8 Compensation and Working Conditions Summer 1999

ROBERT W. VAN GIEZEN

Test Surveys of the

Construction Industry

BLS recently published the results of two test surveys on

compensation in the construction industry in the Jacksonville, FL and Tucson, AZ Metropolitan Statistical Areas.

This article reviews the earnings results of these surveys.

Robert W. Van Giezen is an economist in the

Division of Compensation Data Analysis and Planning, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Telephone: (202) 606-6287

E-mail:VanGiezen_W@bls.gov

The Bureau of Labor Statistics

(BLS) and the Employment

Standards Administration

(ESA), agencies of the U.S. Department of Labor, agreed to have BLS

conduct four test surveys of the construction industry. These surveys are

intended to determine the feasibility

of collecting data in employer costs for

employee compensation for blue-collar occupations in local areas. They

are also designed to assist ESA in determining prevailing wages and benefits for construction workers employed on federally funded projects.

This article discusses the earnings

results of the surveys conducted in

Jacksonville, FL and Tucson, AZ1

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs).

The results of the test surveys in Salt

Lake City, UT and Toledo, OH will be

available in the future.

Survey design

The surveys covered all private construction establishments in the two

MSAs. The list of establishments (the

sampling frame) from which the survey

sample was selected was developed

from State unemployment insurance reports. Sampling frames were developed

from the December 1996 reports, the

most recent month of reference available at the time of sample selection.

The sample of establishments were

drawn by first stratifying the sampling

frame by the following five construction categories within the Standard

Industrial Classification (SIC) system:

• General contractors (residential

building)

• General contractors (nonresidential building)

• Highway and street construction

• Heavy construction, except highway and street

• Special trade contractors

Establishments were selected

within each category with a probabilThis is the first of two articles dealing

with the results of two test surveys

on compensation in the construction

industry in the Jacksonville, FL and

Tucson, AZ Metropolitan Statistical

Areas. It reviews the earning results

of these surveys. The second article,

which reviews the retirement benefits

results, starts on page 15.
 Compensation and Working Conditions Summer 1999 9

Test Surveys of the Construction Industry

ity proportionate to employment size

(that is, the larger an establishment’s

employment, the greater its chance of

selection). Weights were applied to

each sampled establishment so all establishments would be represented.

The surveys of the Jacksonville and

Tucson MSAs were conducted between February and June 1998. BLS

field economists collected data through

personal visits. The Jacksonville survey sampled 500 establishments with

10,728 workers to represent the 2,451

firms and 26,862 workers estimated to

be in the construction industry in Jacksonville. Similarly, 450 establishments with 10,253 workers were studied to represent the 1,660 firms and

15,104 workers estimated to be in the

construction industry in Tucson.2

From a complete list of an

establishment’s blue-collar occupations a random selection of occupations (each with a probability of selection proportional to size) was made by

BLS economists. The nearly 200 selected blue-collar occupations were

classified into one of four major occupational groups (MOGs):

• Precision production, craft, and

repair

• Machine operators, assemblers,

and inspectors

• Transportation and material

moving

• Handlers, equipment cleaners,

helpers, and laborers

The final step involved identifying

various characteristics, including fullor part-time work schedule, union or

nonunion status, and time or incentive pay basis.

Sample weights were calculated for

each establishment and occupation so

survey estimates would represent total employment in the sampling frame.

These weights reflected the relative

size of the establishment within the

survey and the relative size of the occupation within the establishment.

Weights were used to aggregate the

individual establishments and occupations into the various data series. If a

sampled establishment did not provide

data, the weights of responding

sampled establishments in the same

industry and classification were adjusted to account for the missing data.

Average hourly earnings were computed by first combining the wages for

workers in occupations within individual establishments. Individual

wage rates were weighted according

to the number of workers in the establishment. Occupation weights were

adjusted to compensate for nonresponding establishments.

Earnings

Straight-time hourly earnings3 in construction averaged $11.35 for the 16,400

blue-collar workers in Jacksonville during April 1998 and $11.18 for 12,712

comparable workers in Tucson 1 month

later. (See table 1.)

