For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, April 7, 2016 USDL-16-0699 

Technical information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

MANUFACTURING AND MINING INDUSTRIES, 2015

Labor productivity rose in 31 of 63 manufacturing and mining industries in 2015, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today.1 This was higher than 2014 when labor productivity rose in 26 industries. 

Output and hours worked increased in fewer industries in 2015 than in the previous year. 

Unit labor costs rose in 43 of 59 manufacturing industries and in three of four mining industries. Twelve

industries with productivity increases posted declines in unit labor costs. Increases in labor productivity 

mitigate the impact of rising hourly compensation on unit labor costs facing employers. 

Chart 1. Manufacturing and mining industries with the largest change in productivity, 2015

(4-digit NAICS industries)

1 Sixty-three manufacturing and mining industries have been updated through 2015, whereas all 91 manufacturing and mining 

industries have been updated through 2014. See Technical Note for additional information.
Chart 1 shows the industries with the largest changes in productivity in 2015. Industries above the 

diagonal line had growth in output that was greater than the growth in hours worked, and thus positive 

productivity growth. In contrast, industries below the diagonal line exhibited declining productivity as, 

in most cases, hours worked increased and output declined. 

Trends in labor productivity and unit labor costs in NAICS 3-digit industries in 2015

Manufacturing 

• Labor productivity increased in 9 manufacturing industries in 2015, as output increased in 12 

industries and hours worked fell in seven industries (see chart 2). 

• Productivity rose fastest in the petroleum and coal products industry, where output increased 

by 4.6 percent and hours worked declined 2.3 percent. 

• Unit labor costs increased in 16 manufacturing industries (see chart 3). 

• For five industries, productivity outpaced hourly compensation growth, leading to declines in 

unit labor costs. Chart 3 shows the relationship between changes in hourly compensation, 

productivity, and unit labor costs. 

Mining 

• Productivity rose 11.4 percent in the oil and gas extraction industry, where output increased 

and hours worked declined. 

• Output in mining, except oil and gas, declined at a greater pace than hours worked, resulting 

in a productivity decline of 1.4 percent. 

• Productivity outpaced hourly compensation gains in the oil and gas extraction industry, 

resulting in a 6.7 percent decline in unit labor costs, while unit labor costs increased 4.8 

percent in mining, except oil and gas.

Chart 2. Labor productivity growth in manufacturing and mining industries, 2015

(3-digit NAICS industries)

2
Chart 3. Hourly compensation, productivity, and unit labor costs in manufacturing and mining 

industries, 2015 

(3-digit NAICS industries)

 

Productivity trends in selected time periods

Chart 4 displays the number of industries with increases in productivity, output, and hours 

worked for selected time periods through 2014, the latest year for which data are available for 

all 91 NAICS 4-digit manufacturing and mining industries. 

• During the 1987-2014 period, productivity rose in 86 manufacturing and mining 

industries, with median productivity growth of approximately 1.7 percent per year. 

• Productivity growth in the 1987-2014 period was associated with output rising in 60 

manufacturing and mining industries, while hours worked increased in only 14. 

• Productivity increased in 54 industries in the more recent 2007-2014 period, despite the 

period encompassing a severe recession. 

• The 2007-2014 productivity increases are predominantly the result of a decline in hours 

worked, rather than an increase in output, as 70 industries experienced decreasing hours 

worked in this period compared to 25 industries that documented increasing output. 

3
Chart 4. Number of manufacturing and mining industries with increases in labor 

productivity, output, and hours worked

Want to know more?

Find more data at www.bls.gov/lpc for: 

-Additional industries and sectors

-Additional data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and

levels of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor

compensation

-Additional years and long term data

Questions? 

Additional information can be obtained by calling (202) 691-5618 or by sending an email via

http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/forms/ips?/lpc/contact.htm. Information in this report will be made 

available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-

877-8339. 

Subscribe to Newsletter 

Customers can subscribe to the industry productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

4
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 

of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; managerial skill; in addition to the characteristics and effort of the workforce. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor compensation 

by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation 

per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly compensation increase unit 

labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation increases and lower unit labor costs. 

