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Women in the labor force: a databook

In 2017, 57.0 percent of all women participated in the labor force. This 

was slightly above the 56.8 percent who participated in 2016, but still 3 

percentage points below the peak of 60.0 percent in 1999. By 

comparison, the labor force participation rate for men was 69.1 percent in 

2017, essentially unchanged from the previous year and 17.5 percentage 

points below its peak of 86.6 percent in 1948.

The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major 

development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th 

century. Overall, women’s labor force participation increased dramatically 

from the 1960s through the 1980s, before slowing in the 1990s. After 

reaching a peak in 1999, labor force participation among women began a gradual decline. This decline accelerated 

following the Great Recession of 2007–09 until the participation rate hit a recent low in 2015 at 56.7 percent.

Women’s involvement in the labor market changed in several notable ways since the 1940s as other socioeconomic 

factors were also shifting. First, women became much more likely to pursue higher levels of education: the proportion of 

women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force who held a college degree nearly quadrupled from 1970 to 2017, whereas the 

proportion of men with a college degree about doubled over that time. Women also have become more likely to work full 

time and year round. In addition, women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings have grown over time: women 

working full time earned 62 percent of what men earned in 1979 and 82 percent in 2017.

This report presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population 

Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed 

description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes at the 

end of this report.)

Selected demographic characteristics

Women’s labor force participation edged up to 57.0 percent in 2017 from 56.8 percent in 2016. Men’s labor force 

participation, which always has been much higher than that for women, was 69.1 percent in 2017, essentially 

unchanged from the previous year. (See table 2.)

In 2017, the unemployment rate for women was 4.3 percent, down 0.5 percentage point from a year earlier. The rate for 

men was 4.4 percent in 2017, also down 0.5 percentage point from a year earlier. Women’s jobless rates varied by race 

and ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (3.4 percent), followed by White (3.8 percent), Hispanic or Latino (5.7 

percent), and Black or African American (6.9 percent) women; men’s jobless rates exhibit this same pattern. (See tables 

2 and 3.)

Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Never married women had the 

highest participation rate of all women at 64.3 percent in 2017. Divorced women (61.5 percent) and separated women 

(61.7 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than married women (58.2 percent). By contrast, married 

December 2018 | Report 1077
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men were more likely to participate in the labor force (72.9 percent) than never married men (67.4 percent), divorced 

men (65.2 percent), and separated men (70.7 percent). Among both women and men, those who were widowed were 

the least likely to participate in the labor force. (See table 4.)

The labor force participation rate of all women with children under 18 years of age was 71.3 percent in March 2017, up 

from 70.8 percent in 2016. Among mothers, the labor force participation rate for those with children 6 to 17 years old, at 

76.0 percent in March 2017, was higher than for those with younger children. The rate for those with children under 6 

years old was 65.1 percent, and the rate for women with children under 3 years old was 63.1 percent. (See tables 5 and 

7; data were collected in the 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Unmarried mothers are more likely to participate in the labor force than married mothers. In March 2017, 76.1 percent of 

unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 69.3 percent of married mothers. (See table 6; data were 

collected in the 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Educational attainment

The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past 45 years. In 

2017, 43 percent of women ages 25 to 64 held a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11 percent in 1970. In 

2017, 6 percent of women in the labor force had less than a high school diploma—that is, did not graduate from high 

school or earn a GED—down from 34 percent in 1970. (See tables 9A and 9B.)

Occupation and industry

In 2017, women accounted for 52 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related 

occupations, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific 

occupations within this large category varied. For example, 19 percent of software developers, 28 percent of chief 

executives, and 40 percent of physicians and surgeons were women, whereas 90 percent of registered nurses, 79 

percent of elementary and middle school teachers, and 60 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 

11.)

Asian and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations 

(50 percent and 45 percent, respectively) in 2017 than were Black (36 percent) and Hispanic women (28 percent). 

Meanwhile, Hispanic (32 percent) and Black women (27 percent) were more likely than Asian and White women (21 

percent and 20 percent, respectively) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)

In 2017, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several industry sectors: financial activities (53 

percent), education and health services (75 percent), leisure and hospitality (51 percent), and other services (52 

percent). (Other services includes repair and maintenance industries; personal and laundry services; membership 

associations and organizations; and private households.) However, women were substantially underrepresented 

(relative to their share of total employment) in agriculture (25 percent), mining (13 percent), construction (9 percent), 

manufacturing (30 percent), and transportation and utilities (24 percent). (See table 14.)

Earnings

In 2017, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $770, which 

represented 82 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($941). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians 

($903) and Whites ($795) than for Blacks ($657) and Hispanics ($603). Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher 
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for Blacks (93 percent) and Hispanics (87 percent) than for Whites (82 percent) and Asians (75 percent). (See table 16; 

note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that may be 

important in explaining earnings differences.)

Women’s earnings vary by educational attainment. In 2017, female full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older 

with less than a high school diploma had median usual weekly earnings of $447. Women who had only a high school 

diploma had earnings of $610, those with an associate’s degree had earnings of $727, and those with a bachelor’s 

degree and higher had earnings of $1,131. (See table 17.)

Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2017 for female chief executives 

($1,920), pharmacists ($1,834), and nurse practitioners ($1,832). Earnings for men were highest for chief executives 

($2,415); physicians and surgeons ($2,277); pharmacists ($2,228); and architectural and engineering managers 

($2,020). (See table 18.)

In 2017, 3 percent of women paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 

per hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid at an hourly rate, 2 percent had earnings at or below the 

minimum wage, compared with 7 percent of women ages 16 to 24. (See table 20.)

Hours of work

In 2017, 24 percent of employed women usually worked part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. The percentage 

of employed women working part time has not changed much over the past five decades. In comparison, 12 percent of 

employed men usually worked part time in 2017. This rate for men had trended up during the Great Recession before 

beginning a gradual decline in 2012. (See table 21.)

Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2016, 62 percent worked full time and year round, 

compared with 41 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also rose over the 

period, from 66 percent in 1970 to 75 percent in 2016. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 and 2017 Annual 

Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

Married-couple families

Among married-couple families, 54 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2016, compared with 44 

percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband worked represented 18 percent of married-couple families in 2016, 

versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 24B; data were collected in the 1968 and 2017 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

The working poor

Among people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2016, more women (4.1 million) than men (3.4 

million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who 

were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 5.8 percent for women and 4.2 percent for men. Black and Hispanic 

women were about two times more likely to be among the working poor than White or Asian women. The working-poor 

rates for Black and Hispanic women were 10.5 percent and 9.6 percent, respectively, compared with 4.9 percent for 

White women and 4.0 percent for Asian women. (See table 26; data are from the 2017 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)
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Worker displacement

From January 2015 through December 2017, 3.0 million workers age 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had 

held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 44 percent of those displaced. Labor market outcomes were similar for 

displaced women and men. Displaced women were about as likely as men to have found a new job in January 2018: the 

reemployment rate was 65 percent for women and 67 percent for men. Displaced women and men were about equally 

likely to be unemployed in January 2018, at 14 percent and 15 percent, respectively. About 21 percent of displaced 

women and 18 percent of displaced men had left the labor force in January 2018. (See table 27; data are from the 

January 2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)

Employee tenure

In January 2018, median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less 

tenure) for women was unchanged from January 2016, at 4.0 years. Tenure for men held at 4.3 years. (See table 28; 

data are from the January 2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the 

CPS.)

School enrollment

Of the 2.9 million youth ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2017, about 67 

percent (1.9 million) were enrolled in college in October of that year. For 2017 high school graduates, the college 

enrollment rate was 72 percent for young women and 61 percent for young men. (See table 29; data are from the 

October 2017 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

Among high school students, young women were more likely to be in the labor force (24.8 percent) in October 2017 than 

young men (20.9 percent). Labor force participation rates followed the same pattern among college students: college 

women had a labor force participation rate of 51.5 percent, and college men had a participation rate of 47.1 percent. 

(See table 30; data are from the October 2017 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

Among youth ages 16 to 24 who were not enrolled in school in October 2017, the unemployment rate for those without a 

high school diploma was 15.1 percent for both young women and young men. In contrast, the jobless rates for young 

women and men with at least a bachelor's degree were 5.3 percent and 8.8 percent, respectively.

Multiple jobholders and the self-employed

In 2017, 7.5 million workers had more than one job. About half (3.8 million) of these workers were women. The multiple 

jobholding rate for women, at 5.3 percent, was higher than that for men, at 4.6 percent. (See table 31.)

In 2017, 5.0 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.5 percent of 

their male counterparts. Among the self-employed, 41 percent were women in 2017, compared with 27 percent in 1976. 

(See table 32.)

Foreign-born women

Foreign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2017 (54.5 percent, compared 

with 57.5 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (78.1 percent) than were 

native-born men (67.3 percent). Among women, the unemployment rate for foreign-born women, at 4.8 percent, was 
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higher than that for native-born women, at 4.2 percent. At 3.6 percent, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men was 

lower than that of native-born men (4.6 percent). (See table 33.)

Women and union membership

In 2017, 10.0 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 11.4 percent of their 

male counterparts. For both men and women, the union membership rate in 2017 was lower than in 1983 (the first year 

that union membership data were regularly collected in the CPS), but the rate for men fell by much more than did the 

rate for women. In 1983, union membership rates were 24.7 percent for men and 14.6 percent for women. (See table 

34.)

Women veterans

There were 1.2 million female veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force in 2017. Women accounted for about 

12 percent of the 10.1 million veterans in the labor force. The unemployment rate for female veterans, at 4.1 percent in 

2017, was similar to that of male veterans, at 3.6 percent. (See table 35.)

Women with disabilities

Of the 16.2 million women with disabilities in 2017, 2.8 million, or 17.4 percent, participated in the labor force. About half 

of all women with disabilities were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 5.4 percent, 

compared with 30.0 percent for those ages 16 to 64. Among men, 24.2 percent of those with disabilities participated in 

the labor force in 2017. Just under half of all men with disabilities were age 65 and older. Among men in this age group, 

10.7 percent were labor force participants, compared with 35.2 percent of men ages 16 to 64.

Among people with a disability, the unemployment rate for women was 9.5 percent and that for men was 9.0 percent, 

more than twice the rates of women and men without a disability (4.1 percent and 4.2 percent, respectively). (See table 

36.) 
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Statistical Tables

Age Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

16 years and older 255,079 160,320 62.9 153,337 60.1 6,982 4.4 94,759

16 to 19 years 16,754 5,901 35.2 5,074 30.3 827 14.0 10,853

16 to 17 years 9,073 2,237 24.7 1,890 20.8 347 15.5 6,836

18 to 19 years 7,681 3,664 47.7 3,184 41.4 480 13.1 4,017

20 to 24 years 21,396 15,259 71.3 14,132 66.0 1,127 7.4 6,137

25 to 54 years 125,697 102,683 81.7 98,833 78.6 3,850 3.7 23,014

25 to 34 years 43,958 36,086 82.1 34,439 78.3 1,647 4.6 7,873

25 to 29 years 22,627 18,536 81.9 17,621 77.9 914 4.9 4,092

30 to 34 years 21,331 17,550 82.3 16,817 78.8 733 4.2 3,781

35 to 44 years 39,952 33,034 82.7 31,892 79.8 1,143 3.5 6,917

35 to 39 years 20,713 17,080 82.5 16,477 79.5 604 3.5 3,633

40 to 44 years 19,239 15,954 82.9 15,415 80.1 539 3.4 3,285

45 to 54 years 41,787 33,563 80.3 32,503 77.8 1,060 3.2 8,224

45 to 49 years 20,620 16,891 81.9 16,365 79.4 526 3.1 3,729

50 to 54 years 21,167 16,672 78.8 16,138 76.2 534 3.2 4,495

55 to 64 years 41,691 26,899 64.5 26,064 62.5 835 3.1 14,792

55 to 59 years 21,722 15,625 71.9 15,134 69.7 490 3.1 6,098

60 to 64 years 19,969 11,274 56.5 10,930 54.7 344 3.1 8,694

65 years and older 49,542 9,577 19.3 9,234 18.6 343 3.6 39,964

65 to 69 years 16,734 5,408 32.3 5,219 31.2 189 3.5 11,326

70 to 74 years 12,655 2,487 19.7 2,388 18.9 99 4.0 10,168

75 years and 

older 20,153 1,682 8.3 1,627 8.1 55 3.3 18,470

Women

16 years and older 131,804 75,175 57.0 71,936 54.6 3,239 4.3 56,629

16 to 19 years 8,261 2,962 35.9 2,591 31.4 371 12.5 5,299

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Age Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

16 to 17 years 4,486 1,180 26.3 1,008 22.5 172 14.6 3,306

18 to 19 years 3,775 1,782 47.2 1,583 41.9 199 11.1 1,994

20 to 24 years 10,669 7,311 68.5 6,851 64.2 460 6.3 3,358

25 to 54 years 63,846 47,870 75.0 46,016 72.1 1,854 3.9 15,975

25 to 34 years 22,139 16,712 75.5 15,949 72.0 763 4.6 5,427

25 to 29 years 11,359 8,681 76.4 8,268 72.8 413 4.8 2,678

30 to 34 years 10,780 8,031 74.5 7,681 71.2 351 4.4 2,749

35 to 44 years 20,354 15,257 75.0 14,690 72.2 568 3.7 5,097

35 to 39 years 10,529 7,823 74.3 7,523 71.5 300 3.8 2,706

40 to 44 years 9,826 7,434 75.7 7,167 72.9 268 3.6 2,391

45 to 54 years 21,352 15,901 74.5 15,377 72.0 523 3.3 5,451

45 to 49 years 10,518 7,972 75.8 7,700 73.2 273 3.4 2,546

50 to 54 years 10,834 7,929 73.2 7,678 70.9 251 3.2 2,906

55 to 64 years 21,637 12,743 58.9 12,354 57.1 389 3.1 8,894

55 to 59 years 11,212 7,423 66.2 7,187 64.1 237 3.2 3,789

60 to 64 years 10,425 5,320 51.0 5,167 49.6 153 2.9 5,104

65 years and older 27,390 4,288 15.7 4,124 15.1 164 3.8 23,102

65 to 69 years 8,874 2,478 27.9 2,392 27.0 86 3.5 6,395

70 to 74 years 6,811 1,102 16.2 1,053 15.5 50 4.5 5,708

75 years and 

older 11,705 707 6.0 679 5.8 28 4.0 10,998

Men

16 years and older 123,275 85,145 69.1 81,402 66.0 3,743 4.4 38,130

16 to 19 years 8,493 2,939 34.6 2,483 29.2 457 15.5 5,553

16 to 17 years 4,587 1,057 23.0 882 19.2 175 16.5 3,530

18 to 19 years 3,906 1,882 48.2 1,601 41.0 282 15.0 2,023

20 to 24 years 10,726 7,948 74.1 7,281 67.9 667 8.4 2,778

25 to 54 years 61,851 54,813 88.6 52,817 85.4 1,996 3.6 7,038

25 to 34 years 21,819 19,374 88.8 18,490 84.7 884 4.6 2,446

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Age Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

25 to 29 years 11,268 9,855 87.5 9,353 83.0 502 5.1 1,413

30 to 34 years 10,551 9,519 90.2 9,136 86.6 382 4.0 1,032

35 to 44 years 19,597 17,777 90.7 17,202 87.8 575 3.2 1,820

35 to 39 years 10,184 9,257 90.9 8,953 87.9 304 3.3 927

40 to 44 years 9,413 8,520 90.5 8,248 87.6 271 3.2 893

45 to 54 years 20,435 17,662 86.4 17,125 83.8 537 3.0 2,772

45 to 49 years 10,102 8,919 88.3 8,665 85.8 254 2.8 1,183

50 to 54 years 10,333 8,744 84.6 8,461 81.9 283 3.2 1,589

55 to 64 years 20,054 14,156 70.6 13,710 68.4 445 3.1 5,898

55 to 59 years 10,510 8,201 78.0 7,948 75.6 254 3.1 2,308

60 to 64 years 9,544 5,954 62.4 5,763 60.4 191 3.2 3,590

65 years and older 22,151 5,289 23.9 5,111 23.1 179 3.4 16,862

65 to 69 years 7,860 2,930 37.3 2,827 36.0 102 3.5 4,930

70 to 74 years 5,844 1,384 23.7 1,335 22.8 49 3.6 4,460

75 years and 

older 8,447 975 11.5 948 11.2 27 2.8 7,472

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

1948 103,068 60,621 58.8 58,343 56.6 2,276 3.8 42,447

1949 103,994 61,286 58.9 57,651 55.4 3,637 5.9 42,708

1950 104,995 62,208 59.2 58,918 56.1 3,288 5.3 42,787

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1951 104,621 62,017 59.2 59,961 57.3 2,055 3.3 42,604

1952 105,231 62,138 59.0 60,250 57.3 1,883 3.0 43,093

1953 107,056 63,015 58.9 61,179 57.1 1,834 2.9 44,041

1954 108,321 63,643 58.8 60,109 55.5 3,532 5.5 44,678

1955 109,683 65,023 59.3 62,170 56.7 2,852 4.4 44,660

1956 110,954 66,552 60.0 63,799 57.5 2,750 4.1 44,402

1957 112,265 66,929 59.6 64,071 57.1 2,859 4.3 45,336

1958 113,727 67,639 59.5 63,036 55.4 4,602 6.8 46,088

1959 115,329 68,369 59.3 64,630 56.0 3,740 5.5 46,960

1960 117,245 69,628 59.4 65,778 56.1 3,852 5.5 47,617

1961 118,771 70,459 59.3 65,746 55.4 4,714 6.7 48,312

1962 120,153 70,614 58.8 66,702 55.5 3,911 5.5 49,539

1963 122,416 71,833 58.7 67,762 55.4 4,070 5.7 50,583

1964 124,485 73,091 58.7 69,305 55.7 3,786 5.2 51,394

1965 126,513 74,455 58.9 71,088 56.2 3,366 4.5 52,058

1966 128,058 75,770 59.2 72,895 56.9 2,875 3.8 52,288

1967 129,874 77,347 59.6 74,372 57.3 2,975 3.8 52,527

1968 132,028 78,737 59.6 75,920 57.5 2,817 3.6 53,291

1969 134,335 80,734 60.1 77,902 58.0 2,832 3.5 53,602

1970 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.4 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,378

1976 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1980 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

2005 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

2006 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

2007 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743

2008 233,788 154,287 66.0 145,362 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2009 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

2010 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

2011 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

2012 243,284 154,975 63.7 142,469 58.6 12,506 8.1 88,310

2013 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 58.6 11,460 7.4 90,290

2014 247,947 155,922 62.9 146,305 59.0 9,617 6.2 92,025

2015 250,801 157,130 62.7 148,834 59.3 8,296 5.3 93,671

2016 253,538 159,187 62.8 151,436 59.7 7,751 4.9 94,351

2017 255,079 160,320 62.9 153,337 60.1 6,982 4.4 94,759

Women

1948 53,071 17,335 32.7 16,617 31.3 717 4.1 35,737

1949 53,670 17,788 33.1 16,723 31.2 1,065 6.0 35,883

1950 54,270 18,389 33.9 17,340 32.0 1,049 5.7 35,881

1951 54,895 19,016 34.6 18,181 33.1 834 4.4 35,879

1952 55,529 19,269 34.7 18,568 33.4 698 3.6 36,261

1953 56,305 19,382 34.4 18,749 33.3 632 3.3 36,924

1954 56,925 19,678 34.6 18,490 32.5 1,188 6.0 37,247

1955 57,574 20,548 35.7 19,551 34.0 998 4.9 37,026

1956 58,228 21,461 36.9 20,419 35.1 1,039 4.8 36,769

1957 58,951 21,732 36.9 20,714 35.1 1,018 4.7 37,218

1958 59,690 22,118 37.1 20,613 34.5 1,504 6.8 37,574

1959 60,534 22,483 37.1 21,164 35.0 1,320 5.9 38,053

1960 61,582 23,240 37.7 21,874 35.5 1,366 5.9 38,343

1961 62,484 23,806 38.1 22,090 35.4 1,717 7.2 38,679

1962 63,321 24,014 37.9 22,525 35.6 1,488 6.2 39,308

1963 64,494 24,704 38.3 23,105 35.8 1,598 6.5 39,791

1964 65,637 25,412 38.7 23,831 36.3 1,581 6.2 40,225

1965 66,731 26,200 39.3 24,748 37.1 1,452 5.5 40,531

1966 67,795 27,299 40.3 25,976 38.3 1,324 4.8 40,496

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 12

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1967 68,968 28,360 41.1 26,893 39.0 1,468 5.2 40,608

1968 70,179 29,204 41.6 27,807 39.6 1,397 4.8 40,976

1969 71,436 30,513 42.7 29,084 40.7 1,429 4.7 40,924

1970 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,385

1976 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 13

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1996 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

2006 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

2007 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707

2008 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 3,891 5.4 48,908

2009 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

2010 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

2011 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

2012 125,941 72,648 57.7 66,914 53.1 5,734 7.9 53,293

2013 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 53.2 5,146 7.1 54,401

2014 128,199 73,039 57.0 68,613 53.5 4,426 6.1 55,159

2015 129,700 73,510 56.7 69,703 53.7 3,807 5.2 56,190

2016 131,040 74,432 56.8 70,868 54.1 3,564 4.8 56,608

2017 131,804 75,175 57.0 71,936 54.6 3,239 4.3 56,629

Men

1948 49,996 43,286 86.6 41,725 83.5 1,559 3.6 6,710

1949 50,321 43,498 86.4 40,925 81.3 2,572 5.9 6,825

1950 50,725 43,819 86.4 41,578 82.0 2,239 5.1 6,906

1951 49,727 43,001 86.5 41,780 84.0 1,221 2.8 6,725

1952 49,700 42,869 86.3 41,682 83.9 1,185 2.8 6,832

1953 50,750 43,633 86.0 42,430 83.6 1,202 2.8 7,117

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 14

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1954 51,395 43,965 85.5 41,619 81.0 2,344 5.3 7,431

