Technical Information:  (202) 691-6170                USDL 00-115
Media information:      (202) 691-5902                For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Internet address:  http://stats.bls.gov/oshhome.htm   Thursday, April 20, 2000


                LOST-WORKTIME INJURIES AND ILLNESSES: CHARACTERISTICS 
                     AND RESULTING TIME AWAY FROM WORK, 1998


     A total of 1.7 million injuries and illnesses that required recuperation away from 
work beyond the day of the incident were reported in private industry workplaces during 
1998, according to a survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor.  
The total number of these cases has declined in each year since 1992.  In contrast, the 
number of injuries and illnesses reported with only restricted work activity rather than 
days away recuperating has increased during this same time period by nearly 70 percent, 
to over 1,000,000 cases in 1998. (Table A presents the number of injuries and illnesses 
requiring recuperation away from work in the past 7 years for the 10 occupations that 
accounted for nearly one-third of such cases in 1998.)  Since 1993, truck drivers have 
experienced the largest number of injuries and illnesses with time away from work.

Table A.  Number of occupational injuries and illnesses (in 1,000s) involving time away from 
work for selected occupations, 1992-1998

                                1992     1993     1994     1995     1996     1997     1998
Total cases                   2,331.1  2,252.6  2,236.6  2,040.9  1,880.5  1,833.4  1,730.5

Truck drivers                   145.9    154.7    163.8    151.3    152.8    145.5    131.8
Laborers, nonconstruction       152.1    146.3    147.3    115.5    108.5    106.9     97.2
Nursing aides, orderlies        111.1    103.9    101.8    100.6     93.6     91.3     84.1
Janitors and cleaners            59.6     62.1     60.6     52.6     46.9     45.8     44.2
Construction laborers            57.1     54.6     55.7     43.5     43.7     45.8     44.1
Assemblers                       47.7     46.8     53.0     55.5     44.0     44.3     43.3
Carpenters                       34.3     34.8     37.4     35.0     33.5     37.1     33.0
Cooks                            36.1     42.5     36.3     35.4     30.7     31.5     28.5
Welders and cutters              29.4     29.4     30.3     29.9     26.1     28.4     28.4
Stock handlers and baggers       44.4     39.5     37.2     34.7     31.9     29.2     26.3

     More than 4 out of 10 injuries and illnesses resulting in time away from work in 
1998 were sprains or strains, most often involving the back, as in the preceding six years.  
The number of sprains or strains cases declined by nearly 26 percent from 1992 to 1998, 
which was about the same as the decline for all cases.  However in 1998, the overall 
decline in the number of injuries was not observed in cuts and lacerations, which 
increased from 1997 by 3 percent.

Table B.  Number of occupational injuries and illness (in 1,000s) involving time away from work 
by selected nature of injury and illness, 1992-1998

                                 1992     1993     1994     1995     1996     1997     1998
Total cases                    2,331.1  2,252.6  2,236.6  2,040.9  1,880.5  1,833.4  1,730.5

Sprains, strains, tears        1,022.7    959.2    963.5    876.8    819.7    799.0    760.0
Bruises, contusions              222.7    211.2    212.0    192.1    174.9    165.8    153.1
Cuts, lacerations                173.6    169.9    164.6    153.2    133.2    133.6    137.6
Fractures                        143.6    136.5    138.5    124.6    120.5    119.5    115.4
Heat burns, scalds                41.0     37.7     37.3     36.1     29.0     30.0     28.4
Carpal tunnel syndrome            33.0     41.0     38.3     31.5     29.9     29.2     26.3
Tendonitis                        25.4     25.0     25.2     22.1     17.4     18.0     16.9
Chemical burns                    15.7     15.7     16.5     13.9     11.6     12.2     11.7
Amputations                       12.4     11.3     12.2     11.3     10.2     10.9     10.2

Worker and case characteristics

     Worker characteristics detail the demographics of the injured or ill worker by 
providing not only the occupation but also the gender and age of the worker, occupational 
group, length of service with the employer at the time of the incident, and race or ethnic 
origin (tables 1 and 2).  Following are highlights of the 1998 findings for these worker 
traits:

     *  Men accounted for two out of three of the 1.7 million cases, a proportion 
        somewhat higher than their share (59 percent) of the hours worked by all 
        private wage and salary workers.

     *  Workers aged 24 and under accounted for 15 percent of the cases and 14 
        percent of the total hours worked by all private wage and salary workers.  
        Workers aged 25 to 44 accounted for 56 percent of the cases and 55 percent of 
        the hours worked.  Workers aged 45 and older accounted for 27 percent of the 
        cases and 30 percent of the hours worked.

     *  Operators, fabricators, and laborers led all other occupational groups, 
        accounting for 42 percent of the case total.  This group includes 6 of the 
        10 individual jobs from table A - truck drivers; laborers, nonconstruction; 
        construction laborers; assemblers; welders and cutters; and stock handlers and 
        baggers.  Together, these six occupations accounted for 371,000 injuries and 
        illnesses with time away from work (table 3).

     *  Almost 6 out of 10 workers had at least a year of service with their employer 
        when they sustained their injury or illness.  Indeed, over a fourth had over 5 
        years of service, suggesting that many experienced workers incur lost 
        worktime injuries.

     Case characteristics help identify the disabling condition resulting from the lost 
worktime case and how the event or exposure occurred.  The survey contains four 
characteristics to describe each disabling injury or illness (tables 4 through 6).  To 
illustrate, consider an injury to a nursing aide who sprains her back while lifting a patient.  
The nature, or physical effect, is a sprain or strain; the part of body affected, her back; the 
event, overexertion while lifting; and the source, the health care patient.  Of the four 
characteristics, only the source changes when coding a similar incident for a truck driver 
who sprains his back trying to lift a box.  Following are highlights of the 1998 findings 
for these characteristics:

     *  Sprain and strain was, by far, the leading nature of injury and illness in every 
        major industry division, ranging from 34 percent in agriculture, forestry, and 
        fishing to 51 percent in services.

