For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, June 29, 2023 USDL-23-1419 

Technical information: 

Media contact: 

(202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/productivity/

(202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY

SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES – 2022 

Labor productivity rose in 15 of 30 selected service-providing industries in 2022, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. This was fewer industries compared to 2021, when labor productivity 

increased in 23 out of 30 industries. Output rose in 18 industries in 2022 while hours worked increased 

in 22 industries. 

Chart 1. Largest changes in productivity in selected service-providing industries, 2022 

Chart 1 presents the changes in output and hours worked for industries with the largest changes in 

productivity. Four of the six industries with the largest gains in productivity achieved output growth at a 
faster rate than growth in hours worked. This was the case in amusement parks and arcades which had 

the highest productivity growth (+16.3 percent). Four out of the six industries with the greatest declines 

in productivity had growth in hours worked while at the same time output declined. This was the case in 

drycleaning and laundry services which had the largest drop in productivity (−13.6 percent). 

Trends in Labor Productivity in 2022 

• Labor productivity rose in half of the 30 selected service-providing industries in 2022. (See 

chart 2.) 

• There were three industries where productivity rose more than 10 percent: amusement parks and 

arcades (+16.3 percent), travel arrangement and reservation services (+15.5 percent), and air 

transportation (+13.9 percent). In all three of those industries, output grew more than 25 percent

and hours worked rose by more than 9 percent. 

• The three industries with the greatest productivity and output gains in 2022 also saw the largest 

productivity increases in 2021. In 2021, these three industries all had growth in productivity of 

over 48 percent, following similarly large declines in 2020. 

• Hours worked rose in each of the four industries that recorded declines in productivity greater 

than 6 percent. Two of these industries had double-digit growth in hours worked: warehousing 

and storage (+12.6 percent) and drycleaning and laundry services (+12.3 percent). 

Chart 2. Labor productivity growth in selected service-providing industries, 2022 

2
Unit labor costs increased in 22 industries in 2022. (See chart 3.) In 11 of these industries, productivity 

increased as well. Hourly compensation increased more than productivity in all 11 industries with both 

rising productivity and unit labor costs. Unit labor costs reflect the total labor costs required to produce a 

unit of output. Unit labor costs increase when hourly compensation growth exceeds productivity growth. 

Changes in labor productivity counter the impact of changes in hourly compensation on unit labor costs 

facing employers. 

Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2022 

• The largest declines in unit labor costs were in air transportation (−9.2 percent), wireless 

telecommunications carriers (−8.8 percent), and newspaper publishers (−8.1 percent). 

Productivity rose by more than six percent in each of these industries. 

• Four industries had growth in unit labor costs greater than 15 percent: gambling industries 

(+33.1 percent), drycleaning and laundry services (+22.6 percent), warehousing and storage 

(+19.9 percent), and full-service restaurants (+15.2 percent). All four industries also had 

gains in hours worked and hourly compensation. 

• Hourly compensation rose in 22 of the 30 industries measured. 

Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation costs in selected service-providing 

industries, 2022 

3
2019 to 2022 Trends

Labor productivity increased in 23 out of 30 selected service-providing industries from 2019 to 2022. 

(See table 3.) Note that the percent changes for periods of more than one year in this section and the 

following section are annual percent changes. The two industries with the highest productivity gains 

during that period were travel arrangement and reservation services (+11.6 percent per year) and radio 

and television broadcasting (+9.8 percent). The largest annual decline in productivity from 2019 to 2022 

occurred in warehousing and storage (−9.4 percent).

Output increased in 22 out of 30 selected service-providing industries from 2019 to 2022. The two 

industries with the highest increases during that period were software publishers (+12.4 percent per year) 

and medical and diagnostic laboratories (+6.7 percent). The steepest annual declines in output during this 

period were newspaper publishers (−5.3 percent) and drycleaning and laundry services (−4.7 percent).

Hours worked decreased in 16 of the 30 selected service-providing industries from 2019 to 2022. The two 

industries with the largest decreases in hours worked over the 3 years were newspaper publishers (−10.6 

percent per year) and travel arrangement and reservation services (−7.9 percent). The industry with the 

largest increase in hours worked during this period was warehousing and storage (+15.2 percent). 

