### Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners Summary
                        
            
                                                        
                                                                
                        
            
            
            
                            
                                                
                                                
                                                
                                                
            						
							
				                                                
                                            




            			court reporters imageCourt reporters attend legal proceedings to create word-for-word transcriptions.							
						Quick Facts:     Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners2023     Median Pay
            						$63,940     per year
										$30.74     per hourTypical Entry-Level Education
                                    Postsecondary nondegree awardWork Experience in a Related Occupation
                                    NoneOn-the-job Training
                                    Short-term on-the-job trainingNumber of Jobs, 2022
                                    21,300Job Outlook, 2022-32
                                    3% (As fast as average)Employment Change, 2022-32
                                    600What Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners Do
                                                
                        
                        
Court reporters create word-for-word transcriptions at trials, depositions, and other legal proceedings. Simultaneous captioners provide similar transcriptions for television or for presentations in other settings, such as press conferences and business meetings, for people who are deaf or hard of hearing.
            
                        Work Environment
                        
Most court reporters work in courts or legislatures; simultaneous captioners may work from their home or a central office. Some court reporters and simultaneous captioners travel to other locations, such as meeting sites or public events.
            
                                                How to Become a Court Reporter or Simultaneous Captioner
                                                
                        
Many community colleges and technical institutes offer postsecondary certificate programs for court reporters and simultaneous captioners. These workers typically receive on-the-job training that varies by type of reporting or captioning. Many states require court reporters and simultaneous captioners who work in legal settings to have a state license or a certification from a professional association.
            
                        Pay
                        												                            																				    														The median annual wage for court reporters and simultaneous captioners was $63,940 in May 2023.									                                					
						
            
                        Job Outlook
                        						
												Employment							of court reporters and simultaneous captioners is projected to grow							 3 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
						About 2,100 openings for court reporters and simultaneous captioners are projected each year, on average, over the decade.
            			
            			 Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
						State & Area Data
                       Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for court reporters and simultaneous captioners.
            
            
						
                        Similar Occupations
                        
                                                    Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of court reporters and simultaneous captioners with similar occupations.
            
            
                        More Information, Including Links to O*NET
                        
                                               
                        Learn more about court reporters and simultaneous captioners by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
 What Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners Do 
            

			Court reportersCourt reporters provide an accurate description of court proceedings.			
Court reporters create word-for-word transcriptions at trials, depositions, administrative hearings, and other legal proceedings. Simultaneous captioners provide similar transcriptions for television or for presentations in other settings, such as press conferences and business meetings, for people who are deaf or hard of hearing.
Duties
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners typically do the following:
Attend depositions, hearings, proceedings, and other events that require verbatim transcripts
Capture spoken dialogue with special equipment, such as stenography machines and digital recording devices
Report speakers' identification, gestures, and actions
Read or play back portions of events or legal proceedings upon request
Ask speakers to clarify inaudible statements or testimony
Review notes they have taken, including the spelling of names and technical terminology
Provide copies of transcripts and recordings to the parties involved
Transcribe television or movie dialogue for the benefit of viewers
Provide real-time transcription of presentations in public forums for people who are deaf or hard of hearingCourt reporters have a critical role in legal proceedings, which require an exact record of what occurred. These workers are responsible for producing a complete, accurate, and secure transcript of depositions, trials, and other legal proceedings. The official record allows judges and lawyers to efficiently search for important information contained in the transcript. Court reporters also index and catalog exhibits used during legal proceedings.
Simultaneous captioners primarily serve people who are deaf or hard of hearing by transcribing speech to text as the speech occurs. They typically work in settings other than courtrooms or law offices.
The following are examples of types of simultaneous captioners:
***Broadcast captioners*** provide transcriptions for television programs (called closed captions). They capture dialogue for displaying to television viewers, primarily those who are deaf or hard of hearing. Some broadcast captioners may transcribe dialogue in real time during broadcasts; others caption during the program’s postproduction.
***Communication access real-time translation (CART) providers*** work primarily with people who are deaf or hard of hearing during meetings, doctors’ appointments, and other situations requiring real-time transcription. For example, CART providers may caption the dialogue of college classes and present an immediate transcript to students who are learning English as a second language.
Although some simultaneous captioners accompany their clients to events, many broadcast captioners and CART providers do not. Establishing remote access allows these workers to hear and type dialogue without having to be physically present in the room.
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners turn dialogue into text for a variety of audiences. For information about workers who convey dialogue through sign language, cued speech, or other means to people who are deaf or hard of hearing, see the profile on interpreters and translators.
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners use different methods for recording speech, such as stenotype machines, steno masks, and digital recording devices.
Stenotype machines work like keyboards but create words through key combinations rather than single characters, allowing court reporters to keep up with fast-moving dialogue.
With steno masks, court reporters and simultaneous captioners speak directly into a covered microphone to record dialogue and to describe gestures and actions. Because the microphone is covered, others cannot hear what the reporter or captioner is saying.
Digital recording devices create an audio or video file rather than a written transcript. In addition to recording dialogue, court reporters and simultaneous captioners who use this equipment also take notes to identify the speakers and provide context for the recording. In some cases, they use the audio recording to create a written transcript.
 Work Environment
			Court reportersCourt reporters may work in courtrooms or office buildings.			

