An official website of the United States government 
	  
	Here is how you know
 Department of Labor Logo  United States Department of Labor
 **The .gov means it's official.**
			 Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information,
			make sure you're on a federal government site.
 **The site is secure.**
			 The
			**https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any
			information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.


U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
 Follow Us
 
 Release Calendar Blog
 Search button
          Search:


Menu

  Search button
          Search:
	
	  Follow Us Follow Us on X, formerly referred to as Twitter| Release Calendar | Blog
    Home
        About BLS
		History	
		Our Leadership
		Budget and Performance		
		Questions and Answers	
		A-Z Index	
		Glossary	
		Careers at BLS	
		BLS Speakers Available
		Errata  				
		Contact BLSOverview of BLS Statistics
		Guide to Programs & Services
		Demographics
		Industries
		Business Costs
		Occupations
		GeographyResources For
		Business Leaders
		Consumers
		Developers
		Economists
		Investors
		Jobseekers
		Media
		Public Policymakers
		Researcher		
		Students & Teachers
		Survey Respondents
    Subjects
        Inflation & Prices
		Consumer Price Index
		Producer Price Indexes
		Import/Export Price Indexes
		Contract Escalation
		Price Index Research
		Pay & Benefits
		Employment Cost Index
		Employer Costs for Employee Compensation
						Wage Data by Occupation
		Earnings by Demographics
		Earnings by Industry
		County Wages  
		Benefits
		Modeled Wage Estimates		
		Compensation Research
		Strikes & Lockouts
		Wage Records from Unemployment Insurance
		Occupational RequirementsUnemployment
		National Unemployment Rate
		State & Local Unemployment Rates
		Unemployment Research
		Employment
		National Employment
		State & Local Employment
		County Employment 
		Worker Characteristics
		American Indian Report
		Employment Projections
		Job Openings & Labor Turnover Survey
		Business Response Survey
		Employment by Occupation
		Work Experience Over Time
		Business Employment Dynamics
		Foreign Direct Investment
		Employment Research
		Workplace InjuriesProductivity
		Labor and Total Factor Productivity
		Productivity Research
		Spending & Time Use
		Consumer Expenditures
		How Americans Spend Time			
		International
		International Technical Cooperation
		Import/Export Price Indexes
		Geographic Information
		Northeast (Boston-New York)
		Mid-Atlantic (Philadelphia)
		Southeast (Atlanta)
		Midwest (Chicago)
		Southwest (Dallas)
		Mountain-Plains (Kansas City)
		West (San Francisco)
    Data Tools
        Data Retrieval Tools
		BLS Popular Series
		Series Report
		Top Picks, One Screen, Multi-Screen, and Maps
		Data Finder
		Public Data APICharts and Applications
		Charts for Economic News Releases	
		CPI Inflation Calculator	
		Injury and Illness Calculator		
		Pay Measure Comparison
		Demographic Data Sources
		COVID-19 Economic Trends
		Industry Productivity Viewer
		Employment and Wages Data Viewer
		Industry Finder from the Quarterly Census of Employment and WagesCustomized Tables
		U.S. Economy at a Glance
		Regions, States & Areas at a Glance
		Industry at a Glance			
		Text Files
		News Release Tables
		
		More Sources of Data
		Restricted Data Access
		Discontinued Databases
		Questions & Answers
		Special Notices
    Publications
        Latest Publications
		The Economics Daily
		Monthly Labor Review
		Beyond the Numbers
		Spotlight on Statistics
		Reports
		Commissioner's Corner
		Videos
		Career OutlookOccupational Outlook Handbook
		Geographic Profile
		Handbook of Methods
		Research Papers
		Copyright Information
		Contact & Help
		Weekly Update
    Economic Releases
        Latest Releases
		Major Economic Indicators
		Schedules for news Releases
		By Month
		By News Release
		Current Year
		Prior Years
		Archived News ReleasesEmployment & Unemployment
		Monthly
		Quarterly, annual, and other
		Inflation & Prices
		Pay & Benefits & Workplace Injuries
		Productivity & Technology
		Employment Projections
		Regional News Releases
    Classroom
        K-12 Student & Teacher Resources		
        Games & Quizzes
		Student's Desk
		Teacher's Desk
		Questions & Answers
    Beta
        Redesigned News Releases


home
                  archive
                  about BLS reports
				  subscribe



October 2019 
                    Report 1082

				 
			















































																						



				 
                
                BLS Reports Menu
                    CONTENTS
                        Statistical Tables 
						  Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16...Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by...Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational...Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or...Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or...Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race,...Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest...Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino...Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and...Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected...Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary...
                          Technical Notes
                  Subscribe to BLS Reports
		
		 
		
 
				
				
     Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2018
Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2018 imageIn 2018, the overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States was 3.9 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher than the national rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.6 percent), Blacks or African Americans (6.5 percent), people categorized as being of Two or More Races (5.5 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (5.3 percent). Jobless rates were lower than the national rate for Asians (3.0 percent) and Whites (3.5 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 4.7 percent, was higher than the rate of 3.7 percent for non-Hispanics.Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Estimates of these additional groups are not included in all tables because of their relatively small sample sizes.The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2018.**Composition of the labor force**By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 24 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (15 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (7 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder (16 percent) were classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2). Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans made up another 10 percent. Eight percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 9 percent were classified as Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino.**Labor force participation**Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.5 percent), people of Two or More Races (66.6 percent), and Hispanics (66.3 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates. American Indians and Alaska Natives (59.6 percent) had the lowest rate. The participation rate for Asians was 63.5 percent; Whites, 62.8 percent; and Blacks, 62.3 percent. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)View Chart DataChart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesRacePercentTotal62.9White62.8Black or African American62.3Asian63.5American Indian and Alaska Native59.6Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander68.5Two or More Races66.6Hispanic or Latino66.3Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.2 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (68.0 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (74.9 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among adult women (20 years and older), Blacks (62.4 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Hispanics (59.4 percent), Asians (58.6 percent), and Whites (57.6 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians (19.6 percent) were less likely to participate in the labor force than were Whites (37.2 percent), Hispanics (32.5 percent), and Blacks (30.5 percent). (See table 3.)**Employment**The employment–population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.6 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 64.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 58.3 percent for Blacks, 60.7 percent for Whites, 61.6 percent for Asians, 62.9 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, and 63.2 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.1 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Black men (63.7 percent) had the lowest, also continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.8 percent and 69.5 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 59.0 percent for Blacks, 56.9 percent for Asians, 56.6 percent for Hispanics, and 55.8 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)The employment–population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (33.0 percent) was about 15 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (17.9 percent), about 9 percentage points higher than for Black teens (23.8 percent), and about 5 percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (27.8 percent).**Educational attainment**Among people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. Seventy-six percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at least a high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 63 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 41 percent of Whites, 31 percent of Blacks, and 21 percent of Hispanics (computed from table 6 and chart 2).View Chart DataChart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesRace or ethnicityBachelor's degree and higherAssociate's degreeSome collegeHigh school graduates, no collegeLess than a high school diplomaHispanic or Latino219153124Asian6378165Black or African American311220316White411115257Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For almost all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were generally lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across all major race and ethnicity groups. Among full-time wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,065) and Hispanics ($1,101) with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than Asians ($1,465) and Whites ($1,342). (See table 17.)**Occupation**Fifty-four percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 31 percent of employed Blacks, and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)View Chart DataChart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesRace or ethnicityProduction, transportation, and material movingNatural resources, construction, and maintenanceSales and officeServiceManagement, professional, and relatedWhite1110221641Black or African American166222431Asian103171754Hispanic or Latino1617212422Among employed men, 55 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 37 percent of Whites, 26 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 20 percent of employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas 13 percent of both employed Asian and White men worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-eight percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 12 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 53 percent of Asian women, compared with 45 percent of White women, 36 percent of Black women, and 27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 61 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 55 percent of Blacks, 48 percent of Whites, and 41 percent of Asians.Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (55 percent); miscellaneous agricultural workers (53 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for more than one-quarter of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (36 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (31 percent); and licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (30 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers, but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (57 percent); software developers, applications and system software (35 percent); and physicians and surgeons (20 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 96 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 92 percent of construction managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)**Industry**Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (21 percent) than were Whites (14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (4 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (13 percent). Twenty-one percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (13 percent), Hispanic men (11 percent), and Black men (11 percent). A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (40 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 9.)**Families and parents**Eighty-eight percent of both Asian families and Hispanic families had an employed family member. By contrast, White and Black families were less likely to have an employed family member: 80 percent and 79 percent, respectively.Families maintained by women (no opposite-sex spouse present) accounted for 42 percent of Black families, 25 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 76 percent of Black families, 78 percent of White families, and 80 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member. (See table 10.)Among mothers with children under 18 years old, Black mothers (77.2 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than White mothers (71.2 percent), Asian mothers (65.0 percent), or Hispanic mothers (63.9 percent). (See table 11.)Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18 years. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.9 percent for White men, 93.8 percent for Hispanic men, 93.4 percent for Asian men, and 89.0 percent for Black men.**Unemployment**Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.6 percent) and Blacks (6.5 percent) had the highest unemployment rates, and the rate was lowest for Asians (3.0 percent). The jobless rates were 3.5 percent for Whites, 4.7 percent for Hispanics, 5.3 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 5.5 percent for individuals of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)View Chart DataChart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesRacePercentTotal3.9White3.5Black or African American6.5Asian3.0American Indian and Alaska Native6.6Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander5.3Two or More Races5.5Hispanic or Latino4.7View Chart DataChart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2018 annual averagesYearBlack or African AmericanWhiteHispanic or LatinoAsian19739.44.37.5197410.55.08.1197514.87.812.2197614.07.011.5197714.06.210.1197812.85.29.1197912.35.18.3198014.36.310.1198115.66.710.4198218.98.613.8198319.58.413.7198415.96.510.7198515.16.210.5198614.56.010.6198713.05.38.8198811.74.78.2198911.44.58.0199011.44.88.2199112.56.110.0199214.26.611.6199313.06.110.8199411.55.39.9199510.44.99.3199610.54.78.9199710.04.27.719988.93.97.219998.03.76.420007.63.55.73.620018.64.26.64.5200210.25.17.55.9200310.85.27.76.0200410.44.87.04.4200510.04.46.04.020068.94.05.23.020078.34.15.63.2200810.15.27.64.0200914.88.512.17.3201016.08.712.57.5201115.87.911.57.0201213.87.210.35.9201313.16.59.15.2201411.35.37.45.020159.64.66.63.820168.44.35.83.620177.53.85.13.420186.53.54.73.0Among adults (20 years and older), the jobless rate for Black men (6.2 percent) was higher than that for Black women (5.6 percent). By contrast, adult Hispanic men (3.8 percent) had a lower rate than adult Hispanic women (4.7 percent). For Asians and Whites, the rates for adult men and women showed little or no difference. Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 21.9 percent, compared with 14.5 percent for Hispanics, 11.3 percent for Whites, and 8.9 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Asians and Blacks was 10.9 weeks and 10.8 weeks, respectively, whereas the figure for Whites was 8.8 weeks and Hispanics, 8.2 weeks. (See table 13.)Of the 6.3 million unemployed, 47 percent were job losers (workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (31 percent), job leavers (13 percent), and new entrants (10 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, 49 percent of Whites and 49 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 46 percent of Blacks and 38 percent of Asians. Sixteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent of unemployed Hispanics, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, and 8 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)**Not in the labor force**As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, and 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals whowere not in the labor forcewanted to work and were available to workhad looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 78 percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (27 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)**Earnings**Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2018 were $680 for Hispanics, $694 for Blacks, $916 for Whites, and $1,095 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,002), Black men ($735), and Hispanic men ($720) were 81 percent, 59 percent, and 58 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($1,241). The median earnings of White women ($817), Black women ($654), and Hispanic women ($617) were 87 percent, 70 percent, and 66 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($937). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,732 and $1,488, respectively, were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,174) and Black men ($1,164) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $528 for Asians, $517 for Whites, $490 for Blacks, and $489 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.		
	
	 
	 Statistical Tables
        
                                                                                                                                                                        


Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Gender and race
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
257,791
162,075
62.9
155,761
60.4
6,314
3.9
95,716Men
124,678
86,096
69.1
82,698
66.3
3,398
3.9
38,582Women
133,112
75,978
57.1
73,063
54.9
2,916
3.8
57,134White
200,221
125,815
62.8
121,461
60.7
4,354
3.5
74,407Men
97,933
68,082
69.5
65,702
67.1
2,380
3.5
29,850Women
102,289
57,732
56.4
55,759
54.5
1,973
3.4
44,556Black
32,761
20,414
62.3
19,091
58.3
1,322
6.5
12,347Men
14,964
9,694
64.8
9,018
60.3
676
7.0
5,270Women
17,797
10,720
60.2
10,073
56.6
646
6.0
7,077Asian
15,961
10,137
63.5
9,832
61.6
304
3.0
5,825Men
7,471
5,346
71.6
5,188
69.4
159
3.0
2,124Women
8,491
4,790
56.4
4,644
54.7
146
3.0
3,700American Indian and Alaska Native
2,881
1,716
59.6
1,603
55.6
113
6.6
1,165Men
1,415
901
63.7
840
59.3
62
6.9
513Women
1,466
815
55.6
763
52.1
52
6.3
651Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
960
657
68.5
622
64.9
35
5.3
302Men
468
347
74.1
329
70.3
18
5.2
121Women
491
310
63.1
293
59.7
17
5.4
181Two or More Races
5,006
3,336
66.6
3,151
62.9
185
5.5
1,670Men
2,427
1,725
71.1
1,622
66.8
103
6.0
702Women
2,579
1,611
62.5
1,529
59.3
82
5.1
968Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotal
257,791
162,075
62.9
155,761
60.4
6,314
3.9
95,716Men
124,678
86,096
69.1
82,698
66.3
3,398
3.9
38,582Women
133,112
75,978
57.1
73,063
54.9
2,916
3.8
57,134Asian
15,961
10,137
63.5
9,832
61.6
304
3.0
5,825Men
7,471
5,346
71.6
5,188
69.4
159
3.0
2,124Women
8,491
4,790
56.4
4,644
54.7
146
3.0
3,700Asian Indian
3,460
2,385
68.9
2,318
67.0
67
2.8
1,075Chinese
3,720
2,268
61.0
2,207
59.3
61
2.7
1,452Filipino
2,353
1,534
65.2
1,486
63.2
47
3.1
819Japanese
917
509
55.5
495
54.0
14
2.7
408Korean
1,182
712
60.2
694
58.8
17
2.4
470Vietnamese
1,699
1,081
63.6
1,056
62.2
25
2.3
618Other Asian
2,630
1,649
62.7
1,575
59.9
74
4.5
981Hispanic or Latino
42,734
28,336
66.3
27,012
63.2
1,323
4.7
14,398Men
21,287
16,113
75.7
15,418
72.4
695
4.3
5,174Women
21,447
12,223
57.0
11,594
54.1
628
5.1
9,224Mexican
26,031
17,312
66.5
16,497
63.4
815
4.7
8,718Men
13,204
10,107
76.5
9,667
73.2
439
4.3
3,097Women
12,827
7,205
56.2
6,830
53.2
376
5.2
5,621Puerto Rican
3,938
2,408
61.2
2,272
57.7
136
5.7
1,529Men
1,875
1,266
67.5
1,193
63.6
73
5.8
609Women
2,063
1,142
55.4
1,080
52.3
63
5.5
920Cuban
1,905
1,181
62.0
1,139
59.8
41
3.5
725Men
940
660
70.3
636
67.7
24
3.6
279Women
966
520
53.9
503
52.1
17
3.3
446Central American
4,053
2,934
72.4
2,815
69.4
119
4.1
1,119Men
2,082
1,725
82.9
1,664
80.0
61
3.5
356Women
1,972
1,209
61.3
1,150
58.3
58
4.8
763Salvadoran
1,610
1,175
73.0
1,131
70.2
44
3.8
435Men
805
661
82.2
638
79.3
23
3.5
143Women
806
514
63.7
493
61.1
21
4.1
292Other Central American
2,443
1,759
72.0
1,684
68.9
75
4.3
684Men
1,277
1,064
83.3
1,026
80.3
38
3.6
213Women
1,166
695
59.6
658
56.4
37
5.4
471South American
2,887
2,022
70.0
1,936
67.0
86
4.2
866Men
1,352
1,062
78.6
1,025
75.8
37
3.5
290Women
1,535
959
62.5
910
59.3
49
5.1
576Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino
3,920
2,479
63.2
2,353
60.0
126
5.1
1,441Men
1,835
1,292
70.4
1,232
67.1
61
4.7
543Women
2,085
1,187
56.9
1,121
53.8
65
5.5
898Dominican
1,592
1,019
64.0
963
60.5
56
5.5
572Men
705
492
69.7
466
66.1
25
5.2
213Women
886
528
59.5
497
56.0
31
5.8
359Other Hispanic or Latino
2,328
1,460
62.7
1,390
59.7
70
4.8
868Men
1,130
801
70.9
765
67.8
35
4.4
329Women
1,198
659
55.0
624
52.1
34
5.2
539Hispanic or Latino
42,734
28,336
66.3
27,012
63.2
1,323
4.7
14,398Men
21,287
16,113
75.7
15,418
72.4
695
4.3
5,174Women
21,447
12,223
57.0
11,594
54.1
628
5.1
9,224White Hispanic or Latino
37,989
25,147
66.2
23,992
63.2
1,156
4.6
12,841Men
18,963
14,408
76.0
13,802
72.8
606
4.2
4,554Women
19,026
10,739
56.4
10,190
53.6
549
5.1
8,287Black Hispanic or Latino
1,899
1,248
65.8
1,177
62.0
72
5.7
650Men
874
620
70.9
584
66.8
36
5.8
254Women
1,025
629
61.4
593
57.9
35
5.6
396Asian Hispanic or Latino
436
293
67.3
280
64.4
13
4.4
142Men
221
160
72.2
153
69.3
7
4.1
61Women
214
134
62.3
127
59.3
6
4.7
81Non-Hispanic or Latino
215,057
133,739
62.2
128,749
59.9
4,990
3.7
81,318Men
103,391
69,983
67.7
67,280
65.1
2,703
3.9
33,408Women
111,666
63,756
57.1
61,468
55.0
2,288
3.6
47,910White non-Hispanic or Latino
162,232
100,667
62.1
97,469
60.1
3,198
3.2
61,565Men
78,970
53,674
68.0
51,900
65.7
1,774
3.3
25,296Women
83,262
46,993
56.4
45,569
54.7
1,424
3.0
36,269Black non-Hispanic or Latino
30,862
19,166
62.1
17,915
58.0
1,251
6.5
11,696Men
14,090
9,075
64.4
8,435
59.9
640
7.1
5,016Women
16,772
10,091
60.2
9,480
56.5
611
6.1
6,681Asian non-Hispanic or Latino
15,526
9,843
63.4
9,552
61.5
292
3.0
5,682Men
7,250
5,187
71.5
5,035
69.4
152
2.9
2,063Women
8,276
4,657
56.3
4,517
54.6
140
3.0
3,619Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, andHispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civiliannoninsti-tutionalpopulation
Civilian labor force
NotinlaborforceTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Employed
UnemployedTotal
Percent ofpopulation
Total
Percent oflabor forceTotalTotal, 16 years and older
257,791
162,075
62.9
155,761
60.4
6,314
3.9
95,71616 to 19 years
16,765
5,885
35.1
5,126
30.6
759
12.9
10,87920 years and older
241,026
156,190
64.8
150,635
62.5
5,555
3.6
84,83620 to 24 years
21,239
15,099
71.1
14,051
66.2
1,048
6.9
6,14025 to 54 years
126,390
103,705
82.1
100,314
79.4
3,391
3.3
22,68555 to 64 years
42,114
27,354
65.0
26,565
63.1
789
2.9
14,76065 years and older
51,283
10,032
19.6
9,705
18.9
327
3.3
41,251Men, 16 years and older
124,678
86,096
69.1
82,698
66.3
3,398
3.9
38,58216 to 19 years
8,493
2,909
34.2
2,487
29.3
422
14.5
5,58520 years and older
116,185
83,188
71.6
80,211
69.0
2,976
3.6
32,99720 to 24 years
10,639
7,786
73.2
7,190
67.6
596
7.7
2,85325 to 54 years
62,294
55,440
89.0
53,673
86.2
1,768
3.2
6,85455 to 64 years
20,263
14,436
71.2
14,001
69.1
435
3.0
5,82765 years and older
22,988
5,525
24.0
5,348
23.3
177
3.2
17,464Women, 16 years and older
133,112
75,978
57.1
73,063
54.9
2,916
3.8
57,13416 to 19 years
8,272
2,977
36.0
2,639
31.9
338
11.3
5,29520 years and older
124,841
73,002
58.5
70,424
56.4
2,578
3.5
51,83920 to 24 years
10,600
7,312
69.0
6,861
64.7
452
6.2
3,28825 to 54 years
64,096
48,264
75.3
46,641
72.8
1,623
3.4
15,83155 to 64 years
21,851
12,918
59.1
12,564
57.5
354
2.7
8,93365 years and older
28,295
4,508
15.9
4,358
15.4
150
3.3
23,787WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
200,221
125,815
62.8
121,461
60.7
4,354
3.5
74,40716 to 19 years
12,318
4,576
37.2
4,060
33.0
516
11.3
7,74120 years and older
187,904
121,238
64.5
117,401
62.5
3,837
3.2
66,66620 to 24 years
15,557
11,383
73.2
10,697
68.8
685
6.0
4,17425 to 54 years
95,354
78,888
82.7
76,608
80.3
2,280
2.9
16,46755 to 64 years
33,900
22,464
66.3
21,855
64.5
610
2.7
11,43565 years and older
43,094
8,504
19.7
8,241
19.1
262
3.1
34,590Men, 16 years and older
97,933
68,082
69.5
65,702
67.1
2,380
3.5
29,85016 to 19 years
6,271
2,270
36.2
1,983
31.6
286
12.6
4,00120 years and older
91,662
65,812
71.8
63,719
69.5
2,094
3.2
25,84920 to 24 years
7,848
5,951
75.8
5,561
70.9
390
6.6
1,89725 to 54 years
47,744
43,034
90.1
41,819
87.6
1,215
2.8
4,71055 to 64 years
16,515
12,031
72.8
11,692
70.8
339
2.8
4,48565 years and older
19,554
4,796
24.5
4,647
23.8
149
3.1
14,758Women, 16 years and older
102,289
57,732
56.4
55,759
54.5
1,973
3.4
44,55616 to 19 years
6,047
2,307
38.1
2,077
34.3
230
10.0
3,74020 years and older
96,242
55,426
57.6
53,682
55.8
1,743
3.1
40,81620 to 24 years
7,709
5,432
70.5
5,137
66.6
295
5.4
2,27725 to 54 years
47,610
35,853
75.3
34,789
73.1
1,065
3.0
11,75655 to 64 years
17,384
10,434
60.0
10,163
58.5
271
2.6
6,95165 years and older
23,540
3,707
15.7
3,594
15.3
113
3.0
19,832Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
32,761
20,414
62.3
19,091
58.3
1,322
6.5
12,34716 to 19 years
2,499
763
30.5
596
23.8
167
21.9
1,73620 years and older
30,262
19,651
64.9
18,496
61.1
1,155
5.9
10,61120 to 24 years
3,172
2,173
68.5
1,940
61.2
234
10.8
99825 to 54 years
17,205
13,776
80.1
13,016
75.7
760
5.5
3,42955 to 64 years
5,037
2,846
56.5
2,728
54.2
117
4.1
2,19165 years and older
4,848
856
17.7
812
16.7
44
5.2
3,992Men, 16 years and older
14,964
9,694
64.8
9,018
60.3
676
7.0
5,27016 to 19 years
1,241
367
29.6
273
22.0
94
25.7
87420 years and older
13,723
9,327
68.0
8,745
63.7
582
6.2
4,39620 to 24 years
1,535
1,046
68.1
913
59.5
133
12.7
49025 to 54 years
7,932
6,560
82.7
6,191
78.0
369
5.6
1,37355 to 64 years
2,282
1,343
58.9
1,281
56.1
62
4.6
93965 years and older
1,974
379
19.2
361
18.3
18
4.7
1,595Women, 16 years and older
17,797
10,720
60.2
10,073
56.6
646
6.0
7,07716 to 19 years
1,257
395
31.4
322
25.6
73
18.4
86220 years and older
16,539
10,324
62.4
9,751
59.0
573
5.6
6,21520 to 24 years
1,636
1,128
68.9
1,027
62.7
101
8.9
50925 to 54 years
9,273
7,216
77.8
6,825
73.6
391
5.4
2,05755 to 64 years
2,755
1,503
54.5
1,448
52.5
55
3.7
1,25265 years and older
2,875
478
16.6
451
15.7
26
5.5
2,397AsianTotal, 16 years and older
15,961
10,137
63.5
9,832
61.6
304
3.0
5,82516 to 19 years
928
182
19.6
166
17.9
16
8.9
74620 years and older
15,034
9,955
66.2
9,666
64.3
288
2.9
5,07920 to 24 years
1,368
719
52.6
660
48.2
59
8.2
64925 to 54 years
9,117
7,285
79.9
7,106
77.9
179
2.5
1,83255 to 64 years
2,160
1,472
68.1
1,434
66.4
38
2.6
68965 years and older
2,389
478
20.0
467
19.5
11
2.4
1,910Men, 16 years and older
7,471
5,346
71.6
5,188
69.4
159
3.0
2,12416 to 19 years
459
91
19.8
85
18.5
6
7.0
36820 years and older
7,012
5,255
74.9
5,103
72.8
152
2.9
1,75620 to 24 years
685
363
53.0
330
48.2
33
9.0
32225 to 54 years
4,324
3,879
89.7
3,787
87.6
93
2.4
44555 to 64 years
976
761
77.9
739
75.7
22
2.9
21665 years and older
1,026
253
24.6
248
24.1
5
2.0
774Women, 16 years and older
8,491
4,790
56.4
4,644
54.7
146
3.0
3,70016 to 19 years
469
91
19.4
81
17.3
10
10.8
37820 years and older
8,022
4,699
58.6
4,563
56.9
136
2.9
3,32320 to 24 years
683
357
52.2
330
48.3
27
7.4
32725 to 54 years
4,792
3,406
71.1
3,319
69.3
87
2.6
1,38655 to 64 years
1,184
711
60.1
695
58.7
16
2.3
47365 years and older
1,362
226
16.6
219
16.1
6
2.8
1,137Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
42,734
28,336
66.3
27,012
63.2
1,323
4.7
14,39816 to 19 years
3,938
1,280
32.5
1,094
27.8
186
14.5
2,65820 years and older
38,795
27,056
69.7
25,918
66.8
1,138
4.2
11,74020 to 24 years
4,744
3,399
71.6
3,160
66.6
239
7.0
1,34525 to 54 years
24,745
19,725
79.7
18,998
76.8
727
3.7
5,02155 to 64 years
4,892
3,113
63.6
2,982
61.0
131
4.2
1,77965 years and older
4,414
819
18.6
778
17.6
42
5.1
3,595Men, 16 years and older
21,287
16,113
75.7
15,418
72.4
695
4.3
5,17416 to 19 years
1,998
649
32.5
545
27.3
104
16.0
1,34920 years and older
19,289
15,464
80.2
14,873
77.1
591
3.8
3,82520 to 24 years
2,402
1,841
76.6
1,705
71.0
136
7.4
56125 to 54 years
12,596
11,375
90.3
11,018
87.5
356
3.1
1,22155 to 64 years
2,374
1,776
74.8
1,704
71.8
73
4.1
59865 years and older
1,917
472
24.6
446
23.3
26
5.5
1,445Women, 16 years and older
21,447
12,223
57.0
11,594
54.1
628
5.1
9,22416 to 19 years
1,940
631
32.5
549
28.3
82
12.9
1,30920 years and older
19,507
11,592
59.4
11,045
56.6
547
4.7
7,91520 to 24 years
2,342
1,558
66.5
1,456
62.1
103
6.6
78425 to 54 years
12,149
8,350
68.7
7,980
65.7
370
4.4
3,80055 to 64 years
2,518
1,337
53.1
1,278
50.8
58
4.4
1,18165 years and older
2,497
347
13.9
331
13.3
16
4.5
2,150Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
60.4
78.9
43.9
60.4
79.6
43.2
59.9
73.6
48.7
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
60.8
78.8
44.7
60.8
79.4
44.1
60.2
73.4
49.3
-
-
-
60.2
81.5
41.01974
61.3
78.7
45.7
61.4
79.4
45.2
59.8
72.9
49.0
-
-
-
61.1
81.7
42.41975
61.2
77.9
46.3
61.5
78.7
45.9
58.8
70.9
48.8
-
-
-
60.8
80.7
43.21976
61.6
77.5
47.3
61.8
78.4
46.9
59.0
70.0
49.8
-
-
-
60.8
79.6
44.31977
62.3
77.7
48.4
62.5
78.5
48.0
59.8
70.6
50.8
-
-
-
61.6
80.9
44.31978
63.2
77.9
50.0
63.3
78.6
49.4
61.5
71.5
53.1
-
-
-
62.9
81.1
46.61979
63.7
77.8
50.9
63.9
78.6
50.5
61.4
71.3
53.1
-
-
-
63.6
81.3
47.41980
63.8
77.4
51.5
64.1
78.2
51.2
61.0
70.3
53.1
-
-
-
64.0
81.4
47.41981
63.9
77.0
52.1
64.3
77.9
51.9
60.8
70.0
53.5
-
-
-
64.1
80.6
48.31982
64.0
76.6
52.6
64.3
77.4
52.4
61.0
70.1
53.7
-
-
-
63.6
79.7
48.11983
64.0
76.4
52.9
64.3
77.1
52.7
61.5
70.6
54.2
-
-
-
63.8
80.3
47.71984
64.4
76.4
53.6
64.6
77.1
53.3
62.2
70.8
55.2
-
-
-
64.9
80.6
49.61985
64.8
76.3
54.5
65.0
77.0
54.1
62.9
70.8
56.5
-
-
-
64.6
80.3
49.31986
65.3
76.3
55.3
65.5
76.9
55.0
63.3
71.2
56.9
-
-
-
65.4
81.0
50.11987
65.6
76.2
56.0
65.8
76.8
55.7
63.8
71.1
58.0
-
-
-
66.4
81.0
52.01988
65.9
76.2
56.6
66.2
76.9
56.4
63.8
71.0
58.0
-
-
-
67.4
81.9
53.21989
66.5
76.4
57.4
66.7
77.1
57.2
64.2
71.0
58.7
-
-
-
67.6
82.0
53.51990
66.5
76.4
57.5
66.9
77.1
57.4
64.0
71.0
58.3
-
-
-
67.4
81.4
53.11991
66.2
75.8
57.4
66.6
76.5
57.4
63.3
70.4
57.5
-
-
-
66.5
80.3
52.41992
66.4
75.8
57.8
66.8
76.5
57.7
63.9
70.7
58.5
-
-
-
66.8
80.7
52.81993
66.3
75.4
57.9
66.8
76.2
58.0
63.2
69.6
57.9
-
-
-
66.2
80.2
52.11994
66.6
75.1
58.8
67.1
75.9
58.9
63.4
69.1
58.7
-
-
-
66.1
79.2
52.91995
66.6
75.0
58.9
67.1
75.7
59.0
63.7
69.0
59.5
-
-
-
65.8
79.1
52.61996
66.8
74.9
59.3
67.2
75.8
59.1
64.1
68.7
60.4
-
-
-
66.5
79.6
53.41997
67.1
75.0
59.8
67.5
75.9
59.5
64.7
68.3
61.7
-
-
-
67.9
80.1
55.11998
67.1
74.9
59.8
67.3
75.6
59.4
65.6
69.0
62.8
-
-
-
67.9
79.8
55.61999
67.1
74.7
60.0
67.3
75.6
59.6
65.8
68.7
63.5
-
-
-
67.7
79.8
55.92000
67.1
74.8
59.9
67.3
75.5
59.5
65.8
69.2
63.1
67.2
76.1
59.2
69.7
81.5
57.52001
66.8
74.4
59.8
67.0
75.1
59.4
65.3
68.4
62.8
67.2
76.2
59.0
69.5
81.0
57.62002
66.6
74.1
59.6
66.8
74.8
59.3
64.8
68.4
61.8
67.2
75.9
59.1
69.1
80.2
57.62003
66.2
73.5
59.5
66.5
74.2
59.2
64.3
67.3
61.9
66.4
75.6
58.3
68.3
80.1
55.92004
66.0
73.3
59.2
66.3
74.1
58.9
63.8
66.7
61.5
65.9
75.0
57.6
68.6
80.4
56.12005
66.0
73.3
59.3
66.3
74.1
58.9
64.2
67.3
61.6
66.1
74.8
58.2
68.0
80.1
55.32006
66.2
73.5
59.4
66.5
74.3
59.0
64.1
67.0
61.7
66.2
75.0
58.3
68.7
80.7
56.12007
66.0
73.2
59.3
66.4
74.0
59.0
63.7
66.8
61.1
66.5
75.1
58.6
68.8
80.5
56.52008
66.0
73.0
59.5
66.3
73.7
59.2
63.7
66.7
61.3
67.0
75.3
59.4
68.5
80.2
56.22009
65.4
72.0
59.2
65.8
72.8
59.1
62.4
65.0
60.3
66.0
74.6
58.2
68.0
78.8
56.52010
64.7
71.2
58.6
65.1
72.0
58.5
62.2
65.0
59.9
64.7
73.2
57.0
67.5
77.8
56.52011
64.1
70.5
58.1
64.5
71.3
58.0
61.4
64.2
59.1
64.6
73.2
56.8
66.5
76.5
55.92012
63.7
70.2
57.7
64.0
71.0
57.4
61.5
63.6
59.8
63.9
72.2
56.5
66.4
76.1
56.62013
63.2
69.7
57.2
63.5
70.5
56.9
61.2
63.5
59.2
64.6
73.0
57.1
66.0
76.3
55.72014
62.9
69.2
57.0
63.1
69.8
56.7
61.2
63.6
59.2
63.6
72.4
55.8
66.1
76.1
56.02015
62.7
69.1
56.7
62.8
69.7
56.2
61.5
63.8
59.7
62.8
71.4
55.2
65.9
76.2
55.72016
62.8
69.2
56.8
62.9
69.8
56.3
61.6
64.1
59.4
63.2
72.1
55.5
65.8
76.0
55.82017
62.9
69.1
57.0
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.6
60.3
63.6
71.9
56.4
66.1
75.8
56.42018
62.9
69.1
57.1
62.8
69.5
56.4
62.3
64.8
60.2
63.5
71.6
56.4
66.3
75.7
57.0

Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
64.4
71.0
58.0
68.9
75.0
63.9
67.6
73.2
62.42004
63.8
70.9
57.1
71.8
76.6
67.7
67.0
74.0
60.32005
63.5
70.0
57.2
73.4
77.1
69.8
67.0
72.0
62.32006
63.1
68.6
57.9
74.5
80.8
68.6
65.9
72.3
59.72007
63.3
69.9
57.0
73.0
78.4
68.2
66.3
71.9
60.82008
63.7
70.2
57.6
72.5
78.9
66.6
65.5
70.7
60.42009
59.0
64.1
54.2
69.4
77.3
62.3
65.6
70.4
61.02010
57.7
64.0
51.8
68.4
71.3
65.5
65.4
70.9
60.32011
59.2
65.2
53.2
69.4
75.6
63.6
64.0
68.9
59.52012
59.3
66.4
52.6
71.4
73.9
69.1
65.3
70.4
60.52013
59.2
65.3
53.3
70.0
73.7
66.6
63.3
69.2
57.82014
60.9
67.2
54.7
67.6
73.8
61.6
64.2
69.7
59.02015
60.6
65.9
55.5
66.6
73.7
59.7
64.5
68.4
60.92016
61.1
67.2
55.4
68.7
76.0
61.3
65.0
68.1
62.12017
60.3
65.8
54.8
67.0
72.6
61.7
66.9
70.7
63.32018
59.6
63.7
55.6
68.5
74.1
63.1
66.6
71.1
62.5Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
57.0
75.0
41.0
57.4
76.0
40.7
53.7
66.8
43.0
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
57.8
75.5
42.0
58.2
76.5
41.8
54.5
67.5
43.8
-
-
-
55.6
76.0
37.31974
57.8
74.9
42.6
58.3
75.9
42.4
53.5
65.8
43.5
-
-
-
56.2
75.7
38.41975
56.1
71.7
42.0
56.7
73.0
42.0
50.1
60.6
41.6
-
-
-
53.4
71.5
37.41976
56.8
72.0
43.2
57.5
73.4
43.2
50.8
60.6
42.8
-
-
-
53.8
71.1
38.61977
57.9
72.8
44.5
58.6
74.1
44.5
51.4
61.4
43.3
-
-
-
55.4
73.6
39.11978
59.3
73.8
46.4
60.0
75.0
46.3
53.6
63.3
45.8
-
-
-
57.2
74.9
41.31979
59.9
73.8
47.5
60.6
75.1
47.5
53.8
63.4
46.0
-
-
-
58.3
75.6
42.51980
59.2
72.0
47.7
60.0
73.4
47.8
52.3
60.4
45.7
-
-
-
57.6
73.5
42.41981
59.0
71.3
48.0
60.0
72.8
48.3
51.3
59.1
45.1
-
-
-
57.4
72.4
43.01982
57.8
69.0
47.7
58.8
70.6
48.1
49.4
56.0
44.2
-
-
-
54.9
68.9
41.31983
57.9
68.8
48.0
58.9
70.4
48.5
49.5
56.3
44.1
-
-
-
55.1
69.4
41.11984
59.5
70.7
49.5
60.5
72.1
49.8
52.3
59.2
46.7
-
-
-
57.9
72.1
44.21985
60.1
70.9
50.4
61.0
72.3
50.7
53.4
60.0
48.1
-
-
-
57.8
72.1
43.81986
60.7
71.0
51.4
61.5
72.3
51.7
54.1
60.6
48.8
-
-
-
58.5
72.5
44.71987
61.5
71.5
52.5
62.3
72.7
52.8
55.6
62.0
50.3
-
-
-
60.5
74.0
47.41988
62.3
72.0
53.4
63.1
73.2
53.8
56.3
62.7
51.2
-
-
-
61.9
75.3
48.81989
63.0
72.5
54.3
63.8
73.7
54.6
56.9
62.8
52.0
-
-
-
62.2
75.8
48.81990
62.8
72.0
54.3
63.7
73.3
54.7
56.7
62.6
51.9
-
-
-
61.9
74.9
48.61991
61.7
70.4
53.7
62.6
71.6
54.2
55.4
61.3
50.6
-
-
-
59.8
72.1
47.31992
61.5
69.8
53.8
62.4
71.1
54.2
54.9
59.9
50.8
-
-
-
59.1
71.2
46.81993
61.7
70.0
54.1
62.7
71.4
54.6
55.0
60.0
50.9
-
-
-
59.1
71.7
46.31994
62.5
70.4
55.3
63.5
71.8
55.8
56.1
60.8
52.3
-
-
-
59.5
71.7
47.21995
62.9
70.8
55.6
63.8
72.0
56.1
57.1
61.7
53.4
-
-
-
59.7
72.1
47.31996
63.2
70.9
56.0
64.1
72.3
56.3
57.4
61.1
54.4
-
-
-
60.6
73.3
47.91997
63.8
71.3
56.8
64.6
72.7
57.0
58.2
61.4
55.6
-
-
-
62.6
74.5
50.21998
64.1
71.6
57.1
64.7
72.7
57.1
59.7
62.9
57.2
-
-
-
63.1
74.7
51.01999
64.3
71.6
57.4
64.8
72.8
57.3
60.6
63.1
58.6
-
-
-
63.4
75.3
51.72000
64.4
71.9
57.5
64.9
73.0
57.4
60.9
63.6
58.6
64.8
73.3
57.1
65.7
77.4
53.62001
63.7
70.9
57.0
64.2
72.0
57.0
59.7
62.1
57.8
64.2
72.7
56.4
64.9
76.2
53.32002
62.7
69.7
56.3
63.4
70.8
56.4
58.1
61.1
55.8
63.2
71.3
55.8
63.9
74.5
52.92003
62.3
68.9
56.1
63.0
70.1
56.3
57.4
59.5
55.6
62.4
70.9
54.9
63.1
74.3
51.22004
62.3
69.2
56.0
63.1
70.4
56.1
57.2
59.3
55.5
63.0
71.6
55.1
63.8
75.1
51.82005
62.7
69.6
56.2
63.4
70.8
56.3
57.7
60.2
55.7
63.4
71.8
55.9
64.0
75.8
51.52006
63.1
70.1
56.6
63.8
71.3
56.6
58.4
60.6
56.5
64.2
72.7
56.5
65.2
76.8
52.82007
63.0
69.8
56.6
63.6
70.9
56.7
58.4
60.7
56.5
64.3
72.8
56.6
64.9
76.2
53.02008
62.2
68.5
56.2
62.8
69.7
56.3
57.3
59.1
55.8
64.3
72.2
57.2
63.3
74.1
51.92009
59.3
64.5
54.4
60.2
66.0
54.8
53.2
53.7
52.8
61.2
68.7
54.4
59.7
68.9
50.12010
58.5
63.7
53.6
59.4
65.1
54.0
52.3
53.1
51.7
59.9
67.5
53.0
59.0
68.0
49.62011
58.4
63.9
53.2
59.4
65.3
53.7
51.7
52.8
50.8
60.0
68.2
52.6
58.9
67.9
49.32012
58.6
64.4
53.1
59.4
65.8
53.3
53.0
54.1
52.2
60.1
68.1
53.1
59.5
68.6
50.42013
58.6
64.4
53.2
59.4
65.7
53.3
53.2
54.5
52.0
61.2
69.0
54.3
60.0
69.6
50.42014
59.0
64.9
53.5
59.7
66.1
53.7
54.3
55.9
52.9
60.4
68.6
53.3
61.2
71.0
51.42015
59.3
65.3
53.7
59.9
66.5
53.7
55.7
57.2
54.4
60.4
68.6
53.2
61.6
71.5
51.82016
59.7
65.8
54.1
60.2
66.7
54.0
56.4
58.3
54.8
60.9
69.6
53.4
62.0
71.9
52.32017
60.1
66.0
54.6
60.4
66.9
54.2
57.6
59.4
56.1
61.5
69.5
54.5
62.7
72.3
53.22018
60.4
66.3
54.9
60.7
67.1
54.5
58.3
60.3
56.6
61.6
69.4
54.7
63.2
72.4
54.1

Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
57.7
63.1
52.4
63.6
69.8
58.4
61.4
66.4
56.82004
57.7
64.0
51.8
67.4
71.4
64.1
61.2
67.6
55.02005
57.6
63.9
51.5
70.2
73.4
67.1
61.6
66.3
57.22006
58.1
63.2
53.3
70.6
75.7
65.7
61.5
67.0
56.22007
58.1
64.3
52.3
69.4
74.2
65.3
61.5
66.5
56.62008
57.4
62.6
52.5
67.8
72.8
63.3
59.3
63.6
55.22009
51.2
54.2
48.3
61.8
68.3
56.0
56.7
60.4
53.22010
49.0
53.0
45.2
60.1
61.6
58.7
56.5
60.8
52.52011
50.5
55.2
45.9
62.2
67.0
57.7
55.3
59.2
51.72012
52.1
58.5
45.9
63.0
64.7
61.4
57.6
61.9
53.52013
51.6
56.6
46.9
62.9
65.5
60.4
56.4
61.3
51.72014
54.0
59.2
48.9
63.5
69.6
57.5
57.6
62.1
53.42015
54.6
58.6
50.8
62.8
69.5
56.3
59.0
62.8
55.62016
55.7
61.0
50.6
65.7
72.7
58.5
60.2
62.9
57.62017
55.6
60.3
50.9
62.9
68.7
57.4
62.4
65.8
59.22018
55.6
59.3
52.1
64.9
70.3
59.7
62.9
66.8
59.3Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 yearsand older
Less than ahigh schooldiploma
High schoolgraduates,no college(1)
Some college,no degree
Associate'sdegree
Bachelor'sdegree andhigher(2)TotalCivilian noninstitutional population
219,787
22,250
62,592
34,880
22,525
77,540Civilian labor force
141,091
10,278
36,010
21,937
15,649
57,217Percent of population
64.2
46.2
57.5
62.9
69.5
73.8Employed
136,584
9,701
34,550
21,128
15,209
55,995Employment-population ratio
62.1
43.6
55.2
60.6
67.5
72.2Unemployed
4,507
576
1,461
808
440
1,222Unemployment rate
3.2
5.6
4.1
3.7
2.8
2.1MenCivilian noninstitutional population
105,546
11,110
31,216
16,679
9,829
36,711Civilian labor force
75,401
6,537
21,145
11,667
7,383
28,670Percent of population
71.4
58.8
67.7
70.0
75.1
78.1Employed
73,021
6,201
20,294
11,279
7,182
28,066Employment-population ratio
69.2
55.8
65.0
67.6
73.1
76.5Unemployed
2,380
336
850
388
202
604Unemployment rate
3.2
5.1
4.0
3.3
2.7
2.1WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
114,241
11,140
31,375
18,201
12,696
40,829Civilian labor force
65,689
3,741
14,866
10,269
8,266
28,548Percent of population
57.5
33.6
47.4
56.4
65.1
69.9Employed
63,563
3,501
14,256
9,850
8,028
27,929Employment-population ratio
55.6
31.4
45.4
54.1
63.2
68.4Unemployed
2,127
240
610
420
238
619Unemployment rate
3.2
6.4
4.1
4.1
2.9
2.2WhiteCivilian noninstitutional population
172,347
16,900
49,050
27,256
18,021
61,121Civilian labor force
109,855
8,126
27,859
16,818
12,383
44,669Percent of population
63.7
48.1
56.8
61.7
68.7
73.1Employed
106,704
7,713
26,870
16,281
12,067
43,772Employment-population ratio
61.9
45.6
54.8
59.7
67.0
71.6Unemployed
3,152
413
989
537
316
897Unemployment rate
2.9
5.1
3.5
3.2
2.5
2.0MenCivilian noninstitutional population
83,814
8,726
24,591
13,211
7,979
29,306Civilian labor force
59,861
5,385
16,703
9,201
5,962
22,611Percent of population
71.4
61.7
67.9
69.6
74.7
77.2Employed
58,158
5,138
16,122
8,930
5,814
22,153Employment-population ratio
69.4
58.9
65.6
67.6
72.9
75.6Unemployed
1,703
247
581
271
148
458Unemployment rate
2.8
4.6
3.5
2.9
2.5
2.0WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
88,534
8,174
24,458
14,044
10,042
31,815Civilian labor force
49,994
2,741
11,156
7,617
6,421
22,058Percent of population
56.5
33.5
45.6
54.2
63.9
69.3Employed
48,546
2,575
10,748
7,351
6,253
21,619Employment-population ratio
54.8
31.5
43.9
52.3
62.3
68.0Unemployed
1,448
167
408
266
168
439Unemployment rate
2.9
6.1
3.7
3.5
2.6
2.0Black or African AmericanCivilian noninstitutional population
27,091
3,139
8,927
5,174
2,838
7,011Civilian labor force
17,478
1,126
5,343
3,479
2,079
5,451Percent of population
64.5
35.9
59.8
67.2
73.2
77.7Employed
16,556
1,009
4,986
3,276
1,994
5,291Employment-population ratio
61.1
32.1
55.8
63.3
70.3
75.5Unemployed
922
117
357
203
84
161Unemployment rate
5.3
10.4
6.7
5.8
4.1
2.9MenCivilian noninstitutional population
12,188
1,404
4,399
2,320
1,137
2,927Civilian labor force
8,281
567
2,862
1,630
873
2,348Percent of population
67.9
40.4
65.1
70.3
76.8
80.2Employed
7,832
505
2,661
1,543
840
2,283Employment-population ratio
64.3
35.9
60.5
66.5
73.8
78.0Unemployed
449
63
201
87
34
65Unemployment rate
5.4
11.0
7.0
5.3
3.9
2.8WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
14,903
1,735
4,528
2,854
1,701
4,084Civilian labor force
9,197
559
2,481
1,849
1,205
3,103Percent of population
61.7
32.2
54.8
64.8
70.9
76.0Employed
8,724
504
2,325
1,733
1,155
3,007Employment-population ratio
58.5
29.1
51.3
60.7
67.9
73.6Unemployed
473
54
156
116
50
96Unemployment rate
5.1
9.7
6.3
6.3
4.2
3.1AsianCivilian noninstitutional population
13,666
1,218
2,549
1,171
914
7,814Civilian labor force
9,235
493
1,504
770
641
5,827Percent of population
67.6
40.5
59.0
65.8
70.2
74.6Employed
9,006
479
1,468
752
621
5,687Employment-population ratio
65.9
39.3
57.6
64.2
68.0
72.8Unemployed
229
14
36
19
20
139Unemployment rate
2.5
2.9
2.4
2.5
3.1
2.4MenCivilian noninstitutional population
6,327
457
1,133
572
386
3,779Civilian labor force
4,892
250
800
416
297
3,130Percent of population
77.3
54.7
70.6
72.7
76.8
82.8Employed
4,773
242
781
406
285
3,060Employment-population ratio
75.4
52.8
68.9
71.0
73.9
81.0Unemployed
119
9
19
10
11
70Unemployment rate
2.4
3.4
2.4
2.5
3.9
2.2WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
7,339
761
1,416
600
528
4,035Civilian labor force
4,343
243
704
355
345
2,697Percent of population
59.2
31.9
49.7
59.2
65.3
66.8Employed
4,233
237
687
346
336
2,627Employment-population ratio
57.7
31.2
48.5
57.7
63.7
65.1Unemployed
110
6
17
9
8
70Unemployment rate
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6Hispanic or Latino ethnicityCivilian noninstitutional population
34,051
9,737
10,637
4,734
2,745
6,198Civilian labor force
23,657
5,753
7,439
3,469
2,085
4,911Percent of population
69.5
59.1
69.9
73.3
75.9
79.2Employed
22,758
5,488
7,145
3,341
2,012
4,770Employment-population ratio
66.8
56.4
67.2
70.6
73.3
77.0Unemployed
899
265
293
128
72
141Unemployment rate
3.8
4.6
3.9
3.7
3.5
2.9MenCivilian noninstitutional population
16,887
5,038
5,538
2,345
1,172
2,794Civilian labor force
13,623
3,828
4,528
1,881
982
2,404Percent of population
80.7
76.0
81.8
80.2
83.8
86.0Employed
13,168
3,679
4,369
1,822
951
2,346Employment-population ratio
78.0
73.0
78.9
77.7
81.2
84.0Unemployed
455
149
159
58
31
57Unemployment rate
3.3
3.9
3.5
3.1
3.2
2.4WomenCivilian noninstitutional population
17,164
4,698
5,099
2,390
1,573
3,404Civilian labor force
10,034
1,925
2,911
1,588
1,102
2,508Percent of population
58.5
41.0
57.1
66.5
70.1
73.7Employed
9,589
1,809
2,776
1,519
1,061
2,424Employment-population ratio
55.9
38.5
54.4
63.6
67.4
71.2Unemployed
444
116
134
69
41
84Unemployment rate
4.4
6.0
4.6
4.4
3.7
3.3(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
155,761
121,461
19,091
9,832
27,012Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
40.1
40.8
31.3
53.7
22.4Management, business, and financial operations occupations
16.6
17.5
11.1
18.0
9.4Management occupations
11.7
12.6
7.2
11.0
6.9Business and financial operations occupations
4.9
4.9
3.9
7.0
2.4Professional and related occupations
23.5
23.3
20.2
35.7
13.0Computer and mathematical occupations
3.3
2.8
2.3
11.5
1.4Architecture and engineering occupations
2.1
2.1
1.1
4.0
1.1Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.0
1.0
0.6
2.0
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.7
1.6
2.9
1.1
1.2Legal occupations
1.2
1.3
0.7
0.9
0.7Education, training, and library occupations
6.0
6.2
5.2
5.0
3.7Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.2
2.3
1.3
1.9
1.5Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
6.0
5.8
6.2
9.5
3.0Service occupations
17.2
15.9
24.4
16.5
24.3Healthcare support occupations
2.3
1.9
5.0
2.1
2.5Protective service occupations
2.1
1.9
3.4
0.8
1.6Food preparation and serving related occupations
5.3
5.0
6.4
5.4
7.9Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.8
3.7
4.6
1.8
8.4Personal care and service occupations
3.8
3.4
5.1
6.4
3.9Sales and office occupations
21.5
21.6
22.4
16.8
20.6Sales and related occupations
10.1
10.4
9.1
8.6
9.6Office and administrative support occupations
11.3
11.2
13.3
8.2
11.0Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
9.3
10.3
5.8
3.3
17.1Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.3
1.9Construction and extraction occupations
5.4
6.0
3.1
1.4
11.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
3.2
3.4
2.5
1.7
3.7Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
11.9
11.4
16.1
9.6
15.7Production occupations
5.5
5.4
6.1
5.1
7.5Transportation and material moving occupations
6.4
5.9
10.0
4.5
8.2Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
82,698
65,702
9,018
5,188
15,418Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
36.6
37.1
25.9
54.9
18.8Management, business, and financial operations occupations
17.5
18.6
10.8
18.2
9.1Management occupations
13.3
14.3
7.6
12.3
7.2Business and financial operations occupations
4.2
4.3
3.2
5.9
1.9Professional and related occupations
19.1
18.5
15.1
36.7
9.7Computer and mathematical occupations
4.6
4.0
3.0
15.9
1.8Architecture and engineering occupations
3.3
3.3
1.8
6.1
1.6Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.0
1.0
0.6
2.0
0.5Community and social service occupations
1.1
1.0
1.8
0.9
0.6Legal occupations
1.1
1.3
0.5
0.6
0.5Education, training, and library occupations
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.5
1.6Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.6
1.5Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
2.8
2.6
2.8
6.1
1.5Service occupations
13.8
12.8
20.3
12.7
19.0Healthcare support occupations
0.6
0.4
1.4
0.9
0.6Protective service occupations
3.0
2.9
4.6
1.3
2.2Food preparation and serving related occupations
4.4
4.0
6.2
5.3
7.0Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
4.2
4.1
5.4
1.9
7.8Personal care and service occupations
1.7
1.4
2.7
3.4
1.4Sales and office occupations
15.7
15.6
17.3
13.9
13.9Sales and related occupations
9.7
10.0
8.3
8.4
7.7Office and administrative support occupations
6.1
5.6
9.0
5.5
6.2Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
16.6
18.1
11.5
5.7
28.2Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1.0
1.2
0.3
0.3
2.4Construction and extraction occupations
9.7
10.7
6.3
2.5
19.4Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5.8
6.2
4.9
2.9
6.3Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17.2
16.4
25.0
12.8
20.2Production occupations
7.4
7.4
8.4
5.6
8.6Transportation and material moving occupations
9.8
9.1
16.6
7.2
11.6Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
73,063
55,759
10,073
4,644
11,594Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Management, professional, and related occupations
44.0
45.2
36.2
52.5
27.2Management, business, and financial operations occupations
15.6
16.3
11.4
17.8
9.8Management occupations
10.0
10.7
6.9
9.5
6.6Business and financial operations occupations
5.6
5.6
4.5
8.2
3.2Professional and related occupations
28.4
28.9
24.8
34.7
17.4Computer and mathematical occupations
1.8
1.5
1.6
6.6
0.9Architecture and engineering occupations
0.7
0.7
0.5
1.6
0.3Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.0
1.0
0.6
1.9
0.5Community and social service occupations
2.4
2.3
3.8
1.3
1.9Legal occupations
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.3
0.9Education, training, and library occupations
9.3
10.1
7.3
6.5
6.5Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
2.2
2.4
0.7
2.2
1.5Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9.7
9.6
9.3
13.3
4.9Service occupations
21.1
19.6
28.0
20.8
31.4Healthcare support occupations
4.3
3.7
8.2
3.5
5.0Protective service occupations
1.0
0.8
2.3
0.3
0.9Food preparation and serving related occupations
6.2
6.1
6.5
5.6
9.1Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
3.3
3.3
3.8
1.8
9.2Personal care and service occupations
6.3
5.7
7.3
9.7
7.2Sales and office occupations
28.0
28.7
27.0
20.0
29.5Sales and related occupations
10.7
10.9
9.8
8.8
12.1Office and administrative support occupations
17.3
17.8
17.2
11.3
17.4Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
1.0
1.1
0.6
0.5
2.3Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.2
1.2Construction and extraction occupations
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.8Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
5.9
5.4
8.1
6.2
9.6Production occupations
3.4
3.1
4.1
4.5
5.9Transportation and material moving occupations
2.5
2.2
4.1
1.6
3.7Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Totalemployed
Percent of total employedWhite
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
155,761
78.0
12.3
6.3
17.3Management, professional, and related occupations
62,436
79.4
9.6
8.5
9.7Management, business, and financial operations occupations
25,850
82.4
8.2
6.8
9.8Management occupations
18,263
83.9
7.6
5.9
10.3Chief executives
1,573
89.5
3.5
5.9
6.1General and operations managers
1,037
84.5
7.5
4.8
10.5Legislators
18
-
-
-
-Advertising and promotions managers
44
-
-
-
-Marketing and sales managers
1,083
85.8
6.7
5.4
9.7Public relations and fundraising managers
69
85.8
10.7
3.1
3.1Administrative services managers
161
85.4
7.4
3.0
13.0Computer and information systems managers
623
77.0
5.8
14.3
6.6Financial managers
1,231
81.7
8.1
7.4
9.4Compensation and benefits managers
23
-
-
-
-Human resources managers
313
78.1
12.8
6.3
10.2Training and development managers
58
86.3
10.1
0.0
15.5Industrial production managers
264
85.7
6.3
6.0
12.5Purchasing managers
219
85.3
9.0
4.0
10.7Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
303
84.9
7.2
4.4
13.7Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
991
96.1
0.9
1.4
5.1Construction managers
1,021
91.8
3.1
2.4
15.3Education administrators
955
79.0
14.4
3.4
10.5Architectural and engineering managers
156
84.5
5.0
9.9
4.6Food service managers
1,273
75.7
10.7
10.0
18.5Funeral service managers
3
-
-
-
-Gaming managers
28
-
-
-
-Lodging managers
153
76.2
11.1
10.2
11.5Medical and health services managers
639
80.9
11.5
5.0
9.0Natural sciences managers
9
-
-
-
-Postmasters and mail superintendents
24
-
-
-
-Property, real estate, and community association managers
717
85.5
7.3
4.6
13.6Social and community service managers
437
78.4
13.8
4.0
7.6Emergency management directors
10
-
-
-
-Managers, all other
4,827
83.2
7.8
6.5
9.9Business and financial operations occupations
7,587
78.8
9.8
9.1
8.7Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes
54
79.3
7.5
11.0
12.2Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products
12
-
-
-
-Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products
193
80.7
10.7
5.7
11.1Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
244
84.3
8.0
5.0
7.6Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
344
74.9
19.1
3.7
10.9Compliance officers
281
82.3
11.3
5.4
6.9Cost estimators
117
93.3
1.9
4.0
10.5Human resources workers
664
79.2
10.5
7.0
13.2Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
48
-
-
-
-Training and development specialists
120
76.2
15.3
2.9
8.7Logisticians
128
75.7
12.1
8.1
10.1Management analysts
944
77.6
8.3
12.3
6.5Meeting, convention, and event planners
126
77.7
8.6
5.3
10.5Fundraisers
96
86.9
7.7
3.2
5.4Market research analysts and marketing specialists
355
81.8
5.8
11.6
11.4Business operations specialists, all other
236
70.6
15.8
9.0
9.4Accountants and auditors
1,929
75.8
9.3
12.7
7.6Appraisers and assessors of real estate
84
83.9
10.7
4.0
4.2Budget analysts
51
72.6
11.2
14.5
13.8Credit analysts
26
-
-
-
-Financial analysts
307
76.1
8.1
14.1
5.5Personal financial advisors
537
86.3
5.0
6.9
6.6Insurance underwriters
119
80.7
13.7
5.3
6.2Financial examiners
13
-
-
-
-Credit counselors and loan officers
350
85.5
7.6
4.3
13.0Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
47
-
-
-
-Tax preparers
113
76.1
16.7
5.1
13.1Financial specialists, all other
48
-
-
-
-Professional and related occupations
36,586
77.2
10.5
9.6
9.6Computer and mathematical occupations
5,126
67.0
8.4
22.0
7.5Computer and information research scientists
19
-
-
-
-Computer systems analysts
652
66.5
10.0
20.4
7.9Information security analysts
97
76.8
12.3
8.5
6.8Computer programmers
477
68.8
9.3
19.4
7.8Software developers, applications and systems software
1,682
58.6
3.9
35.4
5.3Web developers
208
81.5
5.4
8.9
7.2Computer support specialists
566
72.4
12.6
12.0
9.8Database administrators
108
71.3
8.2
16.7
9.5Network and computer systems administrators
204
75.8
12.1
8.5
9.3Computer network architects
114
73.0
9.4
14.7
9.9Computer occupations, all other
732
72.1
11.4
14.9
9.5Actuaries
33
-
-
-
-Mathematicians
3
-
-
-
-Operations research analysts
131
76.9
10.9
9.8
9.9Statisticians
90
57.0
15.3
25.5
3.7Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations
8
-
-
-
-Architecture and engineering occupations
3,263
79.3
6.5
11.9
8.9Architects, except naval
239
83.5
4.5
11.5
10.1Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists
47
-
-
-
-Aerospace engineers
147
70.3
7.1
17.6
7.8Agricultural engineers
5
-
-
-
-Biomedical engineers
11
-
-
-
-Chemical engineers
72
73.7
8.9
17.3
1.9Civil engineers
456
84.8
4.4
9.3
7.9Computer hardware engineers
71
58.0
6.9
30.9
14.1Electrical and electronics engineers
269
70.2
8.4
17.8
8.1Environmental engineers
36
-
-
-
-Industrial engineers, including health and safety
246
83.2
4.9
9.0
7.4Marine engineers and naval architects
17
-
-
-
-Materials engineers
41
-
-
-
-Mechanical engineers
333
80.0
3.5
15.0
5.5Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
8
-
-
-
-Nuclear engineers
14
-
-
-
-Petroleum engineers
27
-
-
-
-Engineers, all other
576
77.0
5.9
15.4
9.2Drafters
133
88.5
4.8
4.6
11.0Engineering technicians, except drafters
439
78.4
12.0
6.2
11.1Surveying and mapping technicians
76
90.8
4.3
1.0
12.9Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,529
78.1
7.1
12.8
8.7Agricultural and food scientists
37
-
-
-
-Biological scientists
104
83.6
1.6
13.7
3.6Conservation scientists and foresters
22
-
-
-
-Medical scientists
169
68.8
9.5
20.7
8.6Life scientists, all other
1
-
-
-
-Astronomers and physicists
20
-
-
-
-Atmospheric and space scientists
12
-
-
-
-Chemists and materials scientists
118
78.1
4.2
16.8
7.7Environmental scientists and geoscientists
100
90.4
7.8
1.1
8.4Physical scientists, all other
305
65.9
4.7
26.0
6.1Economists
36
-
-
-
-Survey researchers
3
-
-
-
-Psychologists
224
89.0
7.7
3.0
11.2Sociologists
5
-
-
-
-Urban and regional planners
29
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers
46
-
-
-
-Agricultural and food science technicians
36
-
-
-
-Biological technicians
19
-
-
-
-Chemical technicians
68
85.7
8.9
3.0
17.6Geological and petroleum technicians
12
-
-
-
-Nuclear technicians
10
-
-
-
-Social science research assistants
2
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians
152
77.8
9.1
11.5
11.2Community and social service occupations
2,680
71.8
20.4
3.9
12.1Counselors
895
70.0
22.2
3.9
12.7Social workers
835
68.9
23.6
3.5
13.4Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
104
69.3
27.0
0.6
15.9Social and human service assistants
208
67.7
21.1
4.1
18.6Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers
71
68.8
21.5
3.3
12.4Clergy
415
80.3
12.5
4.3
6.4Directors, religious activities and education
76
79.7
8.2
10.6
8.3Religious workers, all other
76
88.3
6.9
4.0
5.1Legal occupations
1,891
85.7
7.3
4.7
9.9Lawyers
1,199
88.0
5.5
4.9
6.1Judicial law clerks
13
-
-
-
-Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers
80
85.4
13.3
1.2
6.7Paralegals and legal assistants
444
79.1
11.3
5.3
18.5Miscellaneous legal support workers
156
86.8
7.2
2.9
16.6Education, training, and library occupations
9,313
81.5
10.6
5.2
10.7Postsecondary teachers
1,417
75.7
7.9
13.7
7.3Preschool and kindergarten teachers
716
75.8
16.0
4.0
14.5Elementary and middle school teachers
3,421
83.5
11.1
3.3
10.3Secondary school teachers
1,062
88.3
7.3
2.6
9.0Special education teachers
369
87.8
8.5
1.6
7.6Other teachers and instructors
905
78.8
11.4
6.1
10.5Archivists, curators, and museum technicians
45
-
-
-
-Librarians
178
85.5
6.6
4.7
8.4Library technicians
33
-
-
-
-Teacher assistants
994
78.7
12.9
4.6
17.4Other education, training, and library workers
173
79.1
12.8
5.4
14.3Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
3,362
83.6
7.4
5.5
11.8Artists and related workers
232
82.7
6.0
5.8
9.6Designers
984
86.5
3.7
7.2
13.1Actors
36
-
-
-
-Producers and directors
201
83.6
11.3
2.3
7.1Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers
359
81.9
10.7
2.4
11.8Dancers and choreographers
24
-
-
-
-Musicians, singers, and related workers
202
75.9
15.1
5.9
10.5Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other
68
68.3
11.3
9.7
8.0Announcers
56
74.5
22.3
0.5
18.7News analysts, reporters and correspondents
79
80.9
8.7
4.1
15.2Public relations specialists
140
86.8
7.1
4.9
10.0Editors
160
91.7
1.7
4.4
10.3Technical writers
69
82.4
8.3
5.6
4.8Writers and authors
227
89.1
5.4
4.0
4.5Miscellaneous media and communication workers
