Internet address: http://www.bls.gov/mfp 

Historical, technical USDL 06-2040 

information: (202) 691-5606 For Release: 10:00 AM EST 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 December 6, 2006 

MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING, 2002, 2003 AND 2004 

The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today reported multifactor 

productivity data—output per unit of combined inputs—for the manufacturing sector and for durable goods, 

nondurable goods, and three-digit (NAICS) manufacturing industries through the year 2004. 

The annual rates of multifactor productivity change in manufacturing were: 

 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 

Manufacturing 3.9 4.0 -1.0 

Durable manufacturing 4.3 4.5 -1.0 

Nondurable manufacturing 3.0 3.1 -0.9 

 In all three sectors, manufacturing, durable manufacturing, and nondurable manufacturing, 

multifactor productivity growth was just slightly faster in 2003 than in 2002. Multifactor productivity fell in 

all three sectors in 2004. The 2001-02, 2002-3 and 2003-4 annual changes are summarized in table A, and 

further detail and historical measures are shown in tables 1 through 3. 

Multifactor productivity is designed to measure the joint influences of economic growth on 

technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources, and other factors, 

allowing for the effects of capital and labor. Multifactor productivity, therefore, differs from labor 

productivity (output per hour worked) measures that are published quarterly by BLS since it includes 

information on capital services and other data that are not available on a quarterly basis. 

Multifactor productivity measures for the manufacturing sector are now developed from data based on the 

1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). These measures are not comparable with 

the measures for the manufacturing sectors previously reported on a 1987 Standard Industrial 

Classification (SIC) basis. This is because manufacturing multifactor productivity measures are 

aggregated from industry detail data that are largely unavailable on a NAICS basis before 1987.
2

The data sources and methods used in the preparation of the manufacturing series differ from 

those used in preparing the private business and private nonfarm business series published elsewhere, 

and these measures are not directly comparable. See BLS News Release USDL 06-1510, Preliminary 

Multifactor Productivity Trends, 2005, www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/prod3.pdf, and see the Summary 

of Methods (pp.3-5) for further information on data sources and methods. 

Table A. Productivity and related data in manufacturing, percent changes, 1987-2004 

(percent per year) 

 1987-04 1987-90 1990-95 1995-00 2000-04 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

 

Productivity 

 Multifactor productivity1 1.3 0.2 1.2 2.0 1.4 3.9 4.0 -1.0 

 Output per hour of all persons 3.6 1.7 3.3 4.7 4.1 7.1 6.1 1.7 

 

 Output per unit of capital services 0.0 -0.1 0.6 0.4 -1.3 -1.0 0.9 1.5 

 

Sectoral Output 2.4 2.1 3.3 4.5 -0.9 -0.6 1.0 1.3 

Inputs 

 Hours2 -1.2 0.4 -0.1 -0.2 -4.8 -7.1 -4.8 -0.4 

 Capital services 2.5 2.2 2.7 4.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 -0.2 

 Energy -0.8 1.9 1.6 -2.5 -3.4 -1.5 -7.5 5.4 

 Non-energy materials 2.2 1.6 3.6 4.9 -2.3 -5.4 -3.6 6.9 

 Purchased business services 2.5 5.4 3.0 2.4 -0.1 -2.5 -1.0 2.3 

 

 Combined inputs3 1.1 2.0 2.1 2.4 -2.2 -4.3 -2.9 2.3 

1. Output per unit of combined hours, capital, energy, materials, and business services inputs. 

2. Hours at work of all persons. 

3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of nominal costs. 

Manufacturing productivity in 2002, 2003, and 2004 

Changes in 2002. Multifactor productivity in manufacturing rose 3.9 percent in 2002. Until a 

slightly larger increase occurred in 2003, it had been the largest rate of increase in the time series, 

which goes back to 1987. The multifactor productivity gain in 2002 reflected a 0.6 percent decline in 

sectoral output and a 4.3 percent decline in combined inputs. Capital services continued to grow in 

2002, but at a much more modest rate, posting a 0.4 percent advance. The decline in hours accelerated 

in 2002, falling 7.1 percent. 
3

Changes in 2003. Multifactor productivity in manufacturing grew at an annual rate of 4.0 

percent in 2003, about the same as 2002. Combined inputs declined 2.9 percent but this decline was 

offset by a 1.0 percent increase in sectoral output, the first increase in three years. Growth in capital 

services slowed to 0.1 percent, the slowest growth since the current series began in 1987. Hours 

declined 4.8 percent. 