1955 52,109 44,475 85.4 42,621 81.8 1,854 4.2 7,634

1956 52,723 45,091 85.5 43,379 82.3 1,711 3.8 7,633

1957 53,315 45,197 84.8 43,357 81.3 1,841 4.1 8,118

1958 54,033 45,521 84.2 42,423 78.5 3,098 6.8 8,514

1959 54,793 45,886 83.7 43,466 79.3 2,420 5.2 8,907

1960 55,662 46,388 83.3 43,904 78.9 2,486 5.4 9,274

1961 56,286 46,653 82.9 43,656 77.6 2,997 6.4 9,633

1962 56,831 46,600 82.0 44,177 77.7 2,423 5.2 10,231

1963 57,921 47,129 81.4 44,657 77.1 2,472 5.2 10,792

1964 58,847 47,679 81.0 45,474 77.3 2,205 4.6 11,169

1965 59,782 48,255 80.7 46,340 77.5 1,914 4.0 11,527

1966 60,262 48,471 80.4 46,919 77.9 1,551 3.2 11,792

1967 60,905 48,987 80.4 47,479 78.0 1,508 3.1 11,919

1968 61,847 49,533 80.1 48,114 77.8 1,419 2.9 12,315

1969 62,898 50,221 79.8 48,818 77.6 1,403 2.8 12,677

1970 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,992

1976 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 15

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1983 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

2006 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

2007 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036

2008 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 68.5 5,033 6.1 30,593

2009 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

2010 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

2011 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 16

Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of 

January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force

Total Percentage of population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2012 117,343 82,327 70.2 75,555 64.4 6,771 8.2 35,017

2013 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 64.4 6,314 7.6 35,889

2014 119,748 82,882 69.2 77,692 64.9 5,190 6.3 36,865

2015 121,101 83,620 69.1 79,131 65.3 4,490 5.4 37,481

2016 122,497 84,755 69.2 80,568 65.8 4,187 4.9 37,743

2017 123,275 85,145 69.1 81,402 66.0 3,743 4.4 38,130

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

White

Total, 16 years and older 198,942 124,941 62.8 120,176 60.4 4,765 3.8 74,001

16 to 19 years 12,339 4,542 36.8 3,989 32.3 554 12.2 7,797

20 to 24 years 15,701 11,481 73.1 10,738 68.4 743 6.5 4,220

25 to 54 years 95,391 78,569 82.4 76,006 79.7 2,564 3.3 16,821

55 to 64 years 33,709 22,209 65.9 21,581 64.0 628 2.8 11,500

65 years and older 41,803 8,139 19.5 7,863 18.8 277 3.4 33,663

Women, 16 years and older 101,717 57,349 56.4 55,176 54.2 2,173 3.8 44,368

16 to 19 years 6,055 2,247 37.1 1,997 33.0 249 11.1 3,809

20 to 24 years 7,776 5,419 69.7 5,126 65.9 293 5.4 2,356

25 to 54 years 47,709 35,777 75.0 34,576 72.5 1,201 3.4 11,933

55 to 64 years 17,296 10,346 59.8 10,050 58.1 297 2.9 6,949

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 17

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

65 years and older 22,881 3,560 15.6 3,428 15.0 132 3.7 19,321

Men, 16 years and older 97,225 67,592 69.5 65,000 66.9 2,592 3.8 29,633

16 to 19 years 6,284 2,296 36.5 1,991 31.7 304 13.3 3,988

20 to 24 years 7,925 6,062 76.5 5,613 70.8 449 7.4 1,863

25 to 54 years 47,681 42,793 89.7 41,430 86.9 1,363 3.2 4,889

55 to 64 years 16,413 11,863 72.3 11,531 70.3 331 2.8 4,550

65 years and older 18,922 4,579 24.2 4,434 23.4 144 3.2 14,343

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older 32,247 20,088 62.3 18,587 57.6 1,501 7.5 12,159

16 to 19 years 2,511 754 30.0 573 22.8 181 24.0 1,758

20 to 24 years 3,239 2,241 69.2 1,984 61.3 258 11.5 997

25 to 54 years 16,953 13,530 79.8 12,639 74.6 891 6.6 3,423

55 to 64 years 4,934 2,741 55.6 2,606 52.8 135 4.9 2,193

65 years and older 4,610 822 17.8 786 17.0 36 4.4 3,789

Women, 16 years and older 17,535 10,580 60.3 9,845 56.1 735 6.9 6,955

16 to 19 years 1,263 409 32.4 331 26.2 77 18.9 854

20 to 24 years 1,667 1,151 69.0 1,038 62.2 113 9.8 516

25 to 54 years 9,159 7,143 78.0 6,682 73.0 461 6.5 2,016

55 to 64 years 2,700 1,437 53.2 1,375 50.9 62 4.3 1,263

65 years and older 2,747 441 16.1 421 15.3 21 4.7 2,305

Men, 16 years and older 14,712 9,508 64.6 8,742 59.4 766 8.1 5,204

16 to 19 years 1,249 345 27.6 241 19.3 104 30.0 903

20 to 24 years 1,571 1,091 69.4 946 60.2 144 13.2 481

25 to 54 years 7,795 6,388 81.9 5,958 76.4 430 6.7 1,407

55 to 64 years 2,234 1,304 58.4 1,231 55.1 73 5.6 930

65 years and older 1,864 380 20.4 365 19.6 15 4.0 1,483

Asian

Total, 16 years and older 15,368 9,781 63.6 9,448 61.5 333 3.4 5,587

16 to 19 years 878 207 23.5 183 20.8 24 11.5 672

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 18

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

20 to 24 years 1,359 727 53.5 675 49.6 52 7.2 632

25 to 54 years 8,816 7,005 79.5 6,819 77.3 187 2.7 1,811

55 to 64 years 2,050 1,401 68.3 1,350 65.9 51 3.6 649

65 years and older 2,265 441 19.5 422 18.6 20 4.4 1,824

Women, 16 years and older 8,187 4,615 56.4 4,458 54.5 156 3.4 3,572

16 to 19 years 444 101 22.9 90 20.3 11 11.0 342

20 to 24 years 681 363 53.3 341 50.2 21 5.8 318

25 to 54 years 4,650 3,258 70.1 3,164 68.1 93 2.9 1,392

55 to 64 years 1,119 690 61.7 667 59.6 24 3.4 428

65 years and older 1,293 202 15.6 195 15.1 7 3.4 1,091

Men, 16 years and older 7,181 5,166 71.9 4,989 69.5 177 3.4 2,015

16 to 19 years 434 105 24.2 93 21.3 13 12.1 329

20 to 24 years 678 364 53.7 333 49.1 31 8.6 314

25 to 54 years 4,166 3,748 90.0 3,654 87.7 93 2.5 419

55 to 64 years 931 710 76.3 683 73.4 27 3.8 221

65 years and older 971 239 24.6 226 23.3 13 5.3 733

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older 41,371 27,339 66.1 25,938 62.7 1,401 5.1 14,032

16 to 19 years 3,844 1,225 31.9 1,041 27.1 184 15.0 2,619

20 to 24 years 4,686 3,326 71.0 3,073 65.6 253 7.6 1,361

25 to 54 years 24,051 19,072 79.3 18,259 75.9 813 4.3 4,978

55 to 64 years 4,662 2,939 63.0 2,825 60.6 113 3.9 1,723

65 years and older 4,129 778 18.8 740 17.9 38 4.9 3,351

Women, 16 years and older 20,794 11,735 56.4 11,064 53.2 671 5.7 9,058

16 to 19 years 1,893 608 32.1 522 27.6 86 14.1 1,285

20 to 24 years 2,312 1,497 64.7 1,381 59.7 116 7.7 815

25 to 54 years 11,847 8,018 67.7 7,620 64.3 398 5.0 3,829

55 to 64 years 2,406 1,281 53.2 1,224 50.9 56 4.4 1,125

65 years and older 2,335 332 14.2 317 13.6 15 4.6 2,003

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 19

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Men, 16 years and older 20,578 15,604 75.8 14,874 72.3 730 4.7 4,974

16 to 19 years 1,951 617 31.6 519 26.6 98 15.9 1,333

20 to 24 years 2,374 1,829 77.0 1,692 71.3 137 7.5 545

25 to 54 years 12,204 11,054 90.6 10,639 87.2 415 3.8 1,150

55 to 64 years 2,256 1,658 73.5 1,601 71.0 57 3.4 598

65 years and older 1,794 446 24.9 423 23.6 23 5.1 1,348

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Marital status and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

16 years and older 255,079 160,320 62.9 153,337 60.1 6,982 4.4 94,759

Married, spouse present(1) 127,362 83,594 65.6 81,487 64.0 2,107 2.5 43,768

Other marital status(2) 127,717 76,726 60.1 71,850 56.3 4,875 6.4 50,991

Never married 78,378 51,685 65.9 47,995 61.2 3,690 7.1 26,693

Widowed, divorced, or 

separated(3) 49,339 25,041 50.8 23,856 48.4 1,185 4.7 24,298

Widowed 14,918 3,096 20.8 2,961 19.8 136 4.4 11,821

Divorced 25,555 16,113 63.1 15,394 60.2 718 4.5 9,443

Separated(3) 8,866 5,832 65.8 5,501 62.0 331 5.7 3,035

Women

16 years and older 131,804 75,175 57.0 71,936 54.6 3,239 4.3 56,629

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 20

Footnotes:

(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.

(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages.

(3) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.

Marital status and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Married, spouse present(1) 63,178 36,776 58.2 35,782 56.6 994 2.7 26,402

Other marital status(2) 68,626 38,398 56.0 36,154 52.7 2,245 5.8 30,228

Never married 37,318 23,993 64.3 22,442 60.1 1,552 6.5 13,325

Widowed, divorced, or 

separated(3) 31,308 14,405 46.0 13,712 43.8 693 4.8 16,902

Widowed 11,597 2,278 19.6 2,178 18.8 99 4.4 9,319

Divorced 14,863 9,138 61.5 8,738 58.8 400 4.4 5,725

Separated(3) 4,848 2,989 61.7 2,796 57.7 193 6.5 1,858

Men

16 years and older 123,275 85,145 69.1 81,402 66.0 3,743 4.4 38,130

Married, spouse present(1) 64,184 46,818 72.9 45,705 71.2 1,113 2.4 17,366

Other marital status(2) 59,091 38,327 64.9 35,696 60.4 2,631 6.9 20,764

Never married 41,059 27,691 67.4 25,553 62.2 2,138 7.7 13,368

Widowed, divorced, or 

separated(3) 18,032 10,636 59.0 10,144 56.3 492 4.6 7,396

Widowed 3,321 819 24.7 782 23.6 37 4.5 2,502

Divorced 10,692 6,974 65.2 6,656 62.3 318 4.6 3,718

Separated(3) 4,019 2,843 70.7 2,705 67.3 138 4.8 1,176

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 21

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Women, 16 years and older 131,469 75,537 57.5 72,289 55.0 3,248 4.3 55,932

With children under 18 years old 34,871 24,863 71.3 23,748 68.1 1,114 4.5 10,008

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

19,833 15,080 76.0 14,481 73.0 599 4.0 4,753

With children under 6 years 

old 15,038 9,783 65.1 9,268 61.6 515 5.3 5,255

With children under 3 years 

old 8,638 5,449 63.1 5,153 59.7 296 5.4 3,189

With no children under 18 years 

old 96,598 50,675 52.5 48,541 50.3 2,134 4.2 45,924

Men, 16 years and older 122,944 84,355 68.6 80,267 65.3 4,088 4.8 38,590

With children under 18 years old 27,026 25,077 92.8 24,254 89.7 822 3.3 1,949

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

15,313 14,015 91.5 13,617 88.9 398 2.8 1,298

With children under 6 years 

old 11,713 11,062 94.4 10,638 90.8 424 3.8 651

With children under 3 years 

old 6,809 6,475 95.1 6,231 91.5 244 3.8 334

With no children under 18 years 

old 95,919 59,278 61.8 56,012 58.4 3,266 5.5 36,641

White

Women, 16 years and older 101,554 57,764 56.9 55,605 54.8 2,159 3.7 43,789

With children under 18 years old 26,123 18,545 71.0 17,850 68.3 695 3.7 7,578

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

14,898 11,315 75.9 10,938 73.4 377 3.3 3,583

With children under 6 years 

old 11,225 7,230 64.4 6,912 61.6 318 4.4 3,995

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 22

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 3 years 

old 6,507 4,084 62.8 3,888 59.7 196 4.8 2,423

With no children under 18 years 

old 75,431 39,220 52.0 37,755 50.1 1,465 3.7 36,211

Men, 16 years and older 97,043 67,119 69.2 64,251 66.2 2,868 4.3 29,924

With children under 18 years old 21,511 20,163 93.7 19,544 90.9 618 3.1 1,349

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

12,172 11,284 92.7 10,977 90.2 306 2.7 888

With children under 6 years 

old 9,339 8,879 95.1 8,567 91.7 312 3.5 461

With children under 3 years 

old 5,493 5,240 95.4 5,057 92.1 183 3.5 253

With no children under 18 years 

old 75,532 46,957 62.2 44,707 59.2 2,250 4.8 28,575

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and older 17,475 10,600 60.7 9,834 56.3 766 7.2 6,875

With children under 18 years old 4,931 3,816 77.4 3,500 71.0 316 8.3 1,114

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

2,813 2,259 80.3 2,092 74.4 167 7.4 554

With children under 6 years 

old 2,117 1,557 73.5 1,408 66.5 149 9.6 561

With children under 3 years 

old 1,189 834 70.1 752 63.3 82 9.8 355

With no children under 18 years 

old 12,544 6,784 54.1 6,334 50.5 449 6.6 5,761

Men, 16 years and older 14,652 9,314 63.6 8,514 58.1 799 8.6 5,338

With children under 18 years old 2,494 2,148 86.1 2,035 81.6 113 5.3 346

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,402 1,159 82.6 1,110 79.2 49 4.2 243

With children under 6 years 

old 1,092 989 90.6 925 84.7 65 6.6 103

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 23

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 3 years 

old 639 600 93.8 569 89.0 31 5.1 40

With no children under 18 years 

old 12,157 7,165 58.9 6,480 53.3 686 9.6 4,992

Asian

Women, 16 years and older 8,146 4,605 56.5 4,440 54.5 165 3.6 3,542

With children under 18 years old 2,547 1,658 65.1 1,616 63.4 42 2.5 889

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,514 1,080 71.4 1,051 69.4 30 2.7 433

With children under 6 years 

old 1,033 577 55.9 565 54.7 12 2.2 456

With children under 3 years 

old 545 296 54.3 296 54.3 0 0.1 249

With no children under 18 years 

old 5,600 2,947 52.6 2,824 50.4 123 4.2 2,653

Men, 16 years and older 7,253 5,208 71.8 5,015 69.1 193 3.7 2,045

With children under 18 years old 2,159 2,013 93.2 1,974 91.4 39 1.9 146

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,280 1,185 92.6 1,156 90.3 29 2.4 95

With children under 6 years 

old 879 828 94.2 818 93.0 10 1.2 51

With children under 3 years 

old 453 426 94.2 420 92.8 6 1.4 26

With no children under 18 years 

old 5,094 3,194 62.7 3,040 59.7 154 4.8 1,899

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and older 20,645 11,783 57.1 11,160 54.1 623 5.3 8,862

With children under 18 years old 7,643 4,742 62.0 4,478 58.6 263 5.6 2,902

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

4,191 2,857 68.2 2,705 64.5 152 5.3 1,335

With children under 6 years 

old 3,452 1,885 54.6 1,773 51.4 112 5.9 1,567

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 24

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown 

(White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 3 years 

old 1,871 946 50.6 886 47.3 61 6.4 925

With no children under 18 years 

old 13,002 7,042 54.2 6,682 51.4 360 5.1 5,960

Men, 16 years and older 20,435 15,279 74.8 14,457 70.7 823 5.4 5,156

With children under 18 years old 5,671 5,290 93.3 5,068 89.4 222 4.2 381

With children 6 to 17, none 

younger

3,100 2,871 92.6 2,759 89.0 112 3.9 229

With children under 6 years 

old 2,571 2,419 94.1 2,309 89.8 110 4.6 152

With children under 3 years 

old 1,403 1,334 95.1 1,276 90.9 58 4.4 69

With no children under 18 years 

old 14,764 9,989 67.7 9,389 63.6 601 6.0 4,775

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 131,469 75,537 57.5 72,289 55.0 3,248 4.3 55,932

With children under 18 years old 34,871 24,863 71.3 23,748 68.1 1,114 4.5 10,008

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

19,833 15,080 76.0 14,481 73.0 599 4.0 4,753

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 25

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 6 years old 15,038 9,783 65.1 9,268 61.6 515 5.3 5,255

With children under 3 years old 8,638 5,449 63.1 5,153 59.7 296 5.4 3,189

With no children under 18 years old 96,598 50,675 52.5 48,541 50.3 2,134 4.2 45,924

Total, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 63,295 37,414 59.1 36,383 57.5 1,031 2.8 25,880

With children under 18 years old 24,443 16,931 69.3 16,406 67.1 525 3.1 7,512

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

13,733 10,199 74.3 9,883 72.0 316 3.1 3,534

With children under 6 years old 10,710 6,732 62.9 6,523 60.9 209 3.1 3,977

With children under 3 years old 6,275 3,882 61.9 3,762 60.0 120 3.1 2,393

With no children under 18 years old 38,852 20,483 52.7 19,978 51.4 505 2.5 18,369

Total, other marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 68,174 38,123 55.9 35,906 52.7 2,217 5.8 30,051

With children under 18 years old 10,428 7,932 76.1 7,343 70.4 589 7.4 2,496

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

6,100 4,881 80.0 4,598 75.4 283 5.8 1,219

With children under 6 years old 4,328 3,051 70.5 2,744 63.4 306 10.0 1,277

With children under 3 years old 2,362 1,567 66.3 1,391 58.9 176 11.2 796

With no children under 18 years old 57,746 30,191 52.3 28,563 49.5 1,628 5.4 27,555

White, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 101,554 57,764 56.9 55,605 54.8 2,159 3.7 43,789

With children under 18 years old 26,123 18,545 71.0 17,850 68.3 695 3.7 7,578

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

14,898 11,315 75.9 10,938 73.4 377 3.3 3,583

With children under 6 years old 11,225 7,230 64.4 6,912 61.6 318 4.4 3,995

With children under 3 years old 6,507 4,084 62.8 3,888 59.7 196 4.8 2,423

With no children under 18 years old 75,431 39,220 52.0 37,755 50.1 1,465 3.7 36,211

White, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 52,260 30,611 58.6 29,837 57.1 774 2.5 21,649

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 26

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 18 years old 19,499 13,546 69.5 13,149 67.4 396 2.9 5,953

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

10,944 8,160 74.6 7,924 72.4 235 2.9 2,784

With children under 6 years old 8,555 5,386 63.0 5,225 61.1 161 3.0 3,169

With children under 3 years old 5,080 3,165 62.3 3,064 60.3 101 3.2 1,915

With no children under 18 years old 32,761 17,065 52.1 16,688 50.9 377 2.2 15,696

White, other marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 49,294 27,154 55.1 25,768 52.3 1,386 5.1 22,140

With children under 18 years old 6,624 4,999 75.5 4,701 71.0 298 6.0 1,625

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

3,955 3,155 79.8 3,014 76.2 142 4.5 799

With children under 6 years old 2,669 1,843 69.1 1,687 63.2 157 8.5 826

With children under 3 years old 1,427 919 64.4 823 57.7 95 10.4 508

With no children under 18 years old 42,670 22,155 51.9 21,068 49.4 1,087 4.9 20,515

Black or African American, all marital 

statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 17,475 10,600 60.7 9,834 56.3 766 7.2 6,875

With children under 18 years old 4,931 3,816 77.4 3,500 71.0 316 8.3 1,114

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

2,813 2,259 80.3 2,092 74.4 167 7.4 554

With children under 6 years old 2,117 1,557 73.5 1,408 66.5 149 9.6 561

With children under 3 years old 1,189 834 70.1 752 63.3 82 9.8 355

With no children under 18 years old 12,544 6,784 54.1 6,334 50.5 449 6.6 5,761

Black or African American, married, 

spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 4,710 3,037 64.5 2,898 61.5 139 4.6 1,672

With children under 18 years old 1,891 1,440 76.2 1,372 72.6 68 4.7 451

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,080 858 79.4 816 75.6 41 4.8 223

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 27

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under 6 years old 811 583 71.9 556 68.6 27 4.6 228

With children under 3 years old 480 331 69.0 318 66.3 13 4.0 149

With no children under 18 years old 2,819 1,597 56.7 1,526 54.1 71 4.5 1,222

Black or African American, other 

marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 12,765 7,562 59.2 6,936 54.3 626 8.3 5,202

With children under 18 years old 3,040 2,376 78.2 2,127 70.0 248 10.5 664

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,733 1,402 80.9 1,276 73.6 126 9.0 331

With children under 6 years old 1,307 974 74.5 852 65.2 123 12.6 333

With children under 3 years old 709 502 70.9 434 61.2 68 13.6 206

With no children under 18 years old 9,725 5,186 53.3 4,808 49.4 378 7.3 4,539

Asian, all marital statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 8,146 4,605 56.5 4,440 54.5 165 3.6 3,542

With children under 18 years old 2,547 1,658 65.1 1,616 63.4 42 2.5 889

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,514 1,080 71.4 1,051 69.4 30 2.7 433

With children under 6 years old 1,033 577 55.9 565 54.7 12 2.2 456

With children under 3 years old 545 296 54.3 296 54.3 0 0.1 249

With no children under 18 years old 5,600 2,947 52.6 2,824 50.4 123 4.2 2,653

Asian, married, spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 4,755 2,810 59.1 2,731 57.4 78 2.8 1,946

With children under 18 years old 2,297 1,462 63.6 1,425 62.0 37 2.5 835

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,342 943 70.3 918 68.4 25 2.6 399

With children under 6 years old 956 519 54.3 507 53.1 12 2.3 436

With children under 3 years old 496 261 52.6 261 52.6 - - 235

With no children under 18 years old 2,458 1,347 54.8 1,306 53.1 41 3.1 1,110

Asian, other marital statuses(2)

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 28

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total women, 16 years and older 3,391 1,795 52.9 1,708 50.4 87 4.8 1,596

With children under 18 years old 249 196 78.4 190 76.4 5 2.6 54

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

172 138 79.9 133 77.0 5 3.6 35

With children under 6 years old 77 58 75.2 58 74.9 0 – 19

With children under 3 years old 50 36 71.8 35 71.3 0 – 14

With no children under 18 years old 3,142 1,600 50.9 1,518 48.3 81 5.1 1,542

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital 

statuses

Total women, 16 years and older 20,645 11,783 57.1 11,160 54.1 623 5.3 8,862

With children under 18 years old 7,643 4,742 62.0 4,478 58.6 263 5.6 2,902

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

4,191 2,857 68.2 2,705 64.5 152 5.3 1,335

With children under 6 years old 3,452 1,885 54.6 1,773 51.4 112 5.9 1,567

With children under 3 years old 1,871 946 50.6 886 47.3 61 6.4 925

With no children under 18 years old 13,002 7,042 54.2 6,682 51.4 360 5.1 5,960

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, 

spouse present(1)

Total women, 16 years and older 9,397 5,144 54.7 4,933 52.5 211 4.1 4,253

With children under 18 years old 5,142 2,892 56.3 2,760 53.7 133 4.6 2,249

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

2,807 1,755 62.5 1,677 59.7 78 4.5 1,052

With children under 6 years old 2,335 1,137 48.7 1,083 46.4 54 4.8 1,197

With children under 3 years old 1,279 586 45.8 556 43.4 30 5.2 694

With no children under 18 years old 4,255 2,252 52.9 2,174 51.1 78 3.5 2,003

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other 

marital statuses(2)

Total women, 16 years and older 11,248 6,639 59.0 6,227 55.4 412 6.2 4,609

With children under 18 years old 2,502 1,849 73.9 1,719 68.7 130 7.1 652

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 29

Footnotes:

(1) Refers to women in opposite-sex married couples only.