	    
				
	
	
	
	
	
	
	    					 Court reporters and simultaneous captioners held about 21,300 jobs in 2022. The largest employers of court reporters and simultaneous captioners were as follows:
        Self-employed workers
                31%Business support services
                23Local government, excluding education and hospitals
                22State government, excluding education and hospitals
                19Most court reporters work in courts or legislatures. Many are self-employed (freelance) reporters who are hired by law firms or corporations for pretrial depositions and other events on an as-needed basis.
Some court reporters and simultaneous captioners travel to other locations, such as meeting sites or public events. Simultaneous captioners may work remotely from either their home or a central office.
Because of the speed and accuracy required to capture a verbatim record and the time-sensitive nature of legal proceedings, court reporting positions may be stressful.
Work Schedules
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners who work in a legal setting or office typically work full time recording events and preparing transcripts. Freelance reporters often have more flexibility in their work schedules.
 How to Become a Court Reporter or Simultaneous Captioner

			Court reportersCourt reporters must give their full attention to the speaker and capture every word that is said.			
Many community colleges and technical institutes offer postsecondary certificate programs for court reporters and simultaneous captioners. These workers typically on-the-job training; the length of training varies by type of reporting or captioning. Many states require court reporters and simultaneous captioners to have a state license or a certification from a professional association.
Education
Many court reporters and simultaneous captioners attend programs at community colleges or technical institutes that lead to either a certificate or an associate’s degree. Either credential qualifies applicants for many entry-level positions. Certification programs prepare students to pass the licensing exams and typing-speed tests required by most states and employers.
Most court reporting programs include courses in English grammar and phonetics, legal procedures, and legal terminology. Students also practice preparing transcripts to improve the speed and accuracy of their work.
Some schools also offer training in the use of different transcription equipment, such as stenotype machines or steno masks.
Completing a court reporting program typically takes 2 or 3 years.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Many states require court reporters and simultaneous captioners to be licensed or certified by a professional association. Licensing requirements vary by state and by method of reporting or captioning.
The National Court Reporters Association (NCRA) offers certification for court reporters and simultaneous captioners. Currently, about half of states accept or use the Registered Professional Reporter (RPR) certification in place of a state certification or licensing exam.
Digital and voice reporters may obtain certification through the American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers (AAERT), which offers the Certified Electronic Reporter (CER) and Certified Electronic Transcriber (CET) designations.
Voice reporters also may obtain certification through the National Verbatim Reporters Association (NVRA). As with the RPR designation, some states with certification or licensing requirements accept the NVRA designation in place of a state license.
Certification through the NCRA, AAERT, and NVRA all require the successful completion of a written test, as well as a skills test in which applicants must type, record, or transcribe a minimum number of words per minute with a high level of accuracy.
In addition, all associations require court reporters and simultaneous captioners to obtain a certain amount of continuing education credits in order to renew their certification.
For more information on certification, exams, and continuing education requirements, visit the specific association’s website. State licensing and continuing education requirements are available on the state association’s or state judicial agency's website.
Training
After completing their formal program, court reporters and simultaneous captioners must undergo on-the-job training. The length of training varies by type of reporting or captioning but typically includes training on the specific equipment and technical terminology that may be used during complex medical or legal proceedings.
Important Qualities
***Concentration.*** Court reporters and simultaneous captioners must be able to focus for long periods so that they remain attentive to the dialogue they are recording.
***Detail oriented.*** Court reporters and simultaneous captioners must produce error-free work because they create transcripts that serve as legal records.
***Listening skills.*** Court reporters and simultaneous captioners must give their full attention to speakers and capture every word that is said.
***Writing skills.*** Court reporters and simultaneous captioners need a good command of grammar, vocabulary, and punctuation.
 Pay