The earnings of individual major

occupational groups relative to the

overall earnings in each area followed

predictable patterns. In Jacksonville,

earnings for handlers, equipment

cleaners, helpers, and laborers were 72

percent of earnings of the area’s bluecollar workers. In Tucson, earnings

for similar workers were 74 percent

of the earnings of blue-collar workers.

With few exceptions, this pattern occurred within MOGs and for individual occupations as well. For example, the relative earnings of

construction trades supervisors were

44 percent higher than for all bluecollar workers in both areas. An exception to the pattern was found

among transportation and material

moving occupations in Tucson, where

workers enjoyed higher relative earnings than did their counterparts in Jacksonville.

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations. Over 60 percent of

the blue-collar workers found in construction were in the major occupational group precision production,

craft, and repair. Average hourly earnings for these workers were $12.92 in

Jacksonville and $12.49 in Tucson.

Over three-fourths of the workers in

this MOG were employed in construction trades occupations. Earnings for

these workers averaged $12.29 per

hour in Jacksonville and $11.79 in

Tucson.

Survey estimates include average

hourly earnings for the most populous

construction trades in the two areas.

In Jacksonville and Tucson, respectively, hourly earnings for painters averaged $9.66 and $10.20; carpenters,

$11.67 and $11.23; electricians, $15.60

and $13.85; and plumbers, pipefitters,

and steamfitters, $14.75 and $13.54.

Apprentices are workers who are

learning a recognized craft or trade

through a formal program of on-thejob training supplemented by related

instruction.4 The only estimates of apprentice earnings that met publication

standards were for electrician apprentices, who earned $10.25 in Jacksonville and $9.81 in Tucson.

Included within the precision production, craft, and repair MOG are supervisors of construction trade

workers. They assign and examine

work, monitor work performance and

procedures, and resolve work problems. They also suggest and initiate

plans for increased work efficiency.

Hourly earnings for supervisors in

Jacksonville and Tucson averaged

$16.35 and $16.06, respectively. Supervisors received more than a 30-percent

pay advantage over construction

trades occupations. In Jacksonville,

supervisors of carpenters earned

$15.85 an hour; and supervisors of

plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters

earned $18.43. In Tucson, hourly earnings of supervisors of carpenters averaged $16.70; and supervisors of

plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters,

$16.64.

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors. Approximately 1 percent of

workers were machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors. In Jacksonville, these workers averaged $10.56

an hour, about the same as in Tucson.

Over half the workers in this category,

welders and cutters, averaged $10.95

in Jacksonville and $9.90 in Tucson.
10 Compensation and Working Conditions Summer 1999

Transportation and material moving

occupations. Approximately 8 percent

of blue-collar workers in construction

in the two survey areas were classified

in the transportation and material moving major occupational group. Hourly

earnings for these workers were $9.80

in Jacksonville and $12.73 in Tucson.

Workers in this MOG are usually found

in the highway and street and heavy

construction industries. Over 80 percent of workers were classified into one

of the following occupations:

Truckdrivers, which includes drivers of

all capacities and also includes concrete mixer drivers; excavating and loading machine operators, which includes

those who use machinery equipped

with scoops or shovels such as backhoes or earth moving equipment to excavate loose material; and grader, dozer,

and scraper operators, which includes

those who use equipment with blades

such as bulldozers, to remove or grade

earth.

Hourly earnings for transportation

and material moving occupations were

lowest for truckdrivers, $9.32 and

$10.67 in Jacksonville and Tucson, respectively. The highest earnings were

reported for grader, dozer, and scraper

operators, $10.04 in Jacksonville and

$14.88 in Tucson.

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers. Nearly 30 percent

of blue-collar workers were in this

MOG. Over 90 percent of workers in

this category were classified as helpers or laborers. Helpers assist workers who specialize in one craft, while

laborers perform tasks at the work

area and do not have a trade specialization.

Among these less-skilled occupations, hourly earnings in Jacksonville

averaged $7.95 for construction trades

helpers and $8.29 for construction laborers. In Tucson, comparable earnings were $7.66 for helpers and $8.65

for laborers.