(2) Includes women who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as women in same-sex marriages.

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown 

(White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that 

do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Presence and age of youngest child Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

With children ages 6 to 17, none 

younger

1,385 1,102 79.6 1,028 74.3 73 6.6 283

With children under 6 years old 1,117 748 66.9 690 61.8 57 7.7 370

With children under 3 years old 591 360 60.9 330 55.8 30 8.4 231

With no children under 18 years old 8,747 4,790 54.8 4,508 51.5 281 5.9 3,957

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2017 (Numbers in 

thousands)

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

With children under age 18

1975 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0

1976 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9

1977 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9

1978 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6

1979 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7

1980 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1

1981 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0

1982 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1

1983 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3

1984 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 30

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1985 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7

1986 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2

1987 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6

1988 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5

1989 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9

1990 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0

1991 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0

1992 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5

1993 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7

1994 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1

1995 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1

1996 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4

1997 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9

1998 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6

1999 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6

2000 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3

2001 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7

2002 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8

2003 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1

2004 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8

2005 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3

2006 26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9

2007 26,834 71.3 25,646 1,188 4.4

2008 25,930 71.2 24,637 1,294 5.0

2009 26,122 71.6 24,079 2,043 7.8

2010 25,783 71.3 23,510 2,273 8.8

2011 25,376 70.9 23,109 2,266 8.9

2012 25,384 70.9 23,366 2,018 7.9

2013 25,112 70.3 23,121 1,991 7.9

2014 25,209 70.8 23,542 1,667 6.6

2015 25,107 69.9 23,841 1,265 5.0

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 31

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2016 25,070 70.8 23,877 1,193 4.8

2017 24,863 71.3 23,748 1,114 4.5

With children ages 6 to 17, none younger

1975 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9

1976 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6

1977 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5

1978 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3

1979 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8

1980 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4

1981 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7

1982 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2

1983 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1

1984 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9

1985 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1

1986 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3

1987 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3

1988 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1

1989 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9

1990 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2

1991 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3

1992 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0

1993 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1

1994 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7

1995 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8

1996 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4

1997 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7

1998 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4

1999 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4

2000 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5

2001 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9

2002 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 32

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2003 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2

2004 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9

2005 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3

2006 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0

2007 15,940 77.7 15,341 599 3.8

2008 15,479 77.5 14,842 636 4.1

2009 15,625 78.2 14,562 1,063 6.8

2010 15,247 77.2 14,058 1,189 7.8

2011 14,973 76.5 13,842 1,131 7.6

2012 14,922 76.0 13,908 1,014 6.8

2013 14,941 74.8 13,909 1,032 6.9

2014 15,227 75.8 14,389 838 5.5

2015 15,059 74.6 14,437 622 4.1

2016 15,135 75.0 14,519 616 4.1

2017 15,080 76.0 14,481 599 4.0

With children under age 6

1975 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9

1976 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8

1977 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2

1978 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5

1979 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3

1980 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0

1981 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2

1982 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9

1983 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4

1984 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1

1985 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9

1986 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0

1987 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4

1988 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6

1989 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 33

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1990 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1

1991 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1

1992 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5

1993 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9

1994 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0

1995 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8

1996 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8

1997 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6

1998 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3

1999 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3

2000 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4

2001 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9

2002 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4

2003 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6

2004 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1

2005 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9

2006 10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2

2007 10,894 63.5 10,305 589 5.4

2008 10,452 63.6 9,794 657 6.3

2009 10,497 63.6 9,517 980 9.3

2010 10,536 64.2 9,452 1,085 10.3

2011 10,403 64.2 9,268 1,135 10.9

2012 10,462 64.7 9,458 1,004 9.6

2013 10,171 64.7 9,212 958 9.4

2014 9,982 64.3 9,153 829 8.3

2015 10,048 63.9 9,405 643 6.4

2016 9,934 65.3 9,358 576 5.8

2017 9,783 65.1 9,268 515 5.3

With children under age 3

1975 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7

1976 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 34

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1977 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2

1978 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9

1979 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9

1980 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2

1981 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7

1982 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3

1983 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1

1984 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8

1985 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1

1986 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7

1987 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8

1988 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5

1989 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5

1990 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5

1991 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1

1992 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4

1993 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2

1994 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8

1995 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5

1996 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1

1997 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1

1998 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3

1999 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4

2000 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6

2001 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8

2002 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9

2003 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2

2004 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7

2005 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1

2006 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6

2007 6,006 60.1 5,679 327 5.5

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 35

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

2008 5,754 59.6 5,380 374 6.5

2009 5,960 61.1 5,401 559 9.4

2010 5,878 61.1 5,240 638 10.9

2011 5,639 60.9 5,006 633 11.2

2012 5,529 60.7 4,960 569 10.3

2013 5,448 62.1 4,937 511 9.4

2014 5,358 61.8 4,870 487 9.1

2015 5,494 61.4 5,119 375 6.8

2016 5,486 63.1 5,165 322 5.9

2017 5,449 63.1 5,153 296 5.4

With no children under age 18

1975 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9

1976 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3

1977 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4

1978 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8

1979 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2

1980 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5

1981 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4

1982 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2

1983 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6

1984 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8

1985 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6

1986 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4

1987 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9

1988 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9

1989 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5

1990 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6

1991 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5

1992 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8

1993 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9

1994 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 36

Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, step-children, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Year

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percentage of population Total Percentage of labor force

1995 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0

1996 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0

1997 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6

1998 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1

1999 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4

2000 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3

2001 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0

2002 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4

2003 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6

2004 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4

2005 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9

2006 43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5

2007 44,039 53.9 42,279 1,760 4.0

2008 45,585 54.3 43,417 2,168 4.8

2009 45,649 53.8 42,343 3,306 7.2

2010 46,098 53.5 42,256 3,842 8.3

2011 46,198 53.0 42,569 3,629 7.9

2012 47,222 52.6 43,494 3,728 7.9

2013 47,607 52.3 44,294 3,313 7.0

2014 48,076 52.1 44,980 3,096 6.4

2015 48,273 51.7 45,794 2,479 5.1

2016 49,663 52.1 47,180 2,484 5.0

2017 50,675 52.5 48,541 2,134 4.2

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 37

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Educational attainment and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years 167,388 129,582 77.4 124,898 74.6 4,685 3.6 37,806

Less than a high school 

diploma 15,833 9,632 60.8 8,994 56.8 638 6.6 6,201

High school graduates, no 

college 46,214 33,464 72.4 31,888 69.0 1,576 4.7 12,749

Some college or associate's 

degree 45,258 35,266 77.9 33,952 75.0 1,314 3.7 9,992

Bachelor's degree and higher 60,084 51,220 85.2 50,064 83.3 1,156 2.3 8,864

Bachelor's degree 38,555 32,371 84.0 31,579 81.9 791 2.4 6,184

Advanced degree 21,529 18,849 87.6 18,484 85.9 365 1.9 2,680

Master's degree 16,041 13,894 86.6 13,598 84.8 296 2.1 2,148

Professional degree 2,393 2,120 88.6 2,089 87.3 32 1.5 273

Doctoral degree 3,095 2,835 91.6 2,798 90.4 38 1.3 259

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years 85,483 60,614 70.9 58,370 68.3 2,244 3.7 24,869

Less than a high school 

diploma 7,519 3,506 46.6 3,244 43.1 262 7.5 4,013

High school graduates, no 

college 21,571 13,732 63.7 13,043 60.5 690 5.0 7,839

Some college or associate's 

degree 24,168 17,518 72.5 16,838 69.7 680 3.9 6,650

Bachelor's degree and higher 32,224 25,857 80.2 25,244 78.3 612 2.4 6,368

Bachelor's degree 20,555 16,075 78.2 15,655 76.2 419 2.6 4,480

Advanced degree 11,669 9,782 83.8 9,589 82.2 193 2.0 1,887

Master's degree 9,094 7,538 82.9 7,383 81.2 155 2.1 1,556

Professional degree 1,156 977 84.5 961 83.1 16 1.6 179

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2017 annual 

averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 38

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Doctoral degree 1,419 1,267 89.3 1,245 87.7 22 1.7 152

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years 81,905 68,968 84.2 66,528 81.2 2,441 3.5 12,936

Less than a high school 

diploma 8,313 6,126 73.7 5,750 69.2 376 6.1 2,188

High school graduates, no 

college 24,643 19,732 80.1 18,845 76.5 887 4.5 4,911

Some college or associate's 

degree 21,090 17,748 84.2 17,113 81.1 634 3.6 3,342

Bachelor's degree and higher 27,859 25,363 91.0 24,819 89.1 544 2.1 2,496

Bachelor's degree 18,000 16,296 90.5 15,924 88.5 372 2.3 1,704

Advanced degree 9,859 9,067 92.0 8,895 90.2 172 1.9 792

Master's degree 6,947 6,356 91.5 6,215 89.5 140 2.2 591

Professional degree 1,237 1,143 92.4 1,127 91.2 16 1.4 93

Doctoral degree 1,675 1,568 93.6 1,552 92.7 16 1.0 107

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2017 annual 

averages (Numbers in thousands)

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

Total

1970 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 39

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1974 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Women

1970 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

1976 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 40

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1981 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

Men

1970 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982 47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

1983 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 41

Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual 

averages (shown in table 9B), and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian labor force (thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

High school College

Less than 4 years 4 years, no college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1988 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–1991

Year Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

Total

1992 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

2004 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

2006 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2017

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 42

Year Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

2007 125,104 100.0 9.3 29.2 27.7 33.8

2008 126,011 100.0 9.0 28.8 28.0 34.2

2009 126,247 100.0 9.0 28.6 28.0 34.4

2010 126,237 100.0 8.9 28.6 27.9 34.6

2011 125,508 100.0 8.7 28.0 28.0 35.3

2012 125,963 100.0 8.4 27.4 28.2 36.0

2013 125,892 100.0 8.2 27.1 28.0 36.7

2014 126,269 100.0 8.0 26.7 27.9 37.3

2015 127,106 100.0 8.1 25.9 27.7 38.2

2016 128,713 100.0 7.8 25.9 27.6 38.7

2017 129,582 100.0 7.4 25.8 27.2 39.5

Women

1992 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

2006 57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9

2007 57,791 100.0 7.1 27.9 30.1 34.9

2008 58,465 100.0 6.9 27.2 30.4 35.6

2009 58,787 100.0 7.0 26.7 30.3 36.0

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2017

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 43

Year Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

2010 58,808 100.0 6.8 26.4 30.3 36.4

2011 58,520 100.0 6.7 25.8 30.4 37.1

2012 59,031 100.0 6.5 25.0 30.4 38.1

2013 58,812 100.0 6.3 24.6 30.1 39.0

2014 58,983 100.0 6.1 24.1 29.8 40.0

2015 59,252 100.0 6.1 23.2 29.6 41.1

2016 60,049 100.0 6.0 22.9 29.6 41.6

2017 60,614 100.0 5.8 22.7 28.9 42.7

Men

1992 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

2006 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3

2007 67,313 100.0 11.2 30.4 25.6 32.9

2008 67,546 100.0 10.9 30.2 25.9 33.0

2009 67,460 100.0 10.8 30.3 25.9 33.0

2010 67,429 100.0 10.6 30.6 25.8 33.0

2011 66,989 100.0 10.4 30.0 26.0 33.7

2012 66,932 100.0 10.0 29.6 26.2 34.1

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2017

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 44

Footnotes:

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.

(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Data from 1970–1991 (table 9A) are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are 

annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Civilian labor force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total Less than a high school 

diploma

High school graduates, no 

college(1)

Some college or associate's 

degree

Bachelor's degree and 

higher(2)

2013 67,081 100.0 9.8 29.2 26.2 34.7

2014 67,287 100.0 9.8 29.1 26.2 35.0

2015 67,853 100.0 9.9 28.4 26.0 35.7

2016 68,664 100.0 9.3 28.6 25.9 36.2

2017 68,968 100.0 8.9 28.6 25.7 36.8

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2017

Occupation and gender

Year

2016 2017

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older 151,436 100.0 153,337 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 59,438 39.2 60,901 39.7

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 24,941 16.5 25,379 16.6

Professional and related occupations 34,498 22.8 35,522 23.2

Service occupations 26,811 17.7 26,751 17.4

Sales and office occupations 33,539 22.1 33,566 21.9

Sales and related occupations 15,848 10.5 15,815 10.3

Office and administrative support occupations 17,691 11.7 17,751 11.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,904 9.2 14,193 9.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,096 0.7 1,184 0.8

Construction and extraction occupations 7,929 5.2 8,031 5.2

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 45

Occupation and gender

Year

2016 2017

Number Percent Number Percent

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,879 3.2 4,977 3.2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17,743 11.7 17,927 11.7

Production occupations 8,459 5.6 8,482 5.5

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,284 6.1 9,445 6.2

Women

Total, 16 years and older 70,868 100.0 71,936 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 30,593 43.2 31,413 43.7

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 10,922 15.4 11,171 15.5

Professional and related occupations 19,671 27.8 20,241 28.1

Service occupations 15,186 21.4 15,130 21.0

Sales and office occupations 20,516 28.9 20,593 28.6

Sales and related occupations 7,761 11.0 7,770 10.8

Office and administrative support occupations 12,755 18.0 12,823 17.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 657 0.9 720 1.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 244 0.3 278 0.4

Construction and extraction occupations 236 0.3 243 0.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 177 0.2 200 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 3,916 5.5 4,080 5.7

Production occupations 2,385 3.4 2,450 3.4

Transportation and material moving occupations 1,531 2.2 1,630 2.3

Men

Total, 16 years and older 80,568 100.0 81,402 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 28,846 35.8 29,488 36.2

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 14,019 17.4 14,207 17.5

Professional and related occupations 14,827 18.4 15,281 18.8

Service occupations 11,625 14.4 11,621 14.3

Sales and office occupations 13,023 16.2 12,973 15.9

Sales and related occupations 8,088 10.0 8,045 9.9

Office and administrative support occupations 4,936 6.1 4,929 6.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 13,247 16.4 13,473 16.6

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 46

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation and gender

Year

2016 2017

Number Percent Number Percent

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 852 1.1 907 1.1

Construction and extraction occupations 7,693 9.5 7,788 9.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,703 5.8 4,778 5.9

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 13,826 17.2 13,846 17.0

Production occupations 6,073 7.5 6,031 7.4

Transportation and material moving occupations 7,753 9.6 7,815 9.6

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Total, 16 years and older 153,337 46.9

Management, professional, and related occupations 60,901 51.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 25,379 44.0

Management occupations 17,804 39.8

Chief executives 1,639 28.0

General and operations managers 1,005 34.1

Legislators 18 -

Advertising and promotions managers 61 52.7

Marketing and sales managers 1,078 45.3

Public relations and fundraising managers 73 63.5

Administrative services managers 151 40.1

Computer and information systems managers 630 28.6

Financial managers 1,167 55.7

Compensation and benefits managers 16 -

Human resources managers 327 70.8

Training and development managers 63 59.8

Industrial production managers 280 25.7

Purchasing managers 205 52.3

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 47

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 291 19.2

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 1,018 25.2

Construction managers 1,081 7.4

Education administrators 918 64.2

Architectural and engineering managers 129 8.7

Food service managers 1,210 46.3

Funeral service managers 15 -

Gaming managers 19 -

Lodging managers 156 48.8

Medical and health services managers 671 69.8

Natural sciences managers 16 -

Postmasters and mail superintendents 27 -

Property, real estate, and community association managers 743 48.6

Social and community service managers 390 70.2

Emergency management directors 11 -

Managers, all other 4,398 35.8

Business and financial operations occupations 7,574 54.0

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 50 44.4

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 11 -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 194 55.8

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 270 44.1

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 350 61.7

Compliance officers 260 57.6

Cost estimators 118 12.9

Human resources workers 736 72.1

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 59 72.3

Training and development specialists 133 47.1

Logisticians 112 34.8

Management analysts 937 42.3

Meeting, convention, and event planners 137 85.1

Fundraisers 84 77.3

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 344 60.8

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 48

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Business operations specialists, all other 273 52.5

Accountants and auditors 1,804 60.3

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 97 37.4

Budget analysts 53 46.8

Credit analysts 29 -

Financial analysts 309 36.5

Personal financial advisors 525 32.0

Insurance underwriters 104 63.8

Financial examiners 15 -

Credit counselors and loan officers 353 56.5

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 65 58.4

Tax preparers 107 63.1

Financial specialists, all other 45 -

Professional and related occupations 35,522 57.0

Computer and mathematical occupations 4,804 25.5

Computer and information research scientists 24 -

Computer systems analysts 554 38.9

Information security analysts 105 20.2

Computer programmers 473 21.2

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,536 18.7

Web developers 204 32.3

Computer support specialists 532 27.1

Database administrators 96 40.6

Network and computer systems administrators 210 23.5

Computer network architects 106 4.2

Computer occupations, all other 693 22.6

Actuaries 29 -

Mathematicians 3 -

Operations research analysts 147 51.5

Statisticians 87 48.8

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 3 -

Architecture and engineering occupations 3,224 16.2

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 49

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Architects, except naval 253 28.6

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 43 -

Aerospace engineers 148 8.9

Agricultural engineers 2 -

Biomedical engineers 17 -

Chemical engineers 77 16.9

Civil engineers 461 14.4

Computer hardware engineers 80 17.2

Electrical and electronics engineers 284 12.3

Environmental engineers 38 -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 221 22.6

Marine engineers and naval architects 12 -

Materials engineers 32 -

Mechanical engineers 344 9.2

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 11 -

Nuclear engineers 8 -

Petroleum engineers 24 -

Engineers, all other 582 14.1

Drafters 137 20.8

Engineering technicians, except drafters 375 20.0

Surveying and mapping technicians 73 4.6

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,431 47.4

Agricultural and food scientists 32 -

Biological scientists 98 54.4

Conservation scientists and foresters 29 -

Medical scientists 161 52.1

Life scientists, all other 3 -

Astronomers and physicists 18 -

Atmospheric and space scientists 7 -

Chemists and materials scientists 105 38.3

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 84 35.8

Physical scientists, all other 301 47.3

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 50

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Economists 28 -

Survey researchers 3 -

Psychologists 187 68.9

Sociologists 2 -

Urban and regional planners 32 -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 41 -

Agricultural and food science technicians 32 -

Biological technicians 23 -

Chemical technicians 57 27.4

Geological and petroleum technicians 13 -

Nuclear technicians 7 -

Social science research assistants 4 -

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 164 47.7

Community and social service occupations 2,635 66.1

Counselors 853 72.3

Social workers 802 82.5

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 99 63.5

Social and human service assistants 232 75.3

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers 76 74.8

Clergy 406 17.0

Directors, religious activities and education 81 54.1

Religious workers, all other 85 65.3

Legal occupations 1,827 52.8

Lawyers 1,137 37.4

Judicial law clerks 14 -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 66 28.1

Paralegals and legal assistants 424 86.3

Miscellaneous legal support workers 186 80.2

Education, training, and library occupations 9,215 73.0

Postsecondary teachers 1,423 47.0

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 712 97.7

Elementary and middle school teachers 3,268 79.3

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 51

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Secondary school teachers 1,039 58.5

Special education teachers 422 85.6

Other teachers and instructors 907 65.4

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 59 61.4

Librarians 194 79.5

Library technicians 40 -

Teacher assistants 989 88.5

Other education, training, and library workers 161 67.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 3,246 46.9

Artists and related workers 236 51.9

Designers 908 52.8

Actors 40 -

Producers and directors 180 29.8

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 345 36.4

Dancers and choreographers 21 -

Musicians, singers, and related workers 188 37.7

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 67 48.1

Announcers 50 23.1

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 84 55.3

Public relations specialists 118 60.9

Editors 174 54.1

Technical writers 76 60.2

Writers and authors 226 60.9

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 112 64.2

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 119 14.4

Photographers 214 46.0

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 82 12.2

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 5 -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 9,141 75.0

Chiropractors 51 21.1

Dentists 159 35.8

Dietitians and nutritionists 114 94.1

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 52

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Optometrists 51 50.2

Pharmacists 342 57.5

Physicians and surgeons 1,079 40.0

Physician assistants 116 70.9

Podiatrists 12 -

Audiologists 15 -

Occupational therapists 122 87.6

Physical therapists 258 68.2

Radiation therapists 10 -

Recreational therapists 7 -

Respiratory therapists 100 72.4

Speech-language pathologists 141 98.0

Exercise physiologists 5 -

Therapists, all other 221 83.3

Veterinarians 89 62.5

Registered nurses 3,159 89.9

Nurse anesthetists 35 -

Nurse midwives 7 -

Nurse practitioners 175 92.2

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 39 -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 376 69.3

Dental hygienists 168 94.9

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 319 70.8

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 223 30.6

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 632 79.4

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 630 89.5

Medical records and health information technicians 167 91.7

Opticians, dispensing 48 -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 160 66.0

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 110 46.5

Service occupations 26,751 56.6

Healthcare support occupations 3,506 87.1

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 53

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 1,936 88.6

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 27 -

Physical therapist assistants and aides 83 67.2

Massage therapists 172 82.7

Dental assistants 299 95.9

Medical assistants 539 91.6

Medical transcriptionists 36 -

Pharmacy aides 39 -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 61 84.2

Phlebotomists 112 83.8

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers 200 70.5

Protective service occupations 3,113 22.3

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 52 29.9

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 95 12.5

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 44 -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 72 22.0

Firefighters 283 3.5

Fire inspectors 27 -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 408 28.5

Detectives and criminal investigators 136 23.2

Fish and game wardens 4 -

Parking enforcement workers 6 -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 704 13.6

