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Women in the labor force: a databook

In 2020, the share of women who participated in the labor force fell by 1.2 

percentage points to 56.2 percent, the lowest rate since 1987, and nearly 

4 percentage points below the peak of 60.0 percent in 1999. By 

comparison, the labor force participation rate for men was 67.7 percent in 

2020, down by 1.5 percentage points from the previous year and the 

lowest rate in the history of the series. (Both series began in 1948.) The 

steep declines in 2020 reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on 

the labor market.

The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major 

development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th 

century. Overall, women’s labor force participation increased dramatically from the 1960s through the 1980s, before 

slowing in the 1990s and early 2000s. Labor force participation among women then began a decline that accelerated in 

the wake of the December 2007–June 2009 recession, hitting a prepandemic low in 2015 at 56.7 percent. The rate then 

rose to 57.4 percent in 2019, before the pandemic affected the labor market.

Women’s involvement in the labor market has changed in notable ways over the past several decades. For example, 

women became much more likely to pursue higher levels of education: from 1970 to 2020, the proportion of women 

ages 25 to 64 in the labor force who held a college degree more than quadrupled, whereas the proportion of men with a 

college degree more than doubled over that time. Women also have become more likely to work full time and year 

round. In addition, women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings have grown over time: women working full time 

earned 62.3 percent of what men earned in 1979 and 82.3 percent in 2020. More recently, over the past decade or so, 

women in the baby boom generation (defined as people born between 1946 and 1964) began to retire in large numbers, 

which had put downward pressure on their labor force participation rate.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the job market in 2020 were widespread and varied by gender and across 

race and ethnicity groups. For example, women were disproportionally affected by the pandemic-induced recession in 

the spring of 2020, in part reflecting their overrepresentation in some of the hardest hit sectors of the economy.1

In addition to the effects of the pandemic, there are long-standing labor market differences among demographic groups. 

These differences are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in 

educational attainment, the occupations and industries in which the groups work, the geographic areas of the country in 

which the groups are concentrated, and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population 

Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed 

description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes.)

March 2022 | Report 1097
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Selected demographic characteristics

Women’s labor force participation rate was 56.2 percent in 2020, 1.2 percentage points lower than the rate in 2019. 

Men’s labor force participation rate, which always has been much higher than that for women, also decreased in 2020; 

the rate for men was down by 1.5 percentage points to 67.7 percent. These declines in labor force participation reflect 

the impact of the pandemic on the labor market. (See table 2.)

The unemployment rate for women was 8.3 percent in 2020, more than double the rate from a year earlier. The rate for 

men was 7.8 percent in 2020, also more than double the rate from a year earlier. Women’s unemployment rates varied 

considerably by race and ethnicity. In 2020, Hispanic women and Black women had the highest jobless rates (11.4 

percent and 10.9 percent, respectively). Unemployment rates for Asian women and White women were lower, at 9.6 

percent and 7.6 percent, respectively. Men’s unemployment rates exhibited a similar pattern. The rates for Black men 

(12.1 percent) and Hispanic men (9.7 percent) were higher than those for Asian men (7.8 percent) and White men (7.0 

percent). (See tables 2 and 3.)

Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Never-married women had the 

highest participation rate of all women, at 63.5 percent in 2020. Separated and divorced women were more likely to 

participate in the labor force (61.7 percent and 59.7 percent, respectively) than married women (57.4 percent). Across all 

marital statuses, men were more likely to participate in the labor force than their female counterparts. Married men were 

more likely to participate in the labor force (71.4 percent) than separated men (69.8 percent), never-married men (66.3 

percent), and divorced men (63.6 percent). Labor force participation rates for widowed women and men, who tend to be 

older, were 17.9 percent and 23.3 percent, respectively. (See table 4.)

The labor force participation rate for women with children under 18 years of age was 72.5 percent in March 2020, much 

lower than the rate of 93.1 percent for men with children under 18 years. Among mothers, the labor force participation 

rate for those with children 6 to 17 years old, at 76.4 percent, was considerably higher than for those with younger 

children. The rate for women with children under 6 years old was 67.4 percent, and the rate for women with children 

under 3 years old was 65.6 percent. By contrast, the labor force participation rate for fathers was similar regardless of 

the age of their children; the rate was 92.0 percent for fathers with children 6 to 17 years old, 94.5 percent for fathers of 

children under 6 years old, and 94.7 percent for fathers of children under 3 years old. (See tables 5 and 7; data were 

collected in the 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Unmarried mothers are much more likely to participate in the labor force than married mothers. In March 2020, 77.7 

percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 70.4 percent of married mothers. (See table 6; 

data were collected in the 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Educational attainment

The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past half century. 

In 2020, 47.2 percent of women ages 25 to 64 held a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11.2 percent in 1970. 

In 2020, 4.8 percent of women in the labor force had less than a high school diploma—that is, they did not graduate 

from high school or earn a GED—down from 33.5 percent in 1970. (See tables 9A and 9B.)
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Occupation and industry

Women accounted for 51.7 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related occupations in 

2020, somewhat more than their share of total employment (46.8 percent). The share of women in specific occupations 

within this large category varied. For example, 19.4 percent of software developers, 29.3 percent of chief executives, 

and 37.4 percent of lawyers were women. Whereas 87.4 percent of registered nurses, 79.6 percent of elementary and 

middle school teachers, and 59.7 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 11.)

In 2020, Asian women and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and 

related occupations (56.6 percent and 48.4 percent, respectively) than were Black women (40.2 percent) and Hispanic 

women (31.3 percent). Black women (25.3 percent) and Hispanic women (27.9 percent) were more likely than Asian 

women (17.3 percent) and White women (17.6 percent) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)

By industry, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several sectors in 2020: education and health 

services (74.6 percent), other services (52.6 percent), financial activities (51.9 percent), and leisure and hospitality (50.4 

percent). (Other services include repair and maintenance services, personal and laundry services, membership 

associations and organizations, and private households.) Comparably, women were substantially underrepresented 

(relative to their share of total employment) in manufacturing (29.5 percent), agriculture (27.7 percent), transportation 

and utilities (24.1 percent), mining (14.5 percent), and construction (10.9 percent). (See table 14.)

Earnings

In 2020, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $891, which 

represented 82.3 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($1,082). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians 

($1,143) than for Whites ($905), Blacks ($764), and Hispanics ($705). Women-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher for 

Blacks (92.0 percent) and Hispanics (88.5 percent) than for Whites (81.5 percent) and Asians (79.0 percent). (See table 

16; note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors, like 

occupation, that may be important in explaining earnings differences.)

Women’s median usual weekly earnings vary by educational attainment. In 2020, female full-time wage and salary 

workers age 25 and older with less than a high school diploma had median weekly earnings of $525. Women whose 

highest degree was a high school diploma had earnings of $671, those with an associate’s degree had earnings of $809, 

and those with a bachelor’s degree and higher had earnings of $1,239. (See table 17.)

By occupation, median usual weekly earnings of female full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2020 for 

pharmacists ($2,160), chief executives ($2,051), computer and information systems managers ($1,910), other 

physicians ($1,905), and physician assistants ($1,894). Earnings for men were highest for chief executives ($2,712), 

lawyers ($2,324), other physicians ($2,311), and pharmacists ($2,286). (See table 18.)

In 2020, 2.0 percent of women who were paid hourly rates had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum 

wage ($7.25 per hour). Among women ages 16 to 24 who were paid an hourly rate, 5.3 percent had earnings at or below 

the minimum wage, compared with 1.3 percent of women age 25 and over. (See table 20.)

Data in this report for the year 2020 reflect the impact of the pandemic on the labor market. Comparisons with data from 

prior years should be interpreted with caution. Large declines in employment in 2020, particularly among low-wage 

workers (who were disproportionately affected by job loss related to the pandemic), resulted in changes in the median 
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earnings distribution. This large and abrupt shift in the earnings distribution during the year manifested as an increase in 

the rate of earnings growth in 2020. However, the underlying rate of growth in workers’ median weekly earnings during 

the year is more difficult to discern because of the sudden, dramatic shift in the earnings distribution. More information is 

available at https://www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-and-response-on-the-employment-situation-newsrelease.htm.

Hours of work

Women are more likely than men to usually work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. In 2020, 22.4 percent 

of employed women usually worked part time. By comparison, 11.6 percent of employed men usually worked part time. 

(See table 21.)

Of all women who worked at some point during the calendar year of 2019, 64.5 percent worked full time and year round 

(50 to 52 weeks), compared with 40.7 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also 

rose over the period, from 66.1 percent in 1970 to 75.4 percent in 2019. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 

through 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the 

previous calendar year.)

Married-couple families

Among opposite-sex married-couple families, 54.0 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2019. 

This percentage, which has changed little over the past 10 years, is below the peak of 60.4 percent in 1996 but above 

the 43.6 percent seen in 1967 when the series began. Couples in which only the husband worked for pay represented 

16.9 percent of married-couple families in 2019 versus 35.6 percent in 1967. (See table 24B; data were collected in the 

1968 through 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in 

the previous calendar year.)

The working poor

Among people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2019, more women (3.4 million) than men (2.9 

million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who 

were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 4.5 percent for women and 3.5 percent for men. Black women and 

Hispanic women were much more likely to be among the working poor than White women or Asian women. The 

working-poor rates for Black women and Hispanic women were 8.9 percent and 7.1 percent, respectively, higher than 

the rates of 3.7 percent for White women and 2.3 percent for Asian women. (See table 26; data are from the 2020 

Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar 

year.)

Worker displacement

From January 2017 through December 2019, 2.7 million workers age 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had 

held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 45 percent of those displaced. Labor market outcomes were similar for 

displaced women and men. Displaced women were about as likely as men to have found a new job in January 2020: the 

reemployment rate was 67.8 percent for women and 71.9 percent for men. Displaced women and men were also about 

equally likely to be unemployed, at 12.5 percent and 12.3 percent, respectively. In January 2020, 19.7 percent of 
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displaced women and 15.7 percent of displaced men had left the labor force. (See table 27; data are from the January 

2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)

Employee tenure

In January 2020, the median number of years that employed women had been with their employers was 3.9 years, 

about unchanged from January 2018. Median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure 

and half had less tenure) for men held at 4.3 years. (See table 28; data are from the January 2020 Displaced Worker, 

Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)

School enrollment

Of the 3.1 million young people ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2020, 

62.7 percent (2.0 million) were enrolled in college in October of that year. For the 2020 high school graduates, the 

college enrollment rate continued to be higher for young women (66.2 percent) than for young men (59.3 percent). (See 

table 29; data are from the October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

Among those enrolled in high school, young women were more likely to be in the labor force (24.8 percent) in October 

2020 than were young men (20.8 percent). Among college students, women were much more likely to participate in the 

labor force than men, at 49.7 percent and 42.2 percent, respectively. Among young people ages 16 to 24 who were not 

enrolled in school in October 2020, the unemployment rate for those without a high school diploma was 11.2 percent for 

women and 10.2 percent for men. In contrast, the unemployment rates for young women and men with at least a 

bachelor’s degree were 7.9 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively. (See table 30; data are from the October 2020 School 

Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

Multiple jobholders and the self-employed

In 2020, 6.7 million workers had more than one job. Just over half (3.4 million) of these workers were women. The 

multiple jobholding rate for women, at 5.0 percent, was higher than that for men, at 4.1 percent. (See table 31.)

In 2020, 5.2 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.5 percent of 

men. In 2020, 41.6 percent of the self-employed were women, compared with 26.8 percent in 1976. (See table 32.)

Foreign born

Foreign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2020 (53.2 percent compared 

with 56.8 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (76.6 percent) than were 

native-born men (65.9 percent). The unemployment rate for foreign-born women, at 10.8 percent, was higher than for 

native-born women, at 7.9 percent. At 8.0 percent, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men was about the same as 

that for native-born men (7.8 percent). Differences in labor force indicators reflect a variety of factors, including variations 

in the distributions of foreign-born and native-born workers by age, educational attainment, occupation, industry, and 

geographic region. (See table 33.)
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Union membership

In 2020, 10.5 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 11.0 percent of their 

male counterparts. For both women and men, the union membership rate in 2020 was lower than in 1983 (the first year 

that union membership data were regularly collected in the CPS). In 1983, union membership rates were 14.6 percent 

for women and 24.7 percent for men. (See table 34.)

Veterans

There were 1.1 million female veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force in 2020, accounting for 12.3 percent 

of the 8.9 million veterans in the labor force. Nearly half of all female veterans in the labor force in 2020 served during 

the Gulf War-era II period (September 2001 to present). The labor force participation rate among female Gulf War-era II 

veterans was 68.6 percent, significantly lower than the 80.8 percent participation from their male counterparts. Among 

Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rate for women was 7.2 percent in 2020, similar to the rate of 7.4 percent 

for men. (See table 35.)

People with disabilities

Of the 15.9 million women with disabilities in 2020, 2.8 million, or 17.5 percent, participated in the labor force. A little over 

half of women with disabilities (54 percent) were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 

5.4 percent, compared with 31.5 percent for those ages 16 to 64 with disabilities. Among the 14.0 million men with 

disabilities, 23.8 percent participated in the labor force in 2020. Forty-seven percent of men with disabilities were age 65 

and older. Among men in this age group, 10.5 percent were labor force participants, compared with 35.6 percent of men 

ages 16 to 64 with disabilities. Among people with a disability, the unemployment rate for women, at 13.2 percent, was 

higher than that for men, at 12.0 percent. These rates were considerably higher than the rates of women and men 

without a disability (8.2 percent and 7.6 percent, respectively). (See table 36.)

Notes

1 Sean M. Smith, Roxanna Edwards, and Hao C. Duong, "Unemployment rises in 2020, as the country battles the 

COVID-19 pandemic," Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.21916/

mlr.2021.12.
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Statistical Tables

Age

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

Total

16 years and older 260,329 160,742 61.7 147,795 56.8 12,947 8.1 99,587

16 to 19 years 16,567 5,720 34.5 4,695 28.3 1,025 17.9 10,846

16 to 17 years 8,764 2,082 23.8 1,718 19.6 364 17.5 6,682

18 to 19 years 7,803 3,638 46.6 2,977 38.2 661 18.2 4,164

20 to 24 years 20,918 14,487 69.3 12,497 59.7 1,990 13.7 6,431

25 to 54 years 126,045 102,630 81.4 95,331 75.6 7,298 7.1 23,416

25 to 34 years 44,844 36,506 81.4 33,426 74.5 3,080 8.4 8,339

25 to 29 years 22,583 18,332 81.2 16,596 73.5 1,736 9.5 4,252

30 to 34 years 22,261 18,174 81.6 16,831 75.6 1,344 7.4 4,087

35 to 44 years 41,330 33,983 82.2 31,807 77.0 2,177 6.4 7,347

35 to 39 years 21,375 17,608 82.4 16,472 77.1 1,136 6.5 3,767

40 to 44 years 19,955 16,376 82.1 15,335 76.8 1,041 6.4 3,580

45 to 54 years 39,871 32,141 80.6 30,099 75.5 2,042 6.4 7,730

45 to 49 years 19,676 16,171 82.2 15,149 77.0 1,022 6.3 3,505

50 to 54 years 20,195 15,969 79.1 14,949 74.0 1,020 6.4 4,226

55 to 64 years 42,191 27,293 64.7 25,454 60.3 1,839 6.7 14,898

55 to 59 years 21,348 15,399 72.1 14,375 67.3 1,025 6.7 5,949

60 to 64 years 20,843 11,894 57.1 11,079 53.2 815 6.8 8,950

65 years and older 54,608 10,613 19.4 9,818 18.0 795 7.5 43,995

65 to 69 years 17,773 5,864 33.0 5,422 30.5 443 7.5 11,909

70 to 74 years 14,615 2,762 18.9 2,549 17.4 213 7.7 11,854

75 years and 

older 22,220 1,987 8.9 1,847 8.3 140 7.0 20,233

Women

16 years and older 134,407 75,538 56.2 69,234 51.5 6,304 8.3 58,869

16 to 19 years 8,194 2,861 34.9 2,361 28.8 500 17.5 5,333

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Age

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

16 to 17 years 4,364 1,108 25.4 914 20.9 193 17.5 3,256

18 to 19 years 3,830 1,753 45.8 1,447 37.8 306 17.5 2,077

20 to 24 years 10,470 7,070 67.5 6,096 58.2 974 13.8 3,400

25 to 54 years 63,828 47,955 75.1 44,442 69.6 3,513 7.3 15,873

25 to 34 years 22,458 16,997 75.7 15,582 69.4 1,416 8.3 5,460

25 to 29 years 11,272 8,652 76.8 7,873 69.8 778 9.0 2,621

30 to 34 years 11,185 8,346 74.6 7,708 68.9 637 7.6 2,840

35 to 44 years 20,987 15,737 75.0 14,687 70.0 1,050 6.7 5,250

35 to 39 years 10,830 8,048 74.3 7,496 69.2 552 6.9 2,782

40 to 44 years 10,157 7,689 75.7 7,191 70.8 498 6.5 2,468

45 to 54 years 20,383 15,220 74.7 14,173 69.5 1,047 6.9 5,162

45 to 49 years 10,064 7,649 76.0 7,130 70.8 520 6.8 2,415

50 to 54 years 10,318 7,571 73.4 7,043 68.3 528 7.0 2,747

55 to 64 years 21,864 12,911 59.1 11,987 54.8 924 7.2 8,953

55 to 59 years 10,986 7,312 66.6 6,783 61.7 529 7.2 3,674

60 to 64 years 10,878 5,599 51.5 5,204 47.8 394 7.0 5,279

65 years and older 30,052 4,742 15.8 4,348 14.5 394 8.3 25,310

65 to 69 years 9,436 2,643 28.0 2,432 25.8 211 8.0 6,793

70 to 74 years 7,847 1,228 15.6 1,122 14.3 106 8.6 6,620

75 years and 

older 12,768 871 6.8 794 6.2 77 8.8 11,898

Men

16 years and older 125,922 85,204 67.7 78,560 62.4 6,644 7.8 40,718

16 to 19 years 8,373 2,859 34.1 2,333 27.9 526 18.4 5,514

16 to 17 years 4,400 974 22.1 803 18.3 171 17.5 3,426

18 to 19 years 3,973 1,885 47.4 1,530 38.5 355 18.8 2,088

20 to 24 years 10,448 7,417 71.0 6,401 61.3 1,016 13.7 3,032

25 to 54 years 62,218 54,675 87.9 50,890 81.8 3,785 6.9 7,543

25 to 34 years 22,387 19,509 87.1 17,844 79.7 1,664 8.5 2,878

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

25 to 29 years 11,311 9,680 85.6 8,722 77.1 958 9.9 1,631

30 to 34 years 11,076 9,829 88.7 9,122 82.4 707 7.2 1,247

35 to 44 years 20,343 18,246 89.7 17,120 84.2 1,126 6.2 2,096

35 to 39 years 10,544 9,560 90.7 8,976 85.1 583 6.1 985

40 to 44 years 9,798 8,687 88.7 8,144 83.1 543 6.3 1,112

45 to 54 years 19,488 16,920 86.8 15,926 81.7 995 5.9 2,568

45 to 49 years 9,612 8,522 88.7 8,020 83.4 502 5.9 1,090

50 to 54 years 9,876 8,398 85.0 7,906 80.0 492 5.9 1,478

55 to 64 years 20,327 14,382 70.8 13,467 66.2 916 6.4 5,945

55 to 59 years 10,362 8,087 78.0 7,592 73.3 495 6.1 2,274

60 to 64 years 9,966 6,295 63.2 5,875 58.9 420 6.7 3,671

65 years and older 24,556 5,871 23.9 5,470 22.3 401 6.8 18,685

65 to 69 years 8,337 3,221 38.6 2,990 35.9 231 7.2 5,116

70 to 74 years 6,768 1,534 22.7 1,427 21.1 107 7.0 5,234

75 years and 

older 9,451 1,116 11.8 1,053 11.1 63 5.7 8,335

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

1948 103,068 60,621 58.8 58,343 56.6 2,276 3.8 42,447

1949 103,994 61,286 58.9 57,651 55.4 3,637 5.9 42,708

1950 104,995 62,208 59.2 58,918 56.1 3,288 5.3 42,787

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1951 104,621 62,017 59.2 59,961 57.3 2,055 3.3 42,604

1952 105,231 62,138 59.0 60,250 57.3 1,883 3.0 43,093

1953 107,056 63,015 58.9 61,179 57.1 1,834 2.9 44,041

1954 108,321 63,643 58.8 60,109 55.5 3,532 5.5 44,678

1955 109,683 65,023 59.3 62,170 56.7 2,852 4.4 44,660

1956 110,954 66,552 60.0 63,799 57.5 2,750 4.1 44,402

1957 112,265 66,929 59.6 64,071 57.1 2,859 4.3 45,336

1958 113,727 67,639 59.5 63,036 55.4 4,602 6.8 46,088

1959 115,329 68,369 59.3 64,630 56.0 3,740 5.5 46,960

1960 117,245 69,628 59.4 65,778 56.1 3,852 5.5 47,617

1961 118,771 70,459 59.3 65,746 55.4 4,714 6.7 48,312

1962 120,153 70,614 58.8 66,702 55.5 3,911 5.5 49,539

1963 122,416 71,833 58.7 67,762 55.4 4,070 5.7 50,583

1964 124,485 73,091 58.7 69,305 55.7 3,786 5.2 51,394

1965 126,513 74,455 58.9 71,088 56.2 3,366 4.5 52,058

1966 128,058 75,770 59.2 72,895 56.9 2,875 3.8 52,288

1967 129,874 77,347 59.6 74,372 57.3 2,975 3.8 52,527

1968 132,028 78,737 59.6 75,920 57.5 2,817 3.6 53,291

1969 134,335 80,734 60.1 77,902 58.0 2,832 3.5 53,602

1970 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.4 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,378

1976 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 11

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1980 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

2005 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

2006 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

2007 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743

2008 233,788 154,287 66.0 145,362 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 12

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2009 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

2010 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

2011 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

2012 243,284 154,975 63.7 142,469 58.6 12,506 8.1 88,310

2013 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

2014 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

2015 250,801 157,130 62.7 148,834 59.3 8,296 5.3 93,671

2016 253,538 159,187 62.8 151,436 59.7 7,751 4.9 94,351

2017 255,079 160,320 62.9 153,337 60.1 6,982 4.4 94,759

2018 257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716

2019 259,175 163,539 63.1 157,538 60.8 6,001 3.7 95,636

2020 260,329 160,742 61.7 147,795 56.8 12,947 8.1 99,587

Women

1948 53,071 17,335 32.7 16,617 31.3 717 4.1 35,737

1949 53,670 17,788 33.1 16,723 31.2 1,065 6.0 35,883

1950 54,270 18,389 33.9 17,340 32.0 1,049 5.7 35,881

1951 54,895 19,016 34.6 18,181 33.1 834 4.4 35,879

1952 55,529 19,269 34.7 18,568 33.4 698 3.6 36,261

1953 56,305 19,382 34.4 18,749 33.3 632 3.3 36,924

1954 56,925 19,678 34.6 18,490 32.5 1,188 6.0 37,247

1955 57,574 20,548 35.7 19,551 34.0 998 4.9 37,026

1956 58,228 21,461 36.9 20,419 35.1 1,039 4.8 36,769

1957 58,951 21,732 36.9 20,714 35.1 1,018 4.7 37,218

1958 59,690 22,118 37.1 20,613 34.5 1,504 6.8 37,574

1959 60,534 22,483 37.1 21,164 35.0 1,320 5.9 38,053

1960 61,582 23,240 37.7 21,874 35.5 1,366 5.9 38,343

1961 62,484 23,806 38.1 22,090 35.4 1,717 7.2 38,679

1962 63,321 24,014 37.9 22,525 35.6 1,488 6.2 39,308

1963 64,494 24,704 38.3 23,105 35.8 1,598 6.5 39,791

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 13

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1964 65,637 25,412 38.7 23,831 36.3 1,581 6.2 40,225

