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Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2015

In 2015, the overall unemployment rate for the United States was 5.3 

percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. The 

rates were highest for American Indians and Alaska Natives (9.9 percent) 

and for Blacks (9.6 percent) and lowest for Asians (3.8 percent). The 

jobless rate was 4.6 percent for Whites, 5.7 percent for Native Hawaiians 

and Other Pacific Islanders, and 8.4 percent for people of Two or More 

Races. The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity was 6.6 percent, 

higher than the rate of 5.0 percent for non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are 

associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These 

factors include variations across the groups in educational attainment; the occupations and industries in which the 

groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to 

reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups 

living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of 

supporting tables. The report also includes a limited amount of data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed 

Hispanic ethnicity. Among the detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories are: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and 

South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories are expanded into five additional categories—

Salvadoran, Other Central American, South American, Dominican, and Other Hispanic or Latino. Estimates for these 

additional groups are not included in all tables because of their relatively small sample sizes.

The data are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich 

source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical 

notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The following sections highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups 

in 2015.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (79 percent). Blacks and Asians made up an additional 12 

percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders made up less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 

percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Chinese, making up 22 percent of all Asians. Asian 

Indians made up 21 percent, followed by Filipinos (17 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and 

Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—17 percent—were classified as Other Asian, which includes individuals who 

September 2016 | Report 1062
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reported an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, and Hmong—and those who reported two or 

more Asian groups. (See table 2.)

Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 

may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics (89 percent) in the labor force were White, 4 percent were Black, and 1 

percent were Asian. By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (63 percent). Central 

Americans—which includes Salvadorans and Other Central Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up 10 percent. 

Eight percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 

8 percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos—which includes Dominicans and Other Hispanics or Latinos 

(excluding Dominicans). (See table 2.)

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders and Hispanics had the highest labor 

force participation rates, at 66.6 percent and 65.9 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives (60.6 

percent) and Blacks (61.5 percent) had the lowest participation rates. The participation rates were 62.8 percent each for 

Asians and Whites, and 64.5 percent for people of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 4A, and chart 1.)

Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.9 percent) were more likely 

to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (67.3 percent) were the least likely. The labor 

force participation rate for Asian men (74.7 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (72.0 percent). Among adult 
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women, Blacks (62.0 percent) were more likely than Hispanics (58.4 percent), Whites (57.5 percent), and Asians (57.2 

percent) to participate in the labor force. (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 54.6 percent 

for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 62.8 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The 

employment–population ratio was 55.7 percent for Blacks, 59.0 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 59.9 

percent for Whites, 60.4 percent for Asians, and 61.6 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)

Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (76.3 percent) continued to 

have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks (60.9 percent) had the lowest employment–population ratio, 

continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 71.9 percent 

and 68.9 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the employment–population ratios were 56.9 percent for Blacks, 

55.2 percent for Asians, 55.1 percent for Whites, and 54.6 percent for Hispanics. (See table 3).

Among teenagers age 16 to 19, the employment–population ratio was higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or 

Blacks. The ratio for White teens (31.0 percent) was about 13 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens 

(17.7 percent) and about 11 percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (20.1 percent). The ratio for Hispanic 

teens was 24.9 percent.

Educational attainment

Among people age 25 and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was over 90 percent for 

Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 72 percent of Hispanics in the labor force had completed high school. Asians 

were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college; 61 percent of Asians in the labor force had a 

bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 39 percent of Whites, 28 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. 

(See table 6 and chart 2.)
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For all major race and ethnicity groups, higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of 

employment and a lower likelihood of unemployment. Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, Blacks and 

Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed than were Whites and Asians. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education are typically more likely to be employed in higher-paying jobs—such as those 

in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. For those age 25 and 

older, median earnings for all major race and ethnicity groups increased with educational attainment. However, Blacks 

and Hispanics had lower earnings than Whites and Asians with at least some college education. (See table 17.)

Occupation and industry

Occupational categories

Fifty-one percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest 

paying major occupational category—compared with 40 percent of employed Whites, 30 percent of employed Blacks, 

and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)
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Among employed men, 52 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared 

with 36 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 18 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black and 

Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas about 1 in 10 employed Asian and White men worked in 

these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men were also more likely than White and Asian men to work in 

production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of employed Hispanic men worked 

in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 12 percent of 

Black men, and 5 percent of Asian men.

Employed Asian and White women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, 

and related occupations—50 percent of Asian women and 44 percent of White women, compared with 35 percent of 

Black women and 27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 62 percent of Hispanics worked in two job 

groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 57 percent of Blacks, 50 percent of 

Whites, and 43 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 16 percent of total employment but were over represented by a substantial amount in several 

detailed occupational categories, including miscellaneous agricultural workers (51 percent), painters, construction and 

maintenance (49 percent), maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent), and construction laborers (46 percent). 

Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of those in several specific 

occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (38 percent); security guards and gaming 
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surveillance officers (29 percent), licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (29 percent), and bus drivers (28 

percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several 

occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (57 percent), software developers (34 

percent), and physicians and surgeons (18 percent). Whites made up 79 percent of all employed people, but accounted 

for 97 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 91 percent of construction managers; and 90 

percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)

Industry 

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (19 percent) than were Whites 

(13 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than other employed men 

to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent). Nineteen percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and 

business services, higher than the shares of Whites (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black men (11 percent). A 

large share of employed women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services—Blacks (41 

percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (29 percent). (See table 9.)

Families and mothers

Among Asian families, 89 percent had an employed family member, compared with 86 percent of Hispanic families, 80 

percent of White families, and 78 percent of Black families. (See table 10.)

Families maintained by Black women (that is, without a spouse present) comprised 44 percent of Black families, and 

Hispanics women without a spouse present maintained 26 percent of Hispanic families. Women without a spouse 

present maintained about 16 percent of White families and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by 

women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (84 percent). 

In comparison, 73 percent of Black families, 76 percent of White families, and 78 percent of Hispanic families that were 

maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women without a 

spouse present are less likely to have an employed family member than married-couple families and families maintained 

by men.

Among mothers with children under 18, 76.6 percent of Black mothers were in the labor force, higher than the 

participation rates for White (69.4 percent), Asian (62.4 percent), or Hispanic (61.4 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)

Unemployment 

Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (9.9 percent) and Blacks 

(9.6 percent) had the highest unemployment rates while the rate was lowest for Asians (3.8 percent). The jobless rate 

was 4.6 percent for Whites, 5.7 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 8.4 percent for people of 

Two or More Races. The unemployment rate was 6.6 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A and charts 

4 and 5.)
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Among the largest race and ethnicity groups, adult Black men and women (age 20 and older) had jobless rates of 9.5 

percent and 8.2 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 5.7 percent, and the rate for 

adult Hispanic women was 6.5 percent. In comparison, the jobless rate for adult White men was 4.3 percent, and the 

rate for adult White women was 4.1 percent. For adult Asian men and women, the unemployment rates were 3.7 percent 

and 3.5 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)

Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate—28.4 percent. The unemployment rate for Hispanic 

teenagers was 19.3 percent; White teenagers, 14.8 percent; and Asian teenagers 14.4 percent.

Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The 

median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 15.5 weeks and 13.1 weeks, respectively, compared with 

10.5 weeks for Whites and 10.4 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 13.)

Of the 8.3 million unemployed people, 49 percent were job losers (that is, workers who lost their jobs or who completed 

temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (31 percent), new entrants (11 percent), and job leavers (10 percent) 

constituted the balance of unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each large race and ethnicity group, 51 

percent of Whites and 50 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 46 percent of Blacks and 42 percent of 
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Asians. Eighteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent each of unemployed Hispanics and unemployed Blacks, 

and 9 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)

Not in the labor force

Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian labor force, but 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. 

People marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force, wanted to work and were 

available to work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months—but not in the 4 weeks preceding the 

survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of 

the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force—

79 percent of the labor force versus 66 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of 

discouraged workers (28 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. (See 

table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than 

Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were $604 for Hispanics 

and $641 for Blacks, compared with $835 for Whites and $993 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for Whites ($920), 

Blacks ($680), and Hispanics ($631) were 81 percent, 60 percent, and 56 percent, respectively, of the earnings of 

Asians ($1,129). The median earnings of White women ($743), Black women ($615), and Hispanic women ($566) were 

85 percent, 70 percent, and 65 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($877). (See table 16.)

Men

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational 

groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,560) and White men ($1,399) working full time in 

management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupation group) were well above the 

earnings of Hispanic men ($1,127) and Black men ($1,075) in the same occupation group. (See table 18.)

Women

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were fairly close across some occupations. For 

example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $489 for Asians, $467 for Whites, $440 for Blacks, 

and $430 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian 

women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.
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Statistical Tables

Gender and race Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percent of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force

Total 250,801 157,130 62.7 148,834 59.3 8,296 5.3 93,671

Men 121,101 83,620 69.1 79,131 65.3 4,490 5.4 37,481

Women 129,700 73,510 56.7 69,703 53.7 3,807 5.2 56,190

White 196,868 123,607 62.8 117,944 59.9 5,662 4.6 73,261

Men 96,147 67,018 69.7 63,892 66.5 3,126 4.7 29,129

Women 100,720 56,589 56.2 54,052 53.7 2,537 4.5 44,132

Black 31,386 19,318 61.5 17,472 55.7 1,846 9.6 12,068

Men 14,268 9,099 63.8 8,164 57.2 935 10.3 5,169

Women 17,118 10,218 59.7 9,308 54.4 911 8.9 6,899

Asian 14,420 9,053 62.8 8,706 60.4 347 3.8 5,366

Men 6,737 4,811 71.4 4,620 68.6 191 4.0 1,925

Women 7,683 4,242 55.2 4,086 53.2 156 3.7 3,441

American Indian and Alaska 

Native 2,844 1,724 60.6 1,553 54.6 171 9.9 1,120

Men 1,400 923 65.9 820 58.6 103 11.1 477

Women 1,444 801 55.5 733 50.8 68 8.5 643

Native Hawaiian and Other 

Pacific Islander 1,007 671 66.6 633 62.8 38 5.7 336

Men 497 367 73.7 346 69.5 21 5.7 131

Women 510 304 59.7 287 56.3 17 5.6 206

Two or More Races 4,276 2,757 64.5 2,525 59.0 232 8.4 1,519

Men 2,051 1,402 68.4 1,288 62.8 114 8.1 649

Women 2,225 1,355 60.9 1,236 55.6 118 8.7 870

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percent of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force

Total 250,801 157,130 62.7 148,834 59.3 8,296 5.3 93,671

Men 121,101 83,620 69.1 79,131 65.3 4,490 5.4 37,481

Women 129,700 73,510 56.7 69,703 53.7 3,807 5.2 56,190

Asian 14,420 9,053 62.8 8,706 60.4 347 3.8 5,366

Men 6,737 4,811 71.4 4,620 68.6 191 4.0 1,925

Women 7,683 4,242 55.2 4,086 53.2 156 3.7 3,441

Asian Indian 2,854 1,884 66.0 1,807 63.3 78 4.1 970

Chinese 3,332 1,997 59.9 1,932 58.0 64 3.2 1,335

Filipino 2,271 1,546 68.1 1,479 65.1 67 4.3 726

Japanese 798 447 56.0 436 54.6 11 2.4 351

Korean 1,301 765 58.8 740 56.9 25 3.3 535

Vietnamese 1,439 906 62.9 872 60.6 34 3.7 533

Other Asian 2,424 1,508 62.2 1,440 59.4 69 4.6 916

Hispanic or Latino 39,617 26,126 65.9 24,400 61.6 1,726 6.6 13,491

Men 19,745 15,054 76.2 14,111 71.5 943 6.3 4,691

Women 19,872 11,072 55.7 10,289 51.8 783 7.1 8,800

Mexican 24,711 16,392 66.3 15,342 62.1 1,050 6.4 8,319

Men 12,476 9,675 77.5 9,099 72.9 576 6.0 2,801

Women 12,234 6,716 54.9 6,243 51.0 474 7.1 5,518

Puerto Rican 3,679 2,220 60.4 2,022 55.0 198 8.9 1,459

Men 1,756 1,172 66.7 1,062 60.5 110 9.4 584

Women 1,923 1,048 54.5 961 50.0 88 8.4 874

Cuban 1,760 1,079 61.3 1,010 57.4 69 6.4 681

Men 883 610 69.1 566 64.1 44 7.3 273

Women 876 468 53.5 444 50.6 25 5.3 408

Central American 3,609 2,552 70.7 2,392 66.3 160 6.3 1,057

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percent of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force