Transit and railroad police 7 -

Animal control workers 15 -

Private detectives and investigators 94 48.8

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 920 24.3

Crossing guards 63 52.2

Transportation security screeners 46 -

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 136 49.6

Food preparation and serving related occupations 8,305 53.8

Chefs and head cooks 465 19.7

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 54

Occupation Total employed Percent women

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 519 54.8

Cooks 2,079 39.3

Food preparation workers 1,068 58.9

Bartenders 417 57.3

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 372 60.0

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 225 62.1

Waiters and waitresses 2,016 69.9

Food servers, nonrestaurant 207 69.9

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 334 45.9

Dishwashers 274 19.5

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 324 85.9

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 4 -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 5,888 40.7

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 326 41.1

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 255 8.0

Janitors and building cleaners 2,307 35.2

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,527 88.0

Pest control workers 108 6.5

Grounds maintenance workers 1,365 5.9

Personal care and service occupations 5,939 76.1

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 208 44.3

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 232 66.2

Animal trainers 49 -

Nonfarm animal caretakers 263 78.4

Gaming services workers 90 46.7

Motion picture projectionists 1 -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 37 -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 224 42.9

Embalmers and funeral attendants 17 -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 42 -

Barbers 135 15.6

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 806 92.6

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 55

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 397 81.8

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 89 31.1

Tour and travel guides 68 46.4

Childcare workers 1,225 93.7

Personal care aides 1,365 83.7

Recreation and fitness workers 480 62.3

Residential advisors 44 -

Personal care and service workers, all other 167 60.1

Sales and office occupations 33,566 61.3

Sales and related occupations 15,815 49.1

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 3,272 43.4

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 1,220 30.0

Cashiers 3,253 72.7

Counter and rental clerks 109 48.9

Parts salespersons 130 7.2

Retail salespersons 3,235 48.2

Advertising sales agents 241 50.4

Insurance sales agents 624 51.8

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 262 34.0

Travel agents 89 82.7

Sales representatives, services, all other 525 27.1

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,264 28.0

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 61 78.4

Real estate brokers and sales agents 997 57.1

Sales engineers 35 -

Telemarketers 58 69.4

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 166 58.4

Sales and related workers, all other 276 50.3

Office and administrative support occupations 17,751 72.2

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,425 70.1

Switchboard operators, including answering service 23 -

Telephone operators 47 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 56

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Communications equipment operators, all other 9 -

Bill and account collectors 139 71.3

Billing and posting clerks 473 85.9

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,089 88.7

Gaming cage workers 14 -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 129 89.5

Procurement clerks 30 -

Tellers 306 85.2

Financial clerks, all other 82 60.8

Brokerage clerks 7 -

Correspondence clerks 7 -

Court, municipal, and license clerks 90 75.2

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 55 63.8

Customer service representatives 2,494 65.1

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 62 76.7

File clerks 182 81.4

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 125 60.9

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 142 85.0

Library assistants, clerical 96 80.1

Loan interviewers and clerks 120 80.4

New accounts clerks 32 -

Order clerks 107 54.9

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 45 -

Receptionists and information clerks 1,267 91.0

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 127 58.0

Information and record clerks, all other 110 78.1

Cargo and freight agents 16 -

Couriers and messengers 239 19.4

Dispatchers 292 57.4

Meter readers, utilities 18 -

Postal service clerks 111 55.3

Postal service mail carriers 306 40.8

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 57

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 50 56.7

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 270 53.9

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 623 31.3

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,525 37.9

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 52 46.8

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,769 95.0

Computer operators 73 60.2

Data entry keyers 267 79.6

Word processors and typists 94 89.8

Desktop publishers 2 -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 237 84.3

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 61 36.8

Office clerks, general 1,271 83.1

Office machine operators, except computer 33 -

Proofreaders and copy markers 10 -

Statistical assistants 21 -

Office and administrative support workers, all other 576 75.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 14,193 5.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 1,184 23.4

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 62 8.7

Agricultural inspectors 18 -

Animal breeders 2 -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 110 67.1

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 854 21.5

Fishers and related fishing workers 44 -

Hunters and trappers 1 -

Forest and conservation workers 27 -

Logging workers 66 2.0

Construction and extraction occupations 8,031 3.0

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 639 3.0

Boilermakers 15 -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 166 .7

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 58

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Carpenters 1,351 2.2

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 183 2.4

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 54 1.0

Construction laborers 1,946 3.3

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 15 -

Pile-driver operators 2 -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 358 1.5

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 156 2.7

Electricians 857 2.5

Glaziers 44 -

Insulation workers 58 3.1

Painters, construction and maintenance 540 6.6

Paperhangers 4 -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 600 2.2

Plasterers and stucco masons 27 -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 12 -

Roofers 220 .6

Sheet metal workers 137 2.6

Structural iron and steel workers 43 -

Solar photovoltaic installers 11 -

Helpers, construction trades 69 9.4

Construction and building inspectors 89 10.2

Elevator installers and repairers 40 -

Fence erectors 34 -

Hazardous materials removal workers 30 -

Highway maintenance workers 101 2.7

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 17 -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 10 -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 24 -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 30 -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 23 -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 10 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 59

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Mining machine operators 51 1.1

Roof bolters, mining 2 -

Roustabouts, oil and gas 4 -

Helpers--extraction workers 4 -

Other extraction workers 54 2.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,977 4.0

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 253 8.4

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 212 11.3

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 134 8.1

Avionics technicians 9 -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 28 -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 1 -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 12 -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 11 -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 50 2.8

Security and fire alarm systems installers 77 2.6

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 150 5.2

Automotive body and related repairers 140 1.1

Automotive glass installers and repairers 22 -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 902 2.4

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 401 1.8

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 201 2.6

Small engine mechanics 44 -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 83 1.8

Control and valve installers and repairers 26 -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 448 2.0

Home appliance repairers 41 -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 424 3.9

Maintenance and repair workers, general 528 4.5

Maintenance workers, machinery 27 -

Millwrights 40 -

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 129 .6

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 60

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 189 2.7

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 63 14.6

Wind turbine service technicians 5 -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 34 -

Commercial divers 0 -

Locksmiths and safe repairers 35 -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 4 -

Riggers 14 -

Signal and track switch repairers 9 -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 18 -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 215 5.9

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17,927 22.8

Production occupations 8,482 28.9

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 768 19.1

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 1 -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 128 42.1

Engine and other machine assemblers 13 -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 30 -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 1,033 37.7

Bakers 215 60.1

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 269 24.3

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 12 -

Food batchmakers 89 58.1

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 15 -

Food processing workers, all other 175 32.5

Computer control programmers and operators 99 9.8

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 19 -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 8 -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 8 -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 80 11.0

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 4 -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 38 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 61

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 14 -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 -

Machinists 366 5.0

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 19 -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 5 -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 45 -

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 -

Tool and die makers 62 3.2

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 600 4.5

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 3 -

Layout workers, metal and plastic 12 -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 17 -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 6 -

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 388 20.5

Prepress technicians and workers 24 -

Printing press operators 173 17.7

Print binding and finishing workers 11 -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 151 68.0

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 30 -

Sewing machine operators 197 73.2

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 5 -

Shoe machine operators and tenders 5 -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 77 75.9

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 1 -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 8 -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 19 -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 16 -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 0 -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 3 -

Upholsterers 31 -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 18 -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 49 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Furniture finishers 15 -

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 1 -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 27 -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 19 -

Woodworkers, all other 28 -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 38 -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 76 3.3

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 107 3.8

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 42 -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 55 5.7

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 72 14.0

Cutting workers 62 25.3

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 21 -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 10 -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 793 37.9

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 43 -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 70 63.1

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 292 52.8

Painting workers 157 12.6

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 31 -

Semiconductor processors 3 -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 6 -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 11 -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 3 -

Etchers and engravers 11 -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 35 -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 29 -

Tire builders 10 -

Helpers--production workers 50 37.1

Production workers, all other 995 29.5

Transportation and material moving occupations 9,445 17.3

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 205 19.5

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Occupation Total employed Percent women

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 120 6.2

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 17 -

Flight attendants 98 72.9

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 11 -

Bus drivers 578 47.8

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 3,506 6.2

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 674 18.9

Motor vehicle operators, all other 76 17.5

Locomotive engineers and operators 42 -

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 4 -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 50 5.2

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 15 -

Sailors and marine oilers 19 -

Ship and boat captains and operators 35 -

Ship engineers 2 -

Bridge and lock tenders 5 -

Parking lot attendants 95 16.7

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 94 8.8

Transportation inspectors 41 -

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 35 -

Other transportation workers 24 -

Conveyor operators and tenders 1 -

Crane and tower operators 53 4.1

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 30 -

Hoist and winch operators 7 -

Industrial truck and tractor operators 611 8.2

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 331 14.0

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,930 19.9

Machine feeders and offbearers 31 -

Packers and packagers, hand 539 52.7

Pumping station operators 21 -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 94 11.7

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Occupation Total employed Percent women

Mine shuttle car operators 0 -

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 6 -

Material moving workers, all other 40 -

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Occupation White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 55,176 9,845 4,458 11,064

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations 45.1 35.6 49.7 27.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 16.3 11.4 16.3 10.5

Professional and related occupations 28.8 24.1 33.5 17.1

Service occupations 19.7 27.0 21.1 31.9

Sales and office occupations 29.0 29.0 21.5 29.1

Sales and related occupations 10.9 10.5 9.6 11.9

Office and administrative support occupations 18.2 18.5 11.9 17.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 1.1 0.6 0.7 2.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.4

Construction and extraction occupations 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 5.1 7.9 6.9 9.2

Production occupations 3.1 4.2 5.2 5.9

Transportation and material moving occupations 2.0 3.7 1.7 3.3

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 65

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry and gender

Year

2016 2017

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

Total, 16 years and older 151,436 100.0 153,337 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 2,460 1.6 2,454 1.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 792 0.5 748 0.5

Construction 10,328 6.8 10,692 7.0

Manufacturing 15,408 10.2 15,408 10.0

Durable goods manufacturing 9,704 6.4 9,698 6.3

Nondurable goods manufacturing 5,704 3.8 5,710 3.7

Wholesale and retail trade 20,218 13.4 20,314 13.2

Wholesale trade 3,641 2.4 3,594 2.3

Retail trade 16,577 10.9 16,720 10.9

Transportation and utilities 8,012 5.3 8,159 5.3

Transportation and warehousing 6,693 4.4 6,810 4.4

Utilities 1,319 0.9 1,349 0.9

Information 2,855 1.9 2,903 1.9

Financial activities 10,404 6.9 10,482 6.8

Finance and insurance 7,241 4.8 7,288 4.8

Real estate and rental and leasing 3,163 2.1 3,194 2.1

Professional and business services 18,325 12.1 18,835 12.3

Professional and technical services 11,228 7.4 11,764 7.7

Management, administrative, and waste services 7,097 4.7 7,072 4.6

Education and health services 34,263 22.6 34,483 22.5

Educational services 13,674 9.0 13,763 9.0

Health care and social assistance 20,589 13.6 20,720 13.5

Hospitals 6,990 4.6 7,042 4.6

Health services, except hospitals 10,220 6.7 10,359 6.8

Social assistance 3,379 2.2 3,319 2.2

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Industry and gender

Year

2016 2017

Number Percent Number Percent

Leisure and hospitality 14,193 9.4 14,291 9.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 3,241 2.1 3,399 2.2

Accommodation and food services 10,952 7.2 10,891 7.1

Other services 7,320 4.8 7,485 4.9

Other services, except private households 6,596 4.4 6,828 4.5

Private households 724 0.5 657 0.4

Public administration 6,857 4.5 7,083 4.6

Women

Total, 16 years and older 70,868 100.0 71,936 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 621 0.9 611 0.8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 106 0.1 94 0.1

Construction 939 1.3 971 1.3

Manufacturing 4,460 6.3 4,551 6.3

Durable goods manufacturing 2,418 3.4 2,463 3.4

Nondurable goods manufacturing 2,042 2.9 2,088 2.9

Wholesale and retail trade 9,005 12.7 9,137 12.7

Wholesale trade 1,074 1.5 1,073 1.5

Retail trade 7,932 11.2 8,064 11.2

Transportation and utilities 1,883 2.7 1,955 2.7

Transportation and warehousing 1,593 2.2 1,681 2.3

Utilities 290 0.4 274 0.4

Information 1,160 1.6 1,132 1.6

Financial activities 5,437 7.7 5,542 7.7

Finance and insurance 3,993 5.6 4,049 5.6

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,444 2.0 1,494 2.1

Professional and business services 7,581 10.7 7,954 11.1

Professional and technical services 4,743 6.7 5,007 7.0

Management, administrative, and waste services 2,839 4.0 2,946 4.1

Education and health services 25,572 36.1 25,679 35.7

Educational services 9,360 13.2 9,408 13.1

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 67

Industry and gender

Year

2016 2017

Number Percent Number Percent

Health care and social assistance 16,212 22.9 16,271 22.6

Hospitals 5,359 7.6 5,355 7.4

Health services, except hospitals 8,011 11.3 8,135 11.3

Social assistance 2,842 4.0 2,780 3.9

Leisure and hospitality 7,189 10.1 7,294 10.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,465 2.1 1,566 2.2

Accommodation and food services 5,724 8.1 5,728 8.0

Other services 3,820 5.4 3,868 5.4

Other services, except private households 3,157 4.5 3,265 4.5

Private households 664 0.9 602 0.8

Public administration 3,095 4.4 3,148 4.4

Men

Total, 16 years and older 80,568 100.0 81,402 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1,839 2.3 1,843 2.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 686 0.9 654 0.8

Construction 9,389 11.7 9,722 11.9

Manufacturing 10,948 13.6 10,857 13.3

Durable goods manufacturing 7,286 9.0 7,235 8.9

Nondurable goods manufacturing 3,662 4.5 3,622 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade 11,213 13.9 11,176 13.7

Wholesale trade 2,567 3.2 2,521 3.1

Retail trade 8,645 10.7 8,656 10.6

Transportation and utilities 6,129 7.6 6,204 7.6

Transportation and warehousing 5,100 6.3 5,129 6.3

Utilities 1,029 1.3 1,075 1.3

Information 1,695 2.1 1,771 2.2

Financial activities 4,967 6.2 4,940 6.1

Finance and insurance 3,248 4.0 3,239 4.0

Real estate and rental and leasing 1,719 2.1 1,700 2.1

Professional and business services 10,743 13.3 10,882 13.4

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 68

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry and gender

Year

2016 2017

Number Percent Number Percent

Professional and technical services 6,485 8.0 6,756 8.3

Management, administrative, and waste services 4,258 5.3 4,125 5.1

Education and health services 8,691 10.8 8,804 10.8

Educational services 4,315 5.4 4,355 5.3

Health care and social assistance 4,377 5.4 4,449 5.5

Hospitals 1,630 2.0 1,687 2.1

Health services, except hospitals 2,209 2.7 2,223 2.7

Social assistance 537 0.7 539 0.7

Leisure and hospitality 7,005 8.7 6,996 8.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,776 2.2 1,833 2.3

Accommodation and food services 5,229 6.5 5,163 6.3

Other services 3,500 4.3 3,617 4.4

Other services, except private households 3,440 4.3 3,562 4.4

Private households 60 0.1 55 0.1

Public administration 3,762 4.7 3,935 4.8

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2016 and 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Industry Total employed Percent women

Total, 16 years and older 153,337 46.9

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 2,454 24.9

Crop production 1,202 25.3

Animal production and aquaculture 848 25.4

Forestry, except logging 61 22.7

Logging 103 2.9

Fishing, hunting, and trapping 59 14.4

Support activities for agriculture and forestry 181 36.7

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 748 12.5

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 69

Industry Total employed Percent women

Oil and gas extraction 87 12.8

Coal mining 49 -

Metal ore mining 35 -

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 95 10.7

Not specified type of mining 4 -

Support activities for mining 478 14.4

Construction 10,692 9.1

Manufacturing 15,408 29.5

Durable goods manufacturing 9,698 25.4

Nonmetallic mineral products manufacturing 447 22.5

Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing 23 -

Clay building material and refractories manufacturing 29 -

Glass and glass product manufacturing 149 26.5

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing 153 12.5

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 94 29.0

Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing 1,593 17.6

Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing 255 12.8

Aluminum production and processing 61 26.5

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing 42 -

Foundries 85 16.2

Metal forgings and stampings 56 20.2

Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing 53 34.7

Structural metals, and boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing 315 15.0

Machine shops; turned product; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing 297 14.3

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities 71 21.9

Ordnance 59 20.6

Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing 276 21.8

Not specified metal industries 21 -

Machinery manufacturing 1,216 21.8

Agricultural implement manufacturing 104 20.0

Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing 138 13.8

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 69 38.0

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 70

Industry Total employed Percent women

Metalworking machinery manufacturing 158 13.2

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing 52 24.7

Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c. 682 23.9

Not specified machinery manufacturing 12 -

Computers and electronic products manufacturing 1,118 30.4

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing 157 28.3

Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing 111 30.9

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing 210 30.9

Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c. 639 30.6

Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing 431 30.4

Household appliance manufacturing 90 39.0

Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c. 341 28.1

Transportation equipment manufacturing 2,442 24.0

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing 1,385 26.7

Aircraft and parts manufacturing 753 21.6

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 52 19.5

Railroad rolling stock manufacturing 32 -

Ship and boat building 172 16.8

Other transportation equipment manufacturing 50 -

Wood products manufacturing 425 16.2

Sawmills and wood preservation 137 12.9

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products 27 -

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes 47 -

Miscellaneous wood products 214 18.8

Furniture and related product manufacturing 467 24.1

Miscellaneous manufacturing 1,559 37.2

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 596 40.5

Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing 115 39.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c. 532 34.6

Not specified manufacturing industries 316 34.6

Nondurable goods manufacturing 5,710 36.6

Food manufacturing 1,819 41.9

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 71

Industry Total employed Percent women

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling 157 28.3

Sugar and confectionery products 79 49.5

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing 152 39.0

Dairy product manufacturing 160 20.9

Animal slaughtering and processing 468 41.2

Retail bakeries 291 69.6

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries 210 40.9

Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c. 206 35.0

Not specified food industries 95 34.8

Beverage and tobacco products manufacturing 316 22.8

Beverage manufacturing 298 22.0

Tobacco manufacturing 19 -

Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing 640 56.1

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 17 -

Fabric mills, except knitting mills 115 36.9

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills 11 -

Carpet and rug mills 98 36.8

Textile product mills, except carpet and rug 78 62.6

Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills 23 -

Cut and sew apparel manufacturing 239 69.0

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing 7 -

Footwear manufacturing 36 -

Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing 17 -

Paper manufacturing and printing 901 29.8

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 228 21.4

Paperboard container manufacturing 95 30.0

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products 88 31.7

Printing and related support activities 490 33.4

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 183 16.9

Petroleum refining 172 17.6

Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 11 -

Chemicals manufacturing 1,323 34.6

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 72

Industry Total employed Percent women

Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing 171 23.4

Agricultural chemical manufacturing 36 -

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 518 42.2

Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing 58 20.3

Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing 133 51.4

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals 407 26.5

Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 529 25.8

Plastics product manufacturing 393 26.0

Tire manufacturing 68 16.1

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing 68 34.7

Wholesale and retail trade 20,314 45.0

Wholesale trade 3,594 29.9

Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers 180 23.7

Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers 52 39.6

Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers 152 18.8

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 323 36.2

Metals and minerals, except petroleum merchant wholesalers 42 -

Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers 174 26.5

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 130 18.6

Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers 339 24.7

Recyclable material merchant wholesalers 112 17.5

Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers 89 36.0

Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers 51 45.1

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers 239 46.8

Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers 91 55.9

Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers 878 26.7

Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers 68 19.5

Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers 116 22.1

Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers 146 19.3

Farm supplies merchant wholesalers 54 31.8

Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers 193 41.2

Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers 87 43.9

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 73

Industry Total employed Percent women

Not specified wholesale trade 80 35.8

Retail trade 16,720 48.2

Automobile dealers 1,447 21.8

Other motor vehicle dealers 135 21.2

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 497 17.3

Furniture and home furnishings stores 551 44.4

Household appliance stores 69 32.7

Electronics stores 540 27.9

Building material and supplies dealers 1,089 32.3

Hardware stores 190 34.6

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 241 30.0

Grocery stores 2,771 48.5

Specialty food stores 250 50.9

Beer, wine, and liquor stores 140 40.8

Pharmacies and drug stores 959 64.6

Health and personal care, except drug, stores 429 68.6

Gasoline stations 488 51.4

Clothing stores 988 73.2

Shoe stores 156 54.7

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 201 66.7

Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores 450 41.5

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores 41 -

Musical instrument and supplies stores 43 -

Book stores and news dealers 103 61.8

Department stores and discount stores 2,069 59.3

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores 578 57.8

Retail florists 92 73.8

Office supplies and stationery stores 131 34.0

Used merchandise stores 250 64.5

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops 129 69.5

Miscellaneous retail stores 512 55.8

Electronic shopping 351 47.7

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 74

Industry Total employed Percent women

Electronic auctions 15 -

Mail-order houses 73 47.2

Vending machine operators 42 -

Fuel dealers 76 25.6

Other direct selling establishments 189 65.2

Not specified retail trade 435 52.9

Transportation and utilities 8,159 24.0

Transportation and warehousing 6,810 24.7

Air transportation 595 40.0

Rail transportation 242 11.6

Water transportation 80 22.2

Truck transportation 1,965 12.5

Bus service and urban transit 535 37.1

Taxi and limousine service 564 17.9

Pipeline transportation 52 11.0

Scenic and sightseeing transportation 35 -

Services incidental to transportation 786 26.5

Postal Service 612 43.0

Couriers and messengers 748 22.7

Warehousing and storage 597 31.6

Utilities 1,349 20.3

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution 706 20.5

Natural gas distribution 116 19.2

Electric and gas, and other combinations 139 26.0

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems 266 18.2

Sewage treatment facilities 98 9.8

Not specified utilities 23 -

Information 2,903 39.0

Newspaper publishers 182 47.9

Periodical, book, and directory publishers 211 61.3

Software publishers 105 26.9

Motion pictures and video industries 473 32.9

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 75

Industry Total employed Percent women

Sound recording industries 38 -

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming 549 36.6

Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals 118 38.7

Wired telecommunications carriers 505 27.4

Other telecommunications services 380 31.3

Data processing, hosting, and related services 91 42.0

Libraries and archives 221 76.5

Other information services 30 -

Financial activities 10,482 52.9

Finance and insurance 7,288 55.6

Banking and related activities 2,002 58.5

Savings institutions, including credit unions 269 70.7

Nondepository credit and related activities 957 51.0

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments 1,227 37.7

Insurance carriers and related activities 2,833 61.3

Real estate and rental and leasing 3,194 46.8

Real estate 2,795 49.1

Rental and leasing services 400 30.6

Automotive equipment rental and leasing 178 35.1

Video tape and disk rental 11 -

Other consumer goods rental 100 30.5

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing 111 20.2

Professional and business services 18,835 42.2

Professional and technical services 11,764 42.6

Legal services 1,621 56.6

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 1,153 60.1

Architectural, engineering, and related services 1,779 24.4

Specialized design services 366 58.7

Computer systems design and related services 3,057 27.4

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 1,706 42.5

Scientific research and development services 644 49.6

Advertising, public relations, and related services 559 49.2

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 76

Industry Total employed Percent women

Veterinary services 380 82.2

Other professional, scientific, and technical services 497 55.5

Management, administrative, and waste services 7,072 41.7

Management of companies and enterprises 185 45.8

Employment services 995 56.8

Business support services 695 63.4

Travel arrangements and reservation services 323 63.5

Investigation and security services 821 27.7

Services to buildings and dwellings 1,783 57.3

Landscaping services 1,404 9.9

Other administrative and other support services 331 50.3

Waste management and remediation services 535 17.8

Education and health services 34,483 74.5

Educational services 13,763 68.4

Elementary and secondary schools 9,049 74.9

Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges 3,843 53.7

Business, technical, and trade schools and training 98 54.8

Other schools and instruction, and educational support services 774 66.7

Health care and social assistance 20,720 78.5

Hospitals 7,042 76.0

Health services, except hospitals 10,359 78.5

Offices of physicians 1,602 76.0

Offices of dentists 879 83.6

Offices of chiropractors 134 64.1

Offices of optometrists 150 76.7

Offices of other health practitioners 300 78.4

Outpatient care centers 1,722 75.1

Home health care services 1,465 88.3

Other health care services 1,576 70.3

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 1,658 84.1

Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities 871 75.5

Social assistance 3,319 83.8

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 77

Industry Total employed Percent women

Individual and family services 1,549 76.7

Community food and housing, and emergency services 113 67.3

Vocational rehabilitation services 106 55.8

Child day care services 1,551 94.0

Leisure and hospitality 14,291 51.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 3,399 46.1

