TEXT
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
Table 2. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
Table 3. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry

Technical information:                         USDL 95-40
  Charlie Muhl          (202) 606-6285         For release:  Immediate
 
Media contact:                606-5902         Wednesday, February 8, 1995
 
 
                           UNION MEMBERS IN 1994
 
     About 16.7 million wage and salary employees, 15.5 percent of total
employment, were union members in 1994, the U.S. Department of Labor's
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.  There were 9.6 million members
in private industry, where they accounted for 10.9 percent of employment,
and 7.1 million in government (federal, state, and local), where they
constituted 38.7 percent of employment.
 
     Data in this release are from the 1994 Current Population Survey (CPS)
and are not directly comparable with those for prior years because a number
of changes were introduced into the CPS beginning with data for January
1994.  (See technical note.)
 
Membership by industry and occupation
 
     Among private industry groups, manufacturing had the largest number of
union members --3.5 million, including 2.2 million members employed in the
manufacture of durable goods.  (See tables 1 and 2.)  Manufacturing
membership was followed by transportation and public utilities (1.8
million), services (1.7 million), wholesale and retail trade (1.4 million),
and construction (900,000).  The remaining private industry groups each had
fewer than 160,000 union members.
 
     Of the major groups with membership proportions above the private
industry average of 10.9 percent, transportation and public utilities had
the highest proportion of union members at 28 percent, followed by
construction (19 percent), manufacturing (18 percent), and mining (16
percent).  The remaining private industry groups had unionization rates
ranging from 2 to 7 percent.  Despite their relatively low unionization
rates, trade and services combined employed about 3 out of every 10 union
members in private industry.
 
     Among the major occupational groups, the highest proportion of union
membership, nearly 1 in 4 employees, was found in both the operators,
fabricators, and laborers group (including machine and vehicle operators,
assemblers, cleaners, and helpers) and the precision production, craft, and
repair workers group (including mechanics, electricians, and similar
skilled trades workers).  In contrast, union membership proportions were
about 1 in 16 in the farming, forestry, and fishing occupations and 1 in 10
in the technical, sales, and administrative support workers group.
 
     The managerial and professional specialty group and the operators,
fabricators, and laborers group each had the highest number of members (4.1
million).
 
Membership by demographic characteristics
 
     Union membership was proportionally higher among men (18 percent) than
women (13 percent) and higher among blacks (21 percent) than either whites
(15 percent) or Hispanics (14 percent).  Within these major groups, black
men had the highest union membership proportion (23 percent), while white
women and Hispanic women each had the lowest (12 percent).
 
     Workers aged 35 to 64 had a unionization rate just above 20 percent,
higher than the rates for younger or older workers.  Among age groups, the
largest number of union members, 5.4 million, were 35 to 44 years old.
 
     Seventeen percent of full-time workers were union members, compared
with 8 percent of part-time workers.
 
Union representation
 
     In addition to the 16.7 million wage and salary employees who were
union members in 1994, 2.1 million workers were represented at their
workplace by a union, though not union members themselves.  The total
number of employees who were not union members, but were represented by a
union, was split about evenly between private industry and government.
 
Earnings
 
Union members who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual
earnings of $592 per week in 1994, compared with a median of $432 for such
workers not in unions.  (See tables 3 and 4.)  These averages reflect a
variety of influences, including coverage by a collective bargaining
agreement and variations in the distribution of union and nonunion members
by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.  (For a
discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of
unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on
employee earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences,"
Monthly Labor Review, June 1990, pp. 26-38.)
Technical Note
 
 
     The union membership and earnings estimates presented in this release
are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), conducted by the
Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics.  The CPS provides
estimates of the number of wage and salary employees who are union members
and those who are represented by a union at their work place, regardless of
whether they are union members.  Union members include employees belonging
to traditional labor unions or to employee associations similar to labor
unions.  The membership estimates exclude workers who are self-employed,
retired, or unemployed.
 
     Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with those for prior years
because a number of changes were introduced into the CPS with data from
January 1994.  These changes included the introduction of population
controls based on the 1990 census counts (adjusted for the population
undercount) and the redesign of the survey questionnaire and collection
methodology.  For a detailed description of the changes incorporated into
the CPS, see the article, "Revisions in the Current Population Survey
Effective January 1994," in the February 1994 issue of Employment and
Earnings.
 
Reliability
     Because the CPS estimates of union membership are based on a
scientifically selected probability sample, rather than a census of the
entire population, they may differ from the results obtained from a census.
The sample used was one of many possible samples, each of which could have
produced different estimates.  The variation in the sample estimates across
all possible samples that could have been drawn is measured by the standard
error.  The standard error is used to calculate a "confidence interval"
around a sample estimate.
     The 90-percent confidence interval is the interval centered at the
sample estimate that includes all values within 1.6 times the estimate's
standard error.  If several different samples were selected to estimate the
population value (e.g., union membership), the 90-percent confidence
interval would include the true population value approximately 90 percent
of the time.
     For example, the estimate of 16,748,000 employed union members in 1994
has an estimated standard error of 126,098.  Hence, we are 90-percent
confident that the interval between 16,546,240 and 16,949,760 (or
16,748,000 + 1.6 x 126,098) includes the true population value for union
membership.
     The data are also subject to nonsampling error.  For example,
information on job-related characteristics of the worker, such as industry,
occupation, union membership, and earnings, are sometimes reported by a
household member other than the worker.  Consequently, such data may
reflect reporting error by the respondent.  Moreover, in some cases,
reported earnings may be "take home" pay rather than gross earnings, or may
be rounded up or down from actual earnings.
     For a general discussion of the quality of employment data from the
CPS, see the Explanatory Note section of any issue of Employment and
Earnings, published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.  For a
discussion of the quality of earnings data from the CPS, see Earl F.
Mellor, Technical Description of the Quarterly Data on Weekly Earnings from
the Current Population Survey, BLS Bulletin 2113, January 1982.
 
Definitions
     The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly
below.
 
     Wage and salary employees.  Employees in both the private and public
sectors who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or
piece rates.  For the purposes of the earnings series, excludes self-
employed persons whose businesses are incorporated.
     Full-time workers.  Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week
at their sole or principal job.
     Part-time workers.  Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per
week at their sole or principal job.
     Hispanic origin.  Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent.
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in
the numbers for the white and black populations.
 
Additional statistics and other information
     Historical data on union membership in the United States are available
from the Division of Developments in Labor/Management Relations, telephone
(202) 606-6285 or fax (202) 606-6647.  BLS also issues a quarterly news
release on  wage and compensation cost changes under private industry
settlements, a semiannual news release on wage and compensation cost
changes in state and local government settlements, and annual press
releases on bargaining activity and major work stoppages.
     Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request.  Voice phone:  202-606-7828, TDD phone:  202-606-
5897, TDD message referral phone number:  1-800-326-2577.
 
 
                   -------------------------------------
                  | The nonmachine readable version of |
                  | this release did not include 1993  |
                  | data on union members.             |
                  --------------------------------------
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
 
(Numbers in thousands)
 