Trends in Long-Term Productivity Through 2021

Long-term productivity rose in 48 out of 58 service-providing industries. (See table 2.) For most 

industries studied, this period extends from 1987 to 2021, the latest year for which data are 

available for all 58 selected service-providing industries published on the BLS website. Measures 

for some industries begin in years later than 1987, however none of the rates in this section 

incorporate data for 2022. Chart 4 displays the number of industries with increases in productivity, 

output, and hours worked for selected time periods through 2021. 

• Median long-term productivity growth for all 58 industries was approximately 1.8 percent

per year, ranging from −2.4 percent per year in couriers and messengers to 11.5 percent in

wireless telecommunications carriers.

• Output increased over the long-term in 45 industries while hours worked increased in 33

industries.

• Productivity increased in 40 of the 58 industries over the business cycle preceding the

pandemic: 2007 to 2019. During this period, 39 industries had increases in output and 31

experienced growth in hours worked.

4
Chart 4. Number of selected service-providing industries with increases in labor productivity, output, 

and hours worked

5
Additional Information

The productivity and costs measures in this release incorporate data from the Census Bureau’s Service 

Annual Survey (November 2022). Accordingly, the labor productivity and output series for all industries 

have been revised for 2021 and earlier years.

Measures of hours worked for all industries reflect a change in methods and are revised historically. The 

new method of determining hours worked uses all-employee hours data from the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey as the main source of data. This is an improvement upon the prior 

method which instead used the CES production worker hours data. Another improvement is the use of 

BLS Current Population Survey (CPS) data to adjust CES all-employee hours paid to account for hours 

worked but not paid, also known as off-the-clock hours. Hours worked data also now incorporate allemployee based hours-worked-to-hours-paid ratios from the National Compensation Survey, rather than 

ratios based only on production workers. For more information on the new hours worked methodology, 

see www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2022/article/improving-estimates-of-hours-worked-for-us-productivitymeasurement.htm. 

The following NAICS codes are included in Tables 1 and 3 but not counted in the short-term count of 30 

selected industries because they are duplicate codes or aggregates for which full underlying coverage is 

published: 22, 221, 484, 4841, 4911, 4931, 511, 5111, 515, 5173, 54121, 722, and 72251. 

The following NAICS codes are included in Table 2 but not counted in the long-term count of 58 

selected industries because they are duplicate codes or aggregates for which full underlying coverage is 

published: 22, 221, 484, 4841, 4842, 491, 493, 4931, 511, 5111, 515, 5151, 5173, 5412, 54121, 5615, 

6215, 6221,3, 7131, 72, 721, 7211, 722, 72251, 8121, and 8123. 

Access productivity data at http://www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/labor-productivity-detailedindustries.xlsx for

• Additional industries and sectors 

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of 

industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation 

• Additional years and long-term data

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.

6
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the 

amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures

relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the 

specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many

influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and

materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the 

organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor 

compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship 

between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly 

compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation increases

and reduce unit labor costs.

Output: Real industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various 

products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by 

deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is 

measured by physical quantities of output. 

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual 

surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with information on price 

changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information Administration, U.S. 

Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation; the 

U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Data 

from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census Bureau are used to construct preliminary output 

measures for 2022 for some industries. Data from both the Census Bureau's Quarterly Service Survey 

and Monthly Retail Trade Survey are used to construct preliminary output measures for 2022 for some 

industries.

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an

industry. This includes hours worked for pay as well as uncompensated work time. Data on industry 

employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey 

and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and production worker jobs 

held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented with CPS selfemployed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates

are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of 

production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers,

and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from both the CPS and the National

Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or 

further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW),

the Census Bureau, or other sources. Additional sources of employment and hours data for certain 

service industries include the Association of American Railroads, the U.S. Department of 

Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types 

of workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

7
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 

Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary 

programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and survivors’ insurance, 

unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include 

all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data

from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of 

Commerce. The estimates for 2022 are constructed using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages (QCEW). 

Annual Percent Change: The annual percent change is the compound annual growth rate in an index 

series over a period of more than one year. The change of an index series varies from year to year. 

However, the annual percent change is the constant rate that can be applied to each year in a period, 

from the start to the end, that would give the same total result. It is calculated as (Ending 

Value/Starting Value)^(1/Number of Years)-1.

