82 percent of all occupational homicides resulted from

shootings, by far the most common violent act in the workplace.7

Crime And Regional Differences

Regional differences have been found to exist in the kinds of crimes committed. BLS data and the data in the FBI’s Uniform

Crime Report are broken down into four major U.S. regions: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West.8 From 1992 to 1999, the

Northeast region experienced the highest robbery rates relative to the other three regions. The South ranked highest in terms

of both overall property crime rates and violent crime rates; it had the highest rates for murder, rape, aggravated assaults,

burglary, and larceny. The West ranked highest for motor vehicle theft, and the Midwest consistently ranked lowest of all

three regions in violent crimes and property crimes.9

Crime And Unemployment

Although social scientists tend to agree that persistent, long-term unemployment leads to poverty and thus higher crime

rates,10 studies examining the relationship between unemployment and crime have produced inconsistent results. According

to some researchers, for example, unemployment is believed to contribute significantly to criminal behavior.11 Other

researchers believe that unemployment influences crime negatively by decreasing criminal opportunity (more people at home
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and therefore fewer unguarded, "suitable targets"), while at the same time influencing it positively by motivating toward crime

people who are affected adversely by economic downturns.12 In their study of the effect of annual changes in unemployment

on changes in the crime rate, David Cantor and Kenneth C. Land find significant effects related to negative opportunity for

homicide, robbery, and burglary, and a significant effect related to positive motivation for robbery and burglary.13 Still other

studies have identified relationships between unemployment and involvement in a crime, suggesting that the decrease in

income and potential earnings associated with involuntary unemployment increases the relative returns to illegal activity.14

Many factors can play a role in the occurrence of certain types of crimes. Two factors--unemployment levels and regional

geographic location--have been found to have a relationship with criminal activity. The Midwest experiences the lowest rates

for property and violent crimes, while the West and South experience the highest rates for most violent crimes and property

crimes. The Northeast has the highest rates for robbery. Relationships were found between unemployment levels and

various forms of crime, including robberies, assaults, and homicides. Because previous research has been inconclusive, the

subject warrants further investigation in order to determine the relationship unemployment levels have with fatal occupational

assault rates.

This study examines the relationship between regional unemployment rates and occupational fatalities due to assaults. While

the literature supports the relationships between these factors and crimes in society overall, it is believed that by analyzing

occupational homicides in terms of regional geographic location and regional unemployment rates, one may be able to

identify situations that increase the likelihood of one becoming the victim of a workplace homicide.

Methods

Sources of Data. Data on fatal occupational assaults are from the BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries for 1997 to

2000. Cases that resulted in a death and were assigned an event code defined as an assault and violent act by a person or

persons were included in the analysis. Self-inflicted injuries and assaults by animals were omitted. Information about the

month in which the assault occurred, the year, and the geographic region in the United States were tabulated.15 (See table

1.)

BLS monthly employment and unemployment data were obtained for the analysis period. The number of persons employed

in the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted, was obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS)

program. The data were obtained at the regional level for 1997 to 2000. The percentage of unemployed persons for each

month was also obtained for each region. Using the number of reported occupational homicides for each month from the 

Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), the monthly workplace homicide rates per 100,000 employed persons were

calculated for each month by region. (See table 2.)

Statistical Procedures. Descriptive statistics include the frequency of workplace homicides by event, the frequency of such

homicides by geographic region, and the monthly average occupational homicide rates. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

procedure was performed to determine if there is a significant difference in the occupational homicide rates based upon the

geographic region of the United States. The average monthly rates for each region were calculated using the number of

workplace homicides each month divided by the number of persons employed. The ANOVA model tested the null hypothesis

that the average monthly rates are equal among regions for the 4-year period. Tukey HSD post hoc tests were performed to

determine if significant differences exist between the pairs-wise comparisons.

A Pearson Product-Moment Correlation procedure was performed using the monthly average workplace homicide rates and

the monthly unemployment rates. A t-test was used to determine if the obtained correlation coefficient was significant.

Results

Over the period from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2000, there were 2,902 occupational homicides, with shootings

accounting for four-fifths of them. (See table 3.) The South Region experienced the greatest frequency of workplace

homicides with 1,360, which accounted for approximately 47 percent of all such fatalities. The Northeast Region accounted
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for the fewest such fatalities with 409, which accounted for approximately 14 percent of the total. A summary of occupational

homicides by region appears in table 4. An examination of the average monthly occupational homicide rates for 1997 to 2000, indicated that the South Region

experienced the highest rate, with .059 deaths per 100,000 employed persons and the Midwest Region experienced the

lowest rate, with .033 deaths per 100,000 employed persons. The overall average monthly workplace homicide rate for the

United States was .041 deaths per 100,000 persons employed. (See table 5.) The monthly average occupational homicide

rates ranged from a high of .078 deaths per 100,000 employed persons in the South Region occurring in July to a low of .020

deaths per 100,000 employed persons in the Midwest Region for the month of June.