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                            |                                       |
                                            |                 1993                  |                 1994
                                            |                                       |
                                             _______________________________________ _______________________________________
                                            |       |               |               |       |               |
                                            |       |  Members of   |  Represented  |       |  Members of   |  Represented
                                            |       |   unions1/    |  by unions2/  |       |   unions1/    |  by unions2/
               Characteristic               | Total |               |               | Total |               |
                                                     _______________ _______________         _______________ _______________
                                            |  em-  |       |       |       |       |  em-  |       |       |       |
                                            |ployed |       |Percent|       |Percent|ployed |       |Percent|       |Percent
                                            |       | Total |  of   | Total |  of   |       | Total |  of   | Total |  of
                                            |       |       |  em-  |       |  em-  |       |       |  em-  |       |  em-
                                            |       |       |ployed |       |ployed |       |       |ployed |       |ployed
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
                SEX AND AGE
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
 Total, 16 years and over...................|105,067| 16,598|  15.8 | 18,646|  17.7 |107,989| 16,748|  15.5 | 18,850|  17.5
  16 to 24 years............................| 17,193|  1,010|   5.9 |  1,165|   6.8 | 18,207|  1,126|   6.2 |  1,302|   7.1
  25 years and over.........................| 87,874| 15,588|  17.7 | 17,481|  19.9 | 89,782| 15,622|  17.4 | 17,548|  19.5
   25 to 34 years...........................| 29,479|  3,838|  13.0 |  4,384|  14.9 | 29,617|  3,772|  12.7 |  4,309|  14.5
   35 to 44 years...........................| 28,144|  5,301|  18.8 |  5,932|  21.1 | 29,160|  5,408|  18.5 |  6,072|  20.8
   45 to 54 years...........................| 18,885|  4,364|  23.1 |  4,856|  25.7 | 19,675|  4,418|  22.5 |  4,887|  24.8
   55 to 64 years...........................|  9,064|  1,887|  20.8 |  2,080|  23.0 |  8,924|  1,810|  20.3 |  2,033|  22.8
   65 years and over........................|  2,303|    199|   8.6 |    229|  10.0 |  2,406|    214|   8.9 |    246|  10.2
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  Men, 16 years and over....................| 54,776| 10,083|  18.4 | 11,039|  20.2 | 56,570| 10,106|  17.9 | 11,110|  19.6
   16 to 24 years...........................|  8,869|    620|   7.0 |    699|   7.9 |  9,468|    709|   7.5 |    809|   8.5
   25 years and over........................| 45,906|  9,463|  20.6 | 10,340|  22.5 | 47,102|  9,398|  20.0 | 10,301|  21.9
    25 to 34 years..........................| 15,960|  2,407|  15.1 |  2,674|  16.8 | 16,052|  2,350|  14.6 |  2,601|  16.2
    35 to 44 years..........................| 14,548|  3,149|  21.6 |  3,422|  23.5 | 15,181|  3,219|  21.2 |  3,526|  23.2
    45 to 54 years..........................|  9,571|  2,596|  27.1 |  2,828|  29.5 | 10,068|  2,618|  26.0 |  2,839|  28.2
    55 to 64 years..........................|  4,685|  1,203|  25.7 |  1,291|  27.6 |  4,602|  1,091|  23.7 |  1,197|  26.0
    65 years and over.......................|  1,142|    108|   9.4 |    125|  11.0 |  1,200|    119|   9.9 |    137|  11.4