Men 1,863 1,543 82.8 1,455 78.1 87 5.7 321

Women 1,746 1,010 57.8 937 53.7 73 7.2 736

Salvadoran 1,401 1,000 71.3 945 67.4 55 5.5 401

Men 706 585 82.9 558 79.0 28 4.7 121

Women 695 414 59.6 387 55.7 27 6.5 280

Other Central 

American(1) 2,208 1,553 70.3 1,447 65.5 106 6.8 655

Men 1,157 957 82.7 897 77.6 60 6.2 200

Women 1,051 596 56.7 550 52.3 46 7.7 455

South American 2,517 1,776 70.5 1,689 67.1 86 4.9 741

Men 1,185 953 80.4 910 76.8 43 4.5 232

Women 1,332 823 61.8 779 58.5 43 5.3 509

Other Hispanic or 

Latino 3,342 2,107 63.0 1,944 58.2 163 7.7 1,235

Men 1,581 1,101 69.6 1,019 64.4 82 7.5 480

Women 1,761 1,006 57.1 925 52.5 81 8.0 755

Dominican 1,371 896 65.4 817 59.6 79 8.9 475

Men 616 434 70.5 400 64.9 35 8.0 182

Women 755 462 61.2 417 55.2 45 9.7 293

Other Hispanic or 

Latino(2) 1,971 1,211 61.4 1,127 57.2 84 6.9 760

Men 965 667 69.1 619 64.1 48 7.1 298

Women 1,006 544 54.1 508 50.5 36 6.6 462

Hispanic or Latino 39,617 26,126 65.9 24,400 61.6 1,726 6.6 13,491

Men 19,745 15,054 76.2 14,111 71.5 943 6.3 4,691

Women 19,872 11,072 55.7 10,289 51.8 783 7.1 8,800

White Hispanic or 

Latino 35,314 23,199 65.7 21,710 61.5 1,489 6.4 12,116

Men 17,635 13,486 76.5 12,664 71.8 821 6.1 4,149

Women 17,680 9,713 54.9 9,046 51.2 667 6.9 7,967

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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(1) Excludes Salvadoran.

(2) Excludes Dominican.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percent of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of population Total Percent of labor force

Black Hispanic or 

Latino 1,669 1,122 67.3 1,017 60.9 106 9.4 546

Men 767 549 71.7 500 65.3 49 8.9 217

Women 902 573 63.5 516 57.2 57 9.9 329

Asian Hispanic or 

Latino 390 281 72.1 272 69.8 9 3.2 109

Men 200 157 78.2 154 76.7 3 2.0 44

Women 189 124 65.6 118 62.4 6 4.8 65

Non-Hispanic or Latino 211,183 131,004 62.0 124,434 58.9 6,570 5.0 80,179

Men 101,356 68,566 67.6 65,020 64.2 3,546 5.2 32,789

Women 109,828 62,438 56.9 59,414 54.1 3,024 4.8 47,390

White non-Hispanic or 

Latino 161,553 100,408 62.2 96,234 59.6 4,174 4.2 61,145

Men 78,513 53,532 68.2 51,228 65.2 2,304 4.3 24,981

Women 83,041 46,876 56.4 45,006 54.2 1,870 4.0 36,165

Black non-Hispanic or 

Latino 29,717 18,195 61.2 16,455 55.4 1,740 9.6 11,522

Men 13,501 8,550 63.3 7,664 56.8 886 10.4 4,952

Women 16,216 9,645 59.5 8,792 54.2 854 8.9 6,570

Asian non-Hispanic or 

Latino 14,030 8,773 62.5 8,435 60.1 338 3.9 5,258

Men 6,536 4,654 71.2 4,467 68.3 188 4.0 1,882

Women 7,494 4,118 55.0 3,968 52.9 150 3.6 3,376

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older 250,801 157,130 62.7 148,834 59.3 8,296 5.3 93,671

16 to 19 years 16,619 5,700 34.3 4,734 28.5 966 16.9 10,919

20 years and older 234,182 151,430 64.7 144,099 61.5 7,330 4.8 82,752

20 to 24 years 21,971 15,523 70.7 14,022 63.8 1,501 9.7 6,448

25 to 54 years 125,109 101,152 80.9 96,638 77.2 4,515 4.5 23,957

55 to 64 years 40,594 25,954 63.9 24,975 61.5 978 3.8 14,640

65 years and older 46,509 8,801 18.9 8,465 18.2 337 3.8 37,708

Men, 16 years and older 121,101 83,620 69.1 79,131 65.3 4,490 5.4 37,481

16 to 19 years 8,430 2,885 34.2 2,354 27.9 531 18.4 5,545

20 years and older 112,671 80,735 71.7 76,776 68.1 3,959 4.9 31,936

20 to 24 years 11,012 8,038 73.0 7,173 65.1 865 10.8 2,974

25 to 54 years 61,425 54,226 88.3 51,851 84.4 2,374 4.4 7,199

55 to 64 years 19,518 13,627 69.8 13,092 67.1 536 3.9 5,891

65 years and older 20,717 4,845 23.4 4,661 22.5 184 3.8 15,872

Women, 16 years and older 129,700 73,510 56.7 69,703 53.7 3,807 5.2 56,190

16 to 19 years 8,189 2,815 34.4 2,380 29.1 435 15.5 5,374

20 years and older 121,511 70,695 58.2 67,323 55.4 3,371 4.8 50,816

20 to 24 years 10,959 7,485 68.3 6,849 62.5 636 8.5 3,474

25 to 54 years 63,684 46,926 73.7 44,786 70.3 2,140 4.6 16,758

55 to 64 years 21,076 12,326 58.5 11,884 56.4 442 3.6 8,749

65 years and older 25,792 3,957 15.3 3,804 14.7 153 3.9 21,835

White

Total, 16 years and older 196,868 123,607 62.8 117,944 59.9 5,662 4.6 73,261

16 to 19 years 12,323 4,487 36.4 3,824 31.0 662 14.8 7,836

20 years and older 184,545 119,120 64.5 114,120 61.8 5,000 4.2 65,425

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

20 to 24 years 16,171 11,755 72.7 10,784 66.7 970 8.3 4,416

25 to 54 years 95,856 78,300 81.7 75,276 78.5 3,024 3.9 17,556

55 to 64 years 33,005 21,534 65.2 20,783 63.0 751 3.5 11,471

65 years and older 39,513 7,531 19.1 7,276 18.4 255 3.4 31,982

Men, 16 years and older 96,147 67,018 69.7 63,892 66.5 3,126 4.7 29,129

16 to 19 years 6,282 2,308 36.7 1,934 30.8 375 16.2 3,974

20 years and older 89,865 64,710 72.0 61,959 68.9 2,751 4.3 25,155

20 to 24 years 8,164 6,165 75.5 5,585 68.4 581 9.4 1,999

25 to 54 years 47,831 42,829 89.5 41,198 86.1 1,630 3.8 5,003

55 to 64 years 16,067 11,489 71.5 11,088 69.0 400 3.5 4,579

65 years and older 17,802 4,227 23.7 4,088 23.0 139 3.3 13,575

Women, 16 years and older 100,720 56,589 56.2 54,052 53.7 2,537 4.5 44,132

16 to 19 years 6,040 2,178 36.1 1,891 31.3 288 13.2 3,862

20 years and older 94,680 54,410 57.5 52,161 55.1 2,249 4.1 40,270

20 to 24 years 8,007 5,589 69.8 5,200 64.9 390 7.0 2,418

25 to 54 years 48,024 35,472 73.9 34,078 71.0 1,393 3.9 12,553

55 to 64 years 16,938 10,045 59.3 9,695 57.2 351 3.5 6,893

65 years and older 21,711 3,304 15.2 3,188 14.7 116 3.5 18,407

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 31,386 19,318 61.5 17,472 55.7 1,846 9.6 12,068

16 to 19 years 2,491 701 28.1 502 20.1 199 28.4 1,790

20 years and older 28,895 18,616 64.4 16,970 58.7 1,646 8.8 10,278

20 to 24 years 3,425 2,337 68.2 1,953 57.0 384 16.4 1,089

25 to 54 years 16,545 12,984 78.5 11,924 72.1 1,061 8.2 3,561

55 to 64 years 4,718 2,584 54.8 2,433 51.6 151 5.8 2,134

65 years and older 4,207 711 16.9 660 15.7 51 7.2 3,496

Men, 16 years and older 14,268 9,099 63.8 8,164 57.2 935 10.3 5,169

16 to 19 years 1,237 326 26.3 226 18.2 100 30.8 911

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 15

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

20 years and older 13,031 8,773 67.3 7,938 60.9 835 9.5 4,258

20 to 24 years 1,662 1,145 68.9 936 56.3 209 18.3 517

25 to 54 years 7,547 6,105 80.9 5,591 74.1 514 8.4 1,442

55 to 64 years 2,130 1,204 56.5 1,115 52.3 89 7.4 927

65 years and older 1,692 320 18.9 297 17.5 23 7.2 1,372

Women, 16 years and older 17,118 10,218 59.7 9,308 54.4 911 8.9 6,899

16 to 19 years 1,254 376 29.9 276 22.0 99 26.4 879

20 years and older 15,863 9,843 62.0 9,032 56.9 811 8.2 6,021

20 to 24 years 1,764 1,192 67.6 1,017 57.7 174 14.6 572

25 to 54 years 8,998 6,880 76.5 6,333 70.4 547 8.0 2,118

55 to 64 years 2,588 1,381 53.4 1,319 51.0 62 4.5 1,207

65 years and older 2,515 391 15.6 363 14.4 28 7.2 2,123

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 14,420 9,053 62.8 8,706 60.4 347 3.8 5,366

16 to 19 years 833 172 20.6 147 17.7 25 14.4 661

20 years and older 13,587 8,882 65.4 8,559 63.0 322 3.6 4,705

20 to 24 years 1,293 682 52.8 625 48.4 57 8.4 610

25 to 54 years 8,317 6,476 77.9 6,283 75.5 193 3.0 1,842

55 to 64 years 1,960 1,315 67.1 1,263 64.4 53 4.0 644

65 years and older 2,017 408 20.2 388 19.3 20 4.8 1,609

Men, 16 years and older 6,737 4,811 71.4 4,620 68.6 191 4.0 1,925

16 to 19 years 406 83 20.5 69 16.9 15 17.7 322

20 years and older 6,331 4,728 74.7 4,552 71.9 176 3.7 1,603

20 to 24 years 656 347 53.0 318 48.6 29 8.4 308

25 to 54 years 3,911 3,488 89.2 3,389 86.7 99 2.9 423

55 to 64 years 883 664 75.1 630 71.3 34 5.1 219

65 years and older 882 229 25.9 215 24.4 14 6.1 653

Women, 16 years and older 7,683 4,242 55.2 4,086 53.2 156 3.7 3,441

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

16 to 19 years 428 89 20.8 79 18.4 10 11.4 339

20 years and older 7,256 4,154 57.2 4,008 55.2 146 3.5 3,102

20 to 24 years 637 335 52.6 307 48.2 28 8.4 302

25 to 54 years 4,407 2,988 67.8 2,894 65.7 93 3.1 1,419

55 to 64 years 1,077 652 60.5 633 58.8 19 2.9 425

65 years and older 1,135 179 15.8 174 15.3 6 3.2 956

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 39,617 26,126 65.9 24,400 61.6 1,726 6.6 13,491

