BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov 1

FEBRUARY 2013 REPORT 1040

CONTENTS

Highlights. . 

Statistical Tables. . .

Technical Notes. . . .

Women in the Labor Force:

A Databook

Over the past 4 decades, women have made notable 

changes in their labor force activities. Labor force 

participation is significantly higher among women

today than it was in the 1970s, particularly among women 

with children, and a larger share of women are working full 

time and year round. In addition, women have increasingly 

attained higher levels of education: among women ages 

25 to 64 who are in the labor force, the proportion with a 

college degree roughly tripled from 1970 to 2011. Women’s 

earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings also have grown 

over time. In 1979, women working full time earned 62 

percent of what men did; in 2011, women’s earnings were 

82 percent of men’s.

This report presents historical and current labor force 

and earnings data for women and men from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly 

survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted 

by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual 

averages from the CPS. For a detailed description of the 

source of the data and an explanation of concepts and 

definitions used, see the Technical Notes at the end of 

this report.

Selected demographic characteristics

Women’s labor force participation rate peaked at 60.0 

percent in 1999, following several decades in which 

women increasingly entered the labor market. In 2011, 

58.1 percent of women were in the labor force, down 0.5 

percentage point from 2010. (See tables 1 and 2.)

The overall unemployment rate for women in 2011 was 

8.5 percent, compared with 9.4 percent for men. Women’s 

jobless rates varied by race and Hispanic ethnicity. Asian 

women had the lowest rate (7.3 percent), followed by 

White (7.5 percent), Hispanic (11.8 percent), and Black 

(14.1 percent) women. (See tables 1, 2, and 3.)

The labor force participation rate of mothers with children 

under 18 years of age was 70.9 percent in March 2011, 

down slightly from 2010. (See tables 6 and 7.) (Data 

were collected in the 2011 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement to the CPS.)

U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Errors were found in table 26 of this report. The table was reissued on March 26, 2013, to correct the data. 

Errors were found in table 33 of this report. The table was reissued on December 9, 2016, to correct the data.
2 BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

In general, mothers with children 6 to 17 years of age are 

more likely to participate in the labor force (76.5 percent 

in March 2011) than mothers with children under 6 years 

of age (64.2 percent). Also, unmarried mothers have higher 

participation rates than married mothers. In March 2011, 

74.9 percent of unmarried mothers with children under 

18 years old were in the labor force, compared with 69.1 

percent of married mothers. (See tables 6 and 7.) (Data 

were collected in the 2011 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement to the CPS.) 

Educational attainment 

The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the 

labor force has risen substantially over the past 40 years. 

In 2011, 37 percent of these women held college degrees, 

compared with 11 percent in 1970. About 7 percent of 

women had less than a high school diploma (that is, did not 

graduate high school) in 2011, down from 34 percent in 

1970. (See table 9.)

Occupation and industry 

In 2011, women accounted for 51 percent of all persons 

employed in management, professional, and related 

occupations, somewhat more than their share of total 

employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific

occupations within this large category varied. For example, 

14 percent of architects and engineers and 34 percent of 

physicians and surgeons were women, whereas 61 percent 

of accountants and auditors and 82 percent of elementary 

and middle school teachers were women. (See table 11.)

Employed Asian and White women were more likely (44 

and 42 percent, respectively) to work in higher paying 

management, professional, and related occupations in 2011 

than were employed Black (34 percent) and Hispanic (25 

percent) women. Meanwhile, Hispanic (31 percent) and 

Black (28 percent) women were more likely than White (20 

percent) and Asian (22 percent) women to work in service 

occupations. (See table 12.)

In 2011, women accounted for at least 50 percent of 

all workers within several industry sectors: financial

activities, education and health services, leisure and 

hospitality, and other services. However, women were 

substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of 

total employment) in agriculture, mining, construction, 

manufacturing, and in transportation and utilities. (See 

table 14.)

Earnings 

Women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs 

had median usual weekly earnings of $684 in 2011. This 

represented 82 percent of men’s median weekly earnings 

($832). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians 

($751) and Whites ($703) than for Blacks ($595) and 

Hispanics ($518). Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were 

higher for Blacks and Hispanics (both 91 percent) than for 

Whites (82 percent) and Asians (77 percent). Users should 

note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a 

broad level and do not control for many factors that may be 

significant in explaining earnings differences. (See table 16.)

In 2011, female full-time wage and salary workers ages 

25 and older with only a high school diploma had median 

usual weekly earnings of $554. This represented 81 

percent of the earnings for women with an associate’s 

degree ($682) and 56 percent of those for women with a 

bachelor’s degree or higher ($998). (See table 17.)

Hours of work

In 2011, 27 percent of employed women usually worked 

part time—that is, fewer than 35 hours per week. In 

comparison, 11 percent of employed men usually worked 

part time. (See table 20.)

Women employed in nonagricultural industries worked 

fewer hours per week than men in 2011. On average, 

women worked 35.6 hours per week, compared with 40.6 

hours for men. (See table 21.)

Of all women who worked at some point during calendar 

year 2010, 59 percent worked full time and year round, 

compared with 41 percent in 1970. During the same period, 

the proportion of men who worked full time and year round 

rose slightly, from 66 to 69 percent. (Data were collected 

in the 1971 and 2011 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work

experience in the previous calendar year.) (See table 22.)
BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov 3

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Married-couple families

Among married-couple families, 54 percent had earnings 

from both the wife and the husband in 2010, compared with 

44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband 

worked represented 19 percent of married-couple families 

in 2010, compared with 36 percent in 1967. (See table 23.) 

(Data were collected in the 1968 and 2011 Annual Social 

and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings

and work experience in the prior calendar year.)

In 2010, working wives contributed 38 percent of their 

families’ incomes, up about 11 percentage points from 

1970, when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent 

of their families’ total income. The proportion of wives 

earning more than their husbands also has grown. In 1987, 

18 percent of working wives whose husbands also worked 

earned more than their spouses; in 2010, the proportion was 

29 percent. (See tables 24 and 25.) (Data were collected 

in the 1971, 1988, and 2011 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work

experience in the prior calendar year.)

Minimum wage and working poor

In 2011, approximately 2.4 million women who were paid 

at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing 

federal minimum wage. This represented 6 percent of all 

women paid at an hourly rate. Among women 25 years and 

older who were paid hourly rates, 4 percent had earnings at 

or below the minimum wage, compared with 16 percent of 

women ages 16 to 24. (See table 26.)

Among workers who were in the labor force for at least 

27 weeks in 2010, about the same number of women (5.2 

million) and men (5.3 million) lived below the official

poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the 

working poor to all individuals in the labor force for at 

least 27 weeks), however, was higher for women than for 

men—7.6 percent, compared with 6.7 percent. Black and 

Hispanic women were significantly more likely than their

White or Asian counterparts to be among the working 

poor. The working-poor rates for Black and Hispanic 

women were 14.5 percent and 13.8 percent, respectively, 

compared with 6.6 percent and 5.2 percent, respectively, 

for White and Asian women. (See table 27.) (Data are 

from the 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement 

to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the

prior calendar year.)

Worker displacement and tenure

From January 2009 through December 2011, 6.1 million 

workers ages 20 and older were displaced from jobs they 

had held for at least 3 years; women accounted for about 

44 percent of those displaced. Women were less likely 

than men to have found a new job at the time of the survey 

in January 2012: the reemployment rate for women was 

50 percent, compared with 61 percent for men. Among 

displaced workers, the proportion of women who were 

unemployed at the time of the survey in January 2012 

was higher than for men—31 percent, compared with 23 

percent. Women were slightly more likely than men to have 

left the labor force, 20 percent, compared with 16 percent. 

(See table 28.) (Data are from the January 2012 Displaced 

Worker Supplement to the CPS.)

In January 2012, the median number of years that female 

wage and salary workers had been with their employer was 

4.6, compared with 4.7 years for their male counterparts. 

(See table 29.) (Data are from the January 2012 Displaced 

Worker Supplement to the CPS.)

Other characteristics

Among 2011 high school graduates, young women were 

more likely than young men to be enrolled in college in 

October 2011 (72 percent, compared with 65 percent, 

respectively). (See table 30.) (Data are from the October 

2011 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

In October 2011, 41.8 percent of women ages 16 to 24 who 

were enrolled in either high school or college were in the labor 

force. Young men of the same age group who were enrolled 

in school had a lower labor force participation rate (36.2 

percent). Among those not enrolled in school, women were 

less likely to be in the labor force than men (74.0 percent, 

compared with 84.8 percent). (See table 31.) (Data are from 

the October 2011 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

Young women 16 to 24 years old who were not enrolled in 

school and who did not have a high school diploma were 

significantly less likely to participate in the labor force
4 BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

(57.0 percent) in October 2011 than those who had a high 

school diploma but no additional education (68.4 percent). 

Among those in the labor force, high school dropouts were 

more likely to be unemployed (31.2 percent) than were 

high school graduates (19.0 percent). (See table 31.) (Data 

are from the October 2011 School Enrollment Supplement 

to the CPS.)

Multiple jobholders and the self-employed

In 2011, 5.3 percent of employed women held more 

than one job. The rate for men was lower, at 4.6 percent. 

Multiple jobholding rates for women and men have edged 

down in recent years and remain below the rates recorded 

in the mid-1990s. (See table 32.)

In 2011, 5.1 percent of working women in nonagricultural 

industries were self-employed, compared with 7.1 percent 

for their male counterparts. In 2011, 39 percent of all selfemployed persons were women, compared with 27 percent 

in 1976. (See table 33.) 

Foreign born

In 2011, foreign-born women were somewhat less likely 

than native-born women to be in the labor force (54.6 

percent, compared with 58.7 percent). Of those in the 

labor force, foreign-born women were more likely to 

be unemployed than their native-born counterparts (9.5 

percent, compared with 8.3 percent). Foreign-born men 

were more likely to be in the labor force (79.5 percent) than 

native-born men (68.8 percent) and were somewhat less 

likely to be unemployed (8.8 percent, compared with 9.5 

percent). (See table 34.)

Union membership

In 2011, 11.2 percent of female wage and salary workers 

were members of unions, compared with 12.4 percent of 

their male counterparts. For both men and women, the 

union membership rate in 2011 was lower than in 1983, but 

the rate has fallen much more for men over the 1983–2011 

period—12.3 percentage points, compared with 3.4 points 

for women. (See table 35.)

Veterans

In 2011, there were 11.3 million veterans of the U.S. 

Armed Forces in the labor force. Ten percent of these 

veterans were women. Among female veterans in the labor 

force, a little more than half (56 percent) served in the Gulf 

War-era I and II service periods (August 1990 to present). 

(See table 36.)

Women with disabilities

Of the 14.7 million women with disabilities in 2011, 2.6 

million, or 17.4 percent, were in the labor force. Nearly 

half of women with disabilities were age 65 and older; 

labor force participation among them was 4.8 percent, 

compared with 29.6 percent among those ages 16 to 64. 

(See table 37.)
BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov 5

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Statistical Tables

Page

Selected demographic characteristics

1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011 annual averages ................................7

2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970–2011 annual averages....10 

3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages .........................................13 

4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2011 annual averages ..................................................................................15 

5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2011 ................16 

6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race,

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2011 ......................................................................................................................18 

7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2011 ................................................21 

Educational attainment

8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by

educational attainment and sex, 2011 annual averages ........................................................................................................24

9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970–2011 ......25 

Occupation and industry

10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2010–2011 annual averages .............................................................29 

11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages.....................................................................31

12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages .................................4

13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2010–2011 annual averages.............................................................................4

14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages.........................................................................4

15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages......................................5

Earnings

16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2011 annual averages ....................................................................................55

17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years of age and over by

educational attainment and sex, 2011 annual averages ........................................................................................................57 

18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages .............................................................................................................................................................59

19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2011 annual averages ...........72

Hours of work

20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2011 annual averages........................................................73

21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2011 annual averages ....77

22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2010 ...............................78
6 BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Statistical Tables continued

Page

Married-couple families

23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2010 ................................................................79

24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970–2010 .....................................................................................81

25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2010 .................................................................................................82

Minimum wage and working poor

26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by

selected characteristics, 2011 annual averages .....................................................................................................................83

27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race,

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 .................................................................................................................................85

Worker displacement and tenure

28. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2012 ...............87

29. Median years of tenure with current employer for employed wage and salary workers by age and sex,

selected years, 1998–2012 ..............................................................................................................................................88

Other characteristics

30. Labor force status of 2011 high school graduates and 2010–2011 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by

school enrollment and sex, October 2011 ......................................................................................................................89

31. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment,

October 2011 ..................................................................................................................................................................90

32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, 1994–2011 annual averages.................................91

33. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2011 annual averages...................92

34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by

age and sex, 2011 annual averages .................................................................................................................................93

35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2011 .....................................95

36. Employment status of SHUVRQV\HDUVDQGRYHUE\veteransWDWXV period of service, DQGVH[

 2011 annual averages  9

37. Employment and disability status by sex and age, 2011 annual averages .....................................................................99
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011 

annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

16 to 19 years ............. 16,774 5,727 34.1 4,327 25.8 1,400 24.4 11,048

16 to 17 years......... 8,727 1,873 21.5 1,355 15.5 519 27.7 6,854

18 to 19 years......... 8,048 3,853 47.9 2,972 36.9 881 22.9 4,194

20 to 24 years............. 21,423 15,270 71.3 13,036 60.8 2,234 14.6 6,153

25 to 54 years............. 124,704 101,744 81.6 93,674 75.1 8,069 7.9 22,961

25 to 34 years......... 41,364 33,724 81.5 30,537 73.8 3,187 9.5 7,639

25 to 29 years...... 21,119 17,137 81.1 15,380 72.8 1,757 10.3 3,982

30 to 34 years...... 20,245 16,588 81.9 15,158 74.9 1,430 8.6 3,657

35 to 44 years......... 39,499 32,660 82.7 30,270 76.6 2,389 7.3 6,839

35 to 39 years...... 19,022 15,688 82.5 14,512 76.3 1,176 7.5 3,335

40 to 44 years...... 20,476 16,972 82.9 15,758 77.0 1,214 7.2 3,504

45 t 54 43 842 35 360 80 7 32 867 75 0 2 493 7 1 8 483

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Total Percent of 

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

labor force

Not in 

labor 

force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population

Total, both sexes

45 to 54 years......... 43,842 35,360 80.7 32,867 75.0 2,493 7.1 8,483

45 to 49 years....... 21,788 17,901 82.2 16,594 76.2 1,307 7.3 3,887

50 to 54 years...... 22,054 17,458 79.2 16,272 73.8 1,186 6.8 4,596

55 to 64 years............ 36,987 23,765 64.3 22,186 60.0 1,579 6.6 13,222

55 to 59 years......... 19,670 14,324 72.8 13,389 68.1 935 6.5 5,346

60 to 64 years......... 17,317 9,440 54.5 8,796 50.8 644 6.8 7,877

65 years and over....... 39,729 7,112 17.9 6,647 16.7 465 6.5 32,617

65 to 69 years......... 12,546 4,027 32.1 3,750 29.9 277 6.9 8,520

70 to 74 years......... 9,309 1,752 18.8 1,639 17.6 113 6.5 7,557

75 years and over...... 17,873 1,333 7.5 1,258 7.0 75 5.6 16,540

7
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011 

annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

16 to 19 years ............. 8,193 2,832 34.6 2,219 27.1 613 21.7 5,361

16 to 17 years......... 4,241 957 22.6 705 16.6 252 26.3 3,284

18 to 19 years......... 3,952 1,875 47.4 1,514 38.3 362 19.3 2,077

20 to 24 years............. 10,579 7,169 67.8 6,209 58.7 960 13.4 3,410

25 to 54 years............. 63,096 47,105 74.7 43,517 69.0 3,588 7.6 15,991

25 to 34 years......... 20,653 15,255 73.9 13,863 67.1 1,392 9.1 5,398

25 to 29 years...... 10,453 7,773 74.4 7,032 67.3 741 9.5 2,680

30 to 34 years...... 10,200 7,482 73.4 6,831 67.0 651 8.7 2,717

35 to 44 years......... 20,053 14,973 74.7 13,900 69.3 1,073 7.2 5,079

35 to 39 years...... 9,649 7,109 73.7 6,563 68.0 546 7.7 2,540

40 to 44 years...... 10,404 7,864 75.6 7,337 70.5 527 6.7 2,539

45 to 54 years 22 391 16 876 75 4 15 753 70 4 1 123 6 7 5 514

Total

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Percent of 

population

Employed

Percent of 

population

Unemployed

Percent of 

labor force

Women

Civilian labor force

Not in 

labor 

Total force Total

45 to 54 years......... 22,391 16,876 75.4 15,753 70.4 1,123 6.7 5,514

45 to 49 years....... 11,106 8,491 76.5 7,899 71.1 592 7.0 2,615

50 to 54 years...... 11,284 8,386 74.3 7,854 69.6 531 6.3 2,899

55 to 64 years............ 19,177 11,414 59.5 10,717 55.9 697 6.1 7,763

55 to 59 years......... 10,146 6,874 67.7 6,457 63.6 417 6.1 3,272

60 to 64 years......... 9,031 4,540 50.3 4,260 47.2 280 6.2 4,491

65 years and over....... 22,255 3,121 14.0 2,917 13.1 204 6.5 19,133

65 to 69 years......... 6,634 1,814 27.3 1,694 25.5 121 6.7 4,820

70 to 74 years......... 5,038 735 14.6 684 13.6 51 6.9 4,303

75 years and over...... 10,583 572 5.4 539 5.1 33 5.7 10,011

8
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2011

annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

16 to 19 years ............. 8,582 2,895 33.7 2,108 24.6 786 27.2 5,687

16 to 17 years......... 4,486 917 20.4 650 14.5 267 29.1 3,570

18 to 19 years......... 4,095 1,978 48.3 1,459 35.6 520 26.3 2,117

20 to 24 years............. 10,844 8,101 74.7 6,826 63.0 1,275 15.7 2,743

25 to 54 years............. 61,608 54,638 88.7 50,157 81.4 4,481 8.2 6,970

25 to 34 years......... 20,711 18,469 89.2 16,674 80.5 1,795 9.7 2,242

25 to 29 years...... 10,666 9,364 87.8 8,347 78.3 1,017 10.9 1,302

30 to 34 years...... 10,045 9,105 90.6 8,327 82.9 779 8.6 940

35 to 44 years......... 19,446 17,686 90.9 16,370 84.2 1,316 7.4 1,760

35 to 39 years...... 9,373 8,578 91.5 7,949 84.8 630 7.3 795

40 to 44 years...... 10,073 9,108 90.4 8,421 83.6 686 7.5 965

45 to 54 years 21 451 18 483 86 2 17 113 79 8 1 370 7 4 2 968

Men

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Total Percent of 

population

Civilian labor force

 Percent of 

labor force

Not in 

labor 

force

45 to 54 years......... 21,451 18,483 86.2 17,113 79.8 1,370 7.4 2,968

45 to 49 years....... 10,682 9,410 88.1 8,695 81.4 715 7.6 1,272

50 to 54 years...... 10,770 9,073 84.2 8,418 78.2 655 7.2 1,697

55 to 64 years............ 17,810 12,350 69.3 11,469 64.4 882 7.1 5,460

55 to 59 years......... 9,524 7,450 78.2 6,932 72.8 518 7.0 2,074

60 to 64 years......... 8,286 4,900 59.1 4,536 54.7 364 7.4 3,386

65 years and over....... 17,474 3,990 22.8 3,730 21.3 261 6.5 13,484

65 to 69 years......... 5,912 2,212 37.4 2,056 34.8 156 7.1 3,700

70 to 74 years......... 4,272 1,017 23.8 955 22.4 62 6.1 3,254

75 years and over...... 7,290 761 10.4 719 9.9 42 5.5 6,529

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

9
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970–2011 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

1970............. 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.5 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971............. 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 1

......... 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 1

......... 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974............. 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975............. 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377

1976............. 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977............. 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 1

.......... 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979............ 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

1980............ 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981............ 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982............ 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983............ 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984............ 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985............ 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 1

.......... 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987............ 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

Total, both sexes

1988............ 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989............ 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 1

.......... 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991............ 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992............ 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993............ 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 1

.......... 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995............ 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996............ 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 1

.......... 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 1

.......... 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 1

.......... 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 1

.......... 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 ............ 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 ............ 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 1

.......... 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 ........... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

2005............ 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

2006............ 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

2007............ 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743

2008 1

.......... 233,788 154,287 66.0 145,362 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501

2009............ 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

2010............ 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

2011............ 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

 See footnote at end of table.

10
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970–2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

1970............. 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971............. 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 1

......... 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 1

......... 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974............. 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975............. 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386

1976............. 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977............. 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 1

.......... 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979............ 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980............ 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981............ 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982............ 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983............ 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984............ 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985............ 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 1

.......... 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987............ 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Women

1988............ 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989............ 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 1

.......... 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991............ 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992............ 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993............ 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994 1

.......... 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995............ 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996............ 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 1

.......... 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 1

.......... 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 1

.......... 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 1

.......... 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 ............ 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 ............ 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 1

.......... 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 ........... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005............ 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

2006............ 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

2007............ 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707

2008 1

.......... 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 3,891 5.4 48,908

2009............ 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

2010............ 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

2011............ 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

 See footnote at end of table.

11
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 

1970–2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

1970............. 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971............. 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 1

......... 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 1

......... 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974............. 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975............. 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993

1976............. 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977............. 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 1

.......... 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979............ 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980............ 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981............ 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982............ 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

1983............ 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984............ 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985............ 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 1

.......... 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987............ 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988............ 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989 88 762 67 840 76 4 64 315 72 5 3 525 5 2 20 923

Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Men

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

1989............ 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 1.......... 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991............ 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992............ 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993............ 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 1

.......... 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995............ 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996............ 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 1

.......... 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 1

.......... 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 1

.......... 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 1

.......... 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001 ............ 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002 ............ 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 1

.......... 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 ........... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005............ 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

2006............ 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

2007............ 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036

2008 1

.......... 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 68.5 5,033 6.1 30,593

2009............ 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

2010............ 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

2011............ 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the

household data technical documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

12
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

White

Total, 16 years and over......... 193,077 124,579 64.5 114,690 59.4 9,889 7.9 68,498

 16 to 19 years.................. 12,818 4,714 36.8 3,691 28.8 1,024 21.7 8,103

 20 to 24 years.................... 16,562 12,120 73.2 10,574 63.8 1,546 12.8 4,442

 25 to 54 years.................. 98,692 81,381 82.5 75,708 76.7 5,673 7.0 17,311

 55 to 64 years.................. 30,799 20,188 65.5 18,937 61.5 1,251 6.2 10,610

 65 years and over.............. 34,206 6,175 18.1 5,780 16.9 395 6.4 28,031

 Women, 16 years and over... 98,276 57,028 58.0 52,770 53.7 4,257 7.5 41,248

 16 to 19 years.................... 6,208 2,328 37.5 1,889 30.4 439 18.9 3,880

 20 to 24 years................... 8,077 5,581 69.1 4,943 61.2 637 11.4 2,496

 25 to 54 years.................... 49,218 36,879 74.9 34,423 69.9 2,456 6.7 12,339

 55 to 64 years................... 15,781 9,559 60.6 9,005 57.1 554 5.8 6,221

 65 years and over.............. 18,992 2,681 14.1 2,509 13.2 171 6.4 16,312

 Men, 16 years and over......... 94,801 67,551 71.3 61,920 65.3 5,631 8.3 27,249

 16 to 19 years................... 6,610 2,386 36.1 1,802 27.3 585 24.5 4,223

 20 to 24 years.................. 8,485 6,539 77.1 5,630 66.4 909 13.9 1,946

 25 to 54 years.................... 49,474 44,502 90.0 41,285 83.4 3,217 7.2 4,972

 55 to 64 years.................. 15,018 10,629 70.8 9,932 66.1 697 6.6 4,389

 65 years and over............... 15,213 3,494 23.0 3,271 21.5 223 6.4 11,719

Black or 

Race, age, sex, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

African American

Total, 16 years and over......... 29,114 17,881 61.4 15,051 51.7 2,831 15.8 11,233

 16 to 19 years.................. 2,594 647 24.9 380 14.7 267 41.3 1,947

 20 to 24 years.................. 3,168 2,105 66.5 1,574 49.7 531 25.2 1,063

 25 to 54 years.................. 15,958 12,420 77.8 10,645 66.7 1,775 14.3 3,539

 55 to 64 years.................. 3,955 2,155 54.5 1,943 49.1 212 9.8 1,800

 65 years and over............... 3,440 555 16.1 508 14.8 47 8.4 2,885

 Women, 16 years and over... 15,950 9,427 59.1 8,098 50.8 1,329 14.1 6,523

 16 to 19 years.................. 1,312 318 24.2 193 14.7 125 39.4 994

 20 to 24 years.................. 1,657 1,093 65.9 840 50.7 253 23.1 565

 25 to 54 years.................. 8,689 6,547 75.4 5,708 65.7 839 12.8 2,142

 55 to 64 years.................. 2,196 1,172 53.4 1,086 49.4 86 7.4 1,024

 65 years and over............... 2,096 298 14.2 272 13.0 25 8.5 1,798

 Men, 16 years and over......... 13,164 8,454 64.2 6,953 52.8 1,502 17.8 4,710

 16 to 19 years.................. 1,282 329 25.7 187 14.6 142 43.1 953

 20 to 24 years.................. 1,510 1,012 67.0 734 48.6 278 27.4 498

 25 to 54 years.................. 7,269 5,872 80.8 4,937 67.9 935 15.9 1,397

 55 to 64 years.................. 1,759 983 55.9 858 48.8 125 12.7 775

 65 years and over............... 1,344 257 19.1 236 17.5 21 8.2 1,087

 See note at end of table.