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries 917 41.6

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions 362 50.1

Bowling centers 38 -

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries 2,082 47.2

Accommodation and food services 10,891 52.6

Accommodation 1,482 57.7

Traveler accommodation 1,380 58.0

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses 102 53.9

Food services and drinking places 9,409 51.8

Restaurants and other food services 9,150 51.8

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 259 50.6

Other services 7,485 51.7

Other services, except private households 6,828 47.8

Repair and maintenance 2,139 11.9

Automotive repair and maintenance 1,244 9.6

Car washes 198 11.5

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 148 19.4

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance 322 7.5

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance 223 26.6

Footwear and leather goods repair 4 -

Personal and laundry services 2,644 71.3

Barber shops 148 19.3

Beauty salons 1,026 90.5

Nail salons and other personal care services 581 73.9

Drycleaning and laundry services 271 53.6

Funeral homes, and cemeteries and crematories 148 39.8

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 78

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

Note: Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry Total employed Percent women

Other personal services 471 63.0

Membership associations and organizations 2,045 55.0

Religious organizations 1,048 46.6

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services 763 66.0

Labor unions 75 41.0

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations 159 63.5

Private households 657 91.6

Public administration 7,083 44.4

Executive offices and legislative bodies 1,202 51.0

Public finance activities 320 61.4

Other general government and support 107 38.4

Justice, public order, and safety activities 2,761 34.0

Administration of human resource programs 985 71.9

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs 263 40.8

Administration of economic programs and space research 540 43.7

National security and international affairs 904 34.0

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Industry White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (thousands) 55,176 9,845 4,458 11,064

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.4

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Construction 1.6 0.5 0.6 1.5

Manufacturing 6.3 5.3 9.3 7.6

Durable goods manufacturing 3.4 2.9 5.4 3.4

Nondurable goods manufacturing 2.9 2.4 3.9 4.2

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 79

Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Industry White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Wholesale and retail trade 12.9 11.7 11.7 14.2

Wholesale trade 1.6 0.8 1.9 1.8

Retail trade 11.3 10.9 9.8 12.4

Transportation and utilities 2.5 4.5 1.9 3.0

Transportation and warehousing 2.1 4.2 1.7 2.7

Utilities 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3

Information 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.1

Financial activities 7.9 6.7 8.0 6.4

Finance and insurance 5.7 5.2 6.4 4.6

Real estate and rental and leasing 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.8

Professional and business services 11.4 8.8 12.7 11.4

Professional and technical services 7.4 3.5 10.5 4.1

Management, administrative, and waste services 4.0 5.3 2.2 7.3

Education and health services 35.5 39.9 31.5 29.9

Educational services 14.0 10.7 9.1 10.0

Health care and social assistance 21.5 29.3 22.4 19.9

Hospitals 7.2 8.6 9.0 5.0

Health services, except hospitals 10.7 15.2 10.3 10.3

Social assistance 3.6 5.5 3.1 4.6

Leisure and hospitality 9.9 9.7 10.4 14.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 2.3 1.4 1.9 1.8

Accommodation and food services 7.6 8.3 8.5 12.4

Other services 5.4 4.2 8.2 5.9

Other services, except private households 4.5 3.6 7.7 3.8

Private households 0.9 0.6 0.5 2.1

Public administration 3.9 6.8 3.4 3.3

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 80

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980 262 269 212 - 209

1981 284 291 235 - 223

1982 302 310 245 - 240

1983 313 320 261 - 250

1984 326 336 269 - 259

1985 344 356 277 - 270

1986 359 371 291 - 277

1987 374 384 301 - 285

1988 385 395 314 - 290

1989 399 409 319 - 298

1990 412 424 329 - 304

1991 426 442 348 - 312

1992 440 458 357 - 321

1993 459 475 369 - 331

1994 467 484 371 - 324

1995 479 494 383 - 329

1996 490 506 387 - 339

1997 503 519 400 - 351

1998 523 545 426 - 370

1999 549 573 445 - 385

2000 576 590 474 $615 399

2001 596 610 491 639 417

2002 608 623 498 658 424

2003 620 636 514 693 440

2004 638 657 525 708 456

2005 651 672 520 753 471

2006 671 690 554 784 486

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 81

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2007 695 716 569 830 503

2008 722 742 589 861 529

2009 739 757 601 880 541

2010 747 765 611 855 535

2011 756 775 615 866 549

2012 768 792 621 920 568

2013 776 802 629 942 578

2014 791 816 639 953 594

2015 809 835 641 993 604

2016 832 862 678 1,021 624

2017 860 890 682 1,043 655

Women

1979 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980 201 203 185 - 172

1981 219 221 206 - 190

1982 239 242 217 - 203

1983 252 254 232 - 215

1984 265 268 241 - 223

1985 277 281 252 - 230

1986 291 294 264 - 241

1987 303 307 276 - 251

1988 315 318 288 - 260

1989 328 334 301 - 269

1990 346 353 308 - 278

1991 366 373 323 - 292

1992 380 387 335 - 302

1993 393 401 348 - 313

1994 399 408 346 - 305

1995 406 415 355 - 305

1996 418 428 362 - 316

1997 431 444 375 - 318

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 82

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1998 456 468 400 - 337

1999 473 483 409 - 348

2000 493 502 429 $547 366

2001 512 522 454 563 388

2002 529 547 473 566 397

2003 552 567 491 598 410

2004 573 584 505 613 419

2005 585 596 499 665 429

2006 600 609 519 699 440

2007 614 626 533 731 473

2008 638 654 554 753 501

2009 657 669 582 779 509

2010 669 684 592 773 508

2011 684 703 595 751 518

2012 691 710 599 770 521

2013 706 722 606 819 541

2014 719 734 611 841 548

2015 726 743 615 877 566

2016 749 766 641 902 586

2017 770 795 657 903 603

Men

1979 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980 313 320 244 - 234

1981 340 350 268 - 251

1982 364 375 278 - 269

1983 379 387 294 - 274

1984 392 401 303 - 287

1985 407 418 305 - 296

1986 419 433 319 - 299

1987 434 450 327 - 306

1988 449 465 348 - 308

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 83

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1989 468 482 348 - 315

1990 481 494 361 - 318

1991 493 506 375 - 323

1992 501 514 380 - 339

1993 510 524 392 - 346

1994 522 547 400 - 343

1995 538 566 411 - 350

1996 557 580 412 - 356

1997 579 595 432 - 371

1998 598 615 468 - 390

1999 618 638 488 - 406

2000 641 662 510 $685 417

2001 670 689 529 732 440

2002 679 702 524 756 451

2003 695 715 555 772 464

2004 713 732 569 802 480

2005 722 743 559 825 489

2006 743 761 591 882 505

2007 766 788 600 936 520

2008 798 825 620 966 559

2009 819 845 621 952 569

2010 824 850 633 936 560

2011 832 856 653 970 571

2012 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016 915 942 718 1,151 663

2017 941 971 710 1,207 690

Women's earnings as a percentage of men's

1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 84

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 85

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability 

section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people 

who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 

2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified 

as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.

Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year and gender Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

2017 81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–

2017 annual averages

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings

Total

Total 102,991 $907

Less than high school diploma 7,038 520

High school graduate or more 95,953 944

High school graduate, no college 26,011 712

Some college or associate's degree 27,387 798

Some college, no degree 16,008 774

Associate's degree 11,379 836

Occupational program 4,737 829

Academic program 6,642 840

Bachelor's degree and higher 42,555 1,279

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 86

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings

Bachelor's degree 26,456 1,173

Master's degree 11,946 1,401

Professional degree 1,738 1,836

Doctoral degree 2,415 1,743

Women

Total 45,801 $810

Less than high school diploma 2,257 447

High school graduate or more 43,545 838

High school graduate, no college 10,031 610

Some college or associate's degree 12,846 700

Some college, no degree 7,176 680

Associate's degree 5,670 727

Occupational program 2,123 707

Academic program 3,546 743

Bachelor's degree and higher 20,668 1,131

Bachelor's degree 12,548 1,013

Master's degree 6,260 1,241

Professional degree 831 1,573

Doctoral degree 1,028 1,543

Men

Total 57,190 $996

Less than high school diploma 4,781 584

High school graduate or more 52,409 1,048

High school graduate, no college 15,980 797

Some college or associate's degree 14,541 917

Some college, no degree 8,832 886

Associate's degree 5,709 978

Occupational program 2,613 976

Academic program 3,096 979

Bachelor's degree and higher 21,887 1,481

Bachelor's degree 13,908 1,378

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2017 annual 

averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 87

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Educational attainment and gender Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings

Master's degree 5,685 1,633

Professional degree 908 2,012

Doctoral degree 1,387 1,886

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2017 annual 

averages

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Total, full-time wage and salary workers 113,272 $860 50,291 $770 62,980 $941 81.8

Management, professional, and related occupations 47,207 1,224 24,393 1,052 22,815 1,442 73.0

Management, business, and financial operations occupations 19,414 1,327 8,999 1,134 10,415 1,526 74.3

Management occupations 13,169 1,392 5,600 1,173 7,568 1,573 74.6

Chief executives 1,136 2,296 313 1,920 823 2,415 79.5

General and operations managers 920 1,328 321 1,134 598 1,488 76.2

Legislators 14 - 9 - 5 - -

Advertising and promotions managers 53 1,330 29 - 24 - -

Marketing and sales managers 994 1,509 428 1,288 566 1,747 73.7

Public relations and fundraising managers 71 1,318 47 - 24 - -

Administrative services managers 147 1,233 57 1,013 89 1,629 62.2

Computer and information systems managers 594 1,843 165 1,629 428 1,897 85.9

Financial managers 1,111 1,412 611 1,222 500 1,719 71.1

Compensation and benefits managers 16 - 11 - 5 - -

Human resources managers 304 1,448 211 1,280 92 1,748 73.2

Training and development managers 58 1,396 35 - 23 - -

Industrial production managers 265 1,486 63 1,312 202 1,526 86.0

Purchasing managers 194 1,271 104 1,138 90 1,420 80.1

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 88

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 274 1,039 49 - 225 1,061 -

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 121 1,001 21 - 100 963 -

Construction managers 582 1,428 56 1,243 526 1,439 86.4

Education administrators 801 1,367 497 1,243 304 1,561 79.6

Architectural and engineering managers 128 1,999 10 - 119 2,020 -

Food service managers 816 753 394 674 421 894 75.4

Funeral service managers 9 - 5 - 4 - -

Gaming managers 23 - 6 - 17 - -

Lodging managers 116 882 62 844 54 982 85.9

Medical and health services managers 610 1,319 433 1,177 177 1,490 79.0

Natural sciences managers 17 - 7 - 10 - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents 23 - 10 - 13 - -

Property, real estate, and community association 

managers

421 957 241 873 181 1,163 75.1

Social and community service managers 337 1,136 236 1,052 101 1,281 82.1

Emergency management directors 10 - 7 - 4 - -

Managers, all other 3,004 1,488 1,163 1,251 1,841 1,629 76.8

Business and financial operations occupations 6,245 1,174 3,398 1,055 2,847 1,390 75.9

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, 

and athletes 23 - 15 - 8 - -

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 10 - 4 - 6 - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 154 886 87 888 67 882 100.7

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm 

products 240 1,132 96 1,085 143 1,144 94.8

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and 

investigators 346 1,002 218 925 128 1,108 83.5

Compliance officers 240 1,391 134 1,296 106 1,501 86.3

Cost estimators 113 1,139 13 - 100 1,157 -

Human resources workers 664 1,086 482 1,035 182 1,236 83.7

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 60 1,042 39 - 21 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 89

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Training and development specialists 114 1,099 55 937 59 1,255 74.7

Logisticians 101 1,230 33 - 67 1,358 -

Management analysts 606 1,499 255 1,315 351 1,651 79.6

Meeting, convention, and event planners 102 1,080 89 1,064 14 - -

Fundraisers 72 1,152 55 1,152 17 - -

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 258 1,174 149 1,061 110 1,357 78.2

Business operations specialists, all other 250 1,136 132 1,013 118 1,361 74.4

Accountants and auditors 1,512 1,173 890 1,065 622 1,389 76.7

Appraisers and assessors of real estate 55 1,074 20 - 35 - -

Budget analysts 54 1,377 26 - 29 - -

Credit analysts 27 - 15 - 13 - -

Financial analysts 264 1,530 108 1,369 156 1,590 86.1

Personal financial advisors 398 1,425 131 979 267 1,662 58.9

Insurance underwriters 92 1,153 57 1,115 35 - -

Financial examiners 15 - 7 - 8 - -

Credit counselors and loan officers 320 1,070 193 958 127 1,332 71.9

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 62 1,078 33 - 28 - -

Tax preparers 56 791 39 - 18 - -

Financial specialists, all other 36 - 24 - 11 - -

Professional and related occupations 27,794 1,160 15,394 1,014 12,400 1,391 72.9

Computer and mathematical occupations 4,350 1,465 1,110 1,235 3,240 1,552 79.6

Computer and information research scientists 23 - 9 - 13 - -

Computer systems analysts 522 1,409 211 1,270 311 1,495 84.9

Information security analysts 94 1,725 20 - 74 1,773 -

Computer programmers 423 1,483 89 1,363 333 1,539 88.6

Software developers, applications and systems software 1,439 1,792 265 1,543 1,174 1,863 82.8

Web developers 144 1,235 46 - 98 1,342 -

Computer support specialists 443 1,068 124 919 319 1,134 81.0

Database administrators 93 1,381 37 - 56 1,745 -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 90

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Network and computer systems administrators 193 1,395 38 - 155 1,396 -

Computer network architects 100 1,636 3 - 97 1,659 -

Computer occupations, all other 627 1,194 142 1,059 484 1,250 84.7

Actuaries 23 - 7 - 16 - -

Mathematicians 2 - 0 - 2 - -

Operations research analysts 146 1,396 74 1,205 71 1,570 76.8

Statisticians 77 1,433 41 - 36 - -

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 2 - 1 - 1 - -

Architecture and engineering occupations 2,936 1,478 442 1,307 2,494 1,518 86.1

Architects, except naval 196 1,453 46 - 150 1,650 -

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 30 - 5 - 25 - -

Aerospace engineers 137 1,892 9 - 128 1,891 -

Agricultural engineers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Biomedical engineers 16 - 4 - 11 - -

Chemical engineers 78 1,626 12 - 66 1,631 -

Civil engineers 393 1,494 61 1,343 332 1,524 88.1

Computer hardware engineers 73 1,771 13 - 60 1,793 -

Electrical and electronics engineers 276 1,803 30 - 245 1,772 -

Environmental engineers 32 - 11 - 21 - -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety 213 1,496 46 - 168 1,520 -

Marine engineers and naval architects 7 - 0 - 7 - -

Materials engineers 32 - 5 - 28 - -

Mechanical engineers 337 1,534 26 - 311 1,533 -

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety 

engineers 12 - 1 - 10 - -

Nuclear engineers 7 - 0 - 7 - -

Petroleum engineers 23 - 6 - 17 - -

Engineers, all other 546 1,561 73 1,436 473 1,571 91.4

Drafters 122 1,126 21 - 100 1,149 -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 91

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Engineering technicians, except drafters 339 1,053 70 884 269 1,102 80.2

Surveying and mapping technicians 63 1,109 2 - 61 1,114 -

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,238 1,286 564 1,183 674 1,361 86.9

Agricultural and food scientists 25 - 10 - 14 - -

Biological scientists 82 1,140 41 - 41 - -

Conservation scientists and foresters 26 - 11 - 15 - -

Medical scientists 162 1,378 80 1,270 82 1,383 91.8

Life scientists, all other 4 - 3 - 1 - -

Astronomers and physicists 16 - 1 - 15 - -

Atmospheric and space scientists 6 - 2 - 4 - -

Chemists and materials scientists 98 1,425 41 - 56 1,451 -

Environmental scientists and geoscientists 80 1,639 30 - 51 1,746 -

Physical scientists, all other 270 1,529 122 1,409 147 1,565 90.0

Economists 29 - 12 - 18 - -

Survey researchers 2 - 1 - 1 - -

Psychologists 106 1,454 71 1,437 35 - -

Sociologists 2 - 0 - 2 - -

Urban and regional planners 34 - 16 - 18 - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 27 - 9 - 18 - -

Agricultural and food science technicians 30 - 10 - 20 - -

Biological technicians 23 - 15 - 8 - -

Chemical technicians 62 1,013 16 - 45 - -

Geological and petroleum technicians 13 - 4 - 9 - -

Nuclear technicians 6 - 2 - 4 - -

Social science research assistants 4 - 4 - 0 - -

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science 

technicians 132 826 63 766 70 970 79.0

Community and social service occupations 2,165 900 1,418 857 747 976 87.8

Counselors 650 897 472 894 178 901 99.2

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 92

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Social workers 714 906 591 900 122 935 96.3

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 90 881 55 858 36 - -

Social and human service assistants 189 739 141 701 48 - -

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, 

including health educators and community health 

workers

68 829 51 791 17 - -

Clergy 342 1,058 46 - 297 1,073 -

Directors, religious activities and education 61 844 25 - 36 - -

Religious workers, all other 50 831 37 - 13 - -

Legal occupations 1,379 1,443 811 1,192 568 1,896 62.9

Lawyers 781 1,901 337 1,753 444 2,105 83.3

Judicial law clerks 13 - 6 - 7 - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 59 1,742 17 - 42 - -

Paralegals and legal assistants 370 945 321 934 49 - -

Miscellaneous legal support workers 156 957 130 904 26 - -

Education, training, and library occupations 6,978 1,002 5,039 935 1,939 1,202 77.8

Postsecondary teachers 985 1,312 434 1,208 551 1,414 85.4

Preschool and kindergarten teachers 530 657 518 654 12 - -

Elementary and middle school teachers 2,838 1,023 2,224 987 614 1,139 86.7

Secondary school teachers 917 1,139 524 1,091 392 1,226 89.0

Special education teachers 386 1,024 332 1,017 54 1,051 96.8

Other teachers and instructors 419 897 265 820 155 1,128 72.7

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 42 - 24 - 18 - -

Librarians 135 1,009 104 972 31 - -

Library technicians 16 - 14 - 2 - -

Teacher assistants 590 550 523 537 67 642 83.6

Other education, training, and library workers 120 1,049 77 956 44 - -

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,778 1,066 765 943 1,013 1,161 81.2

Artists and related workers 70 1,209 27 - 43 - -

Designers 600 1,012 273 857 327 1,172 73.1

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 93

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Actors 17 - 6 - 11 - -

Producers and directors 131 1,489 43 - 89 1,708 -

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 149 898 45 - 104 1,031 -

Dancers and choreographers 9 - 5 - 4 - -

Musicians, singers, and related workers 41 - 12 - 29 - -

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, 

all other 24 - 13 - 10 - -

Announcers 24 - 7 - 18 - -

News analysts, reporters and correspondents 72 945 42 - 30 - -

Public relations specialists 92 1,339 57 1,203 35 - -

Editors 124 1,084 68 992 56 1,123 88.3

Technical writers 67 1,222 37 - 30 - -

Writers and authors 106 1,137 57 1,045 50 1,171 89.2

Miscellaneous media and communication workers 53 809 28 - 25 - -

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio 

operators 81 1,150 10 - 71 1,160 -

Photographers 66 931 25 - 40 - -

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators 

and editors 46 - 8 - 38 - -

Media and communication equipment workers, all other 5 - 2 - 3 - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 6,970 1,124 5,246 1,068 1,724 1,341 79.6

Chiropractors 11 - 2 - 9 - -

Dentists 41 - 25 - 16 - -

Dietitians and nutritionists 88 991 80 996 8 - -

Optometrists 19 - 13 - 6 - -

Pharmacists 254 1,923 147 1,834 107 2,228 82.3

Physicians and surgeons 815 1,918 352 1,759 463 2,277 77.3

Physician assistants 97 1,747 66 1,640 31 - -

Podiatrists 7 - 4 - 3 - -

Audiologists 13 - 12 - 1 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 94

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Occupational therapists 74 1,301 62 1,273 12 - -