     *  The trunk, including the back, was the body part most affected by disabling 
        work incidents in every major industry division, except for agriculture, 
        forestry, and fishing.  Most other injuries and illnesses were to upper or lower 
        extremities.

     *  Overexertion while maneuvering objects and contact with objects and 
        equipment led all other disabling events or exposures, cited in about 15 to 40 
        percent of the cases in every major industry division.

     *  No one source of injury or illness stood out, although the following three had 
        roughly 15 percent each of the case total: floors and other surfaces, worker 
        motion or position, and containers.


     The U. S. Department of Labor defines a musculoskeletal disorder as an injury or 
disorder of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and spinal discs.  Table C 
presents the number of such disorders by major industry division, and table D presents 
the occupations with the most musculoskeletal disorders in 1998.

     *  Nearly 593,000 musculoskeletal disorders were reported, accounting for more 
        than one out of three of the injuries and illnesses involving recuperation away 
        from work.

     *  Manufacturing and services industries each account for 26 percent of 
        musculoskeletal disorders, followed by retail trade with 15 percent.

     *  Three occupations -- nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants; truck drivers; 
        and laborers, non-construction -- together account for one out of five 
        musculoskeletal disorders.


Injury and illness severity

     Besides identifying high risk situations, the survey also helps focus on those kinds 
of injuries and illnesses resulting in the longest absences from work (tables 7 through 10).  
Median days away from work - the key survey measure of severity - designates the point 
at which half the cases involved more days and half involved fewer days.  The median 
number of lost workdays for all cases was 5 days in 1998, with a fourth of the cases 
resulting in 21 days or more away from work.  The survey also found the following 
patterns:

     *  Among major disabling injuries and illnesses, median days away from work 
        were highest for carpal tunnel syndrome (24 days), fractures (19 days), and 
        amputations (18 days).

     *  Repetitive motion, such as grasping tools, scanning groceries, and typing, 
        resulted in the longest absences from work among the leading events and 
        exposures - a median of 15 days.

     *  Truck drivers had the highest median days away from work (10 days), 
        followed by electricians, plumbers and pipe fitters, and public transportation 
        attendants (each with 8 days).

     *  Injuries to the wrist and knee resulted in the longest absences from work - a 
        median of 11 and 10 days, respectively.


Table C.  Number (in 1,000s) of work-related musculoskeletal disorders involving time
away from work and median days away from work by major industry division, 1998

                                                 Number                  Median
                                                                  days away from work
Total musculoskeletal disorders                  592.5                     7

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing                 8.0                     5
Mining                                             3.7                    21
Construction                                      44.4                     9
Manufacturing                                    156.2                     7
Transportation and public utilities               69.4                     9
Wholesale trade                                   52.4                     6
Retail trade                                      91.4                     7
Finance, insurance, and real estate               12.0                     7
Services                                         154.9                     5


Table D.  Number (in 1,000s) of work-related musculoskeletal disorders involving time
away from work and median days away from work by occupation, 1998

                                                 Number                  Median
                                                                  days away from work
Total musculoskeletal disorders                  592.5                     7 

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants          49.1                     5
Truck drivers                                     43.9                    10
Laborers, nonconstruction                         36.6                     6
Assemblers                                        19.7                    10
Janitors and cleaners                             14.0                     5
Registered nurses                                 12.4                     5
Stock handlers and baggers                        11.3                     5
Construction laborers                             10.8                     7
Cashiers                                          10.0                     5
Carpenters                                         9.3                     7

Technical note

     The Bureau of Labor Statistics has reported annually on the number of days-
away-from-work injuries and illnesses in private industry and the rate of such incidents 
since the early 1970s.  The 1998 national survey marks the seventh year that BLS has 
collected additional detailed information on such cases in the form of worker and case 
characteristics data, including workdays lost, summarized in this release.

     The number and frequency (incidence rates) of these cases are based on logs and 
other records kept by private industry employers throughout the year.  The number of 
hours worked used for industry and case characteristics incidence rates are collected in 
this survey.  Because this survey does not collect hours worked for demographic 
characteristics, the hours used for these data come from the Current Population Survey, 
which is conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics.  
These records reflect not only the year's injury and illness experience but also the 
employer's understanding of which cases are work related under current recordkeeping 
guidelines of the U. S. Department of Labor.  The number of injuries and illnesses 
reported in a given year also can be influenced by changes in the level of economic 
activity, working conditions and work practices, worker experience and training, and the 
number of hours worked.

     The survey continues to measure the number of new work-related illness cases 
that are recognized, diagnosed, and reported each year.  In 1998, 81,900 of the 
1.7 million cases with days away from work were classified as illnesses.  Some 
conditions, e.g., long-term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens, often are 
difficult to relate to the workplace and are not adequately recognized and reported.  These 
long-term latent illnesses are believed to be understated in the survey.  In contrast, the 
overwhelming majority of the reported new illnesses are those that are easier to directly 
relate to workplace activity (e.g., contact dermatitis or carpal tunnel syndrome).

     Work-related musculoskeletal disorders include cases where the nature of injury 
or illness is sprain, strain, tear; back pain, hurt back; soreness, pain, hurt, except the 
back; carpal tunnel syndrome; hernia; or musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases 
and disorders and when the event or exposure leading to the injury or illness is bodily 
reaction/bending, climbing, crawling, reaching, twisting; overexertion; or repetition.

     The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is a Federal/State program 
(50/50 funded) in which employer reports are collected from about 165,000 private 
industry establishments and processed by state agencies cooperating with the Bureau of 
Labor Statistics.  Occupational injury and illness data for coal, metal, and nonmetal 
mining and for railroad activities are provided by the U. S. Department of Labor's Mine 
Safety and Health Administration and the U. S. Department of Transportation's Federal 
Railroad Administration. The survey excludes all fatalities at work and work-related 
nonfatal injuries and illnesses to the self-employed; workers on farms with fewer than 
11 employees; private household workers; and employers in federal, state, and local 
government agencies.