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various 

products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by 

deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is 

measured by physical quantities of output. Industry output reflects sectoral value of production, derived 

by adjusting shipments for changes in inventories and removing intra-industry transactions. Industry 

output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of 

the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with data on price changes primarily from 

BLS. Data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, is utilized in part to 

construct intra-industry transactions. Manufacturing industry output for 2015 is constructed with data on 

industrial production from the Federal Reserve and manufacturers’ shipments, inventories, and orders 

from the Census Bureau. Other data sources include the Energy Information Administration, U.S. 

Department of Energy; and the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Interior. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours reflect annual hours worked by all employed persons in an industry. Data 

on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and production worker 

jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented with CPS selfemployed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are 

derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production 

workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of 

hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some 

industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the 

BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours 

worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly aggregated; no 

adjustments for labor composition are made. 

Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a 

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

5
commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 

Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary 

programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of Federal old age and survivors’ insurance, 

unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all 

programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from 

the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The 

estimates for 2015 are constructed using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and 

Wages (QCEW).

6
Mining

Mining 21 789.8 16.5 -10.5 4.2 -10.6 -6.8

Oil and gas extraction 211 193.2 11.4 -6.7 7.4 -3.6 0.2

 Oil and gas extraction 2111 193.2 11.4 -6.7 7.4 -3.6 0.2

Mining, except oil and gas 212 204.6 -1.4 4.8 -5.7 -4.4 -1.1

 Coal mining 2121 67.8 4.6 2.3 -10.2 -14.2 -8.2

 Metal ore mining 2122 42.1 -4.6 6.5 -7.6 -3.1 -1.6

 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 2123 94.7 -3.9 8.2 -0.3 3.7 7.9

 Manufacturing

Food 311 1548.7 -2.4 3.2 0.9 3.3 4.1

 Grain and oilseed milling 3112 60.3 -0.9 7.8 -1.0 0.0 6.8

 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 3114 170.5 -0.9 10.5 -8.0 -7.1 1.7

 Dairy products 3115 136.6 -3.2 2.9 0.6 3.9 3.5

 Animal slaughtering and processing 3116 486.5 -0.5 1.3 3.6 4.1 4.9

 Bakeries and tortilla products 3118 331.3 -7.3 2.3 1.1 9.1 3.4

 Other food products 3119 194.8 -2.5 0.9 2.3 4.9 3.2

Beverages and tobacco products 312 229.8 -1.8 7.5 1.2 3.1 8.8

 Beverages 3121 216.5 -4.2 9.0 -0.7 3.7 8.2

 Tobacco 3122 13.3 11.3 9.4 4.8 -5.9 14.6

Textile mills 313 124.2 -2.0 2.9 0.0 2.1 2.9

 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 3131 28.6 5.6 0.3 3.0 -2.5 3.4

 Fabric mills 3132 61.0 -4.6 3.2 -0.6 4.2 2.6

 Textile and fabric finishing mills 3133 34.6 -3.4 4.2 -0.9 2.6 3.2

Textile product mills 314 131.0 -2.7 3.1 -0.3 2.5 2.8

 Textile furnishings mills 3141 55.9 -0.5 1.4 -1.2 -0.6 0.2

 Other textile product mills 3149 75.1 -4.4 4.6 0.6 5.2 5.3

Apparel 315 158.6 -0.1 -2.8 0.1 0.2 -2.7

Leather and allied products 316 32.9 -8.9 15.6 -5.0 4.4 9.9

Wood products 321 400.8 -0.3 5.3 0.1 0.4 5.4

 Sawmills and wood preservation 3211 93.3 7.4 3.3 0.6 -6.2 4.0

 Plywood and engineered wood products 3212 75.4 -2.0 0.0 4.3 6.4 4.3

 Other wood products 3219 232.1 -2.3 7.5 -0.9 1.4 6.5

Paper 322 373.3 -0.5 2.8 -1.6 -1.1 1.3

 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 3221 101.8 1.9 0.8 -1.5 -3.4 -0.8