16 to 19 years 3,705 1,144 30.9 922 24.9 221 19.3 2,562

20 years and older 35,912 24,983 69.6 23,477 65.4 1,505 6.0 10,929

20 to 24 years 4,697 3,365 71.6 3,027 64.4 338 10.0 1,332

25 to 54 years 23,262 18,315 78.7 17,326 74.5 989 5.4 4,948

55 to 64 years 4,255 2,666 62.7 2,523 59.3 143 5.4 1,589

65 years and older 3,698 637 17.2 601 16.3 36 5.6 3,061

Men, 16 years and older 19,745 15,054 76.2 14,111 71.5 943 6.3 4,691

16 to 19 years 1,886 610 32.4 487 25.8 124 20.3 1,275

20 years and older 17,860 14,444 80.9 13,624 76.3 820 5.7 3,416

20 to 24 years 2,396 1,851 77.3 1,655 69.1 196 10.6 545

25 to 54 years 11,810 10,722 90.8 10,206 86.4 516 4.8 1,089

55 to 64 years 2,050 1,515 73.9 1,432 69.9 83 5.5 535

65 years and older 1,604 356 22.2 331 20.7 25 7.0 1,248

Women, 16 years and older 19,872 11,072 55.7 10,289 51.8 783 7.1 8,800

16 to 19 years 1,820 533 29.3 436 23.9 98 18.3 1,287

20 years and older 18,052 10,539 58.4 9,853 54.6 686 6.5 7,513

20 to 24 years 2,301 1,514 65.8 1,372 59.6 142 9.4 787

25 to 54 years 11,452 7,593 66.3 7,120 62.2 473 6.2 3,859

55 to 64 years 2,205 1,151 52.2 1,091 49.5 60 5.2 1,054

65 years and older 2,094 280 13.4 270 12.9 11 3.9 1,813

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 – – – – – –

1973 60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 – – – 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974 61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 – – – 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975 61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 – – – 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976 61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 – – – 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977 62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 – – – 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978 63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 – – – 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979 63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 – – – 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980 63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 – – – 64.0 81.4 47.4

1981 63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 – – – 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982 64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 – – – 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983 64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 – – – 63.8 80.3 47.7

1984 64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 – – – 64.9 80.6 49.6

1985 64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 – – – 64.6 80.3 49.3

1986 65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 – – – 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987 65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 – – – 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988 65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 – – – 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989 66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 – – – 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990 66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 – – – 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991 66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 – – – 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992 66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 – – – 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993 66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 – – – 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994 66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 – – – 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995 66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 – – – 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996 66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 – – – 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997 67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 – – – 67.9 80.1 55.1

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1998 67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 – – – 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999 67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 – – – 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000 67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001 66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002 66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003 66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004 66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005 66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006 66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007 66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008 66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009 65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010 64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011 64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

2012 63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6

2013 63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7

2014 62.9 69.2 57.0 63.1 69.8 56.7 61.2 63.6 59.2 63.6 72.4 55.8 66.1 76.1 56.0

2015 62.7 69.1 56.7 62.8 69.7 56.2 61.5 63.8 59.7 62.8 71.4 55.2 65.9 76.2 55.7

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004 63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005 63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006 63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007 63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

2008 63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2009 59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010 57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011 59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

2012 59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5

2013 59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8

2014 60.9 67.2 54.7 67.6 73.8 61.6 64.2 69.7 59.0

2015 60.6 65.9 55.5 66.6 73.7 59.7 64.5 68.4 60.9

Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 – – – – – –

1973 57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 – – – 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974 57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 – – – 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975 56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 – – – 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976 56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 – – – 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977 57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 – – – 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978 59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 – – – 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979 59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 – – – 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980 59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 – – – 57.6 73.5 42.4

1981 59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 – – – 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982 57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 – – – 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983 57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 – – – 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984 59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 – – – 57.9 72.1 44.2

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1985 60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 – – – 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986 60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 – – – 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987 61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 – – – 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988 62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 – – – 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989 63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 – – – 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990 62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 – – – 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991 61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 – – – 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992 61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 – – – 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993 61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 – – – 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994 62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 – – – 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995 62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 – – – 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996 63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 – – – 60.6 73.3 47.9

1997 63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 – – – 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998 64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 – – – 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999 64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 – – – 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000 64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001 63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002 62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003 62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004 62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005 62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006 63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007 63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008 62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009 59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010 58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011 58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

2012 58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4

2013 58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4

2014 59.0 64.9 53.5 59.7 66.1 53.7 54.3 55.9 52.9 60.4 68.6 53.3 61.2 71.0 51.4

2015 59.3 65.3 53.7 59.9 66.5 53.7 55.7 57.2 54.4 60.4 68.6 53.2 61.6 71.5 51.8

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004 57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005 57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

2006 58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

2007 58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

2008 57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009 51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010 49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011 50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

2012 52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5

2013 51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7

2014 54.0 59.2 48.9 63.5 69.6 57.5 57.6 62.1 53.4

2015 54.6 58.6 50.8 62.8 69.5 56.3 59.0 62.8 55.6

Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a high 

school diploma

High school graduates, no 

college (1)

Some college, no 

degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher (2)

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population 212,211 24,175 61,712 35,326 20,937 70,061

Civilian labor force 135,907 10,971 35,322 22,706 14,774 52,133

Percent of population 64 45 57 64 71 74

Employed 130,077 10,098 33,402 21,573 14,213 50,792

Employment–population ratio 61 42 54 61 68 73

Unemployed 5,830 873 1,920 1,134 562 1,341

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a high 

school diploma

High school graduates, no 

college (1)

Some college, no 

degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher (2)

Unemployment rate 4.3 8.0 5.4 5.0 3.8 2.6

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 101,659 12,137 30,388 16,644 9,020 33,471

Civilian labor force 72,698 7,081 20,416 11,862 6,911 26,429

Percent of population 72 58 67 71 77 79

Employed 69,604 6,573 19,302 11,293 6,660 25,776

Employment–population ratio 69 54 64 68 74 77

Unemployed 3,094 507 1,114 569 251 654

Unemployment rate 4.3 7.2 5.5 4.8 3.6 2.5

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 110,552 12,038 31,325 18,682 11,918 36,590

Civilian labor force 63,209 3,891 14,906 10,845 7,864 25,704

Percent of population 57 32 48 58 66 70

Employed 60,474 3,525 14,100 10,280 7,553 25,016

Employment–population ratio 55 29 45 55 63 68

Unemployed 2,735 366 806 565 311 687

Unemployment rate 4.3 9.4 5.4 5.2 4.0 2.7

White

Civilian noninstitutional population 168,374 18,672 49,012 27,796 16,983 55,911

Civilian labor force 107,365 8,723 27,790 17,588 11,904 41,361

Percent of population 64 47 57 63 70 74

Employed 103,336 8,128 26,508 16,820 11,501 40,380

Employment–population ratio 61 44 54 61 68 72

Unemployed 4,030 595 1,282 768 404 981

Unemployment rate 3.8 6.8 4.6 4.4 3.4 2.4

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 81,701 9,594 24,260 13,278 7,479 27,090

Civilian labor force 58,544 5,841 16,367 9,431 5,718 21,188

Percent of population 72 61 68 71 76 78

Employed 56,374 5,484 15,617 9,037 5,533 20,702

Employment–population ratio 69 57 64 68 74 76

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a high 

school diploma

High school graduates, no 

college (1)

Some college, no 

degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher (2)

Unemployed 2,170 357 750 393 185 485

Unemployment rate 3.7 6.1 4.6 4.2 3.2 2.3

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 86,673 9,078 24,752 14,518 9,504 28,821

Civilian labor force 48,821 2,882 11,422 8,157 6,187 20,173

Percent of population 56 32 46 56 65 70

Employed 46,962 2,643 10,891 7,782 5,968 19,677

Employment–population ratio 54 29 44 54 63 68

Unemployed 1,860 238 532 375 219 496

Unemployment rate 3.8 8.3 4.7 4.6 3.5 2.5

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population 25,469 3,271 8,566 5,135 2,580 5,917

Civilian labor force 16,280 1,228 5,035 3,526 1,891 4,600

Percent of population 64 38 59 69 73 78

Employed 15,017 1,033 4,549 3,242 1,775 4,418

Employment–population ratio 59 32 53 63 69 75

Unemployed 1,263 196 486 284 115 182

Unemployment rate 7.8 15.9 9.7 8.0 6.1 4.0

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 11,370 1,532 4,207 2,233 955 2,442

Civilian labor force 7,628 641 2,676 1,612 727 1,973

Percent of population 67 42 64 72 76 81

Employed 7,003 545 2,407 1,477 679 1,895

Employment–population ratio 62 36 57 66 71 78

Unemployed 626 97 269 135 47 78

Unemployment rate 8.2 15.1 10.0 8.4 6.5 4.0

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 14,100 1,739 4,359 2,902 1,625 3,475

Civilian labor force 8,651 587 2,359 1,914 1,164 2,627

Percent of population 61 34 54 66 72 76

Employed 8,014 488 2,142 1,765 1,096 2,523

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a high 

school diploma

High school graduates, no 

college (1)

Some college, no 

degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher (2)

Employment–population ratio 57 28 49 61 68 73

Unemployed 637 99 217 149 68 104

Unemployment rate 7.4 16.8 9.2 7.8 5.9 4.0

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population 12,294 1,217 2,385 1,165 754 6,773

Civilian labor force 8,199 497 1,402 763 545 4,993

Percent of population 67 41 59 66 72 74

Employed 7,934 470 1,344 737 528 4,855

Employment–population ratio 65 39 56 63 70 72

Unemployed 265 27 57 26 17 138

Unemployment rate 3.2 5.4 4.1 3.4 3.1 2.8

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 5,675 476 1,017 571 311 3,300

Civilian labor force 4,380 258 723 409 257 2,734

Percent of population 77 54 71 72 83 83

Employed 4,233 240 690 393 248 2,663

Employment–population ratio 75 50 68 69 80 81

Unemployed 147 18 33 16 9 71

Unemployment rate 3.4 7.1 4.6 3.8 3.6 2.6

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 6,619 741 1,368 594 443 3,474

Civilian labor force 3,819 239 679 354 288 2,259

Percent of population 58 32 50 60 65 65

Employed 3,701 230 655 344 280 2,192

Employment–population ratio 56 31 48 58 63 63

Unemployed 118 8 24 11 8 67

Unemployment rate 3.1 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.7 3.0

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population 31,215 10,094 9,261 4,401 2,373 5,086

Civilian labor force 21,618 5,986 6,444 3,295 1,817 4,076

Percent of population 69 59 70 75 77 80

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years 

and older

Less than a high 

school diploma

High school graduates, no 

college (1)

Some college, no 

degree

Associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher (2)

Employed 20,450 5,592 6,064 3,119 1,739 3,936

Employment–population ratio 66 55 66 71 73 77

Unemployed 1,167 394 379 175 78 140

Unemployment rate 5.4 6.6 5.9 5.3 4.3 3.4

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,464 5,222 4,716 2,094 1,053 2,378

Civilian labor force 12,593 4,017 3,872 1,726 905 2,072

Percent of population 81 77 82 82 86 87

Employed 11,969 3,787 3,664 1,642 875 2,001

Employment–population ratio 77 73 78 78 83 84

Unemployed 623 230 209 83 30 71

Unemployment rate 5.0 5.7 5.4 4.8 3.3 3.4

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,751 4,872 4,544 2,307 1,320 2,708

Civilian labor force 9,025 1,969 2,571 1,569 913 2,003

Percent of population 57 40 57 68 69 74

Employed 8,481 1,805 2,401 1,477 864 1,935

Employment–population ratio 54 37 53 64 66 71

Unemployed 544 164 171 92 48 69

Unemployment rate 6.0 8.3 6.6 5.9 5.3 3.4

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 148,834 117,944 17,472 8,706 24,400

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Management, professional, and related occupations 38.9 39.6 30.4 51.3 21.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 16.2 17.0 11.3 17.3 9.3

Management occupations 11.4 12.2 7.1 10.9 6.8

Business and financial operations occupations 4.8 4.8 4.2 6.4 2.6

Professional and related occupations 22.7 22.7 19.1 33.9 12.2

Computer and mathematical occupations 2.9 2.5 2.1 10.0 1.2

Architecture and engineering occupations 2.0 2.0 1.0 3.9 1.0

Life, physical, and social science occupations 0.9 0.9 0.5 2.3 0.4

Community and social service occupations 1.7 1.7 2.6 1.1 1.1

Legal occupations 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.6

Education, training, and library occupations 6.0 6.3 5.3 4.6 3.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.1 2.2 1.1 1.8 1.3