Union and nonunion workers. The

relatively small proportion of union

workers in construction in both metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) earned

more than their nonunion counterparts.

Union workers in Jacksonville represented 17 percent of blue-collar construction workers in the MSA and

earned $14.81 per hour. Their counterparts in Tucson represented 5 percent

of the Tucson MSA workers and averaged $14.80 per hour. In contrast, nonunion workers earned $10.63 in Jacksonville and $10.98 in Tucson. (See

table 2.) Union workers in construction trades occupations averaged

$15.13 in Jacksonville and $15.73 in

Tucson. Comparable nonunion workers averaged $11.52 in Jacksonville and

$11.58 in Tucson. Comparisons between earnings of union and nonunion

occupations were limited because of

the small number of union workers.

The earnings differentials between

union and nonunion workers were a

function of the higher proportion of

union workers in higher skilled jobs, as

well as higher pay within comparable

occupations.

Earnings among construction

industries

Among different construction industries, earnings in Jacksonville and

Tucson were highest in nonresidential

building construction, $11.85 and

$13.78, respectively. (See tables 3 and

4.) The lowest earnings were reported

in the highway and street construction

industry in Jacksonville, $8.69, and in

residential building construction in

Tucson, $10.75.

Over two-thirds of blue-collar

workers in the construction industry

in both MSAs worked for special trade

contractors (SIC 17). (See table 5.)

These firms undertake specialized activities such as painting, electrical

work, plumbing, and roofing. Special

trade contractors subcontract specific

work from a general contractor, or

work directly for a consumer.

General building contractors (SIC

15) employed about 15 percent of bluecollar workers in construction. They

were divided into two categories—

residential buildings and operative

builders, and nonresidential buildings.

This group includes builders primarily engaged in the construction of residential, industrial, commercial, or

other buildings.

Heavy construction contractors

(SIC 16) also employed about 15 percent of blue-collar workers. They were

also divided into two categories—

highway and street construction (other

than elevated highways) and heavy

construction, except highways and

streets.

Because of the differences of work

within each category, there are few

occupations available for comparison.

In Jacksonville, however, average

hourly earnings for carpenters ranged

from $10.68 in residential housing

construction to $12.50 in the special

trade contractors category. Among the

three construction industries allowing

comparison in Tucson, carpenters

earned $10.69 in the special trade contractors category, $11.73 in residential

building construction, and $13.75 in

nonresidential housing construction.

In Jacksonville, highway and street

construction laborers were the lowest

paid, at $7.60 per hour; and nonresidential construction laborers were the

highest paid, at $9.07 per hour. In

Tucson, earnings ranged from $7.82

among special trade contractors to

$11.35 in heavy construction.

Summary

The Jacksonville and Tucson surveys

provided earnings data for a wide variety of occupations in the construction industry. Results from the recent

surveys in Salt Lake City and Toledo

will be available shortly. The Employment Standards Administration is currently evaluating the survey results and

has not asked BLS to conduct comparable surveys in other areas.
 Compensation and Working Conditions Summer 1999 11

Test Surveys of the Construction Industry

1

 Detailed information is available in Jacksonville, FL, Wages and Benefits, Construction Industry Test Survey, April 1998, Bulletin

2510-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, October

1998); and Tucson, AZ, Wages and Benefits,

Construction Industry Test Survey, May 1998,

Bulletin 2510-2 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,

October 1998). 2

 For more information, see Jacksonville

Test Survey, p. 22; and Tucson Test Survey, p. 22. 3

 Earnings were defined as regular payments

from the employer to the employee as compensation for straight-time hourly work, or

for any salaried work performed. The following components were included as part of

straight-time earnings: Incentive pay, including commissions, production bonuses, and

piece rates; cost-of-living allowances; hazard

pay; payments of income deferred due to participation in salary reduction plans; and deadhead pay, defined as pay given to transportation workers returning in a vehicle without

freight or passengers. The following forms of

payments were not considered part of straighttime earnings: Shift differentials, defined as

extra payment for working a schedule that

varies from the norm, such as night or weekend work; premium pay for overtime, holidays, and weekends; bonuses not directly tied

to production (for example, Christmas bonuses, profit-sharing bonuses); uniform or tool

allowances; free room and board; payments

made by third parties (for example, tips);

and on-call pay. 4

 Eight apprentice-specific occupations

exist within the blue-collar categories in the

1990 Occupational Classification System

Manual (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1993).