1965 66,731 26,200 39.3 24,748 37.1 1,452 5.5 40,531

1966 67,795 27,299 40.3 25,976 38.3 1,324 4.8 40,496

1967 68,968 28,360 41.1 26,893 39.0 1,468 5.2 40,608

1968 70,179 29,204 41.6 27,807 39.6 1,397 4.8 40,976

1969 71,436 30,513 42.7 29,084 40.7 1,429 4.7 40,924

1970 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,385

1976 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 14

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1993 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

2006 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

2007 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707

2008 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 3,891 5.4 48,908

2009 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

2010 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

2011 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

2012 125,941 72,648 57.7 66,914 53.1 5,734 7.9 53,293

2013 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

2014 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

2015 129,700 73,510 56.7 69,703 53.7 3,807 5.2 56,190

2016 131,040 74,432 56.8 70,868 54.1 3,564 4.8 56,608

2017 131,804 75,175 57.0 71,936 54.6 3,239 4.3 56,629

2018 133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134

2019 133,822 76,852 57.4 74,078 55.4 2,774 3.6 56,970

2020 134,407 75,538 56.2 69,234 51.5 6,304 8.3 58,869

Men

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 15

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1948 49,996 43,286 86.6 41,725 83.5 1,559 3.6 6,710

1949 50,321 43,498 86.4 40,925 81.3 2,572 5.9 6,825

1950 50,725 43,819 86.4 41,578 82.0 2,239 5.1 6,906

1951 49,727 43,001 86.5 41,780 84.0 1,221 2.8 6,725

1952 49,700 42,869 86.3 41,682 83.9 1,185 2.8 6,832

1953 50,750 43,633 86.0 42,430 83.6 1,202 2.8 7,117

1954 51,395 43,965 85.5 41,619 81.0 2,344 5.3 7,431

1955 52,109 44,475 85.4 42,621 81.8 1,854 4.2 7,634

1956 52,723 45,091 85.5 43,379 82.3 1,711 3.8 7,633

1957 53,315 45,197 84.8 43,357 81.3 1,841 4.1 8,118

1958 54,033 45,521 84.2 42,423 78.5 3,098 6.8 8,514

1959 54,793 45,886 83.7 43,466 79.3 2,420 5.2 8,907

1960 55,662 46,388 83.3 43,904 78.9 2,486 5.4 9,274

1961 56,286 46,653 82.9 43,656 77.6 2,997 6.4 9,633

1962 56,831 46,600 82.0 44,177 77.7 2,423 5.2 10,231

1963 57,921 47,129 81.4 44,657 77.1 2,472 5.2 10,792

1964 58,847 47,679 81.0 45,474 77.3 2,205 4.6 11,169

1965 59,782 48,255 80.7 46,340 77.5 1,914 4.0 11,527

1966 60,262 48,471 80.4 46,919 77.9 1,551 3.2 11,792

1967 60,905 48,987 80.4 47,479 78.0 1,508 3.1 11,919

1968 61,847 49,533 80.1 48,114 77.8 1,419 2.9 12,315

1969 62,898 50,221 79.8 48,818 77.6 1,403 2.8 12,677

1970 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,992

1976 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1977 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

1983 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of 

January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Not in labor force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2006 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

2007 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036

2008 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 68.5 5,033 6.1 30,593

2009 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

2010 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

2011 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

2012 117,343 82,327 70.2 75,555 64.4 6,771 8.2 35,017

2013 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

2014 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

2015 121,101 83,620 69.1 79,131 65.3 4,490 5.4 37,481

2016 122,497 84,755 69.2 80,568 65.8 4,187 4.9 37,743

2017 123,275 85,145 69.1 81,402 66.0 3,743 4.4 38,130

2018 124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582

2019 125,353 86,687 69.2 83,460 66.6 3,227 3.7 38,667

2020 125,922 85,204 67.7 78,560 62.4 6,644 7.8 40,718

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

White

Total, 16 years and older 201,306 124,431 61.8 115,341 57.3 9,090 7.3 76,875

16 to 19 years 12,151 4,467 36.8 3,723 30.6 744 16.6 7,683

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

20 to 24 years 15,335 10,951 71.4 9,633 62.8 1,318 12.0 4,384

25 to 54 years 94,426 77,804 82.4 72,797 77.1 5,007 6.4 16,621

55 to 64 years 33,772 22,278 66.0 20,889 61.9 1,389 6.2 11,495

65 years and older 45,623 8,930 19.6 8,298 18.2 633 7.1 36,692

Women, 16 years and older 102,850 57,260 55.7 52,895 51.4 4,365 7.6 45,590

16 to 19 years 5,978 2,200 36.8 1,847 30.9 353 16.0 3,778

20 to 24 years 7,623 5,275 69.2 4,625 60.7 650 12.3 2,348

25 to 54 years 47,109 35,580 75.5 33,221 70.5 2,359 6.6 11,529

55 to 64 years 17,292 10,307 59.6 9,619 55.6 688 6.7 6,986

65 years and older 24,848 3,898 15.7 3,582 14.4 316 8.1 20,950

Men, 16 years and older 98,456 67,171 68.2 62,446 63.4 4,725 7.0 31,285

16 to 19 years 6,173 2,267 36.7 1,876 30.4 391 17.3 3,906

20 to 24 years 7,712 5,676 73.6 5,008 64.9 668 11.8 2,035

25 to 54 years 47,317 42,224 89.2 39,577 83.6 2,648 6.3 5,093

55 to 64 years 16,480 11,971 72.6 11,270 68.4 701 5.9 4,509

65 years and older 20,775 5,032 24.2 4,715 22.7 317 6.3 15,743

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 33,344 20,177 60.5 17,873 53.6 2,304 11.4 13,167

16 to 19 years 2,419 720 29.8 546 22.6 173 24.1 1,699

20 to 24 years 3,079 2,005 65.1 1,600 52.0 404 20.2 1,074

25 to 54 years 17,404 13,588 78.1 12,205 70.1 1,384 10.2 3,816

55 to 64 years 5,140 2,902 56.5 2,652 51.6 250 8.6 2,238

65 years and older 5,302 962 18.2 869 16.4 93 9.7 4,339

Women, 16 years and older 18,094 10,635 58.8 9,481 52.4 1,155 10.9 7,459

16 to 19 years 1,221 397 32.5 305 24.9 93 23.3 824

20 to 24 years 1,594 1,018 63.9 824 51.7 195 19.1 576

25 to 54 years 9,335 7,123 76.3 6,434 68.9 688 9.7 2,212

55 to 64 years 2,809 1,584 56.4 1,450 51.6 134 8.5 1,225

65 years and older 3,134 513 16.4 468 14.9 45 8.7 2,621

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

Men, 16 years and older 15,250 9,542 62.6 8,392 55.0 1,150 12.1 5,708

16 to 19 years 1,197 322 26.9 242 20.2 81 25.0 875

20 to 24 years 1,485 987 66.4 777 52.3 210 21.2 498

25 to 54 years 8,069 6,465 80.1 5,770 71.5 695 10.8 1,604

55 to 64 years 2,332 1,318 56.5 1,203 51.6 116 8.8 1,013

65 years and older 2,167 449 20.7 401 18.5 49 10.8 1,718

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 16,467 10,331 62.7 9,437 57.3 894 8.7 6,136

16 to 19 years 921 177 19.2 151 16.4 26 14.9 744

20 to 24 years 1,341 727 54.2 605 45.1 122 16.8 614

25 to 54 years 9,342 7,418 79.4 6,867 73.5 551 7.4 1,924

55 to 64 years 2,216 1,475 66.6 1,335 60.2 141 9.5 741

65 years and older 2,647 534 20.2 480 18.2 53 10.0 2,113

Women, 16 years and older 8,759 4,863 55.5 4,396 50.2 467 9.6 3,896

16 to 19 years 473 80 16.9 67 14.1 13 16.5 393

20 to 24 years 672 382 56.8 321 47.7 61 16.0 290

25 to 54 years 4,909 3,458 70.4 3,159 64.3 300 8.7 1,451

55 to 64 years 1,197 701 58.5 633 52.8 68 9.7 496

65 years and older 1,508 243 16.1 218 14.5 25 10.1 1,265

Men, 16 years and older 7,708 5,468 70.9 5,041 65.4 427 7.8 2,240

16 to 19 years 448 97 21.7 84 18.7 13 13.6 351

20 to 24 years 669 345 51.6 284 42.5 61 17.7 324

25 to 54 years 4,433 3,960 89.3 3,709 83.7 251 6.3 473

55 to 64 years 1,019 774 76.0 702 68.9 72 9.3 245

65 years and older 1,139 291 25.6 262 23.0 29 9.9 847

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 44,182 28,970 65.6 25,952 58.7 3,018 10.4 15,213

16 to 19 years 4,017 1,303 32.4 1,026 25.5 277 21.2 2,714

20 to 24 years 4,791 3,418 71.3 2,904 60.6 513 15.0 1,373

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

25 to 54 years 25,266 19,880 78.7 18,080 71.6 1,800 9.1 5,386

55 to 64 years 5,252 3,417 65.1 3,091 58.9 326 9.5 1,835

65 years and older 4,857 952 19.6 850 17.5 102 10.7 3,905

Women, 16 years and older 22,201 12,515 56.4 11,095 50.0 1,421 11.4 9,686

16 to 19 years 1,986 632 31.8 502 25.3 130 20.5 1,354

20 to 24 years 2,380 1,598 67.1 1,336 56.1 261 16.4 782

25 to 54 years 12,414 8,408 67.7 7,573 61.0 835 9.9 4,006

55 to 64 years 2,686 1,478 55.0 1,332 49.6 145 9.8 1,208

65 years and older 2,735 400 14.6 352 12.9 48 12.1 2,335

Men, 16 years and older 21,981 16,455 74.9 14,857 67.6 1,598 9.7 5,527

16 to 19 years 2,031 671 33.1 524 25.8 147 21.9 1,360

20 to 24 years 2,411 1,820 75.5 1,568 65.0 252 13.8 591

25 to 54 years 12,852 11,472 89.3 10,507 81.8 965 8.4 1,379

55 to 64 years 2,566 1,939 75.6 1,759 68.5 180 9.3 627

65 years and older 2,122 552 26.0 499 23.5 54 9.7 1,569

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Marital status and gender

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

Total

16 years and older 260,329 160,742 61.7 147,795 56.8 12,947 8.1 99,587

Married, spouse present1 129,615 83,543 64.5 78,925 60.9 4,618 5.5 46,072

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

1 Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.

2 Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

Marital status and gender

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

Other marital status2 130,714 77,199 59.1 68,870 52.7 8,330 10.8 53,515

Never married 82,285 53,475 65.0 47,136 57.3 6,339 11.9 28,810

Widowed, divorced, or 

separated3 48,429 23,724 49.0 21,734 44.9 1,991 8.4 24,704

Widowed 14,898 2,849 19.1 2,611 17.5 237 8.3 12,049

Divorced 25,678 15,746 61.3 14,510 56.5 1,236 7.8 9,932

Separated3 7,853 5,130 65.3 4,612 58.7 517 10.1 2,723

Women

16 years and older 134,407 75,538 56.2 69,234 51.5 6,304 8.3 58,869

Married, spouse present1 64,680 37,157 57.4 34,809 53.8 2,347 6.3 27,523

Other marital status2 69,727 38,382 55.0 34,425 49.4 3,957 10.3 31,345

Never married 38,984 24,749 63.5 21,936 56.3 2,813 11.4 14,235

Widowed, divorced, or 

separated3 30,743 13,633 44.3 12,489 40.6 1,143 8.4 17,110

Widowed 11,483 2,052 17.9 1,872 16.3 180 8.8 9,431

Divorced 14,919 8,904 59.7 8,225 55.1 679 7.6 6,015

Separated3 4,340 2,677 61.7 2,392 55.1 285 10.6 1,663

Men

16 years and older 125,922 85,204 67.7 78,560 62.4 6,644 7.8 40,718

Married, spouse present1 64,935 46,386 71.4 44,116 67.9 2,271 4.9 18,549

Other marital status2 60,987 38,818 63.6 34,445 56.5 4,373 11.3 22,169

Never married 43,301 28,726 66.3 25,201 58.2 3,526 12.3 14,575

Widowed, divorced, or 

separated3 17,686 10,091 57.1 9,244 52.3 847 8.4 7,594

Widowed 3,414 797 23.3 739 21.7 57 7.2 2,618

Divorced 10,759 6,842 63.6 6,285 58.4 557 8.1 3,917

Separated3 3,512 2,453 69.8 2,220 63.2 233 9.5 1,059

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

3 Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Women, 16 years and older 134,119 76,538 57.1 72,727 54.2 3,811 5.0 57,581

With children under 18 years old 33,983 24,623 72.5 23,391 68.8 1,232 5.0 9,360

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

19,079 14,575 76.4 13,899 72.8 676 4.6 4,505

With children under 6 years 

old 14,904 10,048 67.4 9,492 63.7 556 5.5 4,855

With children under 3 years 

old 8,425 5,526 65.6 5,248 62.3 277 5.0 2,900

With no children under 18 years 

old 100,136 51,915 51.8 49,336 49.3 2,579 5.0 48,221

Men, 16 years and older 125,638 85,249 67.9 80,581 64.1 4,667 5.5 40,389

With children under 18 years old 26,877 25,018 93.1 24,027 89.4 991 4.0 1,859

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

15,122 13,907 92.0 13,362 88.4 544 3.9 1,216

With children under 6 years 

old 11,754 11,111 94.5 10,665 90.7 446 4.0 643

With children under 3 years 

old 6,754 6,395 94.7 6,158 91.2 237 3.7 359

With no children under 18 years 

old 98,762 60,231 61.0 56,554 57.3 3,677 6.1 38,530

White

Women, 16 years and older 102,712 58,096 56.6 55,600 54.1 2,496 4.3 44,616

With children under 18 years old 25,297 18,291 72.3 17,453 69.0 838 4.6 7,007

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

14,280 10,920 76.5 10,436 73.1 485 4.4 3,360

With children under 6 years 

old 11,017 7,370 66.9 7,017 63.7 353 4.8 3,647

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Characteristic

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 3 years 

old 6,235 4,090 65.6 3,933 63.1 157 3.8 2,145

With no children under 18 years 

old 77,415 39,805 51.4 38,147 49.3 1,658 4.2 37,610

Men, 16 years and older 98,480 67,478 68.5 64,211 65.2 3,267 4.8 31,002

With children under 18 years old 21,245 19,999 94.1 19,253 90.6 746 3.7 1,246

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

11,971 11,162 93.2 10,744 89.7 418 3.7 809

With children under 6 years 

old 9,274 8,837 95.3 8,509 91.8 328 3.7 436

With children under 3 years 

old 5,361 5,118 95.5 4,952 92.4 166 3.3 243

With no children under 18 years 

old 77,236 47,480 61.5 44,958 58.2 2,521 5.3 29,756

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and older 18,038 10,699 59.3 9,887 54.8 812 7.6 7,340

With children under 18 years old 4,748 3,647 76.8 3,398 71.6 249 6.8 1,100

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

2,579 2,053 79.6 1,938 75.1 116 5.6 526

With children under 6 years 

old 2,168 1,594 73.5 1,461 67.4 133 8.4 574

With children under 3 years 

old 1,182 820 69.3 735 62.2 84 10.3 363

With no children under 18 years 

old 13,291 7,051 53.1 6,488 48.8 563 8.0 6,239

Men, 16 years and older 15,194 9,356 61.6 8,453 55.6 903 9.7 5,838

With children under 18 years old 2,516 2,165 86.0 2,028 80.6 137 6.3 351

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,390 1,167 84.0 1,107 79.7 60 5.2 222

With children under 6 years 

old 1,126 997 88.6 920 81.7 77 7.7 129

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Characteristic

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 3 years 

old 608 541 89.1 502 82.6 39 7.3 66

With no children under 18 years 

old 12,678 7,192 56.7 6,425 50.7 766 10.7 5,487

Asian

Women, 16 years and older 8,696 4,886 56.2 4,635 53.3 250 5.1 3,810

With children under 18 years old 2,645 1,737 65.7 1,666 63.0 71 4.1 908

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,499 1,053 70.2 1,010 67.4 43 4.1 447

With children under 6 years 

old 1,145 684 59.7 656 57.3 28 4.2 461

With children under 3 years 

old 637 377 59.2 360 56.6 16 4.3 260

With no children under 18 years 

old 6,051 3,149 52.0 2,970 49.1 179 5.7 2,903

Men, 16 years and older 7,717 5,549 71.9 5,270 68.3 279 5.0 2,168

With children under 18 years old 2,282 2,139 93.8 2,068 90.7 71 3.3 142

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,293 1,194 92.3 1,150 88.9 44 3.7 99

With children under 6 years 

old 988 945 95.6 918 92.9 27 2.9 43

With children under 3 years 

old 558 533 95.6 509 91.4 23 4.4 25

With no children under 18 years 

old 5,435 3,409 62.7 3,201 58.9 208 6.1 2,026

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older 22,051 12,819 58.1 11,855 53.8 964 7.5 9,232

With children under 18 years old 7,536 4,862 64.5 4,506 59.8 357 7.3 2,674

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

4,234 2,928 69.2 2,756 65.1 173 5.9 1,306

With children under 6 years 

old 3,302 1,934 58.6 1,750 53.0 184 9.5 1,368

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown 

(White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Characteristic

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 3 years 

old 1,791 995 55.5 930 51.9 65 6.6 796

With no children under 18 years 

old 14,515 7,957 54.8 7,350 50.6 607 7.6 6,558

Men, 16 years and older 21,837 16,301 74.6 15,151 69.4 1,151 7.1 5,536

With children under 18 years old 5,461 5,087 93.1 4,810 88.1 277 5.4 374

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

3,127 2,870 91.8 2,715 86.8 155 5.4 257

With children under 6 years 

old 2,334 2,216 95.0 2,095 89.8 122 5.5 117

With children under 3 years 

old 1,242 1,182 95.1 1,128 90.8 54 4.6 60

With no children under 18 years 

old 16,376 11,214 68.5 10,341 63.1 874 7.8 5,162

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

Total, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 134,119 76,538 57.1 72,727 54.2 3,811 5.0 57,581

With children under 18 years old 33,983 24,623 72.5 23,391 68.8 1,232 5.0 9,360

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

19,079 14,575 76.4 13,899 72.8 676 4.6 4,505

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

With children under 6 years old 14,904 10,048 67.4 9,492 63.7 556 5.5 4,855

With children under 3 years old 8,425 5,526 65.6 5,248 62.3 277 5.0 2,900

With no children under 18 years old 100,136 51,915 51.8 49,336 49.3 2,579 5.0 48,221

Total, married, spouse present1

Total women, 16 years and older 64,851 37,863 58.4 36,545 56.4 1,318 3.5 26,989

With children under 18 years old 24,479 17,241 70.4 16,555 67.6 687 4.0 7,238

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

13,441 10,017 74.5 9,630 71.6 387 3.9 3,424

With children under 6 years old 11,038 7,225 65.4 6,925 62.7 300 4.1 3,814

With children under 3 years old 6,384 4,132 64.7 3,966 62.1 166 4.0 2,252

With no children under 18 years old 40,372 20,621 51.1 19,990 49.5 631 3.1 19,751

Total, other marital statuses2

Total women, 16 years and older 69,268 38,675 55.8 36,182 52.2 2,494 6.4 30,592

With children under 18 years old 9,504 7,382 77.7 6,836 71.9 546 7.4 2,122

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

5,638 4,558 80.8 4,269 75.7 289 6.3 1,080

With children under 6 years old 3,865 2,824 73.1 2,568 66.4 256 9.1 1,042

With children under 3 years old 2,041 1,394 68.3 1,282 62.8 112 8.0 647

With no children under 18 years old 59,764 31,294 52.4 29,346 49.1 1,948 6.2 28,470

White, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 102,712 58,096 56.6 55,600 54.1 2,496 4.3 44,616

With children under 18 years old 25,297 18,291 72.3 17,453 69.0 838 4.6 7,007

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

14,280 10,920 76.5 10,436 73.1 485 4.4 3,360

With children under 6 years old 11,017 7,370 66.9 7,017 63.7 353 4.8 3,647

With children under 3 years old 6,235 4,090 65.6 3,933 63.1 157 3.8 2,145

With no children under 18 years old 77,415 39,805 51.4 38,147 49.3 1,658 4.2 37,610

White, married, spouse present1

Total women, 16 years and older 53,067 30,701 57.9 29,748 56.1 953 3.1 22,366

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

With children under 18 years old 19,292 13,636 70.7 13,114 68.0 523 3.8 5,656

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

10,585 7,933 74.9 7,629 72.1 304 3.8 2,652

With children under 6 years old 8,707 5,703 65.5 5,485 63.0 218 3.8 3,004

With children under 3 years old 5,063 3,315 65.5 3,196 63.1 118 3.6 1,748

With no children under 18 years old 33,775 17,064 50.5 16,634 49.2 430 2.5 16,710

White, other marital statuses2

Total women, 16 years and older 49,645 27,395 55.2 25,852 52.1 1,543 5.6 22,250

With children under 18 years old 6,005 4,654 77.5 4,339 72.3 315 6.8 1,351

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

3,695 2,987 80.8 2,806 76.0 181 6.1 708

With children under 6 years old 2,310 1,667 72.2 1,532 66.3 135 8.1 643

With children under 3 years old 1,172 775 66.2 737 62.9 39 5.0 397

With no children under 18 years old 43,640 22,741 52.1 21,514 49.3 1,228 5.4 20,899

Black or African American, all marital 

statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 18,038 10,699 59.3 9,887 54.8 812 7.6 7,340

With children under 18 years old 4,748 3,647 76.8 3,398 71.6 249 6.8 1,100

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

2,579 2,053 79.6 1,938 75.1 116 5.6 526

With children under 6 years old 2,168 1,594 73.5 1,461 67.4 133 8.4 574

With children under 3 years old 1,182 820 69.3 735 62.2 84 10.3 363

With no children under 18 years old 13,291 7,051 53.1 6,488 48.8 563 8.0 6,239

Black or African American, married, 

spouse present1

Total women, 16 years and older 4,931 3,073 62.3 2,926 59.3 147 4.8 1,858

With children under 18 years old 1,980 1,488 75.2 1,421 71.8 67 4.5 491

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,031 814 78.9 780 75.6 34 4.2 217

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

With children under 6 years old 949 675 71.1 641 67.6 34 5.0 274

With children under 3 years old 530 344 64.8 323 60.9 21 6.0 187

With no children under 18 years old 2,951 1,585 53.7 1,505 51.0 80 5.0 1,366

Black or African American, other marital 

statuses2

Total women, 16 years and older 13,107 7,625 58.2 6,961 53.1 665 8.7 5,482

With children under 18 years old 2,768 2,159 78.0 1,977 71.4 182 8.4 609

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,548 1,240 80.1 1,158 74.8 82 6.6 309

With children under 6 years old 1,220 919 75.4 820 67.2 100 10.8 301

With children under 3 years old 652 476 73.0 413 63.2 63 13.3 176

With no children under 18 years old 10,339 5,466 52.9 4,983 48.2 483 8.8 4,873

Asian, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 8,696 4,886 56.2 4,635 53.3 250 5.1 3,810

With children under 18 years old 2,645 1,737 65.7 1,666 63.0 71 4.1 908

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,499 1,053 70.2 1,010 67.4 43 4.1 447

With children under 6 years old 1,145 684 59.7 656 57.3 28 4.2 461

With children under 3 years old 637 377 59.2 360 56.6 16 4.3 260

With no children under 18 years old 6,051 3,149 52.0 2,970 49.1 179 5.7 2,903

Asian, married, spouse present1

Total women, 16 years and older 5,171 2,996 57.9 2,848 55.1 148 4.9 2,175

With children under 18 years old 2,394 1,536 64.2 1,476 61.6 60 3.9 858

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,346 922 68.5 886 65.8 36 3.9 424

With children under 6 years old 1,048 614 58.5 590 56.3 24 3.9 435

With children under 3 years old 583 340 58.3 324 55.5 16 4.8 243

With no children under 18 years old 2,777 1,460 52.6 1,372 49.4 87 6.0 1,317

Asian, other marital statuses2

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

Total women, 16 years and older 3,525 1,890 53.6 1,787 50.7 103 5.4 1,635

With children under 18 years old 251 201 80.2 190 75.8 11 5.5 50

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

154 131 85.0 124 80.7 7 5.0 23

With children under 6 years old 97 70 72.6 66 68.0 4 6.3 26

With children under 3 years old 54 37 68.2 37 68.2 - - 17

With no children under 18 years old 3,275 1,689 51.6 1,597 48.8 92 5.4 1,586

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital 

statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 22,051 12,819 58.1 11,855 53.8 964 7.5 9,232

With children under 18 years old 7,536 4,862 64.5 4,506 59.8 357 7.3 2,674

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

4,234 2,928 69.2 2,756 65.1 173 5.9 1,306

With children under 6 years old 3,302 1,934 58.6 1,750 53.0 184 9.5 1,368

With children under 3 years old 1,791 995 55.5 930 51.9 65 6.6 796

With no children under 18 years old 14,515 7,957 54.8 7,350 50.6 607 7.6 6,558

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, 

spouse present1

Total women, 16 years and older 9,635 5,381 55.8 5,059 52.5 322 6.0 4,255

With children under 18 years old 4,978 2,909 58.4 2,722 54.7 188 6.5 2,069

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

2,759 1,743 63.2 1,642 59.5 102 5.8 1,016

With children under 6 years old 2,219 1,166 52.5 1,080 48.7 86 7.4 1,053

With children under 3 years old 1,220 629 51.6 589 48.3 41 6.4 590

With no children under 18 years old 4,657 2,471 53.1 2,337 50.2 134 5.4 2,186

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital 

statuses2

Total women, 16 years and older 12,416 7,439 59.9 6,796 54.7 642 8.6 4,977

With children under 18 years old 2,558 1,953 76.4 1,784 69.7 169 8.7 605

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

1 Beginning with ASEC data for 2019, includes women in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2019, included only women in opposite-sex marriages.

