IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. 294A18

Filed 14 August 2020

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

v.

JEFFERY DANIEL WAYCASTER

On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 and on appeal of right

pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-30(2) from the decision of a divided panel of the Court of 

Appeals, 260 N.C. App. 684, 818 S.E.2d 189 (2018), affirming a judgment entered on 

16 May 2017 by Judge Gary M. Gavenus in Superior Court, McDowell County. Heard 

in the Supreme Court on 6 November 2019.

Joshua H. Stein, Attorney General, by Alexander Walton, Assistant Attorney 

General, for the State-appellee.

Dylan J.C. Buffum, for defendant-appellant.

DAVIS, Justice.

North Carolina’s Habitual Felons Act references three ways by which the State 

may prove a defendant’s prior convictions for the purpose of establishing that he is a 

habitual felon. The issue in this case is whether these methods of proof set out in the 

Act are exclusive. Because we conclude that the General Assembly intended for the 

means of proof mentioned in the Act to be nonexclusive, we affirm the decision of the 
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Court of Appeals on that issue. Defendant also raised an additional issue relating to 

whether the trial court committed plain error by allowing the introduction of hearsay 

evidence during his trial. We now conclude that discretionary review of this 

additional issue was improvidently allowed.

Factual and Procedural Background

On 22 July 2014, defendant was sentenced to 30 months of supervised 

probation after pleading no contest to a charge of felony larceny. The terms of 

defendant’s probation were modified on 3 September 2015, and pursuant to these 

modifications, he submitted to electronic monitoring and was required to wear an 

ankle monitor that tracked his location. In addition, although not under house arrest, 

defendant was required to comply with the curfew set by his primary probation 

officer, Matthew Plaster.

Defendant’s electronic monitoring involved three different pieces of equipment: 

an ankle monitor worn by him, a Global Positioning System beacon that tracked the 

monitor, and a charger for the ankle monitor. The beacon was kept at defendant’s

home, and his probation officer would receive text messages or email alerts if he was

not at home during his curfew. His probation officer would also receive notification if 

defendant tampered with his ankle monitor strap by cutting it off or otherwise trying 

to remove it. These alerts were sent from BI Total Monitoring (BI), a company with 

which the North Carolina Department of Public Safety contracted to install and 

maintain the monitoring equipment assigned to probationers such as defendant.
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On 24 September 2015, the probation officer on duty, David Ashe, received a 

text message alert from BI notifying him that defendant had tampered with his ankle 

monitor strap. Officer Ashe attempted to call defendant but received no answer. After

consulting the BI computer program to locate the ankle monitor, Officer Ashe went

to the last known location of the monitor and discovered that it had been cut off and 

left in a ditch approximately eight feet from a road that was located a few miles away 

from defendant’s home. Upon returning to his office, Officer Ashe verified that the 

monitor he had found in the ditch was, in fact, the one that had been given to

defendant, and he submitted a report of the incident to Officer Plaster.

On 26 October 2015, defendant was indicted on charges of interfering with an 

electronic monitoring device and attaining the status of a habitual felon. A trial was 

held in Superior Court, McDowell County, beginning on 16 May 2017. The jury 

returned a verdict of guilty on the charge of interfering with an electronic monitoring 

device on that same day. On the following day, the habitual felon phase of the trial 

began. The habitual felon indictment charged defendant with attaining habitual felon 

status based upon three prior felony convictions in McDowell County: (1) a 4 June 

2001 conviction for felonious breaking and entering; (2) a 18 February 2010 conviction 

for felonious breaking and entering; and (3) a 22 July 2014 conviction for 

safecracking. At trial, the State admitted into evidence certified copies of the 

judgments for the latter two convictions in order to prove their existence.

With regard to the 4 June 2001 conviction, however, the prosecutor stated to 
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the court that he had been informed by the Clerk of Court’s office “that they didn’t 

have the original” judgment associated with that conviction. In an effort to prove the 

existence of this conviction, the State called Melissa Adams, the Clerk of Court for 

McDowell County, as a witness. The State then introduced as an exhibit a computer

printout from the Automated Criminal/Infraction System (ACIS). Adams testified 

that ACIS is a statewide computer system relied upon by courts and law enforcement

agencies for accessing information regarding a defendant’s criminal judgments, 

offense dates, and conviction dates. She further stated that the information contained 

in ACIS is taken from court records such as criminal judgments and manually 

entered into the database by an employee in the Clerk of Court’s office. The ACIS 

printout offered by the State showed that defendant had been convicted of felonious 

breaking and entering on 4 June 2001, and Adams testified that the printout was a 

“certified true copy of the ACIS system.”

When the State formally moved to introduce the ACIS printout into evidence 

as proof of defendant’s 4 June 2001 felony conviction, defense counsel objected, 

arguing that the ACIS printout was not a true copy of the actual judgment but rather 

“simply a computer printout of data entered at some time in the past by someone of 

what purports to be a judgment.” Defense counsel contended that the ACIS printout 

was therefore insufficient to prove defendant’s 2001 conviction. The trial court 

overruled the objection, stating that “ACIS is a way in which the State can introduce 

true copies of judgments entered in the system, and it's admissible under the rules of 
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evidence.”

The jury found that defendant had attained the status of a habitual felon, and 

the trial court sentenced him to a term of imprisonment of 38 to 58 months. Defendant 

appealed to the Court of Appeals.

Before the Court of Appeals, defendant made two arguments. First, he asserted 

that the trial court committed plain error by admitting hearsay evidence to establish 

that the ankle monitor found in the ditch belonged to him. Second, he contended that 

the trial court erred by allowing the ACIS printout to be introduced into evidence as 

proof of his 2001 conviction for the purpose of establishing that he was a habitual 

felon.