 Converted paper products 3222 271.5 -1.5 4.0 -1.6 -0.1 2.4

Printing and related support activities 323 472.8 4.2 -2.1 3.5 -0.7 1.3

 Printing and related support activities 3231 472.8 4.2 -2.1 3.5 -0.7 1.3

Petroleum and coal products 324 114.4 7.0 -1.0 4.6 -2.3 3.6

 Petroleum and coal products 3241 114.4 7.0 -1.0 4.6 -2.3 3.6

Chemicals 325 822.3 1.7 1.8 2.3 0.6 4.2

 Basic chemicals 3251 150.6 0.9 2.9 2.6 1.7 5.6

 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 3252 95.4 -0.2 0.3 2.2 2.4 2.5

 Agricultural chemicals 3253 37.0 11.6 0.5 2.4 -8.3 2.9

 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 3254 282.5 3.9 1.5 2.9 -1.0 4.5

 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 3255 61.9 7.6 0.9 2.8 -4.5 3.7

Plastics and rubber products 326 688.9 1.2 0.2 3.1 1.9 3.3

 Plastics products 3261 554.8 0.7 1.1 2.9 2.2 4.1

 Rubber products 3262 134.1 3.1 -3.1 3.9 0.7 0.6

Nonmetallic mineral products 327 411.8 1.9 2.4 3.0 1.1 5.5

 Clay products and refractories 3271 48.8 0.7 0.5 3.3 2.6 3.8

 Glass and glass products 3272 89.6 2.1 2.3 -1.2 -3.3 1.1

2012

NAICS

code

2015 

Employment 

(thousands)

Percent change, 2014-2015

Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry Labor 

productivity

Unit labor 

costs Output Hours worked Labor compensation

7
 Cement and concrete products 3273 183.5 -0.6 4.9 4.6 5.2 9.7

 Lime and gypsum products 3274 14.4 6.0 -7.5 3.0 -2.8 -4.8

 Other nonmetallic mineral products 3279 75.5 7.6 -0.1 4.3 -3.1 4.2

Primary metals 331 396.0 -3.0 6.0 -6.4 -3.5 -0.8

 Alumina and aluminum production 3313 59.0 -3.8 3.6 -1.5 2.4 2.1

 Foundries 3315 125.1 0.8 4.5 -3.9 -4.7 0.3

Fabricated metal products 332 1486.9 -0.6 2.7 -1.4 -0.8 1.2

 Forging and stamping 3321 101.1 -1.1 -1.5 1.9 3.1 0.4

 Cutlery and handtools 3322 39.9 -1.4 4.6 -4.6 -3.2 -0.2

 Architectural and structural metals 3323 372.8 -3.8 6.0 -1.9 2.0 4.0

 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 3324 99.3 -0.1 -1.2 0.0 0.1 -1.1

 Spring and wire products 3326 44.1 1.4 -1.7 2.5 1.1 0.7

 Machine shops and threaded products 3327 381.2 -0.8 3.8 -3.9 -3.1 -0.3

 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 3328 141.8 7.4 0.4 2.0 -5.0 2.4

 Other fabricated metal products 3329 281.9 -0.2 2.0 -1.5 -1.3 0.4

Machinery 333 1136.0 1.4 3.3 -1.6 -3.0 1.7

 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 3331 243.0 1.1 3.0 -7.0 -8.1 -4.2

 Industrial machinery 3332 113.5 8.0 -2.9 8.8 0.8 5.7

 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 3334 129.8 2.7 -0.5 1.9 -0.8 1.5