The ANOVA procedure identified significant differences in the average monthly occupational homicide rates based upon

geographic region. (See table 6.) Tukey HSD post hoc tests confirmed significant differences in the pairs-wise comparisons

of such rates for the regions. A summary of the significant differences appears in table 7. Overall, the South Region had

significantly higher average workplace homicide rates than the other regions, followed by the West Region. The Midwest and

Northeast regions had rates significantly lower than those of the West region, but they were not significantly different from

each other.

The Pearson Correlation procedure was performed to determine if there is a significant relationship between unemployment

rates and occupational homicide rates. Monthly unemployment rates for the regions were correlated with the monthly

occupational homicide rates for the four-year analysis period. A significant correlation coefficient of .258 (P < .000) indicating

that a relationship exists between unemployment and occupational homicides. Increases and decreases in unemployment

rates were positively correlated to increases and decreases in the occupational homicide rates. The scatter diagram in chart

1 depicts the relationship between the monthly occupational homicide rates and the unemployment rates.

Discussion

Workplace violence continues to be one of the leading causes of on-the-job fatalities. Two factors--regional location in the

United States and unemployment levels--appear to have significant impact upon the occurrence of occupational homicides.

In terms of monthly average workplace homicide rates, the South Region has significantly higher rates than any other region

in the United States. The South Region is followed by the West Region, which has significantly lower rates than the South,

but which has significantly higher rates than the Midwest and Northeast Regions.

In this study, unemployment rates were found to be key variables related to the monthly occupational homicide rates. The

economic conditions--as measured by increases and decreases in unemployment--may be related to the workplace homicide

rates. As unemployment increases, the occurrence of certain crimes such as robbery could also be expected to increase.

Because workplace homicides account for a notable proportion of all occupational fatalities, and because the motive behind a

large percentage of such homicides is robbery, the fluctuations in homicide rates may be an indication of the changes in

economic conditions.

In summary, combining the geographic regions with their respective unemployment levels served as a significant method for

predicting workplace homicide rates. From an occupational fatality prevention standpoint, during periods of high

unemployment, this information could be used to direct prevention measures emphasizing the highest risks for fatal assaults

in the South, followed by the West, Midwest, and Northeast.

Christopher A. Janicak, Ph.D., CSP, ARM

is a Professor of Safety Sciences at Indiana University of Pennsylvania.

Notes

1 Fatal Workplace Injuries in 2000: A Collection of Data and Analysis, Report 961 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002), Table A-11.

The 2000 data were the latest available when this article was drafted.

2 Ibid.
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3 Eric F. Sygnatur and Guy A. Toscano, "Work-related Homicides: The Facts," Compensation and Working Conditions, Spring 2000, pp. 3-7;

see table 1, p. 7.

4 Sygnatur and Toscano, "Work-related Homicides," p. 4.

5 Ibid.p.4

6 Guy A. Toscano and William Weber, "Violence in the Workplace," Compensation and Working Conditions, April 1995, pp. 1-8.

7 Ibid., pp. 1, 3.

8 These regions are based on those of the Census Bureau and are defined as follows: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New

Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia,

Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and

West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and

Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming, and

Washington. For more information, see the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries "Research File User Reference," (Bureau of Labor Statistics,

2000).

9 Criminal Victimization 2000 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001).

10 See, for example, Robert Crutchfield, "Labor Markets, Employment, and Crime," NIJ Research Preview (National Institute of Justice, July

1997).

11 J. D. Perry and M. E. Simpson, "Violent Crimes in a City: Environmental Determinants," Environment and Behavior, January 1987, pp.

77-90.

12 David Cantor and Kenneth C. Land, "Unemployment and Crime Rates in the Post-World War II United States: A Theoretical and Empirical

Analysis," American Sociological Review, June 1985, pp. 317-32. The authors summarize previous research in pp. 317-18.

13 Ibid., pp. 319-21.

14 Steven Raphael and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer, "Identifying the Effect of Unemployment on Crime," Journal of Law and Economics, April 2001,

pp. 259-83.

15 See note 8 for definitions of the regions. For more information, see the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries "Research File User

Reference," (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2000).