This 1990 manual is based on the 1990 Census of Population and Housing Classified Index of Industries and Occupations. Within

the construction trades, apprenticeship trade

categories exist for brickmasons and stonemasons; carpenters; electricians; and plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. Other apprenticeship categories exist for sheet metal

workers, tool and die makers, machinists, and

automobile mechanics.

Need timely data from BLS?

Users of data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics can request a fax of news releases, historical data, and technical

information 24 hours a day, 7 days a week from the Bureau’s fax-on-demand system.

News releases of major economic indicators are available at 8:45 a.m. on the morning they are released. Other

options include tables of historical data (some going back to the 1940s) and technical information about the

Bureau’s programs and surveys. To obtain data or information from the BLS national office, call (202) 606-6325.

To obtain data, use a touch-tone telephone and follow the voice instructions for entering document codes and

your fax telephone number. The fax-on-demand catalog, containing a list of available documents and codes, can

be obtained by entering code 1000. You may request up to four documents with each call. Faxes are sent

immediately following the request. If your fax line is busy, the system attempts to send the requested material four

times before disconnecting.
12 Compensation and Working Conditions Summer 1999

TABLE 1. Number of workers, average hourly earnings, and pay relatives, construction blue-collar occupations, Jacksonville, FL and

Tucson, AZ, April-May 1998

All blue-collar workers .............................................. 16,400 $11.35 (100) 12,712 $11.18 (100)

Precision production, craft, and repair .......................... 10,471 12.92 (114) 7,631 12.49 (112)

Construction trades ................................................... 8,111 12.29 (108) 5,820 11.79 (105)

Brickmasons and stonemasons ............................. 97 14.76 (130) 233 11.96 (107)

Carpenters .............................................................. 2,160 11.67 (103) 1,125 11.23 (100)

Drywall installers ..................................................... 622 11.38 (100) 903 11.71 (105)

Electricians .............................................................. 1,526 15.60 (137) 358 13.85 (124)

Electrician apprentices ............................................ 435 10.25 (90) 78 9.81 (88)

Painters .................................................................... 514 9.66 (85) 562 10.20 (91)

Plasters .................................................................... 101 11.54 (102) 255 10.91 (98)

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ................... 759 14.75 (130) 567 13.54 (121)

Concrete and terrazzo finishers ............................. 134 10.33 (91) 398 11.58 (104)

Roofers .................................................................... 342 10.95 (96) 182 10.05 (90)

Sheetmetal duct installers ....................................... 159 14.07 (124) 226 11.00 (98)

Construction trades, n.e.c ...................................... 521 9.87 (87) 292 12.20 (109)

Supervisors, construction trades .............................. 1,371 16.35 (144) 1,179 16.06 (144)

Carpenters and related workers ............................ 303 15.85 (140) 84 16.70 (149)

Painters, paperhangers, and plasters .................... 106 13.62 (120) 92 14.95 (134)

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ................... 293 18.43 (162) 83 16.64 (149)

Construction trades, n.e.c ...................................... 493 15.38 (136) 732 15.88 (142)

Other precision production, craft, and repair ............ 988 13.36 (118) 632 12.19 (109)

Heating, air conditioning, and

 refrigeration mechanics ........................................ 385 12.37 (109) 323 12.16 (109)

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ......... 153 10.56 (93) 153 10.58 (95)

Welders and cutters ................................................ 80 10.95 (96) 97 9.90 (89)

Transportation and material moving .............................. 1,340 9.80 (86) 972 12.73 (114)

Truckdrivers ............................................................ 457 9.32 (82) 294 10.67 (95)

Excavating and loading machine operators ........... 378 9.68 (85) 349 12.24 (109)

Grader, dozer, and scraper operators ................... 182 10.04 (88) 290 14.88 (133)