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  Women, 16 years and over..................| 50,292|  6,515|  13.0 |  7,607|  15.1 | 51,419|  6,642|  12.9 |  7,740|  15.1
   16 to 24 years...........................|  8,324|    390|   4.7 |    466|   5.6 |  8,739|    417|   4.8 |    493|   5.6
   25 years and over........................| 41,968|  6,125|  14.6 |  7,141|  17.0 | 42,680|  6,225|  14.6 |  7,247|  17.0
    25 to 34 years..........................| 13,518|  1,430|  10.6 |  1,710|  12.7 | 13,565|  1,422|  10.5 |  1,707|  12.6
    35 to 44 years..........................| 13,595|  2,152|  15.8 |  2,510|  18.5 | 13,979|  2,189|  15.7 |  2,546|  18.2
    45 to 54 years..........................|  9,314|  1,767|  19.0 |  2,028|  21.8 |  9,607|  1,800|  18.7 |  2,048|  21.3
    55 to 64 years..........................|  4,379|    684|  15.6 |    789|  18.0 |  4,323|    719|  16.6 |    836|  19.3
    65 years and over.......................|  1,161|     91|   7.8 |    104|   9.0 |  1,207|     95|   7.9 |    109|   9.1
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
       RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  White, 16 years and over..................| 89,643| 13,612|  15.2 | 15,262|  17.0 | 91,290| 13,520|  14.8 | 15,213|  16.7
    Men.....................................| 47,186|  8,495|  18.0 |  9,277|  19.7 | 48,351|  8,330|  17.2 |  9,141|  18.9
    Women...................................| 42,458|  5,117|  12.1 |  5,985|  14.1 | 42,939|  5,189|  12.1 |  6,072|  14.1
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  Black, 16 years and over..................| 11,612|  2,435|  21.0 |  2,772|  23.9 | 12,229|  2,513|  20.6 |  2,844|  23.3
    Men.....................................|  5,588|  1,298|  23.2 |  1,444|  25.8 |  5,834|  1,357|  23.3 |  1,513|  25.9
    Women...................................|  6,024|  1,137|  18.9 |  1,328|  22.0 |  6,395|  1,156|  18.1 |  1,331|  20.8
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........|  8,575|  1,291|  15.1 |  1,427|  16.6 | 10,017|  1,420|  14.2 |  1,592|  15.9
    Men.....................................|  5,085|    826|  16.3 |    891|  17.5 |  6,002|    933|  15.6 |  1,021|  17.0
    Women...................................|  3,490|    465|  13.3 |    536|  15.4 |  4,015|    487|  12.1 |    570|  14.2
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
                                 3/         |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
        FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  Full-time workers.........................| 85,211| 15,171|  17.8 | 16,999|  19.9 | 87,379| 15,093|  17.3 | 16,933|  19.4
  Part-time workers.........................| 19,856|  1,427|   7.2 |  1,647|   8.3 | 20,431|  1,623|   7.9 |  1,879|   9.2
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
   1/  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
   2/  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
   3/  The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. In 1994, these data will not
sum to totals because full- or part-time status on principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple
jobholders.
   NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.  Excluded are self-employed workers whose
businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers.  Detail for the above race and
Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are
included in both the white and black population groups. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and
earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the
February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings.
 