Table 1. State composition of regions

Region States

Northeast CT, ME, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT

Midwest IL, IN, IA, KS, MI, MN, MO, NE, ND, OH, SD, WI

South AL, AR, DE, DC, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV

West AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NV, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY

Table 2. Work-related homicides (per 100,000 persons employed), 1997–2000

Region Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average

Northeast 1997 0.054 0.027 0.035 0.027 0.031 0.030 0.045 0.045 0.031 0.042 0.034 0.038 0.037

1998 0.070 0.039 0.042 0.035 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.042 0.011 0.023 0.019 0.031 0.031

1999 0.039 0.042 0.027 0.015 0.019 0.042 0.022 0.034 0.054 0.030 0.015 0.019 0.030

2000 0.023 0.034 0.023 0.050 0.046 0.004 0.030 0.041 0.008 0.027 0.034 0.076 0.033

Average 0.047 0.036 0.032 0.032 0.029 0.024 0.029 0.041 0.026 0.031 0.026 0.041 0.033

Midwest 1997 0.056 0.034 0.052 0.034 0.037 0.015 0.024 0.039 0.039 0.036 0.039 0.054 0.038

1998 0.040 0.021 0.046 0.031 0.036 0.015 0.033 0.036 0.024 0.021 0.033 0.033 0.031
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Region Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average

1999 0.055 0.015 0.021 0.036 0.030 0.029 0.015 0.033 0.018 0.036 0.030 0.024 0.029

2000 0.033 0.027 0.045 0.030 0.018 0.020 0.026 0.015 0.041 0.024 0.038 0.029 0.029

Average 0.046 0.024 0.041 0.033 0.030 0.020 0.025 0.031 0.031 0.029 0.035 0.035 0.032

South 1997 0.087 0.060 0.090 0.077 0.049 0.063 0.090 0.076 0.063 0.048 0.050 0.080 0.069

1998 0.090 0.049 0.062 0.053 0.069 0.039 0.072 0.050 0.056 0.056 0.054 0.052 0.059

1999 0.051 0.025 0.052 0.044 0.050 0.039 0.086 0.051 0.051 0.059 0.035 0.076 0.052

2000 0.052 0.055 0.066 0.035 0.057 0.066 0.062 0.068 0.033 0.061 0.050 0.069 0.056

Average 0.070 0.047 0.068 0.052 0.056 0.052 0.078 0.061 0.051 0.056 0.047 0.069 0.059

West 1997 0.068 0.034 0.071 0.044 0.040 0.060 0.059 0.046 0.056 0.056 0.053 0.069 0.055

1998 0.089 0.033 0.040 0.033 0.059 0.039 0.022 0.045 0.019 0.042 0.061 0.039 0.043

1999 0.062 0.029 0.045 0.036 0.022 0.029 0.028 0.029 0.041 0.041 0.057 0.032 0.038

2000 0.022 0.025 0.022 0.035 0.035 0.037 0.034 0.050 0.034 0.031 0.022 0.041 0.032

Average 0.060 0.030 0.045 0.037 0.039 0.041 0.036 0.043 0.038 0.043 0.048 0.045 0.042

Table 3. Summary of work-related homicides, 1997-2000

Event Frequency Percent

Shooting 2,324 80.1

Stabbing 262 9.0

Hitting, kicking, beating 181 6.2

Assaults and violent acts by person(s), n.e.c. 114 3.9

Assaults and violent acts by person(s), Unspecified 21 0.7

Total 2,902 100

NOTE: Percents do not sum to exactly 100.0 percent due to rounding.

Table 4. Frequency of work-related homicides, 1997-2000

Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total

Northeast 115 96 94 104 409

Midwest 151 122 114 117 504

South 393 335 300 332 1,360

West 201 161 143 124 629

Total 860 714 651 677 2,902

Table 5. Average monthly number of work-related homicides per 100,000 employed persons by region

Mean Standard deviation Standard error

95-percent confidence interval for mean

Minimum Maximum

Lower bound Upper bound

Northeast 0.03255 0.014360 0.002073 0.02838 0.03672 0.004 0.076

Midwest 0.03157 0.010840 0.001565 0.02843 0.03472 0.015 0.056

South 0.05891 0.015556 0.002245 0.05440 0.06343 0.025 0.090

West 0.04205 0.015447 0.002230 0.03757 0.04654 0.019 0.089

Total 0.04127 0.017861 0.001289 0.03873 0.04382 0.004 0.090
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Table 6. Analysis of variance: average monthly work-related homicide rates by region