With regard to the first issue, defendant asserted that the trial court had 

plainly erred in allowing Officer Ashe to testify that he had verified through BI that 

the ankle monitor he found in the ditch belonged to defendant. Defendant contended 

that Officer Ashe’s testimony constituted inadmissible hearsay because it was based 

entirely upon communications from BI and the State had failed to provide an 

adequate foundation to allow such information to be admitted pursuant to the 

business records exception to the hearsay rule set out in N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 803(6).

Relying on its own precedent, the Court of Appeals rejected this argument and held 

that “hearsay statements based on ‘GPS tracking evidence and simultaneously 

prepared reports are admissible under the business records exception to the hearsay 

rule.’ ” State v. Waycaster, 260 N.C. App. 684, 689, 818 S.E.2d 189, 193 (2018) (quoting 
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State v. Gardner, 237 N.C. App. 496, 499, 769 S.E.2d 196, 198 (2014)).

As for the second issue, defendant argued that the trial court had improperly

allowed the ACIS printout to be used as proof of his 2001 conviction because N.C.G.S. 

§ 14-7.4 contained the exclusive methods for proving prior convictions in a proceeding 

to determine habitual felon status. The Court of Appeals likewise rejected this 

argument based on its determination that the ACIS printout was “sufficient 

evidentiary proof of defendant’s 4 June 2001 conviction under the Habitual Felon 

Act.” Waycaster, 260 N.C. App. at 691, 818 S.E.2d at 195. The Court of Appeals stated 

that “ACIS ‘duplicates the physical records maintained by each Clerk and constitutes 

the collective compilation of all records individually entered by’ clerks of court.” Id. 

(quoting LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc. v. North Carolina Admin. Office of the 

Courts, 368 N.C. 180, 181, 775 S.E.2d 651, 652 (2015)). The Court of Appeals

concluded that the use of the ACIS printout to prove defendant’s prior conviction did 

not violate N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 due to the fact that the statute “is permissive and does 

not exclude methods of proof that are not specifically delineated in the Act.” Id. at 

692, 818 S.E.2d at 195.

In a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, Judge Murphy

concurred in the majority’s decision with respect to the first issue but dissented from 

the portion of the majority’s opinion relating to the issue of whether the admission of 

the ACIS printout satisfied N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4. He expressed his belief that the State 

was required by the statute to prove defendant’s prior convictions by stipulation or 
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by introducing either the actual judgments of the convictions or certified copies

thereof. Waycaster, 260 N.C. App. at 693, 818 S.E.2d at 196 (Murphy, J., dissenting). 

He further stated that, in his view, the State had failed to demonstrate the exercise 

of reasonable diligence in seeking to obtain the actual judgment relating to the 4 June 

2001 conviction. Id. at 695–96, 818 S.E.2d at 197–98. For this reason, he expressed 

his belief that the ACIS printout did not qualify as admissible secondary evidence

pursuant to Rule 1005 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence. Id. at 695, 818 S.E.2d 

at 197 (citing N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 1005 (2019)).

On 11 September 2018, defendant appealed to this Court as of right on the 

basis of the dissent. Defendant also filed a petition for discretionary review in which 

he requested that this Court review the first issue decided by the Court of Appeals 

regarding the use of hearsay evidence to establish that the ankle monitor located in 

the ditch belonged to him. This Court allowed the petition for discretionary review on

30 January 2019.

Analysis

North Carolina’s Habitual Felons Act states, in pertinent part, that “[a]ny 

person who has been convicted of or pled guilty to three felony offenses . . . is declared 

to be a habitual felon and may be charged as a status offender . . . .” N.C.G.S. § 14-

7.1(a) (2019). In such cases, “[t]he trial for the substantive felony is held first, and 

only after defendant is convicted of the substantive felony is the habitual felon 

indictment revealed to and considered by the jury.” State v. Cheek, 339 N.C. 725, 729, 
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453 S.E.2d 862, 864 (1995) (citing N.C.G.S. § 14-7.5). During the habitual felon phase 

of the trial, “the proceedings shall be as if the issue of habitual felon were a principal 

charge.” N.C.G.S. § 14-7.5. When a defendant is found to have attained the status of 

a habitual felon, “the felon must . . . be sentenced at a felony class level that is four 

classes higher than the principal felony for which the person was convicted; but under 

no circumstances shall an habitual felon be sentenced at a level higher than a Class 

C felony.” Id. § 14-7.6.

The Habitual Felons Act also references several specific methods of proof for 

establishing the existence of a defendant’s prior felony convictions. Subsection 14-7.4 

states as follows with regard to this subject:

In all cases where a person is charged under the provisions of this Article 

with being an habitual felon, the record or records of prior convictions of 

felony offenses shall be admissible in evidence, but only for the purpose 

of proving that said person has been convicted of former felony offenses. 

A prior conviction may be proved by stipulation of the parties or by the 

original or a certified copy of the court record of the prior conviction. The 

original or certified copy of the court record, bearing the same name as 

that by which the defendant is charged, shall be prima facie evidence 

that the defendant named therein is the same as the defendant before 

the court, and shall be prima facie evidence of the facts set out therein.

N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4.

In this appeal, defendant does not argue that the ACIS printout was 

inadmissible on the grounds of hearsay or lack of authentication. Instead, defendant’s 

sole contention is that the methods referenced in the statute for proving the existence 

of a prior felony conviction—that is, by stipulation or by the introduction of either the
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original or a certified copy of the prior judgment—were intended by the General 

Assembly to be exclusive. Defendant’s argument therefore raises an issue of statutory 

interpretation.