2 Includes women who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown 

(White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that 

do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Presence and age of youngest child

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force

Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

Percentage of 

population Total

Percentage of labor 

force

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,475 1,185 80.3 1,114 75.5 71 6.0 290

With children under 6 years old 1,083 768 70.9 670 61.9 98 12.7 315

With children under 3 years old 572 366 63.9 341 59.6 25 6.8 206

With no children under 18 years old 9,858 5,486 55.6 5,012 50.8 473 8.6 4,372

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in 

thousands)

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

With children under age 18

1975 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0

1976 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9

1977 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9

1978 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6

1979 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7

1980 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1

1981 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0

1982 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1

1983 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3

1984 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

1985 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7

1986 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2

1987 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6

1988 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5

1989 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9

1990 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0

1991 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0

1992 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5

1993 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7

1994 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1

1995 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1

1996 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4

1997 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9

1998 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6

1999 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6

2000 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3

2001 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7

2002 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8

2003 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1

2004 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8

2005 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3

2006 26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9

2007 26,834 71.3 25,646 1,188 4.4

2008 25,930 71.2 24,637 1,294 5.0

2009 26,122 71.6 24,079 2,043 7.8

2010 25,783 71.3 23,510 2,273 8.8

2011 25,376 70.9 23,109 2,266 8.9

2012 25,384 70.9 23,366 2,018 7.9

2013 25,112 70.3 23,121 1,991 7.9

2014 25,209 70.8 23,542 1,667 6.6

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

2015 25,107 69.9 23,841 1,265 5.0

2016 25,070 70.8 23,877 1,193 4.8

2017 24,863 71.3 23,748 1,114 4.5

2018 24,802 71.4 23,849 953 3.8

2019 24,892 72.4 24,038 854 3.4

2020 24,623 72.5 23,391 1,232 5.0

With children ages 6 to 17, none younger

1975 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9

1976 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6

1977 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5

1978 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3

1979 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8

1980 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4

1981 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7

1982 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2

1983 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1

1984 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9

1985 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1

1986 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3

1987 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3

1988 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1

1989 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9

1990 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2

1991 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3

1992 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0

1993 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1

1994 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7

1995 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8

1996 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4

1997 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

1998 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4

1999 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4

2000 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5

2001 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9

2002 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9

2003 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2

2004 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9

2005 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3

2006 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0

2007 15,940 77.7 15,341 599 3.8

2008 15,479 77.5 14,842 636 4.1

2009 15,625 78.2 14,562 1,063 6.8

2010 15,247 77.2 14,058 1,189 7.8

2011 14,973 76.5 13,842 1,131 7.6

2012 14,922 76.0 13,908 1,014 6.8

2013 14,941 74.8 13,909 1,032 6.9

2014 15,227 75.8 14,389 838 5.5

2015 15,059 74.6 14,437 622 4.1

2016 15,135 75.0 14,519 616 4.1

2017 15,080 76.0 14,481 599 4.0

2018 15,053 76.5 14,544 508 3.4

2019 14,972 77.0 14,526 446 3.0

2020 14,575 76.4 13,899 676 4.6

With children under age 6

1975 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9

1976 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8

1977 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2

1978 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5

1979 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3

1980 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

1981 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2

1982 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9

1983 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4

1984 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1

1985 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9

1986 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0

1987 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4

1988 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6

1989 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2

1990 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1

1991 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1

1992 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5

1993 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9

1994 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0

1995 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8

1996 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8

1997 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6

1998 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3

1999 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3

2000 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4

2001 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9

2002 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4

2003 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6

2004 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1

2005 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9

2006 10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2

2007 10,894 63.5 10,305 589 5.4

2008 10,452 63.6 9,794 657 6.3

2009 10,497 63.6 9,517 980 9.3

2010 10,536 64.2 9,452 1,085 10.3

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

2011 10,403 64.2 9,268 1,135 10.9

2012 10,462 64.7 9,458 1,004 9.6

2013 10,171 64.7 9,212 958 9.4

2014 9,982 64.3 9,153 829 8.3

2015 10,048 63.9 9,405 643 6.4

2016 9,934 65.3 9,358 576 5.8

2017 9,783 65.1 9,268 515 5.3

2018 9,749 64.7 9,304 445 4.6

2019 9,920 66.4 9,513 407 4.1

2020 10,048 67.4 9,492 556 5.5

With children under age 3

1975 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7

1976 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5

1977 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2

1978 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9

1979 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9

1980 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2

1981 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7

1982 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3

1983 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1

1984 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8

1985 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1

1986 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7

1987 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8

1988 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5

1989 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5

1990 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5

1991 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1

1992 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4

1993 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

1994 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8

1995 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5

1996 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1

1997 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1

1998 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3

1999 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4

2000 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6

2001 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8

2002 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9

2003 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2

2004 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7

2005 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1

2006 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6

2007 6,006 60.1 5,679 327 5.5

2008 5,754 59.6 5,380 374 6.5

2009 5,960 61.1 5,401 559 9.4

2010 5,878 61.1 5,240 638 10.9

2011 5,639 60.9 5,006 633 11.2

2012 5,529 60.7 4,960 569 10.3

2013 5,448 62.1 4,937 511 9.4

2014 5,358 61.8 4,870 487 9.1

2015 5,494 61.4 5,119 375 6.8

2016 5,486 63.1 5,165 322 5.9

2017 5,449 63.1 5,153 296 5.4

2018 5,236 62.0 4,998 239 4.6

2019 5,439 63.8 5,220 218 4.0

2020 5,526 65.6 5,248 277 5.0

With no children under age 18

1975 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9

1976 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

1977 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4

1978 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8

1979 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2

1980 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5

1981 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4

1982 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2

1983 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6

1984 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8

1985 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6

1986 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4

1987 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9

1988 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9

1989 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5

1990 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6

1991 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5

1992 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8

1993 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9

1994 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0

1995 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0

1996 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0

1997 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6

1998 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1

1999 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4

2000 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3

2001 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0

2002 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4

2003 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6

2004 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4

2005 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9

2006 43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Year

Civilian labor force

Total Percentage of population Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of labor force

2007 44,039 53.9 42,279 1,760 4.0

2008 45,585 54.3 43,417 2,168 4.8

2009 45,649 53.8 42,343 3,306 7.2

2010 46,098 53.5 42,256 3,842 8.3

2011 46,198 53.0 42,569 3,629 7.9

2012 47,222 52.6 43,494 3,728 7.9

2013 47,607 52.3 44,294 3,313 7.0

2014 48,076 52.1 44,980 3,096 6.4

2015 48,273 51.7 45,794 2,479 5.1

2016 49,663 52.1 47,180 2,484 5.0

2017 50,675 52.5 48,541 2,134 4.2

2018 51,227 52.3 49,247 1,980 3.9

2019 52,068 52.5 50,244 1,824 3.5

2020 51,915 51.8 49,336 2,579 5.0

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)

Educational attainment and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years 168,236 129,923 77.2 120,785 71.8 9,138 7.0 38,314

Less than a high school diploma 13,833 8,254 59.7 7,284 52.7 970 11.8 5,579

High school graduates, no college 45,060 32,121 71.3 29,204 64.8 2,917 9.1 12,939

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2020 annual 

averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Educational attainment and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

Some college or associate's degree 43,505 33,635 77.3 31,034 71.3 2,601 7.7 9,871

Bachelor's degree and higher 65,837 55,913 84.9 53,263 80.9 2,650 4.7 9,924

Bachelor's degree 41,888 34,929 83.4 33,018 78.8 1,911 5.5 6,959

Advanced degree 23,949 20,984 87.6 20,245 84.5 739 3.5 2,965

Master's degree 18,035 15,653 86.8 15,052 83.5 601 3.8 2,382

Professional degree 2,530 2,250 88.9 2,183 86.3 67 3.0 280

Doctoral degree 3,384 3,081 91.0 3,010 88.9 71 2.3 303

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years 85,691 60,865 71.0 56,429 65.9 4,437 7.3 24,826

Less than a high school diploma 6,381 2,917 45.7 2,513 39.4 404 13.8 3,465

High school graduates, no college 20,649 12,818 62.1 11,567 56.0 1,251 9.8 7,831

Some college or associate's degree 22,849 16,420 71.9 15,076 66.0 1,344 8.2 6,429

Bachelor's degree and higher 35,811 28,711 80.2 27,273 76.2 1,438 5.0 7,101

Bachelor's degree 22,570 17,563 77.8 16,520 73.2 1,043 5.9 5,007

Advanced degree 13,242 11,148 84.2 10,752 81.2 395 3.5 2,094

Master's degree 10,469 8,734 83.4 8,401 80.2 334 3.8 1,734

Professional degree 1,163 982 84.5 953 81.9 30 3.0 180

Doctoral degree 1,610 1,431 88.8 1,399 86.9 31 2.2 180

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years 82,545 69,057 83.7 64,356 78.0 4,701 6.8 13,488

Less than a high school diploma 7,452 5,337 71.6 4,771 64.0 566 10.6 2,115

High school graduates, no college 24,411 19,303 79.1 17,637 72.2 1,667 8.6 5,108

Some college or associate's degree 20,656 17,214 83.3 15,958 77.3 1,256 7.3 3,442

Bachelor's degree and higher 30,026 27,202 90.6 25,990 86.6 1,212 4.5 2,823

Bachelor's degree 19,318 17,366 89.9 16,498 85.4 868 5.0 1,952

Advanced degree 10,708 9,836 91.9 9,492 88.7 344 3.5 871

Master's degree 7,566 6,919 91.4 6,651 87.9 268 3.9 648

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2020 annual 

averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor

force Total Percentage

of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total

Percentage

of labor

force

Professional degree 1,368 1,268 92.7 1,231 90.0 37 2.9 100

Doctoral degree 1,774 1,650 93.0 1,611 90.8 39 2.4 124

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2020 annual 

averages (numbers in thousands)

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Total

1970 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–91

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1986 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Women

1970 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

1976 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

Men

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–91

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Note: Data from 1970–91 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual 

averages (shown in table 9B), and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1970 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982 47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

1983 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–91

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college1

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher2

Total

1992 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

2004 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

2006 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0

2007 125,104 100.0 9.3 29.2 27.7 33.8

2008 126,011 100.0 9.0 28.8 28.0 34.2

2009 126,247 100.0 9.0 28.6 28.0 34.4

2010 126,237 100.0 8.9 28.6 27.9 34.6

2011 125,508 100.0 8.7 28.0 28.0 35.3

2012 125,963 100.0 8.4 27.4 28.2 36.0

2013 125,892 100.0 8.2 27.1 28.0 36.7

2014 126,269 100.0 8.0 26.7 27.9 37.3

2015 127,106 100.0 8.1 25.9 27.7 38.2

2016 128,713 100.0 7.8 25.9 27.6 38.7

2017 129,582 100.0 7.4 25.8 27.2 39.5

2018 131,058 100.0 7.3 25.6 26.7 40.4

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2020

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year

Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college1

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher2

2019 131,783 100.0 7.0 25.4 26.3 41.2

2020 129,923 100.0 6.4 24.7 25.9 43.0

Women

1992 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

2006 57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9

2007 57,791 100.0 7.1 27.9 30.1 34.9

2008 58,465 100.0 6.9 27.2 30.4 35.6

2009 58,787 100.0 7.0 26.7 30.3 36.0

2010 58,808 100.0 6.8 26.4 30.3 36.4

2011 58,520 100.0 6.7 25.8 30.4 37.1

2012 59,031 100.0 6.5 25.0 30.4 38.1

2013 58,812 100.0 6.3 24.6 30.1 39.0

2014 58,983 100.0 6.1 24.1 29.8 40.0

2015 59,252 100.0 6.1 23.2 29.6 41.1

2016 60,049 100.0 6.0 22.9 29.6 41.6

2017 60,614 100.0 5.8 22.7 28.9 42.7

2018 61,182 100.0 5.7 22.3 28.3 43.8

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2020

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year

Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college1

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher2

2019 61,704 100.0 5.4 22.0 27.5 45.0

2020 60,865 100.0 4.8 21.1 27.0 47.2

Men

1992 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

2006 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3

2007 67,313 100.0 11.2 30.4 25.6 32.9

2008 67,546 100.0 10.9 30.2 25.9 33.0

2009 67,460 100.0 10.8 30.3 25.9 33.0

2010 67,429 100.0 10.6 30.6 25.8 33.0

2011 66,989 100.0 10.4 30.0 26.0 33.7

2012 66,932 100.0 10.0 29.6 26.2 34.1

2013 67,081 100.0 9.8 29.2 26.2 34.7

2014 67,287 100.0 9.8 29.1 26.2 35.0

2015 67,853 100.0 9.9 28.4 26.0 35.7

2016 68,664 100.0 9.3 28.6 25.9 36.2

2017 68,968 100.0 8.9 28.6 25.7 36.8

2018 69,876 100.0 8.8 28.4 25.3 37.5

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2020

See footnotes at end of table.
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1

 Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

 Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Data from 1970–91 (table 9A) are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are 

annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college1

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher2

2019 70,079 100.0 8.5 28.4 25.2 37.9

2020 69,057 100.0 7.7 28.0 24.9 39.4

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2020

Occupation and gender

Year

2019 2020

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older 157,538 100.0 147,795 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 64,218 40.8 63,644 43.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 26,981 17.1 27,143 18.4

Professional and related occupations 37,237 23.6 36,502 24.7

Service occupations 26,978 17.1 22,853 15.5

Sales and office occupations 33,370 21.2 29,726 20.1

Sales and related occupations 15,582 9.9 14,168 9.6

Office and administrative support occupations 17,789 11.3 15,558 10.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 14,343 9.1 13,357 9.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,156 0.7 1,045 0.7

Construction and extraction occupations 8,325 5.3 7,710 5.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,862 3.1 4,602 3.1

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 18,628 11.8 18,215 12.3

Production occupations 8,565 5.4 7,590 5.1

Transportation and material moving occupations 10,063 6.4 10,625 7.2

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation and gender

Year

2019 2020

Number Percent Number Percent

Women

Total, 16 years and older 74,078 100.0 69,234 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 33,267 44.9 32,910 47.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 11,909 16.1 12,114 17.5

Professional and related occupations 21,358 28.8 20,796 30.0

Service occupations 15,534 21.0 13,033 18.8

Sales and office occupations 20,222 27.3 18,221 26.3

Sales and related occupations 7,602 10.3 6,907 10.0

Office and administrative support occupations 12,620 17.0 11,314 16.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 774 1.0 750 1.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 291 0.4 252 0.4

Construction and extraction occupations 292 0.4 308 0.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 191 0.3 190 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 4,281 5.8 4,321 6.2

Production occupations 2,450 3.3 2,147 3.1

Transportation and material moving occupations 1,831 2.5 2,174 3.1

Men

Total, 16 years and older 83,460 100.0 78,560 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 30,950 37.1 30,734 39.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 15,072 18.1 15,028 19.1

Professional and related occupations 15,879 19.0 15,706 20.0

Service occupations 11,445 13.7 9,820 12.5

Sales and office occupations 13,148 15.8 11,506 14.6

Sales and related occupations 7,979 9.6 7,261 9.2

Office and administrative support occupations 5,169 6.2 4,244 5.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,569 16.3 12,607 16.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 865 1.0 793 1.0

Construction and extraction occupations 8,033 9.6 7,402 9.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,671 5.6 4,411 5.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 14,348 17.2 13,894 17.7

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the 

broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting 

comparability over time. No historical data have been revised.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender

Year

2019 2020

Number Percent Number Percent

Production occupations 6,115 7.3 5,443 6.9

Transportation and material moving occupations 8,233 9.9 8,451 10.8

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Total, 16 years and older 147,795 46.8

Management, professional, and related occupations 63,644 51.7

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 27,143 44.6

Management occupations 18,564 40.4

Chief executives 1,669 29.3

General and operations managers 1,057 30.5

Legislators 25 -

Advertising and promotions managers 56 52.1

Marketing managers 554 60.7

Sales managers 521 30.9

Public relations and fundraising managers 95 66.4

Administrative services managers 65 71.7

Facilities managers 134 25.0

Computer and information systems managers 744 26.6

Financial managers 1,309 52.6

Compensation and benefits managers 18 -

Human resources managers 287 76.8

Training and development managers 52 55.8

Industrial production managers 272 22.6

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Purchasing managers 212 45.8

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 300 21.3

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 901 25.1

Construction managers 966 8.4

Education and childcare administrators 948 66.5

Architectural and engineering managers 171 9.5

Food service managers 1,092 46.6

Funeral home managers 10 -

Entertainment and recreation managers 40 -

Lodging managers 123 56.0

Medical and health services managers 711 70.3

Natural sciences managers 16 -

Postmasters and mail superintendents 24 -

Property, real estate, and community association managers 781 48.5

Social and community service managers 424 72.5

Emergency management directors 12 -

Personal service managers, all other 2 -

Managers, all other 4,969 37.5

Business and financial operations occupations 8,578 53.9

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 36 -

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 10 -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 178 52.7

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 230 52.0

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 350 60.4

Compliance officers 305 57.1

Cost estimators 121 15.0

Human resources workers 832 74.3

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 74 76.0

Training and development specialists 115 57.1

Logisticians 147 38.1

Project management specialists 715 44.4

Management analysts 997 42.7

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Meeting, convention, and event planners 118 73.7

Fundraisers 99 74.8

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 438 58.6

Business operations specialists, all other 308 57.3

Accountants and auditors 1,696 59.7

Property appraisers and assessors 86 29.7

Budget analysts 60 53.2

Credit analysts 30 -

Financial and investment analysts 351 41.6

Personal financial advisors 514 34.0

Insurance underwriters 102 58.0

Financial examiners 25 -

Credit counselors and loan officers 400 54.4

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 61 57.9

Tax preparers 96 67.6

Other financial specialists 82 54.2

Professional and related occupations 36,502 57.0

Computer and mathematical occupations 5,603 25.2

Computer and information research scientists 42 -

Computer systems analysts 594 35.6

Information security analysts 137 11.4

Computer programmers 417 21.1

Software developers 1,883 19.4

Software quality assurance analysts and testers 82 25.1

Web developers 104 27.8

Web and digital interface designers 70 44.8

Computer support specialists 660 25.9

Database administrators and architects 121 28.8

Network and computer systems administrators 238 19.8

Computer network architects 107 9.3

Computer occupations, all other 792 28.0

Actuaries 32 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Mathematicians 3 -

Operations research analysts 156 42.9

Statisticians 61 50.3

Other mathematical science occupations 103 37.8

Architecture and engineering occupations 3,169 16.5

Architects, except landscape and naval 190 28.2

Landscape architects 27 -

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 45 -

Aerospace engineers 129 11.6

Agricultural engineers 7 -

Bioengineers and biomedical engineers 22 -

Chemical engineers 70 19.4

Civil engineers 422 16.0

Computer hardware engineers 89 18.4

Electrical and electronics engineers 268 11.8

Environmental engineers 33 -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 225 23.4

Marine engineers and naval architects 16 -

Materials engineers 53 25.5

Mechanical engineers 357 8.7

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 17 -

Nuclear engineers 10 -

Petroleum engineers 15 -

Engineers, all other 560 15.3

Architectural and civil drafters 38 -

Other drafters 95 18.8

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians 82 3.2

Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters 344 19.1

Surveying and mapping technicians 56 9.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,627 49.3

Agricultural and food scientists 32 -

Biological scientists 84 46.0

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Conservation scientists and foresters 19 -

Medical scientists 112 52.4

Life scientists, all other 6 -

Astronomers and physicists 19 -

Atmospheric and space scientists 10 -

Chemists and materials scientists 80 40.4

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health 46 -

Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers 37 -

Physical scientists, all other 336 43.3

Economists 26 -

Survey researchers 5 -

Clinical and counseling psychologists 18 -

School psychologists 43 -

Other psychologists 145 80.3

Sociologists 3 -

Urban and regional planners 47 -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 50 47.7

Agricultural and food science technicians 41 -

Biological technicians 24 -

Chemical technicians 68 42.6

Environmental science and geoscience technicians 21 -

Nuclear technicians 7 -

Social science research assistants 4 -

Other life, physical, and social science technicians 258 54.1

Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians 85 35.8

Community and social service occupations 2,717 68.8

Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors 130 81.3

Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors 343 77.8

Marriage and family therapists 40 -

Mental health counselors 138 72.9

Rehabilitation counselors 28 -

Counselors, all other 225 68.2

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Child, family, and school social workers 62 89.8

Healthcare social workers 78 87.0

Mental health and substance abuse social workers 24 -

Social workers, all other 673 85.4

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 105 50.7

Social and human service assistants 230 79.6

Other community and social service specialists 100 77.6

Clergy 420 18.5

Directors, religious activities and education 57 64.9

Religious workers, all other 64 71.5

Legal occupations 1,882 51.9

Lawyers 1,183 37.4

Judicial law clerks 21 -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 78 53.9

Paralegals and legal assistants 416 85.8

Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers 101 69.0

Legal support workers, all other 83 62.8

Education, training, and library occupations 8,902 73.5

Postsecondary teachers 1,156 51.1

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 535 98.8

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,371 79.6

Secondary school teachers 963 58.8

Special education teachers 332 81.4

Tutors 195 67.4

Other teachers and instructors 687 67.5

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 57 63.6

Librarians and media collections specialists 176 83.2

Library technicians 34 -

Teaching assistants 1,220 80.1

Other educational instruction and library workers 176 73.4

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,042 51.3

Artists and related workers 256 53.5

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Commercial and industrial designers 11 -