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 5.9 5.7 5.8 9.3 2.9

Service occupations 17.4 16.2 24.8 16.1 24.9

Healthcare support occupations 2.4 1.9 5.4 2.3 2.4

Protective service occupations 2.1 2.0 3.4 0.9 1.8

Food preparation and serving related occupations 5.5 5.2 6.4 5.7 8.4

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.8 3.8 4.7 1.9 8.9

Personal care and service occupations 3.6 3.3 4.8 5.3 3.5

Sales and office occupations 22.6 22.6 23.7 19.9 21.1

Sales and related occupations 10.5 10.8 9.5 10.2 9.7

Office and administrative support occupations 12.0 11.8 14.2 9.7 11.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 9.2 10.2 5.7 3.1 16.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.2 2.0

Construction and extraction occupations 5.1 5.7 3.0 1.1 10.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 3.4 3.6 2.4 1.8 3.9

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 11.9 11.4 15.4 9.6 16.1

Production occupations 5.7 5.6 6.1 6.0 7.8

Transportation and material-moving occupations 6.1 5.8 9.3 3.6 8.4

Men, 16 years and older (thousands) 79,131 63,892 8,164 4,620 14,111

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 35.5 36.0 24.9 52.3 17.8

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 17.2 18.2 10.9 17.1 9.1

Management occupations 13.1 14.0 7.5 11.7 7.1

Business and financial operations occupations 4.1 4.2 3.4 5.4 2.0

Professional and related occupations 18.3 17.8 14.0 35.1 8.7

Computer and mathematical occupations 4.2 3.6 3.0 14.1 1.6

Architecture and engineering occupations 3.2 3.2 1.8 5.9 1.4

Life, physical, and social science occupations 0.9 0.9 0.5 2.5 0.3

Community and social service occupations 1.1 1.1 1.7 0.9 0.6

Legal occupations 1.1 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.4

Education, training, and library occupations 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.4 1.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.6 1.4

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 2.8 2.6 2.3 6.1 1.3

Service occupations 14.2 13.1 21.6 12.7 19.9

Healthcare support occupations 0.6 0.4 1.3 1.0 0.6

Protective service occupations 3.1 3.0 5.0 1.3 2.3

Food preparation and serving related occupations 4.7 4.2 6.6 6.0 7.6

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4.3 4.2 5.8 2.0 8.1

Personal care and service occupations 1.6 1.3 2.8 2.5 1.3

Sales and office occupations 16.4 16.2 17.4 17.0 14.3

Sales and related occupations 10.1 10.4 8.1 10.2 7.8

Office and administrative support occupations 6.3 5.8 9.3 6.8 6.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 16.5 17.9 11.5 5.4 26.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.2 2.6

Construction and extraction occupations 9.4 10.3 6.2 2.1 17.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 6.1 6.5 4.8 3.2 6.5

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 17.4 16.8 24.7 12.6 21.3

Production occupations 7.7 7.6 8.4 6.6 9.1

Transportation and material-moving occupations 9.8 9.2 16.3 6.0 12.2

Women, 16 years and older (thousands) 69,703 54,052 9,308 4,086 10,289

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 42.9 44.0 35.2 50.2 26.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 15.1 15.6 11.7 17.5 9.7

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Management occupations 9.5 10.1 6.7 9.9 6.3

Business and financial operations occupations 5.5 5.5 4.9 7.6 3.4

Professional and related occupations 27.8 28.4 23.6 32.6 16.9

Computer and mathematical occupations 1.5 1.3 1.4 5.3 0.7

Architecture and engineering occupations 0.6 0.6 0.3 1.6 0.4

Life, physical, and social science occupations 0.9 0.9 0.5 2.2 0.5

Community and social service occupations 2.4 2.4 3.4 1.2 1.8

Legal occupations 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.3 0.8

Education, training, and library occupations 9.4 10.1 7.5 6.0 6.4

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.1 2.3 0.9 2.1 1.3

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9.4 9.4 8.8 12.9 5.1

Service occupations 21.1 19.8 27.7 20.0 31.8

Healthcare support occupations 4.4 3.6 9.1 3.8 4.9

Protective service occupations 0.9 0.8 2.0 0.4 1.1

Food preparation and serving related occupations 6.4 6.4 6.2 5.4 9.5

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.4 3.4 3.8 1.9 10.0

Personal care and service occupations 6.0 5.6 6.6 8.5 6.4

Sales and office occupations 29.6 30.1 29.2 23.2 30.4

Sales and related occupations 11.1 11.2 10.7 10.2 12.2

Office and administrative support occupations 18.5 18.9 18.5 13.0 18.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 2.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.2

Construction and extraction occupations 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 5.5 5.1 7.3 6.2 9.1

Production occupations 3.5 3.2 4.1 5.4 5.9

Transportation and material-moving occupations 2.0 1.9 3.2 0.8 3.2

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 148,834 79.2 11.7 5.8 16.4

Management, professional, and related occupations 57,960 80.7 9.2 7.7 9.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 24,108 83.1 8.2 6.3 9.4

Management occupations 16,994 84.7 7.3 5.6 9.7

Chief executives 1,517 89.5 3.6 4.7 5.5

General and operations managers 899 85.8 6.9 4.7 10.8

Legislators 13 – – – –

Advertising and promotions managers 67 93.1 – 5.5 6.6

Marketing and sales managers 1,006 85.8 6.2 5.8 9.7

Public relations and fundraising managers 61 81.6 10.6 5.2 5.6

Administrative services managers 195 84.5 9.9 3.0 7.2

Computer and information systems managers 652 77.4 5.6 14.2 4.8

Financial managers 1,197 82.9 7.2 7.9 9.4

Compensation and benefits managers 23 – – – –

Human resources managers 290 84.1 11.9 2.2 10.8

Training and development managers 41 – – – –

Industrial production managers 280 89.9 5.1 4.3 6.7

Purchasing managers 198 77.6 11.4 7.2 12.9

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 263 86.7 8.2 3.4 19.2

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 1,052 97.0 0.9 0.6 4.3

Construction managers 737 90.6 3.3 3.2 12.9

Education administrators 928 80.3 13.4 3.8 9.3

Architectural and engineering managers 110 82.3 6.3 7.6 9.0

Food service managers 1,192 75.6 11.1 10.6 17.0

Funeral service managers 15 – – – –

Gaming managers 23 – – – –

Lodging managers 159 75.5 7.2 10.9 16.8

Medical and health services managers 636 79.9 13.1 5.2 8.0

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Natural sciences managers 25 – – – –

Postmasters and mail superintendents 24 – – – –

Property, real estate, and community association managers 685 85.8 7.6 3.6 11.1

Social and community service managers 378 77.7 12.1 5.3 9.9

Emergency management directors 10 – – – –

Managers, all other 4,315 85.1 7.2 5.4 10.1

Business and financial operations occupations 7,114 79.3 10.3 7.9 8.8

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 46 – – – –

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 10 – – – –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 190 80.8 6.3 7.5 11.0

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 280 85.5 6.7 5.8 11.5

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 321 80.0 14.6 3.1 10.4

Compliance officers 246 82.5 11.4 4.2 9.5

Cost estimators 112 95.1 0.4 3.0 8.1

Human resources workers 662 76.3 15.4 4.9 10.7

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 68 76.5 14.1 6.9 8.4

Training and development specialists 118 78.8 13.7 2.0 7.0

Logisticians 117 77.4 14.4 4.2 20.2

Management analysts 848 78.2 9.3 10.1 5.9

Meeting, convention, and event planners 159 78.4 11.1 5.6 12.3

Fundraisers 77 89.4 7.2 1.1 1.9

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 261 87.6 4.8 6.9 9.7

Business operations specialists, all other 213 81.6 9.2 7.0 9.0

Accountants and auditors 1,732 77.6 9.5 11.3 7.4

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 76 91.4 5.9 0.9 3.9

Budget analysts 44 – – – –

Credit analysts 21 – – – –

Financial analysts 322 70.4 11.1 16.2 6.4

Personal financial advisors 498 82.7 7.6 7.4 9.4

Insurance underwriters 107 85.2 8.9 5.8 5.3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Financial examiners 15 – – – –

Credit counselors and loan officers 332 75.8 14.0 6.0 10.6

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 58 73.6 17.0 9.4 13.5

Tax preparers 109 76.4 14.4 4.7 18.8

Financial specialists, all other 71 83.3 6.7 8.5 7.6

Professional and related occupations 33,852 78.9 9.8 8.7 8.8

Computer and mathematical occupations 4,369 68.4 8.6 19.9 6.8

Computer and information research scientists 24 – – – –

Computer systems analysts 552 68.2 9.6 19.6 6.9

Information security analysts 70 87.3 3.0 3.4 5.2

Computer programmers 480 70.5 7.0 18.9 6.9

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,353 57.5 5.0 33.8 5.4

Web developers 204 76.9 9.1 9.6 6.2

Computer support specialists 475 74.2 12.5 9.6 8.4

Database administrators 93 80.7 6.2 9.6 2.1

Network and computer systems administrators 218 76.1 11.5 10.4 9.4

Computer network architects 114 74.1 8.9 16.5 6.5

Computer occupations, all other 547 74.1 11.8 12.0 9.5

Actuaries 21 – – – –

Mathematicians 6 – – – –

Operations research analysts 123 72.6 15.3 10.2 9.3

Statisticians 86 73.9 12.4 11.4 3.7

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 4 – – – –

Architecture and engineering occupations 2,954 80.5 6.0 11.4 8.2

Architects, except naval 203 85.0 5.8 7.6 5.7

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 38 – – – –

Aerospace engineers 138 75.1 2.1 18.6 13.1

Agricultural engineers 6 – – – –

Biomedical engineers 16 – – – –

Chemical engineers 84 79.4 2.8 16.3 6.5

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civil engineers 360 84.2 3.6 10.2 9.0

Computer hardware engineers 72 62.2 12.1 23.4 11.0

Electrical and electronics engineers 302 77.2 6.0 14.3 7.2

Environmental engineers 40 – – – –

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 214 85.9 4.2 8.9 7.3

Marine engineers and naval architects 11 – – – –

Materials engineers 40 – – – –

Mechanical engineers 323 80.5 6.2 11.2 5.6

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 15 – – – –

Nuclear engineers 6 – – – –

Petroleum engineers 44 – – – –

Engineers, all other 440 75.9 7.6 14.7 5.9

Drafters 133 94.4 3.7 1.1 15.0

Engineering technicians, except drafters 403 76.5 10.0 10.7 9.7

Surveying and mapping technicians 65 88.7 3.5 4.1 7.2

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,404 77.0 6.1 14.5 7.0

Agricultural and food scientists 25 – – – –

Biological scientists 86 81.9 6.6 10.8 8.2

Conservation scientists and foresters 25 – – – –

Medical scientists 157 58.5 5.9 35.1 5.4

Life scientists, all other 1 – – – –

Astronomers and physicists 19 – – – –

Atmospheric and space scientists 12 – – – –

Chemists and materials scientists 99 75.2 8.4 13.5 5.9

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 92 89.6 1.3 6.2 7.3

Physical scientists, all other 232 70.1 4.4 23.9 6.2

Economists 34 – – – –

Survey researchers - – – – –

Psychologists 193 91.2 4.1 2.5 5.8

Sociologists 1 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Urban and regional planners 25 – – – –