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers . 4,436 8.13 (72) 3,955 8.27 (74)

Helpers, mechanics and repairers ......................... 114 8.20 (72) 52 8.22 (74)

Helpers, construction trades .................................. 2,234 7.95 (70) 1,446 7.66 (69)

Construction laborers ............................................. 1,844 8.29 (73) 2,153 8.65 (77)

Jacksonville, FL2 Tucson, AZ2

Occupation1

Number of

workers3 Pay relative Mean hourly 5

earnings4

Mean hourly

earnings4

Number of

workers3 Pay relative5

1

 A classification system including about 200 individual occupations is used to cover all blue-collar workers in construction industries.

Individual occupations are classified into one of four major occupational groups. 2

 The Jacksonville, FL metropolitan statistical area (MSA) includes

Clay, Duval, Nassau, and St. Johns Counties. The Tucson, AZ MSA

consists of Pima County. 3

 The number of workers includes full- and part-time workers.

4

 Earnings are straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. Earnings for Jacksonville and Tucson are for April and May of

1998, respectively. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, non-production bonuses, on-call pay, and tips. The mean

is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. 5 The pay relative is the ratio between earnings for the individual

occupation or occupational group and all blue-collar workers in the survey.

NOTE: Overall occupational groups may include data for categories

not shown separately. n.e.c. means not elsewhere classified.
 Compensation and Working Conditions Summer 1999 13

Test Surveys of the Construction Industry

TABLE 2. Average hourly earnings1 for construction blue-collar occupations in Jacksonville, FL and Tucson,

AZ by union affiliation, April-May 1998

 All blue-collar workers ......................................... $14.81 $10.63 $14.80 $10.98

 Precision production, craft, and repair ........................ 15.92 12.01 15.91 12.29

Construction trades .................................................. 15.13 11.52 15.73 11.58

Supervisors, construction trades ....................... 18.63 15.29 - 15.97

Other precision production, craft, and repair ..... 16.48 12.07 - 11.88

 Machine operators, assemblers and inspectors ........ - 10.56 - 10.58

 Transportation and material moving ............................... - 9.77 - 12.70

 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .... 7.68 8.17 12.72 8.02

Jacksonville, FL3 Tucson, AZ3

Union4 Nonunion Union4 Nonunion

Occupation2

1 Earnings are straight-time hourly wages or salaries

paid to employees. Earnings for Jacksonville and Tucson are for April and May of 1998, respectively. They

include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and

hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,

vacations, holidays, non-production bonuses, on-call

pay, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay

of all workers and dividing by the number of workers,

weighted by hours. 2

 A classification system including about 200 individual

occupations is used to cover all blue-collar workers in

construction industries. Individual occupations are classified into one of four major occupational groups. 3

 The Jacksonville, FL metropolitan statistical area

(MSA) includes Clay, Duval, Nassau, and St. Johns

Counties. The Tucson, AZ MSA consists of Pima

County. 4

 Union workers are workers whose wages are determined through collective bargaining.

NOTE: Overall occupational groups may include data

for categories not shown separately. A dash indicates

that data are not available.

TABLE 3. Average hourly earnings1 for blue-collar occupations in Jacksonville, FL2 by construction industry,3

April 1998

All blue-collar workers ................................. $10.75 $11.85 $8.69 $10.08 $11.70

 Precision production, craft, and repair................ 11.61 13.08 - 12.02 13.20

Construction trades .......................................... 10.77 11.60 - 11.22 12.74

Carpenters ................................................... 10.68 12.22 - 11.60 12.50

Supervisors, construction trades .................... 16.20 17.97 - 14.52 16.33

Other precision production, craft,

 and repair ........................................................ - - - - 13.12

 Machine operators, assemblers,

 and inspectors .................................................... - - - - 10.68

 Transportation and material moving .................... - - 9.26 9.95 9.91

 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,

 and laborers ....................................................... 8.03 8.44 7.75 7.95 8.17