13
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual 

averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

Asian

Total, 16 years and over......... 11,439 7,386 64.6 6,867 60.0 518 7.0 4,054

 16 to 19 years.................. 652 141 21.7 106 16.2 36 25.2 510

 20 to 24 years.................. 940 518 55.1 461 49.1 57 11.0 421

 25 to 54 years.................. 6,789 5,428 80.0 5,097 75.1 332 6.1 1,360

 55 to 64 years.................. 1,555 1,032 66.3 953 61.3 78 7.6 524

 65 years and over............... 1,504 266 17.7 250 16.6 16 6.0 1,238

 Women, 16 years and over... 6,011 3,414 56.8 3,165 52.6 250 7.3 2,596

 16 to 19 years.................. 321 75 23.4 60 18.6 15 20.5 246

 20 to 24 years.................. 467 249 53.2 223 47.8 25 10.1 219

 25 to 54 years.................. 3,534 2,493 70.5 2,329 65.9 164 6.6 1,041

 55 to 64 years..................... 848 501 59.1 461 54.4 40 7.9 347

 65 years and over............... 841 97 11.6 92 10.9 5 5.3 744

 Men, 16 years and over......... 5,429 3,972 73.2 3,703 68.2 269 6.8 1,457

 16 to 19 years.................. 331 66 20.1 46 13.9 20 30.5 265

 20 to 24 years..................... 472 269 57.1 238 50.4 32 11.7 203

 25 to 54 years.................. 3,255 2,936 90.2 2,768 85.1 168 5.7 319

 55 to 64 years.................. 707 531 75.0 492 69.6 39 7.3 177

 65 years and over............... 663 169 25.5 158 23.9 11 6.4 494

Hi i

Race, age, sex, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over......... 34,438 22,898 66.5 20,269 58.9 2,629 11.5 11,540

 16 to 19 years.................. 3,407 965 28.3 665 19.5 300 31.1 2,442

 20 to 24 years.................. 4,193 3,017 72.0 2,544 60.7 473 15.7 1,175

 25 to 54 years.................. 20,624 16,390 79.5 14,774 71.6 1,616 9.9 4,234

 55 to 64 years.................. 3,311 2,015 60.8 1,820 55.0 195 9.7 1,296

 65 years and over............... 2,903 511 17.6 465 16.0 45 8.8 2,393

 Women, 16 years and over... 16,685 9,322 55.9 8,220 49.3 1,102 11.8 7,363

 16 to 19 years.................. 1,595 419 26.3 301 18.9 118 28.1 1,176

 20 to 24 years.................. 1,915 1,206 63.0 1,010 52.7 196 16.3 709

 25 to 54 years.................. 9,825 6,587 67.0 5,894 60.0 692 10.5 3,238

 55 to 64 years.................. 1,707 893 52.3 814 47.7 78 8.8 814

 65 years and over............... 1,643 217 13.2 200 12.1 17 8.0 1,426

 Men, 16 years and over......... 17,753 13,576 76.5 12,049 67.9 1,527 11.2 4,177

 16 to 19 years.................. 1,812 545 30.1 364 20.1 182 33.3 1,266

 20 to 24 years.................. 2,278 1,811 79.5 1,535 67.4 277 15.3 467

 25 to 54 years.................. 10,799 9,803 90.8 8,880 82.2 924 9.4 996

 55 to 64 years.................. 1,604 1,122 69.9 1,006 62.7 116 10.4 482

 65 years and over............... 1,260 293 23.3 266 21.1 28 9.5 966

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals 

because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

14
Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 16 years and over............. 239,618 153,617 64.1 139,869 58.4 13,747 8.9 86,001

 Married, spouse present........... 121,419 82,095 67.6 77,393 63.7 4,702 5.7 39,323

 Unmarried, total....................... 118,199 71,521 60.5 62,476 52.9 9,045 12.6 46,677

 Never married....................... 71,048 46,178 65.0 39,739 55.9 6,439 13.9 24,869

 Other marital status................ 47,151 25,343 53.7 22,737 48.2 2,606 10.3 21,808

 Divorced............................. 24,374 16,522 67.8 14,907 61.2 1,614 9.8 7,853

 Separated.......................... 8,683 5,864 67.5 5,139 59.2 725 12.4 2,819

 Widowed........................... 14,094 2,958 21.0 2,690 19.1 267 9.0 11,136

Women

Total, 16 years and over............. 123,300 71,642 58.1 65,579 53.2 6,063 8.5 51,658

 Married, spouse present........... 60,061 36,141 60.2 34,110 56.8 2,031 5.6 23,919

 Unmarried, total...................... 63,240 35,501 56.1 31,469 49.8 4,032 11.4 27,739

 Never married...................... 33,266 20,878 62.8 18,266 54.9 2,612 12.5 12,388

 Other marital status............... 29,974 14,623 48.8 13,203 44.0 1,420 9.7 15,351

 Divorced............................ 13,954 9,303 66.7 8,484 60.8 820 8.8 4,650

 Separated.......................... 4,836 3,069 63.5 2,662 55.1 406 13.2 1,767

 Widowed........................... 11,185 2,251 20.1 2,057 18.4 194 8.6 8,934

Marital status and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

Men

Total, 16 years and over............. 116,317 81,975 70.5 74,290 63.9 7,684 9.4 34,343

 Married, spouse present........... 61,358 45,954 74.9 43,283 70.5 2,671 5.8 15,404

 Unmarried, total...................... 54,959 36,020 65.5 31,007 56.4 5,013 13.9 18,939

 Never married...................... 37,782 25,301 67.0 21,474 56.8 3,827 15.1 12,481

 Other marital status............... 17,177 10,719 62.4 9,533 55.5 1,186 11.1 6,457

 Divorced........................... 10,421 7,218 69.3 6,424 61.6 794 11.0 3,202

 Separated.......................... 3,847 2,795 72.7 2,477 64.4 318 11.4 1,052

 Widowed............................ 2,909 706 24.3 633 21.8 74 10.4 2,203

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

15
Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

March 2011 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Women, 16 years and over................. 123,012 71,574 58.2 65,679 53.4 5,895 8.2 51,438

 With children under 18 years old......... 36,172 25,783 71.3 23,510 65.0 2,273 8.8 10,389

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 19,750 15,247 77.2 14,058 71.2 1,189 7.8 4,503

 With children under 6 years old......... 16,422 10,536 64.2 9,452 57.6 1,085 10.3 5,886

 With children under 3 years old...... 9,621 5,878 61.1 5,240 54.5 638 10.9 3,742

 With no children under 18 years old...... 86,165 46,098 53.5 42,256 49.0 3,842 8.3 40,067

Men, 16 years and over..................... 115,986 81,294 70.1 72,732 62.7 8,562 10.5 34,692

 With children under 18 years old......... 27,407 25,701 93.8 23,630 86.2 2,071 8.1 1,707

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 15,042 13,937 92.7 12,902 85.8 1,036 7.4 1,105

 With children under 6 years old......... 12,365 11,763 95.1 10,728 86.8 1,035 8.8 602

 With children under 3 years old...... 7,279 6,911 94.9 6,329 86.9 582 8.4 368

 With no children under 18 years old...... 87,412 55,936 64.0 48,358 55.3 7,578 13.5 31,477

White

Women, 16 years and over.................. 98,103 57,011 58.1 52,810 53.8 4,200 7.4 41,092

 With children under 18 years old......... 28,252 20,039 70.9 18,461 65.3 1,578 7.9 8,213

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 15,508 11,951 77.1 11,092 71.5 859 7.2 3,557

 With children under 6 years old.......... 12,744 8,088 63.5 7,368 57.8 720 8.9 4,656

With children under 3 years old 7 514 4 543 60 5 4 114 54 8 429 9 4 2 970

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 With children under 3 years old...... 7,514 4,543 60.5 4,114 54.8 429 9.4 2,970

 With no children under 18 years old...... 69,547 37,278 53.6 34,419 49.5 2,858 7.7 32,269

Men, 16 years and over..................... 94,689 67,217 71.0 60,780 64.2 6,437 9.6 27,472

 With children under 18 years old......... 22,575 21,309 94.4 19,740 87.4 1,569 7.4 1,266

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 12,470 11,642 93.4 10,856 87.1 787 6.8 828

 With children under 6 years old......... 10,105 9,666 95.7 8,884 87.9 782 8.1 438

 With children under 3 years old...... 5,988 5,716 95.5 5,265 87.9 451 7.9 272

 With no children under 18 years old...... 71,352 46,195 64.7 40,507 56.8 5,688 12.3 25,157

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and over................. 15,896 9,366 58.9 8,141 51.2 1,225 13.1 6,530

 With children under 18 years old......... 4,993 3,738 74.9 3,206 64.2 532 14.2 1,254

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 2,729 2,148 78.7 1,897 69.5 251 11.7 581

 With children under 6 years old......... 2,263 1,590 70.3 1,309 57.9 281 17.6 673

 With children under 3 years old...... 1,303 879 67.5 713 54.7 166 18.9 424

 With no children under 18 years old...... 10,718 5,660 52.8 4,991 46.6 669 11.8 5,059

Men, 16 years and over...................... 13,108 8,245 62.9 6,671 50.9 1,574 19.1 4,863

 With children under 18 years old......... 2,457 2,204 89.7 1,863 75.8 340 15.4 253

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 1,346 1,177 87.4 1,016 75.5 161 13.7 170

 With children under 6 years old......... 1,110 1,027 92.5 847 76.3 179 17.5 84

 With children under 3 years old...... 619 577 93.3 482 77.8 96 16.6 42

 With no children under 18 years old...... 10,422 6,137 58.9 4,711 45.2 1,426 23.2 4,285

 See note at end of table.

16
Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

March 2011—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Asian

Women, 16 years and over.................. 5,995 3,481 58.1 3,219 53.7 263 7.5 2,514

 With children under 18 years old......... 2,007 1,370 68.2 1,274 63.5 95 7.0 637

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 1,058 795 75.1 746 70.5 49 6.1 263

 With children under 6 years old......... 949 575 60.6 528 55.7 47 8.1 374

 With children under 3 years old...... 529 292 55.3 272 51.5 20 6.9 236

 With no children under 18 years old...... 3,834 1,998 52.1 1,841 48.0 157 7.8 1,836

Men, 16 years and over..................... 5,325 3,910 73.4 3,634 68.3 275 7.0 1,415

 With children under 18 years old......... 1,699 1,595 93.9 1,504 88.5 91 5.7 103

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 854 800 93.7 738 86.3 63 7.8 54

 With children under 6 years old......... 844 795 94.1 766 90.7 29 3.6 49

 With children under 3 years old...... 489 455 93.0 441 90.1 14 3.1 34

 With no children under 18 years old...... 3,494 2,264 64.8 2,059 58.9 205 9.1 1,230

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and over.................. 16,552 9,257 55.9 8,148 49.2 1,109 12.0 7,295

 With children under 18 years old......... 6,873 4,258 61.9 3,742 54.5 515 12.1 2,615

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 3,347 2,357 70.4 2,113 63.1 244 10.3 991

 With children under 6 years old......... 3,526 1,901 53.9 1,630 46.2 271 14.3 1,625

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

t c d e u de 6 yea s o d 3,5 6 ,90 53 9 ,630 6 3 ,6 5

 With children under 3 years old...... 2,018 1,019 50.5 857 42.5 162 15.9 1,000

 With no children under 18 years old...... 9,339 4,910 52.6 4,313 46.2 597 12.2 4,429

Men, 16 years and over..................... 17,602 13,268 75.4 11,553 65.6 1,715 12.9 4,335

 With children under 18 years old......... 4,914 4,581 93.2 4,097 83.4 483 10.6 333

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 2,384 2,175 91.2 1,985 83.3 190 8.7 209

 With children under 6 years old......... 2,529 2,406 95.1 2,112 83.5 293 12.2 124

 With children under 3 years old...... 1,486 1,411 94.9 1,252 84.3 158 11.2 75

 With no children under 18 years old...... 12,286 8,618 70.1 7,270 59.2 1,348 15.6 3,669

NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are 

nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the above ace groups (White, Black 

or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity 

is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

SOURCE: 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

17
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, March 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and over............... 123,012 71,574 58.2 65,679 53.4 5,895 8.2 51,438

 With children under 18 years old............ 35,786 25,376 70.9 23,109 64.6 2,266 8.9 10,410

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 19,570 14,973 76.5 13,842 70.7 1,131 7.6 4,597

 With children under 6 years old............ 16,216 10,403 64.2 9,268 57.2 1,135 10.9 5,813

 With children under 3 years old............ 9,253 5,639 60.9 5,006 54.1 633 11.2 3,615

 With no children under 18 years old......... 87,226 46,198 53.0 42,569 48.8 3,629 7.9 41,028

Total women, 16 years and over............... 60,095 36,383 60.5 34,340 57.1 2,043 5.6 23,712

 With children under 18 years old............ 24,699 17,067 69.1 16,055 65.0 1,012 5.9 7,631

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 13,362 10,007 74.9 9,447 70.7 559 5.6 3,356

 With children under 6 years old............ 11,336 7,061 62.3 6,608 58.3 453 6.4 4,276

 With children under 3 years old............ 6,593 3,943 59.8 3,683 55.9 260 6.6 2,650

 With no children under 18 years old......... 35,396 19,316 54.6 18,285 51.7 1,031 5.3 16,080

Total women, 16 years and over............... 62,917 35,191 55.9 31,338 49.8 3,852 10.9 27,727

 With children under 18 years old............ 11,087 8,308 74.9 7,054 63.6 1,254 15.1 2,779

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 6,208 4,966 80.0 4,394 70.8 572 11.5 1,241

Total, all marital statuses

Total, married, spouse present

Total, other marital statuses1

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population Total

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 With children under 6 years old............ 4,879 3,342 68.5 2,660 54.5 682 20.4 1,537

 With children under 3 years old............ 2,660 1,695 63.7 1,322 49.7 373 22.0 965

 With no children under 18 years old......... 51,830 26,882 51.9 24,284 46.9 2,598 9.7 24,948

Total women, 16 years and over............... 98,103 57,011 58.1 52,810 53.8 4,200 7.4 41,092

 With children under 18 years old............ 27,977 19,744 70.6 18,206 65.1 1,538 7.8 8,233

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 15,375 11,750 76.4 10,950 71.2 800 6.8 3,625

 With children under 6 years old............ 12,603 7,994 63.4 7,256 57.6 738 9.2 4,609

 With children under 3 years old............ 7,320 4,451 60.8 4,032 55.1 419 9.4 2,869

 With no children under 18 years old......... 70,125 37,267 53.1 34,604 49.3 2,662 7.1 32,859

Total women, 16 years and over............... 51,244 30,860 60.2 29,201 57.0 1,658 5.4 20,385

 With children under 18 years old............ 20,699 14,285 69.0 13,471 65.1 815 5.7 6,414

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 11,225 8,401 74.8 7,949 70.8 452 5.4 2,824

 With children under 6 years old............ 9,474 5,885 62.1 5,522 58.3 362 6.2 3,590

 With children under 3 years old............ 5,588 3,365 60.2 3,151 56.4 214 6.4 2,223

 With no children under 18 years old......... 30,545 16,574 54.3 15,730 51.5 844 5.1 13,971

Total women, 16 years and over............... 46,858 26,151 55.8 23,609 50.4 2,542 9.7 20,707

 With children under 18 years old............ 7,278 5,459 75.0 4,735 65.1 723 13.2 1,820

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 4,150 3,349 80.7 3,001 72.3 348 10.4 801

 With children under 6 years old............ 3,129 2,110 67.4 1,734 55.4 376 17.8 1,019

 With children under 3 years old............ 1,732 1,086 62.7 881 50.9 205 18.9 645

 With no children under 18 years old......... 39,580 20,693 52.3 18,874 47.7 1,819 8.8 18,888

 See footnote at end of table.

White, married, spouse present

White, other marital statuses1

White, all marital statuses

18
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, March 2011—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and over............... 15,896 9,366 58.9 8,141 51.2 1,225 13.1 6,530

 With children under 18 years old............ 4,936 3,686 74.7 3,120 63.2 566 15.4 1,250

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 2,684 2,121 79.0 1,862 69.4 260 12.2 562

 With children under 6 years old............ 2,252 1,564 69.5 1,258 55.9 306 19.6 688

 With children under 3 years old............ 1,186 763 64.3 597 50.4 165 21.7 424

 With no children under 18 years old......... 10,960 5,680 51.8 5,021 45.8 659 11.6 5,280

Total women, 16 years and over............... 4,205 2,719 64.7 2,520 59.9 199 7.3 1,486

 With children under 18 years old............ 1,786 1,333 74.6 1,226 68.6 108 8.1 453

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 994 799 80.4 732 73.6 67 8.4 195

 With children under 6 years old............ 792 534 67.5 494 62.3 41 7.6 258

 With children under 3 years old............ 432 270 62.4 246 57.0 23 8.6 162

 With no children under 18 years old......... 2,419 1,386 57.3 1,295 53.5 91 6.6 1,034

Total women, 16 years and over............... 11,691 6,647 56.9 5,621 48.1 1,026 15.4 5,044

 With children under 18 years old............ 3,150 2,352 74.7 1,894 60.1 458 19.5 797

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 1,690 1,323 78.3 1,130 66.9 193 14.6 367

Black or African American, all marital statuses

Black or African American, married, spouse present

Black or African American, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 With children under 6 years old............ 1,460 1,030 70.5 764 52.4 265 25.8 430

 With children under 3 years old............ 754 493 65.3 351 46.5 142 28.8 261

 With no children under 18 years old......... 8,541 4,295 50.3 3,727 43.6 568 13.2 4,246

Total women, 16 years and over............... 5,995 3,481 58.1 3,219 53.7 263 7.5 2,514

 With children under 18 years old............ 1,891 1,282 67.8 1,196 63.3 85 6.7 609

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 1,019 744 73.0 696 68.3 48 6.5 275

 With children under 6 years old............ 872 538 61.7 501 57.4 37 6.9 334

 With children under 3 years old............ 489 279 57.0 260 53.1 19 6.9 210

 With no children under 18 years old......... 4,104 2,200 53.6 2,022 49.3 177 8.1 1,905

Total women, 16 years and over............... 3,481 2,104 60.4 1,969 56.6 135 6.4 1,377

 With children under 18 years old............ 1,641 1,081 65.8 1,017 62.0 63 5.9 561

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 864 614 71.1 580 67.2 34 5.5 250

 With children under 6 years old............ 777 466 60.0 437 56.2 29 6.3 311

 With children under 3 years old............ 431 232 53.9 216 50.1 16 7.1 198

 With no children under 18 years old......... 1,840 1,024 55.6 952 51.7 72 7.0 816

Total women, 16 years and over............... 2,514 1,377 54.8 1,250 49.7 127 9.3 1,137

 With children under 18 years old............ 250 201 80.5 179 71.7 22 10.9 49

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 155 130 83.7 116 74.5 14 11.0 25

 With children under 6 years old............ 95 71 75.2 64 67.1 8 10.8 23

 With children under 3 years old............ 59 47 79.5 44 74.6 3 6.2 12

 With no children under 18 years old......... 2,264 1,176 51.9 1,070 47.3 105 9.0 1,088

 See footnote at end of table.

Asian, married, spouse present

Asian, other marital statuses1

Asian, all marital statuses

19
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, March 2011—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and over............... 16,552 9,257 55.9 8,148 49.2 1,109 12.0 7,295

 With children under 18 years old............ 6,951 4,286 61.7 3,753 54.0 533 12.4 2,664

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 3,491 2,403 68.8 2,142 61.3 261 10.9 1,088

 With children under 6 years old............ 3,459 1,883 54.4 1,611 46.6 272 14.4 1,576

 With children under 3 years old............ 1,953 960 49.1 803 41.1 156 16.3 994

 With no children under 18 years old......... 9,602 4,971 51.8 4,395 45.8 576 11.6 4,631

Total women, 16 years and over............... 7,492 4,129 55.1 3,705 49.5 424 10.3 3,363

 With children under 18 years old............ 4,428 2,504 56.6 2,247 50.7 257 10.3 1,924

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 2,181 1,375 63.1 1,239 56.8 137 10.0 805

 With children under 6 years old............ 2,247 1,128 50.2 1,008 44.9 120 10.6 1,118

 With children under 3 years old............ 1,248 574 46.0 508 40.7 66 11.6 674

 With no children under 18 years old......... 3,064 1,625 53.0 1,458 47.6 167 10.3 1,439

Total women, 16 years and over............... 9,061 5,128 56.6 4,442 49.0 685 13.4 3,933

 With children under 18 years old............ 2,523 1,782 70.6 1,506 59.7 276 15.5 741

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 1,310 1,027 78.4 903 68.9 124 12.1 283

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses1

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 With children under 6 years old............ 1,212 755 62.3 603 49.7 152 20.1 458

 With children under 3 years old............ 705 386 54.7 296 41.9 90 23.3 320

 With no children under 18 years old......... 6,538 3,345 51.2 2,936 44.9 409 12.2 3,192

1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.

NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail for the above race groups (White, Black or African

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

SOURCE: 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

20
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2011

(Numbers in thousands)

1975......... 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9 

1976......... 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6 

1977......... 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5 

1978......... 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3 

1979......... 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8 

1980......... 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4 

1981......... 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7 

1982......... 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2 

1983......... 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1 

1984......... 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9 

1985......... 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1 

1986......... 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3 

1987......... 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3 

1988......... 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1 

1989......... 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9 

1990......... 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2 

1991......... 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3 

1992......... 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0 

1993......... 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1 

1994 24 191 68 4 22 467 1 724 7 1 13 863 76 0 13 074 789 5 7

Year

With children under age 18 With children ages 6 to 17, none younger

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Percent 

of 

population

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Total

1994......... 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7 

1995......... 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8 

1996......... 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4 

1997......... 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7 

1998......... 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4 

1999......... 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4 

2000......... 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5 

2001......... 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9 

2002......... 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9 

2003......... 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2 

2004......... 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9 

2005......... 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3 

2006......... 26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0 

2007......... 26,834 71.3 25,646 1,188 4.4 15,940 77.7 15,341 599 3.8 

2008......... 25,930 71.2 24,637 1,294 5.0 15,479 77.5 14,842 636 4.1 

2009......... 26,122 71.6 24,079 2,043 7.8 15,625 78.2 14,562 1,063 6.8 

2010......... 25,783 71.3 23,510 2,273 8.8 15,247 77.2 14,058 1,189 7.8 

2011......... 25,376 70.9 23,109 2,266 8.9 14,973 76.5 13,842 1,131 7.6 

 See note at end of table.

21
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 

March 1975–2011—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

1975......... 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7 

1976......... 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5 

1977......... 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2 

1978......... 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9 

1979......... 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9 

1980......... 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2 

1981......... 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7 

1982......... 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3 

1983......... 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1 

1984......... 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8 

1985......... 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1 

1986......... 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7 

1987......... 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8 

1988......... 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5 

1989......... 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5 

1990......... 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5 

1991......... 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1 

1992......... 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4 

1993 9 621 57 9 8 764 857 8 9 5 349 53 9 4 857 492 9 2

Percent 

of 

population

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Percent of 

population Total

Year

With children under age 6 With children under age 3

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

1993......... 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2

1994......... 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8 

1995......... 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5 

1996......... 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1 

1997......... 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1 

1998......... 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3 

1999......... 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4 

2000......... 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6 

2001......... 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8 

2002......... 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9 

2003......... 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2 

2004......... 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7 

2005......... 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1 

2006......... 10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6 

2007......... 10,894 63.5 10,305 589 5.4 6,006 60.1 5,679 327 5.5 

2008......... 10,452 63.6 9,794 657 6.3 5,754 59.6 5,380 374 6.5 

2009......... 10,497 63.6 9,517 980 9.3 5,960 61.1 5,401 559 9.4 

2010......... 10,536 64.2 9,452 1,085 10.3 5,878 61.1 5,240 638 10.9 

2011......... 10,403 64.2 9,268 1,135 10.9 5,639 60.9 5,006 633 11.2 

 See note at end of table.