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 45 – – – –

Agricultural and food science technicians 25 – – – –

Biological technicians 18 – – – –

Chemical technicians 82 78.4 11.7 7.5 9.7

Geological and petroleum technicians 21 – – – –

Nuclear technicians 3 – – – –

Social science research assistants 4 – – – –

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 203 75.1 7.7 12.5 6.6

Community and social service occupations 2,596 75.7 17.4 3.6 10.7

Counselors 802 75.8 18.4 2.5 9.5

Social workers 765 71.4 22.0 3.0 12.5

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 99 68.9 23.3 4.0 12.1

Social and human service assistants 194 70.4 21.2 2.2 16.0

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and 

community health workers 117 76.8 14.2 5.2 16.5

Clergy 469 81.1 10.2 6.6 7.3

Directors, religious activities and education 78 90.3 7.5 1.1 5.1

Religious workers, all other 73 90.9 2.3 5.2 6.2

Legal occupations 1,803 86.8 6.8 4.5 7.5

Lawyers 1,160 89.0 4.6 4.8 5.1

Judicial law clerks 13 – – – –

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 58 81.8 11.8 6.2 6.4

Paralegals and legal assistants 400 82.9 10.3 3.9 13.4

Miscellaneous legal support workers 172 83.8 10.9 4.1 10.8

Education, training, and library occupations 8,908 82.9 10.4 4.5 9.9

Postsecondary teachers 1,341 80.3 5.1 12.6 7.6

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 695 77.5 16.1 3.4 12.2

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,152 84.9 10.8 2.5 8.5

Secondary school teachers 1,144 86.4 8.7 2.5 7.8

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Special education teachers 330 87.0 9.5 2.3 7.5

Other teachers and instructors 876 79.5 12.1 6.1 11.2

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 53 92.2 2.7 – 8.5

Librarians 166 86.3 8.5 2.8 4.8

Library technicians 31 – – – –

Teacher assistants 960 80.3 13.8 3.0 18.7

Other education, training, and library workers 161 81.5 12.5 4.1 12.0

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,051 85.7 6.3 5.2 10.8

Artists and related workers 222 89.5 2.7 4.1 9.4

Designers 899 87.0 3.5 6.9 12.3

Actors 49 – – – –

Producers and directors 169 85.1 5.3 5.6 6.8

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 296 83.6 11.1 2.7 10.1

Dancers and choreographers 19 – – – –

Musicians, singers, and related workers 202 83.5 10.5 2.6 8.8

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 41 – – – –

Announcers 55 74.4 14.8 5.6 19.1

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 68 89.8 6.5 1.7 13.7

Public relations specialists 147 83.0 9.8 4.8 7.7

Editors 160 88.3 2.0 7.7 7.9

Technical writers 68 86.6 9.2 1.2 6.0

Writers and authors 208 87.0 4.9 3.5 5.3

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 84 80.0 5.8 13.4 35.8

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 119 84.0 11.3 0.8 14.5

Photographers 180 87.8 3.3 7.8 9.5

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 64 87.7 4.5 6.0 15.4

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 2 – – – –

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 8,766 76.9 11.5 9.2 8.1

Chiropractors 75 92.6 3.2 3.2 8.7

Dentists 196 79.0 2.9 16.8 8.6

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Dietitians and nutritionists 108 76.2 14.2 9.6 5.3

Optometrists 39 – – – –

Pharmacists 282 74.1 8.7 15.3 5.4

Physicians and surgeons 1,007 73.6 6.4 18.4 6.4

Physician assistants 74 88.9 3.7 7.1 6.5

Podiatrists 15 – – – –

Audiologists 16 – – – –

Occupational therapists 116 83.4 7.2 8.6 6.5

Physical therapists 274 81.2 4.3 12.5 4.9

Radiation therapists 13 – – – –

Recreational therapists 11 – – – –

Respiratory therapists 108 77.5 15.2 6.0 9.2

Speech-language pathologists 158 91.1 4.9 2.9 7.1

Exercise physiologists 5 – – – –

Therapists, all other 189 85.7 7.9 3.8 15.4

Veterinarians 90 91.7 3.4 4.7 2.5

Registered nurses 2,973 76.7 12.2 8.7 6.6

Nurse anesthetists 27 – – – –

Nurse midwives 7 – – – –

Nurse practitioners 149 85.3 8.2 3.5 2.5

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 17 – – – –

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 327 65.6 17.3 13.5 12.4

Dental hygienists 177 87.5 3.6 6.6 5.4

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 322 84.5 7.9 5.2 8.7

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 220 85.3 10.6 1.2 8.3

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 626 75.7 14.2 7.5 13.0

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 670 62.1 28.5 5.7 13.9

Medical records and health information technicians 200 79.6 12.1 3.6 8.4

Opticians, dispensing 52 87.2 8.4 4.0 13.3

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 117 73.7 14.2 7.8 11.4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 108 83.7 8.8 3.3 9.0

Service occupations 25,896 73.6 16.8 5.4 23.5

Healthcare support occupations 3,514 62.8 27.1 5.7 16.5

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 2,032 52.5 37.7 5.6 14.8

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 23 – – – –

Physical therapist assistants and aides 68 83.9 5.6 6.0 10.8

Massage therapists 189 81.3 4.8 9.1 9.1

Dental assistants 286 77.8 9.6 6.6 23.8

Medical assistants 524 76.1 13.0 5.6 27.5

Medical transcriptionists 42 – – – –

Pharmacy aides 36 – – – –

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 38 – – – –

Phlebotomists 106 66.9 25.2 3.5 13.8

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers 170 67.8 25.1 4.1 8.5

Protective service occupations 3,109 74.6 19.2 2.4 13.9

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 52 70.0 24.7 2.7 6.3

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 110 80.1 14.0 1.3 6.6

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 49 – – – –

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 81 80.9 14.7 2.0 10.5

Firefighters 293 86.7 8.4 1.1 7.8

Fire inspectors 19 – – – –

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 443 70.4 26.0 1.2 11.8

Detectives and criminal investigators 144 88.5 8.5 0.8 11.9

Fish and game wardens 6 – – – –

Parking enforcement workers 10 – – – –

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 688 81.0 13.5 2.0 15.5

Transit and railroad police 1 – – – –

Animal control workers 5 – – – –

Private detectives and investigators 100 81.3 12.7 5.0 14.6

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 869 62.0 28.8 4.0 18.6

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Crossing guards 57 62.5 33.2 3.1 17.3

Transportation security screeners 38 – – – –

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 144 84.9 9.1 1.5 12.6

Food preparation and serving related occupations 8,142 75.8 13.8 6.1 25.3

Chefs and head cooks 415 64.5 15.2 16.8 19.3

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 527 77.9 14.9 3.8 16.5

Cooks 2,091 71.4 18.5 5.3 35.7

Food preparation workers 858 75.3 15.1 5.6 27.4

Bartenders 451 87.8 4.4 3.3 13.2

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 420 68.5 21.6 3.7 17.3

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 233 79.6 10.7 6.2 18.2

Waiters and waitresses 2,057 81.4 8.2 6.9 21.1

Food servers, nonrestaurant 190 67.3 20.6 8.7 19.4

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 321 75.2 13.9 6.1 29.1

Dishwashers 281 72.8 14.7 5.1 39.7

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 293 80.8 11.2 3.6 19.2

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 5 – – – –

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,716 78.3 14.5 2.9 38.0

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 293 74.5 19.7 2.4 20.5

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 215 91.0 4.0 2.0 23.6

Janitors and building cleaners 2,263 75.4 17.6 3.4 31.4

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,510 74.0 16.1 4.4 48.9

Pest control workers 85 82.7 13.0 1.3 14.0

Grounds maintenance workers 1,349 86.5 7.9 0.9 44.5

Personal care and service occupations 5,415 71.7 15.6 8.5 15.5

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 168 86.8 4.8 5.1 8.7

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 185 70.3 11.9 16.2 8.9

Animal trainers 54 95.6 1.2 – 11.5

Nonfarm animal caretakers 252 88.0 5.4 1.8 13.0

Gaming services workers 89 65.6 8.0 22.0 8.2

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Motion picture projectionists 6 – – – –

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 44 – – – –

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 221 78.7 12.8 2.1 15.7

Embalmers and funeral attendants 9 – – – –

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 35 – – – –

Barbers 116 50.3 40.7 6.4 20.7

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 707 81.4 12.3 3.9 15.3

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 324 33.7 7.0 56.5 8.5

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 76 55.1 21.0 10.5 32.9

Tour and travel guides 54 84.3 3.4 10.1 5.3

Childcare workers 1,206 77.1 15.3 3.3 19.1

Personal care aides 1,251 63.1 24.2 8.1 17.9

Recreation and fitness workers 429 81.4 10.7 2.1 10.4

Residential advisors 38 – – – –

Personal care and service workers, all other 149 72.2 15.6 4.9 20.8

Sales and office occupations 33,598 79.3 12.3 5.2 15.3

Sales and related occupations 15,700 80.9 10.6 5.7 15.0

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,245 81.7 9.5 6.1 13.0

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,242 86.6 6.2 5.9 12.8

Cashiers 3,246 71.0 17.4 6.8 20.6

Counter and rental clerks 109 83.0 12.2 2.9 18.8

Parts salespersons 124 89.8 5.0 1.5 18.1

Retail salespersons 3,346 77.6 12.8 6.3 17.3

Advertising sales agents 200 83.7 9.4 4.8 11.3

Insurance sales agents 615 87.2 7.3 3.5 12.7

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 258 86.6 4.8 5.8 7.0

Travel agents 89 78.1 3.3 17.7 8.7

Sales representatives, services, all other 479 90.0 5.7 2.8 13.3

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,281 90.9 4.0 3.3 10.0

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 68 84.3 5.6 6.5 15.1

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Real estate brokers and sales agents 906 87.5 5.7 4.9 9.4

Sales engineers 42 – – – –

Telemarketers 60 68.5 25.9 2.2 27.3

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 156 85.0 10.5 2.5 21.7

Sales and related workers, all other 236 88.2 6.5 3.9 10.6

Office and administrative support occupations 17,897 78.0 13.9 4.7 15.6

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,474 80.5 11.7 4.7 13.1

Switchboard operators, including answering service 16 – – – –

Telephone operators 34 – – – –

Communications equipment operators, all other 5 – – – –

Bill and account collectors 168 72.5 20.6 3.9 18.4

Billing and posting clerks 473 80.8 13.0 3.3 13.5

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,182 84.0 7.5 4.9 10.6

Gaming cage workers 14 – – – –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 138 83.5 7.3 4.8 15.5

Procurement clerks 40 – – – –

Tellers 357 80.9 8.4 6.4 20.7

Financial clerks, all other 69 65.6 24.6 7.6 7.0

Brokerage clerks 3 – – – –

Correspondence clerks 3 – – – –

Court, municipal, and license clerks 71 79.0 11.9 3.3 16.6

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 52 84.7 10.4 2.5 15.8

Customer service representatives 2,271 74.9 16.6 4.7 18.0

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 74 67.8 25.1 2.3 33.3

File clerks 203 79.2 12.9 4.2 13.4

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 156 64.1 18.0 10.7 18.7

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 151 77.4 16.1 3.7 18.3

Library assistants, clerical 98 81.7 8.0 7.5 10.6

Loan interviewers and clerks 139 81.5 12.8 4.1 16.5

New accounts clerks 26 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Order clerks 84 77.7 14.5 4.4 16.6

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 59 74.4 18.9 3.5 7.1

Receptionists and information clerks 1,232 79.2 13.4 3.7 17.7

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 111 70.9 16.4 6.4 18.6

Information and record clerks, all other 127 71.6 17.7 7.5 13.4

Cargo and freight agents 21 – – – –

Couriers and messengers 235 72.8 20.4 4.0 18.6

Dispatchers 277 82.6 13.4 2.3 12.8

Meter readers, utilities 41 – – – –

Postal service clerks 130 56.2 33.5 8.7 6.3

Postal service mail carriers 320 70.4 20.3 6.8 13.1

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 64 59.8 29.9 8.1 9.4

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 286 81.5 10.3 4.6 12.0

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 575 78.4 14.7 3.5 27.0

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,529 73.2 18.2 4.5 20.2

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 72 75.5 13.1 6.6 23.7

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,870 83.3 10.4 3.5 11.9

Computer operators 69 80.7 13.5 5.3 13.7

Data entry keyers 281 75.1 13.8 7.7 15.1

Word processors and typists 103 74.5 15.0 5.0 9.9

Desktop publishers 1 – – – –

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 287 75.2 17.7 5.0 7.7

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 81 58.4 25.1 10.9 18.4

Office clerks, general 1,288 76.0 13.4 6.7 18.6

Office machine operators, except computer 37 – – – –

Proofreaders and copy markers 8 – – – –

Statistical assistants 17 – – – –

Office and administrative support workers, all other 477 79.9 12.9 3.9 13.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,733 87.3 7.3 1.9 29.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,073 89.3 5.1 1.3 45.7

