Affirmed and Opinion Filed August 21, 2018 

# S

In The 

## Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-17-00954-CV MICHAEL MILLER, Appellant V. LONE STAR HMA, L.P. AND MESQUITE HMA GENERAL, LLC, Appellees On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4 Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. CC-15-04020-D



### MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Francis, Fillmore, and Whitehill Opinion by Justice Whitehill This is a medical malpractice case. Appellant Michael Miller s ued appellees Lone Star HMA, L.P. and Mesquite HMA General, LLC for vicarious liability based on their nurse employees’ alleged negligence for not recording sufficient info rmation in Miller’s medical charts, which in turn purportedly caused his treating physician to prem aturely discharge him from the hospital. The trial court grante d appellees’ motions to strike Miller’s causation expert and for noevidence summary judgment attack ing causation. Miller appeals. The pivotal question is whether Miller’s causation expert provi ded reliable testimony that not charting additional informati on regarding drainage from Mil ler’s surgical wound more likely than not was a proximate cause of Miller’s injuries. Miller’s causation expert opined that such was the case. However, there is no evidence of what the unreco rded drainage information would–2– have been. Absent that evidence, it is a matter of speculation regarding whether that missing information would have affected t he physician’s decision to dis charge Miller. Based on this record, we conclude that the trial court did not err in striking the expert because his key causation testimony was conclusory, unsupported by facts in the record, and speculative. Because there was no other causation evidence, we affirm the summary judgment.
I. B ACKGROUND A. Factual Allegations Miller alleged the following facts: On August 13, 2013, Miller went to Dallas Regional Medical Cent er with abdominal pain. A CT scan indicated a gallbladder problem, and the next day Dr. George M. Hariz performed surgery on him. During the surg ery, Hariz caused a hole or wou nd in Miller’s duodenum, and he placed a “#10 Jackson-Prat t drain” in that wound. On August 16, Miller was discharged from the hospital even thou gh the drain was draining “greenish” fluid. Miller had a follow-up visit w ith Hariz scheduled for August 23 , but he went to see Hariz on August 21 because he was feeling unwell and feverish. Hariz treated Miller and told him to return on August 23. But Miller instead went to the D allas Regional Medical Center e mergency room on August 22 because he was vomiting greenish fluid. Dissatisfied with t he care he received there, he went to another hospital where he underwent emergency surgery that d ay and another surgery the next day. He stayed in the hospital almost a month before being dis charged.–3– B. Procedural History Miller sued Hariz, appellees, a nd one other defendant that he l ater nonsuited. He alleged that Hariz injured him by neglig ently (i) performing the August 14 surgery, (ii) prematurely discharging Miller on August 16, and (iii) ass essing Miller’s c ondition during the August 21 visit. He also alleged that appellees’ nurse employees caused his inju ries by negligently failing to “monitor, treat, observe, chart, document, report, and care for Miller during the surgery and post-operative period.” Several months into the case, Miller settled with Hariz, and th e trial court severed out Miller’s claims against him. Appellees later moved to strike the testimony of Miller’s exper t witness, Dr. Brian Harkins. A few days later, appellees f iled a no-evidence summary judgmen t motion attacking causation. Miller filed a combined respons e to appellees’ motions. His su mmary judgment evidence included an excerpt from Harkins’s deposition. The trial judge signed orders striking Harkins’s testimony and granting summary judgment for appellees. Miller timely moved for reconsideration, arguing that the trial court erred by striking Harkins’s testimony and granting s ummary judgment. The trial c ourt denied the motion. Miller timely appealed.
II. S TANDARD OF R EVIEW Miller argues in two issues that the trial court erred by (i) s triking Harkins’s causation testimony and (ii) granting summary judgment. We review a trial court’s deci sion excluding expert testimony f or abuse of discretion. See E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. v. Robinson , 923 S.W.3d 549, 558 (Tex. 1995).–4– We review a summary judgment de novo. Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc. , 407 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. 2013). A no-evidence summary judgment is review ed under the same legal sufficiency standard as a directed verdict. Id . We consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evid ence a reasonable jury could cr edit and disregarding contrary evidence and inferences unless a reasonable ju ry could not. Id . The nonmovant bears the burden of producing summary judgment evi dence sufficient to raise a ge nuine issue of material fact as to each challenged element. Id

. III. A NALYSIS A. Issue One: Did the trial cour t err by striking Miller’s cau sation expert? Miller’s first issue argues that the trial court abused its dis cretion by striking Miller’s causation expert concerning the nurses who cared for Miller at Dallas Regional Medical Center from August 14 to August 16, 2013. We conclude that the trial court did not so err, because his opinions are not factually supporte d in the record and are thus speculative and conclusory. 1. Appellees’ Objections and the Evidentiary Record We first identify the grounds a ppellees urged in their motion t o strike Harkins’s causation testimony: • The testimony was conclusory. • The testimony was unreliable because it lacked any factual ba sis or was based on incorrect facts. • The testimony was speculative because it was based on mere po ssibilities. Both sides relied on excerpts from Harkins’s and Hariz’s deposi tions, Miller’s medical records, and other evidence.–5– 2. Applicable Law a. Causation The supreme court recently addressed causation standards in med ical malpractice cases thusly: Recovery in a medical-malpractice case requires proof to a reas onable medical probability that the injuries complained of were proximately ca used by the negligence of a defendant. Columbia Rio Grande Healthcare, L.P. v. Hawley , 284 S.W.3d 851, 860 (Tex. 2009). Proximate cause includes two comp onents, causein-fact and foreseeability. Id . Proof that negligence was a cause-in-fact of the injury requires proof that (1) th e negligence was a substantial factor in causing the injury, and (2) without the actor omission, the harm would not have occurred. Id

. Thus, to satisfy a legal sufficiency review in such cases, plai ntiffs must “adduce evidence of a ‘reasonable medical probability’ or ‘reasonable p robability’ that their injuries were caused by the negli gence of one or more defendant s, meaning simply that it is ‘more likely than not’ that the ultimate harm or con dition resulted from such negligence.” Bustamante , 529 S.W.3d at 456 (quoting Jelinek v. Casas , 328 S.W.3d 526, 532–33 (Tex. 2010)). In medical-malpractice cases, the general rule is that “expert testimony is necessary to establish causation a s to medical conditions outside the common knowledge and experience of jurors.” Jelinek , 328 S.W.3d at 533. Gunn v. McCoy , No. 16-0125, 2018 WL 2994534, at *5 (Tex. June 15, 2018). According to this definition, the cause in fact element has two components: One, is that the act or omission at issue was a substantial factor in causin g the claimant’s injury; and two, is that the injury would not have h appened without that act or omi ssion. See Rogers v. Zanetti , 518 S.W.3d 394, 402–03 (Tex. 2017). Stated differently, the cause in fact standard “almost always” requires not only that the act or omission must be a but-for ca use of the injury or occurrence but also that it must be a substantial factor in causing the injury

. Id . at 403 (quoting David W. Robertson, The Common Sense of Cause in Fact , 75 T EX

. L. R EV . 1765, 1776 (1997)) (internal quotations and citations omitted). “There may be more than one proximate cause of an injury.”
Bustamante v. Ponte , 529 S.W.3d 447, 457 (Tex. 2017). However, in most cases, “‘[c]ause in fact is essentially but-fo r causation.’” Rogers , 518 S.W.3d at 403 (quoting Ryder Integrated Logistics, Inc. v. Fayette Cty. , 453 S.W.3d 922, 929 (Tex.–6– 2015) (per curiam)). That is, in most cases the fact that the negligent act was a substantial factor in causing the claimant’s injury is easy to see, and the substa ntial factor component is rarely discussed. But the substantial factor component gains more attention in a limited category of cases in wh ich two causes concur to bring about an event, and either cause, operating alone, w ould have brought about the eve nt absent the other cause. Id . (internal quotations and citations omitted). Thus, in those rare situations where multiple acts, any one of which would have been an injury’s but-for cause, com bine in causing an injury the supreme court applies what it calls a “substantial factor test. ” See Bustamante , 529 S.W.3d at 457–
59. According to Miller, Hariz and appellees all contributed to Mil ler’s injury. Relying on
Bustamante , Miller further argues that the Texas Supreme Court applies th e less stringent substantial factor test whenever more than one tortfeasor contr ibuted to the plaintiff's injury. From there, Miller asserts that he need not have shown that appellee s’ negligence standing alone was a but-for cause of his injuries. Mil ler is correct to the extent he contends that appe llees’ negligence need not have been the sole cause in fact of his injuries. But , as discussed below, on the facts shown in this record he is inco rrect to the extent he suggests that he did not have to show a causal connection between appellees’ alleged negligence and his injuri es. Appellees, citing Rogers , argue that Bustamante means that a substantial factor test applies in only a limited category of cases involving concurrent causat ion. According to appellees, applying a substantial fa ctor test was proper in Bustamante because the two physician defendants in that case were jointly respons ible for screen ing, diagnosing , and treating the patient and either physician’s negligence alone would have caused the child’s inju ry. Appellees liken Bustamante–7– to the classic example where two noisy motorcycle riders simult aneously spook a horse that then injures its rider. See Robertson, supra , at 1777. The common theme in appellees’ analysis is that in both instanc es ( Bustamante and the noisy motorcycles) multiple actors contemporaneously engaged in the same conduct and there is evidence from which the factfinder could conclude that each act or’s conduct standing alone would have caused the plaintiff’s injury had the other actor not been involved. Appellees continue that it would not be proper in that context to apply a strict but-fo r causation rule whereby the plaintiff ordinarily must prove that the injury would not have happened w ithout that specific defendant’s negligence. Appellees, however, argue that the present case differs from Bustamante and the noisy motorcyclist example because the patient charting and discharge decisions here were linear in relationship to each other—not concurrent. Thus, appellees arg ue that Miller had to prove that more frequent nursing assessments or better charting would more likely than not have changed Hariz’s treatment and Miller’s outcome. Stated differently, ap pellees argue that appellees’ alleged charting deficiencies could not have been a substantial factor in causing Miller’s injuries unless those deficiencies affected Hariz’s treatment decisions. We ag ree that it was incumbent on Miller to show that appellees’ alleged negligence more likely than not was a but-for cause of his injuries. Finally, because the medical issues involved in this case are o utside common knowledge, Miller had to adduce admissible expert testimony of causation i n response to appellees’ noevidence summary judgment motion. See Jelinek , 328 S.W.3d at 533. Furthermore, in deciding whether expert opinion evidence satisfies the reasonable medica l probability standard, we must consider the substance and contex t of the expert’s opinion rath er than the use of any particular words. See Stodghill v. Tex. Emp’rs Ins. Ass’n , 582 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tex. 1979) (“The medical–8– expert need not use the exact magic words ‘reasonable medical p robability,’ but the testimony is sufficient if the circumstances s how that this is the substance of what the expert is saying.”). b. Expert Testimony Expert testimony must meet several requirements to be admissibl e. Two requirements are particularly relevant here. First, the testimony cannot be conclusory: It is not enough for an expert simply to opine that the defenda nt’s negligence caused the plaintiff’s injury. The expert must also, to a reasonable d egree of medical probability, explain how and why the negligence caused the inju ry. Jelinek , 328 S.W.3d at 536. Sai d another way, the e xpert must state a demonstrable and reasoned basis on which the opinion can be evaluated. Starwood Mgmt., LLC ex rel. Gonzalez v. Swaim , 530 S.W.3d 673, 679 (Tex. 2017) (per curiam). If no basis for the opinion is offered, or the offered basis provides no support, the opinion is a mere conclusion and cannot be considered probative evidence, even if there is no objection. Gunn , 2018 WL 2994534, at *8. Second, the expert’s testimony must not suffer from an analytic al gap that renders it unreliable. See Gharda USA, Inc. v. Control Sols., Inc. , 464 S.W.3d 338, 349 (Tex. 2015). Analytical gaps can arise in vari ous ways, such as when (i) the expert unreliably applies otherwise sound principles and methodologies, (ii) the expert’s opinion i s based on assumed facts that vary materially from the facts in the record, and (iii) the expert’s opinion is based on tests or data that do not support the conclusions reached. Id . Moreover, “if the record contains no evidence supporting an expert’s material factual assumptions, or if such assumptions are contrary to conclusively proven facts, opi nion testimony founded on those a ssumptions is not competent evidence.” Gunn , 2018 WL 2994534, at *9.–9– 3. The Evidence Next we summarize the record evidence—first the evidence of the historical facts on which Harkins based his opinions and the n Harkins’s testimony itself.
a. The Medical Records in General There are five categories of med ical records relevant to this a ppeal. First, there are notes that the nurse makes during his or her s hift. Nurse’s notes include information about the patient’s fluid intakes and outputs durin g the shift. At shift’s end, the nurse summarizes this information and gives those summaries to a tech . The tech in turn records that data on Intake & Output Summary R eports (I&Os). The nurses des troy their notes each day after they are finished with them. Thus, these documents were not av ailable for use in this case. Second, there are the I&Os. These reports summarize in tabular format the fluid volumes by category (such as “JP Drain”) that the patient takes in and puts out during a given day. Furthermore, the table for each given day shows the respective volumes during that day’s day shift and night shift. A day shift for day-one begins at 7:00 a.m. t hat morning and ends at 7:00 p.m. that same day. The day-one night shift begins at 7:00 p.m. tha t same day and ends at 7:00 a.m. on day-two. The I&O then totals the shift amounts to reflect the total intakes and outputs for both shifts. Once the tech records t he data on the I&Os, the report s are printed and maintained at the nurses’ station with the patient’s other charts. The I&Os are printed at five in the morning following the day’s data shown on that report. Thus, the I&O d isplaying the day-one morning shift and day-one night shift data is printed at 5:00 a.m. on d ay-two. Because 5:00 a.m. on daytwo is two hours before the day-one night shift ends, there app ears to be a two-hour gap between the print-time and the end of the day-one night shift. The rec ord does not explain what happens to the data related to that two- hour period. The I &O reports do n ot describe, as relevant here, the JP Drain fluid’s color or consistency.–10– Third, there are 24 Hour Nursing Flow Records. These records i nclude printed forms on which nurses record various piece s of patient information and m ake handwritten notes regarding their observations and interactions with the patient during the ir shift. These notes may include vital signs; fluid volumes, colors, and characteristics; and ot her information relevant to that patient. Like the I&Os, these reports are maintained at the nurses’ stat ion with the patient’s charts. Because the I&Os and Nursing Flows are maintained at the nurses ’ station with the patient’s medical charts, the information in these reports is a vailable for physicians (like Hariz) to review when visiting with patients or making treatment decision s. The fourth category is Hariz’s P hysician Progress Notes for Aug ust 15th and 16th. The fifth category is appellees’ Discharge Instructions. b. Miller’s Nursing Flows Harkins’s testimony against the nurses focused o n their documen tation about the drainage after Miller’s August 14 surger y, so we focus on the medical re cords on that subject. First, we review the August 14, 15, and 16 Nursing Flows. The notes for August 14, the surgery date, do not say how much d rainage Miller had that day. At 0200 on August 15, there is a note that says, “Empty JP [ill egible] twice. Drainage color is” either “reddish” or “red noted.” 1 At 0510 that day, a note says, “JP [illegible] empty at this time.” The next note on August 15 says, “JP drain in place [with] gree nish output.” The time notation for this entry is “073,” which a nurse testified meant 0730, or 7:30 a.m. Finally, there is an entry at 2230 that says both “Leaking note d from the JP site” and “emptied 80 ml bile colored drainage.”

1 This note is difficult to read. One of Miller’s nurses, Mary Rollins, thought it said “Drainage color is reddish.” Harkins thought it said “red noted” instead of “reddish.”–11– The August 16 Nursing Flow has an entry for 0730 that says, “JP drain greenish color.” At 0900 is a note that Hariz saw Mil ler. At 1600 is an entry that says, “JP out 250,” which meant (according to a nurse’s deposition testimony) that the total ou tput for the day was 250 ml.
c. Miller’s I&Os Next, the record contains three, one-page I&Os that show draina ge volumes. The first, based on its header which reads “08/15/2013 05:05,” shows 80 ml of drainage from the JP drain during the August 15 night shift:

A nurse testified that drainage occurring from midnight to 7 a. m. was recorded on these forms as being during the night shift starting the previous day, which s uggests that the 80 ml drainage noted for the August 15 night shift occurred during the night of Augu st 15–16. But the header at the top of this I&O (“08/15/2013 05:05”) indicates that this record was generated the morning of August 15 —before the August 15 night shi ft started. We find no recor d explanation for the discrepancy. The next I&O has the header “08/15/2013 17:05” and has the same entries as depicted above.–12– Finally, the third I&O has the header “08/16/2013 05:05,” and i t has an additional figure, 150, listed for JP drainage dur ing the August 15 day shift:

So, based on the time and date headers, the documents reflect t hat the new “150” entry for the August 15 day shift was apparently added between 5:05 p.m. on A ugust 15 and 5:05 a.m. on August 16. Appellees’ corporate re presentative testified witho ut contradiction that the 150 ml day shift drainage occurred before the 80 ml night shift drainage. d. Hariz’s Physician Progress Notes The record also contains Hariz’s handwritten notes. Those note s include (i) an entry for 10:00 on August 15 stating that, “JP: bile o odor” and “moderat e” and (ii) an entry for 10:00 on August 16 that appears to say “drainage ↓”. This note would ha ve followed the I&O with the header “08/16/2013 05:05” and Har iz’s visit between 9:00 and 10 :00 later that morning. e. Documents Summary Based on the above and related testimony in the record, as conc erns the motion to strike Harkins as an expert, the trial court could have reasonably con cluded from appellees’ records that:–13– (i) Miller drained 150 ml of gree n bile from the JP Drain durin g the August 15 day shift; (ii) Miller drained 80 ml of gree n bile from the JP Drain durin g the August 15 night shift; (iii) this information regardi ng drainage on August 15 was in M iller’s medical charts at the nurses station when Hariz saw Miller between 9:00 and 10:00 a.m . on August 16, which was the day Miller was discharged; (iv) as of 10:00 a.m. on the 16th, the reco rds indicated that t he bile draining from Miller’s JP Drain decreased from 150 ml d uring the August 15 day shift t o 80 ml during the August 15 night shift. That decrease is consistent with Hariz’s down-arr ow on his Physician’s Progress Notes for the 16th. f. Hariz’s Deposition Hariz testified that it would cause concern if bile was still d raining after a few days and it was excessive. He also said that he, as a doctor, relies on nu rses to chart “the amount and the color every time they empty the drain.” Later in his deposition, he also said (objection omitted): Q In talking about the nursing notes documentation, you said yo u would have liked to have seen more frequent documentation of the volume of the JP drain; is that right? A I did say that, yes. Q Looking back on everything we know about the case, everything we know about what happened to Mr. Miller, is there any reason to think that more frequent recordings of the volume of the drainage would have ch anged your decision whether or not to disc harge this patient when you did? A I don’t think it would have cha nged my opinion about the disc harge. He was ready at that time. Hariz was asked where he got the information that led him to no te the morning of August 16 that the drainage was decreasing. He did not recall where h e got that information, but he said that it could have been based on the records or on his conversa tions with Miller, hi s family, or the

nurse.–14– g. Harkins’s Deposition Harkins testified about Hariz’s negligence. According to Harki ns, Hariz (i) negligently injured Miller’s duodenum and cy stic duct during the surgery, ( ii) negligently discharged Miller on August 16 despite having information that dictated further o bservation and testing, and (iii) negligently failed to have Miller hospitalized when he saw Mill er on August 21. Furthermore, had Hariz treated Miller appropriately, Miller would have avoided h is injuries to a reasonable degree of medical certainty. But Harkins’s causation testimony against the nurses was equivo cal. He began with the following, which was attached to appellee’s motion to strike bu t not Miller’s summary judgment
response: Q Is it your opinion in this case that Dr. Hariz was delayed in acting or made erroneous decisions about Mr. Miller because of any deficiencie s of the charting? A Well, it’s hard to say with certainty, but I think that’s certainly possible

. There may have been charting information that would have swayed him to do things differently than what he did do, which was delayed in diagnosis.

. . . A It is possible that better charting would have resulted in a better outcome, yes. (Emphases added.) When asked what missing information would have influenced Hariz’s decision making, Harkins answered (i) quantification of the dra inage output and (ii) the wound and whether it was leaking outside the drain. Harkins, however, could not or did not say (i) what actual, spe cific additional information would have been in the charts at 10:00 a.m. on the 16th had app ellees done a better job with their charting; (ii) how that additional, unknown information would h ave differed from what was in the charts at that time; or (iii) that Hariz would have seen any ad ditional information recorded in the charts after his visit that morning.–15– Although the August 16 Nursing Flow notes at 1600 show 250 ml o f drainage as of that time, the record does not show w hen on the 16th that drainage o ccurred. Later, in another excerpt attached only to appellees’ motion to strike, Harkins testified that (objections omitted): A I think the overall lack of documentation, lack of communicat ion of what was going on when you l ook at this from a natural progression o f a disease standpoint, is what caused harm. . . .

. . . . Q Can you say to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that any of that information that you just discussed would have changed Dr. Hari z’s decision-making in this case? A Yeah. So I don’t know what his— what his threshold would have been, but I can say it would have given him the opportunity to change his decisions

. Q But can you say to a reasonable degree of medical certainty t hat any of that information would have changed D r. Hariz’s decision-making in t his case? A So I want to be accurate. So I think, in retrospect, knowing what actually happened, I can say that there—likely . The things that were probably going to come out of that would have probably changed his decisionmaking, with a fair degree of certainty

. Q . . . What, in your opinion, would have come out had the nurs es assessed Mr. Miller more frequently that you think likely would have cha nged Dr. Hariz’s decision-making? A It could have been any of the —any of the different things tha t we’ve been talking about, whether it’s about what—the actual drainage, whe re it’s coming from, what it is, what his temperature curve is in more detail, what his heart-rate curve is in more detail, what his pain tolerance —which we haven’t really talked about muc h. All the things—how he is cli nically doing in more detail. Q But you don’t know how those details would have changed the i nformation that’s already in the reco rd; isn’t that true? A In the sense—no, I can’t predict what would have happened. B ut as a standard of what would have—what should have been going on, I think that would potentially have given him more information to be able to make a better decision than he did

.–16– Q But you don’t know what that inf ormation would have revealed, correct? A I don’t

. (Emphases added.) In this passage, Harkins testified that bet ter charting by the nurses probably would have included information that probably would have change d Hariz’s decisions. But then he said that (i) he didn’t know what the additional information would have been and (ii) better charting would have “potentially” given Hariz “more information to be able to make a better decision than he did.” Miller’s lawyer later elicited the following testimony from Har kins, which was attached to Miller’s summary judgment response: Q Just so we’re clear on the record, Dr. Harkins, is it your ex pert opinion in this case the fact that Dallas Regional Medical Center and its nurses failed to document adequately or accurately the volume drainage output , along with the consistency drainage output of the drain, along with, as you noted, that there’s -- not sure if there’s a follow-up with regard to the JP site drainage, as well as the possibl e drainage occurring from the w ound, taking all that, the totality of the circumstances and the facts, is it your opinion, more likely than not, based on re asonable medical probability, that those actions or inactions by Dallas Region al Medical Center were a proximate cause of the injuries of Mr. Miller ? A Yes

. (Emphasis added.) Finally, in excerpts attached only to appellees’ motion to stri ke, Harkins said this (objections omitted): A I think the character, the volume, the way the drainage was g oing through his patient care should have been better understood, because th at could have given [Hariz] better information to make a decision about how t o care for the guy and maybe not discharged him.

. . . . Q If Dr. Hariz was aware that the output for August 16th was 25 0, do you know what difference that would have made in Dr. Hariz’s treatm ent of the patient?–17– A Well, since he appeared not to, given he recorded [the draina ge] as going down, I don’t know what his difference would have been. But he would have the opportunity if he knew it was increasing or staying the same to maybe come to a different conclusion of what to do

. Q But a reasonably prudent docto r, you think would have done so mething on the 15th, right? A I do. Q And so can you say with a reason able degree of medical probab ility, that Hariz would have done something on the 16th had he only known t hat the volume output was 250? A. Yes. I would hope so if he knew it was different . If it was increasing, or if there was more information that showed that it wasn’t what he t hought was going on, was not decreasing. Q What makes you think that he would have reacted to that infor mation when he didn’t react to the origin al volume of 230 that you found co ncerning? A You know, I don’t have anything other than at some point, the appropriate medical management would have come into play, I hope, for a sur geon. Q But you don’t know when that po int would have been, right? A I do not. (Emphases added.) As just shown, Harkins’s testimony attached to Miller’s summary judgment response includes only one causation answer in terms of reasonable medic al probability: Q Just so we’re clear on the record, Dr. Harkins, is it your ex pert opinion in this case the fact that Dallas Regional Medical Center and its nurses failed to document adequately or accurately the volume drainage output , along with the consistency drainage output of the drain, along with, as you noted, that there’s -- not sure if there’s a follow-up with regard to the JP site drainage, as well as the possibl e drainage occurring from the w ound, taking all that, the totality of the circumstances and the facts, is it your opinion, more likely than not, based on re asonable medical probability, that those actions or inactions by Dallas Region al Medical Center were a proximate cause of the injuries of Mr. Miller ? A Yes

. (Emphasis added.)–18– No other Harkins testimony attach ed to Miller’s response purpor ts to establish causation by a reasonable medical probabi lity, so the foregoing question and answer is the only part of Harkins’s testimony that could possibly raise a genuine fact is sue as to causation. Accordingly, Miller’s first issue narrows to w hether the trial court abused its discretion by striking this specific testimony—either because it was predicated on unsupported or di sproved facts or because it was conclusory. 4. Was Harkins’s causation opinion about drainage volumes concl usory, speculative, or based on assumed facts not in the record? Appellees moved to strike Hark ins’s causation opinion because 1. Harkins linked causation to the nurses’ failure to properly document the drainage’s consistency, but there is no evidence that the consi stency changed between Hariz’s August 15 examination of the drainage a nd Miller’s discharge on August 16; 2. Harkins linked causation to the nurses’ failure to properly document the drainage volumes, but (i) there i s no evidence that more docume ntation would have changed Hariz’s decisi ons and (ii) Hariz’s testimony establishes that more documentation would not have changed his decisions; and 3. To the extent Harkins based his causation opinion on alleged drainage from the edges of Miller’s wound, (i) that opinion should be struck as not timely disclosed in discovery, (ii) the opinion was based on a misread ing of a note in Miller’s chart, and (iii) there is no evidence that Hariz ev er saw the note in question. At the outset, we note that Miller does not on appeal challenge appellees’ objections summarized in points 1 and 3 above. As to point 1, Miller does not argue that there is any evidence that the drainage’s consistency changed after Hariz examined Miller the morning of August 15. And Harkins admitted he didn’t know whether the consistency changed between 10:00 a.m. on August 15 and Miller’s discharge on August 16.–19– Similarly, Miller’s appellate b riefs do not address point 3, an d his reply brief omits the reference to “the possible drai nage occurring from the wound” w hen it quotes the question leading to Harkins’s cau sation opinion. Instead, Miller addresses only point 2, arguing that the record supports assumptions that more documentation about drainage volumes would have changed Ha riz’s decision to discharge Miller. We therefore limit our a nalysis to the drainage volume aspect of Harkins’s causation opinion. See State Bar of Tex. v. Evans , 774 S.W.2d 656, 658 n.5 (Tex. 1989) (per curiam) (appellate court erred by rev ersing judgment based on arguments appellant did not raise). Assuming there was some evidence to support the assumption tha t Hariz might have made different treatment decisions had he been given different drain age volume information, that possibility does not resolve the pivotal question of whether Ha rkins gave any non-conclusory and non-speculative testimony that in reasonable medical probabilit y different drainage volume charting would have resulted in a different decision. The ques tion is whether Harkins explained based on evidence in the record how and why better documentatio n about drainage volumes would probably have prevented Miller’s injuries, thereby stating a de monstrable and reasoned basis for evaluating the opinion. See Starwood Mgmt ., 530 S.W.3d at 679. We hold t hat he did not do so. Harkins’s theory was that better drainage volume documentation would have caused Hariz to make better treatment decisions. To give a factfinder a dem onstrable and reasoned basis for evaluating this opinion, Harkins needed to explain (i) what fac ts better documentation probably would have revealed and (ii) how and why those additional facts probably would have changed Hariz’s decision making. Harkins did not do so. By the time Hariz saw Miller the morning of August 16, the I&O showed that Miller’s drainage volume was 150 ml during the August 15 day shift and 8 0 ml during the August 15 night shift. Harkins did not opine that these notes were wrong or th at any drainage volumes had been–20– omitted. Although he said that charting additional information “would have probably changed [Hariz’s] decision-making, with a fair degree of certainty,” he acknowledged that he didn’t know what that information would have revealed. And he didn’t expla in why this unknown additional information would have changed Hariz’s decision making. Harkin s’s testimony was both conclusory and speculative. See Nat. Gas Pipeline Co. of Am. v. Justiss , 397 S.W.3d 150, 156 (Tex. 2012) (“[T]estimony is specu lative if it is based on gues swork or conjecture.”) (footnote omitted). As for August 16, Harkins suggested that the nurses’ negligent charting of drainage volumes affected Hariz’s decisions because (i) that morning Har iz noted that Miller’s drainage was decreasing but (ii) the nurses documented 250 ml of drainag e for the day. But the evidence showed that Hariz saw Miller at 9:00 or 10:00 that morning 2 and the 250 ml notation was later made at 4:00 p.m. to include the drainage for the whole day. Again, Harkins did not say that this information was incorrect. He did not say when, in his opinion, any of the August 16 drai nage occurred, so he offered no basis for determining how much of it occurred before Hariz saw Miller that morning. And he di d not explain how charting drainage volumes more frequently over the course of the day would have a ffected Hariz’s decisions— particularly given that Hariz apparently saw Miller at 9:00 or 10:00 that morning. Without this information, a factfinder could not reasonably evaluate Harkins ’s causation opinion. Finally, Harkins consistently explained his causation opinion o nly in vague generalities. He said that “the overall lack of documentation, lack of commun ication . . . is what caused harm.” He also said that “[t]he things that were probably going to com e out of that [i.e., better documentation] would probably have changed [Hariz’s] decision-m aking, with a fair degree of certainty.” And he said, “I think the character, the volume, t he way the drainage was going through

2 The Nursing Flow for August 16 has a 9:00 note saying that Har iz saw the patient. Hariz’s note about seeing Miller started “ 8/16/13 10 00 .”–21– his patient care should have been better understood, because th at could have given [Hariz] better information to make a decision about how to care for the guy an d maybe not discharged him.” These generalities do not enable a factfinder to reasonably eva luate Harkins’s causation opinion.
See Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Ramirez , 159 S.W.3d 897, 905–06 (Tex. 2004) (expert’s general reliance on “basic scientific a nd some engineering principles” and “the laws of physics” were insufficient explana tions for his opinion).
5. Conclusion We hold that Harkins’s opinion that, based on reasonable medica l probability, negligent charting of Miller’s drainage vol umes caused his injuries was c onclusory, speculative, and not based on record facts. Accordingly, the trial court did not er r by striking it. We therefore overrule Miller’s first issue. B. Issue Two: Did the trial court err by granting summary judg ment against Miller? Miller’s second issue argues that the summary judgment was erro neous even if the trial court did not err by striking Harkins’s testimony. Specificall y, he argues that Hariz’s testimony alone provides sufficient evidence that the nurses’ negligent c harting caused Miller’s injuries. We disagree. Miller contends that Hariz testified that he “actually relied o n the erroneous medical records created by the Hospital in making his decision to disch arge Miller.” But his record references do not support his argum ent. Miller quotes Hariz’s testimony as follows: Q. Would you want to know if there’s still bile coming out— A. The surgeon wants to know e verything, but there’s a limit to what you are asking. For example, yes, is it—would I like to know if it is green or does it smell? Yes, I would like to know if it’s green or does it s mell. I would like to know the volume, yes. Q. Okay. And that was my point. You want to know the volume a nd the color, correct? A. Yes.–22– . . . . Q. Okay. Would you expect the nur ses to denote that the draina ge had decreased during hi s hospital stay? A. They would. Q. And that would assist you in m aking a diagnosis in dischargi ng the patient, correct? A. Yes. But this passage does not identify any errors in the nurses’ do cumentation about Miller, nor does Hariz say that any particular cha nge in the documentation would have changed his decision to discharge Miller. This passage is no evidence of causation. Miller also argues that Hariz bel ieved, based on the hospital’s erroneous records, that the drainage was going down when it was actually going up in the ho urs leading up to discharge. But Miller cites no evidence that Hariz based his August 16 note th at drainage was decreasing on the hospital’s records, much less on any errors in them. Hariz sai d he didn’t remember where he got the information for his August 16 note that drainage was decrea sing, but it could have come from medical records or conversati ons with a nurse, Miller, or famil y members. Indeed, the medical records available to Hariz at 10:00 on Augu st 16th showed that the drainage volume was decreasing. Specifically, the I&O indicate d that there was 150 ml of drainage during the day on August 15, and the n 80 ml of drainage during the August 15 night shift. Later on August 16, at 4:00 p.m., t he nurses’ notes show a tota l drainage of 250 ml at that time. But Miller cites no evidence that (i) any of the August 16 drainage occurred before Hariz saw Miller that morning, (ii) the August 16 Nursing Flow was wr ong, or (iii) charting drainage more frequently on A ugust 16 would have made any difference. I n sum, there is no evidence that charting additional drainage volume information before 10:00 on August 16th would have–23– prevented Miller’s discharge. 3 Thus, the evidence would require speculation as to what the unknown volumes would have been or how Hariz would have reacted had he seen that unknown information for us to conclude that the lack of such informatio n more likely than not was a substantial factor without whic h Miller would not have suffered is injuries. Because Miller does not point to any evidence sufficient to rai se a genuine fact issue as to causation, we overrule his second issue.
IV. D ISPOSITION Having overruled Miller’s two issu es, we affirm the trial court ’s judgment.

170954F.P05

3 We note that Miller does not argue that appellees are liable f or not contacting Hariz after he saw Miller on the 16th to tell Hariz about that day’s drainage. /Bill Whitehill/ BILL WHITEHILL JUSTICE–24– 

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Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
MICHAEL MILLER, Appellant
No. 05-17-00954-CV V. LONE STAR HMA, L.P., AND MESQUITE HMA GENERAL, LLC, Appellees On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4, Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. CC-15-04020-D. Opinion delivered by Justice Whitehill. Justices Francis and Fillmore participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judg ment of the trial court is AFFIRMED

. It is ORDERED that appellees Lone Star HMA , L.P., and Mesquite HMA General, LLC recover their costs of this app eal from appellant Michael Mille r.
Judgment entered August 21, 2018.