     The survey estimates of the characteristics of cases with days away from work are 
based on a scientifically selected probability sample, rather than a census of the entire 
population.  Two levels of sampling were used.  First, establishments were selected to 
represent themselves and, in many instances, other establishments of like industry and 
workforce size that were not selected that survey year.  Then, sampled establishments 
projected to have large number of days away from work cases were instructed before the 
survey began on how to sample those cases to minimize the burden of their response.

     Because the data are based on a sample survey, the injury and illness estimates 
probably differ from the figures that would be obtained from all units covered by the 
survey.  To determine the precision of each estimate, a standard error is calculated.  The 
standard error defines a range (confidence interval) around the estimate.  The 
approximate 95-percent confidence interval is the estimate plus or minus twice the 
standard error.  The standard error also can be expressed as a percent of the estimate, or 
the relative standard error.  For example, the 95-percent confidence interval for an 
incidence rate of 6.5 per 100 full-time workers with a relative standard error of 
1.0 percent would be 6.5 plus or minus 2 percent (2 times 1.0 percent) or 6.37 to 6.63.  
One can be 95 percent confident that the "true" incidence rate falls within the confidence 
interval.  The 1998 incidence rate for all occupational injuries and illnesses of 6.7 per 
100 full-time workers in private industry has an estimated relative standard error of about 
0.88 percent.  A relative standard error was calculated for each estimate from the survey 
and will be published in a BLS bulletin that is scheduled to be available later in 2000.

     The data also are subject to nonsampling error.  The inability to obtain detailed 
information about all cases in the sample, mistakes in recording or coding the data, and 
definitional difficulties are general examples of nonsampling error in the survey.  
Although not measured, nonsampling errors will always occur when statistics are 
gathered.  However, BLS has implemented quality assurance procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey, including a rigorous training program for State coders 
and a continuing effort to encourage survey participants to respond fully and accurately 
to all survey elements.

     Establishments are classified in industry categories based on the 1987 Standard 
Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual, as defined by the Office of Management and 
Budget.  The four case characteristics used to describe lost worktime injury and illness 
are based on definitions and rules of selection stipulated in the 1992 BLS Occupational 
Injury and Illness Classification System.  The occupation of the injured or ill worker is 
based on the 1990 Occupational Classification System developed by the Bureau of the 
Census.



TABLE 1. Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work(1) by selected worker
characteristics and industry division,1998

(thousands)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                              |        |                                   |                                            
                              |        |          Goods producing          |              Service producing             
                              |        |___________________________________|____________________________________________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
                              | Private|Agricul-|        |        |        |Transpo-|        |        |        |        
        Characteristic        |industr-|  ture, |        |        |        | rtation|        |        |Finance,|        
                              |  y(2)  |forestr-|Mining(-|  Con-  |Manufac-|   and  | Whole- | Retail | insur- |        
                              |        |   y,   |   3)   | struc- | turing | public |  sale  |  trade |  ance, |Services
                              |        |   and  |        |  tion  |        |utiliti-|  trade |        |and real|        
                              |        |fishing-|        |        |        |  es(3) |        |        | estate |        
                              |        |   (2)  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Total cases...................| 1,730.5|    41.7|    13.7|   178.3|   429.6|   200.4|   135.2|   294.4|    35.9|   401.1
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Sex:                          |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Male........................| 1,147.4|    35.2|    13.4|   173.4|   320.0|   156.2|   113.8|   164.0|    17.2|   154.1
  Female......................|   571.3|     6.4|      .4|     4.5|   107.5|    38.6|    20.5|   129.4|    18.7|   245.4
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Age:(4)                       |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  14 - 15.....................|      .3|    -   |    -   |    -   |   (5)  |    -   |    -   |      .1|    -   |      .1
  16 - 19.....................|    60.4|     1.6|      .3|     5.7|     9.9|     3.7|     3.5|    25.4|      .5|     9.9
  20 - 24.....................|   200.2|     7.6|     1.0|    21.2|    47.6|    17.1|    16.7|    43.6|     2.7|    42.6
  25 - 34.....................|   487.2|    13.6|     3.0|    58.4|   116.4|    59.1|    42.7|    77.3|     9.4|   107.4
  35 - 44.....................|   488.8|    10.0|     4.6|    53.5|   127.5|    61.1|    38.7|    71.6|    10.1|   111.8
  45 - 54.....................|   311.7|     5.1|     3.3|    25.8|    81.8|    40.5|    22.9|    41.9|     8.0|    82.4
  55 - 64.....................|   131.7|     2.6|     1.1|     9.4|    36.5|    15.6|     8.3|    20.4|     3.4|    34.6
  65 and over.................|    21.1|      .5|      .1|      .7|     3.7|     1.2|     1.1|     5.8|     1.1|     7.1
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Occupation:                   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Managerial and professional |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   specialty..................|    98.9|      .5|      .5|     2.3|     7.6|     2.9|     4.2|    10.1|     4.5|    66.3
  Technical, sales, and       |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   administrative support.....|   251.1|     1.4|      .2|     2.1|    25.1|    29.7|    19.7|    94.5|    14.4|    63.9
  Service.....................|   297.5|      .4|      .4|      .9|     8.0|    11.2|     2.3|    79.6|     8.3|   186.4
  Farming, forestry, and      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   fishing....................|    47.0|    33.0|   (5)  |      .5|     2.3|      .2|     1.0|     1.6|     1.7|     6.6
  Precision production, craft,|        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   and repair.................|   293.5|     1.3|     6.3|   106.4|    74.8|    25.7|    20.3|    27.7|     4.0|    27.1
  Operators, fabricators, and |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   laborers...................|   729.0|     4.7|     6.1|    65.5|   308.2|   130.0|    86.8|    79.0|     2.8|    45.9
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Length of service with        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 employer:                    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Less than 3 months..........|   221.3|    10.2|     1.1|    37.2|    48.1|    12.5|    16.2|    47.7|     2.9|    45.4
  3 - 11 months...............|   317.2|     8.4|     2.3|    38.1|    70.9|    26.5|    28.2|    63.1|     6.6|    73.2
  1 - 5 years.................|   547.5|    13.1|     4.9|    57.5|   132.0|    52.2|    45.7|    92.0|    12.8|   137.2
  More than 5 years...........|   444.5|     7.4|     4.4|    31.6|   140.8|    59.4|    34.8|    54.2|    10.5|   101.5
  Not reported................|   200.0|     2.6|      .9|    14.0|    37.8|    49.8|    10.3|    37.5|     3.1|    43.9
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Race or ethnic origin:        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  White, non-Hispanic.........|   882.4|    16.7|     2.2|   112.9|   234.8|    75.9|    79.6|   151.4|    17.8|   191.1
  Black, non-Hispanic.........|   157.4|     1.5|     0.1|    10.1|    37.3|    16.5|    11.4|    22.4|     3.5|    54.6
  Hispanic....................|   179.4|    16.9|     1.2|    23.0|    46.0|    12.6|    14.6|    26.6|     3.7|    34.6
  Asian or Pacific Islander...|    26.8|      .4|   (5)  |     1.3|     7.1|     1.8|     2.0|     4.1|      .9|     9.2
  American Indian or Alaskan  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   Native.....................|     7.4|      .2|   (5)  |     1.0|     2.0|      .7|      .3|     1.1|      .2|     1.9
  Not reported................|   477.1|     6.0|    10.2|    30.0|   102.4|    92.9|    27.3|    88.8|     9.9|   109.6
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.         
  2 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  3 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in
railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, and
by the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded
from the coal, metal, and nonmetal industries.      
  4 Information is not shown separately for injured workers under age 14; they accounted for fewer than 50 cases.
  5 Fewer than 50 cases.
  