111
72.9
6.0
16.0
24.9Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators
120
80.6
11.5
5.7
16.3Photographers
208
83.6
6.8
5.8
11.4Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors
82
85.6
9.5
1.7
15.7Media and communication equipment workers, all other
5
-
-
-
-Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
9,420
75.2
12.6
9.9
8.5Chiropractors
63
92.8
0.9
4.0
3.0Dentists
162
79.0
1.6
17.6
4.3Dietitians and nutritionists
104
78.6
9.6
9.1
9.6Optometrists
54
84.9
2.1
9.1
8.5Pharmacists
348
67.9
7.2
23.1
4.4Physicians and surgeons
1,094
70.8
7.6
19.8
7.4Physician assistants
132
90.3
2.9
5.1
8.2Podiatrists
11
-
-
-
-Audiologists
10
-
-
-
-Occupational therapists
116
91.1
2.5
6.4
4.2Physical therapists
286
76.4
7.4
14.3
4.3Radiation therapists
16
-
-
-
-Recreational therapists
11
-
-
-
-Respiratory therapists
108
64.9
17.3
13.9
11.6Speech-language pathologists
152
94.1
3.5
1.2
4.8Exercise physiologists
5
-
-
-
-Therapists, all other
237
75.1
18.1
5.3
8.8Veterinarians
102
92.9
0.0
4.1
2.3Registered nurses
3,213
75.5
13.1
9.0
7.2Nurse anesthetists
26
-
-
-
-Nurse midwives
3
-
-
-
-Nurse practitioners
212
79.1
11.2
8.8
2.6Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other
40
-
-
-
-Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
318
70.0
18.6
8.5
12.9Dental hygienists
178
88.3
5.6
3.8
8.6Diagnostic related technologists and technicians
346
79.5
11.8
5.6
14.7Emergency medical technicians and paramedics
214
84.3
11.9
2.2
13.9Health practitioner support technologists and technicians
694
75.5
14.1
6.9
15.0Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
658
62.0
30.4
5.1
11.5Medical records and health information technicians
171
72.3
15.5
9.2
9.2Opticians, dispensing
61
85.4
7.3
4.9
6.8Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians
139
59.8
24.1
14.4
12.3Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
137
81.4
10.2
4.1
10.8Service occupations
26,854
72.0
17.3
6.1
24.4Healthcare support occupations
3,629
64.3
26.2
5.7
18.3Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides
2,035
55.8
35.8
5.4
16.3Occupational therapy assistants and aides
35
-
-
-
-Physical therapist assistants and aides
88
85.0
6.1
6.7
7.1Massage therapists
155
73.7
9.2
10.2
13.9Dental assistants
293
80.8
9.9
3.5
27.7Medical assistants
570
74.1
15.3
4.5
28.6Medical transcriptionists
44
-
-
-
-Pharmacy aides
34
-
-
-
-Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
56
84.5
7.0
2.8
9.4Phlebotomists
115
72.7
16.9
7.6
19.6Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers
204
63.5
26.4
8.6
11.9Protective service occupations
3,203
73.5
20.1
2.4
13.8First-line supervisors of correctional officers
45
-
-
-
-First-line supervisors of police and detectives
88
88.8
9.2
0.4
9.4First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers
49
-
-
-
-First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other
86
72.5
22.1
1.8
8.7Firefighters
306
87.1
8.9
1.1
7.4Fire inspectors
23
-
-
-
-Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
406
67.0
29.0
1.2
13.7Detectives and criminal investigators
164
85.3
10.2
1.0
11.2Fish and game wardens
7
-
-
-
-Parking enforcement workers
4
-
-
-
-Police and sheriff's patrol officers
728
81.7
12.7
2.1
13.5Transit and railroad police
2
-
-
-
-Animal control workers
19
-
-
-
-Private detectives and investigators
96
78.2
15.7
3.3
20.2Security guards and gaming surveillance officers
958
60.0
30.7
3.9
16.8Crossing guards
66
58.4
26.5
1.9
20.9Transportation security screeners
41
-
-
-
-Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers
117
85.2
6.5
4.0
9.7Food preparation and serving related occupations
8,220
73.2
14.8
6.5
25.9Chefs and head cooks
427
61.0
17.2
16.6
26.6First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers
563
74.5
17.8
2.8
16.8Cooks
2,067
71.7
17.6
6.3
34.7Food preparation workers
988
71.1
15.9
6.2
26.2Bartenders
474
84.3
7.3
2.9
15.1Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
322
73.2
17.8
3.5
21.0Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
202
74.6
15.3
4.9
18.0Waiters and waitresses
2,020
76.0
10.7
7.6
22.6Food servers, nonrestaurant
226
61.2
25.5
8.4
22.2Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
309
73.1
13.5
6.0
29.2Dishwashers
263
74.3
13.2
5.7
27.9Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
354
75.1
12.9
4.5
27.0Food preparation and serving related workers, all other
5
-
-
-
-Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
5,854
77.3
14.8
3.1
38.8First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers
339
75.5
15.9
3.6
25.1First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers
254
88.3
6.5
1.5
26.2Janitors and building cleaners
2,342
73.0
19.1
3.5
32.8Maids and housekeeping cleaners
1,512
74.1
16.1
4.5
49.3Pest control workers
79
84.9
10.6
0.0
12.2Grounds maintenance workers
1,328
86.5
7.5
1.0
45.0Personal care and service occupations
5,947
69.2
16.3
10.5
17.8First-line supervisors of gaming workers
187
79.8
10.4
4.1
10.2First-line supervisors of personal service workers
208
69.5
11.9
17.8
9.5Animal trainers
55
87.2
1.7
4.4
10.5Nonfarm animal caretakers
268
92.1
3.8
1.8
9.8Gaming services workers
102
49.7
10.6
30.3
6.7Motion picture projectionists
1
-
-
-
-Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
35
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers
210
80.5
7.7
5.5
16.8Embalmers and funeral attendants
17
-
-
-
-Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors
34
-
-
-
-Barbers
132
62.0
30.2
5.3
27.3Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
834
75.7
14.2
7.3
17.6Miscellaneous personal appearance workers
449
31.2
9.1
57.2
10.8Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges
92
49.7
37.7
10.3
26.1Tour and travel guides
65
85.0
6.4
2.9
13.4Childcare workers
1,193
76.7
15.5
4.1
24.3Personal care aides
1,354
62.3
24.6
8.3
22.4Recreation and fitness workers
497
76.0
15.6
4.3
9.2Residential advisors
41
-
-
-
-Personal care and service workers, all other
171
72.2
17.8
5.4
15.3Sales and office occupations
33,461
78.6
12.8
4.9
16.6Sales and related occupations
15,806
80.2
11.0
5.3
16.3First-line supervisors of retail sales workers
3,366
80.8
10.2
5.3
13.9First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers
1,257
84.7
6.9
6.4
15.0Cashiers
3,200
70.3
17.3
6.6
24.5Counter and rental clerks
114
71.4
20.4
5.8
24.6Parts salespersons
127
82.2
9.2
2.8
19.3Retail salespersons
3,147
78.7
12.6
5.1
18.2Advertising sales agents
221
81.2
10.4
4.8
14.9Insurance sales agents
619
83.3
8.7
5.3
11.6Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
231
85.6
6.3
6.8
11.9Travel agents
79
77.9
17.7
4.4
9.9Sales representatives, services, all other
516
89.0
6.5
2.9
7.5Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing
1,273
90.8
4.1
2.9
11.2Models, demonstrators, and product promoters
60
79.0
8.8
7.2
13.4Real estate brokers and sales agents
1,072
86.0
6.4
6.1
10.8Sales engineers
34
-
-
-
-Telemarketers
58
69.3
23.3
3.7
22.9Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers
158
86.1
10.6
1.3
22.8Sales and related workers, all other
275
85.0
8.7
4.5
7.2Office and administrative support occupations
17,655
77.1
14.4
4.6
16.9First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers
1,450
81.6
11.2
3.5
13.5Switchboard operators, including answering service
23
-
-
-
-Telephone operators
30
-
-
-
-Communications equipment operators, all other
9
-
-
-
-Bill and account collectors
122
69.4
24.0
1.4
21.3Billing and posting clerks
490
77.0
13.8
5.2
18.0Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
1,045
87.5
7.0
3.7
10.2Gaming cage workers
8
-
-
-
-Payroll and timekeeping clerks
121
78.2
13.3
6.6
14.9Procurement clerks
31
-
-
-
-Tellers
300
77.2
12.7
6.1
17.8Financial clerks, all other
92
76.7
9.2
7.7
23.2Brokerage clerks
4
-
-
-
-Correspondence clerks
4
-
-
-
-Court, municipal, and license clerks
83
79.1
12.6
2.9
16.1Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
54
67.2
28.9
2.7
12.3Customer service representatives
2,563
72.8
17.8
4.7
19.1Eligibility interviewers, government programs
68
65.9
25.2
3.1
20.5File clerks
161
78.3
15.1
5.5
15.5Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
131
71.2
13.7
5.9
21.8Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
152
70.0
21.7
3.1
16.4Library assistants, clerical
103
84.9
9.5
3.8
8.3Loan interviewers and clerks
117
74.5
13.9
9.5
11.7New accounts clerks
23
-
-
-
-Order clerks
78
70.3
13.2
8.2
17.7Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping
57
68.8
20.1
6.0
12.3Receptionists and information clerks
1,324
79.5
13.2
3.2
20.4Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks
128
67.0
17.3
5.3
21.9Information and record clerks, all other
121
79.7
11.7
6.8
15.2Cargo and freight agents
30
-
-
-
-Couriers and messengers
293
70.8
21.1
4.3
20.3Dispatchers
293
79.3
15.2
2.8
13.3Meter readers, utilities
24
-
-
-
-Postal service clerks
120
46.5
40.9
8.3
8.6Postal service mail carriers
302
64.8
23.6
6.9
13.3Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators
58
50.5
41.1
4.4
11.7Production, planning, and expediting clerks
269
80.0
9.4
7.3
12.5Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks
578
76.2
15.2
3.1
23.6Stock clerks and order fillers
1,527
70.2
19.7
4.5
22.9Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping
56
86.1
9.5
4.0
18.1Secretaries and administrative assistants
2,569
84.8
8.9
3.3
13.5Computer operators
73
72.4
16.8
9.5
10.7Data entry keyers
270
71.7
17.0
9.1
18.1Word processors and typists
67
62.9
22.2
8.0
15.9Desktop publishers
1
-
-
-
-Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
244
80.7
14.9
2.6
14.8Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service
63
70.5
20.6
2.5
20.5Office clerks, general
1,309
75.7
14.2
7.0
19.1Office machine operators, except computer
24
-
-
-
-Proofreaders and copy markers
11
-
-
-
-Statistical assistants
40
-
-
-
-Office and administrative support workers, all other
540
78.1
14.0
5.0
14.1Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
14,471
86.2
7.6
2.2
31.9Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1,121
89.9
3.8
2.2
46.0First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
60
96.9
0.4
0.1
33.6Agricultural inspectors
22
-
-
-
-Animal breeders
5
-
-
-
-Graders and sorters, agricultural products
85
84.0
7.6
5.3
44.2Miscellaneous agricultural workers
833
90.3
3.6
1.7
52.8Fishers and related fishing workers
39
-
-
-
-Hunters and trappers
3
-
-
-
-Forest and conservation workers
16
-
-
-
-Logging workers
58
94.6
1.0
3.1
8.5Construction and extraction occupations
8,338
87.5
7.1
1.6
37.0First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers
634
92.2
4.2
0.8
23.0Boilermakers
20
-
-
-
-Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons
143
87.1
9.3
1.5
35.5Carpenters
1,375
86.1
6.2
2.3
39.1Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers
164
86.5
8.4
0.7
46.4Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers
50
79.3
12.5
0.0
46.6Construction laborers
2,110
87.4
7.5
1.6
47.6Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators
21
-
-
-
-Pile-driver operators
1
-
-
-
-Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators
342
89.0
7.5
0.3
17.4Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
164
88.1
4.6
0.6
70.2Electricians
887
86.9
8.2
1.8
23.3Glaziers
45
-
-
-
-Insulation workers
60
84.2
8.7
1.9
38.9Painters, construction and maintenance
607
87.6
5.7
2.3
54.9Paperhangers
5
-
-
-
-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
641
88.5
8.2
1.3
26.6Plasterers and stucco masons
19
-
-
-
-Reinforcing iron and rebar workers
3
-
-
-
-Roofers
201
86.7
6.6
1.8
56.3Sheet metal workers
147
88.5
7.7
1.3
23.3Structural iron and steel workers
60
81.7
6.3
4.4
22.9Solar photovoltaic installers
16
-
-
-
-Helpers, construction trades
77
80.6
13.3
1.7
35.9Construction and building inspectors
108
85.6
7.7
2.2
8.4Elevator installers and repairers
25
-
-
-
-Fence erectors
33
-
-
-
-Hazardous materials removal workers
36
-
-
-
-Highway maintenance workers
105
82.8
12.2
0.7
12.7Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators
10
-
-
-
-Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners
9
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous construction and related workers
28
-
-
-
-Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
30
-
-
-
-Earth drillers, except oil and gas
22
-
-
-
-Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters
12
-
-
-
-Mining machine operators
65
86.0
6.7
0.8
18.1Roof bolters, mining
1
-
-
-
-Roustabouts, oil and gas
10
-
-
-
-Helpers--extraction workers
2
-
-
-
-Other extraction workers
49
-
-
-
-Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
5,012
83.4
9.4
3.3
20.1First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers
280
87.0
7.4
1.6
12.9Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
185
75.6
14.0
7.6
14.7Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers
136
73.4
16.0
8.8
19.1Avionics technicians
13
-
-
-
-Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
26
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment
1
-
-
-
-Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
11
-
-
-
-Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
5
-
-
-
-Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
38
-
-
-
-Security and fire alarm systems installers
63
86.9
7.9
1.0
22.7Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
164
82.4
9.1
5.0
19.4Automotive body and related repairers
152
91.3
5.0
1.6
30.9Automotive glass installers and repairers
24
-
-
-
-Automotive service technicians and mechanics
916
82.9
8.8
4.1
26.0Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
389
87.9
8.1
1.8
18.7Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
211
84.2
6.4
2.1
12.4Small engine mechanics
51
98.0
0.6
0.1
15.7Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
93
78.7
12.9
2.3
31.1Control and valve installers and repairers
20
-
-
-
-Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
472
86.4
7.6
2.9
21.5Home appliance repairers
41
-
-
-
-Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics
442
83.9
9.3
3.3
15.4Maintenance and repair workers, general
507
79.8
12.7
3.1
19.0Maintenance workers, machinery
25
-
-
-
-Millwrights
46
-
-
-
-Electrical power-line installers and repairers
137
86.0
10.0
0.9
12.1Telecommunications line installers and repairers
210
77.4
13.1
4.2
19.2Precision instrument and equipment repairers
65
74.0
12.8
7.7
12.2Wind turbine service technicians
3
-
-
-
-Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
36
-
-
-
-Commercial divers
1
-
-
-
-Locksmiths and safe repairers
34
-
-
-
-Manufactured building and mobile home installers
7
-
-
-
-Riggers
14
-
-
-
-Signal and track switch repairers
14
-
-
-
-Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers
16
-
-
-
-Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers
167
83.6
9.4
3.6
24.4Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
18,539
74.4
16.6
5.1
22.8Production occupations
8,621
76.6
13.5
5.8
23.4First-line supervisors of production and operating workers
832
81.1
10.2
4.3
18.9Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers
5
-
-
-
-Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers
124
69.7
12.2
15.1
22.5Engine and other machine assemblers
10
-
-
-
-Structural metal fabricators and fitters
33
-
-
-
-Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators
1,064
66.8
19.9
9.5
19.1Bakers
219
74.6
12.8
7.3
29.5Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers
265
65.5
20.8
6.4
32.4Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders
6
-
-
-
-Food batchmakers
80
78.6
11.2
7.3
22.0Food cooking machine operators and tenders
14
-
-
-
-Food processing workers, all other
158
67.4
22.6
4.8
39.4Computer control programmers and operators
107
91.4
7.1
1.5
19.1Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
14
-
-
-
-Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
6
-
-
-
-Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
11
-
-
-
-Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
61
75.0
12.6
4.1
8.2Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
3
-
-
-
-Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
38
-
-
-
-Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
8
-
-
-
-Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
3
-
-
-
-Machinists
344
83.7
7.2
5.8
13.6Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters
20
-
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic
6
-
-
-
-Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
40
-
-
-
-Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
5
-
-
-
-Tool and die makers
50
96.1
1.8
1.7
12.4Welding, soldering, and brazing workers
633
85.7
8.3
1.4
25.0Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
9
-
-
-
-Layout workers, metal and plastic
9
-
-
-
-Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic
17
-
-
-
-Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners
3
-
-
-
-Metal workers and plastic workers, all other
373
73.6
15.0
7.0
22.9Prepress technicians and workers
18
-
-
-
-Printing press operators
164
82.1
10.2
3.6
20.6Print binding and finishing workers
13
-
-
-
-Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
143
64.9
20.1
7.1
43.1Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials
36
-
-
-
-Sewing machine operators
174
74.1
9.4
12.7
44.3Shoe and leather workers and repairers
8
-
-
-
-Shoe machine operators and tenders
4
-
-
-
-Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers
85
67.7
3.6
25.3
23.5Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders
1
-
-
-
-Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders
6
-
-
-
-Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders
5
-
-
-
-Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders
5
-
-
-
-Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers
0
-
-
-
-Fabric and apparel patternmakers
3
-
-
-
-Upholsterers
31
-
-
-
-Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other
16
-
-
-
-Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
65
88.3
5.7
3.3
14.4Furniture finishers
20
-
-
-
-Model makers and patternmakers, wood
0
-
-
-
-Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood
37
-
-
-
-Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing
27
-
-
-
-Woodworkers, all other
28
-
-
-
-Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
33
-
-
-
-Stationary engineers and boiler operators
79
77.8
8.8
9.4
10.6Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
101
85.6
7.6
1.4
9.4Miscellaneous plant and system operators
38
-
-
-
-Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders
75
90.3
7.5
0.5
11.2Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers
79
79.8
15.7
0.3
20.0Cutting workers
60
77.0
11.4
8.4
30.6Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders
22
-
-
-
-Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders
25
-
-
-
-Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers
807
77.1
13.9
6.0
19.1Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
38
-
-
-
-Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians
87
70.8
10.1
13.2
19.9Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders
277
67.0
22.3
7.6
38.9Painting workers
165
80.7
11.2
1.8
36.0Photographic process workers and processing machine operators
17
-
-
-
-Semiconductor processors
1
-
-
-
-Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders
8
-
-
-
-Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders
9
-
-
-
-Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
4
-
-
-
-Etchers and engravers
11
-
-
-
-Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic
37
-
-
-
-Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders
21
-
-
-
-Tire builders
7
-
-
-
-Helpers--production workers
53
77.6
13.9
4.3
37.9Production workers, all other
1,107
74.9
16.6
4.1
26.4Transportation and material moving occupations
9,918
72.5
19.2
4.5
22.3Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers
217
68.3
19.5
6.7
14.2Aircraft pilots and flight engineers
119
92.4
2.7
4.2
6.8Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists
37
-
-
-
-Flight attendants
104
66.1
20.8
10.6
9.7Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians
12
-
-
-
-Bus drivers
599
64.8
29.4
3.8
15.1Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
3,549
77.0
16.3
3.2
20.9Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
777
52.5
27.9
14.9
18.3Motor vehicle operators, all other
63
75.7
20.8
1.2
21.0Locomotive engineers and operators
36
-
-
-
-Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators
5
-
-
-
-Railroad conductors and yardmasters
53
76.1
15.0
5.6
13.4Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers
15
-
-
-
-Sailors and marine oilers
21
-
-
-
-Ship and boat captains and operators
33
-
-
-
-Ship engineers
6
-
-
-
-Bridge and lock tenders
7
-
-
-
-Parking lot attendants
87
74.3