Changes in 2004. Multifactor productivity in manufacturing fell 1.0 percent in 2004, the 

steepest decline since a 1.3 percent drop in 2001. The decline was the result of a 1.3 percent increase 

in sectoral output that was more than offset by a 2.3 percent increase in combined inputs. Capital 

services declined 0.2 percent, the first decline in the current time series. Hours decreased 0.4 percent, 

much less than in the previous two years. Materials grew 6.9 percent, the first increase since 1999 and 

the largest since 1997. 

Historical trends in manufacturing 

Labor productivity (output per hour worked) differs from multifactor productivity (output per 

unit of combined inputs) in the treatment of both capital and intermediate inputs (energy, materials, 

and business services). Labor productivity measures do not explicitly account for the effects of capital 

nor do they account for changes in the effects of intermediate inputs on output growth. As a result, 

changes in input intensity (the input-hours ratio) can influence labor productivity growth. In contrast, 

multifactor productivity treats capital and intermediate inputs as explicit factors of production and, 

therefore, is net of changes in input intensity. Historical trends in labor productivity growth can be 

viewed as the sum of five components: multifactor productivity growth, the contribution of increased 

capital intensity, the contribution of increased energy intensity, the contribution of increased materials 

intensity and the contribution of increased business services intensity (see table B). 

The contribution of input intensity equals the change in the input-hours ratio multiplied by the 

input's cost share. Historically the labor share is about a third of total cost, the capital share about a 

sixth, the materials share a little over a fourth of total cost, and the business services share a little less 

than a fourth. The energy share is historically only about 3 percent of total cost. 

Multifactor productivity grew 1.3 percent annually between 1987 (the starting point of the 

manufacturing series) and 2004 (see table A). Sectoral output increased at a 2.4 percent annual rate, 

and combined inputs rose 1.1 percent per year (table A). Of the 3.6 percent growth rate in output per 

hour (labor productivity), 1.3 percent can be attributed to increases in multifactor productivity, 0.6 

percent to the contribution of capital intensity (see table B), 0.9 percent to changes in materials 

intensity, and 0.8 percent to changes in business services intensity. Energy was a very small share of 

total inputs; therefore it made no discernable contribution to output per hour. 
4

Table B. Rates of growth in output per hour of all persons; the contributions of capital intensity, energy, 

materials, and business services; and multifactor productivity, manufacturing sector, 1987 to 2004 

(percent per year) 

 1987-04 1987-90 1990-95 1995-00 2000-04 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Manufacturing 

 

Output per hour of all persons 3.6 1.7 3.3 4.7 4.1 7.1 6.1 1.7 

Contribution of capital intensity1 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.2 0.8 0.0 

 Contribution of information 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 

 processing equipment and 

 Software2

 Contribution of all other capital 

 services 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.0 

Contribution of energy intensity3 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.1 -0.1 0.1 

Contribution of materials intensity4 0.9 0.3 1.0 1.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 1.9 

 

Contribution of business services 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.6 

Intensity5

Multifactor productivity6 1.3 0.2 1.2 2.0 1.4 3.9 4.0 -1.0 

 

1. Growth rate in capital services per hour multiplied by capital's share of current dollar costs. 

2. Growth rate of information processing equipment and software per hour multiplied by its share of total costs. 

3. Growth rate in energy services per hour multiplied by energy’s share of current dollar costs. 

4. Growth rate in materials services per hour multiplied by materials’ share of current dollar costs. 

5. Growth rate in business services per hour multiplied by business services’ share of current dollar costs. 

6. Output per unit of combined inputs. 

From 1995 to 2000, multifactor productivity accelerated more rapidly than in previous periods, 

growing at 2.0 percent per year (see Table A). Sectoral output growth increased to 4.5 percent per 

year, while combined inputs continued to advance at 2.4 percent per year, a slightly higher rate than 

the 2.1 percent rate of growth of the early 1990s. Hours declined slightly during the 1995-2000 period, 

but the increase in the growth rate of capital services, 4.1 percent, was notable. The use of energy 

inputs declined 2.5 percent, while the use of materials inputs accelerated to 4.9 percent. Business 

services inputs grew less rapidly in this period, averaging 2.4 percent. The contribution of capital 

intensity accelerated to 0.7 percent (see Table B). As in the early 1990’s, information processing 

equipment and software contributed about half of this growth. Materials intensity continued to 

accelerate, growing 1.4 percent during this period. The contribution of business services rose 0.6 

percent, the same as in the previous period. 
5

In the 2000-2004 period, productivity measures slowed somewhat, while still increasing slightly 

faster than in the pre-1995 period. Multifactor productivity growth increased 1.4 percent, down from 