  NOTE:  Dashes indicate data that are not available.  Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, data may not
sum to the totals.      
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor              
 



TABLE 2. Percent distribution of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work(1) by
selected worker characteristics and industry division,1998
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                              |        |                                   |                                            
                              |        |          Goods producing          |              Service producing             
                              |        |___________________________________|____________________________________________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
                              | Private|Agricul-|        |        |        |Transpo-|        |        |        |        
        Characteristic        |industry|  ture, |        |        |        | rtation|        |        |Finance,|        
                              |   (2)  |forestr-|Mining(-|  Con-  |  Manu- |   and  | Whole- | Retail | insur- |        
                              |        |   y,   |   3)   | struc- |  fac-  | public |  sale  |  trade |  ance, |Services
                              |        |   and  |        |  tion  | turing |utiliti-|  trade |        |and real|        
                              |        |fishing-|        |        |        |  es(3) |        |        | estate |        
                              |        |   (2)  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Total [1,730,534 cases].......|  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Sex:                          |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Male........................|   66.3 |   84.4 |   97.3 |   97.2 |   74.5 |   78.0 |   84.2 |   55.7 |   47.9 |   38.4 
  Female......................|   33.0 |   15.4 |    2.5 |    2.5 |   25.0 |   19.2 |   15.2 |   43.9 |   51.9 |   61.2 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Age:(4)                       |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  14 - 15.....................|   (5)  |    -   |    -   |    -   |   (5)  |    -   |    -   |   (5)  |    -   |   (5)  
  16 - 19.....................|    3.5 |    3.8 |    2.2 |    3.2 |    2.3 |    1.8 |    2.6 |    8.6 |    1.3 |    2.5 
  20 - 24.....................|   11.6 |   18.3 |    7.5 |   11.9 |   11.1 |    8.5 |   12.4 |   14.8 |    7.6 |   10.6 
  25 - 34.....................|   28.2 |   32.5 |   21.5 |   32.7 |   27.1 |   29.5 |   31.6 |   26.3 |   26.2 |   26.8 
  35 - 44.....................|   28.2 |   23.9 |   33.2 |   30.0 |   29.7 |   30.5 |   28.6 |   24.3 |   28.0 |   27.9 
  45 - 54.....................|   18.0 |   12.1 |   24.3 |   14.5 |   19.0 |   20.2 |   16.9 |   14.2 |   22.4 |   20.5 
  55 - 64.....................|    7.6 |    6.1 |    8.2 |    5.2 |    8.5 |    7.8 |    6.1 |    6.9 |    9.4 |    8.6 
  65 and over.................|    1.2 |    1.2 |     .5 |     .4 |     .9 |     .6 |     .8 |    2.0 |    3.0 |    1.8 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Occupation:                   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Managerial and professional |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   specialty..................|    5.7 |    1.2 |    3.5 |    1.3 |    1.8 |    1.4 |    3.1 |    3.4 |   12.5 |   16.5 
  Technical, sales, and       |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   administrative support.....|   14.5 |    3.5 |    1.2 |    1.2 |    5.8 |   14.8 |   14.6 |   32.1 |   40.0 |   15.9 
  Service.....................|   17.2 |    1.0 |    2.6 |     .5 |    1.9 |    5.6 |    1.7 |   27.0 |   23.2 |   46.5 
  Farming, forestry, and      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   fishing....................|    2.7 |   79.0 |     .3 |     .3 |     .5 |     .1 |     .8 |     .5 |    4.8 |    1.7 
  Precision production, craft,|        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   and repair.................|   17.0 |    3.2 |   45.7 |   59.6 |   17.4 |   12.8 |   15.0 |    9.4 |   11.1 |    6.7 
  Operators, fabricators, and |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   laborers...................|   42.1 |   11.3 |   44.3 |   36.7 |   71.7 |   64.9 |   64.2 |   26.8 |    7.8 |   11.4 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Length of service with        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 employer:                    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Less than 3 months..........|   12.8 |   24.5 |    8.4 |   20.9 |   11.2 |    6.2 |   12.0 |   16.2 |    8.2 |   11.3 
  3 - 11 months...............|   18.3 |   20.1 |   16.9 |   21.4 |   16.5 |   13.2 |   20.8 |   21.4 |   18.3 |   18.2 
  1 - 5 years.................|   31.6 |   31.5 |   35.7 |   32.2 |   30.7 |   26.1 |   33.8 |   31.2 |   35.6 |   34.2 
  More than 5 years...........|   25.7 |   17.6 |   32.3 |   17.7 |   32.8 |   29.6 |   25.7 |   18.4 |   29.2 |   25.3 
  Not reported................|   11.6 |    6.3 |    6.6 |    7.8 |    8.8 |   24.9 |    7.6 |   12.7 |    8.7 |   10.9 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Race or ethnic origin:        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  White, non-Hispanic.........|   51.0 |   40.1 |   15.9 |   63.3 |   54.7 |   37.9 |   58.9 |   51.4 |   49.6 |   47.6 
  Black, non-Hispanic.........|    9.1 |    3.6 |     .8 |    5.7 |    8.7 |    8.3 |    8.4 |    7.6 |    9.7 |   13.6 
  Hispanic....................|   10.4 |   40.6 |    9.1 |   12.9 |   10.7 |    6.3 |   10.8 |    9.0 |   10.2 |    8.6 
  Asian or Pacific Islander...|    1.5 |    1.0 |    0.1 |    0.7 |    1.7 |    0.9 |    1.5 |    1.4 |    2.4 |    2.3 
  American Indian or Alaskan  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   Native.....................|     .4 |     .4 |     .1 |     .6 |     .5 |     .3 |     .2 |     .4 |     .5 |     .5 
  Not reported................|   27.6 |   14.3 |   74.1 |   16.8 |   23.8 |   46.4 |   20.2 |   30.2 |   27.5 |   27.3 
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.         
  2 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  3 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in
railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, and
by the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded
from the coal, metal, and nonmetal industries.      
  4 Information is not shown separately for injured workers under age 14; they accounted for fewer than 50 cases.
  5 Less than 0.1 percent.
  