Fashion designers 34 -

Floral designers 50 81.5

Graphic designers 295 57.2

Interior designers 131 84.0

Merchandise displayers and window trimmers 24 -

Other designers 375 41.9

Actors 29 -

Producers and directors 181 45.2

Athletes and sports competitors 28 -

Coaches and scouts 210 44.8

Umpires, referees, and other sports officials 25 -

Dancers and choreographers 7 -

Music directors and composers 50 30.8

Musicians and singers 118 31.8

Disc jockeys, except radio 15 -

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 41 -

Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys 28 -

News analysts, reporters, and journalists 77 54.0

Public relations specialists 145 59.4

Editors 99 61.1

Technical writers 65 50.1

Writers and authors 242 64.9

Interpreters and translators 91 72.9

Court reporters and simultaneous captioners 31 -

Media and communication workers, all other 19 -

Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians 77 8.0

Photographers 186 52.1

Television, video, and film camera operators and editors 100 31.1

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 2 -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9,559 74.4

Chiropractors 66 22.2

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Dentists 173 28.7

Dietitians and nutritionists 106 91.4

Optometrists 42 -

Pharmacists 327 61.6

Emergency medicine physicians 17 -

Radiologists 25 -

Other physicians 929 40.6

Surgeons 54 26.3

Physician assistants 141 65.5

Podiatrists 12 -

Audiologists 20 -

Occupational therapists 124 86.3

Physical therapists 281 67.2

Radiation therapists 10 -

Recreational therapists 21 -

Respiratory therapists 122 72.4

Speech-language pathologists 195 94.4

Exercise physiologists 6 -

Therapists, all other 233 84.4

Veterinarians 83 64.9

Registered nurses 3,256 87.4

Nurse anesthetists 42 -

Nurse midwives 5 -

Nurse practitioners 218 88.0

Acupuncturists 23 -

Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other 15 -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 331 70.4

Dental hygienists 190 93.9

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians 50 71.9

Diagnostic medical sonographers 90 84.0

Radiologic technologists and technicians 254 67.8

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists 57 58.8

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists 35 -

Emergency medical technicians 141 33.7

Paramedics 78 28.1

Pharmacy technicians 336 77.2

Psychiatric technicians 67 82.2

Surgical technologists 108 71.3

Veterinary technologists and technicians 105 88.1

Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians 66 73.5

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 596 90.0

Medical records specialists 183 95.9

Opticians, dispensing 40 -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 185 61.7

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 100 62.8

Service occupations 22,853 57.0

Healthcare support occupations 4,790 85.3

Home health aides 571 90.3

Personal care aides 1,282 81.5

Nursing assistants 1,364 89.3

Orderlies and psychiatric aides 55 57.5

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 37 -

Physical therapist assistants and aides 78 71.7

Massage therapists 151 80.6

Dental assistants 288 93.7

Medical assistants 561 90.2

Medical transcriptionists 46 -

Pharmacy aides 48 -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 60 75.8

Phlebotomists 101 84.8

Other healthcare support workers 147 61.1

Protective service occupations 3,024 23.6

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 51 27.7

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 100 12.7

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupation Total employed Percent women

First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers 33 -

First-line supervisors of security workers 68 32.1

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 7 -

Firefighters 335 4.4

Fire inspectors 27 -

Bailiffs 18 -

Correctional officers and jailers 346 31.7

Detectives and criminal investigators 159 26.4

Fish and game wardens 4 -

Parking enforcement workers 12 -

Police officers 758 17.1

Animal control workers 8 -

Private detectives and investigators 90 45.4

Security guards and gambling surveillance officers 800 25.0

Crossing guards and flaggers 46 -

Transportation security screeners 42 -

School bus monitors 17 -

Other protective service workers 102 47.8

Food preparation and serving related occupations 6,556 54.4

Chefs and head cooks 383 18.0

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 466 59.4

Cooks 1,763 42.1

Food preparation workers 808 58.1

Bartenders 301 48.9

Fast food and counter workers 655 67.0

Waiters and waitresses 1,388 70.0

Food servers, nonrestaurant 157 77.1

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 231 49.7

Dishwashers 184 19.2

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 218 81.9

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 3 -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,084 40.3

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 321 42.5

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 253 6.0

Janitors and building cleaners 2,043 38.6

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,163 88.3

Pest control workers 112 2.5

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 1,066 6.5

Tree trimmers and pruners 109 7.0

Other grounds maintenance workers 17 -

Personal care and service occupations 3,399 77.0

Supervisors of personal care and service workers 237 71.7

Animal trainers 72 52.6

Animal caretakers 272 76.5

Gambling services workers 64 50.6

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 22 -

Other entertainment attendants and related workers 144 37.1

Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants 14 -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers 19 -

Barbers 102 25.6

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 646 90.8

Manicurists and pedicurists 214 79.3

Skincare specialists 72 93.9

Other personal appearance workers 19 -

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 60 32.5

Tour and travel guides 47 -

Childcare workers 928 94.8

Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors 202 67.1

Recreation workers 131 63.8

Residential advisors 33 -

Personal care and service workers, all other 102 71.9

Sales and office occupations 29,726 61.3

Sales and related occupations 14,168 48.7

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,067 44.7

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,176 31.7

Cashiers 2,552 73.1

Counter and rental clerks 69 35.7

Parts salespersons 119 16.0

Retail salespersons 2,751 47.5

Advertising sales agents 141 53.8

Insurance sales agents 641 50.1

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 242 22.8

Travel agents 51 79.5

Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel 563 34.0

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,217 30.5

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 28 -

Real estate brokers and sales agents 1,037 57.5

Sales engineers 35 -

Telemarketers 48 -

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 114 62.4

Sales and related workers, all other 317 52.2

Office and administrative support occupations 15,558 72.7

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,273 69.2

Switchboard operators, including answering service 12 -

Telephone operators 23 -

Communications equipment operators, all other 8 -

Bill and account collectors 98 66.0

Billing and posting clerks 434 89.1

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,179 87.3

Gambling cage workers 13 -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 146 86.9

Procurement clerks 34 -

Tellers 279 80.4

Financial clerks, all other 103 66.1

Brokerage clerks 6 -

Correspondence clerks 4 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Court, municipal, and license clerks 76 85.1

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 55 64.9

Customer service representatives 2,404 63.8

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 82 81.8

File clerks 161 77.6

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 91 82.6

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 208 78.3

Library assistants, clerical 65 86.0

Loan interviewers and clerks 151 76.1

New accounts clerks 24 -

Order clerks 113 54.5

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 44 -

Receptionists and information clerks 1,147 88.3

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 108 52.5

Information and record clerks, all other 113 74.3

Cargo and freight agents 24 -

Couriers and messengers 578 22.6

Public safety telecommunicators 104 64.1

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 205 50.8

Meter readers, utilities 25 -

Postal service clerks 91 62.1

Postal service mail carriers 312 36.7

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 66 46.9

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 244 50.3

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks 572 33.6

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 58 40.0

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants 196 92.5

Legal secretaries and administrative assistants 54 83.9

Medical secretaries and administrative assistants 72 93.3

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive 2,080 92.9

Data entry keyers 228 74.4

Word processors and typists 44 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Desktop publishers 0 -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 236 79.2

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 62 41.3

Office clerks, general 1,227 83.0

Office machine operators, except computer 22 -

Proofreaders and copy markers 4 -

Statistical assistants 65 35.7

Office and administrative support workers, all other 535 75.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,357 5.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,045 24.1

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 53 12.8

Agricultural inspectors 14 -

Animal breeders 4 -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 36 -

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 834 24.4

Fishing and hunting workers 35 -

Forest and conservation workers 21 -

Logging workers 47 -

Construction and extraction occupations 7,710 4.0

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 737 3.5

Boilermakers 19 -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 113 0.3

Carpenters 1,114 3.2

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 172 3.9

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 55 2.8

Construction laborers 1,902 3.8

Construction equipment operators 359 3.9

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 165 5.8

Electricians 901 3.1

Glaziers 45 -

Insulation workers 53 2.9

Painters and paperhangers 524 8.3

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Pipelayers 49 -

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 537 2.3

Plasterers and stucco masons 24 -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 3 -

Roofers 210 3.3

Sheet metal workers 123 5.6

Structural iron and steel workers 47 -

Solar photovoltaic installers 20 -

Helpers, construction trades 47 -

Construction and building inspectors 116 11.9

Elevator and escalator installers and repairers 19 -

Fence erectors 36 -

Hazardous materials removal workers 31 -

Highway maintenance workers 102 7.4

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 5 -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 7 -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 22 -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas 22 -

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining 5 -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 25 -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 6 -

Underground mining machine operators 39 -

Roustabouts, oil and gas 6 -

Other extraction workers 50 1.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,602 4.1

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 226 9.3

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 190 10.5

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 140 8.3

Avionics technicians 9 -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 19 -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 3 -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 9 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 5 -

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers 29 -

Security and fire alarm systems installers 63 0.0

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 153 5.4

Automotive body and related repairers 121 1.0

Automotive glass installers and repairers 15 -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 750 1.4

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 357 1.8

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 191 0.8

Small engine mechanics 48 -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 84 1.2

Control and valve installers and repairers 28 -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 450 1.5

Home appliance repairers 38 -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 399 5.2

Maintenance and repair workers, general 584 4.3

Maintenance workers, machinery 24 -

Millwrights 57 4.2

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 127 1.3

Telecommunications line installers and repairer 131 6.3

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 73 16.2

Wind turbine service technicians 5 -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 29 -

Commercial divers 6 -

Locksmiths and safe repairers 28 -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 5 -

Riggers 7 -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 16 -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 183 5.5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 18,215 23.7

Production occupations 7,590 28.3

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 748 19.0

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 64

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 4 -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 91 42.2

Engine and other machine assemblers 7 -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 21 -

Other assemblers and fabricators 872 32.7

Bakers 235 64.1

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 266 25.7

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 10 -

Food batchmakers 94 56.8

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 13 -

Food processing workers, all other 125 36.9

Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers 105 9.0

Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 28 -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 72 15.0

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 41 -

Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 7 -

Machinists 290 5.8

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 21 -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 8 -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 35 -

Tool and die makers 37 -

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 520 3.8

Other metal workers and plastic workers 341 22.2

Prepress technicians and workers 13 -

Printing press operators 128 19.7

Print binding and finishing workers 17 -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 120 71.5

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 25 -

Sewing machine operators 131 66.7

Shoe and leather workers 12 -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 64 84.2

Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders 16 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Upholsterers 24 -

Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers 13 -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 50 7.8

Furniture finishers 13 -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 28 -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 13 -

Other woodworkers 23 -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 41 -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 56 10.6

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 112 11.0

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 43 -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 49 -

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 79 19.9

Cutting workers 54 27.1

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 23 -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 12 -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 751 38.7

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 48 -

Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians 74 59.9

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 252 45.8

Painting workers 148 8.1

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 10 -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 11 -

Etchers and engravers 5 -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 26 -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 22 -

Tire builders 2 -

Helpers--production workers 38 -

Other production equipment operators and tenders 8 -

Other production workers 1,046 27.6

Transportation and material moving occupations 10,625 20.5

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 265 23.5

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 66

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 155 5.6

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 38 -

Flight attendants 81 79.7

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 10 -

Bus drivers, school 201 58.5

Bus drivers, transit and intercity 187 40.7

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,364 7.8

Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs 88 16.3

Taxi drivers 327 15.1

Motor vehicle operators, all other 143 22.6

Locomotive engineers and operators 55 7.7

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 40 -

Other rail transportation workers 12 -

Sailors and marine oilers 19 -

Ship and boat captains and operators 31 -

Ship engineers 3 -

Parking attendants 53 19.3

Transportation service attendants 93 13.8

Transportation inspectors 35 -

Passenger attendants 21 -

Other transportation workers 25 -

Crane and tower operators 54 0.8

Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators 30 -

Industrial truck and tractor operators 553 7.0

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 344 19.2

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,995 20.5

Machine feeders and offbearers 11 -

Packers and packagers, hand 640 51.4

Stockers and order fillers 1,570 35.0

Pumping station operators 20 -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 98 9.7

Other material moving workers 62 18.2

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the 

broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting 

comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Values not shown where base is less than 50,000.)

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic or

Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 52,895 9,481 4,396 11,095

Percent 100.0 100 100 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 48.4 40.2 56.6 31.3

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 18.1 14.2 18.8 12.4

Professional and related occupations 30.3 26.0 37.8 19.0

Service occupations 17.6 25.3 17.3 27.9

Sales and office occupations 27.0 25.7 18.8 28.1

Sales and related occupations 10.2 9.2 8.2 11.3

Office and administrative support occupations 16.8 16.5 10.7 16.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 1.2 0.7 0.6 2.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.4 0.1 0.1 1.0

Construction and extraction occupations 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 5.8 8.1 6.7 10.4

Production occupations 2.9 3.5 4.1 5.2

Transportation and material moving occupations 2.9 4.7 2.6 5.2

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the 

broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting 

comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry and gender

Year

2019 2020

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older 157,538 100.0 147,795 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 2,425 1.5 2,349 1.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 750 0.5 684 0.5

Construction 11,373 7.2 10,786 7.3

Manufacturing 15,741 10.0 14,550 9.8

Durable goods manufacturing 9,970 6.3 9,129 6.2

Nondurable goods manufacturing 5,771 3.7 5,421 3.7

Wholesale and retail trade 19,742 12.5 18,989 12.8

Wholesale trade 3,525 2.2 3,380 2.3

Retail trade 16,217 10.3 15,609 10.6

Transportation and utilities 8,991 5.7 8,552 5.8

Transportation and warehousing 7,614 4.8 7,170 4.9

Utilities 1,377 0.9 1,382 0.9

Information 2,766 1.8 2,594 1.8

Financial activities 10,765 6.8 10,646 7.2

Finance and insurance 7,464 4.7 7,605 5.1

Real estate and rental and leasing 3,301 2.1 3,040 2.1

Professional and business services 19,606 12.4 18,816 12.7

Professional and technical services 12,808 8.1 12,643 8.6

Management, administrative, and waste services 6,799 4.3 6,173 4.2

Education and health services 35,894 22.8 34,105 23.1

Educational services 14,193 9.0 13,369 9.0

Health care and social assistance 21,701 13.8 20,736 14.0

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

Industry and gender

Year

2019 2020

Number Percent Number Percent

Hospitals 7,425 4.7 7,305 4.9

Health services, except hospitals 10,846 6.9 10,284 7.0

Social assistance 3,430 2.2 3,147 2.1

Leisure and hospitality 14,643 9.3 11,480 7.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 3,444 2.2 2,601 1.8

Accommodation and food services 11,200 7.1 8,879 6.0

Other services 7,617 4.8 6,742 4.6

Other services, except private households 6,796 4.3 6,088 4.1

Other services, private households 821 0.5 654 0.4

Public administration 7,225 4.6 7,501 5.1

Women

Total, 16 years and older 74,078 100.0 69,234 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 635 0.9 650 0.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 118 0.2 99 0.1

Construction 1,168 1.6 1,173 1.7

Manufacturing 4,630 6.3 4,295 6.2

Durable goods manufacturing 2,505 3.4 2,314 3.3

Nondurable goods manufacturing 2,125 2.9 1,981 2.9

Wholesale and retail trade 8,728 11.8 8,355 12.1

Wholesale trade 1,008 1.4 1,022 1.5

Retail trade 7,721 10.4 7,333 10.6

Transportation and utilities 2,166 2.9 2,059 3.0

Transportation and warehousing 1,892 2.6 1,764 2.5

Utilities 274 0.4 295 0.4

Information 1,120 1.5 1,050 1.5

Financial activities 5,660 7.6 5,524 8.0

Finance and insurance 4,083 5.5 4,060 5.9

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,576 2.1 1,464 2.1

Professional and business services 8,104 10.9 7,785 11.2

Professional and technical services 5,456 7.4 5,314 7.7

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 70

Industry and gender

Year

2019 2020

Number Percent Number Percent

Management, administrative, and waste services 2,648 3.6 2,471 3.6

Education and health services 26,842 36.2 25,432 36.7

Educational services 9,883 13.3 9,292 13.4

Health care and social assistance 16,959 22.9 16,141 23.3

Hospitals 5,562 7.5 5,470 7.9

Health services, except hospitals 8,523 11.5 7,976 11.5

Social assistance 2,874 3.9 2,694 3.9

Leisure and hospitality 7,499 10.1 5,786 8.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,583 2.1 1,183 1.7

Accommodation and food services 5,915 8.0 4,603 6.6

Other services 4,103 5.5 3,544 5.1

Other services, except private households 3,356 4.5 2,963 4.3

Other services, private households 747 1.0 581 0.8

Public administration 3,304 4.5 3,481 5.0

Men

Total, 16 years and older 83,460 100.0 78,560 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1,790 2.1 1,699 2.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 632 0.8 585 0.7

Construction 10,205 12.2 9,613 12.2

Manufacturing 11,111 13.3 10,255 13.1

Durable goods manufacturing 7,465 8.9 6,814 8.7

Nondurable goods manufacturing 3,646 4.4 3,441 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade 11,014 13.2 10,634 13.5

Wholesale trade 2,517 3.0 2,358 3.0

Retail trade 8,497 10.2 8,276 10.5

Transportation and utilities 6,824 8.2 6,492 8.3

Transportation and warehousing 5,722 6.9 5,406 6.9

Utilities 1,103 1.3 1,087 1.4

Information 1,645 2.0 1,544 2.0

Financial activities 5,106 6.1 5,121 6.5

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry and gender

Year

2019 2020

Number Percent Number Percent

Finance and insurance 3,381 4.1 3,545 4.5

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,725 2.1 1,577 2.0

Professional and business services 11,502 13.8 11,031 14.0

Professional and technical services 7,352 8.8 7,329 9.3

Management, administrative, and waste services 4,150 5.0 3,702 4.7

Education and health services 9,052 10.8 8,672 11.0

Educational services 4,310 5.2 4,077 5.2

Health care and social assistance 4,742 5.7 4,595 5.8

Hospitals 1,863 2.2 1,835 2.3

Health services, except hospitals 2,323 2.8 2,307 2.9

Social assistance 555 0.7 453 0.6

Leisure and hospitality 7,145 8.6 5,694 7.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,860 2.2 1,418 1.8

Accommodation and food services 5,284 6.3 4,276 5.4

Other services 3,514 4.2 3,198 4.1

Other services, except private households 3,440 4.1 3,125 4.0

Other services, private households 74 0.1 73 0.1

Public administration 3,920 4.7 4,020 5.1

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Industry Total employed Percent women

Total, 16 years and older 147,795 46.8

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 2,349 27.7

Crop production 1,186 28.9

Animal production and aquaculture 832 28.1

Support activities for agriculture and forestry 145 33.9

Forestry, except logging 53 25.5

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Industry Total employed Percent women

Logging 88 7.3

Fishing, hunting, and trapping 45 -

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 684 14.5

Oil and gas extraction 97 14.9

Coal mining 51 10.1

Metal ore mining 36 -

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 83 10.7

Not specified type of mining 0 -

Support activities for mining 417 15.2

Construction 10,786 10.9

Manufacturing 14,550 29.5

Durable goods manufacturing 9,129 25.4

Nonmetallic mineral products manufacturing 410 21.3

Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing 17 -

Clay building material and refractories manufacturing 38 -

Glass and glass product manufacturing 123 22.9

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing 157 12.9

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 75 29.6

Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing 1,534 16.4

Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing 256 12.1

Aluminum production and processing 71 26.9

Nonferrous metal (except aluminum) production and processing 31 -

Foundries 59 18.5

Metal forgings and stampings 45 -

Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing 46 -

Structural metals, and boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing 304 16.1

Machine shops; turned product; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing 287 14.0

Coating, engraving, heat treating, and allied activities 61 18.5

Ordnance 46 -

Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing 310 18.6

Not specified metal industries 18 -

Machinery manufacturing 1,119 23.3

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Industry Total employed Percent women

Agricultural implement manufacturing 93 18.3

Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing 129 21.5

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 81 26.1

Metalworking machinery manufacturing 91 13.5

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing 41 -

Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c. or not specified 684 25.0

Computers and electronic products manufacturing 1,039 30.5

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing 155 27.3

Communications, audio, and video equipment manufacturing 103 21.5

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing 175 28.7

Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c. 606 33.4

Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing 376 28.9

Household appliance manufacturing 68 33.0

Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c. 307 28.0

Transportation equipment manufacturing 2,304 24.0

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing 1,266 26.1

Aircraft and parts manufacturing 772 22.7

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 44 -

Railroad rolling stock manufacturing 27 -

Ship and boat building 176 16.0

Other transportation equipment manufacturing 20 -

Wood products manufacturing 430 16.6

Sawmills and wood preservation 141 13.5

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products 30 -

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes manufacturing 29 -

Miscellaneous wood products 230 19.7

Furniture and related product manufacturing 395 27.9

Miscellaneous manufacturing 1,522 36.4

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 660 39.7

Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing 97 33.1

Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c. 455 36.4

Not specified manufacturing industries 310 30.4

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Industry Total employed Percent women

Nondurable goods manufacturing 5,421 36.5

Food manufacturing 1,672 42.2

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling 149 33.5

Sugar and confectionery products 60 41.7

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing 138 38.5

Dairy product manufacturing 136 24.4

Animal slaughtering and processing 485 43.0

Retail bakeries 236 68.1

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries 193 41.1

Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c. 188 32.6

Not specified food industries 87 39.3

Beverage and tobacco products manufacturing 285 24.9

Beverage manufacturing 263 24.0

Tobacco manufacturing 22 -

Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing 444 52.2

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 5 -

Fabric mills, except knitting mills 84 45.1

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills 7 -

Carpet and rug mills 52 41.1

Textile product mills, except carpet and rug 63 48.1

Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills 6 -

Cut and sew, and apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing 186 59.7

Footwear manufacturing 18 -

Leather and hide tanning and finishing, and other leather and allied product manufacturing 25 -

Paper manufacturing and printing 801 28.1

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 193 17.5

Paperboard container manufacturing 91 23.4

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products 98 36.1

Printing and related support activities 419 32.1

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 194 17.8

Petroleum refining 173 19.0

Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 20 -

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Industry Total employed Percent women

Chemicals manufacturing 1,479 36.3

Resin, synthetic rubber, and fibers and filaments manufacturing 157 27.8

Agricultural chemical manufacturing 35 -

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 669 43.2

Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing 66 30.2

Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing 146 56.6

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals 405 23.4

Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 548 32.1

Plastics product manufacturing 435 33.4

Tire manufacturing 49 -

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing 65 35.4

Wholesale and retail trade 18,989 44.0

Wholesale trade 3,380 30.2

Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers 151 22.0

Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers 58 50.3

Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers 151 15.9

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 317 36.1

Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers 51 23.2

Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers 165 22.1

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 156 32.2

Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 344 27.7

Recyclable material merchant wholesalers 88 16.0

Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers 60 36.5

Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers 43 -

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers 241 46.3

Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers 73 51.1

Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers 833 26.9

Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers 61 26.5

Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers 97 22.8

Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers 102 25.8

Farm supplies merchant wholesalers 41 -

Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers 205 37.8

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 76

Industry Total employed Percent women

Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers 73 35.7

Not specified wholesale trade 69 42.3

Retail trade 15,609 47.0

Automobile dealers 1,179 21.1

Other motor vehicle dealers 165 19.2

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 481 16.9

Furniture and home furnishings stores 496 40.9

Household appliance stores 48 -

Electronics stores 475 29.3

Building material and supplies dealers 1,110 31.6

Hardware stores 202 32.4

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 292 33.7

Supermarkets and other grocery (except convenience) stores 2,368 46.1

Convenience stores 336 53.3

Specialty food stores 208 51.1

Beer, wine, and liquor stores 140 34.2

Pharmacies and drug stores 845 66.8

Health and personal care, except drug, stores 411 74.6

Gasoline stations 485 51.4

Clothing stores 765 71.5

Shoe stores 110 64.1

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 151 66.3

Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores 421 44.0

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores 41 -

Musical instrument and supplies stores 37 -

Book stores and news dealers 70 59.0

Department stores 352 70.4

General merchandise stores, including warehouse clubs and supercenters 1,958 54.1