17.1
7.8
44.2Automotive and watercraft service attendants
102
76.3
9.5
7.7
20.8Transportation inspectors
37
-
-
-
-Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
40
-
-
-
-Other transportation workers
24
-
-
-
-Conveyor operators and tenders
2
-
-
-
-Crane and tower operators
68
82.2
12.3
3.6
8.3Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators
24
-
-
-
-Hoist and winch operators
10
-
-
-
-Industrial truck and tractor operators
631
71.2
21.5
1.7
30.2Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
329
73.2
19.8
2.0
32.9Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
2,106
74.0
18.9
3.1
22.0Machine feeders and offbearers
30
-
-
-
-Packers and packagers, hand
607
68.1
19.8
7.9
42.6Pumping station operators
16
-
-
-
-Refuse and recyclable material collectors
91
68.8
23.5
2.8
28.6Mine shuttle car operators
1
-
-
-
-Tank car, truck, and ship loaders
8
-
-
-
-Material moving workers, all other
51
74.9
24.3
0.1
25.7Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Industry and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
155,761
121,461
19,091
9,832
27,012Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
1.6
1.9
0.3
0.4
2.3Mining
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.6Construction
7.2
8.1
3.6
2.2
12.7Manufacturing
10.0
10.2
8.5
10.9
9.6Durable goods
6.3
6.5
4.8
7.5
5.2Nondurable goods
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.4
4.4Wholesale and retail trade
13.0
13.1
12.6
11.5
13.5Wholesale trade
2.4
2.5
1.7
1.9
2.6Retail trade
10.7
10.6
10.9
9.5
10.9Transportation and utilities
5.5
5.0
8.6
4.8
5.8Information
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.3Financial activities
6.8
7.0
5.7
8.1
5.0Professional and business services
12.2
12.2
9.8
17.3
11.2Education and health services
22.5
21.8
27.8
22.7
16.7Leisure and hospitality
9.2
8.7
10.0
9.9
12.2Other services
5.0
4.9
4.4
6.6
5.8Other services, except private households
4.5
4.4
4.0
6.4
4.6Other services, private households
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.2
1.3Public administration
4.8
4.6
6.6
3.3
3.2Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
82,698
65,702
9,018
5,188
15,418Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2.2
2.5
0.6
0.4
3.0Mining
0.8
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.9Construction
12.2
13.6
7.1
3.6
21.0Manufacturing
13.3
13.6
12.0
13.0
11.3Durable goods
8.9
9.2
7.0
9.7
6.7Nondurable goods
4.4
4.4
5.0
3.3
4.7Wholesale and retail trade
13.5
13.6
14.0
12.2
13.0Wholesale trade
3.2
3.4
2.6
2.3
3.1Retail trade
10.4
10.2
11.5
9.9
9.9Transportation and utilities
7.8
7.2
13.2
6.8
7.8Information
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.6
1.5Financial activities
6.1
6.2
5.1
8.0
4.1Professional and business services
13.4
13.2
11.2
20.5
11.4Education and health services
10.9
10.2
13.9
14.8
7.2Leisure and hospitality
8.4
7.7
10.3
9.9
10.7Other services
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.7
5.2Other services, except private households
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.6
5.0Other services, private households
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1Public administration
4.9
4.9
5.9
3.2
3.0Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
73,063
55,759
10,073
4,644
11,594Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
0.9
1.0
0.1
0.3
1.4Mining
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2Construction
1.5
1.8
0.5
0.7
1.7Manufacturing
6.2
6.2
5.4
8.6
7.3Durable goods
3.4
3.4
2.8
5.0
3.2Nondurable goods
2.8
2.8
2.6
3.6
4.1Wholesale and retail trade
12.4
12.6
11.4
10.7
14.1Wholesale trade
1.4
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.9Retail trade
11.0
11.1
10.4
9.2
12.2Transportation and utilities
2.9
2.6
4.6
2.5
3.1Information
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.1Financial activities
7.7
7.9
6.2
8.1
6.2Professional and business services
10.8
11.0
8.6
13.7
10.9Education and health services
35.7
35.5
40.3
31.5
29.5Leisure and hospitality
10.1
9.9
9.7
9.9
14.2Other services
5.7
5.6
4.6
8.8
6.7Other services, except private households
4.7
4.6
3.9
8.4
4.0Other services, private households
1.0
1.1
0.7
0.4
2.7Public administration
4.6
4.2
7.2
3.5
3.6Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal families
82,502
65,042
10,008
4,977
13,194With at least one family member employed
66,655
52,264
7,934
4,393
11,546As a percent of total families
80.8
80.4
79.3
88.3
87.5With at least one family member unemployed
4,300
3,042
837
233
918As a percent of total families
5.2
4.7
8.4
4.7
7.0Some family member(s) employed
3,012
2,184
504
197
657As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
70.0
71.8
60.3
84.5
71.5Some family member(s) employed full time
2,636
1,917
437
175
584As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
61.3
63.0
52.3
75.1
63.6Married-couple families(1)
60,094
50,102
4,549
4,014
8,157With at least one family member employed
48,791
40,262
3,735
3,550
7,342As a percent of total families
81.2
80.4
82.1
88.4
90.0With at least one family member unemployed
2,528
1,977
287
177
514As a percent of total families
100.0
3.9
6.3
4.4
6.3Some family member(s) employed
2,075
1,627
224
156
422As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
82.1
82.3
78.0
87.8
82.0Some family member(s) employed full time
1,863
1,457
205
139
384As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
73.7
73.7
71.3
78.3
74.8Families maintained by women(2)
15,452
9,921
4,227
600
3,317With at least one family member employed
12,003
7,712
3,227
512
2,654As a percent of total families
77.7
77.7
76.3
85.4
80.0With at least one family member unemployed
1,233
698
437
35
271As a percent of total families
100.0
7.0
10.3
5.8
8.2Some family member(s) employed
633
354
217
25
152As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
51.4
50.7
49.6
71.5
56.1Some family member(s) employed full time
507
280
177
21
125As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
41.1
40.1
40.5
61.1
46.0Families maintained by men(2)
6,956
5,019
1,232
364
1,721With at least one family member employed
5,861
4,290
973
331
1,550As a percent of total families
84.3
85.5
79.0
91.0
90.1With at least one family member unemployed
539
367
112
21
133As a percent of total families
100.0
7.3
9.1
5.8
7.7Some family member(s) employed
303
204
63
16
83As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
56.2
55.5
56.4
78.0
62.6Some family member(s) employed full time
267
180
56
15
75As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed
49.5
49.1
49.4
71.6
56.2(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black orAfrican American
Asian
Hispanic orLatino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
WomenWith no children under 18 years1994
60.2
67.1
53.6
60.6
67.7
53.8
57.2
62.0
52.4
-
-
-
62.3
71.5
51.51995
60.2
67.0
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
57.5
62.3
52.7
-
-
-
61.2
70.9
50.21996
60.1
66.8
53.5
60.5
67.6
53.6
56.9
61.5
52.3
-
-
-
61.6
71.3
50.51997
60.4
67.0
53.8
60.8
67.8
53.8
57.3
61.2
53.5
-
-
-
62.6
72.1
51.41998
60.3
67.0
53.9
60.6
67.6
53.8
58.0
62.0
54.2
-
-
-
62.8
72.1
51.71999
60.4
66.8
54.1
60.7
67.5
53.9
58.3
62.1
54.6
-
-
-
62.5
71.6
52.22000
60.6
67.0
54.3
60.9
67.7
54.3
58.4
62.5
54.5
-
-
-
63.7
73.2
52.62001
60.4
66.7
54.3
60.8
67.4
54.3
57.9
61.7
54.4
-
-
-
63.0
72.4
52.62002
60.0
66.2
53.9
60.4
66.8
54.0
56.8
61.0
52.7
61.2
67.8
55.0
63.9
72.7
53.22003
59.7
65.4
54.1
60.1
66.1
54.1
56.5
60.0
53.2
59.7
66.4
53.7
62.8
72.1
51.52004
59.6
65.3
54.0
60.0
66.1
54.0
56.4
59.5
53.5
59.1
65.0
53.5
63.5
72.6
52.52005
59.8
65.5
54.2
60.1
66.2
54.1
57.3
60.8
53.9
59.9
66.0
54.3
63.0
72.1
51.92006
60.0
65.8
54.2
60.4
66.5
54.2
57.1
60.5
53.9
60.0
66.2
54.1
63.7
73.0
52.22007
59.8
65.6
54.0
60.3
66.4
54.1
56.5
60.1
53.0
60.2
66.6
54.0
63.7
72.8
52.42008
59.9
65.6
54.3
60.3
66.3
54.3
56.9
60.4
53.6
60.3
66.6
54.4
63.5
72.7
52.12009
59.3
64.6
54.0
59.9
65.4
54.3
55.9
59.3
52.7
59.0
65.3
53.1
62.6
70.7
52.82010
58.7
63.8
53.6
59.1
64.5
53.7
56.0
59.1
52.9
58.1
64.3
52.4
62.0
69.8
52.32011
58.1
63.1
53.0
58.6
63.8
53.2
55.1
58.4
51.8
58.0
63.9
52.6
60.8
68.3
51.62012
57.5
62.6
52.5
58.1
63.7
52.4
55.2
57.6
52.8
58.1
63.2
53.4
60.7
68.1
52.02013
57.2
62.3
52.1
57.4
62.9
52.0
54.5
57.1
52.0
58.8
64.5
53.6
60.6
68.2
51.92014
56.7
61.7
51.7
56.9
62.2
51.6
54.8
57.5
52.1
57.0
63.0
51.7
60.5
68.0
51.82015
56.5
61.6
51.5
56.7
62.1
51.2
55.3
58.0
52.7
56.5
61.7
51.7
60.4
68.1
51.92016
56.7
61.9
51.6
56.8
62.3
51.4
55.2
58.4
52.2
57.1
63.1
51.8
60.3
67.9
52.02017
56.8
61.9
51.9
56.8
62.2
51.4
56.1
59.2
53.2
57.4
62.9
52.5
61.0
68.2
53.22018
56.8
61.7
51.9
56.7
62.1
51.3
56.3
59.1
53.8
57.0
62.0
52.5
60.7
67.8
53.0With children under 18 years1994
79.8
94.1
69.0
80.9
94.8
69.5
74.9
89.5
68.4
-
-
-
70.2
92.1
54.71995
80.3
94.1
69.8
81.3
94.9
70.3
76.3
89.6
70.3
-
-
-
71.0
92.2
55.61996
81.1
94.5
70.8
81.8
95.3
70.7
78.5
89.7
73.3
-
-
-
72.3
93.7
56.71997
81.8
94.6
71.9
82.4
95.4
71.7
79.6
89.6
75.0
-
-
-
74.0
93.4
59.61998
81.8
94.6
71.8
82.2
95.3
71.3
81.0
90.4
76.7
-
-
-
74.2
92.9
60.21999
82.0
94.6
72.2
82.3
95.4
71.5
82.0
89.3
78.5
-
-
-
74.6
93.8
60.32000
82.1
94.7
72.3
82.3
95.3
71.6
82.2
90.3
78.2
-
-
-
75.7
93.8
62.02001
81.9
94.6
72.1
82.2
95.3
71.5
81.8
89.7
77.9
-
-
-
75.7
93.6
62.02002
81.6
94.3
71.8
81.9
94.8
71.1
81.9
90.3
77.7
78.3
93.2
66.6
75.8
93.2
62.72003
81.2
94.1
71.1
81.4
94.7
70.3
81.5
89.7
77.5
78.9
93.5
67.0
75.1
93.4
61.22004
80.7
94.1
70.4
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.5
88.4
76.5
77.9
93.8
64.9
74.9
93.9
60.42005
80.7
94.1
70.5
81.1
94.8
69.8
80.4
88.7
76.3
77.9
93.1
65.6
74.5
94.2
59.62006
81.0
94.1
70.9
81.4
94.9
70.2
80.5
88.1
76.9
78.3
93.2
66.3
75.3
94.2
60.92007
81.4
94.3
71.0
81.7
95.0
70.3
81.2
89.6
76.6
78.9
93.1
67.1
76.5
94.8
61.42008
81.5
94.1
71.4
81.8
94.8
70.8
81.1
89.7
76.7
80.0
93.0
68.8
76.4
94.4
61.42009
81.3
93.8
71.4
81.8
94.5
70.9
80.2
87.7
76.3
80.1
94.1
68.0
76.5
94.2
61.52010
80.9
93.7
70.8
81.4
94.5
70.5
79.7
89.0
74.9
78.2
92.2
66.2
76.6
93.9
62.12011
80.6
93.5
70.6
81.1
94.3
70.2
79.6
87.9
75.3
78.3
93.0
65.4
76.1
93.5
61.82012
80.4
93.1
70.3
81.0
94.0
70.3
80.0
88.9
75.4
76.7
93.0
63.2
76.4
93.7
63.22013
80.0
92.8
69.9
80.6
93.6
69.6
80.0
87.9
75.6
77.0
92.7
64.2
75.3
92.9
61.22014
80.1
92.8
70.1
80.6
93.5
69.8
79.9
87.9
75.4
77.4
93.3
64.3
75.8
93.1
62.02015
80.0
92.7
69.9
80.4
93.5
69.4
80.4
87.3
76.6
76.2
92.9
62.4
75.7
93.4
61.42016
80.4
92.8
70.5
80.8
93.6
70.0
80.8
87.3
77.2
76.7
92.6
63.4
76.0
93.4
61.82017
80.8
92.8
71.1
81.2
93.7
70.5
81.6
87.3
78.4
77.8
93.1
65.0
76.0
93.1
61.92018
81.3
93.3
71.5
81.7
93.9
71.2
81.6
89.0
77.2
78.0
93.4
65.0
77.4
93.8
63.9With children 6 to 17 years, none younger1994
83.5
93.1
76.1
84.3
93.9
76.5
79.6
88.0
75.5
-
-
-
74.9
89.7
64.51995
83.7
93.0
76.6
84.6
93.7
77.2
80.1
88.1
76.4
-
-
-
75.4
89.7
65.51996
84.5
93.5
77.5
85.3
94.4
77.7
81.3
87.9
78.1
-
-
-
77.3
92.3
66.71997
84.7
93.6
77.9
85.4
94.4
78.0
81.8
88.1
78.7
-
-
-
77.6
91.2
68.21998
84.5
93.5
77.6
84.9
94.2
77.3
83.1
88.2
80.6
-
-
-
77.5
90.6
68.11999
84.8
93.4
78.2
85.4
94.4
78.1
83.2
86.7
81.4
-
-
-
78.6
91.2
69.52000
85.1
93.5
78.7
85.7
94.3
78.6
83.3
87.8
81.0
-
-
-
79.3
91.5
70.52001
85.0
93.6
78.3
85.5
94.5
78.1
83.3
87.5
81.1
-
-
-
79.6
91.7
70.92002
84.8
93.3
78.2
85.1
94.0
77.8
84.3
89.2
81.8
82.6
91.6
75.7
79.0
91.1
70.22003
84.5
93.1
77.8
84.7
93.7
77.3
84.0
88.0
82.1
82.9
93.5
74.3
78.8
91.5
69.42004
84.1
93.1
77.3
84.5
93.9
76.9
82.7
86.3
80.9
82.6
93.8
73.4
79.6
92.8
70.22005
83.7
93.0
76.5
84.1
93.8
76.3
82.4
86.9
80.2
80.7
92.3
71.2
78.8
92.9
68.72006
83.8
93.1
76.7
84.3
94.0
76.3
82.4
85.7
80.8
80.8
91.8
72.0
79.1
92.6
69.42007
84.3
93.2
77.2
84.6
94.0
76.7
83.7
87.7
81.5
81.8
91.7
73.6
80.5
93.1
70.42008
84.3
93.1
77.3
84.7
93.9
77.0
83.1
87.8
80.6
82.7
91.8
74.9
80.4
93.2
70.02009
84.2
92.7
77.3
84.7
93.7
77.0
82.2
85.7
80.3
82.7
92.9
74.0
80.7
93.6
69.92010
83.7
92.8
76.5
84.2
93.6
76.3
81.9
87.1
79.2
81.8
92.2
73.1
80.1
92.6
69.92011
83.3
92.6
76.1
83.9
93.5
76.0
81.5
86.5
78.8
80.8
92.2
71.2
79.2
91.9
69.02012
82.6
92.2
75.1
83.2
93.0
75.1
81.9
87.3
79.1
78.4
91.6
67.7
79.4
92.7
69.12013
82.3
91.9
74.7
83.0
92.8
74.8
81.4
86.4
78.6
78.8
91.7
68.4
78.1
91.8
67.52014
82.2
91.6
74.7
82.7
92.4
74.6
81.7
86.5
79.0
80.1
92.6
70.1
78.4
91.9
68.22015
82.1
91.8
74.4
82.5
92.5
74.2
81.4
85.5
79.1
79.0
92.0
68.4
78.3
92.3
67.32016
82.5
91.9
75.0
82.8
92.7
74.6
81.9
85.6
79.9
80.0
92.2
69.9
78.5
92.4
67.72017
82.8
91.7
75.7
83.3
92.6
75.3
82.4
84.9
81.1
81.5
92.8
72.2
78.8
92.0
68.12018
83.4
92.2
76.4
83.9
93.0
76.1
82.1
87.0
79.5
81.5
92.0
72.9
80.1
93.1
69.7With children under 6 years1994
75.8
95.2
61.2
77.1
95.9
61.6
70.0
91.3
61.2
-
-
-
66.6
94.0
47.01995
76.6
95.5
62.3
77.7
96.1
62.6
72.0
91.4
63.9
-
-
-
67.6
94.1
47.71996
77.2
95.6
63.2
77.9
96.3
62.7
75.4
91.9
68.2
-
-
-
68.5
94.8
48.71997
78.3
95.8
64.8
78.8
96.5
64.1
77.1
91.3
70.8
-
-
-
70.9
95.1
52.31998
78.6
96.1
64.9
78.9
96.6
64.1
78.5
93.0
72.0
-
-
-
71.3
94.9
53.01999
78.5
96.1
64.8
78.5
96.7
63.4
80.6
92.5
74.9
-
-
-
71.2
95.9
52.12000
78.4
96.1
64.6
78.2
96.5
63.0
80.9
93.3
74.9
-
-
-
72.5
95.7
54.52001
78.1
95.8
64.3
78.1
96.2
63.0
80.0
92.5
73.9
-
-
-
72.2
95.2
53.82002
77.7
95.5
63.7
77.9
95.9
62.7
78.9
91.8
72.5
73.5
94.8
56.3
73.1
94.8
56.12003
77.2
95.4
62.8
77.3
96.0
61.5
78.2
92.1
71.8
74.2
93.4
58.5
71.9
94.9
53.42004
76.5
95.4
61.8
76.8
96.0
60.7
77.6
91.1
70.8
73.1
93.8
56.0
70.6
94.8
51.22005
77.0
95.4
62.8
77.2
96.1
61.6
77.8
91.2
71.4
74.9
94.0
59.3
70.6
95.4
50.92006
77.5
95.4
63.5
77.7
95.9
62.5
78.0
91.1
71.8
75.6
94.8
59.9
71.7
95.6
52.72007
77.8
95.7
63.3
77.9
96.2
62.3
77.9
92.3
70.4
75.8
94.8
59.9
72.9
96.1
53.02008
77.9
95.4
64.0
78.0
95.9
62.9
78.6
92.4
71.7
77.1
94.3
61.9
72.7
95.5
53.02009
77.8
95.1
64.2
78.1
95.6
63.3
77.7
90.4
71.4
77.3
95.4
61.4
72.4
94.9
53.12010
77.5
94.7
63.9
78.0
95.5
63.4
77.1
91.3
69.8
74.3
92.2
58.3
73.2
95.2
54.62011
77.4
94.5
63.9
77.7
95.2
63.0
77.4
89.7
71.1
75.4
93.8
58.4
73.2
95.0
54.72012
77.7
94.2
64.6
78.2
95.1
64.3
77.6
91.0
71.0
74.7
94.5
57.8
73.3
94.6
57.02013
77.2
93.9
63.9
77.5
94.7
62.9
78.5
89.8
72.1
74.9
93.8
59.3
72.3
94.0
54.52014
77.5
94.2
64.2
78.0
94.9
63.7
77.6
89.6
71.0
74.3
94.0
57.4
73.1
94.4
55.22015
77.4
93.9
64.2
77.7
94.7
63.3
79.2
89.5
73.4
72.8
94.1
55.0
72.9
94.5
54.72016
77.8
94.0
64.7
78.2
94.8
63.9
79.4
89.5
73.6
72.8
93.2
55.6
72.9
94.6
54.82017
78.2
94.1
65.1
78.4
95.0
64.2
80.7
90.1
75.0
73.1
93.5
55.2
72.5
94.4
54.32018
78.5
94.5
65.1
78.9
95.1
64.7
80.9
91.4
74.4
73.8
95.0
55.1
74.0
94.6
56.5With children under 3 years1994
74.0
95.3
57.7
75.6
96.0
58.6
66.0
91.5
55.6
-
-
-
64.4
94.1
42.21995
74.8
95.5
58.9
76.0
96.2
59.2
68.9
90.9
60.0
-
-
-
65.7
94.1
43.71996
75.4
95.8
59.4
76.2
96.5
59.2
72.1
92.2
63.1
-
-
-
66.2
94.6
44.71997
76.6
95.9
61.4
77.5
96.5
61.4
73.6
92.1
65.1
-
-
-
68.6
94.6
48.01998
77.2
96.2
61.9
77.7
96.7
61.5
75.8
93.2
67.5
-
-
-
69.5
95.0
48.91999
77.0
96.4
61.5
77.0
97.0
60.1
78.7
92.4
72.0
-
-
-
68.8
96.2
47.42000
76.3
96.4
60.4
76.3
96.7
59.0
77.6
93.6
69.8
-
-
-
70.4
96.2
50.02001
76.0
95.9
60.2
76.1
96.4
58.9
77.3
92.6
69.7
-
-
-
69.7
95.3
48.72002
76.1
95.8
60.2
76.3
96.2
59.2
76.9
93.2
68.6
72.1
95.4
53.5
70.3
95.1
50.32003
75.2
95.7
58.9
75.6
96.2
57.8
74.7
91.4
67.0
73.0
94.5
55.1
69.5
95.2
47.92004
74.4
95.7
57.5
74.9
96.3
56.8
74.7
91.0
66.4
70.2
93.8
50.4
68.2
95.2
46.02005
74.8
95.5
58.4
75.1
96.4
57.2
74.7
90.6
67.0
72.4
92.9
55.8
67.7
96.0
45.02006
75.8
95.5
60.2
76.2
96.2
59.3
75.0
90.6
67.2
73.4
94.2
56.8
69.5
95.9
48.62007
75.6
95.9
59.2
76.0
96.4
58.3
74.8
92.8
65.7
73.6
94.2
56.2
69.9
96.0
47.62008
76.1
95.7
60.4
76.4
96.2
59.4
75.0
92.4
66.7
75.9
94.4
59.5
70.3
95.9
47.92009
76.1
95.0
61.1
76.6
95.5
60.5
74.5
90.2
66.6
76.1
95.9
58.2
70.0
94.4
49.12010
75.7
94.7
60.7
76.4
95.7
60.3
74.2
91.0
65.6
72.2
91.2
55.3
71.3
95.3
50.82011
75.7
94.7
60.6
76.1
95.3
60.0
75.0
89.2
67.5
73.8
95.3
54.1
71.3
95.5
50.12012
76.0
95.0
61.2
76.6
95.5
61.2
75.5
92.2
67.0
72.4
94.3
53.7
71.2
95.5
52.42013
75.8
94.0
61.1
76.2
94.9
60.3
76.6
89.9
68.8
72.5
92.6
55.5
70.3
94.3
50.42014
76.0
94.4
61.0
76.6
95.0
60.8
75.9
90.2
67.6
72.6
94.5
53.4
70.8
95.1
50.62015
76.1
93.9
61.4
76.4
94.7
60.6
77.5
89.7
70.3
70.8
92.8
52.0
70.9
94.4
50.62016
76.5
94.2
61.8
77.1
95.1
61.3
78.2
90.2
70.8
69.3
92.5
49.8
70.9
94.5
50.62017
77.0
94.6
62.3
77.4
95.3
61.8
79.2
91.5
71.1
70.7
93.2
50.8
70.9
95.3
50.52018
76.9
94.8
61.9
77.4
95.4
61.6
79.0
91.0
71.2
71.2
95.0
50.2
71.2
94.4
51.4Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women1972
5.6
5.0
6.6
5.1
4.5
5.9
10.4
9.3
11.8
-
-
-
-
-
-1973
4.9
4.2
6.0
4.3
3.8
5.3
9.4
8.0
11.1
-
-
-
7.5
6.7
9.01974
5.6
4.9
6.7
5.0
4.4
6.1
10.5
9.8
11.3
-
-
-
8.1
7.3
9.41975
8.5
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.2
8.6
14.8
14.8
14.8
-
-
-
12.2
11.4
13.51976
7.7
7.1
8.6
7.0
6.4
7.9
14.0
13.7
14.3
-
-
-
11.5
10.8
12.71977
7.1
6.3
8.2
6.2
5.5
7.3
14.0
13.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.1
9.0
11.91978
6.1
5.3
7.2
5.2
4.6
6.2
12.8
11.8
13.8
-
-
-
9.1
7.7
11.31979
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.9
12.3
11.4
13.3
-
-
-
8.3
7.0
10.31980
7.1
6.9
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.5
14.3
14.5
14.0
-
-
-
10.1
9.7
10.71981
7.6
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
6.9
15.6
15.7
15.6
-
-
-
10.4
10.2
10.81982
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.8
8.3
18.9
20.1
17.6
-
-
-
13.8
13.6
14.11983
9.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
8.8
7.9
19.5
20.3
18.6
-
-
-
13.7
13.6
13.81984
7.5
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
15.9
16.4
15.4
-
-
-
10.7
10.5
11.11985
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
15.1
15.3
14.9
-
-
-
10.5
10.2
11.01986
7.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
14.5
14.8
14.2
-
-
-
10.6
10.5
10.81987
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
13.0
12.7
13.2
-
-
-
8.8
8.7
8.91988
5.5
5.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
-
-
-
8.2
8.1
8.31989
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
-
-
-
8.0
7.6
8.81990
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.8
4.9
4.7
11.4
11.9
10.9
-
-
-
8.2
8.0
8.41991
6.8
7.2
6.4
6.1
6.5
5.6
12.5
13.0
12.0
-
-
-
10.0
10.3
9.61992
7.5
7.9
7.0
6.6
7.0
6.1
14.2
15.2
13.2
-
-
-
11.6
11.7
11.41993
6.9
7.2
6.6
6.1
6.3
5.7
13.0
13.8
12.1
-
-
-
10.8
10.6
11.01994
6.1
6.2
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.5
12.0
11.0
-
-
-
9.9
9.4
10.71995
5.6
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.8
10.4
10.6
10.2
-
-
-
9.3
8.8
10.01996
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.5
11.1
10.0
-
-
-
8.9
7.9
10.21997
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
10.0
10.2
9.9
-
-
-
7.7
7.0
8.91998
4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
-
-
-
7.2
6.4
8.21999
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.8
8.0
8.2
7.8
-
-
-
6.4
5.6
7.62000
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
7.6
8.0
7.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
5.0
6.82001
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.1
8.6
9.3
8.1
4.5
4.5
4.4
6.6
5.9
7.52002
5.8
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
4.9
10.2
10.7
9.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.2
8.02003
6.0
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.8
10.8
11.6
10.2
6.0
6.2
5.7
7.7
7.2
8.42004
5.5
5.6
5.4
4.8
5.0
4.7
10.4
11.1
9.8
4.4
4.5
4.3
7.0
6.5
7.62005
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
10.0
10.5
9.5
4.0
4.0
3.9
6.0
5.4
6.92006
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.9
9.5
8.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
4.8
5.92007
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
8.3
9.1
7.5
3.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
5.3
6.12008
5.8
6.1
5.4
5.2
5.5
4.9
10.1
11.4
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.72009
9.3
10.3
8.1
8.5
9.4
7.3
14.8
17.5
12.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
12.1
12.5
11.52010
9.6
10.5
8.6
8.7
9.6
7.7
16.0
18.4
13.8
7.5
7.8
7.1
12.5
12.7
12.32011
8.9
9.4
8.5
7.9
8.3
7.5
15.8
17.8
14.1
7.0
6.8
7.3
11.5
11.2
11.82012
8.1
8.2
7.9
7.2
7.4
7.0
13.8
15.0
12.8
5.9
5.8
6.1
10.3
9.9
10.92013
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.5
6.8
6.2
13.1
14.2
12.1
5.2
5.6
4.8
9.1
8.8
9.52014
6.2
6.3
6.1
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.3
12.2
10.5
5.0
5.3
4.6
7.4
6.8
8.22015
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.6
4.7
4.5
9.6
10.3
8.9
3.8
4.0
3.7
6.6
6.3
7.12016
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.3
4.4
4.2
8.4
9.1
7.8
3.6
3.5
3.9
5.8
5.4
6.32017
4.4
4.4
4.3
3.8
3.8
3.8
7.5
8.1
6.9
3.4
3.4
3.4
5.1
4.7
5.72018
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.4
6.5
7.0
6.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.7
4.3
5.1

Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Two or More RacesTotal
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women2003
10.5
11.2
9.6
7.7
6.9
8.6
9.1
9.3
8.92004
9.6
9.7
9.4
6.1
6.8
5.4
8.7
8.7
8.72005
9.3
8.7
10.1
4.3
4.8
3.9
8.0
7.9
8.22006
7.9
7.9
8.0
5.3
6.3
4.3
6.7
7.3
6.02007
8.1
7.9
8.4
4.8
5.4
4.3
7.1
7.4
6.82008
9.9
10.8
8.8
6.4
7.7
4.9
9.5
10.1
8.72009
13.3
15.5
10.8
10.8
11.6
10.0
13.6
14.2
12.92010
15.1
17.3
12.7
12.0
13.6
10.4
13.6
14.2
13.02011
14.6
15.4
13.7
10.4
11.4
9.3
13.6
14.0
13.12012
12.3
11.9
12.7
11.8
12.4
11.2
11.9
12.1
11.52013
12.8
13.3
12.1
10.2
11.1
9.3
11.0
11.4
10.52014
11.3
11.9
10.6
6.1
5.7
6.6
10.2
10.9
9.52015
9.9
11.1
8.5
5.7
5.7
5.6
8.4
8.1
8.72016
8.9
9.2
8.7
4.4
4.3
4.5
7.5
7.6
7.32017
7.8
8.5
7.1
6.1
5.4
7.0
6.7
6.9
6.42018
6.6
6.9
6.3
5.3
5.2
5.4
5.5
6.0
5.1Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Duration of unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
6,314
4,354
1,322
304
1,323Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
34.4
35.7
30.9
29.0
38.45 to 14 weeks
29.7
30.2
28.3
30.8
29.515 to 26 weeks
14.5
14.4
14.4
15.7
14.427 weeks and over
21.4
19.7
26.4
24.5
17.7Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
22.7
21.5
25.9
27.3
19.1Median duration, in weeks
9.3
8.8
10.8
10.9
8.2Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,398
2,380
676
159
695Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
33.4
34.5
30.8
27.7
39.35 to 14 weeks
29.5
30.1
28.5
29.6
28.215 to 26 weeks
15.3
15.3
14.7
16.8
14.527 weeks and over
21.7
20.1
26.1
25.9
18.0Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
23.1
21.9
26.0
29.6
19.1Median duration, in weeks
9.7
9.2
10.9
11.5
8.1Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
2,916
1,973
646
146
628Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Less than 5 weeks
35.5
37.1
31.1
30.4
37.35 to 14 weeks
30.0
30.4
28.1
32.0
31.015 to 26 weeks
13.6
13.3
14.2
14.6
14.327 weeks and over
21.0
19.2
26.7
23.0
17.4Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)
22.1
20.9
25.8
24.7
19.2Median duration, in weeks
8.9
8.3
10.7
10.4
8.2(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Reason for unemployment
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older (In thousands)
6,314
4,354
1,322
304
1,323Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
47.4
48.9
46.1
38.4
48.5On temporary layoff
13.5
15.6
8.2
7.8
15.6Not on temporary layoff
33.9
33.2
37.9
30.6
32.9Permanent job losers
23.0
23.1
23.9
24.1
20.6Persons who completed temporary jobs
10.8
10.1
14.0
6.5
12.2Job leavers
12.6
12.9
10.8
15.1
11.2Reentrants
30.5
29.9
32.0
30.4
28.6New entrants
9.5
8.4
11.1
16.1
11.7Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)
3,398
2,380
676
159
695Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
52.2
54.0
49.3
45.0
55.8On temporary layoff
14.7
16.8
8.8
8.3
18.1Not on temporary layoff
37.5
37.1
40.4
36.7
37.7Permanent job losers
25.0
25.3
24.6
29.9
23.3Persons who completed temporary jobs
12.5
11.8
15.9
6.8
14.4Job leavers
12.2
12.7
9.9
12.2
10.8Reentrants
26.4
25.2
29.4
27.6
22.7New entrants
9.3
8.2
11.4
15.2
10.8Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)
2,916
1,973
646
146
628Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs
41.8
42.7
42.9
31.2
40.5On temporary layoff
12.1
14.2
7.5
7.3
12.9Not on temporary layoff
29.6
28.5
35.3
23.9
27.6Permanent job losers
20.8
20.5
23.2
17.7
17.7Persons who completed temporary jobs
8.9
8.0
12.1
6.2
9.9Job leavers
13.1
13.1
11.7
18.2
11.6Reentrants
35.4
35.6
34.7
33.5
35.2New entrants
9.8
8.6
10.7
17.0
12.7Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian laborforce(1)
Not in the labor forceTotal
Want a job
Do not want a job nowTotal
Searched for work in previous year,but not in past 4 weeksTotal
Marginally attached(available to work now)(2)Total
Discouraged workers(3)
Other(4)TotalTotal, 16 years and older
162,075
95,716
5,249
2,088
1,517
423
1,094
90,46716 to 24 years
20,984
17,020
1,590
665
433
93
340
15,43025 to 54 years
103,705
22,685
2,172
977
709
211
499
20,51355 years and older
37,386
56,010
1,487
447
375
120
255
54,524Men, 16 years and older
86,096
38,582
2,448
1,049
817
266
551
36,13316 to 24 years
10,695
8,437
836
359
248
62
186
7,60125 to 54 years
55,440
6,854
917
459
366
129
237
5,93755 years and older
19,961
23,290
695
232
203
75
129
22,595Women, 16 years and older
75,978
57,134
2,800
1,039
700
158
542
54,33416 to 24 years
10,289
8,583
754
306
185
31
154
7,82925 to 54 years
48,264
15,831
1,255
518
343
81
262
14,57655 years and older
17,425
32,720
791
215
172
46
126
31,929WhiteTotal, 16 years and older
125,815
74,407
3,656
1,414
1,012
270
743
70,75016 to 24 years
15,959
11,915
1,082
446
273
56
217
10,83325 to 54 years
78,888
16,467
1,467
638
464
130
334
15,00055 years and older
30,968
46,025
1,108
330
275
83
192
44,917Men, 16 years and older
68,082
29,850
1,711
721
552
173
379
28,13916 to 24 years
8,221
5,898
572
243
160
38
122
5,32625 to 54 years
43,034
4,710
621
304
240
79
160
4,09055 years and older
16,827
19,242
518
174
152
55
97
18,724Women, 16 years and older
57,732
44,556
1,945
694
460
97
363
42,61116 to 24 years
7,738
6,017
509
203
113
18
95
5,50725 to 54 years
35,853
11,756
846
334
225
51
173
10,91055 years and older
14,141
26,783
590
157
123
28
95
26,193Black or African AmericanTotal, 16 years and older
20,414
12,347
1,007
439
347
113
234
11,34016 to 24 years
2,936
2,734
316
136
106
25
81
2,41825 to 54 years
13,776
3,429
438
222
169
62
107
2,99255 years and older
3,702
6,183
253
81
73
26
47
5,930Men, 16 years and older
9,694
5,270
476
212
182
67
115
4,79416 to 24 years
1,413
1,363
163
69
57
16
40
1,20025 to 54 years
6,560
1,373
197
104
90
39
51
1,17555 years and older
1,722
2,534
116
39
35
12
23
2,418Women, 16 years and older
10,720
7,077
530
227
166
47
119
6,54716 to 24 years
1,523
1,371
153
66
49
9
40
1,21825 to 54 years
7,216
2,057
240
118
79
23
55
1,81755 years and older
1,980
3,649
138
42
38
14
24
3,511AsianTotal, 16 years and older
10,137
5,825
324
123
77
21
55
5,50116 to 24 years
901
1,394
80
32
18
4
13
1,31425 to 54 years
7,285
1,832
165
67
40
10
30
1,66755 years and older
1,950
2,599
79
25
18
7
12
2,520Men, 16 years and older
5,346
2,124
136
58
39
14
25
1,98816 to 24 years
454
690
41
17
10
2
8
64925 to 54 years
3,879
445
54
28
18
7
11
39155 years and older
1,013
989
41
14
11
5
6
949Women, 16 years and older
4,790
3,700
187
66
37
8
30
3,51316 to 24 years
447
705
39
15
8
3
6
66525 to 54 years
3,406
1,386
110
40
22
3
19
1,27655 years and older
937
1,609
38
11
7
2
5
1,571Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
28,336
14,398
1,084
418
300
88
212
13,31416 to 24 years
4,679
4,003
388
163
108
23
86
3,61525 to 54 years
19,725
5,021
511
202
147
48
99
4,51055 years and older
3,932
5,374
185
53
45
18
27
5,189Men, 16 years and older
16,113
5,174
468
201
155
57
98
4,70616 to 24 years
2,490
1,910
196
84
59
17
41
1,71425 to 54 years
11,375
1,221
187
91
73
29
44
1,03455 years and older
2,248
2,043
85
27
23
11
12
1,958Women, 16 years and older
12,223
9,224
616
217
145
31
114
8,60816 to 24 years
2,189
2,094
192
79
50
6
44
1,90125 to 54 years
8,350
3,800
324
112
74
19
55
3,47555 years and older
1,684
3,331
100
26
21
7
15
3,231(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2018 annual averages
Year
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal1979
$241
$248
$199
-
$1941980
262
269
212
-
2091981
284
291
235
-
2231982
302
310
245
-
2401983
313
320
261
-
2501984
326
336
269
-
2591985
344
356
277
-
2701986
359
371
291
-
2771987
374
384
301
-
2851988
385
395
314
-
2901989
399
409
319
-
2981990
412
424
329
-
3041991
426
442
348
-
3121992
440
458
357
-
3211993
459
475
369
-
3311994
467
484
371
-
3241995
479
494
383
-
3291996
490
506
387
-
3391997
503
519
400
-
3511998
523
545
426
-
3701999
549
573
445
-
3852000
576
590
474
$615
3992001
596
610
491
639
4172002
608
623
498
658
4242003
620
636
514
693
4402004
638
657
525
708
4562005
651
672
520
753
4712006
671
690
554
784
4862007
695
716
569
830
5032008
722
742
589
861
5292009
739
757
601
880
5412010
747
765
611
855
5352011
756
775
615
866
5492012
768
792
621
920
5682013
776
802
629
942
5782014
791
816
639
953
5942015
809
835
641
993
6042016
832
862
678
1,021
6242017
860
890
682
1,043
6552018
886
916
694
1,095
680Men1979
$292
$298
$227
-
$2191980
313
320
244
-
2341981
340
350
268
-
2511982
364
375
278
-
2691983
379
387
294
-
2741984
392
401
303
-
2871985
407
418
305
-
2961986
419
433
319
-
2991987
434
450
327
-
3061988
449
465
348
-
3081989
468
482
348
-
3151990
481
494
361
-
3181991
493
506
375
-
3231992
501
514
380
-
3391993
510
524
392
-
3461994
522
547
400
-
3431995
538
566
411
-
3501996
557
580
412
-
3561997
579
595
432
-
3711998
598
615
468
-
3901999
618
638
488
-
4062000
641
662
510
$685
4172001
670
689
529
732
4402002
679
702
524
756
4512003
695
715
555
772
4642004
713
732
569
802
4802005
722
743
559
825
4892006
743
761
591
882
5052007
766
788
600
936
5202008
798
825
620
966
5592009
819
845
621
952
5692010
824
850
633
936
5602011
832
856
653
970
5712012
854
879
665
1,055
5922013
860
884
664
1,059
5942014
871
897
680
1,080
6162015
895
920
680
1,129
6312016
915
942
718
1,151
6632017
941
971
710
1,207
6902018
973
1,002
735
1,241
720Women1979
$182
$184
$169
-
$1571980
201
203
185
-
1721981
219
221
206
-
1901982
239
242
217
-
2031983
252
254
232
-
2151984
265
268
241
-
2231985
277
281
252
-
2301986
291
294
264
-
2411987
303
307
276
-
2511988
315
318
288
-
2601989
328
334
301
-
2691990
346
353
308
-
2781991
366
373
323
-
2921992
380
387
335
-
3021993
393
401
348
-
3131994
399
408
346
-
3051995
406
415
355
-
3051996
418
428
362
-
3161997
431
444
375
-
3181998
456
468
400
-
3371999
473
483
409
-
3482000
493
502
429
$547
3662001
512
522
454
563
3882002
529
547
473
566
3972003
552
567
491
598
4102004
573
584
505
613
4192005
585
596
499
665
4292006
600
609
519
699
4402007
614
626
533
731
4732008
638
654
554
753
5012009
657
669
582
779
5092010
669
684
592
773
5082011
684
703
595
751
5182012
691
710
599
770
5212013
706
722
606
819
5412014
719
734
611
841
5482015
726
743
615
877
5662016
749
766
641
902
5862017
770
795
657
903
6032018
789
817
654
937
617Women's earnings asa percent of men's1979
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.71980
64.2
63.4
75.8
-
73.51981
64.4
63.1
76.9
-
75.71982
65.7
64.5
78.1
-
75.51983
66.5
65.6
78.9
-
78.51984
67.6
66.8
79.5
-
77.71985
68.1
67.2
82.6
-
77.71986
69.5
67.9
82.8
-
80.61987
69.8
68.2
84.4
-
82.01988
70.2
68.4
82.8
-
84.41989
70.1
69.3
86.5
-
85.41990
71.9
71.5
85.3
-
87.41991
74.2
73.7
86.1
-
90.41992
75.8
75.3
88.2
-
89.11993
77.1
76.5
88.8
-
90.51994
76.4
74.6
86.5
-
88.91995
75.5
73.3
86.4
-
87.11996
75.0
73.8
87.9
-
88.81997
74.4
74.6
86.8
-
85.71998
76.3
76.1
85.5
-
86.41999
76.5
75.7
83.8
-
85.72000
76.9
75.8
84.1
79.9
87.82001
76.4
75.8
85.8
76.9
88.22002
77.9
77.9
90.3
74.9
88.02003
79.4
79.3
88.5
77.5
88.42004
80.4
79.8
88.8
76.4
87.32005
81.0
80.2
89.3
80.6
87.72006
80.8
80.0
87.8
79.3
87.12007
80.2
79.4
88.8
78.1
91.02008
79.9
79.3
89.4
78.0
89.62009
80.2
79.2
93.7
81.8
89.52010
81.2
80.5
93.5
82.6
90.72011
82.2
82.1
91.1
77.4
90.72012
80.9
80.8
90.1
73.0
88.02013
82.1
81.7
91.3
77.3
91.12014
82.5
81.8
89.9
77.9
89.02015
81.1
80.8
90.4
77.7
89.72016
81.9
81.3
89.3
78.4
88.42017
81.8
81.9
92.5
74.8
87.42018
81.1
81.5
89.0
75.5
85.7Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 25 years and older
$932
$965
$727
$1,140
$710Less than a high school diploma
553
565
487
521
544High school graduates, no college(1)
730
768
604
659
672Some college, no degree
802
845
666
806
754Associate's degree
862
900
717
837
778Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,324
1,342
1,065
1,465
1,101Men, 25 years and older
1,026
1,064
775
1,280
755Less than a high school diploma
607
612
526
579
598High school graduates, no college(1)
819
861
667
748
738Some college, no degree
918
965
732
871
853Associate's degree
994
1,026
793
910
920Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,524
1,550
1,139
1,685
1,234Women, 25 years and older
830
857
683
974
644Less than a high school diploma
469
473
423
491
457High school graduates, no college(1)
616
641
546
583
582Some college, no degree
694
721
617
711
664Associate's degree
746
769
653
724
694Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
1,145
1,152
1,013
1,242
991(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Occupation and gender
Total
White
Black orAfricanAmerican
Asian
Hispanicor LatinoethnicityTotal, 16 years and older
$886
$916
$694
$1,095
$680Management, professional, and related occupations
1,246
1,255
1,009
1,515
1,026Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,355
1,376
1,140
1,546
1,082Management occupations
1,429
1,456
1,147
1,735
1,103Business and financial operations occupations
1,216
1,216
1,118
1,357
1,029Professional and related occupations
1,176
1,181
945
1,497
995Computer and mathematical occupations
1,539
1,510
1,228
1,758
1,292Architecture and engineering occupations
1,484
1,476
1,346
1,659
1,368Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,270
1,296
1,062
1,328
1,043Community and social services occupations
913
936
840
967
851Legal occupations
1,467
1,498
1,226
1,572
1,212Education, training, and library occupations
1,002
1,019
859
1,140
907Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,086
1,081
1,075
1,159
950Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,140
1,154
917
1,361
944Service occupations
569
585
512
569
528Healthcare support occupations
561
579
516
579
552Protective service occupations
848
953
608
806
763Food preparation and serving related occupations
501
505
464
534
507Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
551
563
499
598
520Personal care and service occupations
544
554
517
538
502Sales and office occupations
742
763
639
766
647Sales and related occupations
798
849
598
758
637Office and administrative support occupations
717
727
666
770
652Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
824
839
754
875
691Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
581
587
463
474
535Construction and extraction occupations
808
817
730
849
706Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
934
949
796
975
759Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
707
733
617
677
612Production occupations
723
759
595
690
612Transportation and material-moving occupations
689
706
637
662
612Men, 16 years and older
$973
$1,002
$735
$1,241
$720Management, professional, and related occupations
1,468
1,488
1,164
1,732
1,174Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,537
1,562
1,206
1,728
1,167Management occupations
1,585
1,623
1,201
1,882
1,161Business and financial operations occupations
1,383
1,421
1,219
1,506
1,202Professional and related occupations
1,425
1,421
1,129
1,734
1,183Computer and mathematical occupations
1,604
1,575
1,234
1,840
1,326Architecture and engineering occupations
1,528
1,520
1,346
1,768
1,442Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,357
1,366
1,223
1,372
1,337Community and social services occupations
984
1,035
856
1,014
969Legal occupations
1,910
1,929
1,730
1,772
1,442Education, training, and library occupations
1,235
1,236
1,079
1,613
1,033Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
1,151
1,153
1,087
1,527
1,034Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,383
1,405
1,133
1,523
1,079Service occupations
641
670
579
615
589Healthcare support occupations
661
687
608
519
596Protective service occupations
922
1,009
672
876
829Food preparation and serving related occupations
533
546
481
577
560Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
604
609
548
689
578Personal care and service occupations
638
646
619
640
585Sales and office occupations
846
895
657
892
687Sales and related occupations
949
1,006
680
943
753Office and administrative support occupations
738
760
638
841
640Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
834
851
750
892
699Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
602
608
423
488
574Construction and extraction occupations
809
818
723
838
707Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
936
951
791
996
761Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
762
790
643
752
670Production occupations
793
822
617
788
690Transportation and material-moving occupations
724
749
664
710
654Women, 16 years and older
$789
$817
$654
$937
$617Management, professional, and related occupations
1,078
1,087
918
1,317
915Management, business, and financial operations occupations
1,168
1,171
1,052
1,384
997Management occupations
1,236
1,246
1,072
1,547
1,026Business and financial operations occupations
1,105
1,101
1,019
1,255
944Professional and related occupations
1,024
1,033
870
1,255
873Computer and mathematical occupations
1,345
1,243
1,209
1,633
1,152Architecture and engineering occupations
1,259
1,248
1,343
1,329
1,060Life, physical, and social science occupations
1,156
1,172
965
1,193
861Community and social services occupations
886
905
834
935
830Legal occupations
1,243
1,234
1,073
1,468
1,088Education, training, and library occupations
934
959
806
916
852Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
997
989
997
1,055
822Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
1,078
1,100
878
1,270
891Service occupations
511
517
490
528
489Healthcare support occupations
548
570
508
582
546Protective service occupations
613
708
518
568
600Food preparation and serving related occupations
473
472
448
512
450Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
477
482
450
524
466Personal care and service occupations
517
525
492
513
489Sales and office occupations
696
710
631
731
624Sales and related occupations
651
687
529
657
556Office and administrative support occupations
711
716
675
758
657Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
638
618
892
606
506Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
483
481
597
466
467Construction and extraction occupations
785
760
1,117
1,190
639Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
823
815
940
627
719Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations
561
563
539
587
499Production occupations
575
581
531
601
504Transportation and material-moving occupations
538
533
560
539
491Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes
     
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.
**Concepts and definitions**
*Civilian noninstitutional population.*This group**is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
*Employed.*People, who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.
*Unemployed.*People who had no employment during the reference week, but were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
*Duration of unemployment.*The length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.
*Reason for unemployment.*Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:
Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.
Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.New entrants, people who had never worked.*Civilian labor force.*This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
*Unemployment rate.*This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
*Labor force participation rate.*This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.
*Employment–population ratio.*This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.
*Not in the labor force.*All people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed are classified as out of the labor force. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.
*Occupation and industry.*Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.[1]
*White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.*In accordance with Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.[2]
*Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.*This term refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[3]
*Usual weekly earnings.*These data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).
*Median earnings.*The numerical value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.
*Family.*A group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:
*Married-couple families* refer to opposite-sex married couples only.
*Families maintained by women* *and families maintained by men*are each made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).*Children.*Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
**Reliability of the estimates**
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard error from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.[4]

[1] Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and industry data from the Current Population Survey,” *Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey*(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 30, 2018), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
[2] More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
[3] See Bowler, et al, www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
[4] A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey Estimates,” *Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation*(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2018), https://www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf.
 Facebook
 Twitter
 LinkedIn


Home
   Subjects
   Data Tools
   Publications
   Economic Releases
   Classroom
   Beta


**U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics**
Division of Information and Marketing Services 
PSB Suite 2850 
2 Massachusetts Avenue NE  
Washington, DC 20212-0001 Telephone:1-202-691-5200 Telecommunications Relay Service:7-1-1 www.bls.gov/OPUB Contact Us
 resources  Inspector General (OIG)
								Budget and Performance	
								Department of Labor Grants									
								No Fear Act
								USA.gov
								Vote.gov
 about the site  Sitemap						
								Freedom of Information Act
								Privacy and Security Statement
								Disclaimers
								Linking and Copyright Info	
								Important Website Notices
								Help and Tutorials
								Babel Notice: accessing language services


Twitter Youtube Email


- Publications
- BLS Reports