  NOTE:  Dashes indicate data that are not available.  Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, percentages
may not add to 100.      
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor              
 



TABLE 3. Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work(1) by selected occupation
and industry division,1998

(thousands)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                              |        |                                   |                                            
                              |        |          Goods producing          |              Service producing             
                              |        |___________________________________|____________________________________________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
                              | Private|Agricul-|        |        |        |Transpo-|        |        |        |        
          Occupation          |industr-|  ture, |        |        |        | rtation|        |        |Finance,|        
                              |  y(2)  |forestr-|Mining(-|  Con-  |Manufac-|   and  | Whole- | Retail | insur- |        
                              |        |   y,   |   3)   | struc- | turing | public |  sale  |  trade |  ance, |Services
                              |        |   and  |        |  tion  |        |utiliti-|  trade |        |and real|        
                              |        |fishing-|        |        |        |  es(3) |        |        | estate |        
                              |        |   (2)  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Total cases...................| 1,730.5|    41.7|    13.7|   178.3|   429.6|   200.4|   135.2|   294.4|    35.9|   401.1
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Truckdrivers..................|   131.8|     1.6|      .7|     4.6|    12.2|    67.5|    23.3|    13.1|      .4|     8.4
Laborers, nonconstruction.....|    97.2|      .8|     1.6|    -   |    32.9|     6.0|    26.4|    18.0|     1.3|    10.3
Nursing aides, orderlies......|    84.1|    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |      .3|    83.8
Janitors and cleaners.........|    44.2|      .3|    -   |      .8|     6.8|     1.2|     1.5|     6.1|     5.2|    22.2
Construction laborers.........|    44.1|   (4)  |    -   |    43.0|      .1|      .2|    -   |      .2|      .1|      .4
Assemblers....................|    43.3|    -   |    -   |      .4|    37.7|      .1|     2.7|      .7|    -   |     1.6
Carpenters....................|    33.0|    -   |   (4)  |    26.0|     2.6|      .2|      .9|     1.1|      .5|     1.7
Cooks.........................|    28.5|    -   |    -   |    -   |      .1|      .1|      .1|    20.6|      .2|     7.5
Welders and cutters...........|    28.4|      .1|      .3|     1.5|    21.6|      .5|     2.0|      .6|    -   |     1.8
Stock handlers and baggers....|    26.3|    -   |   (4)  |    -   |     1.7|      .3|     2.9|    21.1|   (4)  |      .2
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Cashiers......................|    26.1|    -   |    -   |    -   |      .1|      .1|      .3|    23.3|      .1|     2.3
Registered nurses.............|    25.0|    -   |    -   |    -   |   (4)  |    -   |    -   |      .1|      .2|    24.6
Groundskeepers and gardeners, |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 except farm..................|    23.0|    13.3|    -   |      .5|      .3|      .2|      .2|     1.0|     1.7|     5.9
Sales workers, other          |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 commodities..................|    22.9|      .2|    -   |    -   |      .4|      .1|      .9|    20.0|      .1|     1.1
Supervisors and proprietors...|    22.7|    -   |    -   |      .1|      .4|      .1|     3.9|    17.1|      .3|      .7
Miscellaneous food preparation|    22.0|    -   |      .3|    -   |      .3|    -   |      .1|    14.1|      .3|     6.9
Maids and housemen............|    21.3|    -   |    -   |    -   |   (4)  |    -   |    -   |      .6|      .4|    20.2
Shipping and receiving clerks.|    18.5|   (4)  |    -   |    -   |     5.2|     5.7|     2.1|     4.4|      .1|     1.0
Driver-sales workers..........|    15.7|   (4)  |    -   |    -   |     4.4|      .6|     6.7|     2.5|    -   |     1.6
Mechanics, automobile.........|    15.7|    -   |    -   |    -   |      .2|      .6|      .8|    10.1|   (4)  |     4.0
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Waiters and waitresses........|    15.5|    -   |    -   |    -   |   (4)  |   (4)  |    -   |    11.5|      .3|     3.7
Electricians..................|    14.5|    -   |      .3|     9.5|     2.3|      .3|      .6|      .1|      .2|     1.1
Industrial truck operators....|    14.4|      .4|      .5|      .5|     6.8|     2.1|     2.4|     1.5|    -   |      .2
Farm workers..................|    13.8|    13.3|    -   |    -   |      .2|    -   |      .2|      .1|    -   |   (4)  
Supervisors, production       |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 workers......................|    12.6|    -   |      .1|    -   |     8.7|     1.2|     1.4|      .2|      .1|      .9
Repairers, industrial         |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 machinery....................|    12.3|    -   |     1.3|      .1|     8.9|      .2|      .9|      .2|   (4)  |      .6
Packaging, filling machine    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 operators....................|    12.3|      .1|    -   |    -   |    10.8|   (4)  |     1.0|      .1|    -   |      .2
Plumbers and pipefitters......|    12.2|    -   |    -   |     9.4|     1.1|      .6|      .2|      .1|      .1|      .9
Kitchen workers...............|    11.6|    -   |    -   |    -   |   (4)  |   (4)  |      .1|    10.6|      .1|      .8
Licensed practical nurses.....|    10.8|    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |    10.8
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Mechanics, bus, truck,        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 stationary                   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 engine.......................|    10.7|     0.2|   (4)  |     0.2|     0.9|     3.7|     3.0|     0.6|   (4)  |     2.1
Health aides, except nursing..|    10.4|    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |      .1|      .1|    10.2
Stock and inventory clerks....|    10.0|      .1|    -   |      .1|     2.2|      .5|     1.4|     4.1|      .1|     1.4
Hand packers and packagers....|     9.8|      .1|    -   |      .1|     4.4|      .8|     1.8|     1.9|    -   |      .7
Guards and police, except     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 public.......................|     9.5|    -   |   (4)  |    -   |      .3|      .2|      .1|     1.0|      .6|     7.2
Machinists....................|     9.4|    -   |   (4)  |      .1|     7.8|      .1|      .7|    -   |    -   |      .5
Butchers and meat cutters.....|     9.0|      .2|    -   |    -   |     2.7|    -   |      .7|     5.3|    -   |    -   
Attendants, public            |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 transportation...............|     8.7|    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   |     8.7|    -   |    -   |    -   |   (4)  
Production inspectors.........|     8.5|    -   |   (4)  |    -   |     6.2|      .3|     1.1|      .1|      .3|      .4
Vehicle washers and cleaners..|     7.9|      .2|    -   |    -   |     1.5|     1.3|      .5|     2.7|    -   |     1.6
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Helpers, construction trades..|     7.6|    -   |    -   |     7.4|      .1|   (4)  |    -   |    -   |    -   |    -   
Painters......................|     7.6|   (4)  |    -   |     5.1|      .5|      .2|      .7|      .1|      .3|      .7
Secretaries...................|     7.4|    -   |   (4)  |      .1|      .5|      .2|      .3|      .4|      .8|     5.1
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.         
  2 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  3 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in
railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, and
by the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded
from the coal, metal, and nonmetal industries.      
  4 Fewer than 50 cases.
  