22
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and

age of youngest child, March 1975–2011—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

1975......... 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9 

1976......... 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3 

1977......... 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4 

1978......... 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8 

1979......... 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2 

1980......... 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5 

1981......... 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4 

1982......... 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2 

1983......... 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6 

1984......... 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8 

1985......... 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6 

1986......... 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4 

1987......... 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9 

1988......... 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9 

1989......... 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5 

1990......... 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6 

1991......... 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5 

1992......... 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8 

1993......... 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9 

1994 35 455 53 1 33 345 2 110 6 0

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Year

With no children under age 18

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population

1994......... 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0

1995......... 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0 

1996......... 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0 

1997......... 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6 

1998......... 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1 

1999......... 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4 

2000......... 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3 

2001......... 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0 

2002......... 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4 

2003......... 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6 

2004......... 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4 

2005......... 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9 

2006......... 43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5 

2007......... 44,039 53.9 42,279 1,760 4.0 

2008......... 45,585 54.3 43,417 2,168 4.8 

2009......... 45,649 53.8 42,343 3,306 7.2 

2010......... 46,098 53.5 42,256 3,842 8.3 

2011......... 46,198 53.0 42,569 3,629 7.9 

NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters,

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable

with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of

a major redesign of the Current Population Survey.

SOURCE: 1975-2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements,

Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

23
Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational 

attainment and sex, 2011 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 161,691 125,508 77.6 115,860 71.7 9,648 7.7 36,183

 Less than a high school diploma......... 17,505 10,891 62.2 9,317 53.2 1,574 14.5 6,614

 High school graduates, no college...... 47,556 35,192 74.0 31,804 66.9 3,388 9.6 12,364

 Some college or associate's degree... 44,627 35,171 78.8 32,370 72.5 2,802 8.0 9,455

 College graduates, total................... 52,003 44,253 85.1 42,369 81.5 1,885 4.3 7,750

 Bachelor's degree........................... 33,969 28,528 84.0 27,146 79.9 1,382 4.8 5,441

 Master's degree............................ 13,357 11,492 86.0 11,090 83.0 401 3.5 1,865

 Professional degree........................ 2,367 2,113 89.2 2,063 87.2 49 2.3 255

 Doctoral degree.............................. 2,310 2,121 91.8 2,070 89.6 52 2.4 189

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years......................... 82,273 58,520 71.1 54,234 65.9 4,286 7.3 23,754

 Less than a high school diploma......... 8,158 3,918 48.0 3,315 40.6 603 15.4 4,240

 High school graduates, no college...... 22,880 15,114 66.1 13,769 60.2 1,345 8.9 7,767

 Some college or associate's degree... 23,957 17,784 74.2 16,372 68.3 1,412 7.9 6,174

 College graduates, total..................... 27,278 21,704 79.6 20,778 76.2 926 4.3 5,573

 Bachelor's degree......................... 17,841 13,901 77.9 13,228 74.1 673 4.8 3,940

 Master's degree............................ 7,525 6,174 82.1 5,971 79.3 204 3.3 1,351

 Professional degree........................ 958 785 82.0 758 79.1 28 3.5 172

 Doctoral degree.............................. 954 843 88.4 822 86.1 21 2.5 111

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 79,418 66,989 84.3 61,626 77.6 5,363 8.0 12,430

 Less than a high school diploma......... 9,347 6,973 74.6 6,002 64.2 971 13.9 2,374

 High school graduates, no college...... 24,676 20,078 81.4 18,035 73.1 2,043 10.2 4,597

 Some college or associate's degree... 20,669 17,388 84.1 15,998 77.4 1,390 8.0 3,282

 College graduates, total..................... 24,726 22,549 91.2 21,591 87.3 958 4.3 2,177

 Bachelor's degree......................... 16,128 14,627 90.7 13,918 86.3 709 4.8 1,501

 Master's degree.............................. 5,832 5,317 91.2 5,120 87.8 198 3.7 515

 Professional degree....................... 1,410 1,327 94.1 1,305 92.6 22 1.6 83

 Doctoral degree.............................. 1,356 1,278 94.2 1,248 92.0 30 2.4 78

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Educational attainment and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

24
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2011

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1970 ............... 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971............... 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972............... 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973............... 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974............... 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975............... 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976............... 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977............... 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978............... 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979............... 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980............... 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981............... 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982............... 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983................ 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984................ 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985............... 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986............... 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987............... 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988................ 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989............... 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990................ 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991............... 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Total, both sexes

1

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate's 

degree

College 

graduates

19922............... 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993............... 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994............... 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995................ 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996............... 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997................ 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998................ 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999............... 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000............... 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001............... 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002............... 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003................ 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

2004............... 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005............... 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

2006............... 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0

2007............... 125,104 100.0 9.3 29.2 27.7 33.8

2008............... 126,011 100.0 9.0 28.8 28.0 34.2

2009............... 126,247 100.0 9.0 28.6 28.0 34.4

2010............... 126,237 100.0 8.9 28.6 27.9 34.6

2011............... 125,508 100.0 8.7 28.0 28.0 35.3

 See footnotes at end of table.

Total, both sexes

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

25
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2011—Cont'd

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1970 ............... 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971............... 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972............... 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973............... 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974............... 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975............... 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

1976............... 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977............... 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978............... 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979............... 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980............... 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981............... 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982............... 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983................ 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984................ 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985............... 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986............... 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987............... 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988................ 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989............... 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990................ 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991............... 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Women

1

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate's 

degree

College 

graduates

19922............... 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993............... 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994............... 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995................ 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996............... 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997................ 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998................ 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999............... 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000............... 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001............... 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002............... 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003................ 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004............... 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005............... 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

2006............... 57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9

2007............... 57,791 100.0 7.1 27.9 30.1 34.9

2008............... 58,465 100.0 6.9 27.2 30.4 35.6

2009............... 58,787 100.0 7.0 26.7 30.3 36.0

2010............... 58,808 100.0 6.8 26.4 30.3 36.4

2011............... 58,520 100.0 6.7 25.8 30.4 37.1

 See footnotes at end of table.

Women

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

26
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2011—Cont'd

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1970 ............... 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971............... 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972............... 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973............... 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974............... 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975............... 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976............... 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977............... 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978............... 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979............... 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980............... 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981............... 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982............... 47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

1983................ 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984................ 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985............... 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986............... 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987............... 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988................ 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989............... 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990................ 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991............... 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

Year

Men

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

1

 See footnotes at end of table.

27
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2011—Cont'd

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate's 

degree

College 

graduates

19922............... 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993............... 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994............... 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995................ 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996............... 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997................ 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998................ 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999............... 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000............... 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001............... 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002............... 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003................ 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004............... 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005............... 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

2006............... 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3

2007............... 67,313 100.0 11.2 30.4 25.6 32.9

2008............... 67,546 100.0 10.9 30.2 25.9 33.0

2009............... 67,460 100.0 10.8 30.3 25.9 33.0

2010............... 67,429 100.0 10.6 30.6 25.8 33.0

2011............... 66,989 100.0 10.4 30.0 26.0 33.7

Men

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

1 D t f 1970 1991 f th M h C t P l ti S Th d ti l tt i t 1 Data from 1970-1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment

categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed.

2 Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on

the highest diploma or degree received.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

28
Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2010 and 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 139,064 100.0 139,869 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... 51,743 37.2 52,547 37.6

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ......... 20,938 15.1 21,589 15.4

 Professional and related occupations ............................................... 30,805 22.2 30,957 22.1

Service occupations ............................................................................. 24,634 17.7 24,787 17.7

Sales and office occupations ................................................................ 33,433 24.0 33,066 23.6

 Sales and related occupations .......................................................... 15,386 11.1 15,330 11.0

 Office and administrative support occupations .................................. 18,047 13.0 17,736 12.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .......... 13,073 9.4 13,009 9.3

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ 987 .7 1,001 .7

 Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... 7,175 5.2 7,125 5.1

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................ 4,911 3.5 4,883 3.5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. 16,180 11.6 16,461 11.8

 Production occupations ..................................................................... 7,998 5.8 8,142 5.8

 Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 8,182 5.9 8,318 5.9

Women

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 65,705 100.0 65,579 100.0

Management professional and related occupations 26 673 40 6 26 995 41 2

Occupation and sex

Year

2010 2011

Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... 26,673 40.6 26,995 41.2

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ......... 8,993 13.7 9,314 14.2

 Professional and related occupations ............................................... 17,680 26.9 17,681 27.0

Service occupations ............................................................................. 13,982 21.3 13,858 21.1

Sales and office occupations ................................................................ 21,015 32.0 20,616 31.4

 Sales and related occupations .......................................................... 7,683 11.7 7,597 11.6

 Office and administrative support occupations .................................. 13,331 20.3 13,019 19.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .......... 606 .9 552 .8 

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ 231 .4 216 .3 

 Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... 185 .3 163 .2 

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................ 190 .3 173 .3 

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. 3,429 5.2 3,558 5.4

 Production occupations ..................................................................... 2,206 3.4 2,316 3.5

 Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 1,224 1.9 1,242 1.9

 See note at end of table.

29
Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2010 and 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 73,359 100.0 74,290 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ........................... 25,070 34.2 25,552 34.4

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ......... 11,945 16.3 12,275 16.5

 Professional and related occupations ............................................... 13,125 17.9 13,277 17.9

Service occupations ............................................................................. 10,652 14.5 10,929 14.7

Sales and office occupations ................................................................ 12,419 16.9 12,450 16.8

 Sales and related occupations .......................................................... 7,703 10.5 7,733 10.4

 Office and administrative support occupations .................................. 4,716 6.4 4,717 6.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .......... 12,467 17.0 12,457 16.8

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ 755 1.0 785 1.1

 Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... 6,990 9.5 6,962 9.4

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................ 4,721 6.4 4,710 6.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. 12,751 17.4 12,902 17.4

 Production occupations ..................................................................... 5,792 7.9 5,826 7.8

 Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 6,959 9.5 7,076 9.5

NOTE: Effective with the January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational 

classification system into the Current Population Survey. This classification system is derived from the 2010 

Standard Occupational Classifcation (SOC). Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. 

Occupation

Year

2010 2011

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

30
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,869 46.9

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,547 51.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,589 43.1

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,250 38.1

Chief executives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,515 24.2

General and operations managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978 30.4

Legislators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 –

Advertising and promotions managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 50.5

Marketing and sales managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,009 45.8

Public relations and fundraising managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 52.4

Administrative services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 39.5

Computer and information systems managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 25.3

Financial managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,107 54.2

Compensation and benefits managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 –

Human resources managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 73.6

Training and development managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 –

Industrial production managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 16.5

Purchasing managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 47.3

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 14.1

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978 23.0

Construction managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 6.1

Education administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853 65.2

Architectural and engineering managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 8.5

Food service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,051 45.7

Funeral service managers 13

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Funeral service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 –

Gaming managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 –

Lodging managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 52.4

Medical and health services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 71.4

Natural sciences managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 –

Postmasters and mail superintendents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 –

Property, real estate, and community association managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 48.0

Social and community service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 71.3

 Emergency management directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 –

Managers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,173 33.9

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,339 55.3

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 –

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 –

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 46.4

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 54.0

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 58.6

Compliance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 43.8

Cost estimators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 15.0

Human resources workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 74.5

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 75.5

Training and development specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 57.2

Logisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 35.6

Management analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 41.9

Meeting, convention, and event planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 76.2

Fundraisers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 72.0

Market research analysts and marketing specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 57.5

 See note at end of table.

31
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Business operations specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 66.9

Accountants and auditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,653 61.3

Appraisers and assessors of real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 34.4

Budget analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 51.8

Credit analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 —

Financial analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 34.8

Personal financial advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 31.2

 Insurance underwriters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 62.7

 Financial examiners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 —

Credit counselors and loan officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 53.7

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 56.2

Tax preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 65.8

Financial specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 61.8

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,957 57.1

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,608 25.0

Computer and information research scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 —

Computer systems analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 33.9

Information security analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 —

Computer programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 20.8

Software developers, applications and systems software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,044 19.0

Web developers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 38.6

 Computer support specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 26.3

Database administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 37.3

Network and computer systems administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 22.8

Computer network architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 11.4

C t ti ll th 306 21 7

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Computer occupations, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 21.7

Actuaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 —

Mathematicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 —

Operations research analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 45.1

Statisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 —

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 —

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,785 13.6

Architects, except naval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 20.7

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 —

Aerospace engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 12.4

Agricultural engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 —

Biomedical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 —

Chemical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 22.3

Civil engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 13.1

Computer hardware engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 13.2

Electrical and electronics engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 8.8

Environmental engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 —

Industrial engineers, including health and safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 17.8

 Marine engineers and naval architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 —

Materials engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 —

Mechanical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 5.5

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 —

Nuclear engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 —

Petroleum engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 —

Engineers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 10.8

Drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 20.8

 See note at end of table.

32
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Engineering technicians, except drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 16.3

Surveying and mapping technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 12.2

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,303 47.3

Agricultural and food scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 —

Biological scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 48.2

Conservation scientists and foresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 —

Medical scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 54.4

Life scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 —

Astronomers and physicists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 —

Atmospheric and space scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 —

Chemists and materials scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 45.9

Environmental scientists and geoscientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 28.9

Physical scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 39.8

Economists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 —

Survey researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 —

Psychologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 71.2

Sociologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 —

Urban and regional planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 —

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 55.4

Agricultural and food science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 —

Biological technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 —

Chemical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 40.3

Geological and petroleum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 —

Nuclear technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 —

Social science research assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 —

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 41.9

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,352 64.5

Counselors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 69.9

Social workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 81.6

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 56.8

Social and human service assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 82.4

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health

 educators and community health workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 67.5

Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 17.7

Directors, religious activities and education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 —

Religious workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 67.9

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,770 49.8

Lawyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,085 31.9

Judicial law clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 44.4

Paralegals and legal assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 84.3

Miscellaneous legal support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 76.7

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,619 73.6

Postsecondary teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,355 46.2

Preschool and kindergarten teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 97.7

Elementary and middle school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,848 81.7

Secondary school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,136 58.0

Special education teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 85.4

Other teachers and instructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 62.6

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 —

Librarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 86.2

 See note at end of table.

33
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Library technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 —

Teacher assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950 92.2

Other education, training, and library workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 71.2

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,779 46.1

Artists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 48.0

Designers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 51.3

Actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 —

Producers and directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 40.7

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 34.5

Dancers and choreographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 —

Musicians, singers, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 29.8

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 —

Announcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 26.9

News analysts, reporters and correspondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 34.1

Public relations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 61.6

Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 54.2

Technical writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 60.2

Writers and authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 57.0

Miscellaneous media and communication workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 64.9

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 9.9

Photographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 51.3

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 19.9

Media and communication equipment workers, all other. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 —

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,740 74.4

Chiropractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 24.5

Total 

employed Occupation Percent women

Dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 22.2

Dietitians and nutritionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 90.6

Optometrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 —

Pharmacists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 55.7

Physicians and surgeons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 33.8

Physician assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 69.8

Podiatrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 —

Audiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 —

Occupational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 92.0

Physical therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 67.8

Radiation therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 —

Recreational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 —

Respiratory therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 62.0

Speech—language pathologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 95.6

Exercise physiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 —

Therapists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 79.9

Veterinarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 56.4

Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,706 91.1

Nurse anesthetists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 —

Nurse midwives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Nurse practitioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 90.6

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 —

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 73.6

Dental hygienists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 97.5

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 73.0

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 36.0

 See note at end of table.

34
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 78.6

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 90.5

Medical records and health information technicians. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 89.7

Opticians, dispensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 64.3

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 65.7

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 39.5

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,787 55.9

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,359 87.7

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,981 87.8

Occupational therapy assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 —

Physical therapist assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 60.8

Massage therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 86.5

Dental assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 97.9

Medical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 93.4

Medical transcriptionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 95.4

Pharmacy aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 —

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 —

Phlebotomists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 81.8

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . 158 74.0

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,210 20.7

First—line supervisors of correctional officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 —

First—line supervisors of police and detectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 17.5

First—line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 —

First—line supervisors of protective service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 24.2

Firefighters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 4.5

Fi i t 20

Total 

employed

Percent 

women Occupation

Fire inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 —

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 27.9

Detectives and criminal investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 16.7

Fish and game wardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 —

Parking enforcement workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 —

Police and sheriff’s patrol officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 12.0

Transit and railroad police. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 —

Animal control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 —

Private detectives and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 35.3

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 19.2

Crossing guards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 64.3

Transportation security screeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 —

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 58.1

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,747 54.4

Chefs and head cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 18.7

First—line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 59.1

Cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,990 39.2

Food preparation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 58.0

Bartenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 55.7

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 66.0

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 68.3

Waiters and waitresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,059 69.5

Food servers, nonrestaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 67.7

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 347 46.8

Dishwashers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 19.9

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 83.0

 See note at end of table.

35
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4—

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,492 38.8

First—line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 41.0

First—line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 9.9

Janitors and building cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,186 30.3

Maids and housekeeping cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,419 88.6

Pest control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.7

Grounds maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,247 5.2

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,979 78.4

First—line supervisors of gaming workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 46.4

First—line supervisors of personal service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 73.5

Animal trainers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 —

Nonfarm animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 75.9

Gaming services workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 44.9

Motion picture projectionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 —

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 —

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 51.7

Embalmers and funeral attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 —

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 —

Barbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 24.0

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 93.0

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 84.1

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 14.0

Tour and travel guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 —

Childcare workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,231 94.5

P l id 1 057 85 6

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Personal care aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,057 85.6

Recreation and fitness workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 64.1

Residential advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 58.3

Personal care and service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 48.2

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,066 62.3

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,330 49.6

First—line supervisors of retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,217 43.5

First—line supervisors of non—retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,088 26.7

Cashiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,158 73.6

Counter and rental clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 48.6

Parts salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 15.5

Retail salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,224 51.2

Advertising sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 55.6

Insurance sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 47.3

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 29.9

Travel agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 79.4

Sales representatives, services, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 31.2

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,297 25.9

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 79.2

Real estate brokers and sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 56.8

Sales engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 —

Telemarketers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 59.4

Door—to—door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 59.2

Sales and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 50.7

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,736 73.4

 See note at end of table.

36
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

First—line supervisors of office and administrative support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,423 68.2

Switchboard operators, including answering service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 —

Telephone operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 —

Communications equipment operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 —

Bill and account collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 70.6

Billing and posting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 90.1

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,300 89.9

Gaming cage workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Payroll and timekeeping clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 89.3

Procurement clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 —

Tellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 85.3

Financial clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 77.1

Brokerage clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 —

Correspondence clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 —

Court, municipal, and license clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 79.5

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 —

Customer service representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,916 66.5

Eligibility interviewers, government programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 84.2

File clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 83.9

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 64.4

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 84.4

Library assistants, clerical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 81.6

Loan interviewers and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 82.7

New accounts clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 —

Order clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 67.1

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 —

Receptionists and information clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,259 92.1

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 59.5

Information and record clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 83.6

Cargo and freight agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 —

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 16.4

Dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 57.9

Meter readers, utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 —

Postal service clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 50.9

Postal service mail carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 36.0

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 40.5

Production, planning, and expediting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 53.5

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 28.5

Stock clerks and order fillers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,503 34.8

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 55.7

Secretaries and administrative assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,871 95.9

Computer operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 49.9

Data entry keyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 83.2

Word processors and typists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 88.5

Desktop publishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 —

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 83.0

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 53.0

Office clerks, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,061 85.4

Office machine operators, except computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 —

Proofreaders and copy markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 —

Statistical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 —

 See note at end of table.

37
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Office and administrative support workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 74.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,009 4.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,001 21.6

First—line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 8.4

Agricultural inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 —

Animal breeders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 —

Graders and sorters, agricultural products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 60.2

Miscellaneous agricultural workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 19.1

Fishers and related fishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 —

Hunters and trappers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 —

Forest and conservation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 —

Logging workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 .9

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,125 2.3

First—line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 2.2

Boilermakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 —

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 .9

Carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,330 1.9

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 .5

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 .0

Construction laborers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,253 2.1

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 —

Pile—driver operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 —

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 .8

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 1.7

Electricians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 1.5

Gl i 48

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Glaziers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 —

Insulation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 —

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 6.8

Paperhangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 —

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 1.7

Plasterers and stucco masons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 —

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 —

Roofers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 1.1

Sheet metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 2.3

Structural iron and steel workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 .0

Solar photovoltaic installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Helpers, construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 8.0

Construction and building inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.7

Elevator installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 —

Fence erectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 —

Hazardous materials removal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 —

Highway maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2.5

Rail—track laying and maintenance equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 —

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 —

Miscellaneous construction and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 —

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 —

Earth drillers, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 —

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 —

Mining machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 1.6

Roof bolters, mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 —

Roustabouts, oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 —

 See note at end of table.

38
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Helpers——extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 —

Other extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 1.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,883 3.5

First—line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 6.8

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 9.0

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 7.7

Avionics technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 —

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 —

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 —

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 —

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 —

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 —

Security and fire alarm systems installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 .0

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 3.1

Automotive body and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 1.2

Automotive glass installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 —

Automotive service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 1.4

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 .7

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 1.3

Small engine mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 .3

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1.6

Control and valve installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 —

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 .8

Home appliance repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 —

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 2.5

Total 

employed

Percent 

women Occupation

Maintenance and repair workers, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 3.2

Maintenance workers, machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 —

Millwrights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.0

Electrical power—line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 .2

Telecommunications line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 4.3

Precision instrument and equipment repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 16.2

Wind turbine service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 —

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 —

Commercial divers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 0 —

Locksmiths and safe repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 —

Manufactured building and mobile home installers. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 —

Riggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 —

Signal and track switch repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Helpers——installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 —

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 7.8

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,461 21.6

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,142 28.4

First—line supervisors of production and operating workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 18.6

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 —

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 156 51.9

Engine and other machine assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 —

Structural metal fabricators and fitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 —

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 38.2

Bakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 55.0

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 26.6

 See note at end of table.

39
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 —

Food batchmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 53.3

Food cooking machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 —

Food processing workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 29.9

Computer control programmers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 72 5.5

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 —

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 —

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 —

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . 100 14.8

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and

tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 6.7

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 —

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 —

Machinists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 4.4

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 —

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 7 —

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 —

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Tool and die makers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.3

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 7.8

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 —

Layout workers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 —

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 —

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 —

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 22.0

Prepress technicians and workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 —

Printing press operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 18.7

Print binding and finishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 —

Laundry and dry—cleaning workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 60.7

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 —

Sewing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 169 78.5

Shoe and leather workers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 —

Shoe machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 —

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 74.9

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 —

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 —

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 —

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers. . . . . . . . . . 1 —

Fabric and apparel patternmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Upholsterers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 47 —

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 —

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.3

Furniture finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 17 —

Model makers and patternmakers, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 —

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 —

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 —

Woodworkers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 —

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 1.8

Stationary engineers and boiler operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2.2

 See note at end of table.

40
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.2

Miscellaneous plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 —

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 16.4

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 13.5

Cutting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 22.5

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . 34 —

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 —

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 34.9

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 —

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 53.1

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 50.6

Painting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 120 13.4

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 —

Semiconductor processors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 —

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 —

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 —

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 —

Etchers and engravers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 —

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 —

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 37 —

Tire builders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 —

Helpers——production workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 25.6

Production workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 26.2

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,318 14.9

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 22.1

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.3

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 —

Flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 77.4

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 —

Bus drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 43.4

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,059 4.8

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 12.5

Motor vehicle operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5.6

Locomotive engineers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 —

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Railroad conductors and yardmasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 52 6.6

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 —

Sailors and marine oilers. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 —

Ship and boat captains and operators. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 —

Ship engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 8 —

Bridge and lock tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 —

Parking lot attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 73 13.2

Automotive and watercraft service attendants. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 10.6

Transportation inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 —

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 32 —

Other transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 16 —

Conveyor operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 —

Crane and tower operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 .4

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 51 .7

Hoist and winch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 —

Industrial truck and tractor operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 6.7

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 331 12.0

 See note at end of table.