2.0 percent in the previous period. Labor productivity slowed to a still robust growth rate of 4.1 

percent. The contribution of capital intensity growth gained 0.1 percentage points from the previous 

period to 0.8 percent. The growth of the contribution of other capital services rose to 0.6 percent while 

the contribution of information processing equipment grew 0.2 percent. The contribution of materials 

dropped to a growth rate of 0.7 percent from 1.4 percent in the previous period. The contribution of 

business services intensity accelerated during the 2000-2004 period, growing 1.1 percent. 

Among detailed manufacturing industries, most durable goods and nondurable goods industry 

groups experienced multifactor productivity gains in 2002 and 2003 (table 3) and a drop-off in 

productivity gains in 2004. The exceptions were two nondurable goods industries: food, beverage and 

tobacco products and printing and related support activities; and three durable goods industries: 

nonmetallic mineral products, primary metals, and furniture and related products. In these five 

industries multifactor productivity growth accelerated in 2004. Eight of the 18 detailed industries 

experienced multifactor productivity declines in 2004. 

Over the 1987-2004 period, multifactor productivity advanced most rapidly in the computer and 

electronic products industry. This industry’s 9.4 percent growth during this period is 8 percentage 

points higher than the industry with the next highest growth rate, miscellaneous manufacturing. In the 

1995-2000 period, multifactor productivity grew very rapidly in the computer and electronic products 

industry, 15.8 percent per year. In the 2000-2004 period, the growth rate slowed to 4.7 percent. Food, 

beverage and tobacco products; machinery; and electrical equipment, appliances and components were 

the three industries to experience a multifactor productivity decline over the entire 1987-2004 period. 

Summary of Methods for the manufacturing sector and manufacturing industries 

The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the relationship between output in 

real terms and the inputs involved in its production. They do not measure the specific contributions of 

labor, capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, multifactor productivity is designed to 

measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological change, efficiency improvements, 

returns to scale, reallocation of resources due to shifts in factor inputs across industries, and other 

factors. The multifactor productivity indexes are derived by dividing an output index by an index of 

the combined input of labor, capital services, energy, non-energy materials, and business service 

inputs. 

The multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing differ in several ways from those for 

private business and private nonfarm business in their treatment of labor input, output, and classes of 

factor inputs. First, the manufacturing measure of labor input is a direct aggregate of hours. This is in 

contrast to the major sector measures for which estimates of the effects of changing labor composition 

have been developed. 
6

Next, the output concept used for multifactor productivity in manufacturing is “sectoral output.” 

Sectoral output is similar to gross output, but excludes shipments from one establishment to another 

within the same manufacturing industry or sector. In contrast, the output concept used for private 

business and nonfarm business is “gross product originating”. Gross product originating in private 

business equals gross domestic product in the economy less general government, government 

enterprises, private households (including the rental value of owner-occupied real estate), and nonprofit institutions. Gross product originating excludes intermediate transactions between businesses. 

The output index for manufacturing is computed using a chained superlative index (Tornqvist) 

of 3-digit NAICS industry outputs. Industry output is measured as sectoral output, the total value of 

goods and services leaving the industry. Wherever possible, the indexes of industry output are 

calculated with a Törnqvist formula. This formula aggregates the growth rates of the various industry 

outputs between two periods, using their relative shares in industry value of production, averaged over 

the two periods, as weights. Industry output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed 

using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes, primarily from BLS. 

 The resulting manufacturing multifactor productivity measure compares what is produced in the 

manufacturing sector for use outside of manufacturing with the inputs used in the manufacturing 

process obtained from outside of manufacturing. The comparison excludes flows of intermediate 

inputs between manufacturing establishments from measures of both output and inputs. However, the 

comparison does include capital service inputs and capital goods produced, even when these goods are 

produced and consumed in manufacturing. 