 
Table 2. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
 
(Numbers in thousands)
 
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                            |                                       |
                                            |                 1993                  |                 1994
                                            |                                       |
                                             _______________________________________ _______________________________________
                                            |       |               |               |       |               |
                                            |       |  Members of   |  Represented  |       |  Members of   |  Represented
                                            |       |   unions1/    |  by unions2/  |       |   unions1/    |  by unions2/
          Occupation and industry           | Total |               |               | Total |               |
                                                     _______________ _______________         _______________ _______________
                                            |  em-  |       |       |       |       |  em-  |       |       |       |
                                            |ployed |       |Percent|       |Percent|ployed |       |Percent|       |Percent
                                            |       | Total |  of   | Total |  of   |       | Total |  of   | Total |  of
                                            |       |       |  em-  |       |  em-  |       |       |  em-  |       |  em-
                                            |       |       |ployed |       |ployed |       |       |ployed |       |ployed
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
                 OCCUPATION
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
Managerial and professional specialty.......| 27,168|  4,051|  14.9 |  4,897|  18.0 | 28,568|  4,100|  14.4 |  4,937|  17.3
  Executive, administrative, and managerial.| 12,453|    775|   6.2 |  1,021|   8.2 | 13,123|    826|   6.3 |  1,072|   8.2
  Professional specialty....................| 14,715|  3,276|  22.3 |  3,877|  26.3 | 15,446|  3,273|  21.2 |  3,865|  25.0
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
Technical, sales, and administrative support| 33,429|  3,478|  10.4 |  4,054|  12.1 | 33,509|  3,466|  10.3 |  4,041|  12.1
  Technicians and related support...........|  3,951|    451|  11.4 |    526|  13.3 |  3,766|    429|  11.4 |    506|  13.4
  Sales occupations.........................| 11,442|    536|   4.7 |    621|   5.4 | 11,981|    583|   4.9 |    660|   5.5
  Administrative support, including clerical| 18,036|  2,491|  13.8 |  2,907|  16.1 | 17,762|  2,454|  13.8 |  2,875|  16.2
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
Service occupations.........................| 15,371|  2,127|  13.8 |  2,355|  15.3 | 15,597|  2,226|  14.3 |  2,443|  15.7
  Protective service........................|  2,178|    873|  40.1 |    937|  43.0 |  2,234|    927|  41.5 |    986|  44.1
  Service, except protective service........| 13,193|  1,254|   9.5 |  1,418|  10.7 | 13,364|  1,299|   9.7 |  1,458|  10.9
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
Precision production, craft, and repair.....| 11,024|  2,825|  25.6 |  2,997|  27.2 | 11,354|  2,718|  23.9 |  2,911|  25.6
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........| 16,316|  4,027|  24.7 |  4,243|  26.0 | 17,142|  4,135|  24.1 |  4,395|  25.6
  Machine operators, assemblers, and        |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  inspectors................................|  7,265|  1,819|  25.0 |  1,909|  26.3 |  7,510|  1,829|  24.4 |  1,948|  25.9
  Transportation and material moving        |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  occupations...............................|  4,552|  1,220|  26.8 |  1,291|  28.4 |  4,740|  1,232|  26.0 |  1,306|  27.5
  Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and|       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  laborers..................................|  4,498|    988|  22.0 |  1,043|  23.2 |  4,892|  1,074|  21.9 |  1,141|  23.3
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
Farming, forestry, and fishing..............|  1,759|     90|   5.1 |    100|   5.7 |  1,820|    104|   5.7 |    122|   6.7
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
                  INDUSTRY
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
Agricultural wage and salary workers........|  1,472|     24|   1.6 |     31|   2.1 |  1,487|     34|   2.3 |     42|   2.8
Private nonagricultural wage and salary     |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  workers...................................| 84,978|  9,557|  11.2 | 10,453|  12.3 | 88,163|  9,620|  10.9 | 10,612|  12.0
  Mining....................................|    643|    103|  16.0 |    113|  17.6 |    652|    102|  15.7 |    111|  17.1
  Construction..............................|  4,638|    929|  20.0 |    973|  21.0 |  4,866|    916|  18.8 |    966|  19.9
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  Manufacturing.............................| 18,710|  3,592|  19.2 |  3,806|  20.3 | 19,267|  3,514|  18.2 |  3,787|  19.7
    Durable goods...........................| 10,790|  2,228|  20.7 |  2,362|  21.9 | 11,285|  2,153|  19.1 |  2,327|  20.6
    Nondurable goods........................|  7,920|  1,364|  17.2 |  1,444|  18.2 |  7,983|  1,361|  17.0 |  1,460|  18.3
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  Transportation and public utilities.......|  6,313|  1,924|  30.5 |  2,052|  32.5 |  6,512|  1,848|  28.4 |  1,997|  30.7
    Transportation..........................|  3,650|  1,048|  28.7 |  1,104|  30.2 |  3,925|  1,090|  27.8 |  1,152|  29.3
    Communications and public utilities.....|  2,663|    876|  32.9 |    948|  35.6 |  2,587|    758|  29.3 |    846|  32.7
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  Wholesale and retail trade................| 21,655|  1,367|   6.3 |  1,502|   6.9 | 22,319|  1,379|   6.2 |  1,524|   6.8
    Wholesale trade.........................|  3,896|    268|   6.9 |    303|   7.8 |  3,991|    260|   6.5 |    289|   7.2
    Retail trade............................| 17,759|  1,099|   6.2 |  1,199|   6.8 | 18,328|  1,120|   6.1 |  1,236|   6.7
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  Finance, insurance, and real estate.......|  6,783|    131|   1.9 |    177|   2.6 |  6,897|    156|   2.3 |    215|   3.1
  Services..................................| 26,235|  1,510|   5.8 |  1,831|   7.0 | 27,649|  1,704|   6.2 |  2,012|   7.3
Government workers..........................| 18,618|  7,018|  37.7 |  8,162|  43.8 | 18,339|  7,094|  38.7 |  8,195|  44.7
                                            |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
   1/  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
   2/  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
   NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.  Excluded are self-employed workers whose
businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers.  Data for 1994 are not directly
comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey
Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings.
 