It is well established that “[i]n matters of statutory construction, our primary

task is to ensure that the purpose of the legislature, the legislative intent, is

accomplished. Legislative purpose is first ascertained from the plain words of the

statute.” Elec. Supply Co. v. Swain Elec. Co., 328 N.C. 651, 656, 403 S.E.2d 291, 294

(1991) (citations omitted). Thus, “[w]hen the language of a statute is clear and 

unambiguous, there is no room for judicial construction, and the courts must give it 

its plain and definite meaning.” Smith Chapel Baptist Church v. City of Durham, 350

N.C. 805, 811, 517 S.E.2d 874, 878 (1999) (citation omitted). However, “where a 

statute is ambiguous or unclear in its meaning, resort must be had to judicial 

construction to ascertain the legislative will, and the courts will interpret the 

language to give effect to the legislative intent.” In re Banks, 295 N.C. 236, 239, 244 

S.E.2d 386, 389 (1978) (citations omitted).

Defendant argues that the language utilized by the General Assembly in

N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 clearly expresses a legislative intent that the modes of proof set out

therein be exclusive, contending that no logical reason would have existed for the

legislature to identify certain methods of proof if it intended that the State be

permitted to prove defendant’s prior convictions by other means as well. The State,

conversely, asserts that N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 is permissive—rather than mandatory—
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with respect to the issue of how a defendant’s prior convictions may be established

and that such convictions may be proven by means of any admissible evidence.

In construing the language utilized by the General Assembly in N.C.G.S. § 14-

7.4, we do not write on a clean slate. To the contrary, we construed identical statutory

language in State v. Graham, 309 N.C. 587, 308 S.E.2d 311 (1983). In that case, the

defendant pled guilty to four counts of felonious breaking and entering. During

sentencing, the trial court determined that the defendant had prior convictions

punishable by more than sixty days imprisonment and therefore found the existence

of an aggravating factor pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.4(e) of the Fair Sentencing

Act. The information concerning the defendant’s prior convictions was presented to

the court in the form of testimony from a sheriff’s deputy “who had been informed by

the law enforcement authorities in North Carolina and New York [and] advise[d] the

court as to the defendant’s conviction record.” Id. at 593, 308 S.E.2d at 316.

On appeal, the defendant asserted that the trial court had erred in finding the

aggravating factor based on his prior convictions because the State had failed to

introduce a certified copy of his criminal record. Id. at 592, 308 S.E.2d at 315. In

addressing his argument, we were required to interpret the following statutory

language in the Fair Sentencing Act:

A prior conviction may be proved by stipulation of the parties or by the 

original or a certified copy of the court record of the prior conviction. The 

original or certified copy of the court record, bearing the same name as 

that by which the defendant is charged, shall be prima facie evidence 

that the defendant named therein is the same as the defendant before 
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the court, and shall be prima facie evidence of the facts set out therein.

Id. at 592, 308 S.E.2d at 315–16 (quoting N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.4(e) (1983) (repealed

1994)).

Like defendant in the present case, the defendant in Graham asserted that

this statutory language allowed his prior convictions to be proven only by stipulation

or by the introduction of either the original or a certified copy of the court record of

the prior convictions. Id. at 592–93, 308 S.E.2d at 315–16. We rejected defendant’s

argument, stating the following:

We disagree that these are the exclusive methods by which prior

convictions may be shown. As we emphasized in State v. Thompson, 309

N.C. 421, 307 S.E. 2d 156 (1983), this Court and the Court of Appeals

have repeatedly held that the enumerated methods of proof of N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 15A-1340.4(e) are permissive rather than mandatory. We 

recognize that the more appropriate way to show the “prior conviction”

aggravating circumstance would be to offer authenticated court records, 

for such records establish a prima facie case. However, the legislature 

did not intend to bind the State and the trial court by precluding other 

means of proof. Clearly the conviction could have been proven by the 

deputy’s testimony as to his own personal knowledge or by defendant’s 

admission. While here the deputy’s testimony was hearsay, the record 

indicates that the defendant took the stand and admitted the prior 

convictions. Not only do we find that the defendant’s testimony before 

the court constituted an acceptable form of proof of his prior convictions, 

but his admissions also cured any defect caused by the hearing of the 

deputy’s testimony.

Id. at 593, 308 S.E.2d at 316 (citations omitted); see also Thompson, 309 N.C. at 424,

307 S.E.2d at 159 (“We agree with that portion of the Court of Appeals’ opinion

holding that the language of G.S. § 15A-1340.4(e) is permissive rather than

mandatory respecting methods of proof. It provides that prior convictions ‘may’ be
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proved by stipulation or by original certified copy of the court record, not that they

must be. The statute does not preclude other methods of proof.”).

Given that the key language of N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 is identical to the statutory

language this Court construed in Graham, we are unable to discern any valid basis

for adopting a different construction in the present case. See State v. Rose, 327 N.C.

599, 606, 398 S.E.2d 314, 317 (1990) (“We find no justifiable reason for giving a 

different interpretation to the identical language found in the two statutes.”).

Moreover, we believe that such a reading of N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 is logical. This 

Court has repeatedly interpreted the General Assembly’s usage of the word “may” as 

having a permissive—as opposed to a mandatory—effect. See, e.g., Campbell v. First

Baptist Church, 298 N.C. 476, 483, 259 S.E.2d 558, 563 (1979) (“We recognize that . . .

the use of ‘may’ generally connotes permissive or discretionary action and does not

mandate or compel a particular act.” (citation omitted)); Rector v. Rector, 186 N.C.