41
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1,787 16.9

Machine feeders and offbearers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 —

Packers and packagers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 53.5

Pumping station operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 21 —

Refuse and recyclable material collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 92 7.7

Mine shuttle car operators. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 —

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 —

Material moving workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 10.3

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

NOTE: Effective with the January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational

classification system into the Current Population Survey. This classification system is derived from the 2010 Standard

Occupational Classifcation (SOC). Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Dash indicates data not

available.

42
Table 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands)................................... 52,770 8,098 3,165 8,220

 Percent.......................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 34.1 44.4 25.2

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . 14.7 11.2 15.4 8.9

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.6 22.9 29.0 16.3

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 28.0 21.8 31.2

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 30.8 26.3 31.8

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 11.5 11.4 12.2

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 19.3 14.9 19.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . .9 .5 .6 1.8

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .1 .2 1.1

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .1 .1 .4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .3 .2 .3 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . 5.1 6.7 6.9 10.1

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 4.1 6.0 7.1

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.6 0.9 3.0

NOTE: Effective with January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census 

Occupation White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey. This classification system 

is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been

revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. 

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

43
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2010 and 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total, both sexes

 Total, 16 years and over........................................... 139,064 100.0 139,869 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. 2,206 1.6 2,254 1.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............................ 731 .5 817 .6

Construction ............................................................................... 9,077 6.5 9,039 6.5

Manufacturing ............................................................................ 14,081 10.1 14,336 10.2

 Durable goods ......................................................................... 8,789 6.3 9,007 6.4

 Nondurable goods ................................................................... 5,293 3.8 5,329 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... 19,739 14.2 19,726 14.1

 Wholesale trade ....................................................................... 3,805 2.7 3,798 2.7

 Retail trade .............................................................................. 15,934 11.5 15,927 11.4

Transportation and utilities ......................................................... 7,134 5.1 7,200 5.1

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................. 5,880 4.2 5,957 4.3

 Utilities ..................................................................................... 1,253 .9 1,243 .9

Information ................................................................................. 3,149 2.3 3,150 2.3

Financial activities ...................................................................... 9,350 6.7 9,386 6.7

 Finance and insurance ............................................................ 6,605 4.7 6,613 4.7

 Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... 2,745 2.0 2,773 2.0

Professional and business services ........................................... 15,253 11.0 15,819 11.3

 Professional and technical services ......................................... 9,115 6.6 9,461 6.8

 Management, administrative, and waste services.................... 6,138 4.4 6,358 4.5

Education and health services ................................................... 32,062 23.1 31,867 22.8

 Educational services ................................................................ 13,155 9.5 12,965 9.3

 Health care and social assistance ........................................... 18,907 13.6 18,902 13.5

 Hospitals ................................................................................ 6,249 4.5 6,315 4.5

 Health services, except hospitals .......................................... 9,406 6.8 9,367 6.7

 Social assistance ................................................................... 3,252 2.3 3,221 2.3

Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... 12,530 9.0 12,697 9.1

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... 2,966 2.1 2,922 2.1

 Accommodation and food services .......................................... 9,564 6.9 9,775 7.0

Other services ............................................................................ 6,769 4.9 6,724 4.8

 Other services, except private households .............................. 6,102 4.4 6,002 4.3

 Private households .................................................................. 667 .5 722 .5

Public administration .................................................................. 6,983 5.0 6,853 4.9

Industry and sex

Year

2010 2011

44
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2010 and 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Women

 Total, 16 years and over........................................... 65,705 100.0 65,579 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. 541 .8 556 .8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............................ 101 .1 99 .2

Construction ............................................................................... 807 1.4 828 1.3

Manufacturing ............................................................................ 3,949 6.2 4,108 6.3

 Durable goods ......................................................................... 2,144 3.4 2,230 3.4

 Nondurable goods ................................................................... 1,806 2.8 1,878 2.9

Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... 8,957 13.6 8,826 13.5

 Wholesale trade ....................................................................... 1,089 1.7 1,083 1.7

 Retail trade .............................................................................. 7,868 11.9 7,742 11.8

Transportation and utilities ......................................................... 1,630 2.5 1,625 2.5

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................. 1,358 2.2 1,349 2.1

 Utilities ..................................................................................... 273 .4 276 .4

Information ................................................................................. 1,289 2.1 1,267 1.9

Financial activities ...................................................................... 5,081 7.9 5,132 7.8

 Finance and insurance ............................................................ 3,787 6.0 3,811 5.8

 Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... 1,294 1.9 1,320 2.0

Professional and business services ........................................... 6,304 9.5 6,480 9.9

 Professional and technical services ......................................... 3,937 6.1 4,023 6.1

 Management, administrative, and waste services.................... 2,366 3.4 2,457 3.7

Education and health services ................................................... 23,962 36.4 23,706 36.1

 Educational services ................................................................ 9,025 13.9 8,870 13.5

 Health care and social assistance ........................................... 14,937 22.5 14,836 22.6

 Hospitals ................................................................................ 4,783 7.3 4,786 7.3

 Health services, except hospitals .......................................... 7,402 11.1 7,314 11.2

 Social assistance ................................................................... 2,752 4.1 2,737 4.2

Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... 6,444 10.0 6,397 9.8

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... 1,381 2.1 1,324 2.0

 Accommodation and food services .......................................... 5,063 7.9 5,073 7.7

Other services ............................................................................ 3,496 5.5 3,494 5.3

 Other services, except private households .............................. 2,889 4.4 2,850 4.3

 Private households .................................................................. 607 1.1 644 1.0

Public administration .................................................................. 3,145 4.8 3,060 4.7

Industry and sex

Year

2010 2011

45
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2010 and 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over........................................... 73,359 100.0 74,290 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. 1,665 2.3 1,698 2.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............................ 630 .9 718 1.0

Construction ............................................................................... 8,270 11.3 8,211 11.1

Manufacturing ............................................................................ 10,132 13.8 10,228 13.8

 Durable goods ......................................................................... 6,645 9.1 6,777 9.1

 Nondurable goods ................................................................... 3,487 4.8 3,451 4.6

Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... 10,782 14.7 10,900 14.7

 Wholesale trade ....................................................................... 2,716 3.7 2,715 3.7

 Retail trade .............................................................................. 8,066 11.0 8,185 11.0

Transportation and utilities ......................................................... 5,503 7.5 5,575 7.5

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................. 4,523 6.2 4,608 6.2

 Utilities ..................................................................................... 981 1.3 967 1.3

Information ................................................................................. 1,861 2.5 1,883 2.5

Financial activities ...................................................................... 4,269 5.8 4,255 5.7

 Finance and insurance ............................................................ 2,818 3.8 2,802 3.8

 Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... 1,451 2.0 1,453 2.0

Professional and business services ........................................... 8,949 12.2 9,338 12.6

 Professional and technical services ......................................... 5,178 7.1 5,438 7.3

 Management, administrative, and waste services.................... 3,772 5.1 3,901 5.3

Education and health services ................................................... 8,100 11.0 8,160 11.0

 Educational services ................................................................ 4,130 5.6 4,095 5.5

 Health care and social assistance ........................................... 3,970 5.4 4,066 5.5

 Hospitals ................................................................................ 1,466 2.0 1,529 2.1

 Health services, except hospitals .......................................... 2,004 2.7 2,053 2.8

 Social assistance ................................................................... 500 .7 484 0.7

Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... 6,086 8.3 6,300 8.5

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... 1,585 2.2 1,599 2.2

 Accommodation and food services .......................................... 4,501 6.1 4,702 6.3

Other services ............................................................................ 3,273 4.5 3,230 4.3

 Other services, except private households .............................. 3,213 4.4 3,152 4.2

 Private households .................................................................. 60 .1 78 .1

Public administration .................................................................. 3,838 5.2 3,793 5.1

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Industry and sex

Year

2010 2011

46
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over................................................................................. 139,869 46.9

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting........................................................................ 2,254 24.7

Crop production....................................................................................................... 966 25.4

Animal production.................................................................................................... 907 24.2

Forestry, except logging........................................................................................... 42 —

Logging.................................................................................................................... 97 8.5

Fishing, hunting, and trapping.................................................................................. 51 12.9

Support activities for agriculture and forestry........................................................... 191 33.8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................................................. 817 12.1

Oil and gas extraction.............................................................................................. 64 19.6

Coal mining.............................................................................................................. 110 4.8

Metal ore mining...................................................................................................... 40 —

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying............................................................... 66 7.1

Not specified type of mining..................................................................................... 16 —

Support activities for mining..................................................................................... 521 13.9

Construction................................................................................................................... 9,039 9.2

Manufacturing................................................................................................................. 14,336 28.7

Durable goods............................................................................................................. 9,007 24.8

Nonmetallic mineral products................................................................................... 392 18.4

Pottery, ceramics, and related product manufacturing.......................................... 29 —

Structural clay product manufacturing.................................................................. 27 —

Glass and glass products..................................................................................... 140 21.6

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products..................................................... 143 8.8

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing................................... 52 21.1

Industry Total employed Percent women

Primary metals and fabricated metal products......................................................... 1,658 15.2

Iron and steel mills and steel products.................................................................. 295 8.4

Aluminum production and processing................................................................... 65 21.2

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing.......................... 63 14.9

Foundries............................................................................................................. 87 12.7

Metal forgings and stampings............................................................................... 46 —

Cutlery and hand tools.......................................................................................... 44 —

Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers............................................ 345 15.3

Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts..................................... 307 10.2

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities........................................... 81 16.2

Ordnance.............................................................................................................. 41 —

Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing........................................ 258 23.5

Not specified metal industries............................................................................... 26 —

Machinery manufacturing......................................................................................... 1,126 21.5

Agricultural implements........................................................................................ 104 18.1

Construction, mining, and oil field machinery........................................................ 147 18.2

Commercial and service industry machinery........................................................ 85 28.3

Metalworking machinery....................................................................................... 137 14.4

Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment......................................... 61 15.6

Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c............................................................................ 584 23.9

Not specified machinery manufacturing................................................................ 7 —

Computers and electronic products.......................................................................... 1,267 33.4

Computer and peripheral equipment..................................................................... 274 31.2

Communications, audio, and video equipment...................................................... 128 31.8

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments........................ 214 35.4

Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c...................................... 650 34.1

 See note at end of table.

47
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Electrical equipment and appliances........................................................................ 366 29.6

Household appliances.......................................................................................... 70 40.1

Electrical lighting, equipment, and supplies manufacturing, n.e.c......................... 296 27.1

Transportation equipment........................................................................................ 2,022 23.2

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment........................................................ 994 25.9

Aircraft and parts.................................................................................................. 390 20.1

Aerospace products and parts.............................................................................. 438 22.6

Railroad rolling stock manufacturing..................................................................... 19 —

Ship and boat building.......................................................................................... 147 16.7

Other transportation equipment manufacturing..................................................... 33 —

Wood products......................................................................................................... 375 14.1

Sawmills and wood preservation.......................................................................... 135 11.6

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products................................................ 20 —

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes.................................................. 22 —

Miscellaneous wood products............................................................................... 198 15.6

Furniture and related products manufacturing...................................................... 474 24.2

Miscellaneous manufacturing................................................................................... 1,328 37.4

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing................................................... 573 42.4

Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing.......................................... 110 38.9

Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c...................................................................... 479 33.0

Not specified manufacturing industries................................................................. 167 31.7

Nondurable goods....................................................................................................... 5,329 35.2

Food manufacturing................................................................................................. 1,685 36.9

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling.................................................................. 161 28.8

Sugar and confectionery products........................................................................ 82 30.8

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods.............................................. 158 42.3

Industry Total employed Percent women

Dairy products...................................................................................................... 165 29.7

Animal slaughtering and processing..................................................................... 507 32.5

Retail bakeries...................................................................................................... 191 57.8

Bakeries, except retail.......................................................................................... 194 33.9

Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c..................................................... 188 40.8

Not specified food industries................................................................................. 38 —

Beverages and tobacco products............................................................................. 260 26.0

Beverages manufacturing..................................................................................... 243 25.6

Tobacco manufacturing........................................................................................ 18 —

Textiles, apparel, and leather................................................................................... 601 53.4

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................................................. 10 —

Fabric mills, except knitting................................................................................... 108 45.4

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills......................................................... 21 —

Carpet and rug mills............................................................................................. 52 42.6

Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs...................................................... 82 58.7

Knitting mills......................................................................................................... 32 —

Cut and sew apparel............................................................................................. 222 59.3

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing......................................... 7 —

Footwear manufacturing....................................................................................... 42 —

Leather tanning and products, except footwear manufacturing............................. 25 —

Paper and printing.................................................................................................... 872 27.4

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills........................................................................ 173 18.5

Paperboard containers and boxes........................................................................ 90 16.1

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products................................................................ 84 30.9

Printing and related support activities................................................................... 524 31.8

Petroleum and coal products................................................................................... 187 19.1

Petroleum refining................................................................................................ 167 20.4

 See note at end of table.

48
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products......................................................... 20 —

Chemicals................................................................................................................ 1,267 35.4

Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments................................................ 189 27.1

Agricultural chemical manufacturing..................................................................... 30 —

Pharmaceuticals and medicines........................................................................... 458 49.0

Paints, coatings, and adhesives........................................................................... 65 23.2

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics........................................................ 132 49.1

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals................................................................ 391 21.7

Plastics and rubber products.................................................................................... 457 31.6

Plastics product manufacturing............................................................................. 315 32.7

Tire manufacturing................................................................................................ 65 16.7

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing.......................................................... 77 39.5

Wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................................. 19,726 44.7

Wholesale trade.......................................................................................................... 3,798 28.5

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies, merchant wholesalers...................................... 193 24.1

Furniture and home furnishings, merchant wholesalers........................................... 70 30.3

Lumber and other construction materials, merchant wholesalers............................. 146 19.8

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies, merchant wholesalers........ 384 34.2

Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers............................... 47 —

Electrical goods, merchant wholesalers................................................................... 194 24.1

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.. 138 25.7

Machinery, equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers................................... 369 26.1

Recyclable materials, merchant wholesalers........................................................... 117 12.5

Miscellaneous durable goods, merchant wholesalers.............................................. 103 37.4

Paper and paper products, merchant wholesalers................................................... 67 33.2

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products, merchant wholesalers.............. 239 44.2

Industry Total employed Percent women

Apparel, fabrics, and notions, merchant wholesalers............................................... 108 52.7

Groceries and related products, merchant wholesalers........................................... 843 24.9

Farm product raw materials, merchant wholesalers................................................. 63 26.9

Petroleum and petroleum products, merchant wholesalers...................................... 167 25.9

Alcoholic beverages, merchant wholesalers............................................................ 135 13.9

Farm supplies, merchant wholesalers...................................................................... 64 23.2

Miscellaneous nondurable goods, merchant wholesalers........................................ 215 36.9

Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers.................................................. 88 33.8

Not specified wholesale trade.................................................................................. 47 —

Retail trade.................................................................................................................. 15,927 48.6

Automobile dealers.................................................................................................. 1,194 18.2

Other motor vehicle dealers..................................................................................... 132 23.9

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores................................................................... 548 16.9

Furniture and home furnishings stores..................................................................... 518 41.0

Household appliance stores..................................................................................... 62 28.4

Radio, TV, and computer stores.............................................................................. 536 28.3

Building material and supplies dealers..................................................................... 855 28.9

Hardware stores...................................................................................................... 252 29.2

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores.................................................... 261 29.8

Grocery stores......................................................................................................... 2,805 50.2

Specialty food stores................................................................................................ 271 46.2

Beer, wine, and liquor stores.................................................................................... 129 35.6

Pharmacies and drug stores.................................................................................... 826 65.0

Health and personal care, except drug, stores......................................................... 318 64.1

Gasoline stations..................................................................................................... 454 50.5

Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores........................................................ 1,012 75.4

 See note at end of table.

49
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Shoe stores.............................................................................................................. 160 58.9

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores............................................................. 212 66.2

Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores................................................. 453 40.1

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores.......................................................... 66 72.5

Music stores............................................................................................................ 84 26.3

Book stores and news dealers................................................................................. 150 60.9

Department stores and discount stores.................................................................... 2,218 61.0

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores............................................................. 491 60.2

Retail florists............................................................................................................ 80 76.2

Office supplies and stationery stores....................................................................... 145 40.7

Used merchandise stores........................................................................................ 223 62.1

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops............................................................................. 159 76.3

Miscellaneous retail stores....................................................................................... 485 54.6

Electronic shopping.................................................................................................. 151 44.8

Electronic auctions................................................................................................... 20 —

Mail order houses.................................................................................................... 62 68.2

Vending machine operators..................................................................................... 44 —

Fuel dealers............................................................................................................. 80 27.6

Other direct selling establishments.......................................................................... 202 69.4

Not specified retail trade.......................................................................................... 269 53.0

Transportation and utilities.............................................................................................. 7,200 22.6

Transportation and warehousing................................................................................. 5,957 22.6

Air transportation..................................................................................................... 509 35.3

Rail transportation.................................................................................................... 246 10.5

Water transportation................................................................................................ 67 18.8

Truck transportation................................................................................................. 1,739 11.8

Industry Total employed Percent women

Bus service and urban transit................................................................................... 505 36.0

Taxi and limousine service....................................................................................... 234 11.0

Pipeline transportation............................................................................................. 57 18.8

Scenic and sightseeing transportation..................................................................... 34 —

Services incidental to transportation........................................................................ 801 23.9

Postal Service.......................................................................................................... 711 39.7

Couriers and messengers........................................................................................ 693 20.0

Warehousing and storage........................................................................................ 361 23.5

Utilities........................................................................................................................ 1,243 22.2

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution......................................... 659 21.5

Natural gas distribution............................................................................................ 117 27.1

Electric and gas, and other combinations................................................................ 84 32.0

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems............................................. 245 21.7

Sewage treatment facilities...................................................................................... 109 11.8

Not specified utilities................................................................................................ 29 —

Information..................................................................................................................... 3,150 40.2

Newspaper publishers............................................................................................. 281 41.0

Periodical, book, and directory publishers................................................................ 263 54.8

Software publishers............................................................................................... 63 26.8

Motion pictures and video industries........................................................................ 386 35.6

Sound recording industries...................................................................................... 40 —

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming................. 596 33.5

Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals.................................. 63 35.8

Wired telecommunications carriers.......................................................................... 564 32.8

Other telecommunications services......................................................................... 541 35.5

 See note at end of table.

50
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Data processing, hosting, and related services........................................................ 101 47.2

Libraries and archives.............................................................................................. 217 81.2

Other information services....................................................................................... 34 —

Financial activities.......................................................................................................... 9,386 54.7

Finance and insurance................................................................................................ 6,613 57.6

Banking and related activities.................................................................................. 2,062 63.3

Savings institutions, including credit unions............................................................. 263 72.3

Nondepository credit and related activities............................................................... 747 55.5

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments................... 1,127 38.7

Insurance carriers and related activities................................................................... 2,414 60.7

Real estate and rental and leasing.............................................................................. 2,773 47.6

Real estate............................................................................................................... 2,384 51.0

Rental and leasing services..................................................................................... 389 27.1

Automotive equipment rental and leasing............................................................. 176 26.5

Videotape and disk rental..................................................................................... 23 —

Other consumer goods rental............................................................................... 92 29.6

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing................. 97 19.5

Professional and business services................................................................................ 15,819 41.0

Professional and technical services............................................................................ 9,461 42.5

Legal services.......................................................................................................... 1,665 54.4

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services.............................. 1,012 62.6

Architectural, engineering, and related services....................................................... 1,496 23.0

Specialized design services..................................................................................... 379 53.2

Computer systems design and related services....................................................... 1,935 25.0

Industry Total employed Percent women

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services...................................... 1,309 41.1

Scientific research and development services......................................................... 541 45.4

Advertising and related services.............................................................................. 518 51.8

Veterinary services.................................................................................................. 270 79.5

Other professional, scientific, and technical services............................................... 335 56.0

Management, administrative, and waste services....................................................... 6,358 38.6

Management of companies and enterprises............................................................ 195 47.1

Employment services............................................................................................... 895 51.6

Business support services....................................................................................... 830 62.9

Travel arrangement and reservation services.......................................................... 262 57.6

Investigation and security services.......................................................................... 800 22.0

Services to buildings and dwellings.......................................................................... 1,373 52.4

Landscaping services.............................................................................................. 1,258 9.7

Other administrative and other support services...................................................... 275 44.9

Waste management and remediation services........................................................ 469 18.8

Education and health services........................................................................................ 31,867 74.4

Educational services................................................................................................... 12,965 68.4

Elementary and secondary schools......................................................................... 8,524 75.5

Colleges and universities, including junior colleges.................................................. 3,607 53.5

Business, technical, and trade schools and training................................................. 123 53.3

Other schools, instruction, and educational services............................................... 711 62.5

Health care and social assistance............................................................................... 18,902 78.5

Hospitals.................................................................................................................. 6,315 75.8

 See note at end of table.

51
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Health services, except hospitals............................................................................. 9,367 78.1

Offices of physicians............................................................................................. 1,512 77.4

Offices of dentists................................................................................................. 866 81.2

Offices of chiropractors......................................................................................... 129 61.3

Offices of optometrists.......................................................................................... 123 77.4

Offices of other health practitioners...................................................................... 279 76.0

Outpatient care centers........................................................................................ 1,214 78.3

Home health care services................................................................................... 968 88.6

Other health care services.................................................................................... 1,738 70.6

Nursing care facilities........................................................................................... 1,778 83.8

Residential care facilities, without nursing............................................................ 760 69.9

Social assistance..................................................................................................... 3,221 85.0

Individual and family services............................................................................... 1,481 79.1

Community food and housing, and emergency services....................................... 99 67.6

Vocational rehabilitation services.......................................................................... 156 55.0

Child day care services......................................................................................... 1,485 95.2

Leisure and hospitality.................................................................................................... 12,697 50.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation............................................................................. 2,922 45.3

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries......... 798 40.3

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions............................... 371 47.3

Bowling centers....................................................................................................... 51 41.9

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries........................................... 1,702 47.3

Accommodation and food services.............................................................................. 9,775 51.9

Accommodation....................................................................................................... 1,407 53.5

Traveler accommodation...................................................................................... 1,301 53.7

Industry Total employed Percent women

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses.......... 106 52.2

Food services and drinking places........................................................................... 8,368 51.6

Restaurants and other food services.................................................................... 8,148 51.5

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages.................................................................... 220 56.2

Other services................................................................................................................ 6,724 52.0

Other services, except private households.................................................................. 6,002 47.5

Repair and maintenance.......................................................................................... 1,984 10.7

Automotive repair and maintenance..................................................................... 1,132 8.4

Car washes.......................................................................................................... 165 11.8

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance................................ 182 11.0

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance..... 308 8.5

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance...................................... 192 26.7

Footwear and leather goods repair....................................................................... 4 —

Personal and laundry services................................................................................. 2,218 74.6

Barber shops........................................................................................................ 97 23.4

Beauty salons....................................................................................................... 961 91.5

Nail salons and other personal care services....................................................... 377 78.1

Dry-cleaning and laundry services........................................................................ 327 58.5

Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories....................................................... 106 38.6

Other personal services........................................................................................ 350 64.6

Membership associations and organizations............................................................ 1,800 54.6

Religious organizations......................................................................................... 1,025 48.4

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services........ 579 67.0

Labor unions......................................................................................................... 76 37.3

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations................................... 121 58.8

Private households...................................................................................................... 722 89.3

 See note at end of table.