 Metalworking machinery 3335 186.5 -0.1 4.6 -2.7 -2.6 1.8

Computer and electronic products 334 1053.8 3.5 -0.9 3.7 0.2 2.8

 Semiconductors and electronic components 3344 368.6 3.4 -2.2 3.8 0.3 1.5

 Electronic instruments 3345 400.5 0.6 1.1 3.5 2.9 4.6

Electrical equipment and appliances 335 384.1 -5.1 3.5 -2.2 3.0 1.2

 Electric lighting equipment 3351 45.9 3.8 -0.3 1.0 -2.7 0.7

 Household appliances 3352 62.6 -10.4 10.5 -6.6 4.2 3.2

 Electrical equipment 3353 145.1 -5.9 3.0 -4.0 2.0 -1.1

 Other electrical equipment and components 3359 130.5 -1.5 -0.8 4.1 5.8 3.3

Transportation equipment 336 1607.1 0.4 -1.5 3.2 2.8 1.7

 Motor vehicles 3361 202.2 -0.5 -6.9 4.6 5.2 -2.6

 Motor vehicle parts 3363 563.7 1.7 -2.1 7.5 5.7 5.2

 Aerospace products and parts 3364 488.8 1.0 0.2 0.0 -1.0 0.2

 Ship and boat building 3366 140.1 -4.1 5.2 -5.1 -1.0 -0.1

Furniture and related products 337 409.5 4.2 2.0 3.5 -0.7 5.6

 Household and institutional furniture 3371 263.1 3.7 2.4 3.2 -0.6 5.6

 Other furniture related products 3379 36.3 7.6 2.1 3.8 -3.6 6.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing 339 658.1 -4.0 6.2 -1.4 2.8 4.8

 Medical equipment and supplies 3391 326.5 -6.9 7.1 -1.2 6.1 5.8

Output Hours worked Labor 

compensation

2012

NAICS

code

2015 

Employment 

(thousands)

Industry

Percent change, 2014-2015

Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data - Continued

Labor 

productivity

Unit labor 

costs

8
Mining

Mining 21 861.2 0.0 4.2 1.1 1.1 5.3

Oil and gas extraction 211 201.7 1.0 4.5 1.1 0.1 5.6

 Oil and gas extraction 2111 201.7 1.0 4.5 1.1 0.1 5.6

Mining, except oil and gas 212 211.7 1.5 1.6 0.4 -1.1 2.0

 Coal mining 2121 75.8 1.6 1.2 -0.5 -2.0 0.7

 Metal ore mining 2122 44.1 0.5 3.5 1.1 0.6 4.6

 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 2123 91.8 1.5 1.8 0.8 -0.7 2.6

Support Activities for mining 213 447.8 2.4 2.4 5.9 3.4 8.5

 Support Activities for mining 2131 447.8 2.4 2.4 5.9 3.4 8.5

 Manufacturing

Food 311 1509.8 1.2 1.5 1.4 0.2 2.9

 Animal food 3111 55.7 2.1 1.3 1.8 -0.3 3.1

 Grain and oilseed milling 3112 58.9 2.0 0.9 1.2 -0.8 2.1

 Sugar and confectionery products 3113 71.2 1.2 1.6 0.6 -0.6 2.2

 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 3114 169.6 1.4 1.5 1.2 -0.2 2.7

 Dairy products 3115 134.7 1.7 1.8 1.3 -0.4 3.1

 Animal slaughtering and processing 3116 481.8 0.8 1.6 1.7 0.9 3.3

 Seafood product preparation and packaging 3117 35.7 1.5 2.4 0.2 -1.3 2.7

 Bakeries and tortilla products 3118 311.2 0.5 1.5 0.4 -0.1 1.9

 Other food products 3119 191.0 0.6 2.1 2.0 1.4 4.1

Beverages and tobacco products 312 217.4 0.2 1.8 -0.2 -0.4 1.6

 Beverages 3121 203.8 1.3 0.8 1.5 0.2 2.3

 Tobacco 3122 13.6 1.7 1.8 -3.2 -4.8 -1.5

Textile mills 313 124.0 3.3 -0.4 -2.1 -5.3 -2.6

 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 3131 29.4 3.1 -0.8 -1.8 -4.7 -2.6

 Fabric mills 3132 61.7 3.5 -0.1 -2.5 -5.8 -2.6

 Textile and fabric finishing mills 3133 32.9 2.0 0.4 -2.9 -4.7 -2.5

Textile product mills 314 120.8 1.0 2.2 -1.7 -2.7 0.4

 Textile furnishings mills 3141 54.0 0.5 2.0 -2.5 -3.0 -0.5

 Other textile product mills 3149 66.8 2.1 1.9 -0.3 -2.4 1.5

Apparel 315 159.0 -0.7 1.5 -6.9 -6.2 -5.4

 Apparel knitting mills 3151 21.5 -0.4 0.8 -6.7 -6.3 -6.0

 Cut and sew apparel 3152 127.8 -0.7 1.6 -6.9 -6.2 -5.4

 Accessories and other apparel 3159 9.7 -1.7 2.6 -6.8 -5.2 -4.3

Leather and allied products 316 30.6 1.2 1.6 -4.2 -5.4 -2.7

 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 3161 4.2 1.1 0.5 -3.2 -4.3 -2.7