  NOTE:  Dashes indicate data that are not available.  Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, data may not
sum to the totals.      
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor              
 



TABLE 4. Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work(1) by selected injury or
illness characteristics and industry division,1998

(thousands)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                              |        |                                   |                                            
                              |        |          Goods producing          |              Service producing             
                              |        |___________________________________|____________________________________________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
                              | Private|Agricul-|        |        |        |Transpo-|        |        |        |        
        Characteristic        |industr-|  ture, |        |        |        | rtation|        |        |Finance,|        
                              |  y(2)  |forestr-|Mining(-|  Con-  |Manufac-|   and  | Whole- | Retail | insur- |        
                              |        |   y,   |   3)   | struc- | turing | public |  sale  |  trade |  ance, |Services
                              |        |   and  |        |  tion  |        |utiliti-|  trade |        |and real|        
                              |        |fishing-|        |        |        |  es(3) |        |        | estate |        
                              |        |   (2)  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Total cases...................| 1,730.5|    41.7|    13.7|   178.3|   429.6|   200.4|   135.2|   294.4|    35.9|   401.1
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Nature of injury or illness:  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Sprains, strains............|   760.0|    14.0|     5.3|    66.9|   163.1|   101.1|    65.3|   126.2|    14.3|   203.8
  Bruises, contusions.........|   153.1|     3.3|     1.4|    12.9|    38.3|    20.5|    11.1|    28.9|     3.1|    33.6
  Cuts, lacerations...........|   137.6|     6.3|     1.0|    20.4|    38.8|     9.2|    10.1|    32.4|     2.2|    17.1
  Fractures...................|   115.4|     2.7|     1.9|    19.9|    29.0|    11.5|     8.8|    17.9|     2.2|    21.6
  Heat burns..................|    28.4|      .2|      .2|     2.6|     7.1|      .6|      .8|    10.9|      .4|     5.5
  Carpal tunnel syndrome......|    26.3|      .2|   (4)  |     1.0|    11.6|     1.5|     1.1|     2.9|     1.9|     6.0
  Tendonitis..................|    16.9|      .2|   (4)  |     1.0|     7.6|     1.0|     1.3|     1.5|      .9|     3.3
  Chemical burns..............|    11.7|      .2|      .1|     1.1|     3.8|      .6|     1.1|     2.1|      .2|     2.5
  Amputations.................|    10.2|      .3|      .1|      .9|     5.8|      .5|      .6|     1.3|    -   |      .7
  Multiple traumatic injuries.|    57.6|     1.4|      .9|     5.7|    13.2|     6.6|     5.4|     9.8|     1.4|    13.2
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Part of body affected by the  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 injury or illness:           |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Head........................|   117.5|     3.7|      .9|    13.1|    33.3|    12.9|     9.5|    18.2|     1.8|    24.2
   Eye........................|    58.5|     2.4|      .4|     7.6|    21.8|     4.2|     5.0|     7.0|      .8|     9.2
  Neck........................|    29.9|      .6|      .3|     2.3|     6.1|     4.5|     2.5|     4.2|      .9|     8.5
  Trunk.......................|   645.1|    12.1|     4.8|    56.8|   147.9|    81.9|    55.7|   106.7|    11.8|   167.4
   Shoulder...................|    89.3|     1.1|      .7|     7.5|    23.9|    12.5|     6.1|    14.1|     1.4|    21.9
   Back.......................|   440.2|     7.1|     3.0|    37.4|    93.1|    55.1|    39.5|    73.0|     8.7|   123.3
  Upper extremities...........|   400.8|    10.9|     3.3|    42.0|   131.8|    32.2|    26.9|    73.8|     8.3|    71.5
   Wrist......................|    84.5|     1.1|      .5|     6.4|    27.9|     6.8|     5.9|    13.5|     3.6|    18.8
   Hand, except finger........|    73.8|     3.1|      .6|     9.3|    20.8|     6.0|     5.4|    14.3|     1.3|    13.1
   Finger.....................|   147.5|     4.2|     1.5|    16.9|    55.7|     8.8|     9.3|    29.4|     1.7|    20.0
  Lower extremities...........|   355.2|    10.1|     3.0|    45.2|    76.7|    46.7|    28.2|    61.3|     7.4|    76.5
   Knee.......................|   122.3|     3.7|     1.2|    16.4|    25.4|    15.9|     9.2|    20.9|     2.1|    27.5