Multifactor productivity in manufacturing compares "sectoral output" to three classes of inputs: 

1) hours at work of labor employed within manufacturing; 2) capital services employed by 

manufacturing establishments; and 3) purchases of energy, materials, and business services from 

outside of manufacturing (intermediates). 

Hours paid of production workers are largely obtained from the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. These hours of employees are then converted to an at-work basis by using information 

from the Employment Cost Index (ECI) of the National Compensation Survey (NCS) and the Hours at 

Work Survey. Hours at work for nonproduction workers are derived using data from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), the CES, and the NCS. The hours at work of proprietors are derived from 

the CPS. Hours at work data reflect Productivity and Costs data as of the February 2, 2006 news 

release. It does not reflect benchmark revisions to the CES survey and other revisions to hours 

released on February 3, 2006. The construction of hours at work follows the methods used in the 

private business sector described in USDL 06-1510, Preliminary Multifactor Productivity Trends, 

2005, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/prod3.pdf, except that hours in manufacturing are directly 

aggregated and do not include the effects of changing labor composition. 
7

Capital input measures the services derived from the stock of physical assets and software. The 

assets included are fixed business equipment, structures, inventories, and land. Among equipment, 

BLS provides additional detail for information processing equipment and software (IPES). IPES is 

composed of four broad classes of assets: computers and related equipment, software, communications 

equipment, and other IPES equipment. Computers and related equipment includes mainframe 

computers, personal computers, printers, terminals, tape drives, storage devices, and integrated 

systems. Software is comprised of pre-packaged, custom, and own-account software. 

Communications equipment is not further differentiated. Other IPES includes medical equipment and 

related instruments, electromedical instruments, nonmedical instruments, photocopying and related 

equipment, and office and accounting machinery. 

The aggregate capital input measures are obtained by Tornqvist aggregation of the capital stocks 

for each asset type within each of the eighteen manufacturing NAICS industry groupings using 

estimated rental prices for each asset type. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate of return to all 

assets within the industry and rates of economic depreciation and revaluation for the specific asset; 

rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. Data on investments in physical assets and software 

are obtained from BEA. Nonfarm industry detail for land is based on IRS book value data. Currentdollar gross product originating (GPO) data, obtained from BEA, are used in estimating capital rental 

prices. 

In manufacturing, intermediates are the largest input in terms of costs. Furthermore, research has 

shown that substitution among inputs, including intermediates, affects productivity change. Therefore, 

it is important to include intermediates in productivity measures at the level of manufacturing. In 

contrast, the more aggregate productivity measures compare "value-added" output with two classes of 

inputs, capital and labor. Because of these differences in methods, productivity change in 

manufacturing cannot be directly compared with changes in private business or private nonfarm 

business. 

Intermediate inputs (energy, materials, and purchased business services) are obtained from 

BEA based on BEA annual input-output tables. Tornqvist indexes of each of these three input classes 

are derived at the 3-digit NAICS level and then aggregated to total manufacturing. As with the 

sectoral output measures, materials inputs are adjusted to exclude transactions between establishments 

within the same sector. 

The five input indexes (capital services, hours, energy, materials, and purchased business 

services) are combined using Tornqvist aggregation, employing weights that represent each 

component's share of total costs. Total costs are defined as the value of manufacturing sectoral output. 

The index uses changing weights: The share in each year is averaged with the preceding year's share. 

Multifactor productivity data for the 1987-2004 period reflect a number of changes in source 

data. For example, current NAICS input-output tables and revised BEA chain-type price and indexes 

for intermediate inputs (energy, materials, and business services), (see tables at 

http://www.bea.gov/bea/dn2.htm, Gross Domestic Product by Industry) have been incorporated. 
8

BLS built multifactor productivity measures from three-digit NAICS detail. Most of the critical 

data used to calculate these measures were not reported on a NAICS basis for years prior to 1998. 

Detailed GDP by industry data were available from 1998 forward but from 1987 to1997 many of the 

income components needed to construct capital rental prices were obtained by applying 1997 SIC-toNAICS conversion factors to SIC data and adjusting to the estimated NAICS totals. A similar 

procedure was applied to manufacturing inventories, energy, materials, and business services. Land 

data were only available from 1998 to 2002 on a NAICS basis. As a consequence, land estimates from 

1987 to 1997 were calculated using a combination of SIC to NAICS conversion factors and more 

detailed IRS data. Data for 2003 and 2004 were extrapolated using detailed IRS data for 2002. 