 Footwear 3162 12.9 1.6 1.9 -5.2 -6.7 -3.3

 Other leather products 3169 13.5 -0.2 2.3 -4.0 -3.8 -1.8

Wood products 321 392.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 -1.5 1.5

 Sawmills and wood preservation 3211 98.6 1.6 1.0 -0.1 -1.7 0.9

 Plywood and engineered wood products 3212 72.4 1.2 1.3 0.0 -1.2 1.3

 Other wood products 3219 221.3 1.2 2.0 -0.2 -1.4 1.8

Paper 322 375.3 2.1 1.0 0.1 -1.9 1.2

 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 3221 105.4 2.7 0.8 -0.4 -3.0 0.4

 Converted paper products 3222 269.9 1.6 1.5 0.2 -1.4 1.8

Printing and related support activities 323 483.9 1.3 1.1 -0.6 -1.9 0.5

 Printing and related support activities 3231 483.9 1.3 1.1 -0.6 -1.9 0.5

Petroleum and coal products 324 112.6 2.3 2.4 1.2 -1.1 3.7

 Petroleum and coal products 3241 112.6 2.3 2.4 1.2 -1.1 3.7

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

Average annual percent change, 1987-2014

Labor 

productivity

Unit labor 

costs Output Hours worked

Labor 

compensation

2014 

Employment 

(thousands)

2012

NAICS

code

9
Chemicals 325 814.4 1.6 1.8 1.0 -0.6 2.8

 Basic chemicals 3251 147.4 2.4 1.3 0.7 -1.7 2.0

 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 3252 95.5 2.3 1.3 0.6 -1.6 2.0

 Agricultural chemicals 3253 37.7 2.3 1.0 1.3 -1.0 2.3

 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 3254 281.8 -0.1 3.6 1.6 1.7 5.3

 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 3255 60.3 0.5 2.4 -0.3 -0.7 2.1

 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 3256 107.5 1.8 0.9 1.4 -0.5 2.2

 Other chemical products and preparations 3259 84.2 2.3 0.8 0.2 -2.0 1.0

Plastics and rubber products 326 678.0 1.9 1.1 1.4 -0.4 2.5

 Plastics products 3261 544.2 1.8 1.2 1.7 -0.1 2.9

 Rubber products 3262 133.8 2.0 0.8 0.5 -1.5 1.3

Nonmetallic mineral products 327 398.8 1.2 1.4 0.2 -1.0 1.6

 Clay products and refractories 3271 47.2 1.2 1.1 -1.4 -2.5 -0.2

 Glass and glass products 3272 89.2 2.1 0.4 0.6 -1.5 1.0

 Cement and concrete products 3273 175.2 0.4 2.0 0.1 -0.3 2.1

 Lime and gypsum products 3274 14.5 1.1 2.7 -0.5 -1.6 2.2

 Other nonmetallic mineral products 3279 72.7 1.5 1.4 1.1 -0.4 2.6

Primary metals 331 402.7 2.7 0.2 0.9 -1.8 1.1

 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys 3311 92.8 3.8 -0.8 1.4 -2.3 0.6

 Steel products from purchased steel 3312 62.3 0.5 1.9 0.3 -0.2 2.2

 Alumina and aluminum production 3313 58.7 2.8 0.5 0.6 -2.2 1.1

 Other nonferrous metal production 3314 62.2 2.3 1.8 0.4 -1.8 2.2

 Foundries 3315 126.7 1.9 0.7 0.1 -1.8 0.8

Fabricated metal products 332 1495.8 1.2 1.5 1.1 -0.1 2.6

 Forging and stamping 3321 100.2 2.6 0.5 1.6 -1.0 2.0

 Cutlery and handtools 3322 39.2 1.4 1.5 -1.0 -2.4 0.4

 Architectural and structural metals 3323 374.0 0.7 2.1 0.9 0.3 3.0

 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 3324 99.2 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.0 2.2