52
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Public administration...................................................................................................... 6,853 44.7

Executive offices and legislative bodies................................................................... 884 53.7

Public finance activities............................................................................................ 346 62.3

Other general government and support.................................................................... 138 37.3

Justice, public order, and safety activities................................................................ 2,820 33.6

Administration of human resource programs............................................................ 976 72.4

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs................................ 299 41.6

Administration of economic programs and space research...................................... 594 43.7

National security and international affairs................................................................ 795 35.2

Industry Total employed Percent women

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

53
Table 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands)....................... 52,770 8,098 3,165 8,220

 Percent............................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries ...................................... 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction .................... .2 .1 .1 .1

Construction ...................................................................... 1.4 .5 .4 1.1

Manufacturing .................................................................... 6.2 5.2 9.5 7.9

 Durable goods ................................................................. 3.4 2.6 5.9 3.5

 Nondurable goods ........................................................... 2.9 2.7 3.6 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade ................................................. 13.8 11.9 12.7 14.9

 Wholesale trade .............................................................. 1.8 .9 2.1 1.9

 Retail trade ...................................................................... 12.0 11.0 10.6 13.0

Transportation and utilities ................................................ 2.3 3.8 2.1 2.5

 Transportation and warehousing ..................................... 1.9 3.2 1.9 2.1

 Utilities ............................................................................. .4 .5 .3 .3

Information ......................................................................... 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.3

Financial activities ............................................................. 8.0 6.7 8.2 6.7

 Finance and insurance .................................................... 5.9 5.4 6.7 4.9

 Real estate and rental and leasing .................................. 2.2 1.3 1.5 1.8

P f i l db i i 10 2 7 8 10 5 10 3

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Industry White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Professional and business services .................................. 10.2 7.8 10.5 10.3

 Professional and technical services ................................ 6.4 3.5 8.3 3.5

 Management, administrative, and waste services............ 3.7 4.3 2.1 6.8

Education and health services ........................................... 35.6 41.7 31.4 30.4

 Educational services ........................................................ 14.1 12.0 8.4 10.0

 Health care and social assistance ................................... 21.5 29.7 22.9 20.4

 Hospitals ........................................................................ 6.9 9.1 9.7 4.8

 Health services, except hospitals .................................. 10.6 14.8 10.4 10.2

 Social assistance ........................................................... 4.0 5.9 2.9 5.4

Leisure and hospitality ....................................................... 9.7 8.9 11.5 13.2

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................. 2.1 1.2 2.2 1.5

 Accommodation and food services .................................. 7.6 7.7 9.3 11.6

Other services ................................................................... 5.4 3.8 8.2 6.7

 Other services, except private households ...................... 4.3 3.2 7.5 3.8

 Private households .......................................................... 1.0 .7 .7 2.8

Public administration ......................................................... 4.3 7.4 3.3 3.7

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

54
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2011 annual averages

1979....... $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980....... 262 269 212 - 209 201 203 185 - 172

1981....... 284 291 235 - 223 219 221 206 - 190

1982....... 302 310 245 - 240 239 242 217 - 203

1983....... 313 320 261 - 250 252 254 232 - 215

1984....... 326 336 269 - 259 265 268 241 - 223

1985......... 344 356 277 - 270 277 281 252 - 230

1986 1

...... 359 371 291 - 277 291 294 264 - 241

1987....... 374 384 301 - 285 303 307 276 - 251

1988......... 385 395 314 - 290 315 318 288 - 260

1989....... 399 409 319 - 298 328 334 301 - 269

1990 1

...... 412 424 329 - 304 346 353 308 - 278

1991....... 426 442 348 - 312 366 373 323 - 292

1992....... 440 458 357 - 321 380 387 335 - 302

1993....... 459 475 369 - 331 393 401 348 - 313

1994 1

...... 467 484 371 - 324 399 408 346 - 305

1995....... 479 494 383 - 329 406 415 355 - 305

1996....... 490 506 387 - 339 418 428 362 - 316

1997 1

...... 503 519 400 - 351 431 444 375 - 318

1998 1

...... 523 545 426 - 370 456 468 400 - 337

1999 1

...... 549 573 445 - 385 473 483 409 - 348

Year 

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Total, both sexes Women

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

2000 1...... 576 590 474 $615 399 493 502 429 $547 366

2001....... 596 610 491 639 417 512 522 454 563 388

2002....... 608 623 498 658 424 529 547 473 566 397

2003 1

...... 620 636 514 693 440 552 567 491 598 410

2004....... 638 657 525 708 456 573 584 505 613 419

2005...... 651 672 520 753 471 585 596 499 665 429

2006....... 671 690 554 784 486 600 609 519 699 440

2007....... 695 716 569 830 503 614 626 533 731 473

2008 1

...... 722 742 589 861 529 638 654 554 753 501

2009 ...... 739 757 601 880 541 657 669 582 779 509

2010 ...... 747 765 611 855 535 669 684 592 773 508

2011 ...... 756 775 615 866 549 684 703 595 751 518

 See footnote at end of table.

55
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2011 annual averages—Continued

1979....... $292 $298 $227 — $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 — 71.7 

1980....... 313 320 244 — 234 64.2 63.4 75.8 — 73.5 

1981....... 340 350 268 — 251 64.4 63.1 76.9 — 75.7 

1982....... 364 375 278 — 269 65.7 64.5 78.1 — 75.5 

1983....... 379 387 294 — 274 66.5 65.6 78.9 — 78.5 

1984....... 392 401 303 — 287 67.6 66.8 79.5 — 77.7 

1985......... 407 418 305 — 296 68.1 67.2 82.6 — 77.7 

1986 1

...... 419 433 319 — 299 69.5 67.9 82.8 — 80.6 

1987....... 434 450 327 — 306 69.8 68.2 84.4 — 82.0 

1988......... 449 465 348 — 308 70.2 68.4 82.8 — 84.4 

1989....... 468 482 348 — 315 70.1 69.3 86.5 — 85.4 

1990 1

...... 481 494 361 — 318 71.9 71.5 85.3 — 87.4 

1991....... 493 506 375 — 323 74.2 73.7 86.1 — 90.4 

1992....... 501 514 380 — 339 75.8 75.3 88.2 — 89.1 

1993....... 510 524 392 — 346 77.1 76.5 88.8 — 90.5 

1994 1

...... 522 547 400 — 343 76.4 74.6 86.5 — 88.9 

1995....... 538 566 411 — 350 75.5 73.3 86.4 — 87.1 

1996....... 557 580 412 — 356 75.0 73.8 87.9 — 88.8 

1997 1

...... 579 595 432 — 371 74.4 74.6 86.8 — 85.7 

1998 1

...... 598 615 468 — 390 76.3 76.1 85.5 — 86.4 

1999 1

...... 618 638 488 — 406 76.5 75.7 83.8 — 85.7 

Year 

Men Women's earnings as a percent of men's

Total

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

White Asian

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

2000 1...... 641 662 510 $685 417 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 

2001....... 670 689 529 732 440 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 

2002....... 679 702 524 756 451 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 

2003 1

...... 695 715 555 772 464 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 

2004....... 713 732 569 802 480 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 

2005...... 722 743 559 825 489 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7 

2006....... 743 761 591 882 505 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1 

2007....... 766 788 600 936 520 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0 

2008 1

...... 798 825 620 966 559 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6 

2009 ...... 819 845 621 952 569 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5 

2010 ...... 824 850 633 936 560 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7 

2011 ...... 832 856 653 970 571 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7 

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes

in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability documentation provided at

http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people 

who selected this race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who 

reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000–02 are for the category

Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. For more information, see the historical

comparability documentation. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic

or Latino may be of any race. 

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

56
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and 

salary workers 25 years of age and over by educational attainment 

and sex, 2011 annual averages

Total, both sexes

Total................................................. 91,733 $797

 Less than a high school diploma ............ 7,019 451

 High school graduate or more............. 84,715 840

 High school graduates, no college......... 25,157 638

 Some college or associate's degree...... 25,205 739

 Some college, no degree................... 15,178 719

 Associate's degree............................ 10,027 768

 Occupational program..................... 4,466 760

 Academic program......................... 5,562 775

 College graduates, total..................... 34,353 1,150

 Bachelor's degree............................ 21,834 1,053

 Master's degree.............................. 9,256 1,263

 Professional degree......................... 1,538 1,665

 Doctoral degree.............................. 1,726 1,551

Women

Total.................................................. 40,714 718

 Less than a high school diploma............ 2,225 395

 High school graduate or more............. 38,489 741

Hi h h l d t ll 10 220 554

 Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings

 High school graduates, no college......... 10,220 554

 Some college or associate's degree...... 12,048 645

 Some college, no degree................... 6,940 622

 Associate's degree............................ 5,108 682

 Occupational program..................... 2,138 657

 Academic program......................... 2,970 701

 College graduates, total..................... 16,221 998

 Bachelor's degree........................... 10,200 930

 Master's degree.............................. 4,777 1,125

 Professional degree......................... 579 1,415

 Doctoral degree................................ 665 1,371

57
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and

salary workers 25 years of age and over by educational attainment

and sex, 2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Men

Total................................................. 51,020 $886

 Less than a high school diploma............ 4,794 488

 High school graduate or more............. 46,226 940

 High school graduates, no college......... 14,937 720

 Some college or associate's degree...... 13,156 840

 Some college, no degree................... 8,237 818

 Associate's degree............................ 4,919 880

 Occupational program..................... 2,327 875

 Academic program......................... 2,592 885

 College graduates, total..................... 18,132 1,332

 Bachelor's degree............................ 11,634 1,199

 Master's degree.............................. 4,478 1,515

 Professional degree........................ 958 1,836

 Doctoral degree............................... 1,062 1,734

Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

58
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages

Total, 16 years and older......................................................100,457 $756 44,486 $684 55,971 $832 82.2

Management, professional, and related occupations.................. 39,791 1,082 20,524 941 19,267 1,269 74.2

Management, business, and financial 

 operations occupations................................................... 16,061 1,160 7,386 977 8,676 1,370 71.3

Management occupations........................................... 10,891 1,237 4,440 1,018 6,451 1,427 71.3

Chief executives...................................................... 990 1,963 245 1,464 745 2,122 69.0

General and operations managers.................................. 921 1,191 270 972 651 1,319 73.7

Legislators............................................................... 13 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Advertising and promotions managers........................... 68 1,164 40 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Marketing and sales managers......................................... 891 1,408 392 1,127 499 1,660 67.9

Public relations and fundraising managers..................... 62 1,475 29 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Administrative services managers............................... 115 1,021 44 ( 1 ) 71 1,170 ( 2 )

Computer and information systems managers.................. 530 1,579 138 1,543 392 1,595 96.7

Financial managers.................................................. 1,044 1,166 567 991 477 1,504 65.9

Compensation and benefits managers........................... 21 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Human resources managers..................................... 207 1,331 149 1,273 58 1,488 85.6

Training and development managers........................... 36 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 24 — ( 2 )

Industrial production managers......................................... 250 1,211 45 ( 1 ) 204 1,245 ( 2 )

Purchasing managers................................................ 183 1,242 89 1,026 94 1,368 75.0

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers......... 229 882 33 ( 1 ) 196 861 ( 2 )

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers......... 98 800 17 ( 1 ) 81 855 ( 2 )

Construction managers............................................ 464 1,268 31 ( 1 ) 433 1,325 ( 2 )

Education administrators........................................... 735 1,228 467 1,061 268 1,532 69.3

Architectural and engineering managers........................ 98 1,914 7 ( 1 ) 91 1,908 ( 2 )

Food service managers............................................. 675 660 314 599 361 734 81.6

Funeral service managers........................................... 8 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Gaming managers..................................................... 22 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lodging managers................................................... 91 883 55 841 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical and health services managers........................... 450 1,252 325 1,166 125 1,456 80.1

Natural sciences managers.......................................... 12 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postmasters and mail superintendents........................... 29 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Property, real estate, and community

 association managers............................................. 317 921 182 728 135 1,201 60.6

Social and community service managers........................ 277 1,045 196 973 81 1,221 79.7

Emergency management directors.............................. 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Managers, all other................................................... 2,050 1,265 737 1,047 1,313 1,406 74.5

Business and financial operations occupations.................. 5,170 1,038 2,946 937 2,225 1,225 76.5

Agents and business managers of artists, 

 performers, and athletes............................................. 25 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products.................. 7 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products......... 130 882 62 849 68 928 91.5

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and 

 farm products......................................................... 226 1,015 118 945 108 1,129 83.7

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners,

 and investigators................................................... 271 913 162 804 110 1,077 74.7

Compliance officers................................................... 176 1,125 78 995 98 1,279 77.8

Cost estimators......................................................... 106 1,080 19 ( 1 ) 87 1,117 ( 2 )

Human resource workers............................................. 522 938 406 912 116 1,053 86.6

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialits......... 53 893 39 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Training and development specialists........................... 117 1,059 64 951 53 1,260 84.0

Logisticians............................................................. 77 864 27 ( 1 ) 50 938 ( 2 )

Management analysts................................................ 458 1,355 208 1,174 250 1,514 77.5

Meeting, convention, and event planners........................ 87 889 71 892 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

59
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Fundraisers............................................................ 56 $1,064 42 ( 1

 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Maret researcxh analysts and marketing specialists......... 167 1,157 101 $1,029 66 $1,446 71.2

Business operations specialists, all other........................ 238 991 149 908 88 1,185 76.6

Accountants and auditors.......................................... 1,383 1,056 852 956 532 1,250 76.5

Appraisers and assessors of real estate........................ 50 990 20 ( 1

 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Budget analysts......................................................... 52 1,174 30 ( 1

 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit analysts......................................................... 21 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1

 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial analysts...................................................... 63 1,737 22 ( 1

 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal financial advisors........................................ 270 1,239 97 941 173 1,535 61.3

Insurance underwriters.................................................. 108 970 64 939 44 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial examiners................................................... 7 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1

 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit counselors and loan officers.............................. 306 1,024 159 829 147 1,345 61.6

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents............... 67 920 40 ( 1

 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tax preparers............................................................ 55 701 41 ( 1

 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial specialists, all other....................................... 72 913 41 ( 1

 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Professional and related occupations................................ 23,730 1,029 13,139 919 10,592 1,211 75.9

Computer and mathematical occupations........................... 3,296 1,305 787 1,126 2,509 1,369 82.2

Computer and information research scientists.................. 19 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1

 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Computer systems analysts.................................... 373 1,328 132 1,144 242 1,410 81.1

Information security analysts.................................... 45 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1

 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Computer programmers............................................. 411 1,277 83 1,238 329 1,330 93.1

Software developers, applications and systems...............

 software.............................................................. 990 1,558 179 1,388 812 1,606 86.4

Web developers......................................................... 117 1,017 35 ( 1

 ) 81 1,033 ( 2 )

Computer support specialists....................................... 434 915 107 951 326 896 106.1

Database administrators........................................... 138 1,238 48 ( 1

 ) 90 1,470 ( 2 )

Network and computer systems administrators............... 221 1,180 49 ( 1

 ) 172 1,243 ( 2 )

Computer network architects....................................... 94 1,441 12 ( 1

 ) 81 1,585 ( 2 )

Computer occupations, all other.................................... 282 1,127 61 998 221 1,165 85.7

Actuaries................................................................ 17 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1

 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mathematicians.............................................................. 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1

 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Operations research analysts....................................... 116 1,273 51 1,326 66 1,258 105.4

Statisticians............................................................ 30 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1

 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations......... 6 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1

 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Architecture and engineering occupations........................ 2,494 1,315 316 1,140 2,178 1,343 84.9

Architects, except naval............................................. 113 1,325 21 ( 1

 ) 92 1,351 ( 2 )

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists............ 31 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1

 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Aerospace engineers................................................ 134 1,621 16 ( 1

 ) 119 1,745 ( 2 )

Agricultural engineers..................................................... 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1

 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biomedical engineers................................................ 12 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1

 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical engineers................................................... 73 1,757 16 ( 1

 ) 57 1,885 ( 2 )

Civil engineers....................................................... 335 1,398 46 ( 1

 ) 289 1,436 ( 2 )

Computer hardware engineers.................................... 76 1,528 10 ( 1

 ) 66 1,546 ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics engineers.............................. 283 1,442 26 ( 1

 ) 256 1,455 ( 2 )

Environmental engineers........................................... 36 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1

 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial engineers, including health and safety............... 178 1336 34 ( 1

 ) 143 1356 ( 2 )

Marine engineers and naval architects........................... 6 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1

 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Materials engineers................................................. 30 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1

 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mechanical engineers................................................ 306 1,374 16 ( 1

 ) 290 1,399 ( 2 )

Mining and geological engineers, including ( 1

 )

 mining safety engineers........................................... 9 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1

 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nuclear engineers.................................................... 23 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1

 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Petroleum engineers................................................... 19 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1

 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

60
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Engineers, all other.................................................. 310 $1,366 35 ( 1 ) 275 $1,361 ( 2 )

Drafters.................................................................. 124 941 23 ( 1 ) 102 1,052 ( 2 )

Engineering technicians, except drafters........................ 341 954 40 ( 1 ) 301 952 ( 2 )

Surveying and mapping technicians.............................. 53 777 6 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Life, physical, and social science occupations..................... 1,043 1,108 479 $1,038 565 1,156 89.8

Agricultural and food scientists.................................... 27 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biological scientists................................................... 103 1,031 50 853 53 1,177 72.5

Conservation scientists and foresters........................... 22 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical scientists...................................................... 141 1,109 78 1,127 64 1,102 102.3

Astronomers and physicists.......................................... 18 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Atmospheric and space scientists................................. 7 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemists and materials scientists................................. 83 1,169 38 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Environmental scientists and geoscientists..................... 86 1,383 25 ( 1 ) 61 1,408 ( 2 )

Physical scientists, all other...................................... 133 1,383 51 1,167 82 1483 78.7

Economists............................................................. 20 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Survey researchers.................................................... 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Psychologists............................................................ 104 1,229 74 1,244 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sociologists............................................................ 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Urban and regional planners....................................... 19 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous social scientists and related

 workers.................................................................. 48 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Agricultural and food science technicians........................ 13 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biological technicians.............................................. 19 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical technicians................................................ 69 788 29 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Geological and petroleum technicians........................... 6 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nuclear technicians................................................... 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Social science research assistants.............................. 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science 

 technicians............................................................ 118 763 49 ( 1 ) 69 807 ( 2 )

Community and social services occupations..................... 1,931 813 1,202 772 728 906 85.2

Counselors................................................................. 568 828 380 808 188 874 92.4

Social workers......................................................... 684 817 554 798 130 902 88.5

Probation officers and correctional treatment

 specialists............................................................... 86 822 44 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

 Social and human service assistants........................... 105 597 83 597 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous community and social service 

 specialists, health educators and community

 health workers......................................................... 62 676 39 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Clergy.................................................................... 343 945 51 889 292 961 92.5

Directors, religious activities and education..................... 34 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Religious workers, all other.......................................... 50 654 26 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Legal occupations...................................................... 1,259 1,277 676 1,003 583 1,758 57.1

Lawyers.................................................................. 704 1,774 242 1,631 462 1,884 86.6

Judicial law clerks...................................................... 4 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers............... 58 1,655 26 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Paralegals and legal assistants.................................... 338 824 286 813 52 884 92.0

Miscellaneous legal support workers.............................. 155 815 120 788 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Education, training, and library occupations........................ 6,518 919 4,769 869 1,749 1,109 78.4

Postsecondary teachers............................................. 925 1,209 399 1,093 526 1,358 80.5

Preschool and kindergarten teachers........................... 532 606 519 603 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Elementary and middle school teachers........................ 2,436 947 1,973 933 463 1,022 91.3

Secondary school teachers.......................................... 1,005 1,015 575 989 431 1,049 94.3

Special education teachers.......................................... 364 939 308 935 55 967 96.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

61
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Other teachers and instructors.................................... 368 $858 205 $739 163 $1,105 66.9

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians.................. 38 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Librarians............................................................... 139 850 118 813 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Library technicians................................................... 13 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Teacher assistants................................................... 605 480 566 471 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other education, training, and library workers.................. 94 982 71 979 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media 

 occupations............................................................ 1,464 929 613 856 850 995 86.0

Artists and related workers.......................................... 56 1,115 21 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Designers............................................................... 458 950 201 816 257 1,045 78.1

Actors................................................................... 8 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Producers and directors............................................. 105 1,023 47 ( 1 ) 58 1,130 ( 2 )

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers............ 109 825 25 ( 1 ) 84 919 ( 2 )

Dancers and choreographers....................................... 6 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Musicians, singers, and related workers........................ 35 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Entertainers and performers, sports and related

 workers, other.......................................................... 7 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Announcers............................................................ 32 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

News analysts, reporters and correspondents.................. 62 937 18 ( 1 ) 44 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Public relations specialists.......................................... 123 954 75 887 49 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Editors..................................................................... 132 902 74 892 58 933 95.6

Technical writers...................................................... 46 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Writers and authors................................................. 85 918 43 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous media and communication workers............ 47 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians 

 and radio operators................................................... 79 857 6 ( 1 ) 73 872 ( 2 )

Photographers......................................................... 45 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Television, video, and motion picture camera

 operators and editors................................................ 27 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Media and communication equipment 

 workers, all others................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations............... 5,725 995 4,296 965 1,429 1,129 85.5

Chiropractors............................................................ 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dentists.................................................................. 42 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dietitians and nutritionists.......................................... 69 897 64 906 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Optometrists............................................................ 9 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pharmacists............................................................ 195 1,917 110 1,898 85 1,998 95.0

Physicians and surgeons............................................. 573 1,860 206 1,527 366 1,935 78.9

Physician assistants................................................... 69 1,220 44 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Podiatrists.................................................................... 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Audiologists............................................................ 14 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupational therapists............................................. 72 1,189 62 1,193 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Physical therapists.................................................. 146 1,322 87 1,216 59 1,522 79.9

Radiation therapists................................................... 12 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Recreational therapists................................................ 10 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Respiratory therapists............................................... 126 997 73 1,028 53 966 106.4

Speech-language pathologists.................................. 87 1,075 84 1,076 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Exercise physiologists................................................ 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Therapists, all other................................................... 83 885 64 869 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Veterinarians............................................................ 40 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Registered Nurse...................................................... 2,145 1,039 1,937 1,034 208 1,081 95.7

Nurse anesthetists................................................... 26 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nurse midwives......................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nurse practioners...................................................... 81 1,461 69 1,432 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

62
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners,

 all other............................................................... 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians............ 282 $861 206 $845 77 $888 95.2

Dental hygienists..................................................... 61 986 59 992 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians............ 273 981 191 964 82 1,054 91.5

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics............ 167 715 54 649 113 757 85.7

Health practitioner support technicians........................... 374 644 283 632 91 682 92.7

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses............ 424 722 386 720 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical records and health information

 technicians............................................................ 107 588 96 574 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Opticians, dispensing................................................ 34 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous health technologists and

 technicians............................................................ 127 744 89 711 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other healthcare practitioners and technical

 occupations.......................................................... 63 870 22 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Service occupations......................................................... 14,378 486 6,991 433 7,387 551 78.6

Health care support occupations.................................... 2,190 487 1,900 483 290 521 92.7

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.................. 1,305 453 1,134 446 172 502 88.8

Occupational therapy assistants and aides................. 12 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Physical therapist assistants and aides........................... 54 665 32 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Massage therapists.................................................. 34 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dental assistants...................................................... 191 579 184 582 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical assistants...................................................... 314 522 293 518 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical transcriptionists............................................. 44 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pharmacy aides....................................................... 23 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal 

 caretakers............................................................... 20 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Phlebotomists......................................................... 94 521 77 516 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations,

 including medical equipment preparers........................ 98 487 72 480 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Protective service occupations....................................... 2,798 757 511 602 2,287 797 75.5

First-line supervisors/managers of correctional 

 officers................................................................. 41 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

First-line supervisors of police and detectives.................. 101 1,083 18 ( 1 ) 83 1,109 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and

 prevention workers................................................. 40 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

First-line supervisors, protective service workers, 

 all other.................................................................. 96 716 23 ( 1 ) 73 788 ( 2 )

Fire fighters............................................................ 291 1,000 11 ( 1 ) 281 998 ( 2 )

Fire inspectors......................................................... 18 – 1 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers........................ 436 682 116 586 320 722 81.2

Detectives and criminal investigators.............................. 147 1,154 22 ( 1 ) 125 1,192 ( 2 )

Fish and game wardens............................................. 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parking enforcement workers....................................... 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Police and sheriff's patrol officers................................. 653 947 75 938 578 948 98.9

Transit and railroad police............................................... 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal control workers................................................ 8 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Private detectives and investigators.............................. 86 869 30 ( 1 ) 56 891 ( 2 )

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers............ 775 519 156 474 619 544 87.1

Crossing guards...................................................... 23 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Transportation security screeners................................. 21 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

63
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other

 protective service workers.......................................... 44 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food preparation and serving related occupations............... 3,930 $409 1,909 $390 2,021 $429 90.9

Chefs and head cooks............................................. 299 580 53 502 245 601 83.5

First-line supervisors of food preparation and

 serving workers...................................................... 378 485 220 458 158 525 87.2

Cooks..................................................................... 1,210 390 449 363 761 406 89.4

Food preparation workers.......................................... 357 384 202 375 155 395 94.9

Bartenders............................................................ 210 545 106 505 104 593 85.2

Combined food preparation and serving workers, 

 including fast food............................................... 161 387 114 385 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, 

 and coffee shop...................................................... 58 323 32 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Waiters and waitresses............................................. 872 407 559 389 313 466 83.5

Food servers, nonrestaurant...................................... 84 419 52 393 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and 

 bartender helpers................................................... 119 383 42 ( 1 ) 77 392 ( 2 )

Dishwashers............................................................ 118 332 28 ( 1 ) 90 321 ( 2 )

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and 

 coffee shop......................................................... 62 369 52 356 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food preparation and serving related workers,

 all other................................................................ 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 

 occupations............................................................ 3,339 465 1,128 406 2,212 502 80.9

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and 

 janitorial workers................................................... 179 646 67 488 113 756 64.6

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, 

 and groundskeeping workers.................................... 94 797 10 ( 1 ) 85 808 ( 2 )