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 54 89.4 1.4 – 41.6

Agricultural inspectors 18 – – – –

Animal breeders 8 – – – –

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 97 73.8 18.6 3.8 54.3

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 789 91.4 3.5 1.1 50.7

Fishers and related fishing workers 39 – – – –

Hunters and trappers - – – – –

Forest and conservation workers 18 – – – –

Logging workers 51 88.2 10.4 – 11.0

Construction and extraction occupations 7,652 88.2 6.9 1.3 33.3

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 712 89.3 6.2 1.2 16.7

Boilermakers 20 – – – –

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 172 92.5 5.3 – 43.3

Carpenters 1,281 90.3 5.4 1.2 32.8

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 156 86.2 6.2 2.1 47.1

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 54 81.7 12.1 – 49.2

Construction laborers 1,649 85.8 8.1 1.9 45.5

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 12 – – – –

Pile-driver operators 2 – – – –

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 357 88.1 7.5 0.1 21.1

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 151 90.2 5.5 0.2 61.8

Electricians 773 86.6 8.8 1.9 19.3

Glaziers 47 – – – –

Insulation workers 49 – – – –

Painters, construction and maintenance 572 90.0 5.6 1.8 49.3

Paperhangers 1 – – – –

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 573 89.5 6.8 1.1 25.0

Plasterers and stucco masons 28 – – – –

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 10 – – – –

Roofers 221 85.9 6.0 1.4 51.2

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Sheet metal workers 122 94.1 2.4 0.7 15.7

Structural iron and steel workers 58 90.8 6.4 2.8 19.8

Solar photovoltaic installers 11 – – – –

Helpers, construction trades 52 83.5 7.0 2.8 44.7

Construction and building inspectors 90 83.4 9.5 1.0 8.2

Elevator installers and repairers 30 – – – –

Fence erectors 34 – – – –

Hazardous materials removal workers 42 – – – –

Highway maintenance workers 103 81.5 13.4 0.9 16.5

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 11 – – – –

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 12 – – – –

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 32 – – – –

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 34 – – – –

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 29 – – – –

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 9 – – – –

Mining machine operators 67 91.8 4.1 – 16.3

Roof bolters, mining 2 – – – –

Roustabouts, oil and gas 9 – – – –

Helpers--extraction workers 4 – – – –

Other extraction workers 64 94.6 3.1 0.5 26.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5,008 85.4 8.3 3.1 18.9

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 262 85.3 8.5 3.3 11.4

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 241 71.1 18.4 8.2 9.8

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 158 76.1 11.7 8.2 11.8

Avionics technicians 5 – – – –

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 23 – – – –

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 1 – – – –

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 20 – – – –

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 18 – – – –

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 38 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Security and fire alarm systems installers 74 86.9 6.0 1.0 23.1

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 140 85.2 8.3 3.1 13.6

Automotive body and related repairers 154 88.5 5.4 0.6 22.9

Automotive glass installers and repairers 22 – – – –

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 924 84.9 8.2 4.0 25.7

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 345 87.3 7.5 2.6 15.8

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 233 90.6 4.8 1.5 14.3

Small engine mechanics 54 95.0 – 1.3 10.4

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 81 87.2 4.5 1.0 24.4

Control and valve installers and repairers 29 – – – –

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 408 87.8 7.6 2.2 21.6

Home appliance repairers 53 83.0 3.7 6.0 26.8

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 425 89.1 6.6 1.5 13.6

Maintenance and repair workers, general 527 82.3 11.2 2.4 21.9

Maintenance workers, machinery 29 – – – –

Millwrights 57 91.7 5.6 0.5 8.4

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 119 91.7 5.2 1.7 11.1

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 177 80.8 12.9 3.1 19.7

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 66 88.2 6.3 3.3 10.5

Wind turbine service technicians 4 – – – –

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 48 – – – –

Commercial divers 1 – – – –

Locksmiths and safe repairers 21 – – – –

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 5 – – – –

Riggers 10 – – – –

Signal and track switch repairers 8 – – – –

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 28 – – – –

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 200 90.0 5.1 2.1 25.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17,647 76.5 15.3 4.7 22.3

Production occupations 8,522 77.8 12.5 6.2 22.3

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 44

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 817 84.7 8.0 4.6 16.3

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 14 – – – –

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 133 57.1 16.9 22.0 22.5

Engine and other machine assemblers 11 – – – –

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 32 – – – –

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 1,026 72.0 16.1 6.9 22.2

Bakers 231 71.4 15.4 9.6 23.5

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 302 66.2 22.4 8.0 35.4

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 14 – – – –

Food batchmakers 101 78.4 14.1 7.0 29.6

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 13 – – – –

Food processing workers, all other 135 71.9 16.6 7.6 35.1

Computer control programmers and operators 88 84.4 8.4 3.7 9.8

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 9 – – – –

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 8 – – – –

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 15 – – – –

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 82 73.6 20.1 1.4 14.5

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 – – – –

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and 

plastic 51 87.3 11.5 0.2 29.0

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 11 – – – –

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic - – – – –

Machinists 363 88.0 3.1 6.1 13.8

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 30 – – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 5 – – – –

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 46 – – – –

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 1 – – – –

Tool and die makers 47 – – – –

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 615 85.8 7.1 3.3 23.1

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 45

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Layout workers, metal and plastic 5 – – – –

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 23 – – – –

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 6 – – – –

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 376 73.6 17.6 6.3 22.6

Prepress technicians and workers 22 – – – –

Printing press operators 180 85.7 9.0 3.6 22.7

Print binding and finishing workers 20 – – – –

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 192 65.6 17.7 10.8 31.8

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 34 – – – –

Sewing machine operators 196 75.5 9.7 12.4 41.8

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 7 – – – –

Shoe machine operators and tenders 2 – – – –

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 83 77.6 5.3 17.1 22.2

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 3 – – – –

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 – – – –

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 – – – –

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 9 – – – –

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers - – – – –

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 4 – – – –

Upholsterers 40 – – – –

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 16 – – – –

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 60 92.1 4.3 1.2 20.5

Furniture finishers 15 – – – –

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 1 – – – –

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 29 – – – –

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 24 – – – –

Woodworkers, all other 31 – – – –

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 33 – – – –

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 81 82.5 9.4 5.2 10.2

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 89 86.2 7.1 1.5 6.5

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 46

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 36 – – – –

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 63 88.4 4.3 0.4 10.6

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 86 83.8 10.5 3.1 37.2

Cutting workers 64 78.7 13.4 2.6 24.2

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 28 – – – –

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 7 – – – –

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 752 77.2 12.5 6.9 17.7

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 44 – – – –

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 110 75.3 7.8 13.4 19.1

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 250 67.7 20.4 7.5 36.7

Painting workers 151 76.9 14.2 5.2 23.0

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 33 – – – –

Semiconductor processors 1 – – – –

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 11 – – – –

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 4 – – – –

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 4 – – – –

Etchers and engravers 19 – – – –

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 27 – – – –

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 30 – – – –

Tire builders 10 – – – –

Helpers--production workers 40 – – – –

Production workers, all other 944 76.8 14.4 4.9 24.9

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,125 75.2 17.8 3.4 22.4

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 205 81.0 15.0 1.6 20.6

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 140 94.8 2.6 0.7 5.7

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 30 – – – –

Flight attendants 86 82.3 12.0 4.5 9.8

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 19 – – – –

Bus drivers 550 65.8 28.0 2.7 14.3

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,469 79.0 15.1 2.7 21.5

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 47

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent of total employed

White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 446 55.1 27.0 15.1 17.0

Motor vehicle operators, all other 51 77.4 14.2 5.5 21.5

Locomotive engineers and operators 50 70.8 21.3 1.4 8.2

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 6 – – – –

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 52 77.7 18.6 1.7 2.1

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 15 – – – –

Sailors and marine oilers 11 – – – –

Ship and boat captains and operators 35 – – – –

Ship engineers 6 – – – –

Bridge and lock tenders 5 – – – –

Parking lot attendants 91 57.5 32.1 5.3 26.5

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 99 84.6 8.2 3.8 12.7

Transportation inspectors 29 – – – –

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 22 – – – –

Other transportation workers 43 – – – –

Conveyor operators and tenders 7 – – – –

Crane and tower operators 76 89.4 9.1 0.2 10.3

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 35 – – – –

Hoist and winch operators 6 – – – –

Industrial truck and tractor operators 589 71.9 21.6 2.3 25.9

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 338 81.6 12.3 1.4 39.4

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,908 73.5 19.0 2.9 24.1

Machine feeders and offbearers 33 – – – –

Packers and packagers, hand 505 72.3 19.0 5.6 37.5

Pumping station operators 23 – – – –

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 97 73.8 19.1 2.1 30.8

Mine shuttle car operators 1 – – – –

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 5 – – – –

Material moving workers, all other 43 – – – –

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 48

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Industry and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 148,834 117,944 17,472 8,706 24,400

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 1.6 1.9 0.4 0.2 2.4

Mining 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.6

Construction 6.7 7.5 3.4 2.0 11.6

Manufacturing 10.3 10.5 8.6 11.6 10.2

Durable goods 6.5 6.7 4.8 7.7 5.6

Nondurable goods 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.6

Wholesale and retail trade 13.7 13.7 13.2 13.2 14.0

Wholesale trade 2.4 2.6 1.7 2.2 2.5

Retail trade 11.2 11.1 11.5 11.0 11.5

Transportation and utilities 5.2 4.9 7.9 4.1 5.6

Information 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.7 1.4

Financial activities 6.8 6.9 5.7 7.4 4.9

Professional and business services 11.7 11.8 9.5 15.9 11.6

Education and health services 22.6 21.8 28.4 22.8 16.0

Leisure and hospitality 9.3 8.9 10.0 10.4 12.8

Other services 4.9 4.9 4.2 5.9 5.6

Other services, except private households 4.3 4.4 3.8 5.5 4.4

Other services, private households 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 1.3

Public administration 4.7 4.4 6.7 3.4 3.3

Men, 16 years and older (thousands) 79,131 63,892 8,164 4,620 14,111

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2.3 2.7 0.7 0.3 3.2

Mining 1.0 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.0

Construction 11.4 12.5 6.6 3.3 19.0

Manufacturing 13.8 14.1 12.0 13.5 12.2

Durable goods 9.3 9.6 7.1 9.7 7.4

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 49

Industry and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Nondurable goods 4.5 4.5 5.0 3.8 4.8

Wholesale and retail trade 14.2 14.2 14.7 14.0 13.4

Wholesale trade 3.2 3.4 2.6 2.6 3.0

Retail trade 10.9 10.7 12.1 11.3 10.4

Transportation and utilities 7.6 7.0 12.3 6.4 7.6

Information 2.3 2.2 2.2 3.2 1.6

Financial activities 6.0 6.1 4.8 7.0 3.9

Professional and business services 13.0 12.8 11.2 19.0 11.9

Education and health services 10.8 10.2 13.7 15.1 6.7

Leisure and hospitality 8.5 8.0 10.2 10.2 11.6

Other services 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.4 5.0

Other services, except private households 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.8

Other services, private households 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Public administration 4.8 4.6 6.5 3.2 2.9

Women, 16 years and older (thousands) 69,703 54,052 9,308 4,086 10,289

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.2

Mining 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Construction 1.3 1.5 0.6 0.6 1.4

Manufacturing 6.4 6.4 5.5 9.5 7.5

Durable goods 3.4 3.4 2.8 5.5 3.2

Nondurable goods 3.0 3.0 2.7 4.0 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade 13.1 13.2 11.9 12.4 14.8

Wholesale trade 1.5 1.6 0.9 1.7 1.9

Retail trade 11.5 11.6 11.0 10.7 12.9

Transportation and utilities 2.5 2.3 4.0 1.5 2.8

Information 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.1

Financial activities 7.7 7.9 6.4 7.9 6.2

Professional and business services 10.3 10.6 7.9 12.3 11.2

Education and health services 36.0 35.7 41.3 31.5 28.9

Leisure and hospitality 10.1 10.0 9.7 10.7 14.4

Other services 5.4 5.5 3.9 7.6 6.5

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 50

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Industry and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Other services, except private households 4.3 4.4 3.2 6.9 3.8