Comprehensive tables containing additional data beyond the scope of this press release are 

available upon request at 202-691-5606 or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm . More detailed 

information on methods, limitations, and data sources of capital and labor are provided in BLS Bulletin 

2178 (September 1983), "Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 1948-81." Methods for measuring 

manufacturing multifactor productivity are discussed in "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. 

manufacturing” in the July 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review (see 

http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprgul95.pdf ). Additional data not contained in the release can be obtained 

in print at 202-691-5606 or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp . 
9

Table 1. Manufacturing Sector: Productivity and related measures, 1987-2004 

Indexes 

(2000=100) 

 Productivity Inputs 

Output per Output Purchased Combined 

hour of all per unit Multifactor Sectoral Capital business units of all 

Year persons of capital Productivity1 Output2 Hours3 Services4 Energy Materials services Inputs5

1987 63.9 95.5 84.9 64.2 100.4 67.1 99.3 62.9 65.3 75.6 

1988 65.2 98.8 86.4 67.5 103.4 68.3 103.3 63.8 71.0 78.1 

1989 65.9 98.3 85.9 68.6 104.1 69.8 103.0 65.0 75.3 79.8 

1990 67.3 95.3 85.3 68.3 101.5 71.7 105.2 66.0 76.6 80.1 

1991 69.1 91.6 85.0 67.2 97.2 73.3 104.8 65.6 76.0 79.0 

1992 71.8 92.4 84.5 69.4 96.7 75.1 103.8 71.3 81.5 82.1 

1993 73.5 93.7 86.7 72.1 98.0 76.9 107.1 71.9 81.7 83.1 

1994 76.1 96.7 89.1 76.4 100.3 78.9 110.4 74.8 84.7 85.7 

1995 79.4 98.2 90.6 80.3 101.2 81.8 113.7 78.8 88.9 88.7 

1996 82.4 97.7 91.0 83.1 100.8 85.1 110.3 86.0 88.5 91.3 

1997 86.9 100.3 93.6 89.2 102.6 88.9 108.2 92.9 92.1 95.3 

1998 91.7 100.5 95.8 93.8 102.3 93.3 105.4 97.7 95.0 97.9 

1999 95.8 100.3 96.5 97.3 101.6 97.1 105.5 102.6 100.0 100.9 

2000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

2001 101.5 93.6 98.7 94.9 93.5 101.4 90.6 93.3 100.7 96.2 

2002 108.7 92.7 102.5 94.4 86.8 101.9 89.3 88.3 98.2 92.1 

2003 115.3 93.5 106.6 95.3 82.6 102.0 82.5 85.1 97.3 89.4 

2004 117.4 94.9 105.6 96.6 82.3 101.8 87.0 91.0 99.5 91.4 

See footnotes following table 2. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 
10

Table 2. Manufacturing Sector: Productivity and related measures, 1988-2004 

Percent change 

 Productivity Inputs 

Output per Output Purchased Combined 

hour of all per unit Multifactor Sectoral Capital business units of all 

Year persons of capital Productivity1 Output2 Hours3 Services4 Energy Materials services Inputs5

1988 2.1 3.4 1.8 5.2 3.1 1.7 4.0 1.4 8.7 3.4 

1989 1.0 -0.6 -0.5 1.6 0.6 2.2 -0.3 2.0 6.0 2.2 

1990 2.1 -3.0 -0.7 -0.4 -2.4 2.7 2.1 1.4 1.7 0.4 

1991 2.6 -3.9 -0.3 -1.7 -4.2 2.3 -0.4 -0.6 -0.7 -1.4 

1992 3.9 0.9 -0.6 3.3 -0.5 2.4 -0.9 8.7 7.2 4.0 

1993 2.5 1.4 2.6 3.9 1.4 2.4 3.2 0.9 0.3 1.2 

1994 3.5 3.2 2.7 5.9 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.9 3.8 3.2 