Janitors and building cleaners..................................... 1,496 489 384 418 1,111 514 81.3

Maids and housekeeping cleaners................................. 751 399 638 392 114 473 82.9

Pest control workers................................................... 58 575 1 ( 1 ) 57 572 ( 2 )

Grounds maintenance workers.................................... 761 425 29 ( 1 ) 732 424 ( 2 )

Personal care and service occupations........................... 2,121 453 1,543 422 578 562 75.1

First-line supervisors of gaming workers........................ 90 739 39 ( 1 ) 51 876 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors of personal 

 service workers...................................................... 67 613 46 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal trainers......................................................... 16 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nonfarm animal caretakers.......................................... 82 419 60 417 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Gaming services workers........................................... 82 636 39 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Motion picture projectionists....................................... 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers..................... 9 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and

 related workers...................................................... 66 424 31 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Embalmers and funeral attendants.............................. 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors.................. 16 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Barbers................................................................ 29 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists.................. 282 453 259 440 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers.................. 136 441 104 413 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges..................... 63 545 8 ( 1 ) 55 561 ( 2 )

Tour and travel guides................................................ 9 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Childcare workers...................................................... 367 382 342 383 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal care aides................................................... 549 412 455 407 94 454 89.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

64
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Recreation and fitness workers.................................... 177 $506 101 $494 76 $575 85.9

Residential advisors................................................... 42 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal care and service workers, all other.................. 34 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales and office occupations............................................. 22,989 638 13,977 602 9,012 738 81.6

Sales and related occupations....................................... 9,294 670 4,069 549 5,225 804 68.3

First-line supervisors of retail 

 sales workers......................................................... 2,223 676 959 599 1,263 759 78.9

First-line supervisors of non-retail 

 sales workers................... ..................................... 702 951 214 781 488 1,016 76.9

Cashiers.................................................................. 1,343 383 962 373 381 411 90.8

Counter and rental clerks......................................... 87 603 38 ( 1 ) 50 620 ( 2 )

Parts salespersons................................................. 117 610 16 ( 1 ) 100 587 ( 2 )

Retail salespersons................................................... 1,789 545 733 466 1,056 620 75.2

Advertising sales agents............................................. 202 893 112 772 90 961 80.3

Insurance sales agents............................................. 384 807 201 665 183 1,033 64.4

Securities, commodities, and financial services 

 sales agents............................................................ 222 1,144 73 884 149 1,269 69.7

Travel agents.............................................................. 49 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales representatives, services, all other........................ 397 887 119 757 278 953 79.4

Sales representatives, wholesale and 

 manufacturing......................................................... 1,091 991 262 927 829 1,019 91.0

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters............... 15 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Real estate brokers and sales agents........................... 380 812 204 676 176 992 68.1

Sales engineers......................................................... 30 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Telemarketers........................................................ 69 412 40 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street 

 vendors, and related workers.................................... 55 526 20 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales and related workers, all other.............................. 140 781 64 618 76 985 62.7

Office and administrative support occupations.................. 13,695 623 9,908 615 3,787 668 92.1

First-line supervisors of office and 

 administrative support workers.................................... 1,274 764 856 741 418 833 89.0

Switchboard operators, including answering

 service.................................................................. 29 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Telephone operators.............................................. 38 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Communications equipment operators, all other............... 6 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bill and account collectors......................................... 178 608 130 597 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Billing and posting clerks ....................................... 397 607 359 605 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.................. 862 655 750 656 112 654 100.3

Gaming cage workers................................................ 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Payroll and timekeeping clerks.................................... 136 710 125 704 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Procurement clerks................................................... 24 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tellers..................................................................... 283 492 241 500 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial clerks, all other............................................. 64 793 48 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Brokerage clerks...................................................... 11 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Correspondence clerks............................................. 10 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Court, municipal, and license clerks.............................. 74 763 60 738 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks........................ 47 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Customer service representatives................................ 1,509 588 972 569 538 628 90.6

Eligibility interviewers, government programs.................. 79 632 70 632 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

File clerks............................................................... 248 616 217 620 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks.............................. 86 423 53 416 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan........................... 121 546 99 551 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Library assistants, clerical.......................................... 49 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Loan interviewers and clerks....................................... 110 706 93 696 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

New accounts clerks................................................... 27 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

65
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Order clerks.......................................................... 96 $586 60 $577 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Human resources assistants, except payroll and

 timekeeping............................................................ 45 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Receptionists and information clerks.............................. 868 520 790 520 78 $521 99.8

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and

 travel clerks............................................................ 80 649 47 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Information and record clerks, all other........................... 105 744 86 737 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cargo and freight agents............................................. 6 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Couriers and messengers.......................................... 164 744 19 ( 1 ) 145 785 ( 2 )

Dispatchers............................................................ 207 651 126 626 81 728 86.0

Meter readers, utilities................................................ 21 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postal service clerks................................................... 129 978 63 892 66 1,014 88.0

Postal service mail carriers......................................... 303 979 98 892 205 1,017 87.7

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and

 processing machine operators.................................... 57 918 24 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Production, planning, and expediting clerks..................... 226 812 116 722 110 916 78.8

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................... 481 562 141 543 340 571 95.1

Stock clerks and order fillers....................................... 992 492 337 501 655 488 102.7

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,

 recordkeeping....................................................... 60 596 28 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Secretaries and administrative assistants........................ 2,143 654 2,059 651 84 757 86.0

Computer operators................................................... 116 724 56 651 59 853 76.3

Data entry keyers...................................................... 280 595 231 597 49 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Word processors and typists....................................... 109 599 99 594 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Desktop publishers.................................................. 1 — 0— 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks............... 236 660 197 647 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, 

 except postal service.............................................. 79 521 41 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Office clerks, general............................................... 794 604 673 594 121 712 83.4

Office machine operators, except computer..................... 31 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Proofreaders and copy markers.................................... 7 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Statistical assistants................................................... 12 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Office and administrative support workers, all

 other..................................................................... 387 679 286 645 101 792 81.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 

 occupations............................................................ 9,965 732 391 515 9,574 740 69.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations........................ 775 430 150 371 625 445 83.4

First-line supervisors of farming,

 fishing, and forestry workers....................................... 38 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Agricultural inspectors................................................ 23 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal breeders...................................................... 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Graders and sorters, agricultural products..................... 85 379 53 363 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous agricultural workers.............................. 565 419 77 370 488 427 86.7

Fishers and related fishing workers.............................. 13 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hunters and trappers................................................ 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Forest and conservation workers................................. 8 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Logging workers..................................................... 39 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction and extraction occupations........................... 5,031 717 95 612 4,937 718 85.2

First-line supervisors of construction trades

 and extraction workers............................................. 482 992 15 ( 1 ) 467 1,001 ( 2 )

Boilermakers............................................................ 18 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons............... 96 710 1 ( 1 ) 95 706 ( 2 )

Carpenters............................................................... 737 630 10 ( 1 ) 727 630 ( 2 )

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.................. 110 579 1 ( 1 ) 109 581 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

66
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and 

 terrazzo workers...................................................... 59 $651 0 ( 1 ) 59 $651 ( 2 )

Construction laborers.............................................. 862 586 15 ( 1 ) 846 587 ( 2 )

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment 

 operators............................................................... 19 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pile-driver operators................................................. 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Operating engineers and other construction 

 equipment operators............................................... 345 809 2 ( 1 ) 343 809 ( 2 )

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers............ 101 507 1 ( 1 ) 100 509 ( 2 )

Electricians............................................................... 542 857 3 ( 1 ) 539 855 ( 2 )

Glaziers.................................................................. 40 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Insulation workers...................................................... 41 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Painters, construction and maintenance........................ 266 544 17 ( 1 ) 249 555 ( 2 )

Paperhangers......................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters............ 417 851 11 ( 1 ) 406 853 ( 2 )

Plasterers and stucco masons.................................... 13 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers.............................. 5 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Roofers.................................................................. 143 523 3 ( 1 ) 141 520 ( 2 )

Sheet metal workers................................................. 107 805 3 ( 1 ) 104 805 ( 2 )

Structural iron and steel workers................................. 66 870 0 ( 1 ) 66 870 ( 2 )

Solar photovoltaic installers........................................ 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers, construction trades....................................... 50 469 3 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction and building inspectors.............................. 54 906 2 ( 1 ) 52 919 ( 2 )

Elevator installers and repairers.................................... 30 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fence erectors......................................................... 32 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hazardous materials removal workers........................... 25 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Highway maintenance workers.................................... 96 708 2 ( 1 ) 94 711 ( 2 )

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment

 operators.................................................................... 8 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners............... 9 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous construction and related workers............... 28 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, ( 2 )

 oil, gas, and mining................................................ 42 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Earth drillers, except oil and gas.................................... 17 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts,

 and blasters.......................................................... 10 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mining machine operators............................................... 70 1,022 1 ( 1 ) 69 1,010 ( 2 )

Roof bolters, mining................................................ 12 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Roustabouts, oil and gas........................................... 18 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—extraction workers....................................... 8 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other extraction workers............................................ 49 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 49 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations............... 4,159 806 146 $751 4,013 807 93.1

First-line supervisors of mechanics,

 installers, and repairers........................................... 327 947 21 ( 1 ) 306 936 ( 2 )

Computer, automated teller, and office machine 

 repairers............................................................... 237 811 22 ( 1 ) 215 812 ( 2 )

Radio and telecommunications equipment 

 installers and repairers............................................. 139 898 12 ( 1 ) 127 883 ( 2 )

Avionics technicians................................................... 16 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers............... 26 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics installers and

 repairers, transportation equipment.............................. 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial

 and utility.............................................................. 15 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electronic equipment installers and repairers,

See footnotes at end of table.

Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

67
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

 motor vehicles.............................................................. 14 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electronic home entertainment equipment

 installers and repairers............................................. 32 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Security and fire alarm systems installers........................ 44 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 44 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians..................... 143 $988 4 ( 1 ) 139 $990 ( 2 )

Automotive body and related repairers........................... 107 624 1 ( 1 ) 107 625 ( 2 )

Automotive glass installers and repairers........................ 11 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Automotive service technicians and mechanics............... 653 714 8 ( 1 ) 645 718 ( 2 )

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine 

 specialists............................................................ 286 801 1 ( 1 ) 286 802 ( 2 )

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service 

 technicians and mechanics....................................... 182 822 3 ( 1 ) 179 822 ( 2 )

Small engine mechanics............................................. 32 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment

 mechanics, installers, and repairers........................... 73 463 2 ( 1 ) 71 463 ( 2 )

Control and valve installers and repairers........................ 25 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration 

 mechanics and installers.......................................... 281 793 1 ( 1 ) 279 795 ( 2 )

Home appliance repairers.......................................... 27 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics............... 425 868 10 ( 1 ) 415 870 ( 2 )

Maintenance and repair workers, general........................ 359 758 11 ( 1 ) 347 756 ( 2 )

Maintenance workers, machinery............................... 34 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Millwrights............................................................... 57 892 1 ( 1 ) 56 897 ( 2 )

Electrical power-line installers and repairers.................. 111 1,116 0 ( 1 ) 111 1,116 ( 2 )

Telecommunications line installers and repairers............ 192 915 7 ( 1 ) 185 926 ( 2 )

Precision instrument and equipment repairers.................. 62 898 10 ( 1 ) 52 914 ( 2 )

Wind turbine service technicians................................. 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Coin, vending, and amusement machine 

 servicers and repairers............................................. 29 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Commercial divers................................................... 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Locksmiths and safe repairers.................................... 17 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Manufactured building and mobile home installers............ 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Riggers.................................................................. 15 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Signal and track switch repairers................................. 5 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair

 workers.................................................................. 18 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other installation, maintenance, and repair

 workers.................................................................. 149 671 12 ( 1 ) 137 718 ( 2 )

Production, transportation, and material moving 

 occupations............................................................ 13,333 609 2,603 $485 10,730 651 74.5

Production occupations................................................ 7,058 605 1,817 483 5,241 667 72.4

First-line supervisors/managers of production 

 and operating workers............................................. 654 888 124 665 530 929 71.6

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems

 assemblers............................................................ 19 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical 

 assemblers............................................................ 148 521 73 449 75 591 76.0

Engine and other machine assemblers............................. 30 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Structural metal fabricators and fitters........................... 33 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators..................... 758 519 285 479 473 566 84.6

Bakers................................................................... 125 448 63 416 63 471 88.3

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish

 processing workers................................................... 281 504 66 479 215 515 93.0

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying

 machine operators and tenders................................. 7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women

Occupation

Both sexes

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Men

68
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Food batchmakers................................................... 63 $554 28 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food cooking machine operators and tenders.................. 17 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food processing workers, all other.............................. 104 534 25 ( 1 ) 78 $544 ( 2 )

Computer control programmers and operators............... 70 770 5 ( 1 ) 65 781 ( 2 )

Extruding and drawing machine setters,

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic..................... 11 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic.................................................... 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic...................................................... 9 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic..................... 92 591 15 ( 1 ) 78 608 ( 2 )

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, 

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic..................... 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine 

 tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

 plastic.................................................................. 60 643 3 ( 1 ) 57 641 ( 2 )

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic................................. 15 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Milling and planing machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic.................................... 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Machinists............................................................... 393 755 16 ( 1 ) 377 767 ( 2 )

Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders.................. 19 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and

 plastic.................................................................. 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Molders and molding machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic..................... 47 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic.......................................... 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tool and die makers................................................... 61 920 2 ( 1 ) 59 930 ( 2 )

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers........................ 461 679 36 ( 1 ) 426 695 ( 2 )

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic.......................................... 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lay-out workers, metal and plastic................................. 8 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Plating and coating machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic.................................. 15 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners.............................. 6 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other..................... 356 561 81 $517 275 583 88.7

Prepress technicians and workers................................. 30 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Printing press operators............................................. 186 613 31 ( 1 ) 155 646 ( 2 )

Print binding and finishing workers................................. 13 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers............................... 115 412 64 386 52 447 86.4

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials............... 37 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sewing machine operators.......................................... 112 403 84 398 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Shoe and leather workers and repairers........................ 8 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Shoe machine operators and tenders........................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers.............................. 46 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators

 and tenders............................................................ 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and

 tenders............................................................... 6 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters,

 operators, and tenders............................................. 8 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 2 ( 2 )

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out 

 machine setters, operators, and tenders........................ 19 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Men

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Women

69
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Extruding and forming machine setters, 

 operators and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers............ 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fabric and apparel patternmakers................................. 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Upholsterers............................................................ 34 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other............ 15 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters........................... 42 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Furniture finishers...................................................... 11 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Model makers and patternmakers, wood........................ 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sawing machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, wood......................................................... 31 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and

 tenders, except sawing.................................................. 17 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Woodworkers, all other.................................................. 10 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Power plant operators, distributors, and

 dispatchers.......................................................... 53 $1,091 1 ( 1 ) 52 $1,085 ( 2 )

Stationary engineers and boiler operators..................... 93 855 1 ( 1 ) 92 851 ( 2 )

Water and wastewater treatment plant and 

 system operators...................................................... 75 780 5 ( 1 ) 70 788 ( 2 )

Miscellaneous plant and system operators..................... 37 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical processing machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders............................................. 66 853 14 ( 1 ) 52 947 ( 2 )

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and 

 blending workers...................................................... 94 659 12 ( 1 ) 82 702 ( 2 )

Cutting workers........................................................ 69 518 13 ( 1 ) 55 540 ( 2 )

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting

 machine setters, operators, and tenders........................ 31 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators

 and tenders......................................................... 11 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and

 weighers............................................................... 608 675 212 $541 396 792 68.3

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers............... 14 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory 

 technicians............................................................ 68 612 34 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Packaging and filling machine operators and 

 tenders.................................................................. 259 455 139 421 120 505 83.4

Painting workers...................................................... 111 602 12 ( 1 ) 99 608 ( 2 )

Photographic process workers and processing 

 machine operators................................................... 24 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Semiconductor processors.......................................... 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders............ 10 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling

 equipment operators and tenders.............................. 13 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and

 tenders............................................................... 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Etchers and engravers................................................ 7 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal

 and plastic............................................................ 21 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and

 tenders............................................................... 31 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tire builders............................................................ 17 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—production workers....................................... 45 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Production workers, all other..................................... 652 579 151 483 502 612 78.9

Transportation and material moving occupations............... 6,275 614 786 490 5,489 634 77.3

Supervisors, transportation and material moving 

 workers.................................................................. 208 761 38 ( 1 ) 170 773 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

70
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers............................... 93 $1,461 4 ( 1 ) 89 $1,466 ( 2 )

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations

 specialists............................................................. 40 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

 Flight attendants...................................................... 52 791 38 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except

 emergency medical technicians................................ 9 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bus drivers............................................................... 310 608 122 $579 188 645 89.8

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers........................... 2,439 705 102 511 2,337 712 71.8

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs........................................ 207 553 29 ( 1 ) 178 576 ( 2 )

Motor vehicle operators, all other................................. 28 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Locomotive engineers and operators.............................. 43 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators.................. 6 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Railroad conductors and yardmasters........................... 48 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation

 workers.................................................................. 14 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sailors and marine oilers............................................. 23 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ship and boat captains and operators........................... 35 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ship engineers......................................................... 6 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bridge and lock tenders............................................ 7 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parking lot attendants................................................ 46 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Automotive and watercraft service station attendants......... 42 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Transportation inspectors.......................................... 32 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants............ 13 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other transportation workers....................................... 15 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Conveyor operators and tenders................................. 5 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Crane and tower operators.......................................... 63 739 1 ( 1 ) 62 736 ( 2 )

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine

 operators.............................................................. 37 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hoist and winch operators.......................................... 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial truck and tractor operators.............................. 491 562 35 ( 1 ) 456 556 ( 2 )

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment.............................. 230 465 25 ( 1 ) 206 458 ( 2 )

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, 

 hand................................................................... 1,260 509 175 416 1,085 520 80.0

Machine feeders and offbearers................................ 32 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Packers and packagers, hand....................................... 300 397 165 397 135 396 100.3

Pumping station operators.......................................... 26 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 )

Refuse and recyclable material collectors........................ 58 541 3 ( 1 ) 56 580 ( 2 )

Mine shuttle car operators.......................................... 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders................................. 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Material moving workers, all other................................. 45 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

1

 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

2 Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000. 

NOTE: Effective with the January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational 

classification system into the Current Population Survey. This classification system is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational 

Classifcation (SOC). Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Dash indicates data not available.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers (in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

71
Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 

2011 annual averages

 Total, 16 years and over............................100,457 $756 44,486 $684 55,971 $832 82.2

Agriculture and related industries ...................... 1,020 491 187 428 832 502 85.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction .... 751 1,067 84 842 667 1,087 77.5

Construction ...................................................... 5,957 753 524 732 5,433 757 96.7

Manufacturing .................................................... 12,901 789 3,490 655 9,410 848 77.2

Durable goods ................................................ 8,173 820 1,930 689 6,243 874 78.8

Nondurable goods .......................................... 4,728 738 1,560 615 3,168 803 76.6

Wholesale and retail trade ................................ 13,009 613 5,127 539 7,882 679 79.4

Wholesale trade ............................................. 3,128 758 851 698 2,277 792 88.1

Retail trade ..................................................... 9,881 578 4,276 512 5,605 630 81.3

Transportation and utilities ................................ 5,858 842 1,249 728 4,609 882 82.5

Transportation and warehousing .................... 4,666 805 988 697 3,678 841 82.9

Utilities ........................................................... 1,192 1,004 261 832 931 1,077 77.3

Information ........................................................ 2,551 930 975 797 1,576 1,015 78.5

Financial activities ............................................. 7,448 867 4,120 744 3,329 1,100 67.6

Finance and insurance ................................... 5,747 908 3,353 755 2,394 1,218 62.0

Real estate and rental and leasing ................ 1,702 737 767 686 935 793 86.5

Professional and business services .................. 10,764 883 4,255 760 6,509 991 76.7

Professional and technical services ............... 6,637 1,150 2,730 913 3,907 1,363 67.0

Management, administrative, and waste

services 4 127 575 1 525 542 2 602 590 91 9

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Industry

Total, both sexes Women Men

 services........................................................ 4,127 575 1,525 542 2,602 590 91.9

Education and health services .......................... 23,383 786 17,140 745 6,243 939 79.3

Educational services ...................................... 9,814 888 6,641 849 3,173 987 86.0

Health care and social assistance ................. 13,570 711 10,499 676 3,070 884 76.5

Leisure and hospitality ....................................... 6,693 484 3,035 442 3,658 519 85.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................ 1,542 616 619 550 923 675 81.5

Accomodation and food services ................... 5,151 447 2,416 414 2,735 483 85.7

Other services ................................................... 3,793 626 1,592 536 2,201 716 74.9

Other services, except private households .... 3,473 654 1,319 580 2,154 723 80.2

Private households ........................................ 321 407 273 405 48 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Public administration.......................................... 6,329 924 2,708 793 3,621 1,016 78.1

1 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

72
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2011 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.................. 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971.................. 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972 3

............... 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973 3

............... 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974.................. 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975.................. 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976.................. 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977.................. 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978 3

............... 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979................. 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980................. 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981................. 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982................. 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983................. 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984................. 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985.................. 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986 3............... 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987................... 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988.................. 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989.................. 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990 3 118 793 98 666 20 128 83 1 16 9

Year

Total, both sexes

1990 ............... 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991.................. 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992.................. 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993................ 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994 3

............... 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995.................. 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996................ 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

1997 3

.............. 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998 3

............... 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

1999 3

............... 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000 3

............... 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001................. 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002.................. 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003 3

.............. 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004 ............... 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005 ............... 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

2006 ............... 144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

2007 ............... 146,047 121,091 24,956 82.9 17.1

2008 3

.............. 145,362 120,030 25,332 82.6 17.4

2009 ................. 139,877 112,634 27,244 80.5 19.5

2010 ................. 139,064 111,714 27,350 80.3 19.7

2011 ................. 139,869 112,556 27,313 80.5 19.5

 See footnotes at end of table.

73
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2011 annual 

averages―Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.................. 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1 

1971.................. 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8 

1972 3............... 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9 

1973 3............... 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8 

1974.................. 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8 

1975.................. 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6 

1976.................. 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5 

1977.................. 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4 

1978 3

............... 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9 

1979................. 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7 

1980................. 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8 

1981................. 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1 

1982................. 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1 

1983................. 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1 

1984................. 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1 

1985.................. 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6 

1986 3............... 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4 

1987................... 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1 

1988.................. 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7 

1989.................. 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5 

Year

Women

1990 3............... 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2 

1991.................. 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6 

1992.................. 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4 

1993................ 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3 

1994 3

............... 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7 

1995.................. 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4 

1996................ 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9 

1997 3

.............. 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4 

1998 3

............... 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9 

1999 3

............... 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3 

2000 3

............... 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6 

2001................. 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8 

2002.................. 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3 

2003 3

.............. 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6 

2004 ............... 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7 

2005 ............... 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2 

2006 ............... 66,925 50,380 16,545 75.3 24.7 

2007 ............... 67,792 51,056 16,736 75.3 24.7 

2008 3

.............. 67,876 51,178 16,698 75.4 24.6 

2009 ................. 66,208 48,683 17,525 73.5 26.5 

2010 ................. 65,705 48,214 17,491 73.4 26.6 

2011 ................. 65,579 48,224 17,355 73.5 26.5 

 See footnotes at end of table.

74
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2011 annual 

averages―Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.................. 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971.................. 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972 3

............... 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973 3............... 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974.................. 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975.................. 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976.................. 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977.................. 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978 3

............... 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979................. 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980................. 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981................. 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982................. 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983................. 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984................. 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985.................. 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986 3............... 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987................... 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988.................. 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989.................. 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

Year

Men

1990 3............... 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991.................. 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992.................. 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993................ 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 3

............... 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995.................. 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996................ 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997 3

.............. 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 3

............... 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 3............... 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

 See footnotes at end of table.

75
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2011 annual 

averages―Cont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

2000 3

............... 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001................. 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002.................. 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 3.............. 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 ............... 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 ............... 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 ............... 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

2007 ............... 78,254 70,035 8,220 89.5 10.5

2008 3

.............. 77,486 68,853 8,634 88.9 11.1

2009 ................. 73,670 63,951 9,719 86.8 13.2

2010 ................. 73,359 63,501 9,858 86.6 13.4

2011 ................. 74,290 64,333 9,957 86.6 13.4

Year

Men

1 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work part time but who worked 35 or more hours during the

reference week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in the part-time total. In all years, the total

includes those who usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for

noneconomic reasons, such as illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire reference week who

usually work full time. These groups are not shown separately.