Other services, private households 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.7 2.8

Public administration 4.5 4.1 6.8 3.7 3.9

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

Family type and employment status of family members Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families 81,410 64,663 9,854 4,538 12,602

With at least one family member employed 65,360 51,769 7,652 4,020 10,883

As a percent of total families 80.3 80.1 77.7 88.6 86.4

With at least one family member unemployed 5,615 3,908 1,184 260 1,220

As a percent of total families 6.9 6.0 12.0 5.7 9.7

Some family member(s) employed 3,831 2,784 666 213 864

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 68.2 71.2 56.3 82.1 70.8

Some family member(s) employed full time 3,302 2,408 558 191 740

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 58.8 61.6 47.2 73.6 60.7

Married-couple families 59,217 49,801 4,373 3,682 7,792

With at least one family member employed 48,205 40,119 3,630 3,285 6,954

As a percent of total families 81.4 80.6 83.0 89.2 89.2

With at least one family member unemployed 3,292 2,571 395 196 698

As a percent of total families 5.6 5.2 9.0 5.3 9.0

Some family member(s) employed 2,653 2,073 315 168 565

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 80.6 80.6 79.8 85.4 81.0

Some family member(s) employed full time 2,366 1,848 281 40 503

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 71.9 71.9 71.0 77.2 72.1

Families maintained by women 15,693 10,177 4,311 528 3,287

With at least one family member employed 11,765 7,701 3,126 441 2,567

As a percent of total families 75.0 75.7 72.5 83.7 78.1

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 51

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African 

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Family type and employment status of family members Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

With at least one family member unemployed 1,666 917 625 35 360

As a percent of total families 10.6 9.0 14.5 6.7 11.0

Some family member(s) employed 804 469 265 23 198

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 48.2 51.1 42.4 64.2 55.0

Some family member(s) employed full time 619 353 209 20 149

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 37.2 38.5 33.4 56.4 41.2

Families maintained by men 6,499 4,684 1,170 328 1,524

With at least one family member employed 5,389 3,948 896 294 1,363

As a percent of total families 82.9 84.3 76.6 89.7 89.5

With at least one family member unemployed 657 421 163 28 161

As a percent of total families 10.1 9.0 14.0 8.5 10.6

Some family member(s) employed 375 242 86 23 101

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 57.0 57.6 52.5 81.7 62.3

Some family member(s) employed full time 317 208 69 20 88

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 48.2 49.4 42.2 69.8 54.5

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

Year

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994 60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4 – – – 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995 60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7 – – – 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996 60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3 – – – 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997 60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5 – – – 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998 60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2 – – – 62.8 72.1 51.7

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2015 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

Year

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1999 60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6 – – – 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000 60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5 – – – 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001 60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4 – – – 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002 60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003 59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004 59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005 59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006 60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

2007 59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008 59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009 59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010 58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011 58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

2012 57.7 62.9 52.6 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0

2013 57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9

2014 56.7 61.7 51.7 56.9 62.2 51.6 54.8 57.5 52.1 57.0 63.0 51.7 60.5 68.0 51.8

2015 56.5 61.6 51.5 56.7 62.1 51.2 55.3 58.0 52.7 56.5 61.7 51.7 60.4 68.1 51.9

With children under 18 years

1994 79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4 – – – 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995 80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3 – – – 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996 81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3 – – – 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997 81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0 – – – 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998 81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7 – – – 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999 82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5 – – – 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000 82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2 – – – 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001 81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9 – – – 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002 81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003 81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004 80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2015 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Year

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2005 80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006 81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007 81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008 81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009 81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010 80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

2011 80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

2012 80.5 93.3 70.5 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2

2013 80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2

2014 80.1 92.8 70.1 80.6 93.5 69.8 79.9 87.9 75.4 77.4 93.3 64.3 75.8 93.1 62.0

2015 80.0 92.7 69.9 80.4 93.5 69.4 80.4 87.3 76.6 76.2 92.9 62.4 75.7 93.4 61.4

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994 83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5 – – – 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995 83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4 – – – 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996 84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1 – – – 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997 84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7 – – – 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998 84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6 – – – 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999 84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4 – – – 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000 85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0 – – – 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001 85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1 – – – 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002 84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004 84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005 83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006 83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007 84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008 84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009 84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010 83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2015 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Year

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2011 83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

2012 82.7 92.3 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1

2013 82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5

2014 82.2 91.6 74.7 82.7 92.4 74.6 81.7 86.5 79.0 80.1 92.6 70.1 78.4 91.9 68.2

2015 82.1 91.8 74.4 82.5 92.5 74.2 81.4 85.5 79.1 79.0 92.0 68.4 78.3 92.3 67.3

With children under 6 years

1994 75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2 – – – 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995 76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9 – – – 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996 77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2 – – – 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997 78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8 – – – 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998 78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0 – – – 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999 78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9 – – – 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000 78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9 – – – 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001 78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9 – – – 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002 77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003 77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004 76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005 77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006 77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007 77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008 77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009 77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

2010 77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011 77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

2012 77.7 94.6 64.8 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0

2013 77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5

2014 77.5 94.2 64.2 78.0 94.9 63.7 77.6 89.6 71.0 74.3 94.0 57.4 73.1 94.4 55.2

2015 77.4 93.9 64.2 77.7 94.7 63.3 79.2 89.5 73.4 72.8 94.1 55.0 72.9 94.5 54.7

With children under 3 years

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2015 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, 

grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

Year

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1994 74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6 – – – 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995 74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0 – – – 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1 – – – 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997 76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1 – – – 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998 77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5 – – – 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0 – – – 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000 76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8 – – – 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001 76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7 – – – 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002 76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005 74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007 75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

2011 75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

2012 76.0 95.0 61.4 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4

2013 75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4

2014 76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6 72.6 94.5 53.4 70.8 95.1 50.6

2015 76.1 93.9 61.4 76.4 94.7 60.6 77.5 89.7 70.3 70.8 92.8 52.0 70.9 94.4 50.6

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2015 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 – – – – – –

1973 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 – – – 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974 5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 – – – 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975 8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 – – – 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976 7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 – – – 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977 7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 – – – 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978 6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 – – – 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979 5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 – – – 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 – – – 10.1 9.7 10.7

1981 7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 – – – 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982 9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 – – – 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983 9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 – – – 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984 7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 – – – 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 – – – 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 – – – 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 – – – 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 – – – 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 – – – 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990 5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 – – – 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991 6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 – – – 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992 7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 – – – 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 – – – 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 – – – 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 – – – 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 – – – 8.9 7.9 10.2

1997 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 – – – 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998 4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 – – – 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 – – – 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2001 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004 5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010 9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011 8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

2012 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9

2013 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5

2014 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.3 12.2 10.5 5.0 5.3 4.6 7.4 6.8 8.2

2015 5.3 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.5 9.6 10.3 8.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 6.6 6.3 7.1

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9

2004 9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7

2005 9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2

2006 7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0

2007 8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8

2008 9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7

2009 13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9

2010 15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0

2011 14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1

Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. 

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2012 12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5

2013 12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5

2014 11.3 11.9 10.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.2 10.9 9.5

2015 9.9 11.1 8.5 5.7 5.7 5.6 8.4 8.1 8.7

Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)

Duration of unemployment Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 8,296 5,662 1,846 347 1,726

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 28.9 30.8 22.6 28.6 31.7

5 to 14 weeks 27.7 28.4 26.0 24.5 28.0

15 to 26 weeks 15.3 14.8 17.0 15.8 15.0

27 weeks and over 28.1 26.0 34.4 31.1 25.3

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 29.2 27.5 33.8 33.3 25.2

Median duration, in weeks 11.6 10.5 15.5 13.1 10.4

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 4,490 3,126 935 191 943

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 28.1 30.2 21.2 26.2 33.1

5 to 14 weeks 26.9 27.8 24.9 21.9 27.5

15 to 26 weeks 15.5 15.1 17.2 15.9 15.0

27 weeks and over 29.5 27.0 36.7 36.0 24.4

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 30.3 28.2 36.0 38.1 23.5

Median duration, in weeks 12.3 11.1 17.2 16.0 10.1

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,807 2,537 911 156 783

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Duration of unemployment Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Less than 5 weeks 29.9 31.7 24.0 31.6 30.1

5 to 14 weeks 28.8 29.2 27.2 27.8 28.6

15 to 26 weeks 15.0 14.4 16.7 15.6 14.9

27 weeks and over 26.4 24.7 32.1 25.0 26.4

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 27.8 26.7 31.6 27.3 27.3

Median duration, in weeks 10.8 10.0 14.0 10.7 10.8

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

Reason for unemployment Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 8,296 5,662 1,846 347 1,726

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 49.0 51.4 45.7 41.5 50.4

On temporary layoff 11.7 13.8 6.4 8.0 13.3

Not on temporary layoff 37.2 37.6 39.4 33.5 37.1

Permanent job losers 26.3 27.2 25.7 25.5 24.2

Persons who completed temporary jobs 11.0 10.4 13.7 8.0 12.9

Job leavers 9.9 10.2 7.9 9.7 8.8

Reentrants 30.6 29.1 34.1 31.3 28.4

New entrants 10.6 9.4 12.3 17.5 12.4

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 4,490 3,126 935 191 943

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 54.4 57.1 49.6 45.1 58.4

On temporary layoff 13.2 15.3 7.5 6.6 16.1

Not on temporary layoff 41.2 41.8 42.1 38.5 42.3

Permanent job losers 28.4 29.4 26.5 31.5 26.6

Persons who completed temporary jobs 12.8 12.4 15.6 7.0 15.8

Job leavers 8.8 9.1 7.1 10.2 7.5

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 60

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Reason for unemployment Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Reentrants 26.2 24.6 30.1 29.9 22.3

New entrants 10.6 9.2 13.2 14.9 11.7

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,807 2,537 911 156 783

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 42.6 44.4 41.8 37.1 40.8

On temporary layoff 10.1 12.1 5.3 9.7 9.9

Not on temporary layoff 32.6 32.4 36.5 27.5 30.8

Permanent job losers 23.7 24.5 24.8 18.2 21.5

Persons who completed temporary jobs 8.8 7.9 11.7 9.2 9.4

Job leavers 11.1 11.5 8.7 9.1 10.4

Reentrants 35.7 34.6 38.2 33.2 35.6

New entrants 10.6 9.5 11.3 20.6 13.2

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian labor force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not want a job now

Total

Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 

weeks

Total

Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged workers(3) Other(4)

Total

Total, 16 years and older 157,130 93,671 6,082 2,628 1,956 664 1,291 87,589

16 to 24 years 21,223 17,367 1,842 812 525 159 366 15,525

25 to 54 years 101,152 23,957 2,612 1,256 949 316 632 21,344

55 years and older 34,755 52,347 1,628 561 482 189 293 50,719

Men, 16 years and older 83,620 37,481 2,799 1,292 1,015 404 611 34,681

16 to 24 years 10,923 8,519 942 428 288 103 185 7,578

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian labor force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not want a job now

Total

Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 

weeks

Total

Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged workers(3) Other(4)

25 to 54 years 54,226 7,199 1,084 583 479 191 288 6,115

55 years and older 18,472 21,763 774 281 248 109 138 20,989

Women, 16 years and older 73,510 56,190 3,283 1,336 941 261 680 52,907

16 to 24 years 10,300 8,848 900 384 236 55 181 7,947

25 to 54 years 46,926 16,758 1,528 673 470 126 344 15,230

55 years and older 16,283 30,585 854 280 235 80 155 29,731

White

Total, 16 years and older 123,607 73,261 4,179 1,738 1,282 421 861 69,082

16 to 24 years 16,241 12,252 1,247 536 337 96 242 11,006

25 to 54 years 78,300 17,556 1,705 789 591 182 409 15,851

55 years and older 29,065 43,453 1,228 413 354 143 211 42,225

Men, 16 years and older 67,018 29,129 1,924 853 663 260 403 27,206

16 to 24 years 8,474 5,973 646 290 190 65 125 5,327

25 to 54 years 42,829 5,003 689 356 291 110 181 4,314

55 years and older 15,716 18,154 589 206 182 84 97 17,565

Women, 16 years and older 56,589 44,132 2,255 886 619 161 459 41,876

16 to 24 years 7,768 6,279 601 246 147 30 117 5,679

25 to 54 years 35,472 12,553 1,016 433 300 72 228 11,537

55 years and older 13,350 25,299 639 207 172 59 114 24,661

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 19,318 12,068 1,189 577 459 183 276 10,880