Physical therapists 182 1,317 118 1,297 64 1,341 96.7

Radiation therapists 11 - 8 - 3 - -

Recreational therapists 5 - 3 - 1 - -

Respiratory therapists 83 961 56 904 27 - -

Speech-language pathologists 106 1,213 102 1,214 4 - -

Exercise physiologists 5 - 3 - 1 - -

Therapists, all other 142 983 114 947 29 - -

Veterinarians 60 1,840 40 - 20 - -

Registered nurses 2,536 1,150 2,253 1,143 283 1,260 90.7

Nurse anesthetists 30 - 17 - 13 - -

Nurse midwives 5 - 5 - 0 - -

Nurse practitioners 141 1,841 129 1,832 12 - -

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 15 - 12 - 3 - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 297 890 203 845 94 1,061 79.6

Dental hygienists 78 1,033 73 1,028 5 - -

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 271 1,162 186 1,041 85 1,404 74.1

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 203 984 58 733 145 1,119 65.5

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 469 710 371 678 98 858 79.0

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 501 815 438 814 62 817 99.6

Medical records and health information technicians 151 763 140 761 11 - -

Opticians, dispensing 43 - 30 - 13 - -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 143 811 95 746 48 - -

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 77 1,183 28 - 49 - -

Service occupations 16,044 544 8,059 501 7,985 608 82.4

Healthcare support occupations 2,500 542 2,180 533 320 597 89.3

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 1,387 500 1,223 493 164 583 84.6

Occupational therapy assistants and aides 13 - 11 - 1 - -

Physical therapist assistants and aides 47 - 33 - 15 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 95

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Massage therapists 51 632 36 - 15 - -

Dental assistants 215 608 203 602 12 - -

Medical assistants 457 594 418 597 39 - -

Medical transcriptionists 21 - 18 - 3 - -

Pharmacy aides 25 - 14 - 11 - -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 37 - 33 - 4 - -

Phlebotomists 97 635 82 639 16 - -

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including 

medical equipment preparers 150 587 110 603 40 - -

Protective service occupations 2,739 852 535 690 2,204 894 77.2

First-line supervisors of correctional officers 50 899 12 - 38 - -

First-line supervisors of police and detectives 94 1,348 13 - 81 1,347 -

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 43 - 2 - 42 - -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all 

other 69 953 11 - 58 938 -

Firefighters 272 1,123 8 - 264 1,136 -

Fire inspectors 22 - 0 - 22 - -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 390 771 106 669 284 825 81.1

Detectives and criminal investigators 142 1,256 32 - 110 1,291 -

Fish and game wardens 5 - 0 - 5 - -

Parking enforcement workers 4 - 2 - 2 - -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers 688 1,015 94 985 595 1,024 96.2

Transit and railroad police 6 - 2 - 4 - -

Animal control workers 12 - 4 - 8 - -

Private detectives and investigators 86 963 44 - 42 - -

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 740 596 170 548 570 616 89.0

Crossing guards 23 - 6 - 17 - -

Transportation security screeners 43 - 11 - 32 - -

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective 

service workers 49 - 19 - 30 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 96

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Food preparation and serving related occupations 4,465 484 2,106 459 2,359 502 91.4

Chefs and head cooks 382 634 72 514 310 655 78.5

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving 

workers 427 537 227 500 200 613 81.6

Cooks 1,365 466 506 436 859 481 90.6

Food preparation workers 510 425 269 410 242 449 91.3

Bartenders 210 554 112 515 98 600 85.8

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including 

fast food 175 407 100 401 75 415 96.6

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee 

shop 65 460 36 - 29 - -

Waiters and waitresses 911 493 592 475 319 533 89.1

Food servers, nonrestaurant 88 473 59 468 28 - -

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender 

helpers 134 458 55 481 79 444 108.3

Dishwashers 131 401 19 - 111 408 -

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 67 401 58 400 9 - -

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 1 - 1 - 1 - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3,641 522 1,268 463 2,373 573 80.8

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial 

workers 190 661 77 515 113 749 68.8

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and 

groundskeeping workers 111 723 9 - 102 760 -

Janitors and building cleaners 1,595 539 459 481 1,136 574 83.8

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 815 450 687 439 128 508 86.4

Pest control workers 94 616 5 - 89 617 -

Grounds maintenance workers 837 525 31 - 805 526 -

Personal care and service occupations 2,699 520 1,971 503 728 612 82.2

First-line supervisors of gaming workers 126 797 53 763 73 837 91.2

First-line supervisors of personal service workers 76 619 45 - 31 - -

Animal trainers 23 - 7 - 16 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 97

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Nonfarm animal caretakers 99 506 78 504 21 - -

Gaming services workers 66 692 28 - 37 - -

Motion picture projectionists 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 8 - 2 - 6 - -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related 

workers 74 517 36 - 39 - -

Embalmers and funeral attendants 15 - 7 - 8 - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 22 - 3 - 19 - -

Barbers 54 590 8 - 47 - -

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 324 528 302 521 22 - -

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 235 567 187 538 48 - -

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 70 547 14 - 56 543 -

Tour and travel guides 21 - 6 - 14 - -

Childcare workers 448 482 413 474 35 - -

Personal care aides 735 486 608 479 127 520 92.1

Recreation and fitness workers 200 616 118 565 82 726 77.8

Residential advisors 27 - 17 - 10 - -

Personal care and service workers, all other 76 570 40 - 37 - -

Sales and office occupations 23,686 718 14,205 672 9,481 834 80.6

Sales and related occupations 9,953 763 4,355 609 5,598 934 65.2

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 2,388 764 1,013 639 1,376 891 71.7

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 815 1,062 274 965 541 1,151 83.8

Cashiers 1,360 438 982 422 378 493 85.6

Counter and rental clerks 78 607 31 - 48 - -

Parts salespersons 115 786 7 - 108 800 -

Retail salespersons 1,896 615 736 523 1,160 704 74.3

Advertising sales agents 193 887 106 882 87 895 98.5

Insurance sales agents 440 897 242 795 198 1,058 75.1

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales 

agents 231 1,332 77 911 154 1,416 64.3

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 98

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Travel agents 57 665 47 - 10 - -

Sales representatives, services, all other 458 1,147 120 902 339 1,332 67.7

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,105 1,157 308 956 796 1,222 78.2

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 16 - 12 - 4 - -

Real estate brokers and sales agents 488 953 269 818 219 1,159 70.6

Sales engineers 39 - 3 - 36 - -

Telemarketers 37 - 27 - 11 - -

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and 

related workers 41 - 15 - 27 - -

Sales and related workers, all other 195 971 89 799 107 1,147 69.7

Office and administrative support occupations 13,733 701 9,850 691 3,884 735 94.0

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support 

workers 1,261 867 854 819 408 987 83.0

Switchboard operators, including answering service 16 - 12 - 3 - -

Telephone operators 35 - 27 - 9 - -

Communications equipment operators, all other 5 - 2 - 4 - -

Bill and account collectors 130 674 92 655 38 - -

Billing and posting clerks 405 696 347 691 58 718 96.2

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 718 719 625 716 92 743 96.4

Gaming cage workers 11 - 11 - 0 - -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 103 765 89 767 13 - -

Procurement clerks 29 - 15 - 14 - -

Tellers 209 572 184 562 25 - -

Financial clerks, all other 74 902 48 - 26 - -

Brokerage clerks 5 - 3 - 2 - -

Correspondence clerks 6 - 5 - 0 - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks 79 738 62 718 17 - -

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 50 807 31 - 20 - -

Customer service representatives 1,881 654 1,234 637 646 712 89.5

Eligibility interviewers, government programs 66 849 50 779 16 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 99

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

File clerks 135 704 109 706 26 - -

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 84 486 49 - 35 - -

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 106 671 89 683 16 - -

Library assistants, clerical 45 - 37 - 8 - -

Loan interviewers and clerks 114 742 95 725 19 - -

New accounts clerks 36 - 28 - 8 - -

Order clerks 80 629 42 - 38 - -

Human resources assistants, except payroll and 

timekeeping 45 - 37 - 8 - -

Receptionists and information clerks 892 602 826 599 66 652 91.9

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel 

clerks 99 739 56 691 43 - -

Information and record clerks, all other 92 691 74 683 19 - -

Cargo and freight agents 14 - 4 - 10 - -

Couriers and messengers 155 725 24 - 131 751 -

Dispatchers 255 710 145 691 110 753 91.8

Meter readers, utilities 14 - 2 - 12 - -

Postal service clerks 104 940 56 925 48 - -

Postal service mail carriers 266 944 108 856 158 965 88.7

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing 

machine operators 49 - 23 - 26 - -

Production, planning, and expediting clerks 238 911 120 798 118 1,043 76.5

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 544 611 165 596 379 616 96.8

Stock clerks and order fillers 982 559 339 538 643 571 94.2

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, 

recordkeeping 43 - 21 - 22 - -

Secretaries and administrative assistants 2,165 739 2,046 735 119 852 86.3

Computer operators 63 809 35 - 27 - -

Data entry keyers 224 650 176 640 48 - -

Word processors and typists 80 683 72 667 8 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 100

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Desktop publishers 1 - 1 - 0 - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 223 714 189 711 34 - -

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal 

service 46 - 16 - 30 - -

Office clerks, general 935 682 793 670 142 780 85.9

Office machine operators, except computer 27 - 17 - 10 - -

Proofreaders and copy markers 6 - 4 - 2 - -

Statistical assistants 17 - 10 - 7 - -

Office and administrative support workers, all other 473 758 352 756 122 768 98.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 11,509 801 515 579 10,994 809 71.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 962 539 206 471 756 585 80.5

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry 

workers 51 711 4 - 47 - -

Agricultural inspectors 14 - 4 - 10 - -

Animal breeders 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products 99 500 67 487 32 - -

Miscellaneous agricultural workers 701 517 127 453 574 553 81.9

Fishers and related fishing workers 21 - 0 - 21 - -

Hunters and trappers 2 - 1 - 0 - -

Forest and conservation workers 25 - 2 - 23 - -

Logging workers 47 - 1 - 46 - -

Construction and extraction occupations 6,147 796 160 802 5,987 796 100.8

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction 

workers 520 1,158 14 - 506 1,166 -

Boilermakers 15 - 0 - 15 - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 121 787 0 - 121 787 -

Carpenters 870 789 19 - 851 789 -

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 115 631 1 - 114 628 -

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 47 - 2 - 45 - -

Construction laborers 1,443 670 43 - 1,400 667 -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 101

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 12 - 0 - 12 - -

Pile-driver operators 2 - 0 - 2 - -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment 

operators 324 868 6 - 318 868 -

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 114 634 1 - 112 628 -

Electricians 726 979 15 - 711 974 -

Glaziers 39 - 0 - 39 - -

Insulation workers 52 768 3 - 49 - -

Painters, construction and maintenance 347 683 20 - 328 689 -

Paperhangers 1 - 0 - 1 - -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 497 866 8 - 489 865 -

Plasterers and stucco masons 24 - 0 - 24 - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 13 - 0 - 13 - -

Roofers 174 621 0 - 174 621 -

Sheet metal workers 136 865 3 - 132 866 -

Structural iron and steel workers 43 - 2 - 41 - -

Solar photovoltaic installers 7 - 0 - 7 - -

Helpers, construction trades 57 621 4 - 53 627 -

Construction and building inspectors 63 974 4 - 60 1,068 -

Elevator installers and repairers 38 - 0 - 38 - -

Fence erectors 26 - 1 - 25 - -

Hazardous materials removal workers 27 - 6 - 20 - -

Highway maintenance workers 91 761 4 - 88 770 -

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 10 - 0 - 10 - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers 15 - 1 - 14 - -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and 

mining 27 - 0 - 27 - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas 17 - 0 - 17 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 102

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and 

blasters 12 - 0 - 12 - -

Mining machine operators 49 - 0 - 49 - -

Roof bolters, mining 2 - 0 - 2 - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas 4 - 0 - 4 - -

Helpers--extraction workers 5 - 1 - 5 - -

Other extraction workers 54 900 2 - 52 907 -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,400 878 149 736 4,251 883 83.4

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and 

repairers 244 1,092 19 - 225 1,089 -

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 173 819 17 - 156 833 -

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and 

repairers 121 1,010 8 - 113 1,069 -

Avionics technicians 7 - 0 - 7 - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 30 - 0 - 30 - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, 

transportation equipment 1 - 0 - 1 - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 14 - 0 - 14 - -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor 

vehicles 11 - 0 - 11 - -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and 

repairers 38 - 0 - 38 - -

Security and fire alarm systems installers 71 945 3 - 68 943 -

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 153 1,169 6 - 146 1,175 -

Automotive body and related repairers 124 821 1 - 122 832 -

Automotive glass installers and repairers 21 - 0 - 21 - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics 752 761 15 - 737 764 -

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 367 887 4 - 362 887 -

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians 

and mechanics 177 993 4 - 173 1,005 -

Small engine mechanics 26 - 0 - 26 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 103

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, 

installers, and repairers 64 613 0 - 64 613 -

Control and valve installers and repairers 25 - 0 - 25 - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and 

installers 376 830 7 - 369 832 -

Home appliance repairers 26 - 0 - 26 - -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 395 923 16 - 379 932 -

Maintenance and repair workers, general 511 828 20 - 490 834 -

Maintenance workers, machinery 25 - 0 - 25 - -

Millwrights 40 - 1 - 39 - -

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 132 1,191 0 - 132 1,191 -

Telecommunications line installers and repairers 187 879 5 - 181 876 -

Precision instrument and equipment repairers 44 - 10 - 34 - -

Wind turbine service technicians 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and 

repairers 24 - 1 - 23 - -

Commercial divers 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers 20 - 2 - 18 - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Riggers 13 - 0 - 13 - -

Signal and track switch repairers 11 - 0 - 11 - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 15 - 2 - 14 - -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 156 774 6 - 150 772 -

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 14,825 692 3,119 545 11,705 736 74.0

Production occupations 7,589 701 2,044 564 5,545 769 73.3

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 722 966 133 716 588 1,007 71.1

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems 

assemblers 1 - 1 - 0 - -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 123 624 50 587 73 682 86.1

Engine and other machine assemblers 14 - 2 - 11 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 104

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Structural metal fabricators and fitters 25 - 1 - 24 - -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 957 630 362 559 595 700 79.9

Bakers 135 472 68 464 67 488 95.1

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing 

workers 259 587 63 487 196 621 78.4

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine 

operators and tenders 7 - 3 - 4 - -

Food batchmakers 70 575 38 - 32 - -

Food cooking machine operators and tenders 8 - 5 - 3 - -

Food processing workers, all other 171 676 52 545 119 701 77.7

Computer control programmers and operators 100 868 12 - 88 912 -

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 18 - 1 - 17 - -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal 

and plastic 9 - 1 - 8 - -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and 

plastic 9 - 2 - 6 - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, 

and tenders, metal and plastic 84 665 9 - 74 688 -

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 7 - 0 - 7 - -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool 

setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 40 - 4 - 35 - -

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 14 - 1 - 13 - -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 5 - 2 - 3 - -

Machinists 343 831 16 - 326 834 -

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 23 - 3 - 20 - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 3 - 3 - 1 - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 43 - 5 - 38 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 105

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic 5 - 1 - 4 - -

Tool and die makers 59 1,007 3 - 56 1,021 -

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 541 812 24 - 517 821 -

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, 

metal and plastic 2 - 1 - 1 - -

Layout workers, metal and plastic 11 - 0 - 11 - -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, metal and plastic 16 - 2 - 14 - -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 7 - 0 - 7 - -

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 381 654 78 574 303 679 84.5

Prepress technicians and workers 13 - 4 - 8 - -

Printing press operators 151 758 26 - 126 789 -

Print binding and finishing workers 8 - 4 - 4 - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 106 450 79 443 27 - -

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 19 - 9 - 10 - -

Sewing machine operators 157 519 108 521 49 - -

Shoe and leather workers and repairers 1 - 1 - 0 - -

Shoe machine operators and tenders 3 - 1 - 2 - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 31 - 21 - 10 - -

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and 

tenders 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 6 - 4 - 2 - -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, 

and tenders 17 - 9 - 8 - -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, 

operators, and tenders 12 - 8 - 4 - -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and 

tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers 1 - 1 - 0 - -

Upholsterers 22 - 4 - 18 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 106

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 19 - 9 - 10 - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 38 - 2 - 36 - -

Furniture finishers 8 - 1 - 7 - -

Model makers and patternmakers, wood 1 - 0 - 1 - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 26 - 0 - 26 - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, 

except sawing 16 - 4 - 12 - -

Woodworkers, all other 19 - 4 - 15 - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 47 - 2 - 45 - -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators 76 1,088 4 - 72 1,142 -

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system 

operators 107 907 5 - 102 910 -

Miscellaneous plant and system operators 41 - 6 - 34 - -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and 

tenders 58 877 3 - 55 879 -

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 70 771 8 - 62 795 -

Cutting workers 51 521 12 - 40 - -

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine 

setters, operators, and tenders 13 - 3 - 10 - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 5 - 0 - 5 - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 717 765 275 637 443 853 74.7

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 24 - 5 - 20 - -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 57 598 40 - 16 - -

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 275 553 147 516 128 598 86.3

Painting workers 131 693 14 - 117 705 -

Photographic process workers and processing machine 

operators 23 - 7 - 16 - -

Semiconductor processors 2 - 2 - 0 - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 4 - 0 - 4 - -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators 

and tenders 10 - 2 - 8 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 107

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 2 - 1 - 1 - -

Etchers and engravers 5 - 2 - 3 - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 25 - 4 - 21 - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 28 - 5 - 23 - -

Tire builders 10 - 0 - 10 - -

Helpers--production workers 30 - 11 - 19 - -

Production workers, all other 890 663 238 570 653 716 79.6

Transportation and material moving occupations 7,236 681 1,075 514 6,160 710 72.4

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 192 881 31 - 160 919 -

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 112 1,736 7 - 105 1,750 -

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 16 - 5 - 11 - -

Flight attendants 71 860 51 873 20 - -

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency 

medical technicians 8 - 1 - 7 - -

Bus drivers 356 605 148 517 209 671 77.0

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 2,828 797 139 589 2,689 807 73.0

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 362 604 54 453 308 623 72.7

Motor vehicle operators, all other 33 - 5 - 28 - -

Locomotive engineers and operators 43 - 7 - 36 - -

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 5 - 0 - 5 - -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 42 - 2 - 39 - -

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 9 - 2 - 7 - -

Sailors and marine oilers 19 - 0 - 19 - -

Ship and boat captains and operators 29 - 0 - 29 - -

Ship engineers 3 - 0 - 3 - -

Bridge and lock tenders 5 - 2 - 3 - -

Parking lot attendants 65 560 16 - 49 - -

Automotive and watercraft service attendants 80 514 7 - 73 535 -

Transportation inspectors 41 - 8 - 33 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 108

Note: Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data 

or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Occupation

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 21 - 10 - 11 - -

Other transportation workers 20 - 1 - 19 - -

Conveyor operators and tenders 1 - 0 - 1 - -

Crane and tower operators 52 902 1 - 51 898 -

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 29 - 1 - 28 - -

Hoist and winch operators 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators 584 624 46 - 538 632 -

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 237 530 40 - 197 531 -

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,450 578 254 500 1,196 595 84.0

Machine feeders and offbearers 29 - 15 - 14 - -

Packers and packagers, hand 368 480 210 462 158 500 92.4

Pumping station operators 19 - 0 - 19 - -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 56 522 7 - 49 - -

Mine shuttle car operators 0 - 0 - 0 - -

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 6 - 0 - 6 - -

Material moving workers, all other 41 - 6 - 34 - -

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

Industry

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Total, 16 years and older 113,272 $860 50,291 $770 62,980 $941 81.8

Agriculture and related industries 1,235 611 247 515 988 640 80.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas 

extraction 720 1,256 88 1,124 632 1,272 88.4

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 109

Industry

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Construction 7,619 843 639 873 6,980 841 103.8

Manufacturing 14,059 885 3,931 729 10,128 954 76.4

Durable goods manufacturing 8,905 912 2,150 758 6,755 973 77.9

Nondurable goods 

manufacturing 5,154 836 1,781 701 3,373 917 76.4

Wholesale and retail trade 13,988 705 5,519 613 8,469 778 78.8

Wholesale trade 3,079 902 874 790 2,205 956 82.6

Retail trade 10,909 657 4,645 591 6,264 731 80.8

Transportation and utilities 6,708 904 1,497 733 5,211 957 76.6

Transportation and warehousing 5,391 842 1,238 700 4,153 898 78.0

Utilities 1,318 1,211 259 953 1,058 1,290 73.9

Information 2,304 1,147 839 950 1,465 1,302 73.0

Financial activities 8,437 1,008 4,540 886 3,898 1,236 71.7

Finance and insurance 6,410 1,075 3,628 910 2,782 1,450 62.8

Real estate and rental and 

leasing 2,027 842 911 803 1,116 883 90.9

Professional and business 

services 13,362 1,037 5,408 883 7,954 1,186 74.5

Professional and technical 

services 8,659 1,347 3,592 1,063 5,067 1,536 69.2

Management, administrative, 

and waste services 4,703 632 1,816 618 2,887 646 95.7

Education and health services 26,052 889 19,183 832 6,869 1,080 77.0

Educational services 10,516 976 7,100 928 3,415 1,108 83.8

Health care and social 

assistance 15,537 816 12,083 767 3,454 1,047 73.3

Leisure and hospitality 7,791 552 3,575 510 4,216 596 85.6

Arts, entertainment, and 

recreation 1,721 715 675 639 1,046 768 83.2

Accommodation and food 

services 6,071 513 2,900 490 3,170 548 89.4

Other services 4,370 704 1,948 613 2,421 782 78.4

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 110

Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 

50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Industry

Total Women Men

Women's earnings as a 

Number of percentage of men's

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Number of 

workers

Median weekly 

earnings

Other services, except private 

households 4,077 722 1,682 644 2,395 781 82.5

Private households 292 497 266 490 26 - -

Public administration 6,625 1,041 2,877 924 3,748 1,160 79.7

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total Percentage of hourly paid workers At prevailing federal minimum wage Below prevailing federal minimum wage

Age and gender

Total, 16 years and older 80,439 1,824 2.3 542 1,282

16 to 24 years 15,974 891 5.6 321 569

25 years and older 64,465 933 1.4 221 712

Women, 16 years and older 40,658 1,146 2.8 316 829

16 to 24 years 7,965 562 7.1 190 371

25 years and older 32,693 584 1.8 126 458

Men, 16 years and older 39,781 678 1.7 226 452

16 to 24 years 8,009 329 4.1 131 198

25 years and older 31,772 349 1.1 95 254

Race and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity(1)

White 61,258 1,375 2.2 359 1,016

Women 30,398 885 2.9 205 680

Men 30,861 490 1.6 154 336

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2017 

annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 111

Footnotes:

(1) Estimates for the race groups—White, Black or African American, and Asian—do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

(2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple 

jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.

Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total Percentage of hourly paid workers At prevailing federal minimum wage Below prevailing federal minimum wage

Black or African American 11,829 301 2.5 146 155

Women 6,445 166 2.6 88 79

Men 5,385 135 2.5 58 76

Asian 4,001 70 1.7 14 56

Women 2,160 47 2.2 10 37

Men 1,841 23 1.3 4 19

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 16,604 301 1.8 101 200

Women 7,473 176 2.4 53 123

Men 9,131 124 1.4 48 77

Full- and part-time status(2)

Full-time workers 60,205 640 1.1 130 510

Women 27,397 375 1.4 71 303

Men 32,808 265 0.8 59 207

Part-time workers 20,139 1,181 5.9 412 769

Women 13,219 769 5.8 245 524

Men 6,921 412 5.9 167 245

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2017 

annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

Total

1968 75,920 65,277 10,644 86.0 14.0

1969 77,902 66,596 11,306 85.5 14.5

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968-2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 112

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1970 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

1997 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

1999 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968-2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 113

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

2002 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

2006 144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

2007 146,047 121,091 24,956 82.9 17.1

2008 145,362 120,030 25,332 82.6 17.4

2009 139,877 112,634 27,244 80.5 19.5

2010 139,064 111,714 27,350 80.3 19.7

2011 139,869 112,556 27,313 80.5 19.5

2012 142,469 114,809 27,661 80.6 19.4

2013 143,929 116,314 27,615 80.8 19.2

2014 146,305 118,718 27,587 81.1 18.9

2015 148,834 121,492 27,341 81.6 18.4

2016 151,436 123,761 27,675 81.7 18.3

2017 153,337 125,967 27,370 82.2 17.8

Women

1968 27,807 20,893 6,914 75.1 24.9

1969 29,084 21,781 7,303 74.9 25.1

1970 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1

1971 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8

1972 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9

1973 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8

1974 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8

1975 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6

1976 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5

1977 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4

1978 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9

1979 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7

1980 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8

1981 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1

1982 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968-2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 114

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1983 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1

1984 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1

1985 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6

1986 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4

1987 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1

1988 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7

1989 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5

1990 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2

1991 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6

1992 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4

1993 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3

1994 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7

1995 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4

1996 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9

1997 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4

1998 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9

1999 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3

2000 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6

2001 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8

2002 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3

2003 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6

2004 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7

2005 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2

2006 66,925 50,380 16,545 75.3 24.7

2007 67,792 51,056 16,736 75.3 24.7

2008 67,876 51,178 16,698 75.4 24.6

2009 66,208 48,683 17,525 73.5 26.5

2010 65,705 48,214 17,491 73.4 26.6

2011 65,579 48,224 17,355 73.5 26.5

2012 66,914 49,331 17,583 73.7 26.3

2013 67,577 49,979 17,598 74.0 26.0

2014 68,613 50,889 17,724 74.2 25.8

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968-2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 115

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

2015 69,703 52,142 17,561 74.8 25.2

2016 70,868 53,194 17,674 75.1 24.9

2017 71,936 54,396 17,539 75.6 24.4

Men

1968 48,114 44,384 3,730 92.2 7.8

1969 48,818 44,815 4,003 91.8 8.2

1970 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

1990 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968-2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 116

Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major 

redesign of the Current Population Survey.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year and gender Total employed Usually full time Usually part time Percentage usually full time Percentage usually part time

1996 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

2000 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

2007 78,254 70,035 8,220 89.5 10.5

2008 77,486 68,853 8,634 88.9 11.1

2009 73,670 63,951 9,719 86.8 13.2

2010 73,359 63,501 9,858 86.6 13.4

2011 74,290 64,333 9,957 86.6 13.4

2012 75,555 65,477 10,078 86.7 13.3

2013 76,353 66,335 10,017 86.9 13.1

2014 77,692 67,829 9,863 87.3 12.7

2015 79,131 69,351 9,780 87.6 12.4

2016 80,568 70,567 10,002 87.6 12.4

2017 81,402 71,571 9,831 87.9 12.1

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968-2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 117

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1977 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

2007 39.2 36.1 41.7 39.1 36.1 41.6

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2017 annual averages

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 118

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

2008 38.9 36.1 41.3 38.8 36.1 41.2

2009 37.9 35.3 40.2 37.8 35.3 40.1

2010 38.2 35.5 40.5 38.1 35.6 40.4

2011 38.3 35.6 40.6 38.2 35.6 40.6

2012 38.5 35.8 40.8 38.4 35.8 40.7

2013 38.6 36.0 40.9 38.5 36.0 40.8

2014 38.6 35.9 41.0 38.6 35.9 40.9

2015 38.6 35.9 40.9 38.5 35.9 40.8

2016 38.7 36.2 41.0 38.7 36.2 40.9

2017 38.7 36.2 40.9 38.6 36.2 40.8

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2017 annual averages

Year and gender Population (in thousands)

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total (in thousands) Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

Total

1970 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9

1975 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7

1980 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7

1985 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6

1990 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6

1995 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2

2000 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.8 19.5 9.3 10.2

2005 227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7

2006 231,033 156,658 67.8 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.7 9.4

2007 232,995 157,653 67.7 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.8 9.3

2008 235,086 157,472 67.0 100.0 79.5 65.6 13.9 20.5 10.5 10.0

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2016 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 119

Year and gender Population (in thousands)

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total (in thousands) Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

2009 237,158 153,929 64.9 100.0 78.3 64.0 14.3 21.7 11.3 10.4

2010 238,999 152,320 63.7 100.0 78.2 64.7 13.5 21.8 11.2 10.6

2011 242,602 153,479 63.3 100.0 78.6 65.8 12.8 21.4 11.2 10.2

2012 244,993 156,194 63.8 100.0 78.4 65.5 12.9 21.6 11.2 10.4

2013 247,258 156,987 63.5 100.0 79.0 66.9 12.1 21.0 10.9 10.1

2014 250,080 159,056 63.6 100.0 79.6 67.9 11.7 20.4 10.8 9.6

2015 252,766 162,329 64.2 100.0 79.6 68.0 11.6 20.4 10.6 9.8

2016 254,413 163,638 64.3 100.0 79.8 68.8 11.0 20.2 10.7 9.6

Women

1970 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1

1975 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1

1980 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4

1985 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5

1990 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4

1995 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4

2000 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7

2005 117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2

2006 119,300 73,527 61.6 100.0 73.0 60.7 12.3 27.0 14.1 12.9

2007 120,300 74,115 61.6 100.0 73.6 61.5 12.1 26.4 14.2 12.2

2008 121,328 74,363 61.3 100.0 72.2 59.3 12.9 27.8 15.0 12.9

2009 122,339 72,855 59.6 100.0 71.5 59.3 12.2 28.5 15.8 12.7

2010 123,012 71,980 58.5 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.6 12.9

2011 125,619 72,976 58.1 100.0 71.7 59.8 11.9 28.3 15.7 12.6

2012 126,791 74,051 58.4 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.2 13.3

2013 127,863 74,397 58.2 100.0 71.8 60.5 11.3 28.2 15.2 13.0

2014 129,342 75,416 58.3 100.0 72.7 61.2 11.5 27.3 14.7 12.6

2015 130,656 76,811 58.8 100.0 73.0 61.4 11.6 27.0 14.6 12.6

2016 131,469 77,574 59.0 100.0 73.1 62.2 10.9 26.9 14.6 12.3

Men

1970 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2016 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 120

Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year.

The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on 

income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2017.

Year and gender Population (in thousands)

Worked during the year Percent distribution by work experience

Total (in thousands) Percentage of population Total

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks

1975 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1

1980 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4

1985 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7

1990 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4

1995 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4

2000 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.2 12.6 5.5 7.1

2005 110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7

2006 111,733 83,131 74.4 100.0 87.8 75.2 12.6 12.2 5.7 6.5

2007 112,695 83,538 74.1 100.0 87.4 74.6 12.8 12.6 5.9 6.7

2008 113,758 83,109 73.1 100.0 86.0 71.2 14.8 14.0 6.5 7.5

2009 114,820 81,073 70.6 100.0 84.4 68.3 16.1 15.6 7.3 8.3

2010 115,986 80,341 69.3 100.0 84.3 69.4 14.9 15.7 7.3 8.4

2011 116,984 80,503 68.8 100.0 84.8 71.2 13.6 15.2 7.2 8.0

2012 118,202 82,143 69.5 100.0 84.5 71.0 13.5 15.5 7.5 8.0

2013 119,395 82,590 69.2 100.0 85.5 72.7 12.8 14.5 7.1 7.4

2014 120,738 83,640 69.3 100.0 85.7 73.9 11.8 14.3 7.2 7.1

2015 122,110 85,518 70.0 100.0 85.6 73.9 11.7 14.4 7.0 7.4

2016 122,944 86,063 70.0 100.0 85.8 74.7 11.1 14.2 7.1 7.0

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2016 (Percent distribution)

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 121

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1967 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148

1989 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138

1990 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164

1991 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197

1992 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 189

1993 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156

1994 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151

1995 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127

Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 122

Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1996 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123

1997 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158

1998 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141

1999 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167

2000 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139

2001 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129

2002 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121

2003 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117

2004 58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123

2005 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121

2006 59,050 8,091 14,545 10,693 3,261 591 36,414 33,880 1,752 639 142

2007 58,490 7,914 14,264 10,392 3,265 608 36,312 33,718 1,847 597 149

2008 59,183 8,083 14,622 10,567 3,435 620 36,477 33,930 1,739 650 158

2009 58,516 8,466 15,035 10,565 3,849 621 35,015 32,327 1,789 739 160

2010 58,135 8,626 15,406 10,880 3,935 591 34,103 31,425 1,783 722 172

2011 59,071 9,152 15,972 11,301 4,015 656 33,947 31,212 1,833 739 163

2012 59,327 9,101 15,831 11,271 3,891 669 34,395 31,594 1,881 750 170

2013 59,795 9,556 15,825 11,368 3,788 669 34,414 31,685 1,849 711 169

2014 60,091 9,434 15,627 11,240 3,767 620 35,030 32,000 2,082 764 183

2015 60,338 9,379 15,640 11,178 3,733 729 35,320 32,333 2,028 756 203

2016 60,912 9,814 15,490 11,054 3,742 695 35,608 32,647 2,054 752 155

Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2016 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 123

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2017.

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1967 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 0.8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 0.8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 0.7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 0.7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 0.9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 0.9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3

1989 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 0.8 0.3

1990 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 0.9 0.3

1991 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 0.4

1992 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 0.4

1993 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 0.3

Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2016 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 124

Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

Year

Married-couple families

Total No 

earners

One earner Two or more earners

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other family 

member Total Husband and wife

Husband and other family 

member

Wife and other family 

member

Husband and wife are not 

earners

1994 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 0.3

1995 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 0.2

1996 100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 0.2

1997 100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 0.3

1998 100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 0.3

1999 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 0.9 0.3

2000 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 0.2

2001 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 0.9 0.2

2002 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 0.2

2003 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 0.9 0.2

2004 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 0.9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.1 0.2

2005 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 0.2

2006 100.0 13.7 24.6 18.1 5.5 1.0 61.7 57.4 3.0 1.1 0.2

2007 100.0 13.5 24.4 17.8 5.6 1.0 62.1 57.6 3.2 1.0 0.3

2008 100.0 13.7 24.7 17.9 5.8 1.0 61.6 57.3 2.9 1.1 0.3

2009 100.0 14.5 25.7 18.1 6.6 1.1 59.8 55.2 3.1 1.3 0.3

2010 100.0 14.8 26.5 18.7 6.8 1.0 58.7 54.1 3.1 1.2 0.3

2011 100.0 15.5 27.0 19.1 6.8 1.1 57.5 52.8 3.1 1.3 0.3

2012 100.0 15.3 26.7 19.0 6.6 1.1 58.0 53.3 3.2 1.3 0.3

2013 100.0 16.0 26.5 19.0 6.3 1.1 57.6 53.0 3.1 1.2 0.3

2014 100.0 15.7 26.0 18.7 6.3 1.0 58.3 53.3 3.5 1.3 0.3

2015 100.0 15.5 25.9 18.5 6.2 1.2 58.5 53.6 3.4 1.3 0.3

2016 100.0 16.1 25.4 18.1 6.1 1.1 58.5 53.6 3.4 1.2 0.3

Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2016 (Percent distribution)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 125

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2017.

Year Contribution to family income (median percentage)

1970 26.6

1971 27.5

1972 26.7

1973 26.0

1974 25.4

1975 26.3

1976 26.4

1977 26.1

1978 26.1

1979 26.0

1980 26.7

1981 27.3

1982 28.4

1983 28.8

1984 28.4

1985 28.3

1986 29.0

1987 29.5

1988 29.6

1989 29.9

1990 30.7

1991 31.3

1992 32.4

1993 32.2

1994 31.9

1995 31.9

1996 32.6

1997 32.7

1998 32.8

1999 32.8

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2016

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 126

Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971–2017.

Year Contribution to family income (median percentage)

2000 33.5

2001 34.4

2002 34.8

2003 35.2

2004 34.9

2005 35.1

2006 35.6

2007 36.0

2008 36.0

2009 37.1

2010 37.6

2011 37.0

2012 37.3

2013 37.3

2014 36.0

2015 37.1

2016 37.1

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2016

Age and gender

Total Below poverty level Rate(1)

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino

Total, 16 years 

and older 153,364 120,202 18,864 9,418 25,673 7,572 5,222 1,649 330 2,192 4.9 4.3 8.7 3.5 8.5

16 to 19 years 3,471 2,704 431 108 673 355 249 76 10 98 10.2 9.2 17.6 9.1 14.5

20 to 24 years 13,310 10,145 1,901 582 2,989 1,156 779 247 43 272 8.7 7.7 13.0 7.5 9.1

25 to 34 years 34,828 26,280 4,779 2,374 6,907 2,204 1,441 540 91 669 6.3 5.5 11.3 3.8 9.7

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 127

Footnotes:

(1) Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks.

Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 

People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data where labor force base is less than 80,000.

Age and gender

Total Below poverty level Rate(1)

Total White Black or African 

American Asian Hispanic or Latino Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino

35 to 44 years 31,930 24,345 4,136 2,373 6,290 1,783 1,257 391 62 651 5.6 5.2 9.4 2.6 10.4

45 to 54 years 33,012 26,115 3,967 2,128 5,126 1,180 847 207 85 334 3.6 3.2 5.2 4.0 6.5

55 to 64 years 26,862 22,125 2,757 1,445 2,895 745 547 152 31 137 2.8 2.5 5.5 2.1 4.7

65 years and 

older 9,951 8,488 894 407 791 149 102 37 9 30 1.5 1.2 4.1 2.3 3.8

Women, 16 

years and older 71,685 54,962 9,971 4,400 10,991 4,140 2,707 1,050 175 1,053 5.8 4.9 10.5 4.0 9.6

16 to 19 years 1,812 1,400 229 59 336 187 127 37 6 47 10.3 9.1 16.3 - 14.0

20 to 24 years 6,394 4,789 991 302 1,360 698 449 165 30 139 10.9 9.4 16.7 9.9 10.2

25 to 34 years 16,062 11,932 2,427 1,049 2,862 1,206 743 353 41 324 7.5 6.2 14.5 3.9 11.3

35 to 44 years 14,581 10,743 2,242 1,085 2,575 943 636 237 28 307 6.5 5.9 10.6 2.6 11.9

45 to 54 years 15,585 11,983 2,158 1,026 2,219 636 427 137 49 156 4.1 3.6 6.4 4.8 7.0

55 to 64 years 12,917 10,511 1,454 693 1,289 404 288 95 16 69 3.1 2.7 6.6 2.3 5.3

65 years and 

older 4,334 3,602 469 185 349 66 37 24 4 11 1.5 1.0 5.1 2.3 3.2

Men, 16 years 

and older 81,679 65,240 8,893 5,018 14,682 3,431 2,516 599 156 1,139 4.2 3.9 6.7 3.1 7.8

16 to 19 years 1,659 1,303 201 49 337 168 121 38 4 51 10.1 9.3 19.1 - 15.1

20 to 24 years 6,916 5,356 910 280 1,630 458 331 81 13 133 6.6 6.2 8.9 4.8 8.2

25 to 34 years 18,766 14,347 2,352 1,326 4,046 998 698 187 50 345 5.3 4.9 7.9 3.7 8.5

35 to 44 years 17,349 13,602 1,894 1,288 3,715 839 621 153 33 344 4.8 4.6 8.1 2.6 9.3

45 to 54 years 17,427 14,132 1,809 1,102 2,907 544 420 70 36 178 3.1 3.0 3.8 3.2 6.1

55 to 64 years 13,945 11,613 1,303 752 1,606 341 260 56 15 69 2.4 2.2 4.3 2.0 4.3

65 years and 

older 5,617 4,886 425 222 442 83 65 13 5 19 1.5 1.3 3.0 2.3 4.2

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 128

Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Age, gender, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total (in thousands)

Percentage distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force

Total, 20 years and older 2,981 100.0 66.4 14.4 19.3

20 to 24 years 73 100.0 - - -

25 to 54 years 1,759 100.0 75.6 14.9 9.4

55 to 64 years 798 100.0 60.2 14.9 24.8

65 years and older 351 100.0 30.7 12.2 57.2

Women, 20 years and older 1,301 100.0 65.0 13.8 21.3

20 to 24 years 40 100.0 - - -

25 to 54 years 771 100.0 76.3 12.0 11.7

55 to 64 years 315 100.0 58.2 19.3 22.4

65 years and older 175 100.0 24.3 14.9 60.8

Men, 20 years and older 1,681 100.0 67.4 14.8 17.7

20 to 24 years 33 100.0 - - -

25 to 54 years 988 100.0 75.1 17.2 7.7

55 to 64 years 483 100.0 61.5 12.0 26.4

65 years and older 176 100.0 37.0 9.4 53.5

White

Total, 20 years and older 2,435 100.0 65.3 14.3 20.4

Women 1,045 100.0 64.4 13.6 22.0

Men 1,390 100.0 66.0 14.7 19.3

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and older 285 100.0 65.9 21.2 12.9

Women 146 100.0 63.7 20.7 15.6

Men 139 100.0 68.3 21.8 10.0

Asian

Total, 20 years and older 157 100.0 69.9 7.5 22.5

Women 74 100.0 - - -

Men 83 100.0 78.2 5.8 16.0

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and older 404 100.0 68.6 21.8 9.6

Table 27. Displaced workers(1), by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2018

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Footnotes:

(1) Workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2015 and December 2017 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions 

or shifts.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any 

race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Age, gender, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total (in thousands)

Percentage distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force

Women 167 100.0 63.7 27.1 9.2

Men 238 100.0 72.1 18.1 9.9

Table 27. Displaced workers(1), by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2018

Age and gender January 2004 January 2006 January 2008 January 2010 January 2012 January 2014 January 2016 January 2018

Total, 16 years and older 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.2

16 to 17 years 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2

25 years and older 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.1 5.0

25 to 34 years 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.8

35 to 44 years 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.9

45 to 54 years 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.6

55 to 64 years 9.6 9.3 9.9 10.0 10.3 10.4 10.1 10.1

65 years and older 9.0 8.8 10.2 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.2

Women, 16 years and older 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.0 4.0

16 to 17 years 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2

25 years and older 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.9

25 to 34 years 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.7

35 to 44 years 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7

45 to 54 years 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.5 7.1

55 to 64 years 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.0 10.1

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–2018

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2004–2018 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Age and gender January 2004 January 2006 January 2008 January 2010 January 2012 January 2014 January 2016 January 2018

65 years and older 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.4 10.1

Men, 16 years and older 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.3

16 to 17 years 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5

18 to 19 years 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8

20 to 24 years 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

25 years and older 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.1

25 to 34 years 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9

35 to 44 years 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.0 5.0

45 to 54 years 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.4 8.1

55 to 64 years 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.7 10.2 10.2

65 years and older 8.2 8.3 10.4 9.7 10.2 10.0 10.2 10.2

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–2018

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total, 2017 high school graduates(1) 2,870 1,407 49.0 1,221 42.5 186 13.2 1,463

Women 1,525 695 45.6 617 40.5 78 11.2 830

Men 1,345 712 52.9 604 44.9 108 15.2 633

Enrolled in college 1,915 763 39.8 685 35.8 78 10.2 1,152

Percentage of total 2017 

graduates 66.7 54.2 - 56.1 - 41.9 - 78.7

Women 1,093 424 38.8 382 35.0 42 9.9 669

Percentage of female 2017 

graduates 71.7 61.0 - 61.9 - 53.8 - 80.6

Men 822 339 41.2 303 36.8 36 10.6 483

Percentage of male 2017 

graduates 61.1 47.6 - 50.2 - 33.3 - 76.3

Table 29. Labor force status of 2017 high school graduates and 2016–2017 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, 

October 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 131

Footnotes:

(1) Data refer to persons who graduated from high school in January through October 2017.

(2) Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2016 and October 2017.

Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2017 School Enrollment Supplement.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Not enrolled in college 955 644 67.4 536 56.1 108 16.8 311

Percentage of total 2017 

graduates 33.3 45.8 - 43.9 - 58.1 - 21.3

Women 432 271 62.7 235 54.4 36 13.3 161

Percentage of female 2017 

graduates 28.3 39.0 - 38.1 - 46.2 - 19.4

Men 523 373 71.3 301 57.6 72 19.3 150

Percentage of male 2017 

graduates 38.9 52.4 - 49.8 - 66.7 - 23.7

Total, 2016–2017 high school 

dropouts(2) 530 222 41.8 180 33.9 42 18.9 308

Women 217 69 31.9 53 24.5 16 - 148

Men 313 152 48.7 127 40.4 26 17.0 161

Table 29. Labor force status of 2017 high school graduates and 2016–2017 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, 

October 2017 (Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Enrolled in school 21,805 8,207 37.6 7,548 34.6 659 8.0 13,597

Women 11,219 4,545 40.5 4,230 37.7 315 6.9 6,674

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2017 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 132

Footnotes:

(1) Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.

(2) Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.

Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.

Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Men 10,586 3,662 34.6 3,318 31.3 344 9.4 6,923

Enrolled in high school(1) 9,667 2,202 22.8 1,884 19.5 318 14.4 7,466

Women 4,605 1,141 24.8 1,010 21.9 132 11.5 3,463

Men 5,063 1,060 20.9 874 17.3 186 17.5 4,002

Enrolled in college 12,137 6,006 49.5 5,664 46.7 342 5.7 6,131

Women 6,614 3,404 51.5 3,221 48.7 183 5.4 3,211

Men 5,523 2,602 47.1 2,444 44.2 158 6.1 2,921

Not enrolled in school 16,274 12,943 79.5 11,749 72.2 1,194 9.2 3,331

Women 7,683 5,781 75.2 5,306 69.1 475 8.2 1,902

Less than a high school 

diploma 936 428 45.7 363 38.8 65 15.1 508

High school graduates, 

no college(2) 3,197 2,246 70.2 2,010 62.9 236 10.5 951

Some college or 

associate's degree 2,014 1,689 83.9 1,591 79.0 98 5.8 325

Bachelor’s degree and 

higher 1,536 1,418 92.3 1,342 87.4 76 5.3 118

Men 8,591 7,162 83.4 6,443 75.0 719 10.0 1,429

Less than a high school 

diploma 1,262 782 62.0 664 52.6 118 15.1 480

High school graduates, 

no college(2) 4,150 3,461 83.4 3,099 74.7 362 10.5 689

Some college or 

associate's degree 1,951 1,766 90.5 1,628 83.5 138 7.8 185

Bachelor’s degree and 

higher 1,228 1,153 93.9 1,052 85.6 101 8.8 75

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2017 (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 133

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2017 School Enrollment Supplement.

Footnotes:

(1) Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.

Year Total employed

Multiple jobholders Multiple-jobholding rate(1)

Total

Women

Men Total Women Men

Number Percentage of all multiple jobholders

1994 123,060 7,260 3,336 46.0 3,924 5.9 5.9 5.9

1995 124,900 7,693 3,554 46.2 4,139 6.2 6.2 6.1

1996 126,708 7,832 3,640 46.5 4,192 6.2 6.2 6.1

1997 129,558 7,955 3,718 46.7 4,237 6.1 6.2 6.1

1998 131,463 7,926 3,748 47.3 4,178 6.0 6.2 5.9

1999 133,488 7,802 3,698 47.4 4,104 5.8 6.0 5.7

2000 136,891 7,604 3,608 47.4 3,996 5.6 5.7 5.5

2001 136,933 7,357 3,523 47.9 3,834 5.4 5.5 5.2

2002 136,485 7,291 3,557 48.8 3,734 5.3 5.6 5.1

2003 137,736 7,315 3,599 49.2 3,716 5.3 5.6 5.1

2004 139,252 7,473 3,638 48.7 3,835 5.4 5.6 5.1

2005 141,730 7,546 3,691 48.9 3,855 5.3 5.6 5.1

2006 144,427 7,576 3,753 49.5 3,822 5.2 5.6 4.9

2007 146,047 7,655 3,822 49.9 3,833 5.2 5.6 4.9

2008 145,362 7,620 3,783 49.6 3,837 5.2 5.6 5.0

2009 139,877 7,271 3,741 51.5 3,530 5.2 5.6 4.8

2010 139,064 6,878 3,552 51.6 3,326 4.9 5.4 4.5

2011 139,869 6,880 3,496 50.8 3,384 4.9 5.3 4.6

2012 142,469 6,943 3,495 50.3 3,448 4.9 5.2 4.6

2013 143,929 7,002 3,517 50.2 3,486 4.9 5.2 4.6

2014 146,305 7,146 3,636 50.9 3,511 4.9 5.3 4.5

2015 148,834 7,262 3,692 50.8 3,571 4.9 5.3 4.5

2016 151,436 7,531 3,887 51.6 3,645 5.0 5.5 4.5

2017 153,337 7,545 3,798 50.3 3,748 4.9 5.3 4.6

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 134

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total Women Men Self-employed women as 

percentage of total selfemployed

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

1976 85,421 5,783 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8

1977 88,734 6,114 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7

1978 92,661 6,429 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2

1979 95,477 6,791 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2

1980 95,938 7,000 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0

1981 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9

1982 96,125 7,262 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8

1983 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2

1984 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0

1985 103,971 7,811 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3

1986 106,434 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1

1987 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9

1988 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7

1989 114,142 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4

1990 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8

1991 114,449 8,851 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6

1992 115,245 8,575 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5

1993 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2

1994 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2

1995 121,460 8,902 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6

1996 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1

1997 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2

1998 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9

1999 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0

2000 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4

2001 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4

2002 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2

2003 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 135

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year

Total Women Men Self-employed women as 

percentage of total selfemployed

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

Total 

employed

SelfemployedSelf-employed as a 

percentage of total

2004 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1

2005 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5

2006 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0

2007 143,952 9,557 6.6 67,302 3,637 5.4 76,650 5,920 7.7 38.1

2008 143,194 9,219 6.4 67,358 3,483 5.2 75,836 5,736 7.6 37.8

2009 137,775 8,995 6.5 65,712 3,468 5.3 72,062 5,527 7.7 38.6

2010 136,858 8,860 6.5 65,164 3,388 5.2 71,694 5,472 7.6 38.2

2011 137,615 8,603 6.3 65,023 3,341 5.1 72,592 5,262 7.2 38.8

2012 140,283 8,749 6.2 66,353 3,483 5.2 73,930 5,266 7.1 39.8

2013 141,799 8,619 6.1 67,058 3,508 5.2 74,742 5,111 6.8 40.7

2014 144,068 8,602 6.0 68,061 3,444 5.1 76,007 5,158 6.8 40.0

2015 146,411 8,665 5.9 69,106 3,396 4.9 77,305 5,269 6.8 39.2

2016 148,976 8,751 5.9 70,247 3,385 4.8 78,729 5,366 6.8 38.7

2017 150,883 8,736 5.8 71,324 3,544 5.0 79,559 5,191 6.5 40.6

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

Total

Native born, 16 years and older(1) 213,579 132,946 62.2 127,083 59.5 5,863 4.4 80,633

16 to 24 years 34,603 19,275 55.7 17,479 50.5 1,796 9.3 15,328

25 to 34 years 36,138 30,187 83.5 28,782 79.6 1,405 4.7 5,951

35 to 44 years 30,763 25,735 83.7 24,849 80.8 886 3.4 5,027

45 to 54 years 33,306 26,737 80.3 25,911 77.8 827 3.1 6,568

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 136

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

55 to 64 years 35,544 22,690 63.8 22,024 62.0 666 2.9 12,854

65 years and older 43,225 8,321 19.3 8,038 18.6 283 3.4 34,904

Foreign born, 16 years and older(2) 41,500 27,373 66.0 26,254 63.3 1,119 4.1 14,127

16 to 24 years 3,547 1,886 53.2 1,727 48.7 159 8.4 1,661

25 to 34 years 7,820 5,898 75.4 5,656 72.3 242 4.1 1,922

35 to 44 years 9,189 7,299 79.4 7,043 76.6 256 3.5 1,890

45 to 54 years 8,481 6,826 80.5 6,592 77.7 234 3.4 1,655

55 to 64 years 6,146 4,209 68.5 4,040 65.7 169 4.0 1,938

65 years and older 6,317 1,256 19.9 1,196 18.9 60 4.8 5,061

Women

Native born, 16 years and older(1) 110,439 63,536 57.5 60,852 55.1 2,684 4.2 46,902

16 to 24 years 17,223 9,472 55.0 8,712 50.6 760 8.0 7,751

25 to 34 years 18,292 14,402 78.7 13,761 75.2 641 4.5 3,890

35 to 44 years 15,674 12,196 77.8 11,760 75.0 436 3.6 3,478

45 to 54 years 16,991 12,847 75.6 12,450 73.3 397 3.1 4,144

55 to 64 years 18,478 10,887 58.9 10,578 57.3 309 2.8 7,591

65 years and older 23,781 3,733 15.7 3,592 15.1 141 3.8 20,049

Foreign born, 16 years and older(2) 21,365 11,638 54.5 11,083 51.9 555 4.8 9,727

16 to 24 years 1,708 801 46.9 730 42.8 71 8.8 907

25 to 34 years 3,847 2,311 60.1 2,188 56.9 122 5.3 1,537

35 to 44 years 4,680 3,061 65.4 2,930 62.6 131 4.3 1,619

45 to 54 years 4,361 3,054 70.0 2,927 67.1 127 4.1 1,307

55 to 64 years 3,159 1,856 58.8 1,776 56.2 81 4.4 1,303

65 years and older 3,609 555 15.4 532 14.7 23 4.2 3,054

Men

Native born, 16 years and older(1) 103,140 69,410 67.3 66,231 64.2 3,179 4.6 33,730

16 to 24 years 17,380 9,803 56.4 8,767 50.4 1,036 10.6 7,578

25 to 34 years 17,846 15,786 88.5 15,022 84.2 764 4.8 2,061

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 137

Footnotes:

(1) The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

(2) The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not 

U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these 

categories.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Native- or foreign-born status, age, 

and gender

Civilian noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percentage of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percentage of 

population Total Percentage of labor force

35 to 44 years 15,088 13,539 89.7 13,089 86.7 450 3.3 1,549

45 to 54 years 16,315 13,891 85.1 13,461 82.5 430 3.1 2,424

55 to 64 years 17,067 11,803 69.2 11,446 67.1 357 3.0 5,263

65 years and older 19,444 4,589 23.6 4,446 22.9 142 3.1 14,855

Foreign born, 16 years and older(2) 20,135 15,735 78.1 15,171 75.3 564 3.6 4,400

16 to 24 years 1,839 1,085 59.0 997 54.2 88 8.1 754

25 to 34 years 3,973 3,588 90.3 3,468 87.3 120 3.3 385

35 to 44 years 4,509 4,238 94.0 4,113 91.2 125 2.9 271

45 to 54 years 4,120 3,772 91.5 3,665 89.0 107 2.8 348

55 to 64 years 2,987 2,352 78.8 2,264 75.8 88 3.7 635

65 years and older 2,708 701 25.9 664 24.5 36 5.2 2,007

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2017 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Year Total employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2)

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

Total

1983 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3

1984 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6

1985 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5

1986 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Page 138

Year Total employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2)

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

1987 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2

1988 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0

1989 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6

1990 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2

1991 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1

1992 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7

1993 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6

1994 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5

1995 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7

1996 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2

1997 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6

1998 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4

1999 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3

2000 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9

2001 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7

2002 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5

2003 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3

2004 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8

2005 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7

2006 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1

2007 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3

2008 129,377 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7

2009 124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6

2010 124,073 14,715 11.9 16,290 13.1

2011 125,187 14,764 11.8 16,290 13.0

2012 127,577 14,366 11.3 15,922 12.5

2013 129,110 14,528 11.3 16,028 12.4

2014 131,431 14,576 11.1 16,152 12.3

2015 133,743 14,795 11.1 16,441 12.3

2016 136,101 14,555 10.7 16,271 12.0

2017 137,890 14,817 10.7 16,444 11.9

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Total employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2)

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

Women

1983 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0

1984 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8

1985 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9

1986 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5

1987 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9

1988 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0

1989 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9

1990 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9

1991 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8

1992 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9

1993 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0

1994 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1

1995 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3

1996 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8

1997 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4

1998 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1

1999 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0

2000 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1

2001 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1

2002 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0

2003 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9

2004 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5

2005 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6

2006 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2

2007 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4

2008 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9

2009 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7

2010 60,542 6,722 11.1 7,528 12.4

2011 60,502 6,758 11.2 7,558 12.5

2012 61,679 6,470 10.5 7,311 11.9

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Year Total employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2)

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

2013 62,316 6,573 10.5 7,340 11.8

2014 63,383 6,638 10.5 7,434 11.7

2015 64,445 6,833 10.6 7,681 11.9

2016 65,512 6,667 10.2 7,567 11.6

2017 66,421 6,651 10.0 7,514 11.3

Men

1983 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

1986 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

1990 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

1994 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

1997 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

1998 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

1999 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

2002 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

2006 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

2007 67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Footnotes:

(1) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

(2) Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced 

annually with the release of January data.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Year Total employed

Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2)

Total Percentage of employed Total Percentage of employed

2008 66,846 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5

2009 63,539 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4

2010 63,531 7,994 12.6 8,761 13.8

2011 64,686 8,006 12.4 8,731 13.5

2012 65,898 7,895 12.0 8,611 13.1

2013 66,794 7,955 11.9 8,688 13.0

2014 68,048 7,939 11.7 8,717 12.8

2015 69,298 7,963 11.5 8,760 12.6

2016 70,589 7,888 11.2 8,704 12.3

2017 71,469 8,166 11.4 8,930 12.5

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men Women as a percentage of total

Total veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 20,387 2,000 18,387 9.8

Civilian labor force 10,125 1,191 8,934 11.8

Participation rate 49.7 59.6 48.6 -

Employed 9,755 1,142 8,613 11.7

Employment-population ratio 47.8 57.1 46.8 -

Unemployed 370 49 321 13.3

Unemployment rate 3.7 4.1 3.6 -

Not in labor force 10,262 808 9,454 7.9

Gulf War-era II veterans

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men Women as a percentage of total

Civilian noninstitutional population 4,116 716 3,400 17.4

Civilian labor force 3,318 498 2,819 15.0

Participation rate 80.6 69.6 82.9 -

Employed 3,169 471 2,698 14.9

Employment-population ratio 77.0 65.7 79.4 -

Unemployed 149 28 121 18.5

Unemployment rate 4.5 5.5 4.3 -

Not in labor force 798 218 580 27.3

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 3,279 504 2,775 15.4

Civilian labor force 2,585 370 2,216 14.3

Participation rate 78.9 73.4 79.9 -

Employed 2,507 357 2,150 14.2

Employment-population ratio 76.4 70.9 77.5 -

Unemployed 79 13 66 16.1

Unemployment rate 3.1 3.4 3.0 -

Not in labor force 693 134 559 19.3

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 8,052 288 7,764 3.6

Civilian labor force 1,818 60 1,758 3.3

Participation rate 22.6 20.8 22.6 -

Employed 1,751 58 1,693 3.3

Employment-population ratio 21.7 20.2 21.8 -

Unemployed 67 2 66 2.5

Unemployment rate 3.7 2.8 3.7 -

Not in labor force 6,234 228 6,006 3.7

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population 4,941 492 4,449 10.0

Civilian labor force 2,404 264 2,140 11.0

Participation rate 48.7 53.6 48.1 -

Employed 2,329 256 2,073 11.0

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could 

have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 

1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a 

wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Veteran status, employment status, and period of service Total Women Men Women as a percentage of total

Employment-population ratio 47.1 52.1 46.6 -

Unemployed 75 7 68 9.6

Unemployment rate 3.1 2.7 3.2 -

Not in labor force 2,537 228 2,309 9.0

Nonveterans

Civilian noninstitutional population 225,619 125,318 100,301 55.5

Civilian labor force 147,957 72,803 75,154 49.2

Participation rate 65.6 58.1 74.9 -

Employed 141,692 69,785 71,907 49.3

Employment-population ratio 62.8 55.7 71.7 -

Unemployed 6,265 3,018 3,248 48.2

Unemployment rate 4.2 4.1 4.3 -

Not in labor force 77,662 52,515 25,147 67.6

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in 

thousands)

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Total people with a disability

Civilian noninstitutional population 30,351 16,211 14,140

Civilian labor force 6,245 2,825 3,420

Participation rate 20.6 17.4 24.2

Employed 5,670 2,558 3,111

Employment-population ratio 18.7 15.8 22.0

Unemployed 576 267 309

Unemployment rate 9.2 9.5 9.0

Not in labor force 24,106 13,386 10,720

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

16 to 64 years

Civilian noninstitutional population 15,697 7,935 7,762

Civilian labor force 5,117 2,381 2,736

Participation rate 32.6 30.0 35.2

Employed 4,603 2,141 2,462

Employment-population ratio 29.3 27.0 31.7

Unemployed 514 240 273

Unemployment rate 10.0 10.1 10.0

Not in labor force 10,580 5,554 5,026

65 years and older

Civilian noninstitutional population 14,654 8,276 6,378

Civilian labor force 1,129 444 685

Participation rate 7.7 5.4 10.7

Employed 1,066 417 649

Employment-population ratio 7.3 5.0 10.2

Unemployed 62 27 35

Unemployment rate 5.5 6.0 5.2

Not in labor force 13,526 7,832 5,694

Total people without a disability

Civilian noninstitutional population 224,728 115,592 109,135

Civilian labor force 154,074 72,349 81,725

Participation rate 68.6 62.6 74.9

Employed 147,668 69,377 78,290

Employment-population ratio 65.7 60.0 71.7

Unemployed 6,407 2,972 3,435

Unemployment rate 4.2 4.1 4.2

Not in labor force 70,653 43,243 27,410

16 to 64 years

Civilian noninstitutional population 189,840 96,478 93,362

Civilian labor force 145,626 68,505 77,120

Participation rate 76.7 71.0 82.6

Employed 139,500 65,671 73,829

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)

See footnotes at end of table.
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Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, 

remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a 

doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Disability status, employment status, and age Total Women Men

Employment-population ratio 73.5 68.1 79.1

Unemployed 6,126 2,834 3,291

Unemployment rate 4.2 4.1 4.3

Not in labor force 44,215 27,973 16,242

65 years and older

Civilian noninstitutional population 34,887 19,114 15,773

Civilian labor force 8,449 3,844 4,605

Participation rate 24.2 20.1 29.2

Employed 8,168 3,706 4,461

Employment-population ratio 23.4 19.4 28.3

Unemployed 281 138 143

Unemployment rate 3.3 3.6 3.1

Not in labor force 26,439 15,270 11,168

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
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Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, 

using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. Upon request, this information 

is available to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

Children. Children are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children living in the household who are under age 

18. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related and unrelated children, and children not living in the 

household.

Civilian labor force. This group is made up of all people classified as employed or unemployed.

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional 

population.

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active 

duty in the Armed Forces.

Disability. The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify people with disabilities. The questions are about physical, 

mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. People are classified as having a 

disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the 

respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she 

is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. More information, including the wording of the 

six questions used to identify people with a disability, is available at www.bls.gov/cps/demographics.htm#disability.

Displaced workers. Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs 

because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was 

abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or 

more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated 

businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January 

CPS.

Employed people. Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all as paid 

employees; (b) worked in their own business, in a profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 or more hours as 

unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because 

of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.

Employment-population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.
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•

•

Family. A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all 

such individuals are considered members of one family. The count of families is for “primary” families only. A primary 

family consists of a householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Subfamilies are 

excluded from the count of families. A subfamily is a family that does not maintain their own household, such as a 

married couple living in the home of a friend and their family. In this example, the report would include only one family 

(the householder’s or primary family), not two. Families include those with and without children under 18 years. Families 

are further categorized as follows:

Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples residing together and any of their family members 

residing in the household.

Families maintained by women or men are made up of householders residing with one or more family members, 

but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried 

domestic partner of either sex.

Foreign born. The foreign born are people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they 

were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas (such as Puerto Rico or Guam) to parents who were not 

U.S. citizens. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as 

students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify 

the number of people in these categories. The native born are people born in the United States or one of its outlying 

areas or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being 

Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race; estimates for 

the race groups include Hispanics. Information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity in 2003 

is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week, which is generally the 

week containing the 12th of the month. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off for 8 hours 

during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. (See 

related information on usual full- or part-time status.)

Householder. The householder is the family reference person. This is the person (or one of the people) in whose name 

the housing unit is owned or rented. Other household members are defined as family members based on their 

relationship to the householder.

Minimum wage. The estimates of the number of workers with earnings at or below the federal minimum wage pertain 

only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not 

included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. 

Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings 

at or below the federal minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the 

hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process.

The prevailing federal minimum wage is $7.25, effective July 24, 2009. The presence of workers with hourly earnings 

below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because 

there are a number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have 
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rounded their hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As a result, some might have reported hourly earnings 

below the minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage or higher.

A number of states have established minimum wage rates that exceed the federal level. (Information on state minimum 

wage laws is available at www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/america.htm.) Users should be cautious about comparing state 

estimates in this report because of differing statutory minimum wages. It also should be noted that the CPS sample is 

based on residence, that is, where workers live, which may or may not be located in the same state in which they work. 

In addition, the degree of sampling error may be quite large for some state estimates.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed.

Occupation and industry. Occupation refers to the type of job or work that a person does, and industry refers to the 

business activity of a person’s employer or company. People with two or more jobs are classified as being in the 

occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The CPS uses the Census Occupational 

Classification, based on the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC), and the 2012 census industry 

classification, derived from the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Additional information 

about these classifications is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social 

Security Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions 

originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption 

requirements of families, predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 

years of age.

The actual poverty thresholds vary because of the makeup of the family. In 2016, the weighted average poverty 

threshold for a family of four was $24,563; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $49,721; and for one 

person (unrelated individual), it was $12,228. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the 

Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, 

see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016,” https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/

2017/demo/P60-259.pdf.)

Race. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian 

are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that 

race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of two or more races. More 

information on the 2003 changes to questions on race is available at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for other race 

groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of 

two or more races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report.

Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, in a 

profession, in a trade, or on a farm. The unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category. Selfemployed people whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise 

specified.
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Tenure. Employee tenure is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the 

time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more 

tenure and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers 

are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are 

collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for 

work (except in the case of temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-

week period ending with the survey reference week. People on temporary layoff do not need to look for work to be 

classified as unemployed.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Union membership. Union membership refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a 

union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. 

All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated 

businesses.

Usual full- or part-time status. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the survey 

reference week, BLS classifies people as either full- or part-time workers based on the number of hours they usually 

work per week, regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. Full-time workers are those who 

usually work 35 or more hours per week (at all jobs combined). Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 

35 hours per week (at all jobs).

Usual weekly earnings. Data on usual weekly earnings represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and 

include any overtime pay, commissions, and tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). 

Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The 

term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are 

instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.” Data refer to the sole 

or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether or not their 

businesses were incorporated) and are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample.

Earnings estimates are presented as median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. The median is 

the point at which half of all workers had higher earnings and half had lower earnings.

Veterans. Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed 

Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on active duty at the time of the survey 

are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who 

never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, “Did 

you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?”

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece 

rates. The group includes employees in the private and the public sectors. This group also generally includes the 

incorporated self-employed, because, legally, they are paid employees of a corporation. (Data on union membership, 
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Page 150

earnings, tenure, and displacement of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with 

incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.)

Work experience. These data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the 

following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or 

“Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” 

Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the level for any given 

month, which is based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.

Workers paid by the hour. These are wage and salary workers paid at an hourly rate on their main job. Historically, 

workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.

Working poor. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for 

work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. There are two reasons this occurs: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error occurs because 

samples differ by chance. The sampling error variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is 

about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 

standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 

90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data. More information on the reliability of data from the CPS and on estimating standard errors is available 

at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.