2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work for

the entire reference week and for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more hours during the reference

week. These groups are not shown separately.

3 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and

conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability

documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

76
Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in 

nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2011 annual averages 

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976....... 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977....... 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978 1

...... 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979......... 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980....... 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981....... 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982......... 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983....... 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984......... 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985......... 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986 1

...... 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987....... 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988....... 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989......... 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990 1

...... 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991......... 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992....... 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993......... 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 1

...... 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995....... 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996......... 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997 1

Year

...... 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998 1...... 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999 1...... 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 1

...... 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001......... 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002....... 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003 1

...... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004....... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005....... 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006......... 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

2007......... 39.2 36.1 41.7 39.1 36.1 41.6

2008 1

...... 38.9 36.1 41.3 38.8 36.1 41.2

2009 ...... 37.9 35.3 40.2 37.8 35.3 40.1

2010 ...... 38.2 35.5 40.5 38.1 35.6 40.4

2011 ...... 38.3 35.6 40.6 38.2 35.6 40.6

 

1 The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by

methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS).

For an explanation, see the historical comparability documentation provided at

http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

77
Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2010

(Percent distribution)

Year

Total

Total, both sexes

1970...................... 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9 

1975...................... 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7 

1980...................... 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7 

1985...................... 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6 

1990 ..................... 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6 

1995...................... 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2 

2000 ..................... 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.7 19.5 9.3 10.2 

2005........................ 227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7 

2006........................ 231,033 156,658 67.8 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.7 9.4 

2007........................ 232,995 157,653 67.7 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.8 9.3 

2008........................ 235,086 157,472 67.0 100.0 79.5 65.6 13.9 20.5 10.5 10.0 

2009........................ 237,158 153,929 64.9 100.0 78.3 64.0 14.3 21.7 11.3 10.4 

2010........................ 238,999 152,320 63.7 100.0 78.2 64.7 13.6 21.8 11.2 10.5 

Women

1970...................... 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1 

1975...................... 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1 

1980...................... 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4 

1985...................... 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5

Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks Total 50 to 52weeks

1 to 49

weeks

Population 

(in 

thousands)

With work experience Percent distribution by work experience

Total 

(in 

thousands)

Percent of 

population

Usually work full time Usually work part time

1985...................... 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5 

1990 ..................... 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 

1995...................... 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4 

2000 ..................... 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7 

2005........................ 117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2 

2006........................ 119,300 73,527 61.6 100.0 73.0 60.7 12.3 27.0 14.1 12.9 

2007........................ 120,300 74,115 61.6 100.0 73.6 61.5 12.1 26.4 14.2 12.2 

2008........................ 121,328 74,363 61.3 100.0 72.2 59.3 12.9 27.8 15.0 12.8 

2009........................ 122,339 72,855 59.6 100.0 71.5 59.3 12.2 28.5 15.8 12.7 

2010........................ 123,012 71,980 58.5 100.0 71.5 59.4 12.1 28.5 15.6 12.9 

Men

1970...................... 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0 

1975...................... 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1 

1980...................... 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4 

1985...................... 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7 

1990 ..................... 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4 

1995...................... 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4 

2000 ..................... 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.3 12.6 5.5 7.1 

2005........................ 110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7 

2006........................ 111,733 83,131 74.4 100.0 87.8 75.2 12.6 12.2 5.7 6.5 

2007........................ 112,695 83,538 74.1 100.0 87.4 74.6 12.8 12.6 5.9 6.7 

2008........................ 113,758 83,109 73.1 100.0 86.0 71.2 14.8 14.0 6.5 7.5 

2009........................ 114,820 81,073 70.6 100.0 84.4 68.3 16.1 15.6 7.3 8.3 

2010........................ 115,986 80,341 69.3 100.0 84.3 69.4 14.9 15.7 7.3 8.4 

NOTE: These data reflect the work experience of the entire year. 

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2011, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics 

78
Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2010

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other 

family 

member

Total

Husband 

and 

wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967....... 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 — —

1968....... 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 — —

1969....... 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 — —

1970......... 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 — —

1971......... 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 — —

1972....... 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 — —

1973......... 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 — —

1974......... 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 — —

1975......... 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 — —

1976....... 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 — —

1977......... 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 — —

1978......... 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 — —

1979......... 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 — —

1980....... 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 — —

1981....... 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 — —

1982....... 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 — —

1983......... 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 — —

1984....... 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 — —

1985......... 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 — —

1986....... 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 — —

1987....... 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 — —

1988....... 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148 

1989......... 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138 

1990....... 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164 

1991....... 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197 

1992....... 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199 

1993......... 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156 

1994......... 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151 

1995....... 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127 

1996....... 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123 

1997....... 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158 

1998......... 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141 

1999....... 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167 

2000......... 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139 

2001....... 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129 

2002....... 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121 

2003....... 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117 

2004......... 58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123 

2005......... 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121 

2006......... 59,050 8,091 14,545 10,693 3,261 591 36,414 33,880 1,752 639 142 

2007......... 58,490 7,914 14,264 10,392 3,265 608 36,312 33,718 1,847 597 149 

2008......... 59,183 8,083 14,622 10,567 3,435 620 36,477 33,930 1,739 650 158 

2009......... 58,516 8,466 15,035 10,565 3,849 621 35,015 32,327 1,789 739 160 

2010......... 58,135 8,626 15,406 10,880 3,935 591 34,103 31,425 1,783 722 172 

 See note at end of table.

Two earners or more

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner

79
Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2010—Continued

(Percent distribution)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967........ 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 — —

1968......... 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 .8 56.1 45.0 10.3 — —

1969......... 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 .8 56.6 45.7 10.2 — —

1970......... 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 .7 56.8 45.7 10.3 — —

1971......... 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 .7 55.8 44.9 10.1 — —

1972......... 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 .9 56.2 45.7 9.8 — —

1973......... 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 .9 57.4 46.9 9.6 — —

1974......... 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 — —

1975......... 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 — —

1976......... 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 — —

1977....... 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 — —

1978....... 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 — —

1979....... 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 — —

1980....... 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 — —

1981....... 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 — —

1982....... 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 — —

1983....... 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 — —

1984....... 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 — —

1985....... 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 — —

1986....... 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 — —

1987....... 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 — —

1988....... 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3 

1989....... 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 .8 .3 

1990......... 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 .9 .3 

1991......... 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 .4 

1992......... 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 .4 

1993......... 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 .3 

1994....... 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 .3 

1995....... 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 .2 

1996....... 100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 .2 

1997....... 100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 .3 

1998....... 100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 .3 

1999....... 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 .9 .3 

2000......... 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 .2 

2001....... 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 .9 .2 

2002......... 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 .2 

2003....... 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 .9 .2 

2004......... 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 .9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.0 .2 

2005......... 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 .2 

2006......... 100.0 13.7 24.6 18.1 5.5 1.0 61.7 57.4 3.0 1.1 .2 

2007......... 100.0 13.5 24.4 17.8 5.6 1.0 62.1 57.6 3.2 1.0 .3 

2008......... 100.0 13.7 24.7 17.9 5.8 1.0 61.6 57.3 2.9 1.1 .3 

2009......... 100.0 14.5 25.7 18.1 6.6 1.1 59.8 55.2 3.1 1.3 .3 

2010......... 100.0 14.8 26.5 18.7 6.8 1.0 58.7 54.1 3.1 1.2 .3 

NOTE: Data reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. 

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2011, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau 

of Labor Statistics 

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner Two earners or more

80
Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to 

family income, 1970–2010

1970............................... 26.6

1971............................... 27.5

1972................................. 26.7

1973............................... 26.0

1974............................... 25.4

1975............................... 26.3

1976............................... 26.4

1977............................... 26.1

1978................................. 26.1

1979................................. 26.0

1980............................... 26.7

1981................................. 27.3

1982................................. 28.4

1983............................... 28.8

1984............................... 28.4

1985............................... 28.3

1986................................. 29.0

1987................................. 29.5

1988................................. 29.6

1989............................... 29.9

1990............................... 30.7

1991............................... 31.3

1992............................... 32.4

Year

Contribution to 

family income 

(median percent)

1993............................... 32.2

1994............................... 31.9

1995............................... 31.9

1996............................... 32.6

1997............................... 32.7

1998............................... 32.8

1999............................... 32.8

2000............................... 33.5

2001............................... 34.4

2002............................... 34.8

2003............................... 35.2

2004................................. 34.9

2005................................. 35.1

2006................................. 35.6

2007................................. 36.0

2008................................. 36.0

2009................................. 37.1

2010............................... 37.6

NOTE: Data reflect the earnings and work experience

of the entire year.

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements,

1971–2011, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau

of Labor Statistics

81
Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2010

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple 

families in which 

wife (but not 

necessarily 

husband) had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than 

their 

husbands 

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than their 

husbands 

Married-couple 

families in which 

both wife and 

husband had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than 

their

husbands 

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than their 

husbands 

1987.................. 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8

1988.................. 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1

1989.................. 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8

1990.................. 33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2

1991.................. 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9

1992.................. 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3

1993.................. 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3

1994.................. 35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5

1995.................. 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0

1996.................. 35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7

1997.................. 35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7

1998.................. 35,806 10,467 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7

1999.................. 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3

2000.................. 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3

2001 36 864 11 329 30 7 33 665 8 130 24 1

Year

Families in which wives have earnings 

but husbands may not 1

Families in which both wives and husbands 

have earnings 2

2001.................. 36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1

2002.................. 36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0

2003.................. 36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2

2004.................. 36,710 11,985 32.6 33,110 8,386 25.3

2005.................. 37,055 12,215 33.0 33,364 8,524 25.5

2006.................. 37,733 12,601 33.4 33,838 8,707 25.7

2007.................. 37,536 12,570 33.5 33,678 8,712 25.9

2008.................. 37,988 13,104 34.5 33,905 9,020 26.6

2009.................. 36,858 13,903 37.7 32,280 9,326 28.9

2010.................. 36,024 13,798 38.3 31,373 9,147 29.2

1 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work. 2 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

NOTE: Data reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. 

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988–2011, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics

82
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal 

minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2011 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex

Total, 16 years and over................................ 73,926 3,829 5.2 1,677 2,152

 16 to 24 years............................................ 14,436 1,896 13.1 893 1,003

 25 years and over......................................... 59,490 1,933 3.2 784 1,149

Women, 16 years and over............................. 37,469 2,395 6.4 1,029 1,366

 16 to 24 years............................................ 7,147 1,109 15.5 505 604

 25 years and over......................................... 30,323 1,286 4.2 524 762

Men, 16 years and over................................... 36,457 1,433 3.9 648 785

 16 to 24 years............................................ 7,290 787 10.8 388 399

 25 years and over......................................... 29,167 647 2.2 260 387

This table was reissued on March 26, 2013, to correct errors in the data.

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

Percent of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

federal 

minimum 

wage

Below 

prevailing 

federal 

minimum 

wage

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White......................................................... 59,314 3,006 5.1 1,258 1,748

 Women...................................................... 29,571 1,898 6.4 774 1,124

 Men............................................................ 29,743 1,108 3.7 484 624

Black or African American.............................. 9,523 577 6.1 324 253

 Women...................................................... 5,271 356 6.8 208 148

 Men............................................................ 4,252 222 5.2 117 105

Asian............................................................ 3,037 99 3.3 36 63

 Women...................................................... 1,612 58 3.6 23 35

 Men............................................................ 1,425 41 2.9 13 28

Hispanic or Latino .......................................... 13,264 720 5.4 340 380

 Women...................................................... 5,561 394 7.1 186 208

 Men............................................................ 7,703 326 4.2 154 172

 See footnotes at end of table.

83
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal 

minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2011 annual averagesʊCont'd 

(Numbers in thousands)

Full- and part-time status 1

Full-time workers............................................ 53,594 1,274 2.4 522 752

 Women....................................................... 24,302 773 3.2 317 456

 Men........................................................... 29,292 501 1.7 205 296

Part-time workers......................................... 20,199 2,545 12.6 1,153 1,392

 Women...................................................... 13,096 1,615 12.3 711 904

 Men........................................................... 7,103 932 13.1 443 489

This table was reissued on March 26, 2013, to correct errors in the data.

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

Percent of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

federal 

minimum 

wage

Below 

prevailing 

federal 

minimum 

wage

1 Full time refers to persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week; part time refers to persons who usually work

fewer than 35 hours per week. Data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not

identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: The prevailing federal minimum wage was $7 25 an hour in 2011 Data are for wage and salary workers excluding

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fewer than 35 hours per week. Data will not sum to totals because full or part time status on the principal job is not

identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: The prevailing federal minimum wage was $7.25 an hour in 2011. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding

the incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's earnings on his or her sole or principal job, and pertain only to

workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers are not included. Estimates for the above

race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.

People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

84
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, 

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and older............ 146,859 119,582 16,827 7,063 21,283 10,512 7,728 2,120 339 3,010

16 to 19 years..................... 3,140 2,621 329 72 571 452 326 101 7 125

20 to 24 years..................... 13,300 10,669 1,795 449 2,546 2,057 1,531 429 43 421

25 to 34 years..................... 32,561 25,743 4,216 1,661 6,127 3,005 2,132 670 89 954

35 to 44 years.................... 32,056 25,461 3,884 1,948 5,467 2,353 1,778 428 87 862

45 to 54 years..................... 34,721 28,539 3,870 1,636 4,068 1,689 1,258 314 66 454

55 to 64 years..................... 24,066 20,426 2,197 1,049 1,943 814 604 148 43 162

65 years and older............... 7,015 6,122 536 247 560 143 99 30 5 32

 Women, 16 years and older...... 68,234 54,353 8,979 3,304 8,630 5,213 3,561 1,304 173 1,193

16 to 19 years.................... 1,563 1,304 177 35 244 246 162 74 3 51

20 to 24 years..................... 6,265 4,950 933 196 999 1,149 813 269 30 210

25 to 34 years..................... 14,652 11,296 2,185 735 2,270 1,437 904 444 38 339

35 to 44 years..................... 14,694 11,314 2,099 927 2,192 1,111 756 267 54 314

45 to 54 years..................... 16,498 13,295 2,079 782 1,814 799 584 163 21 186

55 to 64 years.................... 11,439 9,526 1,209 524 862 406 299 73 24 81

65 years and older................ 3,122 2,667 297 105 249 66 45 14 – 12

 Men, 16 years and older............ 78,626 65,229 7,848 3,759 12,653 5,299 4,166 816 167 1,817

16 to 19 years..................... 1,577 1,317 153 37 328 206 164 27 4 74

20 to 24 years 7 035 5 720 862 253 1 547 908 718 160 12 211

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Age and sex

Total Below poverty level

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

20 to 24 years.................... 7,035 5,720 862 253 1,547 908 718 160 12 211

25 to 34 years..................... 17,908 14,446 2,031 926 3,857 1,568 1,228 226 51 615

35 to 44 years..................... 17,362 14,146 1,784 1,022 3,275 1,242 1,023 161 33 549

45 to 54 years..................... 18,223 15,244 1,790 854 2,255 890 674 150 45 268

55 to 64 years..................... 12,627 10,900 987 526 1,081 408 305 75 19 80

65 years and older............... 3,893 3,455 240 141 311 77 54 16 3 20

 See footnotes at end of table.

85
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor 

force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, 2010—Cont'd

Total, 16 years and older............ 7.2 6.5 12.6 4.8 14.1

16 to 19 years..................... 14.4 12.4 30.6 ( 2

 ) 21.8

20 to 24 years..................... 15.5 14.3 23.9 9.5 16.5

25 to 34 years..................... 9.2 8.3 15.9 5.4 15.6

35 to 44 years.................... 7.3 7.0 11.0 4.5 15.8

45 to 54 years..................... 4.9 4.4 8.1 4.0 11.2

55 to 64 years..................... 3.4 3.0 6.8 4.1 8.3

65 years and older............... 2.0 1.6 5.5 2.1 5.8

 Women, 16 years and older...... 7.6 6.6 14.5 5.2 13.8

16 to 19 years.................... 15.7 12.4 41.7 ( 2

 ) 20.9

20 to 24 years..................... 18.3 16.4 28.8 15.5 21.0

25 to 34 years..................... 9.8 8.0 20.3 5.2 15.0

35 to 44 years..................... 7.6 6.7 12.7 5.8 14.3

45 to 54 years..................... 4.8 4.4 7.9 2.7 10.2

55 to 64 years.................... 3.5 3.1 6.0 4.6 9.4

65 years and older................ 2.1 1.7 4.6 1.9 4.9

 Men, 16 years and older............ 6.7 6.4 10.4 4.4 14.4

16 to 19 years..................... 13.1 12.5 17.9 ( 2

 ) 22.9

20 to 24 years 12 9 12 6 18 5 4 8 13 6

Age and sex

Rate 1 

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

20 to 24 years.................... 12.9 12.6 18.5 4.8 13.6

25 to 34 years..................... 8.8 8.5 11.1 5.5 15.9

35 to 44 years..................... 7.2 7.2 9.0 3.2 16.8

45 to 54 years..................... 4.9 4.4 8.4 5.2 11.9

55 to 64 years..................... 3.2 2.8 7.6 3.6 7.4

65 years and older............... 2.0 1.6 6.7 2.2 6.4

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27

weeks or more.

2 Data not shown where labor force base is less than 80,000.

NOTE: These data, collected in the 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,

reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. Estimates for the above

race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals

because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash represents or rounds to zero.

SOURCE: 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population

Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

86
Table 28. Displaced workers1

 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and 

employment status in January 2012

Total

Total, 20 years and over.................. 6,121 100.0 56.0 26.7 17.4

 20 to 24 years.............................. 128 100.0 61.7 22.4 15.9

 25 to 54 years.............................. 4,268 100.0 61.5 26.2 12.3

 55 to 64 years.............................. 1,338 100.0 47.4 28.1 24.5

 65 years and over........................ 386 100.0 23.5 27.5 49.0

Women, 20 years and over............ 2,681 100.0 49.7 30.8 19.5

 20 to 24 years.............................. 50 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

 25 to 54 years............................. 1,831 100.0 54.6 30.9 14.5

 55 to 64 years............................. 611 100.0 43.3 31.1 25.6

 65 years and over....................... 189 100.0 23.5 27.7 48.8

Men, 20 years and over................. 3,440 100.0 60.9 23.4 15.7

 20 to 24 years............................. 78 100.0 70.6 15.0 14.4

 25 to 54 years............................. 2,438 100.0 66.7 22.7 10.6

 55 to 64 years............................. 727 100.0 50.8 25.6 23.7

 65 years and over....................... 197 100.0 23.5 27.3 49.2

White

Total, 20 years and over................. 5,027 100.0 57.4 26.1 16.5

 Women.................................... 2,920 100.0 51.2 30.2 18.7

M 2 107 100 0 61 9 23 1 14 9

Age, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

Total 

(in 

thousands)

Percent distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor 

force

 Men........................................... 2,107 100.0 61.9 23.1 14.9

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and over.................. 662 100.0 46.1 31.2 22.7

 Women..................................... 378 100.0 41.2 35.9 22.9

 Men........................................... 284 100.0 52.7 24.8 22.4

Asian

Total, 20 years and over.................. 230 100.0 60.3 26.7 13.1

 Women..................................... 109 100.0 58.9 25.6 15.5

 Men......................................... 121 100.0 61.5 27.6 10.9

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and over................ 901 100.0 54.9 27.7 17.4

 Women.................................... 307 100.0 44.3 31.6 24.1

 Men......................................... 594 100.0 60.3 25.7 14.0

1 Data refer to people who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January

2009 and December 2011 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the

abolishment of their positions or shifts.

2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum

to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or

Latino may be of any race.

SOURCE: January 2012 Displaced Worker Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of

Labor Statistics

87
Table 29. Median years of tenure with current employer for employed wage and salary workers by age and sex,

selected years, 1998–2012

Total, 16 years and over.................. 3.6 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.6

 16 to 17 years.............................. .6 .6 .7 .7 .6 .7 .7 .7

 18 to 19 years.............................. .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8

 20 to 24 years.............................. 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3

 25 years and over....................... 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4

 25 to 34 years........................... 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.2

 35 to 44 years........................... 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3

 45 to 54 years........................... 8.1 8.2 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.8

 55 to 64 years........................... 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.9 10.0 10.3

 65 years and over........................ 7.8 9.4 8.6 9.0 8.8 10.2 9.9 10.3

Women, 16 years and over............. 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6

 16 to 17 years.............................. .6 .6 .7 .6 .6 .6 .7 .7

 18 to 19 years.............................. .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8

 20 to 24 years.............................. 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3

 25 years and over....................... 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.4

 25 to 34 years........................... 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.1

 35 to 44 years........................... 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2

 45 to 54 years........................... 7.2 7.3 6.5 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.3

 55 to 64 years........................... 9.6 9.9 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.7 10.0

 65 years and over........................ 8.7 9.7 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 10.5

Men, 16 years and over.................... 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.7

 16 to 17 years.............................. .6 .6 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .6

 18 to 19 years.............................. .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .8

January 

2012 Age and sex February 1998

January 

2008

January 

2010

February 

2000

January 

2002

January 

2004

January 

2006

 20 to 24 years.............................. 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4

 25 years and over....................... 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5

 25 to 34 years........................... 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.2

 35 to 44 years........................... 5.5 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

 45 to 54 years........................... 9.4 9.5 9.1 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.5 8.5

 55 to 64 years........................... 11.2 10.2 10.2 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.4 10.7

 65 years and over........................ 7.1 9.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 10.4 9.7 10.2

SOURCE: 1998–2012 Displaced Worker Supplements to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

88
Table 30. Labor force status of 2011 high school graduates and 2010–2011 high school dropouts 

16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 2011 high school graduates1

...... 3,081 1,487 48.3 1,090 35.4 398 26.7 1,594

 Women.............................................. 1,474 679 46.1 539 36.6 140 20.6 795

 Men................................................. 1,607 808 50.3 551 34.3 258 31.9 799

 Enrolled in college.............................. 2,103 815 38.8 643 30.6 172 21.1 1,288

Percent of total 2011 graduates......... 68.3 54.8 - 59.0 - 43.2 - 80.8

Women............................................ 1,065 437 41.0 370 34.8 66 15.2 628

Percent of female 2011 graduates...... 72.3 64.4 - 68.6 - 47.1 - 79.0

Men................................................. 1,038 378 36.5 273 26.3 106 27.9 659

Percent of male 2011 graduates......... 64.6 46.8 - 49.5 - 41.1 - 82.5

 Not enrolled in college.......................... 979 672 68.7 447 45.6 226 33.6 306

Percent of total 2011 graduates......... 31.8 45.2 - 41.0 - 56.8 - 19.2

 Women............................................ 409 242 59.2 169 41.2 74 30.4 167

Percent of female 2011 graduates...... 27.7 35.6 - 31.4 - 52.9 - 21.0

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

Total force 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

 Men................................................. 569 430 75.5 278 48.8 152 35.4 139

Percent of male 2011 graduates......... 35.4 53.2 - 50.5 - 58.9 - 17.4

Total, 2010–11 high school dropouts2... 369 205 55.5 126 34.2 79 38.4 164

 Women............................................ 169 87 51.3 41 24.1 46 53.1 82

 Men................................................. 200 118 59.1 86 42.8 33 27.5 82

1 Data refer to persons who graduated from high school in January through October 2011. 2 Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2010 and October 2011.