8
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2022

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2021-2022

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 553.6 1.9 2.7 3.5 1.5 6.2

Utilities.............................................................. 221 553.6 1.9 2.7 3.5 1.5 6.2

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 384.3 1.6 2.4 3.0 1.4 5.5

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 112.8 3.8 1.9 5.5 1.7 7.5

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 56.5 -4.5 14.3 -2.6 2.0 11.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 502.7 13.9 -9.2 33.3 17.1 21.0

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 134.6 -8.2 10.6 -0.3 8.6 10.3

Truck transportation............................................... 484 1,834.8 -1.2 13.5 0.4 1.6 14.0

General freight trucking........................................... 4841 1,351.6 -2.1 14.0 0.4 2.5 14.5

General freight trucking, local.................................... 48411 377.8 -2.0 11.2 2.4 4.5 13.8

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 973.8 -1.7 14.7 0.0 1.7 14.7

Specialized freight trucking....................................... 4842 483.2 1.5 12.1 0.7 -0.9 12.8

Postal service1

..................................................... 491 604.9 -5.4 -0.7 -6.2 -0.8 -6.9

Postal service1..................................................... 4911 604.9 -5.4 -0.7 -6.2 -0.8 -6.9

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 1,312.5 -3.9 8.7 -3.4 0.6 5.1

Warehousing and storage........................................ 493 1,944.5 -9.6 19.9 1.8 12.6 22.1

Warehousing and storage........................................ 4931 1,944.5 -9.6 19.9 1.8 12.6 22.1

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 904.4 0.9 -4.9 10.9 9.9 5.4

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 268.1 -1.8 -4.3 -1.8 0.1 -6.0

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 103.5 6.7 -8.1 -1.5 -7.7 -9.4

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 75.1 -0.5 -4.2 -1.6 -1.1 -5.8

Software publishers............................................... 5112 636.3 0.4 -6.1 14.7 14.2 7.6

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 240.6 0.4 -6.0 0.8 0.3 -5.3

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 192.4 -0.4 -6.7 -0.2 0.2 -6.9

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 48.2 -1.9 -1.9 -1.1 0.8 -3.0

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers.............. 5173 578.7 3.5 -0.1 -0.2 -3.6 -0.3

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 517311 483.8 0.1 5.4 -3.4 -3.5 1.8

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 517312 94.9 8.4 -8.8 3.8 -4.2 -5.4

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,367.5 2.2 3.7 0.4 -1.8 4.0

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 92.0 3.4 9.5 2.0 -1.3 11.8

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 5412 1,273.5 2.6 5.1 9.5 6.7 15.0

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 54121 1,273.5 2.6 5.1 9.5 6.7 15.0

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 1,119.8 2.9 2.8 8.3 5.2 11.4

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services.................. 5615 200.5 15.5 7.6 42.9 23.7 53.7

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories............................. 6215 337.0 -6.8 6.7 -5.1 1.8 1.3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades.................................. 7131 207.4 16.3 10.5 27.0 9.2 40.3

Gambling industries............................................... 7132 113.8 -2.0 33.1 2.4 4.5 36.3

Accommodation and Food Services

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 11,984.0 -0.3 13.3 7.5 7.8 21.7

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 10,731.5 0.2 12.6 6.4 6.1 19.8

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 5,217.1 -2.1 15.2 7.6 9.9 23.9

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 5,514.4 0.7 11.1 3.4 2.7 14.9

See footnotes at end of table.

9
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2022

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2021-2022

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,256.4 -4.0 14.5 2.6 6.9 17.5

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 268.4 -13.6 22.6 -3.0 12.3 18.9

1

For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.