618, 620, 120 S.E. 195 (1923) (“The word ‘may,’ as used in statutes, in its ordinary

sense, is permissive and not mandatory.” (citation omitted)).

Furthermore, we recognize that there are a number of different ways in which 

a defendant’s prior convictions may be proven in a given case. It would make little 

sense for the legislature to have limited the universe of available methods of proof to 

merely those few expressly referenced in the statute.

We also reject defendant’s contention that the State’s interpretation of 

N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 would render superfluous the statutory language utilized by the 
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General Assembly that expressly mentions certain discrete methods of proof. This 

argument ignores the fact that the statute gives the State the benefit of a rebuttable 

presumption if the defendant’s prior convictions are, in fact, proven by the admission 

of original or certified copies of the judgments evidencing those convictions. The 

statute makes clear that if the State elects to utilize these modes of proof, there will 

exist “prima facie evidence that the defendant named therein is the same as the 

defendant before the court, and . . . prima facie evidence of the facts set out therein.” 

N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4. This presumption does not apply if alternative methods are utilized 

by the State to prove the defendant’s prior convictions. Thus, while the admission of 

either the actual judgment or a certified copy may be the preferred methods of proof, 

they are not the only permissible means of establishing the defendant’s prior 

convictions.

Based on its apparent inability to obtain the actual judgment of defendant’s

4 June 2001 conviction, the State opted to prove the existence of that conviction by

introducing an ACIS printout. This Court recently explained the nature and purpose

of the ACIS database as follows:

The Automated Criminal/Infraction System (ACIS) is an 

electronic compilation of all criminal records in North Carolina. While 

the North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) 

administers and maintains ACIS, the information contained in ACIS is 

entered on a continuing, real-time basis by the individual Clerks of 

Superior Court, or by an employee in that Clerk’s office, from the 

physical records maintained by that Clerk. Any subsequent 

modifications to that information are under the exclusive control of the 

office of the Clerk that initially entered the information, so that 
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personnel in one Clerk’s office cannot change records entered into ACIS 

by personnel in a different Clerk’s office. In other words, the information 

in ACIS both duplicates the physical records maintained by each Clerk 

and constitutes the collective compilation of all records individually 

entered by the one hundred Clerks of Court.

LexisNexis, 368 N.C. at 181, 775 S.E.2d at 652.

During the habitual felon phase of defendant’s trial, the Clerk of Court, 

Melissa Adams, testified as to the process used for entering information derived from 

criminal records into ACIS. She stated that the ACIS database contains information 

that includes the name, judgment, offense date, and conviction date for a defendant

and that this information is manually entered into the ACIS system by herself or 

other employees of the Clerk’s office. Adams further testified that the ACIS database

is accessible statewide and that the information contained therein is relied upon by 

courts and law enforcement agencies in the discharge of their duties. She stated that 

her recordkeeping duties included ensuring that information from court records was 

accurately entered into the ACIS database. Upon being presented with the ACIS 

printout showing defendant’s 4 June 2001 conviction for felonious breaking and 

entering, Adams testified that the printout was “a certified true copy of the ACIS 

system . . . that shows the conviction.”

As noted above, defendant does not contend that the ACIS printout constituted 

inadmissible hearsay or that it was not properly authenticated. He does argue, 

however, that the State failed to comply with the best evidence rule contained in Rule 
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1005 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence before seeking the admission of the 

printout into evidence. Rule 1005 states as follows:

The contents of an official record, or of a document authorized to be 

recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed, including data 

compilations in any form, if otherwise admissible, may be proved by 

copy, certified as correct in accordance with Rule 902 or testified to be 

correct by a witness who has compared it with the original. If a copy 

which complies with the foregoing cannot be obtained by the exercise of 

reasonable diligence, then other evidence of the contents may be given.

N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 1005.

Defendant argues that in the present case the State sought to prove the 

contents of the original judgment of his 4 June 2001 conviction, which is an “official 

record” for purposes of Rule 1005, and the ACIS printout constituted “secondary 

evidence” of those contents. Based on this reasoning, defendant asserts that such 

secondary evidence in lieu of the original judgment or a certified copy would have 

been admissible only if the State had first demonstrated the exercise of “reasonable 

diligence” as required by Rule 1005. Only then, defendant asserts, could “other 

evidence of the contents” of the judgment be offered in its place. N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 

1005.

But defendant’s argument collapses given our determination that the methods 

of proof listed in N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 are not exclusive. Although defendant is correct 

that the ACIS printout was not the original judgment of his prior conviction or a 

certified copy of the judgment, neither was required to be produced. Rather, the State 

was permitted to prove the fact of defendant’s 4 June 2001 conviction by other means. 
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The State was not using the ACIS printout to prove the contents of the original 

judgment of defendant’s prior conviction. Instead, the printout was utilized simply to 

show that the conviction had occurred. Thus, the State was not required to comply 

with the reasonable diligence provision contained in Rule 1005 for the simple reason 

that Rule 1005 has no application here.

The dissent reaches a different conclusion in an analysis that can only be 

described as self-contradictory. While initially claiming to accept the proposition that 

the methods of proof set out in N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 are not exclusive, the dissent then 

proceeds to repeatedly express a preference for the use of original judgments, or 

certified copies thereof, to the exclusion of other ways of proving a defendant’s prior 

convictions.

The dissent’s analysis reflects a misunderstanding of the best evidence rule. 

While not actually saying so, the dissent appears to be operating under the 

misconception that the best evidence rule limits the State’s proof to the “best” 

available evidence bearing upon the fact at issue. But such an interpretation of the 

rule is incorrect.