Florists 89 72.6

Office supplies and stationery stores 94 42.4

Used merchandise stores 228 64.4

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops 96 68.6

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 77

Industry Total employed Percent women

Miscellaneous retail stores 504 52.4

Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 799 44.5

Vending machine operators 34 -

Fuel dealers 92 24.0

Other direct selling establishments 142 61.6

Not specified retail trade 384 52.2

Transportation and utilities 8,552 24.1

Transportation and warehousing 7,170 24.6

Air transportation 589 31.6

Rail transportation 210 7.4

Water transportation 70 29.4

Truck transportation 2,004 12.4

Bus service and urban transit 389 39.3

Taxi and limousine service 425 18.2

Pipeline transportation 49 -

Scenic and sightseeing transportation 23 -

Services incidental to transportation 822 26.9

Postal Service 622 41.6

Couriers and messengers 1,155 25.5

Warehousing and storage 813 33.6

Utilities 1,382 21.4

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution 741 19.5

Natural gas distribution 100 19.1

Electric and gas, and other combinations 129 34.7

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems 272 20.1

Sewage treatment facilities 104 17.0

Not specified utilities 37 -

Information 2,594 40.5

Newspaper publishers 129 53.3

Periodical, book, and directory publishers 173 53.9

Software publishers 98 32.7

Motion pictures and video industries 383 38.0

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 78

Industry Total employed Percent women

Sound recording industries 46 -

Broadcasting (except internet) 411 36.5

Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals 231 39.0

Wired telecommunications carriers 441 26.2

Telecommunications, except wired telecommunications carriers 374 36.8

Data processing, hosting, and related services 99 46.7

Libraries and archives 190 78.1

Other information services, except libraries and archives, and internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals 19 -

Financial activities 10,646 51.9

Finance and insurance 7,605 53.4

Banking and related activities 2,106 57.4

Savings institutions, including credit unions 321 66.6

Nondepository credit and related activities 1,075 48.1

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments 1,340 37.4

Insurance carriers and related activities 2,764 58.6

Insurance carriers 1,752 60.3

Agencies, brokerages, and other insurance related activities 1,012 55.8

Real estate and rental and leasing 3,040 48.1

Real estate 2,738 50.0

Lessors of real estate, and offices of real estate agents and brokers 2,198 51.7

Real estate property managers, offices of real estate appraisers, and other activities related to real estate 540 43.3

Rental and leasing services 303 31.2

Automotive equipment rental and leasing 110 35.1

Other consumer goods rental 82 26.8

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing 111 30.6

Professional and business services 18,816 41.4

Professional and technical services 12,643 42.0

Legal services 1,626 55.0

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 1,127 61.9

Architectural, engineering, and related services 1,795 27.0

Specialized design services 424 63.2

Computer systems design and related services 3,836 27.0

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 79

Industry Total employed Percent women

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 1,808 43.0

Scientific research and development services 649 48.0

Advertising, public relations, and related services 542 52.5

Veterinary services 379 82.4

Other professional, scientific, and technical services 457 54.0

Management, administrative, and waste services 6,173 40.0

Management of companies and enterprises 87 47.6

Administrative and support services 5,629 41.9

Employment services 808 59.4

Business support services 552 65.9

Travel arrangement and reservation services 195 58.9

Investigation and security services 753 27.3

Services to buildings and dwellings (except cleaning during construction and immediately after construction) 1,631 54.4

Landscaping services 1,293 8.8

Other administrative and other support services 397 48.9

Waste management and remediation services 457 15.5

Education and health services 34,105 74.6

Educational services 13,369 69.5

Elementary and secondary schools 8,671 75.7

Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges 3,772 55.4

Business, technical, and trade schools and training 77 57.8

Other schools and instruction, and educational support services 850 69.8

Health care and social assistance 20,736 77.8

Hospitals 7,305 74.9

General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals 7,197 74.9

Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals 109 73.2

Health services, except hospitals 10,284 77.6

Offices of physicians 1,548 74.5

Offices of dentists 879 79.8

Offices of chiropractors 142 59.3

Offices of optometrists 139 79.8

Offices of other health practitioners 348 80.4

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 80

Industry Total employed Percent women

Outpatient care centers 1,934 76.5

Home health care services 1,338 87.5

Other health care services 1,560 69.2

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 1,431 83.6

Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities 967 74.8

Social assistance 3,147 85.6

Individual and family services 1,707 80.5

Community food and housing, and emergency services 146 72.0

Vocational rehabilitation services 65 62.5

Child day care services 1,229 95.6

Leisure and hospitality 11,480 50.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 2,601 45.5

Performing arts companies 140 53.0

Spectator sports 126 19.3

Promoters of performing arts, sports, and similar events, agents and managers for artists, athletes, entertainers, and other public figures 118 49.2

Independent artists, writers, and performers 331 47.8

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions 307 51.5

Bowling centers 30 -

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries 1,548 45.2

Accommodation and food services 8,879 51.8

Accommodation 967 59.0

Traveler accommodation 906 59.7

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses, dormitories, and workers' camps 60 48.3

Food services and drinking places 7,912 51.0

Restaurants and other food services 7,763 51.0

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 149 47.1

Other services 6,742 52.6

Other services, except private households 6,088 48.7

Repair and maintenance 1,907 12.1

Automotive repair and maintenance 1,167 9.0

Car washes 180 18.9

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 94 18.2

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 81

Industry Total employed Percent women

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance 282 9.5

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance 184 26.5

Personal and laundry services 2,207 73.4

Barber shops 108 30.3

Beauty salons 869 89.6

Nail salons and other personal care services 500 74.7

Drycleaning and laundry services 213 54.3

Funeral homes, and cemeteries and crematories 111 36.1

Other personal services 407 69.1

Membership associations and organizations 1,974 56.2

Religious organizations 989 45.7

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services 758 68.7

Labor unions 66 47.2

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations 161 66.1

Other services, private households 654 88.9

Public administration 7,501 46.4

Executive offices and legislative bodies 1,122 53.1

Public finance activities 310 57.0

Other general government and support 166 39.9

Justice, public order, and safety activities 2,771 35.5

Administration of human resource programs 1,186 70.8

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs 296 45.5

Administration of economic programs and space research 682 46.7

National security and international affairs 968 37.8

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 82

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

Note: Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system, derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have 

been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Dash indicates data not available. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Values not shown where base is less than 

50,000.)

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic or

Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 52,895 9481.0 4396.0 11,095

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related 1.2 0.2 0.2 1.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1

Construction 1.9 0.6 1.0 2.0

Manufacturing 6.2 5.1 8.5 7.4

Durable goods manufacturing 3.3 2.7 4.9 3.5

Nondurable goods manufacturing 2.9 2.4 3.6 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade 12.4 10.5 10.3 14.1

Wholesale trade 1.6 0.9 1.6 1.8

Retail trade 10.8 9.6 8.6 12.3

Transportation and utilities 2.6 4.9 2.6 3.4

Transportation and warehousing 2.2 4.5 2.3 3.1

Utilities 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

Information 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.2

Financial activities 8.2 7.1 9.0 6.6

Finance and insurance 5.8 5.7 7.5 4.8

Real estate and rental and leasing 2.3 1.4 1.5 1.8

Professional and business services 11.3 9.2 15.8 11.2

Professional and technical services 7.8 4.9 13.8 4.9

Management, administrative, and waste services 3.5 4.3 2.0 6.3

Education and health services 36.6 41.0 31.7 31.1

Educational services 14.3 10.5 10.2 10.8

Health care and social assistance 22.2 30.5 21.6 20.3

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 83

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic or

Latino

ethnicity

Hospitals 7.5 9.5 9.4 5.0

Health services, except hospitals 11.0 15.5 9.6 11.0

Social assistance 3.7 5.5 2.6 4.3

Leisure and hospitality 8.3 8.0 7.6 11.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.3

Accommodation and food services 6.5 7.0 6.4 10.6

Other services 5.2 3.7 7.3 5.7

Other services, except private households 4.3 3.2 6.5 3.7

Private households 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.9

Public administration 4.5 8.0 3.8 4.1

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (percent distribution)

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980 262 269 212 - 209

1981 284 291 235 - 223

1982 302 310 245 - 240

1983 313 320 261 - 250

1984 326 336 269 - 259

1985 344 356 277 - 270

1986 359 371 291 - 277

1987 374 384 301 - 285

1988 385 395 314 - 290

1989 399 409 319 - 298

1990 412 424 329 - 304

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 84

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1991 426 442 348 - 312

1992 440 458 357 - 321

1993 459 475 369 - 331

1994 467 484 371 - 324

1995 479 494 383 - 329

1996 490 506 387 - 339

1997 503 519 400 - 351

1998 523 545 426 - 370

1999 549 573 445 - 385

2000 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

2017 860 890 682 1,043 655

2018 886 916 694 1,095 680

2019 917 945 735 1,174 706

2020 984 1,003 794 1,310 758

Women

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 85

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1979 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980 201 203 185 - 172

1981 219 221 206 - 190

1982 239 242 217 - 203

1983 252 254 232 - 215

1984 265 268 241 - 223

1985 277 281 252 - 230

1986 291 294 264 - 241

1987 303 307 276 - 251

1988 315 318 288 - 260

1989 328 334 301 - 269

1990 346 353 308 - 278

1991 366 373 323 - 292

1992 380 387 335 - 302

1993 393 401 348 - 313

1994 399 408 346 - 305

1995 406 415 355 - 305

1996 418 428 362 - 316

1997 431 444 375 - 318

1998 456 468 400 - 337

1999 473 483 409 - 348

2000 493 502 429 $547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 86

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

2016 749 766 641 902 586

2017 770 795 657 903 603

2018 789 817 654 937 617

2019 821 840 704 1,025 642

2020 891 905 764 1,143 705

Men

1979 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980 313 320 244 - 234

1981 340 350 268 - 251

1982 364 375 278 - 269

1983 379 387 294 - 274

1984 392 401 303 - 287

1985 407 418 305 - 296

1986 419 433 319 - 299

1987 434 450 327 - 306

1988 449 465 348 - 308

1989 468 482 348 - 315

1990 481 494 361 - 318

1991 493 506 375 - 323

1992 501 514 380 - 339

1993 510 524 392 - 346

1994 522 547 400 - 343

1995 538 566 411 - 350

1996 557 580 412 - 356

1997 579 595 432 - 371

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 87

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1998 598 615 468 - 390

1999 618 638 488 - 406

2000 641 662 510 $685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

2017 941 971 710 1,207 690

2018 973 1,002 735 1,241 720

2019 1,007 1,036 769 1,336 747

2020 1,082 1,110 830 1,447 797

Women's earnings as a percentage of men's

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 88

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 89

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability 

section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people 

who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 

2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified 

as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.

Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2017 81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

2018 81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7

2019 81.5 81.1 91.5 76.7 85.9

2020 82.3 81.5 92.0 79.0 88.5

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2020 annual averages

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

Total 101,024 $1,029

Less than high school diploma 5,699 619

High school graduate or more 95,325 1,071

High school graduate, no college 24,153 781

Some college or associate's degree 25,413 903

Some college, no degree 14,331 877

Associate's degree 11,082 938

Occupational program 4,551 946

Academic program 6,531 933

Bachelor's degree and higher 45,759 1,421

Bachelor's degree 27,904 1,305

Master's degree 13,371 1,545

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 90

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Professional degree 1,818 1,893

Doctoral degree 2,666 1,885

Women

Total 45,304 929

Less than high school diploma 1,829 525

High school graduate or more 43,475 953

High school graduate, no college 9,140 671

Some college or associate's degree 11,677 779

Some college, no degree 6,240 750

Associate's degree 5,437 809

Occupational program 2,036 802

Academic program 3,400 814

Bachelor's degree and higher 22,658 1,239

Bachelor's degree 13,347 1,135

Master's degree 7,318 1,366

Professional degree 787 1,734

Doctoral degree 1,206 1,734

Men

Total 55,720 1,144

Less than high school diploma 3,870 674

High school graduate or more 51,850 1,187

High school graduate, no college 15,013 881

Some college or associate's degree 13,736 1,027

Some college, no degree 8,091 995

Associate's degree 5,645 1,096

Occupational program 2,514 1,077

Academic program 3,131 1,112

Bachelor's degree and higher 23,100 1,644

Bachelor's degree 14,557 1,504

Master's degree 6,053 1,862

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2020 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 91

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in

thousands)

Median

weekly

earnings

Professional degree 1,030 2,012

Doctoral degree 1,460 2,015

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2020 annual 

averages

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Total, full-time wage and salary workers 110,387 $984 49,476 $891 60,911 $1,082 82.3

Management, professional, and related occupations 50,023 1,356 25,933 1,164 24,090 1,578 73.8

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 20,811 1,461 9,729 1,274 11,082 1,667 76.4

Management occupations 13,517 1,541 5,747 1,347 7,770 1,737 77.5

Chief executives 1,157 2,402 363 2,051 794 2,712 75.6

General and operations managers 983 1,453 281 1,241 702 1,541 80.5

Legislators 11 - 3 - 9 - -

Advertising and promotions managers 46 - 27 - 19 - -

Marketing managers 483 1,537 284 1,435 199 1,732 82.9

Sales managers 495 1,794 163 1,411 332 1,896 74.4

Public relations and fundraising managers 74 1,344 50 1,286 25 - -

Administrative services managers 62 1,284 41 - 22 - -

Facilities managers 122 1,318 33 - 89 1,389 -

Computer and information systems managers 703 2,018 187 1,910 516 2,091 91.3

Financial managers 1,228 1,492 624 1,242 603 1,880 66.1

Compensation and benefits managers 14 - 13 - 1 - -

Human resources managers 264 1,644 194 1,599 70 1,748 91.5

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 92

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Training and development managers 47 - 20 - 27 - -

Industrial production managers 248 1,550 53 1,402 195 1,582 88.6

Purchasing managers 221 1,544 98 1,441 123 1,636 88.1

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 266 972 55 943 212 989 95.3

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 109 874 17 - 92 874 -

Construction managers 606 1,575 50 1,368 556 1,586 86.3

Education and childcare administrators 846 1,462 560 1,400 286 1,590 88.1

Architectural and engineering managers 155 2,413 15 - 140 2,402 -

Food service managers 707 877 344 791 363 1,006 78.6

Funeral home managers 6 - 3 - 4 - -

Entertainment and recreation managers 34 - 9 - 24 - -

Lodging managers 74 888 38 - 36 - -

Medical and health services managers 629 1,555 438 1,464 192 1,839 79.6

Natural sciences managers 11 - 8 - 3 - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents 19 - 10 - 9 - -

Property, real estate, and community association managers 433 1,140 224 1,086 209 1,182 91.9

Social and community service managers 330 1,234 240 1,163 90 1,580 73.6

Emergency management directors 10 - 3 - 7 - -

Personal service managers, all other 2 - 1 - 1 - -

Managers, all other 3,120 1,564 1,299 1,379 1,821 1,749 78.8

Business and financial operations occupations 7,294 1,363 3,982 1,209 3,312 1,550 78.0

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 27 - 15 - 12 - -

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 9 - 4 - 5 - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 130 1,053 66 1,066 64 1,047 101.8

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 219 1,231 113 1,138 106 1,387 82.0

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 325 1,108 203 967 122 1,336 72.4

Compliance officers 286 1,372 167 1,371 119 1,373 99.9

Cost estimators 111 1,434 15 - 96 1,456 -

Human resources workers 739 1,251 553 1,174 185 1,443 81.4

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 93

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 67 1,143 53 1,041 14 - -

Training and development specialists 103 1,255 60 1,171 43 - -

Logisticians 134 1,173 50 1,140 84 1,256 90.8

Project management specialists 644 1,560 295 1,468 350 1,693 86.7

Management analysts 658 1,629 273 1,455 384 1,856 78.4

Meeting, convention, and event planners 92 1,049 63 996 29 - -

Fundraisers 91 1,479 65 1,486 26 - -

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 358 1,326 212 1,198 145 1,608 74.5

Business operations specialists, all other 271 1,273 144 1,086 126 1,540 70.5

Accountants and auditors 1,488 1,298 893 1,186 595 1,520 78.0

Property appraisers and assessors 51 1,225 19 - 32 - -

Budget analysts 66 1,461 32 - 33 - -

Credit analysts 20 - 11 - 9 - -

Financial and investment analysts 310 1,590 128 1,488 182 1,742 85.4

Personal financial advisors 400 1,638 149 1,291 251 1,900 67.9

Insurance underwriters 101 1,261 59 1,141 42 - -

Financial examiners 21 - 13 - 8 - -

Credit counselors and loan officers 391 1,199 222 1,013 169 1,492 67.9

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 59 1,086 33 - 26 - -

Tax preparers 44 - 27 - 17 - -

Other financial specialists 80 1,328 43 - 37 - -

Professional and related occupations 29,213 1,270 16,204 1,121 13,008 1,532 73.2

Computer and mathematical occupations 5,083 1,633 1,246 1,423 3,838 1,738 81.9

Computer and information research scientists 39 - 9 - 30 - -

Computer systems analysts 529 1,515 175 1,413 353 1,621 87.2

Information security analysts 125 2,078 11 - 114 2,082 -

Computer programmers 388 1,653 82 1,529 307 1,673 91.4

Software developers 1,742 1,920 322 1,728 1,420 2,004 86.2

Software quality assurance analysts and testers 94 1,697 21 - 73 1,977 -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 94

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Web developers 78 1,554 18 - 60 1,551 -

Web and digital interface designers 52 1,158 22 - 30 - -

Computer support specialists 584 1,147 157 1,095 427 1,163 94.2

Database administrators and architects 107 1,725 29 - 78 1,718 -

Network and computer systems administrators 235 1,438 48 - 187 1,461 -

Computer network architects 93 1,902 10 - 83 1,980 -

Computer occupations, all other 716 1,394 199 1,161 517 1,456 79.7

Actuaries 24 - 9 - 15 - -

Mathematicians 2 - 1 - 2 - -

Operations research analysts 154 1,615 73 1,460 81 1,786 81.7

Statisticians 53 1,572 30 - 24 - -

Other mathematical science occupations 68 1,416 30 - 38 - -

Architecture and engineering occupations 2,933 1,575 467 1,382 2,466 1,626 85.0

Architects, except landscape and naval 136 1,537 34 - 101 1,549 -

Landscape architects 15 - 5 - 11 - -

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 38 - 3 - 36 - -

Aerospace engineers 121 1,939 14 - 107 1,993 -

Agricultural engineers 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Bioengineers and biomedical engineers 22 - 10 - 12 - -

Chemical engineers 70 1,862 14 - 55 1,900 -

Civil engineers 370 1,611 54 1,588 317 1,629 97.5

Computer hardware engineers 84 1,889 18 - 66 1,884 -

Electrical and electronics engineers 243 1,864 30 - 213 1,866 -

Environmental engineers 26 - 11 - 15 - -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 225 1,584 46 - 179 1,595 -

Marine engineers and naval architects 18 - 0 - 18 - -

Materials engineers 52 1,586 10 - 42 - -

Mechanical engineers 348 1,713 31 - 317 1,736 -

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 15 - 2 - 13 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 95

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Nuclear engineers 9 - 1 - 7 - -

Petroleum engineers 18 - 2 - 16 - -

Engineers, all other 543 1,746 83 1,463 460 1,759 83.2

Architectural and civil drafters 34 - 9 - 25 - -

Other drafters 77 1,126 16 - 60 1,137 -

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians 81 1,172 3 - 78 1,198 -

Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters 340 1,119 65 900 275 1,186 75.9

Surveying and mapping technicians 43 - 6 - 38 - -

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,401 1,336 666 1,202 735 1,450 82.9

Agricultural and food scientists 26 - 11 - 15 - -

Biological scientists 72 1,141 35 - 37 - -

Conservation scientists and foresters 11 - 3 - 8 - -

Medical scientists 114 1,612 60 1,372 53 2,103 65.2

Life scientists, all other 7 - 3 - 4 - -

Astronomers and physicists 19 - 9 - 10 - -

Atmospheric and space scientists 9 - 4 - 5 - -

Chemists and materials scientists 83 1,362 34 - 50 1,435 -

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health 39 - 20 - 19 - -

Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers 43 - 8 - 34 - -

Physical scientists, all other 324 1,438 149 1,325 175 1,728 76.7

Economists 26 - 11 - 15 - -

Survey researchers 5 - 3 - 1 - -

Clinical and counseling psychologists 8 - 5 - 3 - -

School psychologists 34 - 29 - 5 - -

Other psychologists 63 1,435 50 1,302 13 - -

Sociologists 3 - 2 - 1 - -

Urban and regional planners 47 - 19 - 29 - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 39 - 15 - 24 - -

Agricultural and food science technicians 38 - 15 - 24 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 96

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Biological technicians 22 - 15 - 7 - -

Chemical technicians 64 1,039 25 - 39 - -

Environmental science and geoscience technicians 18 - 6 - 13 - -

Nuclear technicians 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Social science research assistants 3 - 1 - 2 - -

Other life, physical, and social science technicians 202 1,074 111 1,047 90 1,116 93.8

Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians 77 1,444 24 - 53 1,423 -

Community and social service occupations 2,187 1,003 1,484 976 703 1,103 88.5

Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors 99 950 82 966 17 - -

Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors 294 1,080 222 1,061 72 1,133 93.6

Marriage and family therapists 22 - 19 - 3 - -

Mental health counselors 86 1,066 65 1,089 21 - -

Rehabilitation counselors 24 - 13 - 11 - -

Counselors, all other 132 956 85 947 47 - -

Child, family, and school social workers 58 894 51 894 7 - -

Healthcare social workers 70 1,152 61 1,139 9 - -

Mental health and substance abuse social workers 19 - 17 - 2 - -

Social workers, all other 593 985 509 972 84 1,170 83.1

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 111 1,058 58 977 53 1,203 81.2

Social and human service assistants 168 841 133 803 35 - -

Other community and social service specialists 83 1,034 62 1,045 22 - -

Clergy 353 1,055 61 858 292 1,131 75.9

Directors, religious activities and education 36 - 22 - 14 - -

Religious workers, all other 38 - 24 - 14 - -

Legal occupations 1,410 1,540 812 1,252 599 2,275 55.0

Lawyers 821 2,097 351 1,665 470 2,324 71.6

Judicial law clerks 15 - 11 - 4 - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 60 1,856 34 - 26 - -

Paralegals and legal assistants 343 942 295 918 48 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 97

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers 101 1,136 76 989 25 - -

Legal support workers, all other 71 1,042 46 - 25 - -

Education, training, and library occupations 7,012 1,096 5,142 1,026 1,870 1,327 77.3

Postsecondary teachers 891 1,516 448 1,384 443 1,633 84.8

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 412 721 411 721 2 - -

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,064 1,118 2,430 1,085 634 1,258 86.2

Secondary school teachers 914 1,199 530 1,149 383 1,319 87.1

Special education teachers 301 1,044 244 1,036 58 1,102 94.0

Tutors 42 - 31 - 11 - -

Other teachers and instructors 376 1,061 231 942 145 1,314 71.7

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 46 - 27 - 19 - -

Librarians and media collections specialists 120 1,073 100 1,127 19 - -

Library technicians 17 - 14 - 2 - -

Teaching assistants 714 617 591 604 123 732 82.5

Other educational instruction and library workers 116 1,145 85 1,108 31 - -

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,681 1,179 804 1,128 877 1,252 90.1

Artists and related workers 87 1,116 28 - 59 1,152 -

Commercial and industrial designers 6 - 3 - 3 - -

Fashion designers 24 - 16 - 7 - -

Floral designers 38 - 27 - 11 - -

Graphic designers 209 1,230 119 1,140 91 1,395 81.7

Interior designers 74 1,107 55 1,021 19 - -

Merchandise displayers and window trimmers 22 - 12 - 10 - -

Other designers 271 1,210 101 1,107 170 1,234 89.7

Actors 10 - 5 - 6 - -

Producers and directors 123 1,499 60 1,548 63 1,458 106.2

Athletes and sports competitors 21 - 2 - 19 - -

Coaches and scouts 90 931 36 - 54 946 -

Umpires, referees, and other sports officials 9 - 1 - 9 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 98