10
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2021

Employment

(thousands)

Annual percent change, 1987-2021

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 545.0 2.0 1.5 1.3 -0.7 2.8

Utilities.............................................................. 221 545.0 2.0 1.5 1.3 -0.7 2.8

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 380.7 2.7 0.8 1.8 -0.9 2.6

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 110.3 0.7 3.1 0.1 -0.6 3.3

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 54.0 -1.5 4.6 0.7 2.2 5.3

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 450.4 1.8 1.7 1.5 -0.3 3.2

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 131.2 3.5 -0.4 1.3 -2.2 0.8

Truck transportation1

.............................................. 484 1,771.5 0.9 1.0 2.2 1.3 3.2

General freight trucking1.......................................... 4841 1,295.8 1.2 1.1 2.5 1.3 3.6

General freight trucking, local1................................... 48411 364.0 2.9 -0.1 4.3 1.4 4.1

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 931.8 1.2 0.7 2.3 1.0 3.0

Specialized freight trucking2

...................................... 4842 475.7 1.5 1.4 2.3 0.8 3.7

Used household and office goods moving...................... 48421 103.8 -0.4 2.6 0.0 0.3 2.6

Other specialized trucking, local2................................ 48422 237.8 1.3 1.4 2.4 1.1 3.9

Other specialized trucking, long-distance2

...................... 48423 134.1 2.2 1.0 3.3 1.1 4.4

Postal service3

..................................................... 491 606.0 -0.1 3.0 -0.7 -0.6 2.3

Postal service3

..................................................... 4911 606.0 -0.1 3.0 -0.7 -0.6 2.3

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 1,235.6 -2.4 3.1 1.3 3.8 4.5

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 493 1,705.6 0.7 1.4 5.7 5.0 7.2

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 4931 1,705.6 0.7 1.4 5.7 5.0 7.2

General warehousing and storage1

............................. 49311 1,578.3 1.8 0.7 7.1 5.2 7.9

Refrigerated warehousing and storage1

........................ 49312 67.3 0.5 1.3 3.4 2.9 4.8

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 833.2 4.2 1.5 4.1 -0.1 5.7

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 274.0 0.6 3.4 -2.7 -3.3 0.6

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 113.2 -0.1 3.6 -4.5 -4.3 -1.0

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 75.3 0.3 3.7 -1.7 -2.0 2.0

Book publishers................................................... 51113 55.7 0.4 4.1 -1.0 -1.4 3.0

Software publishers............................................... 5112 559.2 10.2 -4.5 17.0 6.2 11.7

Motion picture and video exhibition............................. 51213 74.8 0.6 2.6 -0.6 -1.1 2.0

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 243.4 3.3 1.2 2.9 -0.4 4.2

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 194.8 2.9 0.7 2.2 -0.7 2.9

Radio broadcasting................................................ 51511 69.1 4.0 0.6 2.4 -1.5 3.0

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 48.6 5.0 3.0 5.7 0.7 8.9

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers.............. 5173 585.7 6.5 -2.5 5.4 -1.0 2.8

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 517311 487.2 3.7 -0.5 2.3 -1.4 1.8

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 517312 98.5 11.5 -5.7 16.7 4.7 10.0

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,366.3 2.8 2.3 2.7 -0.1 5.0

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental.............................................. 532111 90.6 1.8 2.2 1.5 -0.3 3.7

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 89.5 2.5 1.1 3.2 0.7 4.3

Video tape and disc rental....................................... 532282 3.8 5.1 2.5 -5.2 -9.8 -2.8

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services4

......................... 5412 1,190.9 2.1 1.6 2.7 0.5 4.4

Accounting and bookkeeping services4

......................... 54121 1,190.9 2.1 1.6 2.7 0.5 4.4

Offices of certified public accountants4

......................... 541211 520.2 2.2 1.9 3.1 0.9 5.1

Tax preparation services......................................... 541213 125.5 1.2 2.4 2.0 0.8 4.4

Other accounting services4....................................... 541219 359.9 3.2 -0.6 3.4 0.2 2.8

Architectural services............................................. 54131 204.4 1.8 1.4 2.7 0.9 4.2

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 1,064.7 1.0 2.8 2.5 1.5 5.4

Advertising agencies.............................................. 54181 220.3 2.3 1.5 2.8 0.5 4.4

See footnotes at end of table.

11
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2021

Employment

(thousands)

Annual percent change, 1987-2021

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Photography studios, portrait..................................... 541921 46.4 1.5 1.2 1.2 -0.3 2.4

Veterinary services5

............................................... 54194 453.5 -0.7 3.8 2.5 3.2 6.4

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search6

................ 56131 303.3 5.4 -0.9 6.4 1.0 5.5

Travel arrangement and reservation services4

................. 5615 164.0 7.1 -1.9 3.5 -3.4 1.5

Travel agencies.................................................... 56151 69.8 7.5 -2.1 4.9 -2.5 2.7

Janitorial services................................................. 56172 1,411.1 2.4 1.0 4.0 1.6 5.1

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories6

............................ 6215 327.7 2.4 0.5 5.6 3.1 6.2

Medical laboratories6

.............................................. 621511 237.6 2.6 0.3 5.9 3.2 6.3

Diagnostic imaging centers6

..................................... 621512 90.1 2.0 0.9 5.0 3.0 6.0

Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse

hospitals7........................................................ 6221,3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades8

................................. 7131 171.2 -0.5 3.7 -0.5 0.0 3.1

Amusement and theme parks.................................... 71311 145.4 -0.4 3.7 1.3 1.7 5.0

Gambling industries4.............................................. 7132 103.3 2.7 1.3 1.7 -1.0 3.0

Golf courses and country clubs2................................. 71391 378.0 -0.7 3.5 0.3 1.0 3.9

Fitness and recreational sports centers2

........................ 71394 536.5 3.8 -0.5 3.1 -0.7 2.5

Bowling centers.................................................... 71395 58.6 0.7 2.9 -1.5 -2.1 1.5

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services.............................. 72 12,392.2 1.1 2.5 2.1 1.1 4.6

Accommodation................................................... 721 1,512.6 2.4 1.5 2.2 -0.2 3.7

Traveler accommodation......................................... 7211 1,426.2 2.4 1.5 2.2 -0.2 3.7

Hotels and motels, except casino hotels........................ 72111 1,189.7 1.9 1.9 1.6 -0.3 3.5

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 10,879.6 0.8 2.8 2.1 1.3 4.9

Special food services............................................. 7223 660.5 0.7 2.0 1.3 0.6 3.3

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages........................... 7224 338.1 0.1 3.0 -0.2 -0.4 2.8

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 9,881.0 0.9 2.9 2.3 1.5 5.3

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 4,644.4 1.1 3.0 2.3 1.2 5.3

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 5,236.6 0.6 2.8 2.3 1.8 5.2

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,178.6 1.1 2.2 1.5 0.5 3.8

Reupholstery and furniture repair................................ 81142 20.1 -0.3 3.1 -2.9 -2.6 0.1

Personal care services........................................... 8121 1,208.2 2.3 1.6 3.1 0.8 4.8

Hair, nail, and skin care services................................ 81211 988.7 2.2 1.7 2.7 0.6 4.5

Funeral homes and funeral services............................ 81221 110.3 -0.3 3.7 -0.1 0.2 3.6

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 243.5 2.1 1.4 0.6 -1.5 2.0

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners....................... 81231 39.1 2.4 1.7 0.2 -2.1 2.0

Drycleaning and laundry services (except coin-operated). . .. 81232 89.9 1.2 2.0 -2.0 -3.1 -0.1

Linen and uniform supply......................................... 81233 114.5 2.1 0.9 2.6 0.5 3.6

Photofinishing...................................................... 81292 6.8 2.0 2.0 -5.2 -7.1 -3.3

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, annual percent changes are for 1992-2021.

For NAICS industries 4842, 48422, 48423, 71391, and 71394, annual percent changes are for 2002-2021.

For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.

For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, annual percent changes are for 1997-2021.

For NAICS industry 54194, annual percent changes are for 2004-2021.

For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, annual percent changes are for 1994-2021.

For NAICS industry 6221,3, annual percent changes are for 1993-2020. Employment is for 2020.

For NAICS industry 7131, annual percent changes are for 2007-2021.

5,005.7 0.0 3.4 1.5 1.4 5.0

12
Industry

Utilities

Utilities................................................................................. 22 553.6 0.3 2.6 0.7 0.4 3.3

Utilities................................................................................. 221 553.6 0.3 2.6 0.7 0.4 3.3

Power generation and supply.............................................. 2211 384.3 0.6 1.9 0.7 0.1 2.7

Natural gas distribution........................................................ 2212 112.8 -0.6 4.4 0.5 1.1 4.9

Water, sewage and other systems...................................... 2213 56.5 -0.8 6.4 0.0 0.8 6.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation................................................................. 481 502.7 -6.5 5.7 -3.3 3.5 2.3

Line-haul railroads............................................................... 482111 134.6 0.3 2.5 -3.2 -3.5 -0.8