As this Court has made clear, “[t]he best evidence rule applies only when the 

contents of a writing are in question.” State v. Clark, 324 N.C. 146, 156, 377 S.E.2d 

54, 60 (1989) (emphasis added). As a leading commentator has noted, “[i]t is 

sometimes stated, as if it were a general rule of evidence, that when a fact is to be 

proved the best evidence must be produced which the nature of the case admits. There 
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is, however, no such general rule[.]” 2 Kenneth S. Broun, Brandis & Broun on North 

Carolina Evidence § 253, at 997 (7th ed. 2011) (footnotes omitted).

The dissent ignores the distinction between a conviction and a judgment. The 

issue here was not what was contained in the 4 June 2001 written judgment. Rather, 

the question was whether defendant had been convicted of the offense memorialized 

in the judgment. As a result, the State was not required to prove the contents of the 

written judgment. Instead, the State used the ACIS printout as an alternative 

method of proving the conviction itself. Thus, the best evidence rule does not apply 

here.

While the use of the original judgment may well be—as the dissent asserts—

the preferred method of proving a prior conviction, it is by no means the only 

permissible way of doing so. Therefore, given that § 14-7.4 is nonexclusive, any other 

type of admissible evidence may be used to establish a defendant’s prior conviction.

As discussed above, this Court explained the nature and purpose of the ACIS 

database in LexisNexis. In our opinion, we made clear that this database serves as 

“an electronic compilation of all criminal records in North Carolina” and “duplicates 

the physical records maintained by each Clerk[.]” LexisNexis, 368 N.C. at 181, 775 

S.E.2d at 652. As such, the ACIS database serves as a court record—albeit an 

electronic one. As a court record in and of itself, the ACIS printout was not merely 

“other evidence” of the contents of defendant’s original judgment regarding his 4 June 

2001 conviction so as to invoke the best evidence rule contained in Rule 1005. It 
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simply makes no sense to suggest that the best evidence rule should operate to 

preclude the admission into evidence of one court record under the misguided belief 

that the record in question is nothing more than evidence of the contents of a separate 

court record.

The dissent fails to offer a persuasive reason why a printout from this database 

is not admissible pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4. Instead, the dissent merely notes 

that an original judgment is more reliable because it is reviewed not only by the Clerk 

of Court but also by the trial judge and by counsel. But even assuming that the 

original judgment is, in fact, the most reliable way of proving a prior conviction, 

N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 does not require that the most reliable method be utilized. Instead, 

it permits the use of any admissible evidence on this issue. If the most reliable method 

of proof (i.e., the original judgment or a certified copy) was required, then the modes 

of proof set out in the statute would be exclusive.

In short, the dissent cannot have it both ways. Either the methods of proof 

contained in N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 are exclusive or they are not. Our decision today makes 

clear that they are not exclusive—a ruling with which the dissent purports to agree. 

Because the State used a valid alternative method of proving defendant’s prior 

conviction by introducing a printout of a court record that contained this information, 

the best evidence rule never became applicable.

Furthermore, the dissent’s assertion that based on our decision the State will 

have no reason to ever offer the original judgment or a certified copy ignores the 
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rebuttable presumption expressly stated in N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4. As noted above, in 

order for the State to obtain the benefit of that presumption, it must use these 

specified methods of proof, which serves as an incentive for it to do so.

While the dissent speculates about the possibility of error in the ACIS database 

as the result of a mistake in data entry,1 nothing prohibits a defendant from making 

a similar argument to the jury during a habitual felon proceeding and expressly 

noting the prosecutor’s failure to introduce the original judgment of the defendant’s 

prior conviction. If the State wishes to use a less persuasive method of proof, it 

certainly has the right to do so subject to the risk that the jury will find that the 

evidence upon which it chose to rely is not credible. In other words, the State’s choice 

of a less optimal method of proof goes to the weight—rather than the admissibility—

of the evidence.

Finally, we note that in the event the General Assembly wishes to limit the 

methods that are available to the State for proving a defendant’s prior convictions, it 

is, of course, free to do so by amending N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4. Based on the current 

language of the statute, however, we are satisfied that the admission of the ACIS 

printout for this purpose under the circumstances set out in the record before us was 

 

1 We observe that neither at trial nor on appeal has defendant asserted that the 

information contained in the ACIS database regarding his 4 June 2001 conviction was 

inaccurate. Moreover, while the dissent claims that the database contains little to no 

information about the underlying offense for which a defendant was convicted, no such 

additional information is necessary under N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4. Instead, all that is required is a 

showing that the conviction occurred.
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Opinion of the Court

-20-

permissible.

Conclusion

For the reasons set out above, we affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals 

with respect to the issue of whether the admission of the ACIS printout for the 

purpose of establishing defendant’s habitual felon status was proper. As for the issue 

raised in defendant’s petition for discretionary review regarding whether the 

admission of Officer Ashe’s testimony constituted plain error, we conclude that 

discretionary review was improvidently allowed. Therefore, the decision of the Court 

of Appeals on that issue remains undisturbed.

AFFIRMED IN PART; DISCRETIONARY REVIEW IMPROVIDENTLY

ALLOWED IN PART.
Chief Justice BEASLEY, concurring.

Although I agree with the majority’s conclusion that the State may prove the 

existence of a defendant’s prior felony convictions by methods other than those 

expressly set out in the Habitual Felons Act, I write separately to note that as the 

State introduced the ACIS printout to prove the contents of the ACIS report, the State 

was required to comply with Rule 1005 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence.