3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

SOURCE: October 2011 School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

89
Table 31. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational 

attainment, October 2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Enrolled in school.............................. 22,403 8,744 39.0 7,501 33.5 1,243 14.2 13,659 

 Women........................................... 11,333 4,740 41.8 4,125 36.4 615 13.0 6,593 

 Men................................................. 11,071 4,004 36.2 3,375 30.5 628 15.7 7,067 

 Enrolled in high school 1

........................ 9,618 2,116 22.0 1,582 16.5 534 25.2 7,502 

 Women........................................... 4,608 1,140 24.7 878 19.1 262 23.0 3,468 

 Men................................................. 5,010 976 19.5 704 14.1 272 27.9 4,034 

 Enrolled in college................................ 12,785 6,628 51.8 5,919 46.3 709 10.7 6,158 

 Women........................................... 6,725 3,600 53.5 3,247 48.3 353 9.8 3,125 

 Men................................................. 6,061 3,028 50.0 2,671 44.1 356 11.8 3,033 

Not enrolled in school......................... 15,873 12,642 79.6 10,431 65.7 2,212 17.5 3,231 

 Women.............................................. 7,521 5,563 74.0 4,641 61.7 922 16.6 1,958 

 Less than a high school diploma .......... 1,222 697 57.0 480 39.3 217 31.2 525 2

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

Total force 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total

Percent 

of 

population 

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

 High school graduates, no college 2 ..... 2,986 2,042 68.4 1,654 55.4 389 19.0 943 

 Some college or associate's degree ..... 2,073 1,682 81.1 1,457 70.3 225 13.4 392 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 1,240 1,142 92.1 1,051 84.7 92 8.0 98 

 Men................................................... 8,352 7,080 84.8 5,790 69.3 1,290 18.2 1,273 

 Less than a high school diploma .......... 1,532 1,131 73.8 907 59.3 223 19.7 401 

 High school graduates, no college 2

 ..... 3,990 3,348 83.9 2,574 64.5 774 23.1 642 

 Some college or associate's degree ..... 1,971 1,772 89.9 1,559 79.1 213 12.0 199 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 859 828 96.4 749 87.2 79 9.5 31 

1 Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

SOURCE: October 2011 School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

90
Table 32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, 1994–2011 

annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Multiple jobholders

Number

Percent of 

all multiple 

jobholders

1994........ 123,060 7,260 3,336 46.0 3,924 5.9 5.9 5.9

1995....... 124,900 7,693 3,554 46.2 4,139 6.2 6.2 6.1

1996........ 126,708 7,832 3,640 46.5 4,192 6.2 6.2 6.1

1997........ 129,558 7,955 3,718 46.7 4,237 6.1 6.2 6.1

1998........ 131,463 7,926 3,748 47.3 4,178 6.0 6.2 5.9

1999........ 133,488 7,802 3,698 47.4 4,104 5.8 6.0 5.7

2000........ 136,891 7,604 3,608 47.4 3,996 5.6 5.7 5.5

2001........ 136,933 7,357 3,523 47.9 3,834 5.4 5.5 5.2

2002........ 136,485 7,291 3,557 48.8 3,734 5.3 5.6 5.1

2003........ 137,736 7,315 3,599 49.2 3,716 5.3 5.6 5.1

2004........ 139,252 7,473 3,638 48.7 3,835 5.4 5.6 5.1

2005.........141,730 7,546 3,691 48.9 3,855 5.3 5.6 5.1

2006.........144,427 7,576 3,753 49.5 3,822 5.2 5.6 4.9

2007.........146,047 7,655 3,822 49.9 3,833 5.2 5.6 4.9

2008.........145,362 7,620 3,783 49.6 3,837 5.2 5.6 5.0

2009.........139,877 7,271 3,741 51.5 3,530 5.2 5.6 4.8

Year Total 

employed

Multiple jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Men Total Women Men

2010.........139,064 6,878 3,552 51.6 3,326 4.9 5.4 4.5

2011.........139,869 6,880 3,496 50.8 3,384 4.9 5.3 4.6

1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

91
Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2011

annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percent of 

total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percent of 

total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percent of 

total

1976...... 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8 

1977..... 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7 

1978..... 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2 

1979..... 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2 

1980..... 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0 

1981..... 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9 

1982..... 96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8 

1983..... 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2 

1984...... 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0 

1985..... 103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3 

1986..... 106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1 

1987..... 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9 

1988...... 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7 

1989..... 114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4 

1990...... 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8 

1991..... 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6 

1992..... 115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5 

1993..... 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2 

1994 119 651 9 003 7 5 55 755 3 443 6 2 63 896 5 560 8 7 38 2

Selfemployed 

women as 

percent of 

total selfemployed

Year

Total Women Men

1994..... 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2 

1995..... 121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6 

1996..... 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1 

1997..... 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2 

1998..... 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9 

1999..... 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0 

2000..... 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4 

2001..... 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4 

2002...... 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2 

2003..... 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6 

2004...... 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1 

2005..... 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5 

2006...... 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0 

2007...... 143,952 9,557 6.6 67,302 3,637 5.4 76,650 5,920 7.7 38.1 

2008...... 143,194 9,219 6.4 67,358 3,483 5.2 75,836 5,736 7.6 37.8 

2009...... 137,775 8,995 6.5 65,712 3,468 5.3 72,062 5,527 7.7 38.6 

2010...... 136,858 8,860 6.5 65,164 3,388 5.2 71,694 5,472 7.6 38.2 

2011..... 137,615 8,603 6.3 65,023 3,341 5.1 72,592 5,262 7.2 38.8 

NOTE: Since 2000, data reflect population controls for Census 2000 and changes in the classification of industries.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

92
Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population 

by age and sex, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Both sexes

Native born1

 16 years and over........ 203,197 129,226 63.6 117,686 57.9 11,539 8.9 73,971

 16 to 24 years.............. 34,567 19,026 55.0 15,668 45.3 3,358 17.7 15,541

 25 to 34 years............ 33,801 27,967 82.7 25,282 74.8 2,685 9.6 5,834

 35 to 44 years............ 31,006 25,817 83.3 23,970 77.3 1,847 7.2 5,189

 45 to 54 years............ 36,753 29,560 80.4 27,593 75.1 1,967 6.7 7,193

 55 to 64 years............ 32,250 20,604 63.9 19,315 59.9 1,289 6.3 11,646

 65 years and over...... 34,819 6,252 18.0 5,858 16.8 393 6.3 28,568

Foreign born2

 16 years and over........ 36,420 24,391 67.0 22,183 60.9 2,208 9.1 12,029

 16 to 24 years............. 3,631 1,971 54.3 1,695 46.7 276 14.0 1,660

 25 to 34 years.............. 7,562 5,758 76.1 5,255 69.5 503 8.7 1,805

 35 to 44 years.............. 8,492 6,843 80.6 6,301 74.2 542 7.9 1,650

 45 to 54 years............ 7,089 5,799 81.8 5,274 74.4 525 9.1 1,290

 55 to 64 years............. 4,737 3,161 66.7 2,870 60.6 290 9.2 1,577

 65 years and over...... 4,909 860 17.5 788 16.1 72 8.3 4,049

Native- or foreign-born 

status, age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Women

Native born1

 16 years and over........ 104,970 61,630 58.7 56,516 53.8 5,115 8.3 43,340

 16 to 24 years............ 17,078 9,228 54.0 7,772 45.5 1,456 15.8 7,850

 25 to 34 years............ 17,091 13,162 77.0 11,983 70.1 1,179 9.0 3,930

 35 to 44 years............ 31,006 25,817 83.3 23,970 77.3 1,847 7.2 5,189

 45 to 54 years............. 18,819 14,289 75.9 13,395 71.2 894 6.3 4,530

 55 to 64 years.............. 32,250 20,604 63.9 19,315 59.9 1,289 6.3 11,646

 65 years and over...... 34,819 6,252 18.0 5,858 16.8 393 6.3 28,568

Foreign born2

 16 years and over........ 18,331 10,012 54.6 9,063 49.4 949 9.5 8,319

 16 to 24 years.............. 1,694 773 45.6 656 38.7 117 15.1 921

 25 to 34 years............ 3,562 2,094 58.8 1,880 52.8 213 10.2 1,468

 35 to 44 years............ 4,166 2,775 66.6 2,534 60.8 241 8.7 1,391

 45 to 54 years............. 3,572 2,587 72.4 2,358 66.0 229 8.8 984

 55 to 64 years............ 2,473 1,434 58.0 1,314 53.1 120 8.4 1,039

 65 years and over...... 2,864 349 12.2 321 11.2 28 8.0 2,516

 See footnotes at end of table.

93
Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population 

by age and sex, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Men

Native born1

 16 years and over......... 98,228 67,595 68.8 61,170 62.3 6,425 9.5 30,633

 16 to 24 years............ 17,489 9,797 56.0 7,895 45.1 1,902 19.4 7,691

 25 to 34 years............ 16,710 14,805 88.6 13,300 79.6 1,506 10.2 1,905

 35 to 44 years............ 15,120 13,619 90.1 12,603 83.4 1,015 7.5 1,501

 45 to 54 years............. 36,753 29,560 80.4 27,593 75.1 1,967 6.7 7,193

 55 to 64 years............. 32,250 20,604 63.9 19,315 59.9 1,289 6.3 11,646

 65 years and over...... 34,819 6,252 18.0 5,858 16.8 393 6.3 28,568

Foreign born2

 16 years and over......... 18,090 14,379 79.5 13,120 72.5 1,260 8.8 3,711

 16 to 24 years............. 1,936 1,198 61.9 1,039 53.7 159 13.3 738

 25 to 34 years............ 4,000 3,664 91.6 3,374 84.4 289 7.9 337

 35 to 44 years............ 4,326 4,067 94.0 3,767 87.1 300 7.4 259

 45 to 54 years............ 3,517 3,212 91.3 2,915 82.9 296 9.2 305

 55 to 64 years............. 2,265 1,727 76.2 1,557 68.7 170 9.8 538

 65 years and over...... 2,045 511 25.0 468 22.9 44 8.6 1,534

Native- or foreign-born 

status, age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

1 The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or

who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

2 The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the

United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group

includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data,

however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

94
Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2011

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, both sexes Women

Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2 Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed

1983......... 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0

1984......... 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8

1985....... 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9

1986 3

...... 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5

1987......... 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9

1988....... 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0

1989......... 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9

1990 3

...... 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9

1991......... 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8

1992....... 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9

1993....... 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0

1994 3

...... 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1

1995....... 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3

1996......... 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8

1997 3

...... 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4

1998 3

...... 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1

1999 3

...... 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0

Year Total 

employed

Total 

employed

2000 3...... 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1

2001....... 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1

2002......... 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0

2003 3

...... 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9

2004......... 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5

2005...... 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6

2006......... 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2

2007......... 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4

2008 3

...... 129,377 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9

2009 ...... 124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7

2010 ...... 124,073 14,715 11.9 16,290 13.1 60,542 6,722 11.1 7,528 12.4

2011 ...... 125,187 14,764 11.8 16,290 13.0 60,502 6,758 11.2 7,558 12.5

 See footnotes at end of table.

95
Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary 

workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2011—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Men

Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed

1983......... 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984......... 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985....... 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

1986 3

...... 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987......... 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988....... 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989......... 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

1990 3

...... 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991......... 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992....... 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993....... 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

1994 3

...... 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995....... 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996......... 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

1997 3

...... 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

1998 3

...... 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

1999 3 61 914 9 949 16 1 10 758 17 4

Year Total 

employed

1999 ...... 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000 3...... 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001....... 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

2002......... 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003 3

...... 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004......... 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005...... 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

2006......... 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

2007......... 67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1

2008 3

...... 66,846 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5

2009 ...... 63,539 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4

2010 ...... 63,531 7,994 12.6 8,761 13.8

2011 ...... 64,686 8,006 12.4 8,731 13.5

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union.

2 Data refer to workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs

are covered by a union or employee association contract, as well as to

members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation,

see the historical comparability documentation provided at

http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time

workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether

their businesses are incorporated.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

96
Table 36. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, 

and sex, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total veterans, 18 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 21,613 1,801 19,812 8.3

 Civilian labor force................................................... 11,320 1,116 10,204 9.9

 Participation rate...................................................... 52.4 62.0 51.5

 Employed............................................................ 10,375 1,015 9,360 9.8

 Employment-population ratio................................. 48.0 56.3 47.2

 Unemployed......................................................... 945 101 844 10.7

 Unemployment rate............................................. 8.3 9.1 8.3

 Not in labor force...................................................... 10,293 685 9,608 6.7

Period of Service

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 2,387 405 1,982 17.0

 Civilian labor force................................................... 1,937 281 1,656 14.5

 Participation rate...................................................... 81.2 69.5 83.5

 Employed............................................................ 1,704 246 1,457 14.4

 Employment-population ratio................................. 71.4 60.9 73.5

 Unemployed......................................................... 234 35 199 15.0

Employment status and period of service Total Women Men Women as a 

percent of total

 Unemployment rate............................................. 12.1 12.4 12.0

 Not in labor force...................................................... 450 123 327 27.3

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 2,936 461 2,475 15.7

 Civilian labor force................................................... 2,460 339 2,121 13.8

 Participation rate...................................................... 83.8 73.5 85.7

 Employed............................................................ 2,289 318 1,971 13.9

 Employment-population ratio................................. 78.0 68.9 79.6

 Unemployed......................................................... 172 21 150 12.2

 Unemployment rate............................................. 7.0 6.3 7.1

 Not in labor force...................................................... 476 122 353 25.6

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 10,436 330 10,106 3.2

 Civilian labor force................................................... 3,549 108 3,441 3.0

 Participation rate...................................................... 34.0 32.7 34.0

 Employed............................................................ 3,280 99 3,181 3.0

 Employment-population ratio................................. 31.4 30.1 31.5

 Unemployed......................................................... 269 9 260 3.3

 Unemployment rate............................................. 7.6 7.9 7.6

 Not in labor force...................................................... 6,887 222 6,665 3.2

 See note at end of table.

97
Table 36. Employment status of veterans 18 years of age and over by sex and period of service, 

2011 annual averages—Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 5,853 605 5,248 10.3

 Civilian labor force................................................... 3,374 388 2,986 11.5

 Participation rate...................................................... 57.6 64.1 56.9

 Employed............................................................ 3,102 351 2,751 11.3

 Employment-population ratio................................. 53.0 58.1 52.4

 Unemployed......................................................... 271 36 235 13.3

 Unemployment rate............................................. 8.0 9.4 7.9

 Not in labor force...................................................... 2,480 217 2,262 8.8

Nonveterans, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 209,278 117,259 92,019 56.0

 Civilian labor force................................................... 140,424 69,570 70,854 49.5

 Participation rate...................................................... 67.1 59.3 77.0

 Employed............................................................ 128,140 63,859 64,280 49.8

 Employment-population ratio................................. 61.2 54.5 69.9

 Unemployed......................................................... 12,284 5,710 6,573 46.5

 Unemployment rate............................................. 8.7 8.2 9.3

 Not in labor force...................................................... 68,854 47,689 21,166 69.3

Employment status and period of service Total Women Men Women as a 

percent of total

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey.

Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-

present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-

January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods).

Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served

during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

98
Table 37. Employment and disability status by sex and age, 2011 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total persons with a disability, 

16 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 27,382 14,749 12,633

 Civilian labor force................................................... 5,722 2,571 3,152

 Participation rate...................................................... 20.9 17.4 24.9

 Employed............................................................ 4,861 2,192 2,670

 Employment-population ratio................................. 17.8 14.9 21.1

 Unemployed......................................................... 861 379 482

 Unemployment rate............................................. 15.0 14.7 15.3

 Not in labor force...................................................... 21,659 12,178 9,481

16 to 64 years of age

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 15,047 7,533 7,514

 Civilian labor force................................................... 4,854 2,228 2,627

 Participation rate...................................................... 32.3 29.6 35.0

 Employed............................................................ 4,067 1,877 2,190

 Employment-population ratio................................. 27.0 24.9 29.2

 Unemployed......................................................... 787 351 436

Employment status and age Total Women Men

 Unemployment rate............................................. 16.2 15.8 16.6

 Not in labor force...................................................... 10,192 5,305 4,887

65 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 12,335 7,216 5,119

 Civilian labor force................................................... 868 343 525

 Participation rate...................................................... 7.0 4.8 10.3

 Employed............................................................ 794 315 479

 Employment-population ratio................................. 6.4 4.4 9.4

 Unemployed......................................................... 74 28 46

 Unemployment rate............................................. 8.5 8.1 8.7

 Not in labor force...................................................... 11,467 6,873 4,594

Total persons without a disability, 

16 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 212,236 108,552 103,684

 Civilian labor force................................................... 147,894 69,071 78,823

 Participation rate...................................................... 69.7 63.6 76.0

 Employed............................................................ 135,008 63,387 71,621

 Employment-population ratio................................. 63.6 58.4 69.1

 Unemployed......................................................... 12,886 5,684 7,202

 Unemployment rate............................................. 8.7 8.2 9.1

 Not in labor force...................................................... 64,342 39,480 24,861

 See note at end of table.

99
Table 37. Employment and disability status by sex and age, 2011 annual 

averages―Cont'd

(Numbers in thousands)

16 to 64 years of age

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 184,842 93,513 91,330

 Civilian labor force................................................... 141,650 66,293 75,358

 Participation rate...................................................... 76.6 70.9 82.5

 Employed............................................................ 129,155 60,785 68,370

 Employment-population ratio................................. 69.9 65.0 74.9

 Unemployed......................................................... 12,495 5,508 6,987

 Unemployment rate............................................. 8.8 8.3 9.3

 Not in labor force...................................................... 43,192 27,220 15,972

65 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 27,394 15,039 12,355

 Civilian labor force................................................... 6,244 2,779 3,465

 Participation rate...................................................... 22.8 18.5 28.0

 Employed............................................................ 5,853 2,602 3,251

 Employment-population ratio................................. 21.4 17.3 26.3

 Unemployed......................................................... 391 176 215

 Unemployment rate............................................. 6.3 6.3 6.2

 Not in labor force...................................................... 21,150 12,261 8,889

Employment status and age Total Women Men

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: deaf or serious difficulty

hearing; blind or serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; serious difficulty concentrating,

remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; serious

difficulty walking or climbing stairs; difficulty dressing or bathing; or difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

100
Technical Notes

WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

BLS Reports │ February 2013 • www.bls.gov 101

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample 

survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that 

provides a wide range of information on the labor force, 

employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted 

for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. 

Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national

sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of 

Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with 

appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. 

This information is available to sensory-impaired 

individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; 

Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 

16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions

(for example, correctional facilities, residential nursing, 

and mental health care facilities) and who are not on active 

duty in the Armed Forces.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons 

classified as employed or unemployed.

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is 

the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian 

noninstitutional population.

Employed persons. All persons who, during the survey 

reference week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as 

paid employees; worked in their own business, profession, 

or on their own farm; or worked 15 hours or more as 

unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of 

the family; and (b) all those who were not working but who 

had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily 

absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare 

problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-management 

disputes, job training, or other family or personal reasons, 

whether or not they were paid for the time off or were 

seeking other jobs.

Employment-population ratio. This ratio represents the 

proportion of the population that is employed.

Unemployed persons. All persons who had no employment 

during the survey reference week, were available for work 

(except for temporary illness), and had made specific

efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week

period ending with the survey reference week. Persons 

who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they 

had been laid off did not need to be looking for work to be 

classified as unemployed.

Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number of 

unemployed persons as a percent of the civilian labor force.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons 

in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither 

employed nor unemployed. Persons marginally attached to 

the labor force are those individuals not in the labor force 

who wanted and were available for work and had looked 

for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since the end 

of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). 

They were not counted as unemployed because they had 

not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. 

Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, 

were not looking for work because they believed no jobs 

were available for them.

Race. In accordance with the Office of Management and

Budget guidelines, White, Black or African American, 

and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. 

Beginning in 2003, persons in these categories are those 

who selected that race group only. Those who identify 

multiple race groups are categorized as persons of two or 

more races. (Previously, persons identified a group as their

main race.) In the enumeration process, race is determined 

by the household respondent. More information on the 

2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is 

available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to persons who 

identified themselves in the enumeration process as being
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is 

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More

information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and 

Hispanic ethnicity is available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/

rvcps03.pdf.

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more

persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, 

or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of 

one family. Families are classified either as married-couple

families or as families maintained by women or men without 

spouses present. Families include those without children as 

well as those with children under 18 in the home.

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and 

include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. 

Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other 

related children, and all unrelated children living in the 

household.

Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are 

those who work for profit or fees in their own business,

profession, trade, or farm. Unincorporated self-employed 

workers are included in the self-employed category. Selfemployed persons whose businesses are incorporated are 

included with wage and salary workers.

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive 

wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or 

piece rates. The group includes employees in both the 

private and public sectors. Data on union membership and 

earnings of wage and salary workers exclude all selfemployed workers, both those with incorporated businesses 

and those with unincorporated businesses.

Workers paid by the hour. Persons paid at an hourly rate on 

their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage 

have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and

salary workers. 

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before 

taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in 

the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a 

basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or 

hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as 

perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a 

definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the

term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 

or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage 

and salary workers (excluding all self-employed persons 

regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated). 

The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly 

sample and are limited to wage and salary workers.

Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that

divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one 

part having values above the median and the other having 

values below the median. The medians shown in this 

publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the 

$50-centered interval within which each median falls.

Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all 

jobs) during the survey reference week. For example, 

persons who normally work 40 hours a week but were off 

during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as 

working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday.

Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on 

persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily 

absent from a job and therefore classified in the zero-hours

worked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are 

persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire 

week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or 

involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s 

normal schedule from his or her activity during the survey 

reference week, persons also are classified according to

their usual full- or part-time status. In this context, full-time 

workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more (at 

all jobs combined) per week. This group includes some 

individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference 

week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and 

those who were temporarily absent from work. Similarly, 

part-time workers are those who usually work less than 

35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number 

of hours worked in the reference week. This may include 

some individuals who actually worked more than 34 

hours in the reference week, as well as those who were 

temporarily absent from work.
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Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job 

held during the reference week. Persons with two or more 

jobs are classified in the occupation and industry at which

they worked the greatest number of hours. CPS data use 

the Census occupational classification, based on the 2010

Standard Occupation Classification (SOC), and the Census

industry classification, derived from the 2007 North American

Industry Classification System (NAICS). Addition

information about these classifications is available online at

http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

Work experience. These data reflect work activity during

the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual 

Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. 

Estimates of persons who worked were based on “yes” 

responses to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did 

you work at a job or business at any time during [the 

survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, 

part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during 

[the survey reference year]?” Since the reference period is 

a full year, the number of persons with some employment 

or unemployment greatly exceeds the average levels for 

any given month, which are based on a 1-week reference 

period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly 

estimates.

Workers paid at or below the Federal minimum wage.

The estimates of the numbers of workers with reported 

earnings at or below the federal minimum wage pertain 

only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried 

workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour 

are not included, even though some have earnings that, 

if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the 

minimum wage. Research has shown, however, that the 

degree of understatement is small. BLS does not routinely 

estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the 

hour because of data quality concerns associated with such 

an estimation process. 

The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the 

minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of 

the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because there are a 

number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions 

of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded 

their hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As 

a result, some might have reported hourly earnings below 

the minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum 

wage or higher.

Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in 

this report are based on definitions developed by the

Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by 

Federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These 

definitions originally were based on the Department

of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the

different consumption requirements of families based on 

factors such as family size and the number of children 

under 18 years of age. The actual poverty thresholds vary 

in accordance with the makeup of the family. Poverty 

thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the

Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). 

The thresholds do not vary geographically. For more 

information on poverty data and thresholds, see http://

www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.html. 

Displaced workers. Displaced workers are wage and 

salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left 

jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, 

there was insufficient work for them to do, or their

position or shift was abolished. Data are often presented 

for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had 

worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the 

time of displacement. All self-employed workers are 

excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and 

those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected 

through a supplement to the January Current Population 

Survey (CPS). 

Employee tenure. This is a measure of how long wage 

and salary workers had been with their current employer 

at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median 

years; the median is the point at which half of all workers 

had more tenure and half had less tenure. Data refer to 

the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. 

All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with 

incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated 

businesses. The data are collected through a supplement to 

the January Current Population Survey (CPS). 
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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK

Foreign born. The foreign born are persons residing in 

the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That 

is, they were born outside the United States or one of its 

outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents 

neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born 

population includes legally-admitted immigrants, refugees, 

temporary residents such as students and temporary 

workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, 

however, do not separately identify the number of persons 

in these categories. The native born are persons born in the 

United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto 

Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one 

parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Union membership. Union membership refers to members 

of a labor union or an employee association similar 

to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of 

the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and 

salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, 

both those with incorporated businesses and those with 

unincorporated businesses.

Veterans. Veterans are men and women 18 years or older 

who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed 

Forces and who were civilians at the time they were 

surveyed. Members of the Reserve and National Guard 

are counted as veterans if they had ever been called to 

active duty. Persons who are on active duty at the time 

of the survey are outside the scope of the survey and 

thus not in the estimates shown here, as are persons who 

reside in institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons. 

Nonveterans are men and women who never served on 

active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veteran status is 

obtained from responses to the question, “Did you ever 

serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?”

Disability. The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify 

persons with disabilities. The questions inquire about 

physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause 

serious difficulty with daily activities. Persons are

classified as having a disability if there is a response of

“yes” to any of these questions. Each of the questions ask 

the respondent whether anyone in the household has the 

condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” 

they are then asked to identify everyone in the household 

who has the condition. More information, including the 

wording of the six questions used to identify persons 

with a disability, is available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/

demographics.htm#disability.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an 

entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the 

sample estimates may differ from the true population 

values they represent. The component of this difference 

that occurs because samples differ by chance is known 

as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent 

chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a

sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from 

the true population value because of sampling error. BLS 

analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to sample a segment of the population, 

inability to obtain information for all respondents in 

the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents 

to provide correct information, and errors made in the 

collection or processing of data.

More information on the reliability of data from the CPS and 

estimating standard errors is available at http://www.bls.gov/

cps/documentation.htm#reliability.