1995 4.3 1.6 1.7 5.2 0.9 3.6 3.0 5.4 4.9 3.4 

1996 3.9 -0.6 0.5 3.4 -0.4 4.0 -3.0 9.2 -0.4 2.9 

1997 5.4 2.7 2.8 7.4 1.8 4.5 -1.9 8.0 4.0 4.4 

1998 5.5 0.2 2.3 5.2 -0.3 5.0 -2.7 5.2 3.2 2.8 

1999 4.4 -0.2 0.8 3.8 -0.6 4.0 0.1 5.0 5.3 3.0 

2000 4.4 -0.3 3.6 2.7 -1.6 3.0 -5.2 -2.6 0.0 -0.8 

2001 1.5 -6.4 -1.3 -5.1 -6.5 1.4 -9.4 -6.7 0.7 -3.8 

2002 7.1 -1.0 3.9 -0.6 -7.1 0.4 -1.5 -5.4 -2.5 -4.3 

2003 6.1 0.9 4.0 1.0 -4.8 0.1 -7.5 -3.6 -1.0 -2.9 

2004 1.7 1.5 -1.0 1.3 -0.4 -0.2 5.4 6.9 2.3 2.3 

See footnotes following table 2. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 
11

Footnotes, Tables 1-2 

Source: Output data are from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, and modified 

by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), U.S. Department of Labor. Compensation and hours data are 

from BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied by BEA. See also Summary of Methods in 

this release. 

(1) Sectoral output per combined units of capital, hours, energy, non-energy materials, 

 and purchased business services. 

(2) Manufacturing gross output excluding transactions between manufacturing 

 establishments, superlative chained index. 

(3) Hours at work of all persons. 

(4) A measure of the flow of capital services used in the sector. 

(5) Combined units of capital services, hours, energy, non-energy materials, and 

 purchased business services, superlative chained index. 
12

Table 3. Manufacturing industries: Multifactor productivity trends. 1987-2004 

Average annual growth rates 

Industry 1987-04 1987-90 1990-95 1995-00 2000-04 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 

Manufacturing 1.3 0.2 1.2 2.0 1.4 3.9 4.0 -1.0 

Nondurable manufacturing 0.2 -0.6 0.6 - 0.3 1.0 3.0 3.1 -0.9 

Food, beverage, -0.2 -1.7 1.5 - 1.8 0.7 -0.4 0.5 0.8 

 and tobacco products 

Textile mills 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.4 0.8 3.0 6.6 -2.0 

 and textile product mills 

Apparel, leather, 0.7 0.1 2.8 0.7 -1.5 -5.5 5.2 -8.0 

 and allied products 

Paper products 0.0 -0.4 -0.1 0.2 0.3 3.3 1.5 0.0 

Printing and related support activities 0.4 0.6 -0.4 0.4 1.2 2.3 0.8 3.6 

Petroleum and coal products 0.1 -0.2 0.4 0.2 -0.1 2.7 8.2 -7.1 

Chemicals products 0.0 -0.8 -0.8 - 0.1 1.8 6.3 2.0 0.7 

Plastics and rubber products 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.3 0.5 3.1 1.9 -0.6 

Durable manufacturing 2.0 0.8 1.6 3.6 1.6 4.3 4.5 -1.0 

Wood products 0.0 1.0 -1.3 0.1 0.8 1.9 2.8 -2.8 

Nonmetallic mineral products 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.9 1.7 1.8 2.8 3.1 

Primary metals 1.0 1.1 0.1 0.5 2.4 3.4 2.7 6.6 

Fabricated metal products 0.3 -0.1 1.0 0.1 -0.1 1.7 3.5 -1.8 

Machinery -0.7 1.0 -1.8 - 0.8 -0.5 1.3 1.4 -3.3 

Computer and electronic products 9.4 5.6 9.5 15.8 4.7 6.5 10.4 1.9 

Electrical equipment, appliances, -0.8 -2.2 -1.9 - 1.0 1.8 4.1 3.0 0.3 

 and components 

Transportation equipment 0.0 -1.7 -0.2 0.4 1.2 6.6 3.2 -4.0 

Furniture and related products 0.2 -0.8 0.6 0.7 0.0 2.4 -0.2 1.3 

Miscellaneous manufacturing 1.4 2.4 0.2 1.9 1.7 1.2 4.0 2.9 

Note: Multifactor productivity measures by industry are not directly comparable to measures for aggregate 

manufacturing because industry measures exclude transactions only within the specific industry while the 

aggregate manufacturing measures also exclude transactions between all manufacturing industries.