Sum of squares Degrees of freedom Mean square F-statistic Significance

Between Groups 0.023 3 0.008 38.344 0.000

Within Groups 0.038 188 0.000

Total 0.061 191

Table 7. Post hoc tests: Tukey HSD

(I) REGION (J) REGION Mean Difference (I-J) Significance

Northeast Midwest 0.00098 0.987

South -0.02636 *0.000

West -0.00950 *0.007

Midwest Northeast -0.00098 0.987

South -0.02734 *0.000

West -0.01048 *0.002

South Northeast 0.02636 *0.000

Midwest 0.02734 *0.000

West 0.01686 *0.000

West Northeast 0.00950 *0.007

Midwest 0.01048 *0.002

South -0.01686 *0.000

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
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Data for Chart 1. Scatter plot of monthly unemployment rates by monthly homicide rates: 1997-2000

Month Region Deaths per 100,000 persons employed Unemployment rate

Jan-97 Northeast 0.054 6.2

Feb-97 Northeast 0.027 6.1

Mar-97 Northeast 0.035 5.9

Apr-97 Northeast 0.027 5.4

May-97 Northeast 0.031 5.3

Jun-97 Northeast 0.030 5.4

Jul-97 Northeast 0.045 5.6

Aug-97 Northeast 0.045 5.2

Sep-97 Northeast 0.031 5.1

Oct-97 Northeast 0.042 4.9

Nov-97 Northeast 0.034 4.9

Dec-97 Northeast 0.038 4.7

Jan-98 Northeast 0.070 5.6

Feb-98 Northeast 0.039 5.5

Mar-98 Northeast 0.042 5.2

Apr-98 Northeast 0.035 4.5

May-98 Northeast 0.019 4.5

Jun-98 Northeast 0.019 4.5

Jul-98 Northeast 0.019 4.7

Aug-98 Northeast 0.042 4.3

Sep-98 Northeast 0.011 4.4

Oct-98 Northeast 0.023 4.2

Nov-98 Northeast 0.019 4.3

Dec-98 Northeast 0.031 4.1

Jan-99 Northeast 0.039 5.1

Feb-99 Northeast 0.042 5.0

Mar-99 Northeast 0.027 4.8

Apr-99 Northeast 0.015 4.2

May-99 Northeast 0.019 4.3

Jun-99 Northeast 0.042 4.4

Jul-99 Northeast 0.022 4.6

Aug-99 Northeast 0.034 4.2

Sep-99 Northeast 0.054 4.2

Oct-99 Northeast 0.030 4.0

Nov-99 Northeast 0.015 4.0

Dec-99 Northeast 0.019 3.8

Jan-00 Northeast 0.023 4.6

Feb-00 Northeast 0.034 4.6

Mar-00 Northeast 0.023 4.2

Apr-00 Northeast 0.050 3.6

May-00 Northeast 0.046 3.7

Jun-00 Northeast 0.004 3.8
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Month Region Deaths per 100,000 persons employed Unemployment rate

Jul-00 Northeast 0.030 3.9

Aug-00 Northeast 0.041 3.7

Sep-00 Northeast 0.008 3.6

Oct-00 Northeast 0.027 3.5

Nov-00 Northeast 0.034 3.6

Dec-00 Northeast 0.076 3.4

Jan-97 Midwest 0.056 5.1

Feb-97 Midwest 0.034 4.8

Mar-97 Midwest 0.052 4.5

Apr-97 Midwest 0.034 4.1

May-97 Midwest 0.037 3.7

Jun-97 Midwest 0.015 4.1

Jul-97 Midwest 0.024 4.0

Aug-97 Midwest 0.039 3.7

Sep-97 Midwest 0.039 3.7

Oct-97 Midwest 0.036 3.5

Nov-97 Midwest 0.039 3.6

Dec-97 Midwest 0.054 3.7

Jan-98 Midwest 0.040 4.5

Feb-98 Midwest 0.021 4.4

Mar-98 Midwest 0.046 4.2

Apr-98 Midwest 0.031 3.5

May-98 Midwest 0.036 3.4

Jun-98 Midwest 0.015 3.9

Jul-98 Midwest 0.033 4.0

Aug-98 Midwest 0.036 3.5

Sep-98 Midwest 0.024 3.5

Oct-98 Midwest 0.021 3.3

Nov-98 Midwest 0.033 3.4

Dec-98 Midwest 0.033 3.4

Jan-99 Midwest 0.055 4.4

Feb-99 Midwest 0.015 4.1

Mar-99 Midwest 0.021 3.9

Apr-99 Midwest 0.036 3.4

May-99 Midwest 0.030 3.3

Jun-99 Midwest 0.029 3.8

Jul-99 Midwest 0.015 3.7

Aug-99 Midwest 0.033 3.4

Sep-99 Midwest 0.018 3.3

Oct-99 Midwest 0.036 3.1

Nov-99 Midwest 0.030 3.2

Dec-99 Midwest 0.024 3.3

Jan-00 Midwest 0.033 4.1

Feb-00 Midwest 0.027 4.1
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Month Region Deaths per 100,000 persons employed Unemployment rate