   Foot, except toe...........|    64.9|     1.5|      .4|     8.8|    15.4|     7.9|     5.8|    11.5|     1.6|    12.0
   Toe........................|    19.4|      .3|      .1|     3.1|     5.3|     1.9|     1.6|     3.6|      .3|     3.3
  Body systems................|    22.3|      .9|      .1|     2.5|     4.7|     2.4|     1.0|     2.7|     1.0|     6.9
  Multiple parts..............|   142.5|     3.0|     1.2|    14.9|    25.2|    18.3|    10.5|    24.8|     4.3|    40.3
Source of injury or illness:  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Chemicals and chemical      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   products...................|    28.8|     0.7|     1.1|     2.1|     9.7|     1.7|     1.7|     4.2|     0.7|     7.0
  Containers..................|   253.0|     3.3|      .6|     9.4|    56.8|    48.6|    32.7|    62.9|     3.7|    35.0
  Furniture and fixtures......|    61.5|      .3|      .1|     2.4|    11.2|     4.2|     4.6|    15.5|     2.1|    21.2
  Machinery...................|   118.0|     3.0|     1.6|    10.1|    50.2|     5.3|    10.3|    20.3|     2.3|    14.8
  Parts and materials.........|   199.4|     3.3|     2.6|    44.8|    80.1|    16.1|    16.3|    19.2|     2.1|    14.9
  Worker motion or position...|   262.7|     5.8|      .6|    23.2|    78.7|    29.3|    18.7|    39.6|     7.7|    59.1
  Floors, walkways, ground    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   surfaces...................|   268.7|     6.3|     2.0|    32.3|    43.7|    30.2|    16.7|    58.1|     8.5|    70.8
  Tools, instruments, and     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   equipment..................|   109.8|     5.2|     1.0|    19.9|    28.4|     6.9|     6.3|    19.3|     1.7|    21.1
  Vehicles....................|   135.9|     2.8|      .9|    10.3|    21.3|    34.8|    15.7|    19.9|     2.8|    27.3
  Health care patient.........|    80.4|    -   |    -   |    -   |      .1|     2.0|    -   |      .1|      .2|    78.0
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Event or exposure leading to  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 injury or illness:           |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Contact with objects and    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   equipment..................|   476.8|    15.0|     5.7|    63.0|   148.1|    45.1|    37.8|    82.0|     6.7|    73.6
   Struck by object...........|   230.9|     6.1|     3.0|    34.4|    62.7|    21.8|    18.6|    45.4|     2.9|    36.1
   Struck against object......|   126.4|     4.6|     1.4|    15.3|    34.7|    14.1|     9.8|    22.5|     2.6|    21.5
   Caught in equipment or     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    object....................|    77.9|     1.8|     1.2|     6.8|    36.6|     5.8|     6.4|     9.1|      .7|     9.3
  Fall to lower level.........|    95.5|     3.1|     1.2|    21.1|    14.8|    14.6|     6.9|    12.8|     2.9|    18.0
  Fall on same level..........|   184.7|     3.6|     1.2|    12.3|    31.6|    17.0|    10.5|    47.7|     5.8|    55.0
  Slip, trip, loss of         |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   balancewithout fall.......|    55.4|     1.5|      .1|     5.2|    12.2|     6.8|     4.2|    10.7|     1.3|    13.3
  Overexertion................|   477.8|     6.7|     3.6|    36.2|   110.1|    61.5|    44.7|    75.2|     7.7|   132.2
   Overexertion in lifting....|   280.7|     4.4|     1.2|    20.8|    58.2|    35.8|    28.9|    51.8|     4.4|    75.3
  Repetitive motion...........|    65.9|      .4|      .1|     2.5|    32.5|     3.9|     3.0|     7.0|     3.9|    12.6
  Exposure to harmful         |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   substances.................|    80.7|     2.2|      .5|     7.1|    22.8|     6.1|     4.0|    17.2|     1.6|    19.1
  Transportation accidents....|    69.7|     1.7|      .3|     7.0|     8.7|    17.6|     8.3|     8.3|     2.1|    15.7
  Fires and explosions........|     4.2|      .1|      .1|     1.0|     1.0|      .3|      .4|      .5|   (4)  |      .8
  Assaults and violent acts by|        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   person.....................|    17.6|      .1|    -   |      .2|      .5|      .8|      .3|     2.3|      .4|    13.1
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.         
  2 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  3 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in
railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, and
by the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded
from the coal, metal, and nonmetal industries.      
  4 Fewer than 50 cases.
  