Table 3. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
 
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                            |                                       |
                                            |                 1993                  |                 1994
                                            |                                       |
                                             _______________________________________ _______________________________________
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
               Characteristic               |         | Members | Repre-  |         |         | Members | Repre-  |
                                            |  Total  |   of    | sented  |  Non-   |  Total  |   of    | sented  |  Non-
                                            |         |unions1/ |    by   |  union  |         |unions1/ |    by   |  union
                                            |         |         |unions2/ |         |         |         |unions2/ |
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
                SEX AND AGE
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
 Total, 16 years and over...................|  $463   |  $575   |  $569   |  $426   |  $467   |  $592   |  $587   |  $432
  16 to 24 years............................|   283   |   377   |   366   |   277   |   286   |   366   |   364   |   281
  25 years and over.........................|   493   |   585   |   581   |   468   |   500   |   603   |   599   |   474
   25 to 34 years...........................|   439   |   520   |   514   |   420   |   439   |   532   |   522   |   421
   35 to 44 years...........................|   519   |   595   |   593   |   499   |   537   |   623   |   618   |   508
   45 to 54 years...........................|   543   |   622   |   620   |   507   |   566   |   639   |   636   |   520
   55 to 64 years...........................|   492   |   576   |   573   |   462   |   501   |   588   |   589   |   472
   65 years and over........................|   394   |   467   |   462   |   381   |   384   |   549   |   549   |   361
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  Men, 16 years and over....................|   514   |   608   |   606   |   490   |   522   |   621   |   620   |   495
   16 to 24 years...........................|   289   |   393   |   383   |   283   |   294   |   374   |   371   |   288
   25 years and over........................|   559   |   617   |   616   |   524   |   576   |   635   |   635   |   544
    25 to 34 years..........................|   478   |   555   |   549   |   459   |   479   |   572   |   566   |   460
    35 to 44 years..........................|   598   |   623   |   623   |   586   |   617   |   657   |   656   |   603
    45 to 54 years..........................|   656   |   670   |   671   |   641   |   671   |   685   |   684   |   661
    55 to 64 years..........................|   586   |   610   |   612   |   564   |   603   |   617   |   624   |   591
    65 years and over.......................|   453   |   529   |   524   |   434   |   441   |   608   |   604   |   405
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  Women, 16 years and over..................|   395   |   504   |   500   |   374   |   399   |   522   |   517   |   377
   16 to 24 years...........................|   274   |   344   |   340   |   270   |   276   |   350   |   348   |   271
   25 years and over........................|   416   |   511   |   508   |   396   |   421   |   535   |   527   |   401
    25 to 34 years..........................|   396   |   481   |   474   |   383   |   397   |   483   |   478   |   385
    35 to 44 years..........................|   437   |   526   |   524   |   412   |   448   |   570   |   560   |   419
    45 to 54 years..........................|   441   |   540   |   537   |   407   |   450   |   573   |   572   |   415
    55 to 64 years..........................|   396   |   482   |   480   |   372   |   398   |   506   |   504   |   374
    65 years and over.......................|   335   |   400   |   399   |   316   |   336   |   458   |   450   |   323
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
       RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  White, 16 years and over..................|   478   |   589   |   585   |   444   |   484   |   609   |   604   |   451
    Men.....................................|   531   |   619   |   618   |   505   |   547   |   640   |   638   |   513
    Women...................................|   403   |   514   |   510   |   382   |   408   |   546   |   538   |   386
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  Black, 16 years and over..................|   370   |   490   |   485   |   330   |   371   |   493   |   487   |   338
    Men.....................................|   392   |   514   |   510   |   345   |   400   |   524   |   518   |   359
    Women...................................|   349   |   454   |   447   |   320   |   346   |   452   |   446   |   323
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........|   335   |   481   |   478   |   311   |   324   |   470   |   468   |   307
    Men.....................................|   352   |   511   |   509   |   318   |   343   |   506   |   501   |   316
    Women...................................|   314   |   413   |   415   |   297   |   305   |   402   |   413   |   289
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
   1/  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
   2/  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
   NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers.  Excluded are self-employed workers whose businesses
are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers.  Detail for the above race and Hispanic-
origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included
in both the white and black population groups. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier
years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February
1994 issue of Employment and Earnings.
 