The majority mischaracterizes the purpose for introducing the ACIS printout, 

attempting to distinguish between the contents of the ACIS printout and its 

introduction solely to show that a prior conviction had occurred. The Habitual Felon 

Statute provides that “[a]ny person who has been convicted of or pled guilty to three 

felony offenses in any federal court or state court in the United States or combination 

thereof is declared to be an habitual felon.” N.C.G.S. § 14-7.1(a) (2019). Thus, the 

State must prove that the defendant did, in fact, commit three prior felony offenses. 

To do so requires the court to consider the contents of the record to be introduced for 

the purpose of confirming “that said person has been convicted of former felony 

offenses.” N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4. 

ACIS is “an electronic compilation of all criminal records in North Carolina” 

that “both duplicates the physical records maintained by each [Superior Court] Clerk 

and constitutes the collective compilation of all records individually entered by the 

one hundred Clerks of Court.” LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. v. N.C. Admin. Office of 

the Courts, 368 N.C. 180, 181, 775 S.E.2d 651, 652 (2015) (emphasis added). Thus, 
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Beasley, J., concurring

-2-

the State introduced the ACIS printout to prove the contents of the ACIS report.

As the dissent correctly states, quoting N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 1101, “[t]he rules 

of evidence apply at a trial on a habitual felon indictment in the same way that they 

apply to ‘all actions and proceedings in the courts of this State.’ ” Here, because the 

State introduced the ACIS printout as evidence of defendant’s prior convictions, it 

must comply with the rules of evidence. The dissent, however, misconstruing the 

intended purpose of the ACIS printout, fails to properly apply Rule 1005. 

Rule 1005 provides that the contents of “a document authorized to be recorded 

or filed and actually recorded or filed, including data compilations in any form . . . 

may be proved by copy, certified as correct in accordance with Rule 902 or testified to 

be correct by a witness who has compared it with the original.” N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 

1005 (emphasis added). “If a copy which complies with the foregoing cannot be 

obtained by the exercise of reasonable diligence, then other evidence of the contents 

may be given.” Id.

The dissent treats the ACIS printout as a document introduced to prove the 

contents of the original judgment. Instead, the State introduced the ACIS printout to 

prove that a judgment had occurred—information that is contained in the ACIS 

report itself. This is an important distinction because Rule 1005 is self-referential. 

The certified copy contemplated by the Rule is of the document offered for admission 

itself—here, that is the ACIS report. Thus, the second sentence of Rule 1005, which 

allows for the introduction of “other evidence” only if neither a certified copy nor a 
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Beasley, J., concurring

-3-

copy testified to be correct by a person who has compared it to the original can be 

obtained by reasonable diligence, has no applicability here.

During trial, the State called the Clerk of the McDowell County Superior Court 

as a witness. The Clerk identified the ACIS printout as “a certified true copy of the 

ACIS system” and explained that the information in the ACIS printout was consistent 

with the actual judgment. The State, however, admitted that the original judgment 

could not be located. As the information in ACIS is entered by the Clerk or “an 

employee in that Clerk’s office,” LexisNexis, 368 N.C. at 181, 775 S.E.2d at 652, the 

Clerk could not testify to the accuracy of the ACIS printout without confirming that 

she (1) entered that exact information into the system or (2) compared the printout 

to the judgment. She did not claim to have taken either action. 

Although the Clerk could not testify to the accuracy of the ACIS printout 

introduced at trial, the copy could be authenticated pursuant to Rule 1005 by 

certification in compliance with Rule 902. The Rule provides that “[e]xtrinsic evidence 

of authenticity as a condition precedent to admissibility is not required with respect 

to” certified copies of public records. N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 902(4). An unsealed public 

record is considered certified when it bears the signature of the custodian or other 

person authorized to make the certification, who certifies that the data compilation 

is correct. Id. Here, the custodian of ACIS, the Clerk of Court for McDowell County, 

certified that the ACIS printout was a true copy. Thus, the ACIS printout is a selfauthenticating document properly introduced pursuant to Rule 1005. 
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Beasley, J., concurring

-4-

I respectfully concur.

Justice MORGAN joins in this concurring opinion. 
Justice EARLS concurring in part and dissenting in part.

Identical language in two statutes about how a prior conviction may be proved 

should be interpreted the same way even if one statute has been repealed and even if 

the language in the repealed statute applies to sentencing proceedings while in the 

statute at issue here, the language applies to trials on the charge of having obtained 

the status of a habitual felon. Compare N.C.G.S. § 15A-3040.4(e) (Supp. 1993) 

(repealed 1994) (“A prior conviction may be proved by stipulation of the parties or by 

the original or a certified copy of the court record of the prior conviction.”), with 

N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 (2019) (“A prior conviction may be proved by stipulation of the 

parties or by the original or a certified copy of the court record of the prior 

conviction.”). I can even accept that this Court should follow its precedents in State 

v. Graham, 309 N.C. 587, 308 S.E.2d 311 (1983), and State v. Thompson, 309 N.C. 

421, 307 S.E.2d 156 (1983), on the question of how that statutory language should be 

interpreted, despite the fact that neither party cited nor discussed these precedents 

in their briefs in this Court. What I cannot accept is the proposition that the North 

Carolina Rules of Evidence, and in particular, Rules 1002 through 1005, do not apply 

to the State’s use of the ACIS printout to prove Mr. Waycaster’s prior convictions 

beyond a reasonable doubt in this case.

The rules of evidence apply at a trial on a habitual felon indictment in the same 

way that they apply to “all actions and proceedings in the courts of this State.” 