Truck transportation............................................................. 484 1,834.8 1.1 4.9 2.0 0.8 7.0

General freight trucking....................................................... 4841 1,351.6 0.5 5.8 2.0 1.5 7.9

General freight trucking, local.............................................. 48411 377.8 1.9 1.7 6.0 4.0 7.8

General freight trucking, long-distance................................ 48412 973.8 0.5 6.8 1.0 0.5 7.9

Specialized freight trucking.................................................. 4842 483.2 2.9 2.7 1.9 -0.9 4.7

Postal service1 .................................................................... 491 604.9 -2.7 -0.2 -2.5 0.2 -2.6

Postal service1

 .................................................................... 4911 604.9 -2.7 -0.2 -2.5 0.2 -2.6

Couriers and messengers................................................... 492 1,312.5 -4.8 4.5 6.0 11.3 10.8

Warehousing and storage................................................... 493 1,944.5 -9.4 16.2 4.4 15.2 21.2

Warehousing and storage................................................... 4931 1,944.5 -9.4 16.2 4.4 15.2 21.2

Information

Publishing............................................................................ 511 904.4 4.2 1.8 9.4 5.0 11.4

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers........................ 5111 268.1 4.6 -3.4 -1.8 -6.2 -5.2

Newspaper publishers......................................................... 51111 103.5 5.9 -2.3 -5.3 -10.6 -7.4

Periodical publishers............................................................ 51112 75.1 6.0 -5.2 -0.8 -6.4 -6.0

Software publishers............................................................. 5112 636.3 1.3 2.8 12.4 10.9 15.5

Broadcasting, except Internet.............................................. 515 240.6 8.5 -4.8 3.6 -4.5 -1.4

Radio and television broadcasting....................................... 5151 192.4 9.8 -9.3 5.2 -4.2 -4.5

Cable and other subscription programming......................... 5152 48.2 7.6 3.1 1.1 -6.0 4.2

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers................ 5173 578.7 3.4 -0.6 1.5 -1.9 0.9

Wired telecommunications carriers..................................... 517311 483.8 0.6 0.7 -0.8 -1.4 -0.2

Wireless telecommunications carriers................................. 517312 94.9 8.8 -0.6 4.4 -4.0 3.8

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking............................................................ 52211 1,367.5 2.9 3.8 1.7 -1.1 5.5

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing............................. 53212 92.0 6.1 3.3 2.7 -3.1 6.1

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services................................ 5412 1,273.5 3.2 2.2 5.2 1.9 7.5

Accounting and bookkeeping services................................ 54121 1,273.5 3.2 2.2 5.2 1.9 7.5

Engineering services........................................................... 54133 1,119.8 1.2 3.0 3.1 1.9 6.2

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services..................... 5615 200.5 11.6 2.3 2.8 -7.9 5.2

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories.................................... 6215 337.0 3.7 2.6 6.7 3.0 9.6

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades........................................... 7131 207.4 8.5 2.9 3.9 -4.2 7.0

Gambling industries............................................................. 7132 113.8 3.8 6.8 0.7 -3.0 7.5

Accommodation and Food Services

Food services and drinking places...................................... 722 11,984.0 4.0 4.5 2.5 -1.5 7.2

Restaurants and other eating places................................... 72251 10,731.5 4.7 3.8 3.2 -1.4 7.2

Full-service restaurants....................................................... 722511 5,217.1 6.1 2.6 3.6 -2.4 6.3

Limited-service eating places.............................................. 722513,4,5 5,514.4 2.7 5.9 2.3 -0.3 8.3

See footnotes at end of table

Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2022

Output

2017 Annual percent change, 2019-2022

NAICS 

code

Labor 

productivity

Unit labor 

costs

Hours 

worked

Labor 

compensation

2022 

Employment 

(thousands)

13
Industry

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance.................................... 8111 1,256.4 -1.3 7.1 2.0 3.3 9.2

Drycleaning and laundry services........................................ 8123 268.4 0.5 6.7 -4.7 -5.2 1.7

2017 

NAICS 

code

2022 

Employment 

(thousands)

Labor 

productivity

Unit labor 

costs

Hours 

worked

Labor 

compensation

1

 For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.

Output

Annual percent change, 2019-2022

Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2022 -- Continued

14