Construction laborers .................................. - 9.07 7.60 7.96 8.54

Heavy Occupation construction 4

Residential

building

construction

Nonresidential

building

construction

Highway and

street

construction

Special trade

contractors

1

 Earnings are straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and

hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations,

holidays, non-production bonuses, on-call pay, and tips. The mean

is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the

number of workers, weighted by hours. 2

 The Jacksonville, FL metropolitan statistical area includes Clay,

Duval, Nassau, and St. Johns Counties. 3

 The 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual was

used in classifying establishments. The construction industries are

defined as follows: General Building Contractors-Residential Buildings and Operative Builders (SIC 152 and153); General Building

Contractors-Nonresidential Building (SIC 154); Highway and Street

Construction, except Elevated Highways (SIC 161), Heavy Construction, except Highway and Street Construction (SIC 162), and

Construction-Special Trade Contractors (SIC 17). 4

 A classification system including about 200 individual occupations is used to cover all blue-collar workers in construction industries. Individual occupations are classified into 1 of 4 major occupational groups.

NOTE: Overall occupational groups may include data for categories not shown separately. A dash indicates that data are not available.
14 Compensation and Working Conditions Summer 1999

TABLE 4. Average hourly earnings1 for blue-collar occupations in Tucson, AZ2 by construction industry,3 May 1998

All blue-collar workers .............................. $10.75 $13.78 $12.56 $11.67 $10.91

 Precision production, craft, and repair .................... 13.19 15.74 15.95 13.47 12.10

Construction trades ............................................. 11.72 12.74 14.54 10.76 11.70

Carpenters .................................................... 11.73 13.75 - - 10.69

Supervisors, construction trades ........................ 17.62 20.42 - 16.32 14.85

Other precision production, craft, and repair ....... ---- 11.77

 Machine operators, assemblers and inspectors ..... ---- 10.54

 Transportation and material moving ........................ - - 11.35 13.22 -

 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,

 and laborers ........................................................ 8.04 8.74 9.67 10.49 7.77

 Construction laborers ................................... 8.41 8.54 9.24 11.35 7.82

TABLE 5. Number of blue-collar workers in Jacksonville, FL, and Tucson, AZ by construction

industry, April-May, 1998

 All construction workers ..................................................... 16,400 12,712

Residential building construction ............................................... 1,426 863

Nonresidential building construction .......................................... 1,426 642

Highway and street construction ............................................... 528 630

Heavy construction, except highway ......................................... 1,924 848

Special trades contractors ......................................................... 11,097 9,729

Occupation4

Residential

building

construction

Nonresidential

building

construction

Highway and

street

construction

Heavy

construction

Special trade

contractors

Industry1

Jacksonville, FL2 Tucson, AZ2

Number of

workers3

Number of

workers3

1

 Earnings are straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to

employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,

vacations, holidays, non-production bonuses, on-call pay, and

tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and

dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. 2

 The Tucson, AZ Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of

Pima County. 3 The 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual

was used in classifying establishments. The construction industries are defined as follows: General Building ContractorsResidential Buildings and Operative Builders (SIC 152 and 153);

General Building Contractors-Nonresidential Building (SIC 154);

Highway and Street Construction, except Elevated Highways

(SIC 161), Heavy Construction, except Highway and Street Construction (SIC 162), and Construction-Special Trade Contractors (SIC 17). 4 A classification system including about 200 individual occupations is used to cover all blue-collar workers in construction industries. Individual occupations are classified into one of four major

occupational groups.

NOTE: Overall occupational groups may include data for categories not shown separately. A dash indicates that data are not

available.

1 The 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual was used in classifying establishments. The construction industries are

defined as follows: General Building Contractors-Residential Buildings and Operative Builders (SIC 152 and 153); General Building Contractors-Nonresidential Building (SIC 154); Highway and Street Construction, except Elevated

Highways (SIC 161), Heavy Construction, except Highway and Street Construction (SIC

162), and Construction-Special Trade Contractors

(SIC 17). 2

 The Jacksonville, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area

(MSA) includes Clay, Duval, Nassau, and St. Johns

Counties. The Tucson, AZ MSA consists of Pima

County. 3

 The number of workers includes full- and parttime workers.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual

items may not equal totals.