 
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
 
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                            |                                       |
                                            |                 1993                  |                 1994
                                            |                                       |
                                             _______________________________________ _______________________________________
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
          Occupation and industry           |         | Members | Repre-  |         |         | Members | Repre-  |
                                            |  Total  |   of    | sented  |  Non-   |  Total  |   of    | sented  |  Non-
                                            |         |unions1/ |    by   |  union  |         |unions1/ |    by   |  union
                                            |         |         |unions2/ |         |         |         |unions2/ |
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
                 OCCUPATION
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
Managerial and professional specialty.......|  $675   |  $696   |  $688   |  $670   |  $683   |  $729   |  $720   |  $672
  Executive, administrative, and managerial.|   664   |   710   |   710   |   658   |   658   |   690   |   689   |   655
  Professional specialty....................|   682   |   693   |   683   |   681   |   705   |   737   |   728   |   694
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
Technical, sales, and administrative support|   419   |   509   |   501   |   408   |   420   |   518   |   511   |   407
  Technicians and related support...........|   528   |   620   |   619   |   517   |   534   |   629   |   622   |   521
  Sales occupations.........................|   457   |   463   |   466   |   456   |   450   |   483   |   478   |   448
  Administrative support, including clerical|   392   |   502   |   492   |   374   |   392   |   511   |   504   |   372
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
Service occupations.........................|   293   |   478   |   467   |   265   |   294   |   483   |   470   |   268
  Protective service........................|   511   |   634   |   628   |   404   |   517   |   650   |   643   |   398
  Service, except protective service........|   267   |   377   |   369   |   253   |   267   |   369   |   361   |   256
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
Precision production, craft, and repair.....|   501   |   642   |   637   |   453   |   504   |   672   |   663   |   458
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........|   365   |   501   |   497   |   321   |   373   |   514   |   510   |   327
  Machine operators, assemblers, and        |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  inspectors................................|   348   |   479   |   476   |   314   |   361   |   492   |   488   |   322
  Transportation and material moving        |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  occupations...............................|   447   |   588   |   581   |   398   |   461   |   600   |   594   |   410
  Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and|         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  laborers..................................|   312   |   472   |   465   |   284   |   311   |   478   |   476   |   288
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
Farming, forestry, and fishing..............|   269   |   436   |   413   |   264   |   282   |   416   |   406   |   273
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
                  INDUSTRY
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
Agricultural wage and salary workers........|   277   |   (3)   |   (3)   |   277   |   282   |   (3)   |   (3)   |   279
Private nonagricultural wage and salary     |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  workers...................................|   441   |  $544   |  $538   |   420   |   448   |  $562   |  $556   |   427
  Mining....................................|   645   |   631   |   631   |   657   |   639   |   664   |   656   |   634
  Construction..............................|   482   |   692   |   689   |   425   |   477   |   696   |   687   |   425
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  Manufacturing.............................|   466   |   505   |   505   |   448   |   482   |   533   |   533   |   464
    Durable goods...........................|   493   |   524   |   523   |   480   |   507   |   555   |   555   |   492
    Nondurable goods........................|   419   |   473   |   471   |   407   |   438   |   503   |   501   |   420
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  Transportation and public utilities.......|   570   |   640   |   631   |   516   |   584   |   665   |   657   |   531
    Transportation..........................|   512   |   632   |   624   |   472   |   523   |   650   |   645   |   482
    Communications and public utilities.....|   631   |   647   |   638   |   625   |   657   |   681   |   671   |   646
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  Wholesale and retail trade................|   356   |   465   |   459   |   347   |   359   |   453   |   439   |   352
    Wholesale trade.........................|   474   |   492   |   496   |   471   |   476   |   506   |   500   |   473
    Retail trade............................|   320   |   451   |   439   |   314   |   322   |   425   |   414   |   318
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  Finance, insurance, and real estate.......|   490   |   484   |   481   |   490   |   484   |   471   |   467   |   485
  Services..................................|   420   |   482   |   478   |   416   |   425   |   485   |   488   |   420
Government workers..........................|   547   |   602   |   596   |   498   |   564   |   623   |   617   |   493
                                            |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
   1/  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
   2/  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
   3/  Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
   NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers.  Excluded are self-employed workers whose businesses
are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers.  Data for 1994 are not directly comparable
with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective
January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings.