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Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2017

In 2017, the overall unemployment rate for the United States was 4.4 percent; 

however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, 

the unemployment rates were higher than the national rate for American Indians and 

Alaska Natives (7.8 percent), Blacks or African Americans (7.5 percent), people 

categorized as being of Two or More Races (6.7 percent), and Native Hawaiians 

and Other Pacific Islanders (6.1 percent). Jobless rates were lower than the national 

rate for Asians (3.4 percent) and Whites (3.8 percent). The rate for people of 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 5.1 percent, was higher than the 4.2-percent rate for 

non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with 

many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the 

groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the 

groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of 

discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups 

living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of 

supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native 

Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed 

Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in 

all tables.

The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is 

a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the 

technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity 

groups in 2017.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 

percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while 

Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders consisted of less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 

percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 23 percent of all Asians. 

Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (16 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and 

Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—16 percent—were classified as Other Asian, a category that includes individuals 

August 2018 | Report 1076
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in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who reported 

two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2).

Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority 

of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 5 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) 

By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans—

including Salvadorans and Other Central Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up another 10 percent. Nine 

percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 8 

percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos, a category that includes two subcategories: Dominicans and 

Other Hispanics or Latinos (excluding Dominicans).

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (67.0 percent), people of Two or 

More Races (66.9 percent), and Hispanics (66.1 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates, and American 

Indians and Alaska Natives (60.3 percent) and Blacks (62.3 percent) had the lowest rates. The participation rates for 

Whites and Asians were 62.8 percent and 63.6 percent, respectively. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4a, and chart 1.)

Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.5 percent) were more likely 

to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (68.1 percent) were the least likely. The labor 

force participation rate for Asian men (75.0 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among adult 
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women (age 20 and older), Blacks (62.5 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than Hispanics (58.9 

percent), Asians (58.3 percent), and Whites (57.6 percent). (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.6 percent 

for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 62.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The 

employment–population ratio was 57.6 percent for Blacks, 60.4 percent for Whites, 61.5 percent for Asians, 62.4 percent 

for individuals of Two or More Races, and 62.7 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5a.)

Among adult men (ages 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.1 percent) continued to 

have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks (63.1 percent) had the lowest, continuing a longstanding pattern. 

The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.6 percent and 69.3 percent, respectively. 

Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 58.5 percent for 

Blacks, 56.4 percent for Asians, 55.8 percent for Hispanics, and 55.6 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)

The employment–population ratio among teenagers (age 16 to 19) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, 

Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (32.3 percent) was about 12 percentage points higher than the ratio for 

Asian teens (20.8 percent) and about 10 percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (22.8 percent). The ratio 

for Hispanic teens was 27.1 percent.

Educational attainment

Among people age 25 and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 

percent for each of Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 75 percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at 

least a high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 61 percent of 

Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 40 percent of Whites, 30 percent of Blacks, 

and 20 percent of Hispanics (as computed from table 6 and chart 2).
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Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of 

unemployment. For all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher 

were generally lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education typically are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those 

in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of 

those ages 25 and older increased with educational attainment for all major race and ethnicity groups. Blacks and 

Hispanics with a bachelor’s degree and higher had lower earnings than their Asian and White counterparts. (See table 

17.)

Occupation

Fifty-two percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying 

major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 31 percent of employed Blacks, and 23 

percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)
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Among employed men, 54 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared 

with 37 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black and 

Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas 13 percent of employed Asian and White men, 

respectively, worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and 

Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-eight percent of employed 

Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of 

White men, 11 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. 

Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related 

occupations: 50 percent of Asian women, compared with 45 percent of White women, 36 percent of Black women, and 

28 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 61 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—

service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 56 percent of Blacks, 49 percent of Whites, and 

43 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed 

occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (53 percent); miscellaneous agricultural 

workers (51 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed 

workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, 

and home health aides (34 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (32 percent); and taxi drivers and 

chauffeurs (28 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of 

workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (62 percent), software 

developers (32 percent), and physicians and surgeons (18 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, 
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but accounted for 95 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 90 percent of construction 

managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (20 percent) than were Whites 

(13 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of 

other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent). Twenty percent of employed Asian 

men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), 

and Black men (12 percent). A large share of employed women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and 

health services: Blacks (40 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 

9.)

Families and parents

Eighty-nine percent of Asian families and 87 percent of Hispanic families had an employed person. By contrast, White 

and Black families were less likely to have an employed person: 80 percent and 79 percent, respectively. (See table 10.)

Families maintained by women (without a spouse present) accounted for 43 percent of Black families, 24 percent of 

Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women 

without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In 

comparison, 76 percent of Black families, 77 percent of White families, and 79 percent of Hispanic families that were 

maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women without a 

spouse present were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family 

member.

Among mothers with children under 18, Black mothers (78.4 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than 

White (70.5 percent), Asian (65.0 percent), or Hispanic (61.9 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)

Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 were more likely to be in the labor force than were 

mothers with children under 18. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.7 percent for Whites, 93.1 

percent for Hispanics, 93.1 percent for Asians, and 87.3 percent for Blacks.

Unemployment

Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (7.8 percent) and Blacks 

(7.5 percent) had the highest unemployment rates, and the rate was lowest for Asians (3.4 percent). The jobless rates 

were 3.8 percent for Whites, 6.1 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 6.7 percent for individuals of 

Two or More Races, and 5.1 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12a, and charts 4 and 5.)
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Among the major race and ethnicity groups, the jobless rates for adult Black men and adult Black women (age 20 and 

older) were 7.2 percent and 6.5 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 4.2 percent, 

and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 5.3 percent. In comparison, the jobless rates for both adult White men and 

adult White women were 3.5 percent. For both adult Asian men and adult Asian women, the unemployment rate was 3.2 

percent, respectively. (See table 3.)

Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 24.0 percent. The unemployment rates for Hispanic, 

White, and Asian teenagers were 15.0 percent, 12.2 percent, and 11.5 percent, respectively.

Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The 

median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 13.1 weeks and 11.5 weeks, respectively, whereas the 

figure for Whites was 9.3 weeks and Hispanics, 8.9 weeks. (See table 13.)

Of the 7.0 million unemployed, 49 percent (3.4 million) were job losers (that is, workers who lost their jobs or who 

completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (30 percent), job leavers (11 percent), and new entrants (10 

percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity 

group, 51 percent of Whites and 50 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 47 percent of Blacks and 42 

percent of Asians. Fifteen percent of unemployed Asians, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, 11 percent of unemployed 

Hispanics, and 9 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)
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Not in the labor force

 As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, but 22 percent of people marginally 

attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force, 

wanted to work and were available to work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 

4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly 

proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative 

to their share of the labor force: 78 percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also 

made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (27 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged 

workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they 

believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than 

Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2017 were $655 for 

Hispanics, $682 for Blacks, $890 for Whites, and $1,043 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for Whites ($971), Blacks 

($710), and Hispanics ($690) were 80 percent, 59 percent, and 57 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asians 

($1,207). The median earnings of White women ($795), Black women ($657), and Hispanic women ($603) were 88 

percent, 73 percent, and 67 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($903). (These earnings comparisons 

are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such 

as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational 

groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,662) and White men ($1,458) working full time in 

management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group) were considerably 

higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,166) and Black men ($1,099) in the same occupational group. (See table 

18.)

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. 

For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $515 for Asians, $505 for Whites, $484 for 

Blacks, and $475 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of 

Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.
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Statistical Tables

Gender and race

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total 255,079 160,320 62.9 153,337 60.1 6,982 4.4 94,759

Men 123,275 85,145 69.1 81,402 66.0 3,743 4.4 38,130

Women 131,804 75,175 57.0 71,936 54.6 3,239 4.3 56,629

White 198,942 124,941 62.8 120,176 60.4 4,765 3.8 74,001

Men 97,225 67,592 69.5 65,000 66.9 2,592 3.8 29,633

Women 101,717 57,349 56.4 55,176 54.2 2,173 3.8 44,368

Black 32,247 20,088 62.3 18,587 57.6 1,501 7.5 12,159

Men 14,712 9,508 64.6 8,742 59.4 766 8.1 5,204

Women 17,535 10,580 60.3 9,845 56.1 735 6.9 6,955

Asian 15,368 9,781 63.6 9,448 61.5 333 3.4 5,587

Men 7,181 5,166 71.9 4,989 69.5 177 3.4 2,015

Women 8,187 4,615 56.4 4,458 54.5 156 3.4 3,572

American Indian and Alaska Native 2,882 1,737 60.3 1,601 55.6 136 7.8 1,145

Men 1,423 937 65.8 858 60.3 79 8.5 486

Women 1,460 800 54.8 744 50.9 57 7.1 660

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 931 624 67.0 586 62.9 38 6.1 307

Men 456 331 72.6 313 68.7 18 5.4 125

Women 475 293 61.7 273 57.4 20 7.0 182

Two or More Races 4,708 3,148 66.9 2,939 62.4 210 6.7 1,560

Men 2,278 1,611 70.7 1,500 65.8 111 6.9 668

Women 2,430 1,538 63.3 1,439 59.2 99 6.4 892

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total 255,079 160,320 62.9 153,337 60.1 6,982 4.4 94,759

Men 123,275 85,145 69.1 81,402 66.0 3,743 4.4 38,130

Women 131,804 75,175 57.0 71,936 54.6 3,239 4.3 56,629

Asian 15,368 9,781 63.6 9,448 61.5 333 3.4 5,587

Men 7,181 5,166 71.9 4,989 69.5 177 3.4 2,015

Women 8,187 4,615 56.4 4,458 54.5 156 3.4 3,572

Asian Indian 3,297 2,255 68.4 2,182 66.2 73 3.3 1,041

Chinese 3,497 2,103 60.1 2,036 58.2 66 3.1 1,394

Filipino 2,323 1,541 66.3 1,496 64.4 45 2.9 782

Japanese 896 497 55.4 484 54.0 13 2.5 400

Korean 1,248 770 61.7 750 60.1 21 2.7 477

Vietnamese 1,595 1,030 64.6 992 62.2 38 3.7 565

Other Asian 2,513 1,585 63.1 1,508 60.0 77 4.9 928

Hispanic or Latino 41,371 27,339 66.1 25,938 62.7 1,401 5.1 14,032

Men 20,578 15,604 75.8 14,874 72.3 730 4.7 4,974

Women 20,794 11,735 56.4 11,064 53.2 671 5.7 9,058

Mexican 25,455 16,808 66.0 15,958 62.7 849 5.1 8,647

Men 12,918 9,908 76.7 9,453 73.2 455 4.6 3,010

Women 12,537 6,899 55.0 6,505 51.9 394 5.7 5,638

Puerto Rican 3,902 2,409 61.7 2,265 58.1 144 6.0 1,493

Men 1,866 1,245 66.7 1,162 62.3 82 6.6 621

Women 2,036 1,164 57.2 1,103 54.2 62 5.3 872

Cuban 1,723 1,063 61.7 1,019 59.2 43 4.1 660

Men 834 600 71.9 579 69.4 21 3.4 234

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Women 888 463 52.1 440 49.5 23 4.9 426

Central American 3,875 2,765 71.4 2,645 68.3 120 4.3 1,109

Men 1,956 1,617 82.7 1,563 79.9 54 3.4 339

Women 1,918 1,148 59.8 1,082 56.4 66 5.7 771

Salvadoran 1,530 1,105 72.2 1,058 69.2 46 4.2 425

Men 763 633 82.9 607 79.5 26 4.1 131

Women 766 472 61.6 451 58.9 21 4.4 294

Other Central American(1) 2,345 1,661 70.8 1,587 67.7 74 4.5 684

Men 1,193 985 82.6 956 80.2 28 2.9 208

Women 1,152 676 58.6 630 54.7 45 6.7 476

South American 2,889 2,022 70.0 1,923 66.6 99 4.9 867

Men 1,362 1,070 78.5 1,023 75.1 47 4.4 292

Women 1,527 952 62.4 900 59.0 52 5.4 575

Other Hispanic or Latino 3,528 2,273 64.4 2,128 60.3 145 6.4 1,255

Men 1,642 1,164 70.9 1,093 66.6 70 6.0 478

Women 1,887 1,109 58.8 1,034 54.8 75 6.8 778

Dominican 1,452 951 65.5 877 60.4 74 7.8 501

Men 627 444 70.9 412 65.7 32 7.3 183

Women 825 507 61.4 465 56.4 42 8.2 318

Other Hispanic or Latino(2) 2,076 1,322 63.7 1,250 60.2 71 5.4 754

Men 1,015 719 70.9 681 67.2 38 5.3 295

Women 1,061 602 56.7 569 53.6 33 5.5 459

Hispanic or Latino 41,371 27,339 66.1 25,938 62.7 1,401 5.1 14,032

Men 20,578 15,604 75.8 14,874 72.3 730 4.7 4,974

Women 20,794 11,735 56.4 11,064 53.2 671 5.7 9,058

White Hispanic or Latino 36,820 24,290 66.0 23,073 62.7 1,217 5.0 12,530

Men 18,345 13,985 76.2 13,343 72.7 642 4.6 4,360

Women 18,475 10,305 55.8 9,730 52.7 575 5.6 8,170

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Footnotes

(1) Excludes Salvadoran.

(2) Excludes Dominican.

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Black Hispanic or Latino 1,884 1,274 67.6 1,193 63.3 82 6.4 610

Men 867 608 70.1 573 66.1 35 5.7 259

Women 1,017 667 65.5 620 60.9 47 7.0 351

Asian Hispanic or Latino 411 264 64.2 249 60.6 15 5.6 147

Men 201 146 72.6 138 69.0 7 5.0 55

Women 210 118 56.3 111 52.7 8 6.4 92

Non-Hispanic or Latino 213,708 132,980 62.2 127,399 59.6 5,581 4.2 80,727

Men 102,698 69,541 67.7 66,528 64.8 3,013 4.3 33,156

Women 111,010 63,439 57.1 60,871 54.8 2,568 4.0 47,571

White non-Hispanic or Latino 162,122 100,652 62.1 97,104 59.9 3,548 3.5 61,471

Men 78,880 53,607 68.0 51,657 65.5 1,950 3.6 25,273

Women 83,242 47,044 56.5 45,446 54.6 1,598 3.4 36,198

Black non-Hispanic or Latino 30,363 18,814 62.0 17,394 57.3 1,419 7.5 11,549

Men 13,845 8,900 64.3 8,169 59.0 731 8.2 4,945

Women 16,518 9,913 60.0 9,226 55.9 688 6.9 6,604

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino 14,957 9,517 63.6 9,199 61.5 318 3.3 5,440

Men 6,980 5,021 71.9 4,851 69.5 170 3.4 1,960

Women 7,977 4,496 56.4 4,348 54.5 149 3.3 3,481

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and nonHispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older 255,079 160,320 62.9 153,337 60.1 6,982 4.4 94,759

16 to 19 years 16,754 5,901 35.2 5,074 30.3 827 14.0 10,853

20 years and older 238,325 154,418 64.8 148,263 62.2 6,155 4.0 83,907

20 to 24 years 21,396 15,259 71.3 14,132 66.0 1,127 7.4 6,137

25 to 54 years 125,697 102,683 81.7 98,833 78.6 3,850 3.7 23,014

55 to 64 years 41,691 26,899 64.5 26,064 62.5 835 3.1 14,792

65 years and older 49,542 9,577 19.3 9,234 18.6 343 3.6 39,964

Men, 16 years and older 123,275 85,145 69.1 81,402 66.0 3,743 4.4 38,130

16 to 19 years 8,493 2,939 34.6 2,483 29.2 457 15.5 5,553

20 years and older 114,783 82,206 71.6 78,919 68.8 3,287 4.0 32,577

20 to 24 years 10,726 7,948 74.1 7,281 67.9 667 8.4 2,778

25 to 54 years 61,851 54,813 88.6 52,817 85.4 1,996 3.6 7,038

55 to 64 years 20,054 14,156 70.6 13,710 68.4 445 3.1 5,898

65 years and older 22,151 5,289 23.9 5,111 23.1 179 3.4 16,862

Women, 16 years and older 131,804 75,175 57.0 71,936 54.6 3,239 4.3 56,629

16 to 19 years 8,261 2,962 35.9 2,591 31.4 371 12.5 5,299

20 years and older 123,542 72,213 58.5 69,344 56.1 2,868 4.0 51,330

20 to 24 years 10,669 7,311 68.5 6,851 64.2 460 6.3 3,358

25 to 54 years 63,846 47,870 75.0 46,016 72.1 1,854 3.9 15,975

55 to 64 years 21,637 12,743 58.9 12,354 57.1 389 3.1 8,894

65 years and older 27,390 4,288 15.7 4,124 15.1 164 3.8 23,102

White

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

Total, 16 years and older 198,942 124,941 62.8 120,176 60.4 4,765 3.8 74,001

16 to 19 years 12,339 4,542 36.8 3,989 32.3 554 12.2 7,797

20 years and older 186,603 120,399 64.5 116,188 62.3 4,211 3.5 66,204

20 to 24 years 15,701 11,481 73.1 10,738 68.4 743 6.5 4,220

25 to 54 years 95,391 78,569 82.4 76,006 79.7 2,564 3.3 16,821

55 to 64 years 33,709 22,209 65.9 21,581 64.0 628 2.8 11,500

65 years and older 41,803 8,139 19.5 7,863 18.8 277 3.4 33,663

Men, 16 years and older 97,225 67,592 69.5 65,000 66.9 2,592 3.8 29,633

16 to 19 years 6,284 2,296 36.5 1,991 31.7 304 13.3 3,988

20 years and older 90,941 65,296 71.8 63,009 69.3 2,288 3.5 25,645

20 to 24 years 7,925 6,062 76.5 5,613 70.8 449 7.4 1,863

25 to 54 years 47,681 42,793 89.7 41,430 86.9 1,363 3.2 4,889

55 to 64 years 16,413 11,863 72.3 11,531 70.3 331 2.8 4,550

65 years and older 18,922 4,579 24.2 4,434 23.4 144 3.2 14,343

Women, 16 years and older 101,717 57,349 56.4 55,176 54.2 2,173 3.8 44,368

16 to 19 years 6,055 2,247 37.1 1,997 33.0 249 11.1 3,809

20 years and older 95,661 55,103 57.6 53,179 55.6 1,923 3.5 40,559

20 to 24 years 7,776 5,419 69.7 5,126 65.9 293 5.4 2,356

25 to 54 years 47,709 35,777 75.0 34,576 72.5 1,201 3.4 11,933

55 to 64 years 17,296 10,346 59.8 10,050 58.1 297 2.9 6,949

65 years and older 22,881 3,560 15.6 3,428 15.0 132 3.7 19,321

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 32,247 20,088 62.3 18,587 57.6 1,501 7.5 12,159

16 to 19 years 2,511 754 30.0 573 22.8 181 24.0 1,758

20 years and older 29,736 19,334 65.0 18,015 60.6 1,320 6.8 10,401

20 to 24 years 3,239 2,241 69.2 1,984 61.3 258 11.5 997

25 to 54 years 16,953 13,530 79.8 12,639 74.6 891 6.6 3,423

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

55 to 64 years 4,934 2,741 55.6 2,606 52.8 135 4.9 2,193

65 years and older 4,610 822 17.8 786 17.0 36 4.4 3,789

Men, 16 years and older 14,712 9,508 64.6 8,742 59.4 766 8.1 5,204

16 to 19 years 1,249 345 27.6 241 19.3 104 30.0 903

20 years and older 13,464 9,163 68.1 8,500 63.1 663 7.2 4,301

20 to 24 years 1,571 1,091 69.4 946 60.2 144 13.2 481

25 to 54 years 7,795 6,388 81.9 5,958 76.4 430 6.7 1,407

55 to 64 years 2,234 1,304 58.4 1,231 55.1 73 5.6 930

65 years and older 1,864 380 20.4 365 19.6 15 4.0 1,483

Women, 16 years and older 17,535 10,580 60.3 9,845 56.1 735 6.9 6,955

16 to 19 years 1,263 409 32.4 331 26.2 77 18.9 854

20 years and older 16,272 10,171 62.5 9,514 58.5 657 6.5 6,101

20 to 24 years 1,667 1,151 69.0 1,038 62.2 113 9.8 516

25 to 54 years 9,159 7,143 78.0 6,682 73.0 461 6.5 2,016

55 to 64 years 2,700 1,437 53.2 1,375 50.9 62 4.3 1,263

65 years and older 2,747 441 16.1 421 15.3 21 4.7 2,305

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 15,368 9,781 63.6 9,448 61.5 333 3.4 5,587

16 to 19 years 878 207 23.5 183 20.8 24 11.5 672

20 years and older 14,490 9,574 66.1 9,265 63.9 309 3.2 4,916

20 to 24 years 1,359 727 53.5 675 49.6 52 7.2 632

25 to 54 years 8,816 7,005 79.5 6,819 77.3 187 2.7 1,811

55 to 64 years 2,050 1,401 68.3 1,350 65.9 51 3.6 649

65 years and older 2,265 441 19.5 422 18.6 20 4.4 1,824

Men, 16 years and older 7,181 5,166 71.9 4,989 69.5 177 3.4 2,015

16 to 19 years 434 105 24.2 93 21.3 13 12.1 329

20 years and older 6,747 5,061 75.0 4,897 72.6 164 3.2 1,686

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

20 to 24 years 678 364 53.7 333 49.1 31 8.6 314

25 to 54 years 4,166 3,748 90.0 3,654 87.7 93 2.5 419

55 to 64 years 931 710 76.3 683 73.4 27 3.8 221

65 years and older 971 239 24.6 226 23.3 13 5.3 733

Women, 16 years and older 8,187 4,615 56.4 4,458 54.5 156 3.4 3,572

16 to 19 years 444 101 22.9 90 20.3 11 11.0 342

20 years and older 7,743 4,513 58.3 4,368 56.4 145 3.2 3,230

20 to 24 years 681 363 53.3 341 50.2 21 5.8 318

25 to 54 years 4,650 3,258 70.1 3,164 68.1 93 2.9 1,392

55 to 64 years 1,119 690 61.7 667 59.6 24 3.4 428

65 years and older 1,293 202 15.6 195 15.1 7 3.4 1,091

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 41,371 27,339 66.1 25,938 62.7 1,401 5.1 14,032

16 to 19 years 3,844 1,225 31.9 1,041 27.1 184 15.0 2,619

20 years and older 37,528 26,115 69.6 24,898 66.3 1,217 4.7 11,413

20 to 24 years 4,686 3,326 71.0 3,073 65.6 253 7.6 1,361

25 to 54 years 24,051 19,072 79.3 18,259 75.9 813 4.3 4,978

55 to 64 years 4,662 2,939 63.0 2,825 60.6 113 3.9 1,723

65 years and older 4,129 778 18.8 740 17.9 38 4.9 3,351

Men, 16 years and older 20,578 15,604 75.8 14,874 72.3 730 4.7 4,974

16 to 19 years 1,951 617 31.6 519 26.6 98 15.9 1,333

20 years and older 18,627 14,987 80.5 14,355 77.1 632 4.2 3,640

20 to 24 years 2,374 1,829 77.0 1,692 71.3 137 7.5 545

25 to 54 years 12,204 11,054 90.6 10,639 87.2 415 3.8 1,150

55 to 64 years 2,256 1,658 73.5 1,601 71.0 57 3.4 598

65 years and older 1,794 446 24.9 423 23.6 23 5.1 1,348

Women, 16 years and older 20,794 11,735 56.4 11,064 53.2 671 5.7 9,058

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not

in

labor

force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Percent oflabor force

16 to 19 years 1,893 608 32.1 522 27.6 86 14.1 1,285

20 years and older 18,900 11,128 58.9 10,543 55.8 585 5.3 7,773

20 to 24 years 2,312 1,497 64.7 1,381 59.7 116 7.7 815

25 to 54 years 11,847 8,018 67.7 7,620 64.3 398 5.0 3,829

55 to 64 years 2,406 1,281 53.2 1,224 50.9 56 4.4 1,125

65 years and older 2,335 332 14.2 317 13.6 15 4.6 2,003

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 - - - - - -

1973 60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 - - - 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974 61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 - - - 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975 61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 - - - 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976 61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 - - - 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977 62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 - - - 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978 63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 - - - 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979 63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 - - - 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980 63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 - - - 64.0 81.4 47.4

1981 63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 - - - 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982 64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 - - - 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983 64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 - - - 63.8 80.3 47.7

1984 64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 - - - 64.9 80.6 49.6

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1985 64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 - - - 64.6 80.3 49.3

1986 65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 - - - 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987 65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 - - - 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988 65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 - - - 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989 66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 - - - 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990 66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 - - - 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991 66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 - - - 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992 66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 - - - 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993 66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 - - - 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994 66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 - - - 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995 66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 - - - 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996 66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 - - - 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997 67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 - - - 67.9 80.1 55.1

1998 67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 - - - 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999 67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 - - - 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000 67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001 66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002 66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003 66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004 66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005 66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006 66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007 66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008 66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009 65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010 64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011 64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

2012 63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6

2013 63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7

2014 62.9 69.2 57.0 63.1 69.8 56.7 61.2 63.6 59.2 63.6 72.4 55.8 66.1 76.1 56.0

2015 62.7 69.1 56.7 62.8 69.7 56.2 61.5 63.8 59.7 62.8 71.4 55.2 65.9 76.2 55.7

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2016 62.8 69.2 56.8 62.9 69.8 56.3 61.6 64.1 59.4 63.2 72.1 55.5 65.8 76.0 55.8

2017 62.9 69.1 57.0 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.6 60.3 63.6 71.9 56.4 66.1 75.8 56.4

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004 63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005 63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006 63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007 63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

2008 63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

2009 59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010 57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011 59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

2012 59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5

2013 59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8

2014 60.9 67.2 54.7 67.6 73.8 61.6 64.2 69.7 59.0

2015 60.6 65.9 55.5 66.6 73.7 59.7 64.5 68.4 60.9

2016 61.1 67.2 55.4 68.7 76.0 61.3 65.0 68.1 62.1

2017 60.3 65.8 54.8 67.0 72.6 61.7 66.9 70.7 63.3

Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 - - - - - -

1973 57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 - - - 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974 57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 - - - 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975 56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 - - - 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976 56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 - - - 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977 57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 - - - 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978 59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 - - - 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979 59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 - - - 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980 59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 - - - 57.6 73.5 42.4

1981 59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 - - - 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982 57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 - - - 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983 57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 - - - 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984 59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 - - - 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985 60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 - - - 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986 60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 - - - 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987 61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 - - - 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988 62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 - - - 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989 63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 - - - 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990 62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 - - - 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991 61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 - - - 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992 61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 - - - 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993 61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 - - - 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994 62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 - - - 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995 62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 - - - 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996 63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 - - - 60.6 73.3 47.9

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1997 63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 - - - 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998 64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 - - - 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999 64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 - - - 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000 64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001 63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002 62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003 62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004 62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005 62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006 63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007 63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008 62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009 59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010 58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011 58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

2012 58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4

2013 58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4

2014 59.0 64.9 53.5 59.7 66.1 53.7 54.3 55.9 52.9 60.4 68.6 53.3 61.2 71.0 51.4

2015 59.3 65.3 53.7 59.9 66.5 53.7 55.7 57.2 54.4 60.4 68.6 53.2 61.6 71.5 51.8

2016 59.7 65.8 54.1 60.2 66.7 54.0 56.4 58.3 54.8 60.9 69.6 53.4 62.0 71.9 52.3

2017 60.1 66.0 54.6 60.4 66.9 54.2 57.6 59.4 56.1 61.5 69.5 54.5 62.7 72.3 53.2

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004 57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005 57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

2006 58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

2007 58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2008 57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009 51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010 49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011 50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

2012 52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5

2013 51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7

2014 54.0 59.2 48.9 63.5 69.6 57.5 57.6 62.1 53.4

2015 54.6 58.6 50.8 62.8 69.5 56.3 59.0 62.8 55.6

2016 55.7 61.0 50.6 65.7 72.7 58.5 60.2 62.9 57.6

2017 55.6 60.3 50.9 62.9 68.7 57.4 62.4 65.8 59.2

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population 216,929 22,638 62,192 35,211 22,050 74,838

Civilian labor force 139,159 10,343 35,874 22,339 15,357 55,246

Percent of population 64.1 45.7 57.7 63.4 69.6 73.8

Employed 134,132 9,668 34,210 21,440 14,842 53,971

Employment-population ratio 61.8 42.7 55.0 60.9 67.3 72.1

Unemployed 5,028 674 1,664 899 515 1,275

Unemployment rate 3.6 6.5 4.6 4.0 3.4 2.3

Men

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Civilian noninstitutional population 104,056 11,220 30,948 16,813 9,497 35,579

Civilian labor force 74,258 6,529 20,944 11,811 7,193 27,781

Percent of population 71.4 58.2 67.7 70.2 75.7 78.1

Employed 71,638 6,129 20,013 11,355 6,969 27,172

Employment-population ratio 68.8 54.6 64.7 67.5 73.4 76.4

Unemployed 2,620 401 931 456 223 608

Unemployment rate 3.5 6.1 4.4 3.9 3.1 2.2

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 112,873 11,418 31,244 18,399 12,553 39,259

Civilian labor force 64,902 3,813 14,930 10,528 8,165 27,465

Percent of population 57.5 33.4 47.8 57.2 65.0 70.0

Employed 62,494 3,540 14,197 10,085 7,873 26,799

Employment-population ratio 55.4 31.0 45.4 54.8 62.7 68.3

Unemployed 2,408 273 733 443 292 667

Unemployment rate 3.7 7.2 4.9 4.2 3.6 2.4

White

Civilian noninstitutional population 170,902 17,229 48,904 27,518 17,766 59,485

Civilian labor force 108,918 8,151 27,837 17,127 12,239 43,563

Percent of population 63.7 47.3 56.9 62.2 68.9 73.2

Employed 105,449 7,690 26,710 16,515 11,872 42,662

Employment-population ratio 61.7 44.6 54.6 60.0 66.8 71.7

Unemployed 3,468 461 1,127 612 366 902

Unemployment rate 3.2 5.7 4.1 3.6 3.0 2.1

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 83,016 8,771 24,536 13,323 7,725 28,661

Civilian labor force 59,234 5,349 16,670 9,274 5,829 22,112

Percent of population 71.4 61.0 67.9 69.6 75.5 77.2

Employed 57,396 5,074 16,029 8,954 5,670 21,670

Employment-population ratio 69.1 57.8 65.3 67.2 73.4 75.6

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Unemployed 1,838 275 641 320 160 442

Unemployment rate 3.1 5.1 3.8 3.5 2.7 2.0

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 87,886 8,459 24,368 14,195 10,041 30,823

Civilian labor force 49,683 2,802 11,167 7,853 6,410 21,451

Percent of population 56.5 33.1 45.8 55.3 63.8 69.6

Employed 48,053 2,616 10,681 7,562 6,203 20,992

Employment-population ratio 54.7 30.9 43.8 53.3 61.8 68.1

Unemployed 1,630 186 486 291 207 459

Unemployment rate 3.3 6.7 4.4 3.7 3.2 2.1

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population 26,497 3,218 8,863 5,212 2,726 6,478

Civilian labor force 17,093 1,186 5,302 3,550 2,000 5,055

Percent of population 64.5 36.9 59.8 68.1 73.4 78.0

Employed 16,031 1,038 4,889 3,335 1,894 4,874

Employment-population ratio 60.5 32.3 55.2 64.0 69.5 75.2

Unemployed 1,062 148 412 215 106 182

Unemployment rate 6.2 12.5 7.8 6.1 5.3 3.6

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 11,892 1,480 4,298 2,269 1,132 2,713

Civilian labor force 8,072 619 2,784 1,634 865 2,171

Percent of population 67.9 41.8 64.8 72.0 76.4 80.0

Employed 7,554 535 2,564 1,535 821 2,098

Employment-population ratio 63.5 36.2 59.7 67.7 72.6 77.3

Unemployed 518 84 219 99 44 72

Unemployment rate 6.4 13.5 7.9 6.1 5.1 3.3

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 14,605 1,737 4,565 2,944 1,594 3,765

Civilian labor force 9,021 567 2,518 1,916 1,135 2,885

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Percent of population 61.8 32.6 55.2 65.1 71.2 76.6

Employed 8,477 503 2,325 1,800 1,073 2,775

Employment-population ratio 58.0 29.0 50.9 61.2 67.3 73.7

Unemployed 544 64 193 116 62 109

Unemployment rate 6.0 11.3 7.7 6.1 5.4 3.8

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population 13,131 1,237 2,491 1,192 884 7,327

Civilian labor force 8,847 503 1,515 788 632 5,409

Percent of population 67.4 40.7 60.8 66.1 71.5 73.8

Employed 8,590 481 1,474 764 611 5,261

Employment-population ratio 65.4 38.9 59.2 64.1 69.1 71.8

Unemployed 257 22 41 24 21 148

Unemployment rate 2.9 4.4 2.7 3.0 3.4 2.7

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 6,069 462 1,113 603 365 3,526

Civilian labor force 4,697 237 794 443 289 2,933

Percent of population 77.4 51.4 71.3 73.5 79.3 83.2

Employed 4,564 222 770 431 280 2,860

Employment-population ratio 75.2 48.1 69.2 71.6 76.9 81.1

Unemployed 133 15 24 12 9 73

Unemployment rate 2.8 6.3 3.1 2.7 3.0 2.5

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 7,062 775 1,378 589 519 3,801

Civilian labor force 4,150 266 721 345 343 2,476

Percent of population 58.8 34.3 52.3 58.6 66.0 65.1

Employed 4,027 258 704 333 330 2,401

Employment-population ratio 57.0 33.3 51.1 56.6 63.5 63.2

Unemployed 124 7 17 12 13 75

Unemployment rate 3.0 2.7 2.3 3.5 3.7 3.0

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

Footnotes

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Employment status, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 25 years

and older

Less than a

high school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college(1)

Some college,

no degree

Associate's

degree

Bachelor's

degree and

higher(2)

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population 32,841 9,728 10,012 4,566 2,654 5,880

Civilian labor force 22,789 5,755 6,967 3,393 2,013 4,661

Percent of population 69.4 59.2 69.6 74.3 75.8 79.3

Employed 21,825 5,462 6,642 3,258 1,937 4,525

Employment-population ratio 66.5 56.1 66.3 71.4 73.0 77.0

Unemployed 964 293 325 134 76 136

Unemployment rate 4.2 5.1 4.7 4.0 3.8 2.9

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population 16,253 4,994 5,199 2,243 1,131 2,686

Civilian labor force 13,158 3,830 4,234 1,836 946 2,312

Percent of population 81.0 76.7 81.4 81.9 83.6 86.1

Employed 12,663 3,662 4,067 1,771 915 2,248

Employment-population ratio 77.9 73.3 78.2 78.9 80.9 83.7

Unemployed 495 167 166 66 31 64

Unemployment rate 3.8 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.3 2.8

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population 16,588 4,734 4,813 2,323 1,523 3,195

Civilian labor force 9,631 1,925 2,733 1,556 1,067 2,349

Percent of population 58.1 40.7 56.8 67.0 70.1 73.5

Employed 9,162 1,799 2,575 1,488 1,023 2,277

Employment-population ratio 55.2 38.0 53.5 64.0 67.2 71.3

Unemployed 469 126 158 68 45 72

Unemployment rate 4.9 6.5 5.8 4.4 4.2 3.1

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 153,337 120,176 18,587 9,448 25,938

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 39.7 40.6 30.8 52.0 22.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 16.6 17.5 11.2 17.2 9.8

Management occupations 11.6 12.4 7.3 11.2 6.8

Business and financial operations occupations 4.9 5.1 3.8 6.0 3.0

Professional and related occupations 23.2 23.0 19.6 34.8 12.7

Computer and mathematical occupations 3.1 2.7 2.2 10.6 1.4

Architecture and engineering occupations 2.1 2.1 1.0 4.3 1.1

Life, physical, and social science occupations 0.9 0.9 0.4 2.4 0.5

Community and social service occupations 1.7 1.6 2.8 1.1 1.3

Legal occupations 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.6

Education, training, and library occupations 6.0 6.3 5.3 4.7 3.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.1 2.3 1.3 1.8 1.3

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 6.0 5.8 5.9 9.1 2.9

Service occupations 17.4 16.2 24.2 16.8 24.8

Healthcare support occupations 2.3 1.9 4.7 1.9 2.5

Protective service occupations 2.0 1.9 3.4 1.0 1.5

Food preparation and serving related occupations 5.4 5.1 6.2 5.4 8.2

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.8 3.8 4.7 2.0 8.6

Personal care and service occupations 3.9 3.4 5.1 6.4 3.9

Sales and office occupations 21.9 21.9 23.4 17.9 20.6

Sales and related occupations 10.3 10.5 9.4 9.3 9.7

Office and administrative support occupations 11.6 11.4 13.9 8.5 10.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 9.3 10.3 5.6 3.3 16.8

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.2 2.0

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Construction and extraction occupations 5.2 5.9 3.0 1.4 11.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 3.2 3.5 2.3 1.7 3.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 11.7 11.1 16.0 10.0 15.4

Production occupations 5.5 5.4 6.1 5.5 7.5

Transportation and material moving occupations 6.2 5.7 9.9 4.5 7.9

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 81,402 65,000 8,742 4,989 14,874

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 36.2 36.7 25.4 54.1 18.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 17.5 18.5 10.8 18.0 9.2

Management occupations 13.2 14.1 7.9 12.7 6.9

Business and financial operations occupations 4.3 4.4 3.0 5.3 2.3

Professional and related occupations 18.8 18.2 14.5 36.1 9.4

Computer and mathematical occupations 4.4 3.8 3.0 15.1 1.9

Architecture and engineering occupations 3.3 3.3 1.7 6.3 1.7

Life, physical, and social science occupations 0.9 0.9 0.5 2.2 0.5

Community and social service occupations 1.1 1.0 1.8 0.8 0.6

Legal occupations 1.1 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.4

Education, training, and library occupations 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.4 1.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.1 2.2 1.6 1.7 1.3

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 2.8 2.6 2.7 5.8 1.5

Service occupations 14.3 13.2 21.1 12.9 19.5

Healthcare support occupations 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.7 0.6

Protective service occupations 3.0 2.8 5.0 1.5 2.1

Food preparation and serving related occupations 4.7 4.3 6.7 5.4 7.3

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4.3 4.2 5.6 2.2 8.0

Personal care and service occupations 1.7 1.5 2.8 3.2 1.5

Sales and office occupations 15.9 15.9 17.1 14.6 14.3

Sales and related occupations 9.9 10.2 8.2 9.1 8.1

Office and administrative support occupations 6.1 5.7 8.9 5.5 6.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 16.6 18.1 11.3 5.6 27.6

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.2 2.5

Construction and extraction occupations 9.6 10.5 6.1 2.4 19.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5.9 6.3 4.6 3.0 6.1

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17.0 16.1 25.2 12.8 20.0

Production occupations 7.4 7.4 8.2 5.8 8.7

Transportation and material moving occupations 9.6 8.7 16.9 7.0 11.3

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 71,936 55,176 9,845 4,458 11,064

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 43.7 45.1 35.6 49.7 27.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 15.5 16.3 11.4 16.3 10.5

Management occupations 9.8 10.5 6.9 9.5 6.6

Business and financial operations occupations 5.7 5.9 4.6 6.7 3.9

Professional and related occupations 28.1 28.8 24.1 33.5 17.1

Computer and mathematical occupations 1.7 1.4 1.6 5.4 0.6

Architecture and engineering occupations 0.7 0.7 0.3 2.1 0.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations 0.9 0.9 0.4 2.6 0.5

Community and social service occupations 2.4 2.3 3.7 1.4 2.1

Legal occupations 1.3 1.5 0.9 0.9 0.9

Education, training, and library occupations 9.4 10.1 7.5 6.2 6.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 2.1 2.3 1.0 2.0 1.3

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9.5 9.6 8.7 12.8 4.7

Service occupations 21.0 19.7 27.0 21.1 31.9

Healthcare support occupations 4.2 3.6 8.0 3.4 5.2

Protective service occupations 1.0 0.8 2.1 0.3 0.8

Food preparation and serving related occupations 6.2 6.2 5.8 5.4 9.3

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3.3 3.3 3.9 1.9 9.5

Personal care and service occupations 6.3 5.8 7.2 10.1 7.2

Sales and office occupations 28.6 29.0 29.0 21.5 29.1

Sales and related occupations 10.8 10.9 10.5 9.6 11.9

Office and administrative support occupations 17.8 18.2 18.5 11.9 17.2

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.7 2.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.4

Construction and extraction occupations 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 5.7 5.1 7.9 6.9 9.2

Production occupations 3.4 3.1 4.2 5.2 5.9

Transportation and material moving occupations 2.3 2.0 3.7 1.7 3.3

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over 153,337 78.4 12.1 6.2 16.9

Management, professional, and related occupations 60,901 80.0 9.4 8.1 9.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 25,379 83.0 8.2 6.4 10.0

Management occupations 17,804 84.0 7.6 5.9 9.9

Chief executives 1,639 90.0 3.8 4.6 4.7

General and operations managers 1,005 85.0 8.3 4.5 11.4

Legislators 18 - - - -

Advertising and promotions managers 61 84.5 8.0 7.5 7.4

Marketing and sales managers 1,078 86.4 6.0 6.1 10.2

Public relations and fundraising managers 73 87.9 7.8 3.2 3.7

Administrative services managers 151 83.5 9.4 3.2 10.3

Computer and information systems managers 630 78.0 6.6 13.0 6.6

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Financial managers 1,167 83.5 6.7 8.2 11.2

Compensation and benefits managers 16 - - - -

Human resources managers 327 81.7 12.3 4.3 7.9

Training and development managers 63 89.2 5.6 2.2 9.0

Industrial production managers 280 89.5 3.8 5.9 9.3

Purchasing managers 205 84.3 10.6 3.3 9.1

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 291 79.7 10.7 5.3 13.8

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 1,018 95.4 0.8 1.4 6.1

Construction managers 1,081 90.2 4.9 2.3 12.4

Education administrators 918 81.8 12.9 2.1 10.3

Architectural and engineering managers 129 79.7 8.3 11.2 6.2

Food service managers 1,210 74.7 9.5 11.7 16.9

Funeral service managers 15 - - - -

Gaming managers 19 - - - -

Lodging managers 156 72.9 11.2 12.5 12.0

Medical and health services managers 671 77.9 14.0 5.7 9.1

Natural sciences managers 16 - - - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents 27 - - - -

Property, real estate, and community association managers 743 81.8 11.6 3.5 14.4

Social and community service managers 390 78.1 13.7 4.0 8.6

Emergency management directors 11 - - - -

Managers, all other 4,398 83.2 7.4 7.0 9.4

Business and financial operations occupations 7,574 80.7 9.4 7.5 10.2

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 50 77.3 15.9 6.1 4.0

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 11 - - - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 194 84.2 7.7 6.2 9.0

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 270 82.7 9.4 6.1 11.9

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 350 77.0 18.2 3.0 11.4

Compliance officers 260 80.1 11.9 5.9 9.0

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Cost estimators 118 94.4 3.1 2.2 8.5

Human resources workers 736 80.2 11.8 5.7 13.8

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 59 72.2 21.5 2.3 15.7

Training and development specialists 133 81.6 12.4 1.1 18.2

Logisticians 112 70.9 17.1 7.4 11.7

Management analysts 937 77.2 9.1 11.2 7.4

Meeting, convention, and event planners 137 91.6 4.7 1.4 9.0

Fundraisers 84 88.4 8.8 0.2 2.6

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 344 84.2 5.4 7.7 9.0

Business operations specialists, all other 273 79.2 9.1 9.3 13.6

Accountants and auditors 1,804 79.5 8.2 9.7 9.6

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 97 88.8 9.0 1.8 11.0

Budget analysts 53 71.1 12.5 9.7 11.1

Credit analysts 29 - - - -

Financial analysts 309 75.6 8.8 12.5 6.9

Personal financial advisors 525 87.0 4.8 6.6 8.3

Insurance underwriters 104 85.5 8.8 5.4 8.1

Financial examiners 15 - - - -

Credit counselors and loan officers 353 83.8 8.5 4.2 14.2

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 65 77.2 11.1 9.8 14.8

Tax preparers 107 78.3 17.2 4.0 14.9

Financial specialists, all other 45 - - - -

Professional and related occupations 35,522 77.9 10.3 9.3 9.3

Computer and mathematical occupations 4,804 67.8 8.7 20.8 7.3

Computer and information research scientists 24 - - - -

Computer systems analysts 554 70.9 9.7 16.6 7.2

Information security analysts 105 68.5 15.6 12.6 4.6

Computer programmers 473 65.9 7.1 25.4 5.3

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,536 59.3 5.6 32.4 6.2

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Web developers 204 82.0 4.5 9.8 5.8

Computer support specialists 532 70.7 14.6 11.3 10.3

Database administrators 96 70.6 10.1 18.1 6.2

Network and computer systems administrators 210 79.5 6.3 11.8 10.9

Computer network architects 106 73.1 10.6 15.2 3.1

Computer occupations, all other 693 73.5 11.4 11.9 9.7

Actuaries 29 - - - -

Mathematicians 3 - - - -

Operations research analysts 147 70.9 12.4 15.3 7.3

Statisticians 87 63.1 9.0 22.4 6.4

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 3 - - - -

Architecture and engineering occupations 3,224 79.3 5.6 12.7 8.7

Architects, except naval 253 82.5 2.1 14.0 7.7

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 43 - - - -

Aerospace engineers 148 79.1 8.1 11.4 5.5

Agricultural engineers 2 - - - -

Biomedical engineers 17 - - - -

Chemical engineers 77 91.0 1.7 7.0 4.1

Civil engineers 461 82.5 6.4 7.1 10.7

Computer hardware engineers 80 55.4 5.8 38.3 7.8

Electrical and electronics engineers 284 74.6 3.5 19.5 9.0

Environmental engineers 38 - - - -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 221 80.8 5.3 11.6 6.2

Marine engineers and naval architects 12 - - - -

Materials engineers 32 - - - -

Mechanical engineers 344 84.2 3.6 11.1 6.0

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 11 - - - -

Nuclear engineers 8 - - - -

Petroleum engineers 24 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Engineers, all other 582 73.1 6.9 17.8 9.4

Drafters 137 89.9 6.2 2.4 16.5

Engineering technicians, except drafters 375 76.9 8.9 10.7 10.3

Surveying and mapping technicians 73 90.3 2.1 1.7 10.1

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,431 76.4 5.7 15.8 9.0

Agricultural and food scientists 32 - - - -

Biological scientists 98 81.2 3.1 13.1 7.9

Conservation scientists and foresters 29 - - - -

Medical scientists 161 66.4 6.6 26.2 6.7

Life scientists, all other 3 - - - -

Astronomers and physicists 18 - - - -

Atmospheric and space scientists 7 - - - -

Chemists and materials scientists 105 66.7 11.3 20.8 5.9

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 84 90.8 5.0 0.7 4.8

Physical scientists, all other 301 61.2 4.0 32.1 7.9

Economists 28 - - - -

Survey researchers 3 - - - -

Psychologists 187 89.5 6.5 3.6 8.5

Sociologists 2 - - - -

Urban and regional planners 32 - - - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 41 - - - -

Agricultural and food science technicians 32 - - - -

Biological technicians 23 - - - -

Chemical technicians 57 79.8 7.3 7.8 14.3

Geological and petroleum technicians 13 - - - -

Nuclear technicians 7 - - - -

Social science research assistants 4 - - - -

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 164 80.2 5.7 11.8 13.4

Community and social service occupations 2,635 73.1 19.9 3.8 12.4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Counselors 853 72.3 21.4 2.9 13.0

Social workers 802 69.5 23.5 4.0 14.0

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 99 63.8 26.7 5.3 11.1

Social and human service assistants 232 68.4 22.8 3.1 19.0

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers 76 68.9 19.6 7.0 17.3

Clergy 406 81.3 12.1 4.6 6.1

Directors, religious activities and education 81 88.9 7.1 3.6 6.0

Religious workers, all other 85 86.7 5.0 5.2 5.0

Legal occupations 1,827 86.6 6.9 4.3 8.6

Lawyers 1,137 88.6 5.6 4.4 4.8

Judicial law clerks 14 - - - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 66 87.3 12.7 0.0 7.0

Paralegals and legal assistants 424 82.9 7.7 4.8 17.5

Miscellaneous legal support workers 186 83.7 10.8 3.0 12.9

Education, training, and library occupations 9,215 82.0 10.7 4.9 10.5

Postsecondary teachers 1,423 77.7 8.4 11.7 6.4

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 712 77.1 16.2 3.4 14.1

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,268 85.2 10.1 2.9 10.1

Secondary school teachers 1,039 86.2 8.6 2.8 9.4

Special education teachers 422 86.2 10.0 2.4 7.9

Other teachers and instructors 907 78.8 11.1 6.3 11.9

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 59 80.2 6.4 7.8 1.7

Librarians 194 86.3 6.4 5.2 10.4

Library technicians 40 - - - -

Teacher assistants 989 78.0 14.6 4.2 17.3

Other education, training, and library workers 161 78.5 12.6 5.3 6.0

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,246 83.9 7.3 5.3 10.2

Artists and related workers 236 89.6 3.5 4.5 10.8

Designers 908 84.2 5.1 7.6 12.0

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Actors 40 - - - -

Producers and directors 180 87.8 5.2 4.6 8.9

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 345 88.2 5.0 3.0 8.5

Dancers and choreographers 21 - - - -

Musicians, singers, and related workers 188 75.6 17.3 4.3 6.7

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 67 74.1 9.2 9.9 7.5

Announcers 50 77.5 12.0 7.1 8.5

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 84 73.0 13.4 7.9 16.4

Public relations specialists 118 87.9 8.3 2.6 5.7

Editors 174 90.9 3.8 2.9 4.1

Technical writers 76 84.6 6.7 5.6 1.2

Writers and authors 226 86.3 6.3 3.2 4.6

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 112 70.6 9.5 14.3 32.9

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 119 78.2 14.0 3.7 16.8

Photographers 214 84.4 9.1 3.0 8.7

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 82 86.1 7.2 1.9 7.6

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 5 - - - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9,141 76.5 11.9 9.4 8.2

Chiropractors 51 97.4 0.1 1.7 5.1

Dentists 159 81.6 3.7 13.5 4.7

Dietitians and nutritionists 114 79.7 12.8 5.6 9.0

Optometrists 51 91.9 0.0 7.9 3.2

Pharmacists 342 68.5 8.2 21.7 4.5

Physicians and surgeons 1,079 72.0 8.2 18.1 6.8

Physician assistants 116 86.0 4.7 7.9 5.1

Podiatrists 12 - - - -

Audiologists 15 - - - -

Occupational therapists 122 82.9 8.7 6.4 6.2

Physical therapists 258 78.2 5.3 14.7 5.0

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Radiation therapists 10 - - - -

Recreational therapists 7 - - - -

Respiratory therapists 100 73.3 16.6 10.0 8.8

Speech-language pathologists 141 93.0 2.8 2.7 10.5

Exercise physiologists 5 - - - -

Therapists, all other 221 81.8 12.5 3.3 10.2

Veterinarians 89 91.2 2.1 3.7 3.6

Registered nurses 3,159 76.7 12.3 8.7 6.9

Nurse anesthetists 35 - - - -

Nurse midwives 7 - - - -

Nurse practitioners 175 84.7 10.6 4.0 3.4

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 39 - - - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 376 71.2 17.1 9.4 11.0

Dental hygienists 168 88.6 7.0 2.4 11.9

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 319 84.3 8.2 6.4 12.5

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 223 83.9 9.7 3.1 8.4

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 632 75.6 13.5 7.3 14.3

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 630 64.0 28.4 5.4 12.4

Medical records and health information technicians 167 74.6 13.2 6.9 9.8

Opticians, dispensing 48 - - - -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 160 66.8 18.5 10.4 10.0

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 110 84.0 9.0 6.5 9.4

Service occupations 26,751 72.6 16.8 5.9 24.0

Healthcare support occupations 3,506 65.6 25.1 5.2 18.8

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 1,936 56.4 33.9 5.6 16.7

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 27 - - - -

Physical therapist assistants and aides 83 88.0 5.2 5.6 11.0

Massage therapists 172 83.7 4.6 6.7 12.4

Dental assistants 299 82.9 7.9 5.0 29.1

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Medical assistants 539 76.2 15.0 4.0 27.9

Medical transcriptionists 36 - - - -

Pharmacy aides 39 - - - -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 61 86.4 2.3 6.0 8.4

Phlebotomists 112 64.7 27.6 5.9 17.2

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers 200 60.3 31.4 4.1 16.1

Protective service occupations 3,113 72.6 20.5 2.9 12.8

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 52 77.7 13.1 3.8 10.1

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 95 81.1 14.1 0.9 7.1

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 44 - - - -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 72 74.7 15.0 5.4 10.0

Firefighters 283 88.5 7.5 1.0 7.7

Fire inspectors 27 - - - -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 408 67.4 29.0 1.8 13.5

Detectives and criminal investigators 136 87.1 11.6 0.9 14.1

Fish and game wardens 4 - - - -

Parking enforcement workers 6 - - - -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 704 79.8 13.9 2.4 10.9

Transit and railroad police 7 - - - -

Animal control workers 15 - - - -

Private detectives and investigators 94 79.0 13.8 4.6 11.3

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 920 57.5 32.3 4.4 17.0

Crossing guards 63 69.4 21.5 4.7 20.9

Transportation security screeners 46 - - - -

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 136 88.5 4.1 2.5 9.4

Food preparation and serving related occupations 8,305 74.4 13.9 6.2 25.5

Chefs and head cooks 465 65.0 16.4 13.9 21.0

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 519 74.8 17.0 3.7 18.9

Cooks 2,079 73.2 16.8 5.1 35.4

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Food preparation workers 1,068 72.2 14.5 6.5 27.4

Bartenders 417 85.5 7.2 2.8 14.1

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 372 70.0 17.3 4.4 22.8

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 225 72.0 16.9 5.0 21.3

Waiters and waitresses 2,016 78.2 9.2 7.6 20.9

Food servers, nonrestaurant 207 69.9 18.5 7.0 21.8

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 334 76.4 9.9 7.8 27.9

Dishwashers 274 70.9 19.9 2.9 31.2

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 324 74.8 12.9 3.3 17.1

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 4 - - - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,888 77.4 14.9 3.3 38.0

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 326 79.9 12.0 4.6 28.5

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 255 91.6 5.4 1.2 21.5

Janitors and building cleaners 2,307 72.5 18.6 3.8 31.7

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,527 74.3 17.9 3.9 49.4

Pest control workers 108 82.0 11.4 1.4 13.3

Grounds maintenance workers 1,365 85.6 7.9 2.0 43.1

Personal care and service occupations 5,939 69.5 16.1 10.2 17.1

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 208 82.4 7.7 4.7 6.8

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 232 63.8 15.4 18.8 11.1

Animal trainers 49 - - - -

Nonfarm animal caretakers 263 90.8 2.8 1.6 13.6

Gaming services workers 90 45.1 8.9 34.0 10.2

Motion picture projectionists 1 - - - -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 37 - - - -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 224 75.9 16.1 1.8 18.6

Embalmers and funeral attendants 17 - - - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 42 - - - -

Barbers 135 50.7 38.1 5.1 24.1

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 806 76.7 13.5 5.6 16.3

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 397 27.2 8.3 62.3 9.1

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 89 60.1 24.9 8.3 27.5

Tour and travel guides 68 81.2 4.5 5.3 8.8

Childcare workers 1,225 77.3 15.4 4.3 22.3

Personal care aides 1,365 62.0 24.8 9.1 20.7

Recreation and fitness workers 480 80.1 11.4 3.5 9.6

Residential advisors 44 - - - -

Personal care and service workers, all other 167 74.6 14.6 4.9 17.8

Sales and office occupations 33,566 78.5 13.0 5.0 15.9

Sales and related occupations 15,815 79.9 11.1 5.6 15.9

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,272 81.6 9.4 6.2 15.0

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,220 84.6 6.8 5.4 13.3

Cashiers 3,253 70.2 17.9 6.4 22.3

Counter and rental clerks 109 78.4 12.7 7.0 18.6

Parts salespersons 130 88.8 4.5 2.5 21.9

Retail salespersons 3,235 77.6 12.8 5.7 17.2

Advertising sales agents 241 80.7 14.8 3.9 10.6

Insurance sales agents 624 81.3 10.0 5.9 11.9

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 262 85.8 6.0 5.1 10.3

Travel agents 89 81.9 11.2 6.4 13.0

Sales representatives, services, all other 525 88.5 6.4 3.2 12.9

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,264 89.9 4.6 3.7 10.1

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 61 82.4 6.0 8.7 12.8

Real estate brokers and sales agents 997 85.7 7.2 4.8 11.5

Sales engineers 35 - - - -

Telemarketers 58 61.3 24.7 7.0 25.8

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 166 82.9 11.0 5.4 22.0

Sales and related workers, all other 276 84.2 9.5 4.9 8.1

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Office and administrative support occupations 17,751 77.3 14.6 4.5 15.9

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,425 80.3 13.4 4.0 11.6

Switchboard operators, including answering service 23 - - - -

Telephone operators 47 - - - -

Communications equipment operators, all other 9 - - - -

Bill and account collectors 139 70.7 22.9 3.1 18.9

Billing and posting clerks 473 79.4 13.6 3.8 13.1

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,089 87.4 6.9 3.7 11.3

Gaming cage workers 14 - - - -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 129 75.6 14.3 4.2 17.7

Procurement clerks 30 - - - -

Tellers 306 79.9 12.6 5.0 16.4

Financial clerks, all other 82 78.3 16.0 3.9 17.8

Brokerage clerks 7 - - - -

Correspondence clerks 7 - - - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks 90 75.8 15.6 2.0 16.6

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 55 90.5 3.2 5.7 17.3

Customer service representatives 2,494 73.2 17.2 5.4 17.4

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 62 58.8 26.8 10.0 21.9

File clerks 182 77.2 13.6 6.9 17.8

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 125 64.8 21.5 7.8 15.7

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 142 71.9 18.0 2.8 21.2

Library assistants, clerical 96 81.3 8.6 5.1 10.4

Loan interviewers and clerks 120 77.6 15.3 5.1 14.6

New accounts clerks 32 - - - -

Order clerks 107 66.2 18.8 8.0 14.4

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 45 - - - -

Receptionists and information clerks 1,267 79.9 12.8 3.5 19.7

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 127 60.8 25.3 5.9 15.1

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Information and record clerks, all other 110 75.5 10.1 5.2 15.0

Cargo and freight agents 16 - - - -

Couriers and messengers 239 67.3 25.5 5.5 18.1

Dispatchers 292 81.7 11.6 2.0 16.9

Meter readers, utilities 18 - - - -

Postal service clerks 111 70.8 22.4 4.8 15.9

Postal service mail carriers 306 67.4 22.2 5.6 14.4

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 50 51.0 38.4 7.9 3.8

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 270 81.6 7.8 6.7 9.7

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 623 72.2 20.4 3.7 27.0

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,525 74.0 18.4 4.2 20.6

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 52 85.9 7.4 3.5 29.0

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,769 83.7 9.3 3.6 12.4

Computer operators 73 74.8 14.0 6.3 7.4

Data entry keyers 267 72.4 16.5 8.5 15.2

Word processors and typists 94 69.7 21.1 6.8 13.9

Desktop publishers 2 - - - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 237 70.8 20.3 4.2 14.9

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 61 67.4 24.4 3.0 11.9

Office clerks, general 1,271 75.1 14.8 6.3 18.4

Office machine operators, except computer 33 - - - -

Proofreaders and copy markers 10 - - - -

Statistical assistants 21 - - - -

Office and administrative support workers, all other 576 77.6 15.1 3.7 12.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 14,193 86.9 7.3 2.2 30.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,184 89.3 4.9 1.7 44.3

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 62 87.2 6.6 4.4 27.1

Agricultural inspectors 18 - - - -

Animal breeders 2 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 44

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 110 80.4 12.4 4.2 48.8

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 854 91.7 3.3 1.3 51.1

Fishers and related fishing workers 44 - - - -

Hunters and trappers 1 - - - -

Forest and conservation workers 27 - - - -

Logging workers 66 82.9 10.3 0.0 9.1

Construction and extraction occupations 8,031 87.8 6.9 1.6 36.0

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 639 89.8 5.4 1.2 24.5

Boilermakers 15 - - - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 166 84.6 7.1 1.2 45.1

Carpenters 1,351 89.3 5.3 1.7 35.4

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 183 87.2 6.9 1.3 47.4

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 54 90.4 8.5 0.0 46.7

Construction laborers 1,946 85.9 8.6 1.7 46.9

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 15 - - - -

Pile-driver operators 2 - - - -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 358 90.4 5.2 0.8 19.3

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 156 91.7 3.8 0.6 63.9

Electricians 857 87.9 6.7 2.5 19.1

Glaziers 44 - - - -

Insulation workers 58 82.1 9.6 0.0 42.6

Painters, construction and maintenance 540 89.7 5.9 1.5 53.4

Paperhangers 4 - - - -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 600 86.6 9.0 1.5 27.1

Plasterers and stucco masons 27 - - - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 12 - - - -

Roofers 220 86.6 6.9 2.5 56.1

Sheet metal workers 137 91.4 4.3 1.6 18.7

Structural iron and steel workers 43 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 45

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Solar photovoltaic installers 11 - - - -

Helpers, construction trades 69 88.2 3.8 2.1 38.3

Construction and building inspectors 89 85.5 9.8 2.2 11.2

Elevator installers and repairers 40 - - - -

Fence erectors 34 - - - -

Hazardous materials removal workers 30 - - - -

Highway maintenance workers 101 79.4 13.7 0.1 15.5

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 17 - - - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 10 - - - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 24 - - - -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 30 - - - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 23 - - - -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 10 - - - -

Mining machine operators 51 85.8 7.8 2.7 23.9

Roof bolters, mining 2 - - - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas 4 - - - -

Helpers--extraction workers 4 - - - -

Other extraction workers 54 93.1 2.0 0.0 35.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,977 85.0 8.6 3.3 19.0

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 253 84.0 9.4 4.1 12.8

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 212 73.8 12.7 10.2 17.1

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 134 85.3 7.3 6.1 19.7

Avionics technicians 9 - - - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 28 - - - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 1 - - - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 12 - - - -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 11 - - - -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 50 81.9 14.2 3.7 26.5

Security and fire alarm systems installers 77 78.4 11.0 5.8 24.1

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 46

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 150 83.0 5.6 7.8 13.9

Automotive body and related repairers 140 86.0 6.1 2.9 31.6

Automotive glass installers and repairers 22 - - - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 902 84.1 8.7 3.8 23.2

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 401 85.6 9.4 1.3 18.1

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 201 91.8 4.5 1.4 11.5

Small engine mechanics 44 - - - -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 83 85.6 7.5 4.4 32.2

Control and valve installers and repairers 26 - - - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 448 90.6 5.4 2.4 17.9

Home appliance repairers 41 - - - -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 424 85.8 7.8 3.4 16.5

Maintenance and repair workers, general 528 85.9 8.9 2.1 19.7

Maintenance workers, machinery 27 - - - -

Millwrights 40 - - - -

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 129 89.8 7.8 0.0 11.6

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 189 78.3 18.4 1.7 19.1

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 63 80.9 14.7 1.4 10.9

Wind turbine service technicians 5 - - - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 34 - - - -

Commercial divers 0 - - - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers 35 - - - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 4 - - - -

Riggers 14 - - - -

Signal and track switch repairers 9 - - - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 18 - - - -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 215 86.7 6.4 2.3 23.5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17,927 74.2 16.6 5.3 22.2

Production occupations 8,482 76.8 13.3 6.2 22.8

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 47

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 768 82.2 10.4 3.7 16.7

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 1 - - - -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 128 63.5 15.3 17.2 18.2

Engine and other machine assemblers 13 - - - -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 30 - - - -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 1,033 68.0 20.8 8.0 18.9

Bakers 215 71.3 15.6 8.5 31.5

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 269 68.5 19.8 7.2 35.3

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 12 - - - -

Food batchmakers 89 77.2 12.4 6.6 26.2

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 15 - - - -

Food processing workers, all other 175 62.8 24.1 7.0 37.3

Computer control programmers and operators 99 82.8 9.8 5.6 10.7

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 19 - - - -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 8 - - - -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 8 - - - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 80 82.6 10.0 4.7 12.5

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 4 - - - -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 38 - - - -

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 14 - - - -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 - - - -

Machinists 366 86.1 4.4 6.3 13.9

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 19 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 5 - - - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 45 - - - -

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 - - - -

Tool and die makers 62 97.6 1.1 0.7 6.9

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 600 87.4 7.5 1.1 24.3

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 3 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 48

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Layout workers, metal and plastic 12 - - - -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 17 - - - -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 6 - - - -

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 388 71.1 14.9 9.5 23.1

Prepress technicians and workers 24 - - - -

Printing press operators 173 85.0 6.6 5.8 22.2

Print binding and finishing workers 11 - - - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 151 66.1 18.5 8.0 38.7

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 30 - - - -

Sewing machine operators 197 72.0 8.0 16.0 42.2

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 5 - - - -

Shoe machine operators and tenders 5 - - - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 77 79.1 9.5 8.9 29.6

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 1 - - - -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 8 - - - -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 19 - - - -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 16 - - - -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 0 - - - -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 3 - - - -

Upholsterers 31 - - - -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 18 - - - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 49 - - - -

Furniture finishers 15 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 1 - - - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 27 - - - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 19 - - - -

Woodworkers, all other 28 - - - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 38 - - - -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 76 84.8 8.2 5.5 13.0

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 49

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 107 90.2 6.3 1.0 11.5

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 42 - - - -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 55 79.3 15.7 3.0 15.8

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 72 75.4 15.3 2.2 15.0

Cutting workers 62 78.7 12.4 5.2 30.1

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 21 - - - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 10 - - - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 793 74.7 13.6 8.8 18.9

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 43 - - - -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 70 73.3 14.6 9.7 14.4

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 292 68.5 17.6 9.2 41.8

Painting workers 157 82.1 9.6 2.5 32.9

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 31 - - - -

Semiconductor processors 3 - - - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 6 - - - -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 11 - - - -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 3 - - - -

Etchers and engravers 11 - - - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 35 - - - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 29 - - - -

Tire builders 10 - - - -

Helpers--production workers 50 73.5 8.8 11.9 31.2

Production workers, all other 995 76.5 15.7 4.4 25.4

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,445 71.9 19.5 4.5 21.7

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 205 74.0 18.4 4.0 17.4

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 120 94.9 1.8 1.5 8.0

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 17 - - - -

Flight attendants 98 71.6 15.1 10.1 18.4

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 11 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 50

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Bus drivers 578 65.9 26.7 4.8 12.6

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,506 76.3 16.6 3.2 20.8

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 674 55.0 28.4 12.8 17.0

Motor vehicle operators, all other 76 72.6 19.4 4.8 14.7

Locomotive engineers and operators 42 - - - -

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 4 - - - -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 50 73.8 17.6 5.3 8.4

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 15 - - - -

Sailors and marine oilers 19 - - - -

Ship and boat captains and operators 35 - - - -

Ship engineers 2 - - - -

Bridge and lock tenders 5 - - - -

Parking lot attendants 95 67.4 23.3 6.7 38.4

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 94 73.6 9.6 8.9 21.1

Transportation inspectors 41 - - - -

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 35 - - - -

Other transportation workers 24 - - - -

Conveyor operators and tenders 1 - - - -

Crane and tower operators 53 76.8 20.9 0.1 10.5

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 30 - - - -

Hoist and winch operators 7 - - - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators 611 69.4 25.0 1.8 25.7

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 331 69.7 20.7 3.0 33.3

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,930 70.2 20.2 3.8 22.2

Machine feeders and offbearers 31 - - - -

Packers and packagers, hand 539 69.9 18.9 8.4 41.8

Pumping station operators 21 - - - -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 94 70.2 26.8 2.1 24.2

Mine shuttle car operators 0 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 51

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Occupation Total

employed

Percent of total employed

White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 6 - - - -

Material moving workers, all other 40 - - - -

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 153,337 120,176 18,587 9,448 25,938

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 1.6 1.9 0.4 0.4 2.4

Mining 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5

Construction 7.0 7.9 3.5 2.1 12.3

Manufacturing 10.0 10.3 8.4 11.6 9.8

Durable goods 6.3 6.5 4.9 7.7 5.2

Nondurable goods 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.9 4.6

Wholesale and retail trade 13.2 13.3 12.8 12.6 13.3

Wholesale trade 2.3 2.5 1.8 2.2 2.3

Retail trade 10.9 10.9 11.0 10.4 11.0

Transportation and utilities 5.3 5.0 8.2 4.3 5.6

Information 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.4 1.3

Financial activities 6.8 7.0 5.9 7.7 5.2

Professional and business services 12.3 12.3 10.1 16.6 11.8

Education and health services 22.5 21.9 27.6 22.3 16.8

Leisure and hospitality 9.3 8.9 10.1 10.2 12.4

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Other services 4.9 4.8 4.5 6.3 5.4

Other services, except private households 4.5 4.4 4.1 6.0 4.4

Other services, private households 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.9

Public administration 4.6 4.4 6.5 3.4 3.2

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 81,402 65,000 8,742 4,989 14,874

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2.3 2.6 0.8 0.4 3.2

Mining 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.9

Construction 11.9 13.3 6.9 3.4 20.3

Manufacturing 13.3 13.6 11.8 13.6 11.5

Durable goods 8.9 9.1 7.1 9.7 6.6

Nondurable goods 4.4 4.5 4.7 3.9 4.9

Wholesale and retail trade 13.7 13.7 14.0 13.5 12.7

Wholesale trade 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.8

Retail trade 10.6 10.5 11.1 11.0 10.0

Transportation and utilities 7.6 7.1 12.4 6.4 7.5

Information 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.8 1.3

Financial activities 6.1 6.2 4.9 7.4 4.2

Professional and business services 13.4 13.1 11.6 20.1 12.1

Education and health services 10.8 10.2 13.6 14.0 7.1

Leisure and hospitality 8.6 8.0 10.6 10.0 11.1

Other services 4.4 4.4 4.8 4.6 5.0

Other services, except private households 4.4 4.3 4.8 4.5 4.9

Other services, private households 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1

Public administration 4.8 4.8 6.1 3.4 3.1

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 71,936 55,176 9,845 4,458 11,064

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.4

Mining 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Construction 1.3 1.6 0.5 0.6 1.5

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Industry and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Manufacturing 6.3 6.3 5.3 9.3 7.6

Durable goods 3.4 3.4 2.9 5.4 3.4

Nondurable goods 2.9 2.9 2.4 3.9 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade 12.7 12.9 11.7 11.7 14.2

Wholesale trade 1.5 1.6 0.8 1.9 1.8

Retail trade 11.2 11.3 10.9 9.8 12.4

Transportation and utilities 2.7 2.5 4.5 1.9 3.0

Information 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.1

Financial activities 7.7 7.9 6.7 8.0 6.4

Professional and business services 11.1 11.4 8.8 12.7 11.4

Education and health services 35.7 35.5 39.9 31.5 29.9

Leisure and hospitality 10.1 9.9 9.7 10.4 14.2

Other services 5.4 5.4 4.2 8.2 5.9

Other services, except private households 4.5 4.5 3.6 7.7 3.8

Other services, private households 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.5 2.1

Public administration 4.4 3.9 6.8 3.4 3.3

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total families 82,015 64,910 10,017 4,735 12,936

With at least one family member employed 66,027 52,016 7,886 4,195 11,244

As a percent of total families 80.5 80.1 78.7 88.6 86.9

With at least one family member unemployed 4,744 3,343 951 255 994

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

As a percent of total families 5.8 5.2 9.5 5.4 7.7

Some family member(s) employed 3,277 2,385 553 214 715

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 69.1 71.3 58.1 84.0 71.9

Some family member(s) employed full time 2,870 2,098 469 194 634

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 60.5 62.8 49.4 76.1 63.8

Married-couple families(1) 59,910 50,108 4,603 3,816 8,159

With at least one family member employed 48,525 40,182 3,769 3,385 7,306

As a percent of total families 81.0 80.2 81.9 88.7 89.5

With at least one family member unemployed 2,783 2,162 321 198 563

As a percent of total families - 4.3 7.0 5.2 6.9

Some family member(s) employed 2,245 1,739 256 173 456

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 80.7 80.4 79.8 87.2 81.1

Some family member(s) employed full time 2,016 1,561 228 156 412

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 72.5 72.2 71.2 78.7 73.2

Families maintained by women(2) 15,438 9,938 4,269 553 3,152

With at least one family member employed 11,861 7,655 3,234 470 2,491

As a percent of total families 76.8 77.0 75.7 84.9 79.0

With at least one family member unemployed 1,389 802 492 31 287

As a percent of total families - 8.1 11.5 5.6 9.1

Some family member(s) employed 691 421 218 22 162

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 49.8 52.5 44.4 71.0 56.4

Some family member(s) employed full time 561 341 176 21 135

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 40.4 42.5 35.8 66.4 47.0

Families maintained by men(2) 6,666 4,863 1,145 365 1,625

With at least one family member employed 5,641 4,179 883 340 1,447

As a percent of total families 84.6 85.9 77.1 93.3 89.0

With at least one family member unemployed 573 379 138 25 145

As a percent of total families - 7.8 12.1 7.0 8.9

Some family member(s) employed 340 225 78 19 97

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

Footnotes

(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African 

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Family type and employment status of family members Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 59.4 59.3 56.7 75.7 67.1

Some family member(s) employed full time 293 196 65 17 88

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed 51.2 51.6 46.9 68.0 60.5

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994 60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4 - - - 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995 60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7 - - - 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996 60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3 - - - 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997 60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5 - - - 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998 60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2 - - - 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999 60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6 - - - 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000 60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5 - - - 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001 60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4 - - - 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002 60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003 59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004 59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005 59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006 60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2017 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2007 59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008 59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009 59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010 58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011 58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

2012 57.5 62.6 52.5 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0

2013 57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9

2014 56.7 61.7 51.7 56.9 62.2 51.6 54.8 57.5 52.1 57.0 63.0 51.7 60.5 68.0 51.8

2015 56.5 61.6 51.5 56.7 62.1 51.2 55.3 58.0 52.7 56.5 61.7 51.7 60.4 68.1 51.9

2016 56.7 61.9 51.6 56.8 62.3 51.4 55.2 58.4 52.2 57.1 63.1 51.8 60.3 67.9 52.0

2017 56.8 61.9 51.9 56.8 62.2 51.4 56.1 59.2 53.2 57.4 62.9 52.5 61.0 68.2 53.2

With children under 18 years

1994 79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4 - - - 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995 80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3 - - - 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996 81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3 - - - 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997 81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0 - - - 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998 81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7 - - - 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999 82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5 - - - 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000 82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2 - - - 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001 81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9 - - - 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002 81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003 81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004 80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005 80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006 81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007 81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008 81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009 81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010 80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2017 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2011 80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

2012 80.4 93.1 70.3 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2

2013 80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2

2014 80.1 92.8 70.1 80.6 93.5 69.8 79.9 87.9 75.4 77.4 93.3 64.3 75.8 93.1 62.0

2015 80.0 92.7 69.9 80.4 93.5 69.4 80.4 87.3 76.6 76.2 92.9 62.4 75.7 93.4 61.4

2016 80.4 92.8 70.5 80.8 93.6 70.0 80.8 87.3 77.2 76.7 92.6 63.4 76.0 93.4 61.8

2017 80.8 92.8 71.1 81.2 93.7 70.5 81.6 87.3 78.4 77.8 93.1 65.0 76.0 93.1 61.9

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994 83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5 - - - 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995 83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4 - - - 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996 84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1 - - - 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997 84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7 - - - 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998 84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6 - - - 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999 84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4 - - - 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000 85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0 - - - 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001 85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1 - - - 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002 84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004 84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005 83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006 83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007 84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008 84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009 84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010 83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

2011 83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

2012 82.6 92.2 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1

2013 82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5

2014 82.2 91.6 74.7 82.7 92.4 74.6 81.7 86.5 79.0 80.1 92.6 70.1 78.4 91.9 68.2

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2017 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2015 82.1 91.8 74.4 82.5 92.5 74.2 81.4 85.5 79.1 79.0 92.0 68.4 78.3 92.3 67.3

2016 82.5 91.9 75.0 82.8 92.7 74.6 81.9 85.6 79.9 80.0 92.2 69.9 78.5 92.4 67.7

2017 82.8 91.7 75.7 83.3 92.6 75.3 82.4 84.9 81.1 81.5 92.8 72.2 78.8 92.0 68.1

With children under 6 years

1994 75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2 - - - 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995 76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9 - - - 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996 77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2 - - - 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997 78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8 - - - 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998 78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0 - - - 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999 78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9 - - - 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000 78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9 - - - 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001 78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9 - - - 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002 77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003 77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004 76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005 77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006 77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007 77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008 77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009 77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

2010 77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011 77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

2012 77.7 94.2 64.6 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0

2013 77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5

2014 77.5 94.2 64.2 78.0 94.9 63.7 77.6 89.6 71.0 74.3 94.0 57.4 73.1 94.4 55.2

2015 77.4 93.9 64.2 77.7 94.7 63.3 79.2 89.5 73.4 72.8 94.1 55.0 72.9 94.5 54.7

2016 77.8 94.0 64.7 78.2 94.8 63.9 79.4 89.5 73.6 72.8 93.2 55.6 72.9 94.6 54.8

2017 78.2 94.1 65.1 78.4 95.0 64.2 80.7 90.1 75.0 73.1 93.5 55.2 72.5 94.4 54.3

With children under 3 years

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2017 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

Year

Total White Black or

African American Asian Hispanic orLatino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1994 74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6 - - - 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995 74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0 - - - 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996 75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1 - - - 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997 76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1 - - - 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998 77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5 - - - 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999 77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0 - - - 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000 76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8 - - - 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001 76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7 - - - 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002 76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003 75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004 74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005 74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006 75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007 75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008 76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009 76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010 75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

2011 75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

2012 76.0 95.0 61.2 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4

2013 75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4

2014 76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6 72.6 94.5 53.4 70.8 95.1 50.6

2015 76.1 93.9 61.4 76.4 94.7 60.6 77.5 89.7 70.3 70.8 92.8 52.0 70.9 94.4 50.6

2016 76.5 94.2 61.8 77.1 95.1 61.3 78.2 90.2 70.8 69.3 92.5 49.8 70.9 94.5 50.6

2017 77.0 94.6 62.3 77.4 95.3 61.8 79.2 91.5 71.1 70.7 93.2 50.8 70.9 95.3 50.5

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2017 annual 

averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 60

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, 

grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972 5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 - - - - - -

1973 4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 - - - 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974 5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 - - - 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975 8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 - - - 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976 7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 - - - 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977 7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 - - - 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978 6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 - - - 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979 5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 - - - 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 - - - 10.1 9.7 10.7

1981 7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 - - - 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982 9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 - - - 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983 9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 - - - 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984 7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 - - - 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 - - - 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 - - - 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 - - - 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 - - - 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 - - - 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990 5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 - - - 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991 6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 - - - 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992 7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 - - - 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 - - - 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 - - - 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 - - - 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 - - - 8.9 7.9 10.2

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Year

Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1997 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 - - - 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998 4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 - - - 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 - - - 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004 5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010 9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011 8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

2012 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9

2013 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5

2014 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.3 12.2 10.5 5.0 5.3 4.6 7.4 6.8 8.2

2015 5.3 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.5 9.6 10.3 8.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 6.6 6.3 7.1

2016 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.2 8.4 9.1 7.8 3.6 3.5 3.9 5.8 5.4 6.3

2017 4.4 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.5 8.1 6.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 5.1 4.7 5.7

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003 10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9

2004 9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7

2005 9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2

2006 7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0

2007 8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 62

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; 

people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian 

estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year

American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2008 9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7

2009 13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9

2010 15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0

2011 14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1

2012 12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5

2013 12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5

2014 11.3 11.9 10.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.2 10.9 9.5

2015 9.9 11.1 8.5 5.7 5.7 5.6 8.4 8.1 8.7

2016 8.9 9.2 8.7 4.4 4.3 4.5 7.5 7.6 7.3

2017 7.8 8.5 7.1 6.1 5.4 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.4

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 6,982 4,765 1,501 333 1,401

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 32.5 34.3 26.6 27.2 36.1

5 to 14 weeks 28.8 29.4 26.8 29.4 29.1

15 to 26 weeks 14.6 13.6 17.7 15.2 13.8

27 weeks and over 24.2 22.7 28.9 28.2 21.0

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 25.0 23.8 28.6 30.6 22.3

Median duration, in weeks 10.0 9.3 13.1 11.5 8.9

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,743 2,592 766 177 730

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 63

Footnotes

(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Duration of unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Less than 5 weeks 31.9 33.6 26.4 26.4 38.2

5 to 14 weeks 28.7 29.3 26.0 31.6 30.2

15 to 26 weeks 15.0 13.7 19.0 16.4 12.6

27 weeks and over 24.4 23.4 28.5 25.6 19.0

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 25.3 24.5 28.0 31.4 21.2

Median duration, in weeks 10.1 9.4 13.5 11.3 8.0

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,239 2,173 735 156 671

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks 33.2 35.1 26.9 28.0 33.8

5 to 14 weeks 28.8 29.4 27.6 27.0 27.9

15 to 26 weeks 14.1 13.5 16.3 13.9 15.1

27 weeks and over 23.9 21.9 29.2 31.1 23.2

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) 24.5 22.9 29.3 29.7 23.4

Median duration, in weeks 9.8 9.1 12.7 11.8 10.0

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) 6,982 4,765 1,501 333 1,401

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 49.2 50.8 47.0 42.4 49.6

On temporary layoff 13.7 16.0 7.5 8.2 15.8

Not on temporary layoff 35.5 34.7 39.4 34.1 33.8

Permanent job losers 25.3 25.1 26.5 28.1 22.5

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 64

Reason for unemployment Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Persons who completed temporary jobs 10.2 9.6 13.0 6.0 11.3

Job leavers 11.1 11.7 9.7 11.5 10.5

Reentrants 29.8 28.7 32.1 31.0 29.1

New entrants 9.9 8.9 11.3 15.2 10.8

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,743 2,592 766 177 730

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 54.4 55.9 52.2 48.9 56.8

On temporary layoff 14.9 17.0 8.6 8.2 18.6

Not on temporary layoff 39.6 38.9 43.6 40.7 38.2

Permanent job losers 27.7 27.4 29.5 33.6 24.4

Persons who completed temporary jobs 11.9 11.5 14.1 7.2 13.8

Job leavers 10.2 10.8 8.4 11.2 10.2

Reentrants 25.7 25.0 27.2 25.6 24.1

New entrants 9.7 8.3 12.3 14.2 9.0

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) 3,239 2,173 735 156 671

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs 43.1 44.6 41.6 34.9 41.7

On temporary layoff 12.3 14.8 6.4 8.3 12.7

Not on temporary layoff 30.8 29.8 35.1 26.7 29.0

Permanent job losers 22.6 22.5 23.3 21.9 20.5

Persons who completed temporary jobs 8.2 7.3 11.8 4.7 8.5

Job leavers 12.2 12.7 11.0 11.7 10.9

Reentrants 34.5 33.2 37.2 37.1 34.5

New entrants 10.1 9.5 10.2 16.3 12.9

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached

(available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged

workers(3)

Other(4)

Total

Total, 16 years and older 160,320 94,759 5,518 2,198 1,587 476 1,112 89,242

16 to 24 years 21,160 16,989 1,655 702 439 115 324 15,335

25 to 54 years 102,683 23,014 2,282 1,001 743 223 519 20,732

55 years and older 36,476 54,756 1,581 495 405 138 268 53,175

Men, 16 years and older 85,145 38,130 2,539 1,089 835 299 536 35,591

16 to 24 years 10,887 8,332 863 385 257 75 182 7,468

25 to 54 years 54,813 7,038 940 452 366 137 229 6,098

55 years and older 19,445 22,760 736 252 213 87 126 22,025

Women, 16 years and older 75,175 56,629 2,979 1,109 752 177 575 53,650

16 to 24 years 10,273 8,658 792 317 183 40 143 7,866

25 to 54 years 47,870 15,975 1,342 548 377 86 291 14,633

55 years and older 17,031 31,996 845 243 193 51 142 31,151

White

Total, 16 years and older 124,941 74,001 3,861 1,477 1,056 301 756 70,139

16 to 24 years 16,023 12,017 1,123 459 278 68 210 10,893

25 to 54 years 78,569 16,821 1,546 651 477 130 347 15,275

55 years and older 30,348 45,163 1,192 368 301 103 199 43,971

Men, 16 years and older 67,592 29,633 1,757 722 552 189 362 27,875

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 66

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached

(available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged

workers(3)

Other(4)

16 to 24 years 8,358 5,851 578 249 162 43 120 5,273

25 to 54 years 42,793 4,889 623 285 228 81 147 4,266

55 years and older 16,442 18,893 557 188 161 65 96 18,336

Women, 16 years and older 57,349 44,368 2,104 755 505 112 393 42,264

16 to 24 years 7,666 6,165 545 210 116 25 91 5,620

25 to 54 years 35,777 11,933 923 366 249 49 200 11,009

55 years and older 13,907 26,270 636 179 140 38 103 25,634

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 20,088 12,159 1,026 453 352 129 224 11,133

16 to 24 years 2,995 2,755 328 150 106 39 68 2,427

25 to 54 years 13,530 3,423 442 223 180 69 111 2,981

55 years and older 3,563 5,981 257 80 67 21 45 5,725

Men, 16 years and older 9,508 5,204 494 235 191 81 110 4,710

16 to 24 years 1,436 1,384 179 85 62 26 36 1,205

25 to 54 years 6,388 1,407 199 112 98 42 56 1,208

55 years and older 1,685 2,413 116 38 31 13 18 2,297

Women, 16 years and older 10,580 6,955 532 218 161 48 113 6,422

16 to 24 years 1,559 1,371 149 66 44 13 32 1,222

25 to 54 years 7,143 2,016 243 111 81 27 54 1,773

55 years and older 1,878 3,568 141 42 35 8 27 3,427

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 9,781 5,587 343 143 89 22 68 5,244

16 to 24 years 934 1,304 84 42 23 4 19 1,220

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Age, gender, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian labor

force(1)

Not in the labor force

Total

Want a job

Do not

want a

Total job now

Searched for work in previous year,

but not in past 4 weeks

Total

Marginally attached

(available to work now)(2)

Total Discouraged

workers(3)

Other(4)

25 to 54 years 7,005 1,811 179 72 44 10 35 1,632

55 years and older 1,842 2,473 80 29 22 8 14 2,393

Men, 16 years and older 5,166 2,015 148 69 43 13 30 1,867

16 to 24 years 470 643 44 24 14 3 11 599

25 to 54 years 3,748 419 67 30 19 6 13 352

55 years and older 949 953 37 15 10 4 6 916

Women, 16 years and older 4,615 3,572 196 73 46 9 37 3,377

16 to 24 years 464 661 40 18 9 1 8 620

25 to 54 years 3,258 1,392 113 42 25 4 21 1,280

55 years and older 893 1,520 43 14 12 4 8 1,477

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 27,339 14,032 1,069 401 301 88 213 12,963

16 to 24 years 4,550 3,980 378 145 102 29 74 3,601

25 to 54 years 19,072 4,978 498 195 148 45 103 4,480

55 years and older 3,717 5,074 193 61 51 15 36 4,881

Men, 16 years and older 15,604 4,974 436 187 151 53 98 4,537

16 to 24 years 2,446 1,879 192 79 60 18 42 1,686

25 to 54 years 11,054 1,150 164 78 65 26 39 986

55 years and older 2,104 1,946 80 30 26 8 18 1,865

Women, 16 years and older 11,735 9,058 633 213 150 36 115 8,425

16 to 24 years 2,104 2,101 186 65 42 10 32 1,915

25 to 54 years 8,018 3,829 334 116 83 19 64 3,495

55 years and older 1,613 3,129 113 32 25 7 18 3,016

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Footnotes

(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.

(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 

weeks.

(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, 

employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980 262 269 212 - 209

1981 284 291 235 - 223

1982 302 310 245 - 240

1983 313 320 261 - 250

1984 326 336 269 - 259

1985 344 356 277 - 270

1986 359 371 291 - 277

1987 374 384 301 - 285

1988 385 395 314 - 290

1989 399 409 319 - 298

1990 412 424 329 - 304

1991 426 442 348 - 312

1992 440 458 357 - 321

1993 459 475 369 - 331

1994 467 484 371 - 324

1995 479 494 383 - 329

1996 490 506 387 - 339

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1997 503 519 400 - 351

1998 523 545 426 - 370

1999 549 573 445 - 385

2000 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

2017 860 890 682 1,043 655

Men

1979 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980 313 320 244 - 234

1981 340 350 268 - 251

1982 364 375 278 - 269

1983 379 387 294 - 274

1984 392 401 303 - 287

1985 407 418 305 - 296

1986 419 433 319 - 299

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 70

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1987 434 450 327 - 306

1988 449 465 348 - 308

1989 468 482 348 - 315

1990 481 494 361 - 318

1991 493 506 375 - 323

1992 501 514 380 - 339

1993 510 524 392 - 346

1994 522 547 400 - 343

1995 538 566 411 - 350

1996 557 580 412 - 356

1997 579 595 432 - 371

1998 598 615 468 - 390

1999 618 638 488 - 406

2000 641 662 510 $685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

2017 941 971 710 1,207 690

Women

1979 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980 201 203 185 - 172

1981 219 221 206 - 190

1982 239 242 217 - 203

1983 252 254 232 - 215

1984 265 268 241 - 223

1985 277 281 252 - 230

1986 291 294 264 - 241

1987 303 307 276 - 251

1988 315 318 288 - 260

1989 328 334 301 - 269

1990 346 353 308 - 278

1991 366 373 323 - 292

1992 380 387 335 - 302

1993 393 401 348 - 313

1994 399 408 346 - 305

1995 406 415 355 - 305

1996 418 428 362 - 316

1997 431 444 375 - 318

1998 456 468 400 - 337

1999 473 483 409 - 348

2000 493 502 429 $547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

2006 600 609 519 699 440

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

2016 749 766 641 902 586

2017 770 795 657 903 603

Women's earnings as

a percent of men's

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Year Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

2017 81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. 

Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate 

category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Footnotes

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Educational attainment and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older $907 $937 $712 $1,099 $688

Less than a high school diploma 520 527 483 505 510

High school graduates, no college(1) 712 746 599 653 651

Some college, no degree 774 810 661 762 733

Associate's degree 836 868 707 791 744

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,279 1,314 1,021 1,441 1,066

Men, 25 years and older 996 1,023 743 1,253 719

Less than a high school diploma 584 591 504 590 564

High school graduates, no college(1) 797 831 653 714 709

Some college, no degree 886 926 711 826 805

Associate's degree 978 1,003 790 911 823

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,481 1,516 1,109 1,625 1,173

Women, 25 years and older 810 836 685 932 634

Less than a high school diploma 447 446 450 438 431

High school graduates, no college(1) 610 627 539 591 575

Some college, no degree 680 696 624 691 661

Associate's degree 727 744 649 740 667

Bachelor's degree and higher(2) 1,131 1,141 980 1,248 992

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older $860 $890 $682 $1,043 $655

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,224 1,236 966 1,480 1,025

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,327 1,350 1,009 1,565 1,045

Management occupations 1,392 1,430 1,040 1,679 1,072

Business and financial operations occupations 1,174 1,196 983 1,403 987

Professional and related occupations 1,160 1,164 934 1,444 1,013

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,465 1,443 1,157 1,734 1,186

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,478 1,471 1,257 1,594 1,416

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,286 1,283 1,035 1,449 1,161

Community and social services occupations 900 927 823 1,053 793

Legal occupations 1,443 1,452 1,190 1,743 1,087

Education, training, and library occupations 1,002 1,020 880 1,001 915

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,066 1,096 828 995 1,008

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,124 1,137 913 1,309 1,000

Service occupations 544 562 501 554 505

Healthcare support occupations 542 563 505 533 575

Protective service occupations 852 921 679 782 764

Food preparation and serving related occupations 484 487 443 519 467

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 522 538 477 542 495

Personal care and service occupations 520 525 498 551 502

Sales and office occupations 718 739 621 763 630

Sales and related occupations 763 817 583 722 604

Office and administrative support occupations 701 710 647 779 647

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 801 808 724 901 659

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 539 547 475 484 493

Construction and extraction occupations 796 804 704 999 671

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 76

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 878 889 782 825 752

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 692 717 606 653 596

Production occupations 701 721 614 656 599

Transportation and material-moving occupations 681 711 599 648 594

Men, 16 years and older $941 $971 $710 $1,207 $690

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,442 1,458 1,099 1,662 1,166

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,526 1,553 1,119 1,756 1,146

Management occupations 1,573 1,618 1,143 1,850 1,159

Business and financial operations occupations 1,390 1,414 1,075 1,630 1,106

Professional and related occupations 1,391 1,389 1,082 1,617 1,195

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,552 1,522 1,252 1,784 1,300

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,518 1,509 1,356 1,638 1,450

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,361 1,337 1,405 1,488 1,168

Community and social services occupations 976 1,032 895 1,305 904

Legal occupations 1,896 1,901 1,652 1,668 1,609

Education, training, and library occupations 1,202 1,223 1,033 1,348 1,022

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,161 1,173 791 1,121 1,075

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,341 1,377 1,072 1,340 1,125

Service occupations 608 621 527 613 543

Healthcare support occupations 597 617 569 518 595

Protective service occupations 894 956 731 794 782

Food preparation and serving related occupations 502 504 452 589 495

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 573 585 503 559 535

Personal care and service occupations 612 633 512 662 592

Sales and office occupations 834 880 622 849 671

Sales and related occupations 934 974 624 862 724

Office and administrative support occupations 735 746 621 837 645

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 809 818 723 911 676

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 585 595 415 495 512

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 77

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Construction and extraction occupations 796 804 703 995 672

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 883 896 776 850 759

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 736 772 641 705 642

Production occupations 769 792 668 717 672

Transportation and material-moving occupations 710 746 624 693 621

Women, 16 years and older $770 $795 $657 $903 $603

Management, professional, and related occupations 1,052 1,065 903 1,309 921

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 1,134 1,144 962 1,389 945

Management occupations 1,173 1,189 971 1,500 970

Business and financial operations occupations 1,055 1,064 950 1,337 912

Professional and related occupations 1,014 1,024 869 1,247 902

Computer and mathematical occupations 1,235 1,223 1,054 1,484 995

Architecture and engineering occupations 1,307 1,306 1,099 1,387 1,120

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,183 1,205 899 1,403 1,134

Community and social services occupations 857 882 797 954 774

Legal occupations 1,192 1,184 1,004 1,760 843

Education, training, and library occupations 935 953 830 915 871

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 943 952 840 897 928

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 1,068 1,080 889 1,283 957

Service occupations 501 505 484 515 475

Healthcare support occupations 533 554 500 535 570

Protective service occupations 690 783 595 753 653

Food preparation and serving related occupations 459 465 435 482 424

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 463 471 420 513 435

Personal care and service occupations 503 502 493 524 483

Sales and office occupations 672 683 621 716 609

Sales and related occupations 609 628 524 634 506

Office and administrative support occupations 691 698 655 760 648

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 579 561 748 689 477

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 78

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation and gender Total White

Black or

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino

ethnicity

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 471 464 645 412 444

Construction and extraction occupations 802 809 745 1,186 549

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 736 674 904 664 585

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations 545 551 530 577 479

Production occupations 564 568 545 601 489

Transportation and material-moving occupations 514 518 507 502 455

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual 

averages
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 79

1.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted 

for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample 

with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 

691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor 

Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Making up the civilian noninstitutional population are people 16 years of age and 

older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes 

and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed. Employed people include all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week 

including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or 

profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. 

People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some 

other reason also are counted as employed.

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work 

(except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week 

period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off 

need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. The duration of unemployment is the length of time (through the reference week) that people 

classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number 

of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of 

unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they 

began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who 

expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) 

permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people 

who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
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2.

3.

4.

Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking 

for work.

Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.

New entrants, people who had never worked.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the 

criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

Not in the labor force. Making up this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor 

force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or 

since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed 

because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.

Occupation and industry. Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. 

People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of 

hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification 

system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation 

Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.[1]

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific 

Islander. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of 

people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify 

multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their 

main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, 

Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed

—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for 

American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races 

are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of 

publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.[2]

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of 

Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous 

versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, 

Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 

into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central 

American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories 
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•

•

of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or 

Latino may be of any race.[3]

Usual weekly earnings. Usual weekly earnings data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include 

any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings 

reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term 

“usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to 

define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job 

of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were 

incorporated).

Median earnings. Median earnings figures indicate the numerical value that divides the earnings distribution into two 

equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians 

shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median 

falls.

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or 

adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that 

of the householder: the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of 

families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the 

householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as 

follows:

Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples only.

Families maintained by women and families maintained by men are each made up of householders residing with 

one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a samesex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, 

daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, 

and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an 

entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling 

error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level 

of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true 

population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, 
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inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data.[4]

[1] Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and 

industry data from the Current Population Survey,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 6, 2016), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

[2] More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; 

see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population 

Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[3] More information on the 2003 changes in the questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online; see 

Bowler, Ilg, Miller, Robison, and Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey,” www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[4] A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and of information on estimating standard errors is 

available online; see “Reliability of estimates from the CPS,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey 

(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 16, 2017), www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.