 Hardware 3325 24.4 1.1 1.0 -2.3 -3.3 -1.3

 Spring and wire products 3326 44.0 1.9 1.3 -0.2 -2.1 1.0

 Machine shops and threaded products 3327 387.3 1.7 1.2 2.7 0.9 3.9

 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 3328 143.3 2.3 0.6 2.5 0.2 3.1

 Other fabricated metal products 3329 284.2 0.7 1.8 0.3 -0.4 2.1

Machinery 333 1133.4 2.2 0.6 1.6 -0.6 2.1

 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 3331 254.7 2.4 0.3 3.1 0.7 3.3

 Industrial machinery 3332 110.2 1.7 0.9 0.8 -0.9 1.6

 Commercial and service industry machinery 3333 88.1 1.5 0.9 -0.5 -2.0 0.4

 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 3334 128.7 1.9 1.0 1.0 -0.8 2.0

 Metalworking machinery 3335 184.3 1.9 0.6 0.7 -1.2 1.3

 Turbine and power transmission equipment 3336 101.4 1.8 -0.1 1.8 -0.1 1.7

 Other general purpose machinery 3339 266.0 2.2 1.2 1.6 -0.6 2.9

Computer and electronic products 334 1054.1 9.9 -6.1 7.4 -2.3 0.8

 Computer and peripheral equipment 3341 160.9 16.6 -14.8 12.7 -3.4 -4.1

 Communications equipment 3342 93.9 6.0 -1.8 2.5 -3.3 0.7

 Audio and video equipment 3343 20.4 3.4 1.0 -1.1 -4.3 -0.1

 Semiconductors and electronic components 3344 368.2 13.7 -9.4 11.8 -1.6 1.4

 Electronic instruments 3345 393.0 3.6 0.2 1.6 -1.9 1.7

 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing 3346 17.7 1.7 0.5 -1.7 -3.3 -1.2

Electrical equipment and appliances 335 380.0 2.2 1.1 0.0 -2.1 1.1

 Electric lighting equipment 3351 47.2 1.8 1.3 -0.4 -2.2 0.8

 Household appliances 3352 59.9 3.4 -0.5 0.1 -3.1 -0.3

 Electrical equipment 3353 145.0 1.7 1.3 -0.3 -2.0 1.1

 Other electrical equipment and components 3359 127.9 1.9 1.6 0.2 -1.7 1.8

Transportation equipment 336 1573.0 3.2 -0.6 2.1 -1.1 1.4

 Motor vehicles 3361 194.0 3.6 -1.0 2.0 -1.5 1.0

 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 3362 141.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 0.3 3.7

 Motor vehicle parts 3363 539.7 3.4 -1.8 2.9 -0.5 1.0

Unit labor 

costs Output Hours worked

Labor 

compensation

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data - Continued

Industry

2012 Average annual percent change, 1987-2014

NAICS

code

2014 

Employment 

(thousands)

Labor 

productivity

10
 Aerospace products and parts 3364 498.4 2.8 0.4 1.0 -1.8 1.3

 Railroad rolling stock 3365 27.2 5.4 -2.1 6.0 0.6 3.8

 Ship and boat building 3366 138.4 1.7 1.8 0.8 -0.9 2.6

 Other transportation equipment 3369 33.4 3.9 -0.9 3.4 -0.5 2.5

Furniture and related products 337 400.0 1.4 1.4 -0.3 -1.7 1.1

 Household and institutional furniture 3371 256.8 1.1 1.7 -0.9 -1.9 0.8

 Office furniture and fixtures 3372 108.1 1.3 1.4 0.0 -1.3 1.5

 Other furniture related products 3379 35.1 2.5 0.1 1.6 -0.8 1.7

Miscellaneous manufacturing 339 640.1 2.3 1.3 2.0 -0.3 3.4

 Medical equipment and supplies 3391 317.5 2.9 0.9 3.8 0.9 4.7

 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 3399 322.6 1.7 1.6 0.4 -1.2 2.1

2012

NAICS

code

2014 

Employment 

(thousands)

Labor 

productivity

Unit labor 

costs

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data - Continued

Industry

Average annual percent change, 1987-2014

Output Hours 

worked

Labor 

compensation

11