Mar-00 Midwest 0.045 3.9

Apr-00 Midwest 0.030 3.4

May-00 Midwest 0.018 3.3

Jun-00 Midwest 0.020 3.8

Jul-00 Midwest 0.026 3.8

Aug-00 Midwest 0.015 3.5

Sep-00 Midwest 0.041 3.4

Oct-00 Midwest 0.024 3.2

Nov-00 Midwest 0.038 3.5

Dec-00 Midwest 0.029 3.7

Jan-97 South 0.087 5.6

Feb-97 South 0.060 5.3

Mar-97 South 0.090 4.9

Apr-97 South 0.077 4.7

May-97 South 0.049 4.8

Jun-97 South 0.063 5.5

Jul-97 South 0.090 5.3

Aug-97 South 0.076 5.0

Sep-97 South 0.063 4.8

Oct-97 South 0.048 4.6

Nov-97 South 0.050 4.5

Dec-97 South 0.080 4.2

Jan-98 South 0.090 5.0

Feb-98 South 0.049 4.7

Mar-98 South 0.062 4.4

Apr-98 South 0.053 4.1

May-98 South 0.069 4.2

Jun-98 South 0.039 4.9

Jul-98 South 0.072 4.7

Aug-98 South 0.050 4.5

Sep-98 South 0.056 4.3

Oct-98 South 0.056 4.2

Nov-98 South 0.054 4.1

Dec-98 South 0.052 3.8

Jan-99 South 0.051 4.6

Feb-99 South 0.025 4.4

Mar-99 South 0.052 4.1

Apr-99 South 0.044 3.8

May-99 South 0.050 3.9

Jun-99 South 0.039 4.6

Jul-99 South 0.086 4.3

Aug-99 South 0.051 4.2

Sep-99 South 0.051 4.1

Oct-99 South 0.059 4.0
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Month Region Deaths per 100,000 persons employed Unemployment rate

Nov-99 South 0.035 3.8

Dec-99 South 0.076 3.7

Jan-00 South 0.052 4.3

Feb-00 South 0.055 4.1

Mar-00 South 0.066 3.8

Apr-00 South 0.035 3.5

May-00 South 0.057 3.7

Jun-00 South 0.066 4.3

Jul-00 South 0.062 4.1

Aug-00 South 0.068 4.0

Sep-00 South 0.033 3.9

Oct-00 South 0.061 3.8

Nov-00 South 0.050 3.8

Dec-00 South 0.069 3.6

Jan-97 West 0.068 6.6

Feb-97 West 0.034 6.3

Mar-97 West 0.071 5.9

Apr-97 West 0.044 5.6

May-97 West 0.040 5.2

Jun-97 West 0.060 5.6

Jul-97 West 0.059 5.7

Aug-97 West 0.046 5.3

Sep-97 West 0.056 5.2

Oct-97 West 0.056 5.1

Nov-97 West 0.053 5.2

Dec-97 West 0.069 5.1

Jan-98 West 0.089 6.0

Feb-98 West 0.033 5.8

Mar-98 West 0.040 5.6

Apr-98 West 0.033 5.3

May-98 West 0.059 5.1

Jun-98 West 0.039 5.5

Jul-98 West 0.022 5.6

Aug-98 West 0.045 5.3

Sep-98 West 0.019 5.2

Oct-98 West 0.042 5.0

Nov-98 West 0.061 5.1

Dec-98 West 0.039 5.0

Jan-99 West 0.062 5.7

Feb-99 West 0.029 5.6

Mar-99 West 0.045 5.3

Apr-99 West 0.036 4.9

May-99 West 0.022 4.7

Jun-99 West 0.029 5.1
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Month Region Deaths per 100,000 persons employed Unemployment rate

Jul-99 West 0.028 5.1

Aug-99 West 0.029 4.7

Sep-99 West 0.041 4.5

Oct-99 West 0.041 4.5

Nov-99 West 0.057 4.5

Dec-99 West 0.032 4.4

Jan-00 West 0.022 5.2

Feb-00 West 0.025 5.0

Mar-00 West 0.022 4.8

Apr-00 West 0.035 4.5

May-00 West 0.035 4.4

Jun-00 West 0.037 4.8

Jul-00 West 0.034 4.9

Aug-00 West 0.050 4.6

Sep-00 West 0.034 4.4

Oct-00 West 0.031 4.3

Nov-00 West 0.022 4.4

Dec-00 West 0.041 4.3

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