16 to 24 years 3,038 2,879 375 179 129 47 81 2,504

25 to 54 years 12,984 3,561 549 301 246 108 138 3,012

55 years and older 3,295 5,629 266 97 85 28 57 5,364

Men, 16 years and older 9,099 5,169 550 278 232 104 128 4,619

16 to 24 years 1,471 1,428 184 88 66 27 39 1,244

25 to 54 years 6,105 1,442 251 148 128 63 65 1,191

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian labor force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not want a job now

Total

Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 

weeks

Total

Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged workers(3) Other(4)

55 years and older 1,524 2,299 115 43 38 13 25 2,184

Women, 16 years and older 10,218 6,899 639 299 227 80 147 6,261

16 to 24 years 1,567 1,451 190 91 63 20 43 1,261

25 to 54 years 6,880 2,118 297 153 118 45 73 1,821

55 years and older 1,772 3,330 151 55 47 15 32 3,179

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 9,053 5,366 370 158 99 30 69 4,997

16 to 24 years 854 1,271 82 36 16 3 12 1,189

25 to 54 years 6,476 1,842 202 90 55 13 42 1,640

55 years and older 1,723 2,253 86 32 28 13 15 2,167

Men, 16 years and older 4,811 1,925 166 83 58 21 37 1,759

16 to 24 years 431 631 43 18 8 2 6 588

25 to 54 years 3,488 423 77 43 30 9 21 345

55 years and older 892 872 46 23 19 10 10 826

Women, 16 years and older 4,242 3,441 204 75 41 9 32 3,237

16 to 24 years 424 641 39 18 7 1 6 602

25 to 54 years 2,988 1,419 125 47 25 4 21 1,295

55 years and older 831 1,381 40 10 9 3 6 1,341

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 26,126 13,491 1,118 457 340 116 224 12,374

16 to 24 years 4,509 3,894 379 154 109 39 70 3,515

25 to 54 years 18,315 4,948 560 243 181 56 125 4,388

55 years and older 3,303 4,650 179 60 50 22 29 4,471

Men, 16 years and older 15,054 4,691 470 213 166 69 97 4,221

16 to 24 years 2,461 1,820 194 87 63 27 36 1,626

25 to 54 years 10,722 1,089 186 94 75 28 46 902

55 years and older 1,871 1,783 89 32 27 13 14 1,693

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.

(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 

weeks.

(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, 

employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian labor force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not want a job now

Total

Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 

weeks

Total

Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged workers(3) Other(4)

Women, 16 years and older 11,072 8,800 648 244 175 47 127 8,152

16 to 24 years 2,047 2,074 185 66 46 12 34 1,889

25 to 54 years 7,593 3,859 373 150 106 27 79 3,486

55 years and older 1,432 2,867 89 28 23 8 14 2,778

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Years Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 – $194

1980 262 269 212 – 209

1981 284 291 235 – 223

1982 302 310 245 – 240

1983 313 320 261 – 250

1984 326 336 269 – 259

1985 344 356 277 – 270

1986 359 371 291 – 277

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2015 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 64

Years Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1987 374 384 301 – 285

1988 385 395 314 – 290

1989 399 409 319 – 298

1990 412 424 329 – 304

1991 426 442 348 – 312

1992 440 458 357 – 321

1993 459 475 369 – 331

1994 467 484 371 – 324

1995 479 494 383 – 329

1996 490 506 387 – 339

1997 503 519 400 – 351

1998 523 545 426 – 370

1999 549 573 445 – 385

2000 576 590 474 615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

Men

1979 $292 $298 $227 – $219

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2015 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Years Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1980 313 320 244 – 234

1981 340 350 268 – 251

1982 364 375 278 – 269

1983 379 387 294 – 274

1984 392 401 303 – 287

1985 407 418 305 – 296

1986 419 433 319 – 299

1987 434 450 327 – 306

1988 449 465 348 – 308

1989 468 482 348 – 315

1990 481 494 361 – 318

1991 493 506 375 – 323

1992 501 514 380 – 339

1993 510 524 392 – 346

1994 522 547 400 – 343

1995 538 566 411 – 350

1996 557 580 412 – 356

1997 579 595 432 – 371

1998 598 615 468 – 390

1999 618 638 488 – 406

2000 641 662 510 685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2015 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 66

Years Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

Women

1979 $182 $184 $169 – $157

1980 201 203 185 – 172

1981 219 221 206 – 190

1982 239 242 217 – 203

1983 252 254 232 – 215

1984 265 268 241 – 223

1985 277 281 252 – 230

1986 291 294 264 – 241

1987 303 307 276 – 251

1988 315 318 288 – 260

1989 328 334 301 – 269

1990 346 353 308 – 278

1991 366 373 323 – 292

1992 380 387 335 – 302

1993 393 401 348 – 313

1994 399 408 346 – 305

1995 406 415 355 – 305

1996 418 428 362 – 316

1997 431 444 375 – 318

1998 456 468 400 – 337

1999 473 483 409 – 348

2000 493 502 429 547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2015 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Years Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

Women's earnings as a percent of men's

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 – 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 – 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 – 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 – 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 – 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 – 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 – 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 – 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 – 82.0

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 – 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 – 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 – 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 – 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 – 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 – 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 – 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 – 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 – 88.8

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2015 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Years Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 – 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 – 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 – 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2015 annual 

averages

Educational attainment and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older $860 $885 $682 $1,031 $631

Less than a high school diploma 493 498 448 475 478

High school graduates, no college(1) 678 706 578 611 611

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2015 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Educational attainment and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Some college, no degree 738 767 619 722 686

Associate's degree 798 826 681 793 727

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,230 1,245 1,010 1,351 1,044

Men, 25 years and older 947 974 722 1,157 674

Less than a high school diploma 520 524 492 495 502

High school graduates, no college(1) 759 792 614 654 678

Some college, no degree 850 889 678 825 764

Associate's degree 931 960 765 828 859

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,420 1,448 1,103 1,495 1,167

Women, 25 years and older 761 778 651 902 593

Less than a high school diploma 418 418 406 443 410

High school graduates, no college(1) 586 602 511 577 532

Some college, no degree 637 652 579 616 610

Associate's degree 703 721 630 747 630

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,064 1,070 961 1,162 958

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2015 annual averages

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older $809 $835 $641 $993 $604

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,158 1,165 937 1,402 970

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,258 1,286 977 1,372 988

Management occupations 1,351 1,373 1,012 1,530 1,026

Business and financial operations occupations 1,137 1,151 959 1,232 940

Professional and related occupations 1,112 1,109 905 1,416 956

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,428 1,425 1,225 1,559 1,245

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 70

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,424 1,426 1,167 1,539 1,326

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,206 1,211 1,149 1,327 1,057

Community and social services occupations 889 916 789 970 852

Legal occupations 1,391 1,421 1,125 1,510 1,100

Education, training, and library occupations 956 966 836 1,085 858

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,001 1,004 744 1,133 788

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations 1,041 1,044 868 1,372 953

Service occupations 509 518 477 518 469

Healthcare support occupations 498 512 462 556 500

Protective service occupations 796 867 633 745 745

Food preparation and serving related occupations 441 454 403 483 420

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 486 490 458 534 444

Personal care and service occupations 498 499 483 512 478

Sales and office occupations 673 692 593 692 593

Sales and related occupations 716 751 504 691 582

Office and administrative support occupations 656 663 616 692 598

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 761 767 699 806 598

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 464 462 515 343 435

Construction and extraction occupations 749 758 673 691 608

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 839 849 770 884 692

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 656 683 584 611 556

Production occupations 663 686 583 620 555

Transportation and material moving occupations 646 679 584 580 556

Men, 16 years and older 895 920 680 1,129 631

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,383 1,399 1,075 1,560 1,127

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,436 1,457 1,099 1,547 1,092

Management occupations 1,486 1,513 1,129 1,626 1,131

Business and financial operations occupations 1,327 1,343 1,055 1,416 1,001

Professional and related occupations 1,343 1,345 1,062 1,566 1,144

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,503 1,497 1,253 1,668 1,226

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,452 1,460 1,179 1,548 1,373

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,379 1,366 1,151 1,757 1,072

Community and social services occupations 973 1,034 805 1,069 1,000

Legal occupations 1,877 1,883 2,137 1,833 1,423

Education, training, and library occupations 1,144 1,156 983 1,238 1,023

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,088 1,101 722 1,245 857

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations 1,272 1,285 1,004 1,572 1,129

Service occupations 585 601 524 588 496

Healthcare support occupations 577 591 502 661 557

Protective service occupations 851 905 660 742 796

Food preparation and serving related occupations 481 492 412 518 456

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 517 520 502 622 475

Personal care and service occupations 597 621 534 546 588

Sales and office occupations 777 817 602 763 636

Sales and related occupations 880 917 604 830 714

Office and administrative support occupations 693 711 601 711 594

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 770 776 699 808 606

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 477 473 556 344 438

Construction and extraction occupations 751 761 668 681 608

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 842 850 770 890 698

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 704 724 610 659 599

Production occupations 729 748 612 696 605

Transportation and material moving occupations 679 701 609 599 592

Women, 16 years and older 726 743 615 877 566

Management, professional, and related occupations 996 1,001 884 1,210 879

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,073 1,087 945 1,199 916

Management occupations 1,139 1,148 947 1,365 942

Business and financial operations occupations 1,004 1,009 942 1,134 883

Professional and related occupations 963 966 844 1,213 853

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,245 1,236 1,108 1,350 1,259

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,257 1,238 947 1,458 1,025

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,067 1,053 1,148 1,089 1,046

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Community and social services occupations 845 863 781 939 817

Legal occupations 1,135 1,138 945 1,440 915

Education, training, and library occupations 907 919 780 1,017 791

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 942 939 925 997 686

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations 991 995 845 1,280 890

Service occupations 463 467 440 489 430

Healthcare support occupations 490 506 453 518 490

Protective service occupations 655 678 562 888 645

Food preparation and serving related occupations 414 418 396 411 395

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 419 423 402 424 414

Personal care and service occupations 475 465 459 503 429

Sales and office occupations 627 636 588 651 575

Sales and related occupations 578 598 440 590 496

Office and administrative support occupations 646 650 623 675 599

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 580 561 727 614 437

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 437 434 443 321 430

Construction and extraction occupations 704 662 908 1,059 606

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 761 794 661 617 365

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 512 519 478 550 438

Production occupations 519 520 511 562 449

Transportation and material moving occupations 494 517 447 500 417

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual 

averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted 

for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample 

with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, this information is available to individuals who are sensory-impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; 

Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor 

Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active 

duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed. Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including 

the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or 

on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were 

temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, labor dispute, or another reason also are 

counted as employed.

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work 

(except for temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period 

ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need 

not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as 

unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full 

weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; 

median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they 

began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major groups:

1. Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to 

return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job 

losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed 

temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

2. Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for 

work.

3. Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.

4. New entrants, people who had never worked.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the 

criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor 

force who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since the 

end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they 

had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.

Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed no jobs 

were available for them.

Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more 

jobs are classified in the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational 

and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 

Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and 

the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS). Additional information about these classifications is available 

online at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific 

Islander. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the 

race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who 

identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as 

their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, 

Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes individuals of a group not listed in 

the CPS—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates 

for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More 

Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop 

estimates of sufficient quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. More 

information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of 

Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous 

versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, 

Cuban, Central and South American, or Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into 

additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central 

American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories 

of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race. More information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is 

available online at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis 

other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by 

the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more 

than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary 

workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part 

having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication 

are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or 

adoption; all such people are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple 

families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses.

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, 

daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, 

and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, 

and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90 percent chance, or level of 

confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population 

value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90 percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability, or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data.

A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is 

available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.