N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 1101(a) (2019). A trial on a habitual felon indictment is not a 
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Earls, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

-2-

sentencing proceeding. It is a trial in front of a jury in which the rules of evidence 

apply. Ironically, the trial court applied other rules of evidence to exclude other 

documents the State offered at trial to prove Mr. Waycaster’s prior convictions. When 

the State offered to admit into evidence a copy of a certified original “Order on 

Violation of Probation” to prove the same conviction alleged to be shown by the ACIS 

printout, the trial court excluded the evidence under Rule 403. The trial court 

therefore recognized that N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 does not expressly or implicitly repeal the 

rules of evidence in this context. Nevertheless, in one citation-free paragraph, the 

majority holds that the State was not required to comply with the requirements of 

Rule 1005 because it is not applicable here. That holding is incorrect.

Rule 1005 states:

The contents of an official record, or of a document authorized to be 

recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed, including data 

compilations in any form, if otherwise admissible, may be proved by 

copy, certified as correct in accordance with Rule 902 or testified to be 

correct by a witness who has compared it with the original. If a copy 

which complies with the foregoing cannot be obtained by the exercise of 

reasonable diligence, then other evidence of the contents may be given.

N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 1005. The majority reasons that this rule does not apply 

because the State was not using the ACIS printout to prove the contents of the 

original judgment but rather to prove that a conviction had occurred. But such sleight 

of hand, purporting to meaningfully distinguish between the contents of a court 

record and the fact of a conviction, should have no place in our jurisprudence.
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Earls, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

-3-

First, as the dissenting opinion in the Court of Appeals pointed out,1 the State 

certainly thought it was offering the ACIS printout to prove the contents of the 

original judgment of conviction:

The best evidence rule applies here because the ACIS printout was 

admitted to prove the contents of a judicial record (i.e. a “writing”) that 

the State indicated was unavailable. In response to Defendant’s 

objection, the State admitted that they had originally intended to use 

Defendant’s judgment and commitment record to prove his conviction, 

but were using the ACIS printout (submitted as State’s Exhibit 4) 

because the original could not be found.

The State: I’ll tell you Your Honor that when we were 

gathering these documents, 4A had come from 

microfilming and they said that they didn’t have the 

original of 4. So 4 is the record of the original judgment.

State v. Waycaster, 260 N.C. App. 684, 694–95, 818 S.E.2d 189, 197 (2018) (Murphy, 

J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Moreover, the ACIS printout has no 

source of information independent of the court file. In other words, without “the 

contents” of the original judgment of conviction, there would be no ACIS printout 

showing the fact of the conviction. LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc., 368 N.C. 180,

181, 775 S.E.2d 651, 652 (2015) (“[T]he information contained in ACIS is entered on 

a continuing, real-time basis by the individual Clerks of Superior Court, or by an 

employee in that Clerk’s office, from the physical records maintained by that Clerk.”).

Finally, the testimony in this case is further proof that this is an illusory 

 

1 I agree with and incorporate by reference the arguments made and positions taken 

in the dissenting opinion below. I have generally limited this opinion to the few remaining 

points worth adding.
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Earls, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

-4-

distinction. The Court of Appeals summarized that testimony as follows: 

The Clerk of McDowell County Superior Court, the 

individual tasked with maintaining the physical court 

records in McDowell County, testified that the printout 

was a certified true copy of the information in ACIS 

regarding this judgment. She also explained the 

information was ‘the same as the judgment’ and affirmed 

it ‘is a different way of recording what’s on a judgment[.]’ 

The Clerk’s certification of the ACIS printout as a true copy 

of the original information is significant due to her 

responsibility and control over the physical court records, 

copies, and ACIS entries, as described in LexisNexis Risk 

Data Mgmt. Inc.

State v. Waycaster, 260 N.C. App. at 691, 818 S.E.2d at 195. The truth is that, in this 

case, the State is attempting to prove the fact of a prior judgment of conviction against 

defendant, and when the original court file was not available, the State reasonably 

looked to other sources of information to prove that a judgment convicting the 

defendant of crimes in the past existed. Rule 1005 is applicable here. The burden 

under that rule is not extreme, the party offering the evidence simply must make a 

showing that a copy of the official record “cannot be obtained by the exercise of 

reasonable diligence.” N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 1005.

The majority states that “[a]s a court record in and of itself, the ACIS printout 

was not merely ‘other evidence’ of the contents of defendant’s original judgment 

regarding his 4 June 2001 conviction so as to invoke the best evidence rule contained 

in Rule 1005.” To the contrary, based on the testimony in this case and our prior 

decisions, that is exactly what an ACIS printout is: a court employee takes the 
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Earls, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

-5-

original judgment and enters its information into a computer. Pretending that this 

is somehow separate, substantive evidence of defendant’s conviction, rather than 

merely a secondary rendition of the contents of an official judgment, abrogates the 

best evidence rule in the absence of any legislative intent to do so.2 

We have long held that introducing an original judgment into evidence is the 

“preferred method for proving a prior conviction.” State v. Maynard, 311 N.C. 1, 26, 

316 S.E.2d 197, 211 (1984) (citing State v. Silhan, 302 N.C. 223, 275 S.E.2d 450

(1981)). By holding that the best evidence rule does not apply here, that principle is 

severely undermined, making it a function of the State’s discretion whether to offer 

the ACIS printout or a certified copy of the original judgment as proof of the prior 

conviction.