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Dancers and choreographers 4 - 4 - 0 - -

Music directors and composers 16 - 3 - 13 - -

Musicians and singers 12 - 2 - 10 - -

Disc jockeys, except radio 1 - 0 - 1 - -

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 7 - 3 - 5 - -

Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys 18 - 2 - 16 - -

News analysts, reporters, and journalists 62 1,044 34 - 29 - -

Public relations specialists 128 1,553 80 1,452 48 - -

Editors 57 1,237 29 - 28 - -

Technical writers 53 1,347 26 - 28 - -

Writers and authors 98 1,257 64 1,127 35 - -

Interpreters and translators 44 - 25 - 18 - -

Court reporters and simultaneous captioners 21 - 18 - 3 - -

Media and communication workers, all other 14 - 6 - 8 - -

Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians 53 1,001 6 - 47 - -

Photographers 66 990 30 - 36 - -

Television, video, and film camera operators and editors 40 - 10 - 30 - -

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 7,504 1,227 5,584 1,153 1,921 1,506 76.6

Chiropractors 9 - 2 - 8 - -

Dentists 58 2,079 18 - 41 - -

Dietitians and nutritionists 83 1,009 77 1,019 5 - -

Optometrists 21 - 10 - 11 - -

Pharmacists 241 2,222 134 2,160 108 2,286 94.5

Emergency medicine physicians 10 - 2 - 8 - -

Radiologists 20 - 5 - 15 - -

Other physicians 752 2,102 313 1,905 439 2,311 82.4

Surgeons 48 - 16 - 32 - -

Physician assistants 113 1,911 67 1,894 47 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 99

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Podiatrists 5 - 1 - 4 - -

Audiologists 13 - 12 - 1 - -

Occupational therapists 96 1,373 85 1,357 11 - -

Physical therapists 209 1,468 135 1,451 74 1,591 91.2

Radiation therapists 11 - 3 - 8 - -

Recreational therapists 11 - 7 - 3 - -

Respiratory therapists 100 1,162 71 1,093 29 - -

Speech-language pathologists 152 1,297 143 1,272 8 - -

Exercise physiologists 5 - 4 - 0 - -

Therapists, all other 159 1,043 130 986 29 - -

Veterinarians 55 1,795 36 - 19 - -

Registered nurses 2,701 1,262 2,337 1,240 364 1,454 85.3

Nurse anesthetists 30 - 16 - 15 - -

Nurse midwives 7 - 7 - 0 - -

Nurse practitioners 171 1,872 145 1,867 26 - -

Acupuncturists 7 - 3 - 4 - -

Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other 1 - 1 - 0 - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 289 1,028 211 946 78 1,195 79.2

Dental hygienists 96 1,125 89 1,083 7 - -

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians 37 - 25 - 12 - -

Diagnostic medical sonographers 73 1,227 61 1,208 12 - -

Radiologic technologists and technicians 222 1,103 145 1,063 77 1,234 86.1

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists 45 - 21 - 24 - -

Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists 39 - 18 - 21 - -

Emergency medical technicians 134 844 44 - 90 936 -

Paramedics 65 1,163 23 - 43 - -

Pharmacy technicians 257 723 199 700 58 814 86.0

Psychiatric technicians 53 658 48 - 5 - -

Surgical technologists 74 875 49 - 25 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 100

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Veterinary technologists and technicians 73 655 65 633 8 - -

Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians 44 - 34 - 10 - -

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 500 875 445 864 55 964 89.6

Medical records specialists 166 888 162 893 4 - -

Opticians, dispensing 32 - 27 - 4 - -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 143 888 93 825 51 1,120 73.7

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 73 1,254 43 - 30 - -

Service occupations 13,771 621 7,032 574 6,740 704 81.5

Healthcare support occupations 3,210 606 2,678 600 532 640 93.8

Home health aides 310 549 283 551 27 - -

Personal care aides 788 543 612 537 176 567 94.7

Nursing assistants 966 595 851 588 115 689 85.3

Orderlies and psychiatric aides 57 663 30 - 27 - -

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 26 - 21 - 5 - -

Physical therapist assistants and aides 58 964 37 - 21 - -

Massage therapists 38 - 25 - 14 - -

Dental assistants 204 661 193 663 11 - -

Medical assistants 450 675 407 665 44 - -

Medical transcriptionists 29 - 24 - 4 - -

Pharmacy aides 32 - 21 - 11 - -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 42 - 31 - 12 - -

Phlebotomists 86 614 70 612 15 - -

Other healthcare support workers 124 682 73 615 51 738 83.3

Protective service occupations 2,690 982 610 768 2,080 1,043 73.6

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 51 976 16 - 34 - -

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 92 1,551 11 - 80 1,553 -

First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers 34 - 4 - 30 - -

First-line supervisors of security workers 67 946 24 - 44 - -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 8 - 0 - 8 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 101

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Firefighters 320 1,233 16 - 304 1,256 -

Fire inspectors 21 - 1 - 20 - -

Bailiffs 11 - 5 - 5 - -

Correctional officers and jailers 337 907 112 743 225 1,073 69.2

Detectives and criminal investigators 146 1,437 39 - 107 1,544 -

Fish and game wardens 5 - 1 - 4 - -

Parking enforcement workers 7 - 2 - 5 - -

Police officers 742 1,155 131 1,074 611 1,188 90.4

Animal control workers 9 - 3 - 7 - -

Private detectives and investigators 72 979 35 - 38 - -

Security guards and gambling surveillance officers 673 650 170 583 503 680 85.7

Crossing guards and flaggers 17 - 7 - 10 - -

Transportation security screeners 40 - 16 - 24 - -

School bus monitors 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Other protective service workers 37 - 15 - 22 - -

Food preparation and serving related occupations 3,353 530 1,653 506 1,700 570 88.8

Chefs and head cooks 321 696 57 613 263 707 86.7

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 335 602 198 583 137 636 91.7

Cooks 1,026 510 416 505 610 512 98.6

Food preparation workers 355 510 224 489 132 576 84.9

Bartenders 169 648 70 585 99 708 82.6

Fast food and counter workers 231 468 146 470 84 462 101.7

Waiters and waitresses 600 514 388 497 212 563 88.3

Food servers, nonrestaurant 85 531 60 513 25 - -

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 99 508 48 - 50 545 -

Dishwashers 83 528 9 - 74 567 -

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 46 - 36 - 10 - -

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 4 - 1 - 3 - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3,138 603 1,087 511 2,051 651 78.5

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 102

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 171 738 64 596 107 902 66.1

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 108 786 6 - 102 785 -

Janitors and building cleaners 1,372 614 447 522 925 662 78.9

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 629 503 531 497 98 556 89.4

Pest control workers 90 749 3 - 87 747 -

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 665 605 30 - 635 603 -

Tree trimmers and pruners 82 666 5 - 77 684 -

Other grounds maintenance workers 21 - 1 - 20 - -

Personal care and service occupations 1,380 616 1,004 591 376 740 79.9

Supervisors of personal care and service workers 96 761 60 719 35 - -

Animal trainers 34 - 22 - 12 - -

Animal caretakers 108 626 86 591 22 - -

Gambling services workers 53 765 26 - 27 - -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 3 - 1 - 1 - -

Other entertainment attendants and related workers 47 - 15 - 31 - -

Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants 8 - 2 - 7 - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers 10 - 2 - 8 - -

Barbers 49 - 11 - 39 - -

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 205 606 180 601 24 - -

Manicurists and pedicurists 110 607 84 578 26 - -

Skincare specialists 23 - 20 - 3 - -

Other personal appearance workers 5 - 5 - 0 - -

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 44 - 16 - 28 - -

Tour and travel guides 16 - 3 - 13 - -

Childcare workers 383 537 358 542 25 - -

Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors 53 618 33 - 20 - -

Recreation workers 80 715 51 658 29 - -

Residential advisors 17 - 7 - 10 - -

Personal care and service workers, all other 37 - 22 - 14 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 103

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Sales and office occupations 21,165 809 12,729 746 8,435 956 78.0

Sales and related occupations 8,958 880 3,967 715 4,991 1,046 68.4

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 2,141 858 960 733 1,181 981 74.7

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 783 1,226 273 1,076 510 1,338 80.4

Cashiers 1,088 507 805 501 284 524 95.6

Counter and rental clerks 48 - 21 - 27 - -

Parts salespersons 97 741 20 - 77 756 -

Retail salespersons 1,603 705 611 603 992 779 77.4

Advertising sales agents 120 1,066 69 1,055 50 1,199 88.0

Insurance sales agents 469 931 242 825 226 1,169 70.6

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 200 1,545 41 - 158 1,880 -

Travel agents 30 - 23 - 7 - -

Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel 497 1,351 163 1,101 333 1,482 74.3

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,073 1,275 315 1,065 758 1,378 77.3

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 6 - 3 - 3 - -

Real estate brokers and sales agents 498 1,084 283 937 215 1,352 69.3

Sales engineers 37 - 5 - 32 - -

Telemarketers 28 - 15 - 13 - -

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 34 - 12 - 23 - -

Sales and related workers, all other 206 950 106 838 100 1,039 80.7

Office and administrative support occupations 12,207 781 8,762 756 3,445 868 87.1

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,129 966 734 925 395 1,145 80.8

Switchboard operators, including answering service 8 - 7 - 1 - -

Telephone operators 19 - 14 - 6 - -

Communications equipment operators, all other 8 - 3 - 6 - -

Bill and account collectors 96 758 69 744 27 - -

Billing and posting clerks 379 749 339 736 40 - -

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 741 824 636 809 105 1,101 73.5

Gambling cage workers 11 - 6 - 5 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 104

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 129 945 111 921 18 - -

Procurement clerks 27 - 16 - 11 - -

Tellers 225 639 183 634 42 - -

Financial clerks, all other 90 1,039 58 903 31 - -

Brokerage clerks 4 - 3 - 2 - -

Correspondence clerks 3 - 3 - 0 - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks 73 777 65 764 8 - -

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 41 - 28 - 13 - -

Customer service representatives 1,814 721 1,160 698 655 771 90.5

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 71 898 54 824 17 - -

File clerks 138 751 106 744 32 - -

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 60 534 50 520 10 - -

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 155 711 123 710 33 - -

Library assistants, clerical 25 - 19 - 6 - -

Loan interviewers and clerks 135 911 103 874 32 - -

New accounts clerks 22 - 14 - 8 - -

Order clerks 75 704 39 - 36 - -

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 44 - 38 - 6 - -

Receptionists and information clerks 846 642 738 636 108 688 92.4

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 81 879 44 - 37 - -

Information and record clerks, all other 81 915 57 830 24 - -

Cargo and freight agents 16 - 7 - 9 - -

Couriers and messengers 340 779 55 701 284 814 86.1

Public safety telecommunicators 102 858 60 799 42 - -

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 178 768 95 717 84 908 79.0

Meter readers, utilities 18 - 1 - 17 - -

Postal service clerks 80 1,010 45 - 35 - -

Postal service mail carriers 290 1,017 104 962 185 1,089 88.3

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 60 977 26 - 34 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 105

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 243 1,072 125 908 118 1,227 74.0

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks 505 696 165 667 340 713 93.5

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 53 729 23 - 30 - -

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants 170 991 158 991 12 - -

Legal secretaries and administrative assistants 54 914 42 - 12 - -

Medical secretaries and administrative assistants 63 804 59 800 4 - -

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive 1,607 781 1,496 777 112 929 83.6

Data entry keyers 180 710 128 700 51 803 87.2

Word processors and typists 32 - 26 - 6 - -

Desktop publishers 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 221 760 184 759 37 - -

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 35 - 17 - 19 - -

Office clerks, general 912 736 759 726 153 790 91.9

Office machine operators, except computer 12 - 9 - 4 - -

Proofreaders and copy markers 4 - 2 - 2 - -

Statistical assistants 66 1,272 27 - 39 - -

Office and administrative support workers, all other 437 867 330 875 107 836 104.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 10,690 905 538 682 10,152 917 74.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 787 589 187 528 600 608 86.8

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 43 - 5 - 39 - -

Agricultural inspectors 14 - 8 - 6 - -

Animal breeders 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 41 - 30 - 11 - -

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 628 574 137 519 491 589 88.1

Fishing and hunting workers 14 - 0 - 14 - -

Forest and conservation workers 17 - 7 - 10 - -

Logging workers 29 - 0 - 29 - -

Construction and extraction occupations 5,826 906 191 796 5,635 910 87.5

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 596 1,200 17 - 579 1,199 -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 106

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Boilermakers 14 - 0 - 14 - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 87 749 0 - 87 749 -

Carpenters 756 892 17 - 739 889 -

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 117 770 4 - 113 785 -

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 54 782 2 - 52 787 -

Construction laborers 1,343 783 39 - 1,304 788 -

Construction equipment operators 328 979 10 - 317 980 -

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 131 784 8 - 123 787 -

Electricians 735 1,024 22 - 713 1,035 -

Glaziers 43 - 2 - 41 - -

Insulation workers 49 - 2 - 47 - -

Painters and paperhangers 316 691 26 - 290 695 -

Pipelayers 41 - 1 - 39 - -

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 444 1,002 8 - 436 1,004 -

Plasterers and stucco masons 24 - 0 - 24 - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Roofers 146 732 1 - 145 729 -

Sheet metal workers 103 905 4 - 99 905 -

Structural iron and steel workers 38 - 1 - 36 - -

Solar photovoltaic installers 18 - 0 - 18 - -

Helpers, construction trades 48 - 2 - 46 - -

Construction and building inspectors 73 1,119 11 - 62 1,113 -

Elevator and escalator installers and repairers 17 - 0 - 17 - -

Fence erectors 27 - 0 - 27 - -

Hazardous materials removal workers 26 - 4 - 22 - -

Highway maintenance workers 89 846 6 - 83 868 -

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 5 - 0 - 5 - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 4 - 0 - 4 - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 22 - 0 - 22 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 107

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas 16 - 0 - 16 - -

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 19 - 1 - 18 - -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Underground mining machine operators 35 - 2 - 33 - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas 7 - 0 - 7 - -

Other extraction workers 40 - 0 - 40 - -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,077 984 160 801 3,917 991 80.8

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 212 1,269 21 - 191 1,283 -

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 142 960 15 - 127 965 -

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 125 1,192 8 - 116 1,242 -

Avionics technicians 8 - 0 - 8 - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 15 - 0 - 14 - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 9 - 0 - 9 - -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 4 - 0 - 4 - -

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers 23 - 1 - 22 - -

Security and fire alarm systems installers 50 1,028 0 - 50 1,028 -

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 151 1,164 5 - 146 1,174 -

Automotive body and related repairers 102 904 2 - 100 975 -

Automotive glass installers and repairers 12 - 3 - 10 - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 585 855 4 - 581 857 -

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 312 1,023 6 - 306 1,023 -

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 179 999 1 - 178 998 -

Small engine mechanics 36 - 0 - 36 - -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 72 665 1 - 71 668 -

Control and valve installers and repairers 25 - 1 - 24 - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 382 1,003 6 - 377 1,011 -

Home appliance repairers 24 - 1 - 22 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 108

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 401 1,031 23 - 377 1,049 -

Maintenance and repair workers, general 550 895 24 - 526 897 -

Maintenance workers, machinery 22 - 0 - 22 - -

Millwrights 62 1,178 1 - 61 1,185 -

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 139 1,268 2 - 136 1,306 -

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 155 1,031 9 - 146 1,076 -

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 62 1,085 11 - 52 1,098 -

Wind turbine service technicians 5 - 1 - 4 - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 27 - 6 - 22 - -

Commercial divers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers 19 - 0 - 19 - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Riggers 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 16 - 2 - 14 - -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 139 780 8 - 131 810 -

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 14,738 746 3,243 614 11,494 796 77.1

Production occupations 6,820 775 1,765 630 5,055 841 74.9

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 713 1,038 122 816 591 1,099 74.2

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 3 - 1 - 2 - -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 90 640 37 - 53 742 -

Engine and other machine assemblers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 17 - 0 - 17 - -

Other assemblers and fabricators 828 705 263 638 565 740 86.2

Bakers 131 596 78 584 53 621 94.0

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 221 733 57 642 163 754 85.1

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 8 - 1 - 7 - -

Food batchmakers 70 649 38 - 32 - -

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 7 - 5 - 2 - -

Food processing workers, all other 118 669 44 - 74 743 -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 109

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers 96 964 6 - 89 974 -

Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 24 - 1 - 23 - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 69 821 11 - 58 843 -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 35 - 6 - 29 - -

Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 8 - 2 - 6 - -

Machinists 297 923 25 - 272 940 -

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 19 - 0 - 19 - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 9 - 2 - 7 - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 37 - 5 - 31 - -

Tool and die makers 37 - 1 - 36 - -

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 486 839 16 - 471 848 -

Other metal workers and plastic workers 338 770 61 622 277 816 76.2

Prepress technicians and workers 12 - 3 - 10 - -

Printing press operators 120 748 25 - 95 757 -

Print binding and finishing workers 16 - 7 - 9 - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 94 538 60 522 34 - -

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 23 - 15 - 7 - -

Sewing machine operators 97 579 59 584 37 - -

Shoe and leather workers 6 - 3 - 2 - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 31 - 26 - 5 - -

Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders 15 - 10 - 5 - -

Upholsterers 20 - 2 - 18 - -

Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers 12 - 2 - 9 - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 31 - 1 - 29 - -

Furniture finishers 9 - 6 - 3 - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 20 - 3 - 16 - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 9 - 1 - 9 - -

Other woodworkers 12 - 0 - 12 - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 38 - 1 - 37 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 110

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 45 - 5 - 40 - -

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 116 955 12 - 104 990 -

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 42 - 4 - 38 - -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 50 1,083 3 - 47 - -

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 79 766 17 - 61 788 -

Cutting workers 54 692 14 - 40 - -

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 22 - 7 - 15 - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 10 - 0 - 10 - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 684 814 266 710 418 910 78.0

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 22 - 10 - 12 - -

Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians 59 694 36 - 23 - -

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 224 620 98 544 126 667 81.6

Painting workers 139 849 15 - 124 879 -

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 3 - 2 - 1 - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 8 - 2 - 6 - -

Etchers and engravers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 19 - 2 - 17 - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 22 - 4 - 18 - -

Tire builders 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Helpers--production workers 31 - 9 - 23 - -

Other production equipment operators and tenders 5 - 0 - 5 - -

Other production workers 957 739 251 637 706 798 79.8

Transportation and material moving occupations 7,917 719 1,478 600 6,439 759 79.1

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 222 919 47 - 175 943 -

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 112 1,923 3 - 109 1,984 -

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 32 - 3 - 29 - -

Flight attendants 54 895 41 - 13 - -

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 8 - 1 - 7 - -

Bus drivers, school 105 647 53 622 52 708 87.9

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 111

Occupation

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number

of workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Bus drivers, transit and intercity 146 783 57 791 89 774 102.2

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 2,592 896 183 666 2,409 916 72.7

Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs 57 606 10 - 47 - -

Taxi drivers 157 734 25 - 132 743 -

Motor vehicle operators, all other 84 616 15 - 70 642 -

Locomotive engineers and operators 50 1,489 5 - 45 - -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 34 - 0 - 34 - -

Other rail transportation workers 11 - 2 - 8 - -

Sailors and marine oilers 16 - 0 - 16 - -

Ship and boat captains and operators 30 - 2 - 28 - -

Ship engineers 1 - 0 - 1 - -

Parking attendants 44 - 7 - 36 - -

Transportation service attendants 81 611 11 - 70 614 -

Transportation inspectors 26 - 6 - 21 - -

Passenger attendants 14 - 11 - 4 - -

Other transportation workers 24 - 7 - 16 - -

Crane and tower operators 48 - 2 - 46 - -

Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators 23 - 1 - 22 - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators 507 711 41 - 467 708 -

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 214 580 35 - 179 581 -

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,587 650 319 595 1,268 672 88.5

Machine feeders and offbearers 11 - 6 - 4 - -

Packers and packagers, hand 436 582 231 544 205 604 90.1

Stockers and order fillers 1,058 593 345 576 714 602 95.7

Pumping station operators 17 - 0 - 17 - -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 70 680 6 - 64 698 -

Other material moving workers 46 - 5 - 41 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 112

Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the 

broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting 

comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 

50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Total, 16 years and older 110,387 $984 49,476 $891 60,911 $1,082 82.3

Agriculture and related industries 1,147 651 277 582 870 670 86.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 640 1,446 91 1,462 549 1,440 101.5

Construction 7,598 965 747 926 6,852 970 95.5

Manufacturing 13,338 1,008 3,770 840 9,567 1,082 77.6

Durable goods manufacturing 8,457 1,050 2,055 875 6,402 1,111 78.8

Nondurable goods manufacturing 4,881 944 1,715 804 3,165 1,019 78.9

Wholesale and retail trade 13,183 768 5,249 682 7,935 852 80.0

Wholesale trade 2,886 979 839 867 2,047 1,046 82.9

Retail trade 10,297 721 4,410 655 5,887 786 83.3

Transportation and utilities 6,759 986 1,560 846 5,198 1,030 82.1

Transportation and warehousing 5,401 924 1,272 776 4,130 977 79.4

Utilities 1,357 1,338 289 1,168 1,069 1,374 85.0

Information 2,050 1,336 809 1,087 1,241 1,449 75.0

Financial activities 8,611 1,186 4,562 1,012 4,049 1,460 69.3

Finance and insurance 6,729 1,266 3,681 1,022 3,048 1,652 61.9

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,882 998 881 977 1,001 1,022 95.6

Professional and business services 13,757 1,216 5,419 1,023 8,337 1,364 75.0

Professional and technical services 9,561 1,477 3,814 1,196 5,747 1,729 69.2

Management, administrative, and waste services 4,196 728 1,605 702 2,591 748 93.9

Education and health services 26,254 1,001 19,294 943 6,960 1,198 78.7

Educational services 10,548 1,077 7,286 1,027 3,262 1,207 85.1

Health care and social assistance 15,706 940 12,008 881 3,698 1,189 74.1

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 113

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 

50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry

Total Women Men Women's

earnings as a

percentage of

men's

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Number of

workers

Median

weekly

earnings

Leisure and hospitality 6,052 631 2,749 595 3,303 681 87.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,408 861 552 797 856 903 88.3

Accommodation and food services 4,645 592 2,197 559 2,447 619 90.3

Other services 3,996 821 1,776 738 2,220 899 82.1

Other services, except private households 3,639 849 1,468 769 2,171 903 85.2

Private households 356 596 308 593 49 - -

Public administration 7,002 1,160 3,173 1,014 3,829 1,302 77.9

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

Percentage

of hourly paid

workers

At prevailing

federal

minimum

wage

Below

prevailing

federal

minimum

wage

Age and gender

Total, 16 years and older 73,305 1,112 1.5 247 865

16 to 24 years 14,051 529 3.8 153 376

25 years and older 59,254 583 1.0 94 489

Women, 16 years and older 36,513 742 2.0 136 607

16 to 24 years 6,992 369 5.3 88 281

25 years and older 29,521 373 1.3 48 325

Men, 16 years and older 36,792 369 1.0 111 258

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2020 

annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 114

1 Estimates for the race groups—White, Black or African American, and Asian—do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

2 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple 

jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.

Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

Percentage

of hourly paid

workers

At prevailing

federal

minimum

wage

Below

prevailing

federal

minimum

wage

16 to 24 years 7,059 159 2.3 65 94

25 years and older 29,734 210 0.7 46 164

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity1

White 55,889 810 1.4 178 631

Women 27,257 544 2.0 92 451

Men 28,632 266 0.9 86 180

Black or African American 10,738 196 1.8 50 146

Women 5,846 139 2.4 35 104

Men 4,892 57 1.2 15 42

Asian 3,533 43 1.2 3 39

Women 1,857 20 1.1 2 18

Men 1,676 23 1.4 1 22

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 16,220 205 1.3 46 160

Women 7,257 124 1.7 22 102

Men 8,963 82 0.9 24 58

Full- and part-time status2

Full-time workers 55,669 468 0.8 72 397

Women 25,156 318 1.3 38 281

Men 30,514 150 0.5 34 116

Part-time workers 17,531 637 3.6 175 462

Women 11,305 421 3.7 98 323

Men 6,226 216 3.5 77 139

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2020 

annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 115

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

Total

1968 75,920 65,277 10,644 86.0 14.0

1969 77,902 66,596 11,306 85.5 14.5

1970 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 116

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1997 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

1999 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

2006 144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

2007 146,047 121,091 24,956 82.9 17.1

2008 145,362 120,030 25,332 82.6 17.4

2009 139,877 112,634 27,244 80.5 19.5

2010 139,064 111,714 27,350 80.3 19.7

2011 139,869 112,556 27,313 80.5 19.5

2012 142,469 114,809 27,661 80.6 19.4

2013 143,929 116,314 27,615 80.8 19.2

2014 146,305 118,718 27,587 81.1 18.9

2015 148,834 121,492 27,341 81.6 18.4

2016 151,436 123,761 27,675 81.7 18.3

2017 153,337 125,967 27,370 82.2 17.8

2018 155,761 128,572 27,189 82.5 17.5

2019 157,538 130,597 26,941 82.9 17.1

2020 147,795 123,188 24,607 83.4 16.6

Women

1968 27,807 20,893 6,914 75.1 24.9

1969 29,084 21,781 7,303 74.9 25.1

1970 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1

1971 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8

1972 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9

1973 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8

1974 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 117

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1975 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6

1976 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5

1977 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4

1978 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9

1979 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7

1980 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8

1981 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1

1982 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1

1983 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1

1984 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1

1985 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6

1986 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4

1987 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1

1988 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7

1989 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5

1990 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2

1991 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6

1992 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4

1993 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3

1994 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7

1995 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4

1996 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9

1997 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4

1998 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9

1999 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3

2000 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6

2001 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8

2002 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3

2003 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6

2004 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7

2005 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2

2006 66,925 50,380 16,545 75.3 24.7

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 118

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

2007 67,792 51,056 16,736 75.3 24.7

2008 67,876 51,178 16,698 75.4 24.6

2009 66,208 48,683 17,525 73.5 26.5

2010 65,705 48,214 17,491 73.4 26.6

2011 65,579 48,224 17,355 73.5 26.5

2012 66,914 49,331 17,583 73.7 26.3

2013 67,577 49,979 17,598 74.0 26.0

2014 68,613 50,889 17,724 74.2 25.8

2015 69,703 52,142 17,561 74.8 25.2

2016 70,868 53,194 17,674 75.1 24.9

2017 71,936 54,396 17,539 75.6 24.4

2018 73,063 55,638 17,425 76.2 23.8

2019 74,078 56,773 17,304 76.6 23.4

2020 69,234 53,727 15,508 77.6 22.4

Men

1968 48,114 44,384 3,730 92.2 7.8

1969 48,818 44,815 4,003 91.8 8.2

1970 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 119

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1985 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

1990 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

2000 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

2007 78,254 70,035 8,220 89.5 10.5

2008 77,486 68,853 8,634 88.9 11.1

2009 73,670 63,951 9,719 86.8 13.2

2010 73,359 63,501 9,858 86.6 13.4

2011 74,290 64,333 9,957 86.6 13.4

2012 75,555 65,477 10,078 86.7 13.3

2013 76,353 66,335 10,017 86.9 13.1

2014 77,692 67,829 9,863 87.3 12.7

2015 79,131 69,351 9,780 87.6 12.4

2016 80,568 70,567 10,002 87.6 12.4

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 120

Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major 

redesign of the Current Population Survey.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

2017 81,402 71,571 9,831 87.9 12.1

2018 82,698 72,935 9,764 88.2 11.8

2019 83,460 73,824 9,637 88.5 11.5

2020 78,560 69,461 9,099 88.4 11.6

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 121

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1995 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

2007 39.2 36.1 41.7 39.1 36.1 41.6

2008 38.9 36.1 41.3 38.8 36.1 41.2

2009 37.9 35.3 40.2 37.8 35.3 40.1

2010 38.2 35.5 40.5 38.1 35.6 40.4

2011 38.3 35.6 40.6 38.2 35.6 40.6

2012 38.5 35.8 40.8 38.4 35.8 40.7

2013 38.6 36.0 40.9 38.5 36.0 40.8

2014 38.6 35.9 41.0 38.6 35.9 40.9

2015 38.6 35.9 40.9 38.5 35.9 40.8

2016 38.7 36.2 41.0 38.7 36.2 40.9

2017 38.7 36.2 40.9 38.6 36.2 40.8

2018 38.9 36.4 41.1 38.9 36.4 41.0

2019 39.0 36.5 41.1 38.9 36.6 41.0

2020 38.3 36.1 40.2 38.2 36.1 40.1

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2020 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 122

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year and gender Population (in thousands)

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total (in thousands) Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

Total

1970 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9

1975 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7

1980 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7

1985 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6

1990 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6

1995 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2

2000 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.8 19.5 9.3 10.2

2005 227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7

2006 231,033 156,658 67.8 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.7 9.4

2007 232,995 157,653 67.7 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.8 9.3

2008 235,086 157,472 67.0 100.0 79.5 65.6 13.9 20.5 10.5 10.0

2009 237,158 153,929 64.9 100.0 78.3 64.0 14.3 21.7 11.3 10.4

2010 238,999 152,320 63.7 100.0 78.2 64.7 13.5 21.8 11.2 10.6

2011 242,602 153,479 63.3 100.0 78.6 65.8 12.8 21.4 11.2 10.2

2012 244,993 156,194 63.8 100.0 78.4 65.5 12.9 21.6 11.2 10.4

2013 247,258 156,987 63.5 100.0 79.0 66.9 12.1 21.0 10.9 10.1

2014 250,080 159,056 63.6 100.0 79.6 67.9 11.7 20.4 10.8 9.6

2015 252,766 162,329 64.2 100.0 79.6 68.0 11.6 20.4 10.6 9.8

2016 254,413 163,638 64.3 100.0 79.8 68.8 11.0 20.2 10.7 9.6

2017 257,097 165,163 64.2 100.0 80.4 69.5 10.9 19.6 10.6 9.0

2018 258,527 166,402 64.4 100.0 80.8 70.4 10.4 19.2 10.4 8.8

2019 259,757 168,632 64.9 100.0 80.8 70.2 10.6 19.2 10.2 9.0

Women

1970 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1

1975 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1

1980 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2019 (percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 123

Year and gender Population (in thousands)

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total (in thousands) Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

1985 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5

1990 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4

1995 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4

2000 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7

2005 117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2

2006 119,300 73,527 61.6 100.0 73.0 60.7 12.3 27.0 14.1 12.9

2007 120,300 74,115 61.6 100.0 73.6 61.5 12.1 26.4 14.2 12.2

2008 121,328 74,363 61.3 100.0 72.2 59.3 12.9 27.8 15.0 12.9

2009 122,339 72,855 59.6 100.0 71.5 59.3 12.2 28.5 15.8 12.7

2010 123,012 71,980 58.5 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.6 12.9

2011 125,619 72,976 58.1 100.0 71.7 59.8 11.9 28.3 15.7 12.6

2012 126,791 74,051 58.4 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.2 13.3

2013 127,863 74,397 58.2 100.0 71.8 60.5 11.3 28.2 15.2 13.0

2014 129,342 75,416 58.3 100.0 72.7 61.2 11.5 27.3 14.7 12.6

2015 130,656 76,811 58.8 100.0 73.0 61.4 11.6 27.0 14.6 12.4

2016 131,469 77,574 59.0 100.0 73.1 62.2 10.9 26.9 14.6 12.3

2017 132,766 78,016 58.8 100.0 73.5 63.1 10.4 26.5 14.9 11.6

2018 133,500 79,239 59.4 100.0 74.4 64.0 10.3 25.6 14.3 11.3

2019 134,119 80,558 60.1 100.0 74.9 64.5 10.4 25.1 13.7 11.3

Men

1970 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0

1975 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1

1980 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4

1985 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7

1990 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4

1995 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4

2000 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.2 12.6 5.5 7.1

2005 110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7

2006 111,733 83,131 74.4 100.0 87.8 75.2 12.6 12.2 5.7 6.5

2007 112,695 83,538 74.1 100.0 87.4 74.6 12.8 12.6 5.9 6.7

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2019 (percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 124

Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year.

The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on 

income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2020.

Year and gender Population (in thousands)

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total (in thousands) Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

2008 113,758 83,109 73.1 100.0 86.0 71.2 14.8 14.0 6.5 7.5

2009 114,820 81,073 70.6 100.0 84.4 68.3 16.1 15.6 7.3 8.3

2010 115,986 80,341 69.3 100.0 84.3 69.4 14.9 15.7 7.3 8.4

2011 116,984 80,503 68.8 100.0 84.8 71.2 13.6 15.2 7.2 8.0

2012 118,202 82,143 69.5 100.0 84.5 71.0 13.5 15.5 7.5 8.0

2013 119,395 82,590 69.2 100.0 85.5 72.7 12.8 14.5 7.1 7.4

2014 120,738 83,640 69.3 100.0 85.7 73.9 11.8 14.3 7.2 7.1

2015 122,110 85,518 70.0 100.0 85.6 73.9 11.7 14.4 7.0 7.4

2016 122,944 86,063 70.0 100.0 85.8 74.7 11.1 14.2 7.1 7.0

2017 124,331 87,147 70.1 100.0 86.6 75.3 11.3 13.4 6.7 6.7

2018 125,027 87,163 69.7 100.0 86.7 76.2 10.4 13.3 6.9 6.4

2019 125,638 88,074 70.1 100.0 86.2 75.4 10.8 13.8 7.0 6.8

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2019 (percent distribution)

Year

Married-couple families

Total

No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1967 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2019 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 125

Year

Married-couple families

Total

No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1973 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148

1989 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138

1990 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164

1991 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197

1992 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 189

1993 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156

1994 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151

1995 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127

1996 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123

1997 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158

1998 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141

1999 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167

2000 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139

2001 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129

Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2019 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 126

Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2020.

Year

Married-couple families

Total

No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

2002 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121

2003 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117

2004 58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123

2005 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121

2006 59,050 8,091 14,545 10,693 3,261 591 36,414 33,880 1,752 639 142

2007 58,490 7,914 14,264 10,392 3,265 608 36,312 33,718 1,847 597 149

2008 59,183 8,083 14,622 10,567 3,435 620 36,477 33,930 1,739 650 158

2009 58,516 8,466 15,035 10,565 3,849 621 35,015 32,327 1,789 739 160

2010 58,135 8,626 15,406 10,880 3,935 591 34,103 31,425 1,783 722 172

2011 59,071 9,152 15,972 11,301 4,015 656 33,947 31,212 1,833 739 163

2012 59,327 9,101 15,831 11,271 3,891 669 34,395 31,594 1,881 750 170

2013 59,795 9,556 15,825 11,368 3,788 669 34,414 31,685 1,849 711 169

2014 60,091 9,434 15,627 11,240 3,767 620 35,030 32,000 2,082 764 183

2015 60,338 9,379 15,640 11,178 3,733 729 35,320 32,333 2,028 756 203

2016 60,912 9,814 15,490 11,054 3,742 695 35,608 32,647 2,054 752 155

2017 61,348 9,944 15,887 11,386 3,841 660 35,517 32,430 2,092 781 214

2018 61,505 10,022 15,575 10,960 3,916 699 35,908 32,839 2,019 783 268

2019 61,840 10,350 15,032 10,463 3,739 830 36,458 33,394 2,090 764 209

Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2019 (numbers in thousands)

Year

Married-couple families

Total

No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1967 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2019 (percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Year

Married-couple families

Total

No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1968 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 0.8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 0.8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 0.7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 0.7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 0.9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 0.9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3

1989 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 0.8 0.3

1990 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 0.9 0.3

1991 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 0.4

1992 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 0.4

1993 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 0.3

1994 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 0.3

1995 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 0.2

1996 100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 0.2

Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2019 (percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

Year

Married-couple families

Total

No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1997 100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 0.3

1998 100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 0.3

1999 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 0.9 0.3

2000 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 0.2

2001 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 0.9 0.2

2002 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 0.2

2003 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 0.9 0.2

2004 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 0.9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.1 0.2

2005 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 0.2

2006 100.0 13.7 24.6 18.1 5.5 1.0 61.7 57.4 3.0 1.1 0.2

2007 100.0 13.5 24.4 17.8 5.6 1.0 62.1 57.6 3.2 1.0 0.3

2008 100.0 13.7 24.7 17.9 5.8 1.0 61.6 57.3 2.9 1.1 0.3

2009 100.0 14.5 25.7 18.1 6.6 1.1 59.8 55.2 3.1 1.3 0.3

2010 100.0 14.8 26.5 18.7 6.8 1.0 58.7 54.1 3.1 1.2 0.3

2011 100.0 15.5 27.0 19.1 6.8 1.1 57.5 52.8 3.1 1.3 0.3

2012 100.0 15.3 26.7 19.0 6.6 1.1 58.0 53.3 3.2 1.3 0.3

2013 100.0 16.0 26.5 19.0 6.3 1.1 57.6 53.0 3.1 1.2 0.3

2014 100.0 15.7 26.0 18.7 6.3 1.0 58.3 53.3 3.5 1.3 0.3

2015 100.0 15.5 25.9 18.5 6.2 1.2 58.5 53.6 3.4 1.3 0.3

2016 100.0 16.1 25.4 18.1 6.1 1.1 58.5 53.6 3.4 1.2 0.3

2017 100.0 16.2 25.9 18.6 6.3 1.1 57.9 52.9 3.4 1.3 0.3

2018 100.0 16.3 25.3 17.8 6.4 1.1 58.4 53.4 3.3 1.3 0.4

2019 100.0 16.7 24.3 16.9 6.0 1.3 59.0 54.0 3.4 1.2 0.3

Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2019 (percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 129

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2020.

Year Contribution to family income (median percentage)

1970 26.6

1971 27.5

1972 26.7

1973 26.0

1974 25.4

1975 26.3

1976 26.4

1977 26.1

1978 26.1

1979 26.0

1980 26.7

1981 27.3

1982 28.4

1983 28.8

1984 28.4

1985 28.3

1986 29.0

1987 29.5

1988 29.6

1989 29.9

1990 30.7

1991 31.3

1992 32.4

1993 32.2

1994 31.9

1995 31.9

1996 32.6

1997 32.7

1998 32.8

1999 32.8

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2019

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971–2020.

Year Contribution to family income (median percentage)

2000 33.5

2001 34.4

2002 34.8

2003 35.2

2004 34.9

2005 35.1

2006 35.6

2007 36.0

2008 36.0

2009 37.1

2010 37.6

2011 37.0

2012 37.3

2013 37.3

2014 36.0

2015 37.1

2016 37.1

2017 37.1

2018 37.5

2019 36.5

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2019

Age and gender

Total Below poverty level Rate1

Total White Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

Total White Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

TotalWhite Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

Total, 16 years and older 157,769 122,238 19,891 10,186 28,057 6,318 4,296 1,433 239 1,964 4.0 3.5 7.2 2.3 7.0

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 

(numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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1

 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.

Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 

People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data where labor force base is less than 80,000.

Age and gender

Total Below poverty level Rate1

Total White Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

Total White Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

TotalWhite Black or African

American Asian

Hispanic 

or

Latino

16 to 19 years 3,678 2,834 467 132 865 273 173 53 11 80 7.4 6.1 11.4 8.6 9.2

20 to 24 years 12,926 9,751 1,836 602 3,110 977 659 210 45 263 7.6 6.8 11.5 7.4 8.5

25 to 34 years 36,215 26,793 5,266 2,619 7,212 1,800 1,141 514 57 462 5.0 4.3 9.8 2.2 6.4

35 to 44 years 33,679 25,633 4,316 2,537 6,691 1,447 1,012 303 46 565 4.3 3.9 7.0 1.8 8.4

45 to 54 years 32,245 25,061 4,028 2,224 5,735 940 667 200 39 374 2.9 2.7 5.0 1.8 6.5

55 to 64 years 27,882 22,819 2,955 1,504 3,450 739 543 124 32 181 2.6 2.4 4.2 2.1 5.2

65 years and older 11,144 9,347 1,023 568 993 143 103 28 9 39 1.3 1.1 2.7 1.5 3.9

Women, 16 years and 

older 74,259 56,190 10,639 4,741 12,243 3,370 2,106 951 109 874 4.5 3.7 8.9 2.3 7.1

16 to 19 years 1,784 1,367 277 48 407 145 79 39 6 39 8.1 5.8 14.0 - 9.5

20 to 24 years 6,283 4,645 945 317 1,454 521 340 115 22 140 8.3 7.3 12.1 6.9 9.6

25 to 34 years 16,908 12,236 2,726 1,191 3,079 1,059 581 395 26 215 6.3 4.7 14.5 2.2 7.0

35 to 44 years 15,589 11,465 2,345 1,180 2,823 703 450 186 25 210 4.5 3.9 7.9 2.1 7.4

45 to 54 years 15,524 11,816 2,190 1,059 2,552 484 324 126 13 176 3.1 2.7 5.7 1.2 6.9

55 to 64 years 13,265 10,660 1,601 695 1,508 395 289 73 17 79 3.0 2.7 4.6 2.4 5.2

65 years and older 4,906 4,001 554 253 420 64 44 18 - 15 1.3 1.1 3.2 - 3.7

Men, 16 years and older 83,510 66,048 9,253 5,445 15,814 2,948 2,191 482 130 1,090 3.5 3.3 5.2 2.4 6.9

16 to 19 years 1,894 1,467 190 85 459 128 94 14 6 41 6.8 6.4 7.6 6.6 8.9

20 to 24 years 6,643 5,106 891 285 1,656 456 319 96 23 124 6.9 6.3 10.7 8.0 7.5

25 to 34 years 19,307 14,557 2,540 1,428 4,134 741 560 119 30 247 3.8 3.8 4.7 2.1 6.0

35 to 44 years 18,090 14,168 1,970 1,357 3,868 744 561 118 21 355 4.1 4.0 6.0 1.6 9.2

45 to 54 years 16,721 13,245 1,838 1,165 3,183 457 343 74 26 198 2.7 2.6 4.0 2.2 6.2

55 to 64 years 14,617 12,159 1,354 809 1,942 344 254 51 15 102 2.4 2.1 3.8 1.9 5.3

65 years and older 6,238 5,346 470 315 573 79 59 10 9 24 1.3 1.1 2.2 2.7 4.1

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 

(numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 132

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Age, gender, race and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity

Total (in

thousands)

Percentage distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in the

labor force

Total, 20 years and older 2,672 100.0 70.1 12.4 17.5

20 to 24 years 63 100.0 - - -

25 to 54 years 1,676 100.0 75.1 13.9 11.0

55 to 64 years 702 100.0 66.5 10.7 22.8

65 years and older 232 100.0 44.1 7.4 48.5

Women, 20 years and older 1,206 100.0 67.8 12.5 19.7

20 to 24 years 42 100.0 - - -

25 to 54 years 729 100.0 75.9 12.9 11.2

55 to 64 years 321 100.0 60.3 13.4 26.3

65 years and older 115 100.0 35.4 5.6 59.1

Men, 20 years and older 1,466 100.0 71.9 12.3 15.7

20 to 24 years 20 100.0 - - -

25 to 54 years 947 100.0 74.5 14.6 10.9

55 to 64 years 382 100.0 71.7 8.3 20.0

65 years and older 117 100.0 52.6 9.3 38.2

White

Total, 20 years and older 2,162 100.0 70.9 10.5 18.6

Women 951 100.0 67.7 9.7 22.6

Men 1,211 100.0 73.5 11.0 15.5

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and older 335 100.0 61.8 22.2 16.0

Women 183 100.0 64.6 22.6 12.9

Men 152 100.0 58.5 21.8 19.7

Asian

Total, 20 years and older 110 100.0 73.5 25.6 0.9

Women 48 100.0 - - -

Men 62 100.0 - - -

Table 27. Displaced workers1, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2020

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 133

1

 Displaced workers are workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2017 and December 2019 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the 

abolishment of their positions or shifts.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Values not shown where base is less than 75,000.)

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Age, gender, race and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity

Total (in

thousands)

Percentage distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in the

labor force

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and older 461 100.0 67.6 8.5 23.9

Women 199 100.0 61.2 10.5 28.3

Men 262 100.0 72.6 7.0 20.5

Table 27. Displaced workers1, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2020

Age and gender January 2004 January 2006 January 2008 January 2010 January 2012 January 2014 January 2016 January 2018 January 2020

Total, 16 years and older 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.1

16 to 17 years 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3

25 years and older 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.1 5.0 4.9

25 to 34 years 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8

35 to 44 years 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9

45 to 54 years 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.5

55 to 64 years 9.6 9.3 9.9 10.0 10.3 10.4 10.1 10.1 9.9

65 years and older 9.0 8.8 10.2 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.3

Women, 16 years and older 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.9

16 to 17 years 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2

25 years and older 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.9 4.8

25 to 34 years 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.7

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–20

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 134

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2004–20 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Age and gender January 2004 January 2006 January 2008 January 2010 January 2012 January 2014 January 2016 January 2018 January 2020

35 to 44 years 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.6

45 to 54 years 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.5 7.1 6.8

55 to 64 years 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.0 10.1 9.8

65 years and older 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.4 10.1 10.4

Men, 16 years and older 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.3

16 to 17 years 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4

25 years and older 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.1 5.1

25 to 34 years 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9

35 to 44 years 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.1

45 to 54 years 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.4 8.1 8.2

55 to 64 years 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.7 10.2 10.2 10.0

65 years and older 8.2 8.3 10.4 9.7 10.2 10.0 10.2 10.2 10.3

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–20

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Total, 2020 high school graduates1 3,118 1,427 45.8 1,186 38.0 241 16.9 1,691

Women 1,537 724 47.1 605 39.4 118 16.3 813

Men 1,581 703 44.5 580 36.7 123 17.5 878

Enrolled in college 1,955 645 33.0 556 28.4 89 13.8 1,310

Percentage of total 2020 graduates 62.7 45.2 - 46.9 - 37.0 - 77.5

Women 1,017 386 37.9 326 32.0 60 15.6 632

Percentage of female 2020 graduates 66.2 53.3 - 53.8 - 50.9 - 77.7

Table 29. Labor force status of 2020 high school graduates and 2019–2020 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, 

October 2020 (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 135

1 Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2020.

2 Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2019 and October 2020.

Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Men 938 260 27.7 231 24.6 29 11.2 678

Percentage of male 2020 graduates 59.3 36.9 - 39.8 - 23.5 - 77.3

Not enrolled in college 1,162 781 67.2 629 54.2 152 19.5 381

Percentage of total 2020 graduates 37.3 54.8 - 53.1 - 63.0 - 22.5

Women 519 338 65.1 280 53.9 58 17.2 181

Percentage of female 2020 graduates 33.8 46.7 - 46.2 - 49.1 - 22.3

Men 643 444 69.0 349 54.3 94 21.2 200

Percentage of male 2020 graduates 40.7 63.1 - 60.2 - 76.5 - 22.7

Total, 2019-2020 high school dropouts2 575 273 47.5 253 43.9 20 7.5 302

Women 246 103 41.9 95 38.5 8 8.0 143

Men 329 170 51.7 158 48.0 12 7.2 159

Table 29. Labor force status of 2020 high school graduates and 2019–2020 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, 

October 2020 (numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Enrolled in school 21,012 7,564 36.0 6,710 31.9 855 11.3 13,448

Women 11,000 4,358 39.6 3,936 35.8 422 9.7 6,642

Men 10,012 3,207 32.0 2,774 27.7 433 13.5 6,805

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2020 (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 136

1 Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.