			



	
 
                                                     
            
    
                Court Reporters and Simultaneous CaptionersMedian annual wages, May 2023Media and communication workers$66,320  Court reporters and simultaneous captioners$63,940  Total, all occupations$48,060Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
 

	
	



		
	
	
	
The median annual wage for court reporters and simultaneous captioners was $63,940 in May 2023. 


The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $35,890, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $126,440.





		
	    					 In May 2023, the median annual wages for court reporters and simultaneous captioners in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:	
        Local government, excluding education and hospitals
                $70,970State government, excluding education and hospitals
                69,950Business support services
                46,120Freelance court reporters and simultaneous captioners typically charge an hourly rate; court reporters may also sell additional copies of the transcript, usually charging a set price per page.
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners who work in a legal setting or office typically work full time recording events and preparing transcripts. Freelance reporters often have more flexibility in their work schedules.
 Job Outlook

   
        
    
          
        
    
              Court Reporters and Simultaneous CaptionersPercent change in employment, projected 2022-32Court reporters and simultaneous captioners3%  Media and communication workers3%  Total, all occupations3%Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
            
            
			 
	
	
	

			Employment				of court reporters and simultaneous captioners is projected to grow				 3 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
			
			About 2,100 openings for court reporters and simultaneous captioners are projected each year, on average, over the decade.
			
			 Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
			Employment
	
			
Court reporters will continue to be needed to create detailed, accurate records of legal proceedings. However, state and local government budgets may affect the employment of court reporters because judicial budgets are contingent on available funds.
Demand for simultaneous captioners will be influenced by federal regulations requiring an expanded use of captioning for television, the internet, and other technologies. New television programming will continue to need closed captioning, and networks will likely expand their use of broadcast captioners to comply with federal regulations.
An increase in the number of older people, a group that may experience hearing loss, also will spur demand for simultaneous captioners who provide communication access real-time translation (CART) or who accompany clients to proceedings such as doctor appointments, town hall meetings, or religious services. In addition, movie theaters and sports stadiums will provide closed captioning for attendees who are deaf or hard of hearing.
			

                        Employment projections data for     court reporters and simultaneous captioners, 2022-32
                Occupational Title
                        SOC Code
                        Employment, 2022
                        Projected Employment, 2032
                        Change, 2022-32
                        Employment by IndustryPercent
                        NumericSOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program**Court reporters and simultaneous captioners**
			27-3092
			21,300
			21,900
			3
			600
			Get data
 State & Area Data **Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)** The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OES data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Court reporters and simultaneous captioners **Projections Central** Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved. **CareerOneStop** CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.
 Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of court reporters and simultaneous captioners. Occupation
                Job Duties
                ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
                2023     MEDIAN PAY**Interpreters and Translators**
            Interpreters and translators convert information from one language into another language.
            Bachelor's degree
            $57,090**Medical Transcriptionists**
            Medical transcriptionists use electronic devices to convert voice recordings from physicians and other healthcare workers into formal reports.
            Postsecondary nondegree award
            $37,060
 Contacts for More Information
								
For more information on becoming a court reporter or simultaneous captioner, including information on training programs and certification as a Registered Professional Reporter, visit
National Court Reporters Association
For more information on certification and legal resources, as well as becoming an electronic or digital reporter, visit
American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers
For more information on voice writing and certification, visit
National Verbatim Reporters Association

                                                
                                                        
                                                                                                    O*NET
                                        Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners
 Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.  Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners, 
        	 at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/legal/court-reporters.htm (visited *May 21, 2024*).
 **Last Modified Date:**
                        Wednesday, April 17, 2024


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