The danger of the majority’s reasoning is two-fold. First, the fallacious logic 

employed to reach this result would apply to every instance in which a party seeks to 

prove a prior conviction for any purpose whatsoever. If the fact that a conviction has 

occurred is different from the contents of a court judgment for the purposes of the 

applicability of Rule 1005, then there never needs to be a showing that due diligence 

was pursued to find the original court records.3 Any evidence, not the best evidence, 

 

2 The concurring opinion’s attempt to create a distinction between the “contents of the 

original judgment” and information “to prove that a judgment has occurred” fares no better. 

They are the same thing. The status offense of being a habitual felon requires proof of prior 

convictions. Here, the ACIS printout is being offered as evidence of a prior judgment of 

conviction, but it is not the official record. It does not matter whether you call it “information 

proving that a judgment has occurred” or proof of “the contents of the original judgment.”

3 It is important to remember, as noted above, that Rule 1005 does not completely 
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Earls, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

-6-

is admissible. The majority effectively rewrites Rule 1005 to say “the contents of an 

official record, or of a document authorized to be recorded or filed and actually 

recorded or filed, including data compilations in any form, if otherwise admissible, 

may be proved by copy, certified as correct in accordance with Rule 902 or testified to 

be correct by a witness who has compared it with the original, unless the official 

record is a judgment of conviction, in which case the official record is not needed.” The 

General Assembly in its wisdom may wish to rewrite the statute that way, but this 

Court should not.

Second, the ACIS printout is not as reliable as the official record. Though this 

Court has stated that ACIS “duplicates” the physical records maintained by the 

clerk’s office, LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc., 368 N.C. at 181, 775 S.E.2d at 652, 

that is only true when the records are completely and accurately entered into the 

database. It is undeniable that there is a potential for a data entry error. A criminal 

judgment is prepared by a clerk, reviewed, signed by a judge, and scrutinized by 

counsel for each party. However, similar procedural safeguards do not exist to 

guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the data entered into ACIS. That data 

is not verified by a third party after the staff member of the clerk’s office has entered 

it into the system. An ACIS printout is not the judicial record of the criminal trial 

 

prohibit a party from offering into evidence an ACIS printout to prove the contents of a court 

record; it simply requires that the party make a showing that the original or a certified copy 

of the original record is unavailable after the “exercise of reasonable diligence.” N.C.G.S. § 

8C-1, Rule 1005.
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Earls, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

-7-

but rather a new record generated by the clerk’s office independent of the criminal 

proceeding.

If there was to be a data entry error, proving a negative, for example, that a 

particular individual was not convicted of a particular crime on a certain date in the 

past, would be extremely difficult, depending on the circumstances. Even with a 

defendant’s testimony that he was not convicted of a particular offense, the ACIS 

printout provides precious few details to allow an effective rebuttal of the truth or 

falsity of the information contained therein. This is the ACIS printout introduced 

into evidence in this case:

This particular printout contained a case number, the complainant’s name, an offense 

date and disposition date, and the fine and restitution ordered, but very little 
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Earls, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

-8-

information about the underlying offense. The ACIS printout was not signed by a 

judge. No judge, prosecutor, or court reporter was identified in the printout.

An official court record has significantly greater indicia of reliability and hence, 

the best evidence rule is a part of our law. Secondary evidence of the content of the 

original is only admissible if the State establishes that the original or a copy thereof 

is unavailable. See N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 1005. In this case, the State failed to show 

that the original judgment, or a copy of the original judgment, could not be obtained 

through reasonable diligence. See State v. York, 347 N.C. 79, 91, 489 S.E.2d 380, 387 

(1997) (“The best evidence rule requires that secondary evidence offered to prove the 

contents of a recording be excluded whenever the original recording is available”). 

Rule 1005 exists for a reason, and this Court exceeds its authority by unilaterally 

declaring that the rule will not apply for this purpose in these proceedings.

Having concluded that the Rule 1005 applies to this trial and to the evidence 

of Mr. Waycaster’s prior conviction, I agree with the dissent below that the evidence 

in this case failed to establish that the State engaged in due diligence to find the 

official record of the original court judgment. Waycaster, 260 N.C. App. at 695, 818 

S.E.2d at 197 (“Here, there was an inadequate foundation regarding the State’s 

exercise of ‘reasonable diligence’ to obtain a copy of the 4 June 2001 judgment 

record.”) (Murphy, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Moreover, because 

this was the only evidence of Waycaster’s prior conviction, the erroneous admission 

of this evidence without the required findings was prejudicial. See N.C.G.S. § 15A-
STATE V. WAYCASTER

Earls, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

-9-

1443(a) (2019) (stating that to establish reversible error a defendant must show that 

“there is a reasonable possibility that, had the error in question not been committed, 

a different result would have been reached at the trial”).

I would reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals on the question of whether 

the trial court properly admitted the ACIS printout in this case without the 

foundation required by Rule 1005 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence. We should 

vacate the judgment and habitual felon verdict and remand for a new trial on that 

charge. Accordingly, I concur with that portion of the majority opinion which holds 

that N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 (2019) must be interpreted as permissive and not exclusive 

with regard to the methods of proof of prior convictions. I agree that an ACIS printout 

is admissible as evidence of prior convictions under that statute. 

However, I do not read N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 as evincing any intent to abrogate the 

requirements of Rules 1002 to 1005 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence. Reading 

these statutes in pari materia, N.C.G.S. § 14-7.4 is not exclusive and permits use of 

the ACIS printout as evidence of prior convictions, but because the ACIS printout is 

wholly derivative of the contents of a judgment, it must also comply with the best 

evidence rule. Therefore, I respectfully dissent from that part of the majority opinion 

which holds that the best evidence rule does not apply to an ACIS printout when 

offered as evidence of a prior conviction.

Justice HUDSON joins in this opinion concurring in part and dissenting in 

part.