2

 Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Enrolled in high school1 9,214 2,097 22.8 1,832 19.9 266 12.7 7,116

Women 4,456 1,106 24.8 1,005 22.6 101 9.1 3,350

Men 4,757 991 20.8 826 17.4 165 16.6 3,766

Enrolled in college 11,798 5,467 46.3 4,878 41.3 589 10.8 6,331

Women 6,544 3,252 49.7 2,931 44.8 321 9.9 3,292

Men 5,254 2,215 42.2 1,947 37.1 268 12.1 3,039

Not enrolled in school 16,456 13,033 79.2 11,554 70.2 1,479 11.3 3,423

Women 7,659 5,777 75.4 5,187 67.7 590 10.2 1,883

Less than a high school diploma 814 382 47.0 339 41.7 43 11.2 432

High school graduates, no college2 3,229 2,305 71.4 2,028 62.8 277 12.0 923

Some college or associate's degree 2,038 1,656 81.3 1,499 73.6 157 9.5 382

Bachelor's degree and higher 1,579 1,433 90.8 1,320 83.6 113 7.9 146

Men 8,796 7,256 82.5 6,367 72.4 889 12.3 1,540

Less than a high school diploma 1,165 778 66.8 699 59.9 80 10.2 387

High school graduates, no college2 4,414 3,597 81.5 3,100 70.2 498 13.8 817

Some college or associate's degree 1,997 1,749 87.6 1,534 76.8 215 12.3 248

Bachelor's degree and higher 1,219 1,131 92.8 1,034 84.8 97 8.6 88

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2020 (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 137

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement.

Year Total employed

Multiple jobholders Multiple-jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Number Percentage of all multiple jobholders Men Total Women Men

1994 123,060 7,260 3,336 46.0 3,924 5.9 5.9 5.9

1995 124,900 7,693 3,554 46.2 4,139 6.2 6.2 6.1

1996 126,708 7,832 3,640 46.5 4,192 6.2 6.2 6.1

1997 129,558 7,955 3,718 46.7 4,237 6.1 6.2 6.1

1998 131,463 7,926 3,748 47.3 4,178 6.0 6.2 5.9

1999 133,488 7,802 3,698 47.4 4,104 5.8 6.0 5.7

2000 136,891 7,604 3,608 47.4 3,996 5.6 5.7 5.5

2001 136,933 7,357 3,523 47.9 3,834 5.4 5.5 5.2

2002 136,485 7,291 3,557 48.8 3,734 5.3 5.6 5.1

2003 137,736 7,315 3,599 49.2 3,716 5.3 5.6 5.1

2004 139,252 7,473 3,638 48.7 3,835 5.4 5.6 5.1

2005 141,730 7,546 3,691 48.9 3,855 5.3 5.6 5.1

2006 144,427 7,576 3,753 49.5 3,822 5.2 5.6 4.9

2007 146,047 7,655 3,822 49.9 3,833 5.2 5.6 4.9

2008 145,362 7,620 3,783 49.6 3,837 5.2 5.6 5.0

2009 139,877 7,271 3,741 51.5 3,530 5.2 5.6 4.8

2010 139,064 6,878 3,552 51.6 3,326 4.9 5.4 4.5

2011 139,869 6,880 3,496 50.8 3,384 4.9 5.3 4.6

2012 142,469 6,943 3,495 50.3 3,448 4.9 5.2 4.6

2013 143,929 7,002 3,517 50.2 3,486 4.9 5.2 4.6

2014 146,305 7,146 3,636 50.9 3,511 4.9 5.3 4.5

2015 148,834 7,262 3,692 50.8 3,571 4.9 5.3 4.5

2016 151,436 7,531 3,887 51.6 3,645 5.0 5.5 4.5

2017 153,337 7,545 3,798 50.3 3,748 4.9 5.3 4.6

2018 155,761 7,769 3,934 50.6 3,835 5.0 5.4 4.6

2019 157,538 8,050 4,141 51.4 3,908 5.1 5.6 4.7

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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1 Multiple jobholders as a percentage of all employed people in specified group.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total employed

Multiple jobholders Multiple-jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Number Percentage of all multiple jobholders Men Total Women Men

2020 147,795 6,687 3,429 51.3 3,258 4.5 5.0 4.1

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

Year

Total Women Men

Self-employed women as 

percentage of total selfemployedTotal 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

1976 85,421 5,783 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8

1977 88,734 6,114 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7

1978 92,661 6,429 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2

1979 95,477 6,791 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2

1980 95,938 7,000 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0

1981 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9

1982 96,125 7,262 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8

1983 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2

1984 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0

1985 103,971 7,811 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3

1986 106,434 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1

1987 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9

1988 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7

1989 114,142 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4

1990 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8

1991 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6

1992 115,245 8,575 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5

1993 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2

1994 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2

1995 121,460 8,902 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Year

Total Women Men

Self-employed women as 

percentage of total selfemployedTotal 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

1996 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1

1997 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2

1998 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9

1999 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0

2000 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4

2001 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4

2002 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2

2003 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6

2004 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1

2005 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5

2006 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0

2007 143,952 9,557 6.6 67,302 3,637 5.4 76,650 5,920 7.7 38.1

2008 143,194 9,219 6.4 67,358 3,483 5.2 75,836 5,736 7.6 37.8

2009 137,775 8,995 6.5 65,712 3,468 5.3 72,062 5,527 7.7 38.6

2010 136,858 8,860 6.5 65,164 3,388 5.2 71,694 5,472 7.6 38.2

2011 137,615 8,603 6.3 65,023 3,341 5.1 72,592 5,262 7.2 38.8

2012 140,283 8,749 6.2 66,353 3,483 5.2 73,930 5,266 7.1 39.8

2013 141,799 8,619 6.1 67,058 3,508 5.2 74,742 5,111 6.8 40.7

2014 144,068 8,602 6.0 68,061 3,444 5.1 76,007 5,158 6.8 40.0

2015 146,411 8,665 5.9 69,106 3,396 4.9 77,305 5,269 6.8 39.2

2016 148,976 8,751 5.9 70,247 3,385 4.8 78,729 5,366 6.8 38.7

2017 150,883 8,736 5.8 71,324 3,544 5.0 79,559 5,191 6.5 40.6

2018 153,336 8,941 5.8 72,435 3,518 4.9 80,902 5,423 6.7 39.3

2019 155,113 8,799 5.7 73,443 3,532 4.8 81,670 5,266 6.4 40.1

2020 145,446 8,511 5.9 68,585 3,544 5.2 76,862 4,967 6.5 41.6

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 140

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

Total

Native born, 16 years and older1 217,968 133,427 61.2 122,986 56.4 10,441 7.8 84,541

16 to 24 years 34,336 18,603 54.2 15,819 46.1 2,784 15.0 15,732

25 to 34 years 37,636 31,036 82.5 28,460 75.6 2,576 8.3 6,601

35 to 44 years 32,227 26,833 83.3 25,208 78.2 1,625 6.1 5,394

45 to 54 years 31,078 25,148 80.9 23,731 76.4 1,416 5.6 5,930

55 to 64 years 35,360 22,656 64.1 21,262 60.1 1,393 6.1 12,705

65 years and older 47,330 9,152 19.3 8,506 18.0 646 7.1 38,179

Foreign born, 16 years and older2 42,361 27,316 64.5 24,809 58.6 2,507 9.2 15,046

16 to 24 years 3,149 1,604 50.9 1,373 43.6 231 14.4 1,545

25 to 34 years 7,208 5,470 75.9 4,966 68.9 504 9.2 1,738

35 to 44 years 9,103 7,150 78.5 6,599 72.5 551 7.7 1,953

45 to 54 years 8,793 6,993 79.5 6,367 72.4 626 8.9 1,800

55 to 64 years 6,831 4,637 67.9 4,191 61.4 446 9.6 2,193

65 years and older 7,278 1,461 20.1 1,312 18.0 149 10.2 5,817

Women

Native born, 16 years and older1 112,466 63,874 56.8 58,827 52.3 5,047 7.9 48,591

16 to 24 years 17,107 9,222 53.9 7,860 45.9 1,362 14.8 7,884

25 to 34 years 18,886 14,768 78.2 13,604 72.0 1,163 7.9 4,118

35 to 44 years 16,361 12,758 78.0 11,994 73.3 763 6.0 3,603

45 to 54 years 15,895 12,135 76.3 11,415 71.8 720 5.9 3,760

55 to 64 years 18,314 10,843 59.2 10,133 55.3 710 6.5 7,471

65 years and older 25,903 4,149 16.0 3,821 14.8 328 7.9 21,754

Foreign born, 16 years and older2 21,941 11,664 53.2 10,407 47.4 1,257 10.8 10,278

16 to 24 years 1,557 709 45.5 598 38.4 111 15.7 848

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2020 annual averages 

(numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 141

1

 The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

2

 The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not 

U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these 

categories.

Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor force Total Percentage of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage

of population Total Percentageof labor force

25 to 34 years 3,572 2,230 62.4 1,978 55.4 252 11.3 1,342

35 to 44 years 4,626 2,979 64.4 2,693 58.2 287 9.6 1,647

45 to 54 years 4,488 3,086 68.8 2,758 61.5 328 10.6 1,402

55 to 64 years 3,550 2,068 58.2 1,854 52.2 213 10.3 1,482

65 years and older 4,148 592 14.3 527 12.7 66 11.1 3,556

Men

Native born, 16 years and older1 105,502 69,552 65.9 64,159 60.8 5,393 7.8 35,950

16 to 24 years 17,229 9,381 54.4 7,959 46.2 1,422 15.2 7,848

25 to 34 years 18,750 16,268 86.8 14,855 79.2 1,412 8.7 2,482

35 to 44 years 15,866 14,076 88.7 13,214 83.3 862 6.1 1,791

45 to 54 years 15,183 13,013 85.7 12,316 81.1 697 5.4 2,170

55 to 64 years 17,047 11,813 69.3 11,130 65.3 683 5.8 5,234

65 years and older 21,427 5,002 23.3 4,685 21.9 317 6.3 16,425

Foreign born, 16 years and older2 20,420 15,652 76.6 14,401 70.5 1,250 8.0 4,768

16 to 24 years 1,592 895 56.2 775 48.7 120 13.4 697

25 to 34 years 3,637 3,241 89.1 2,989 82.2 252 7.8 396

35 to 44 years 4,476 4,171 93.2 3,906 87.3 265 6.3 306

45 to 54 years 4,305 3,907 90.8 3,609 83.8 298 7.6 398

55 to 64 years 3,281 2,570 78.3 2,337 71.2 233 9.1 711

65 years and older 3,129 869 27.8 785 25.1 84 9.6 2,260

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2020 annual averages 

(numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 142

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total employed

Members of unions1 Represented by unions2

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

Total

1983 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3

1984 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6

1985 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5

1986 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9

1987 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2

1988 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0

1989 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6

1990 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2

1991 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1

1992 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7

1993 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6

1994 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5

1995 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7

1996 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2

1997 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6

1998 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4

1999 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3

2000 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9

2001 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7

2002 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5

2003 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3

2004 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8

2005 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7

2006 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1

2007 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3

2008 129,377 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7

2009 124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2018 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 143

Year Total employed

Members of unions1 Represented by unions2

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

2010 124,073 14,715 11.9 16,290 13.1

2011 125,187 14,764 11.8 16,290 13.0

2012 127,577 14,366 11.3 15,922 12.5

2013 129,110 14,528 11.3 16,028 12.4

2014 131,431 14,576 11.1 16,152 12.3

2015 133,743 14,795 11.1 16,441 12.3

2016 136,101 14,555 10.7 16,271 12.0

2017 137,890 14,817 10.7 16,444 11.9

2018 140,099 14,744 10.5 16,380 11.7

2019 141,737 14,574 10.3 16,383 11.6

2020 132,174 14,253 10.8 15,939 12.1

Women

1983 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0

1984 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8

1985 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9

1986 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5

1987 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9

1988 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0

1989 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9

1990 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9

1991 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8

1992 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9

1993 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0

1994 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1

1995 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3

1996 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8

1997 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4

1998 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1

1999 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0

2000 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1

2001 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2018 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 144

Year Total employed

Members of unions1 Represented by unions2

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

2002 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0

2003 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9

2004 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5

2005 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6

2006 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2

2007 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4

2008 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9

2009 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7

2010 60,542 6,722 11.1 7,528 12.4

2011 60,502 6,758 11.2 7,558 12.5

2012 61,679 6,470 10.5 7,311 11.9

2013 62,316 6,573 10.5 7,340 11.8

2014 63,383 6,638 10.5 7,434 11.7

2015 64,445 6,833 10.6 7,681 11.9

2016 65,512 6,667 10.2 7,567 11.6

2017 66,421 6,651 10.0 7,514 11.3

2018 67,467 6,662 9.9 7,512 11.1

2019 68,388 6,624 9.7 7,538 11.0

2020 63,462 6,672 10.5 7,507 11.8

Men

1983 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

1986 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

1990 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2018 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 145

1

 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2

 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced 

annually with the release of January data.

Year Total employed

Members of unions1 Represented by unions2

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

1994 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

1997 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

1998 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

1999 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

2002 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

2006 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

2007 67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1

2008 66,846 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5

2009 63,539 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4

2010 63,531 7,994 12.6 8,761 13.8

2011 64,686 8,006 12.4 8,731 13.5

2012 65,898 7,895 12.0 8,611 13.1

2013 66,794 7,955 11.9 8,688 13.0

2014 68,048 7,939 11.7 8,717 12.8

2015 69,298 7,963 11.5 8,760 12.6

2016 70,589 7,888 11.2 8,704 12.3

2017 71,469 8,166 11.4 8,930 12.5

2018 72,632 8,082 11.1 8,868 12.2

2019 73,349 7,950 10.8 8,845 12.1

2020 68,711 7,582 11.0 8,432 12.3

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2018 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 146

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men

Women as a

percentage of

total

Total veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 18,466 1,904 16,562 10.3

Civilian labor force 8,918 1,093 7,826 12.3

Participation rate 48.3 57.4 47.2 -

Employed 8,338 1,019 7,319 12.2

Employment-population ratio 45.2 53.5 44.2 -

Unemployed 581 74 507 12.7

Unemployment rate 6.5 6.7 6.5 -

Not in labor force 9,548 811 8,737 8.5

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 4,484 760 3,725 16.9

Civilian labor force 3,530 521 3,009 14.8

Participation rate 78.7 68.6 80.8 -

Employed 3,271 483 2,788 14.8

Employment-population ratio 72.9 63.6 74.8 -

Unemployed 259 38 221 14.5

Unemployment rate 7.3 7.2 7.4 -

Not in labor force 955 239 716 25.0

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 3,074 503 2,570 16.4

Civilian labor force 2,276 333 1,943 14.6

Participation rate 74.0 66.2 75.6 -

Employed 2,167 312 1,855 14.4

Employment-population ratio 70.5 61.9 72.2 -

Unemployed 109 21 88 19.5

Unemployment rate 4.8 6.4 4.5 -

Not in labor force 798 170 627 21.4

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 147

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men

Women as a

percentage of

total

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 6,826 238 6,587 3.5

Civilian labor force 1,254 33 1,221 2.7

Participation rate 18.4 14.0 18.5 -

Employed 1,170 29 1,140 2.5

Employment-population ratio 17.1 12.4 17.3 -

Unemployed 84 4 80 4.7

Unemployment rate 6.7 11.8 6.6 -

Not in labor force 5,572 205 5,366 3.7

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population 4,082 402 3,680 9.8

Civilian labor force 1,859 205 1,653 11.1

Participation rate 45.5 51.1 44.9 -

Employed 1,730 194 1,536 11.2

Employment-population ratio 42.4 48.4 41.7 -

Unemployed 128 11 117 8.5

Unemployment rate 6.9 5.3 7.1 -

Not in labor force 2,224 197 2,027 8.8

Nonveterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 233,099 128,140 104,960 55.0

Civilian labor force 149,742 73,338 76,404 49.0

Participation rate 64.2 57.2 72.8 -

Employed 137,739 67,301 70,438 48.9

Employment-population ratio 59.1 52.5 67.1 -

Unemployed 12,003 6,037 5,966 50.3

Unemployment rate 8.0 8.2 7.8 -

Not in labor force 83,357 54,802 28,555 65.7

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 148

Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could 

have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 

1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a 

wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Total people with a disability

Civilian noninstitutional population 29,918 15,879 14,039

Civilian labor force 6,123 2,778 3,345

Participation rate 20.5 17.5 23.8

Employed 5,354 2,410 2,943

Employment-population ratio 17.9 15.2 21.0

Unemployed 769 367 402

Unemployment rate 12.6 13.2 12.0

Not in labor force 23,796 13,102 10,694

16 to 64 years

Civilian noninstitutional population 14,826 7,370 7,456

Civilian labor force 4,979 2,322 2,657

Participation rate 33.6 31.5 35.6

Employed 4,310 1,998 2,312

Employment-population ratio 29.1 27.1 31.0

Unemployed 669 324 345

Unemployment rate 13.4 13.9 13.0

Not in labor force 9,847 5,048 4,799

65 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,092 8,509 6,584

Civilian labor force 1,144 455 688

Participation rate 7.6 5.4 10.5

Employed 1,043 412 632

Employment-population ratio 6.9 4.8 9.6

Unemployed 101 44 57

Unemployment rate 8.8 9.6 8.3

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, 

remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a 

doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Not in labor force 13,948 8,053 5,895

Total people without a disability

Civilian noninstitutional population 230,411 118,528 111,883

Civilian labor force 154,620 72,761 81,859

Participation rate 67.1 61.4 73.2

Employed 142,441 66,824 75,617

Employment-population ratio 61.8 56.4 67.6

Unemployed 12,178 5,937 6,242

Unemployment rate 7.9 8.2 7.6

Not in labor force 75,791 45,767 30,024

16 to 64 years

Civilian noninstitutional population 190,895 96,985 93,910

Civilian labor force 145,151 68,475 76,676

Participation rate 76.0 70.6 81.6

Employed 133,667 62,888 70,779

Employment-population ratio 70.0 64.8 75.4

Unemployed 11,484 5,586 5,898

Unemployment rate 7.9 8.2 7.7

Not in labor force 45,744 28,510 17,234

65 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population 39,515 21,543 17,973

Civilian labor force 9,469 4,286 5,183

Participation rate 24.0 19.9 28.8

Employed 8,774 3,936 4,838

Employment-population ratio 22.2 18.3 26.9

Unemployed 694 350 344

Unemployment rate 7.3 8.2 6.6

Not in labor force 30,047 17,257 12,790

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
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Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, 

using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

In 2020, estimates in this report reflect a change in the classification of people in same-sex marriages. In prior years, 

estimates of the number of married people referred to those in opposite-sex marriages only. The definition of families 

incorporates this change by expanding the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex married couples. 

Additional information about the classification change is available from the Census Bureau.

Some data presented in this report were collected in supplements to the CPS, such as the School Enrollment 

Supplement; the Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement; and the Annual Social 

and Economic Supplement (ASEC). The ASEC, conducted in the months of February through April, includes questions 

about work activity and income during the previous calendar year. For instance, data collected in 2020 are for the 2019 

calendar year. The 2019 data in this report are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. The collection 

period for these data coincided with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic; because in-person interviews were 

suspended during the collection period, the response rate for the survey was about 10 percentage points lower than in 

the previous year.

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay 

services or the information voice phone at: (202) 691-5200. This article is in the public domain and may be reproduced 

without permission.

Concepts and definitions

Children refers to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, 

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all 

unrelated children living in the household.

The civilian labor force includes all people classified as employed or unemployed.

The civilian labor force participation rate represents the number of people in the civilian labor force as a percentage of 

the civilian noninstitutional population.

The civilian noninstitutional population is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or 

the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on 

Active Duty in the Armed Forces.

Disability status is determined in the CPS through a set of six questions. The questions are about physical, mental, or 

emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the 

respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she 

is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. People are classified as having a disability if 

there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. For more information, see the wording of the six questions used 

to identify people with a disability, available on our website.
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•

Displaced workers are wage and salary workers, 20 years of age and older, who lost or left jobs because their plant or 

company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are 

presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time 

of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with 

unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

The employed are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of 

the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees, (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own 

farm, or (c) worked 15 or more hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily 

absent from their jobs or business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as 

employed.

The employment-population ratio represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the population.

The foreign born are people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born 

outside the United States or one of its outlying areas (such as Puerto Rico or Guam), and neither parent was a U.S. 

citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants; refugees; temporary residents, such as 

students and temporary workers; and undocumented immigrants. The survey does not specifically identify people in 

these categories, however.

The native born are people born in the United States or one of its outlying areas or, if born abroad, had at least one 

parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, 

Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and are included in 

estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.

Hours at work reflects the number of hours actually worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week, which is 

generally the week including the 12th day of the month. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but 

were off for 8 hours during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for 

the holiday. (See related information on usual full- or part-time status.)

Married-couple families refers to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples (one of whom is the householder) residing 

together and any of their family members residing in the household.

The householder is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented and, 

therefore, is the family reference person.

Workers paid at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried 

workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not included, even though some have earnings that, if 

converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. The estimates of workers paid at or below the 

federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include 

overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly 

earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or 

below the federal minimum wage when, in fact, they earn the minimum wage.
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Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or 

state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with 

hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor 

Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on 

whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage 

laws.

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below 

the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there 

are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

People not in the labor force are those who are neither employed nor unemployed.

Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs 

are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupation and 

industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2018 Census occupational classification system and the 2017 

Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2018 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and 

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), respectively. For more information, see Occupational 

and Industry classifications used in the CPS.

Poverty classification statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security 

Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally 

were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption 

requirements of families, predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 

years of age.

The actual poverty thresholds vary because of the makeup of the family. In 2019, the weighted average poverty 

threshold for a family of four was $26,172; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $52,875; and for one 

person (unrelated individual), it was $13,011. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the 

Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, 

see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019.”)

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, 

White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in 

these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized 

as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people identified one group as their main race. For more information, see 

Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003. Data for other race groups—American Indians 

and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are 

included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to 

develop estimates of publication quality.

Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Estimates 

of the self-employed in this report reflect only people whose businesses are unincorporated. Self-employed people 

whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise specified.
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Employee tenure is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the time of 

the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure 

and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are 

excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are collected 

through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

The unemployed are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for work (except 

if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period 

ending with the survey reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid 

off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Union membership refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union. The data are 

tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed 

workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.

Usual full- or part-time status is based on the number of hours people usually work per week, regardless of the number 

of hours worked in the reference week. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours per week (at all 

jobs combined). Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs).

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, 

or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Since January 1994, respondents have been 

asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, 

or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly 

are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the 

term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half 

the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Earnings estimates are presented as median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. The median is 

the point at which half of all workers had higher earnings and half had lower earnings.

Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and 

who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on Active Duty at the time of the survey are outside 

the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who never served 

on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, 

or piece rates from a private-sector employer or from a local, state, or federal government agency or entity. This includes 

paid employees of charities, nonprofits, and religious and civic organizations. This group also generally includes the 

incorporated self-employed because, legally, they are paid employees of a corporation. (Data on union membership, 

earnings, tenure, and displacement of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with 

incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.)
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Work experience data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the 

following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or 

“Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” 

Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the level for any given 

month, which is based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.

Workers paid hourly rates are wage and salary workers who report that they are paid by the hour on their main job. 

Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.

The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but 

whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate is the number of individuals in the labor 

force for at least 27 weeks whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level, as a percentage of all people who 

were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks during the calendar year. These data are obtained from the Annual Social 

and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. There are two reasons this occurs: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error occurs because 

samples differ by chance. The sampling error variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is 

about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 

standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 

90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data. For more information on sampling and nonsampling errors in the CPS and estimating standard errors, see 

Reliability of estimates from the CPS.