  NOTE:  Dashes indicate data that are not available.  Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, data may not
sum to the totals.      
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor              
 



TABLE 5. Percent distribution of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work(1) by
selected injury or illness characteristics and industry division,1998
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                              |        |                                   |                                            
                              |        |          Goods producing          |              Service producing             
                              |        |___________________________________|____________________________________________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
                              | Private|Agricul-|        |        |        |Transpo-|        |        |        |        
        Characteristic        |industry|  ture, |        |        |        | rtation|        |        |Finance,|        
                              |   (2)  |forestr-|Mining(-|  Con-  |  Manu- |   and  | Whole- | Retail | insur- |        
                              |        |   y,   |   3)   | struc- |  fac-  | public |  sale  |  trade |  ance, |Services
                              |        |   and  |        |  tion  | turing |utiliti-|  trade |        |and real|        
                              |        |fishing-|        |        |        |  es(3) |        |        | estate |        
                              |        |   (2)  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Total [1,730,534 cases].......|  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 |  100.0 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Nature of injury or illness:  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Sprains, strains............|   43.9 |   33.6 |   38.8 |   37.5 |   38.0 |   50.4 |   48.3 |   42.9 |   39.8 |   50.8 
  Bruises, contusions.........|    8.8 |    7.9 |    9.9 |    7.2 |    8.9 |   10.2 |    8.2 |    9.8 |    8.7 |    8.4 
  Cuts, lacerations...........|    8.0 |   15.1 |    7.6 |   11.4 |    9.0 |    4.6 |    7.5 |   11.0 |    6.2 |    4.3 
  Fractures...................|    6.7 |    6.4 |   13.7 |   11.1 |    6.7 |    5.7 |    6.5 |    6.1 |    6.2 |    5.4 
  Heat burns..................|    1.6 |     .5 |    1.3 |    1.4 |    1.7 |     .3 |     .6 |    3.7 |    1.0 |    1.4 
  Carpal tunnel syndrome......|    1.5 |     .4 |     .1 |     .5 |    2.7 |     .8 |     .8 |    1.0 |    5.4 |    1.5 
  Tendonitis..................|    1.0 |     .4 |     .2 |     .6 |    1.8 |     .5 |    1.0 |     .5 |    2.6 |     .8 
  Chemical burns..............|     .7 |     .6 |     .8 |     .6 |     .9 |     .3 |     .8 |     .7 |     .6 |     .6 
  Amputations.................|     .6 |     .7 |     .9 |     .5 |    1.3 |     .3 |     .4 |     .5 |    -   |     .2 
  Multiple traumatic injuries.|    3.3 |    3.3 |    6.9 |    3.2 |    3.1 |    3.3 |    4.0 |    3.3 |    3.8 |    3.3 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Part of body affected by the  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 injury or illness:           |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Head........................|    6.8 |    8.7 |    6.5 |    7.3 |    7.7 |    6.4 |    7.0 |    6.2 |    5.1 |    6.0 
   Eye........................|    3.4 |    5.7 |    3.2 |    4.3 |    5.1 |    2.1 |    3.7 |    2.4 |    2.3 |    2.3 
  Neck........................|    1.7 |    1.5 |    1.9 |    1.3 |    1.4 |    2.3 |    1.9 |    1.4 |    2.4 |    2.1 
  Trunk.......................|   37.3 |   29.0 |   35.2 |   31.8 |   34.4 |   40.9 |   41.2 |   36.2 |   32.7 |   41.7 
   Shoulder...................|    5.2 |    2.7 |    5.4 |    4.2 |    5.6 |    6.3 |    4.5 |    4.8 |    3.8 |    5.5 
   Back.......................|   25.4 |   17.1 |   22.2 |   21.0 |   21.7 |   27.5 |   29.2 |   24.8 |   24.1 |   30.7 
  Upper extremities...........|   23.2 |   26.2 |   24.1 |   23.6 |   30.7 |   16.1 |   19.9 |   25.1 |   23.2 |   17.8 
   Wrist......................|    4.9 |    2.7 |    3.6 |    3.6 |    6.5 |    3.4 |    4.3 |    4.6 |   10.0 |    4.7 
   Hand, except finger........|    4.3 |    7.4 |    4.1 |    5.2 |    4.8 |    3.0 |    4.0 |    4.9 |    3.5 |    3.3 
   Finger.....................|    8.5 |   10.1 |   11.1 |    9.5 |   13.0 |    4.4 |    6.9 |   10.0 |    4.7 |    5.0 
  Lower extremities...........|   20.5 |   24.1 |   22.0 |   25.3 |   17.8 |   23.3 |   20.9 |   20.8 |   20.7 |   19.1 
   Knee.......................|    7.1 |    8.8 |    8.8 |    9.2 |    5.9 |    7.9 |    6.8 |    7.1 |    5.8 |    6.8 
   Foot, except toe...........|    3.7 |    3.6 |    2.9 |    5.0 |    3.6 |    3.9 |    4.3 |    3.9 |    4.4 |    3.0 
   Toe........................|    1.1 |     .8 |     .5 |    1.7 |    1.2 |     .9 |    1.2 |    1.2 |     .7 |     .8 
  Body systems................|    1.3 |    2.2 |     .9 |    1.4 |    1.1 |    1.2 |     .8 |     .9 |    2.8 |    1.7 
  Multiple parts..............|    8.2 |    7.2 |    9.1 |    8.3 |    5.9 |    9.1 |    7.8 |    8.4 |   12.0 |   10.1 
Source of injury or illness:  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Chemicals and chemical      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   products...................|    1.7 |    1.8 |    7.9 |    1.2 |    2.2 |    0.9 |    1.3 |    1.4 |    1.9 |    1.7 
  Containers..................|   14.6 |    8.0 |    4.7 |    5.3 |   13.2 |   24.2 |   24.2 |   21.4 |   10.2 |    8.7 
  Furniture and fixtures......|    3.6 |     .6 |     .4 |    1.4 |    2.6 |    2.1 |    3.4 |    5.3 |    5.9 |    5.3 
  Machinery...................|    6.8 |    7.2 |   12.0 |    5.7 |   11.7 |    2.6 |    7.6 |    6.9 |    6.3 |    3.7 
  Parts and materials.........|   11.5 |    7.9 |   19.2 |   25.1 |   18.6 |    8.0 |   12.0 |    6.5 |    5.7 |    3.7 
  Worker motion or position...|   15.2 |   13.8 |    4.1 |   13.0 |   18.3 |   14.6 |   13.8 |   13.5 |   21.4 |   14.7 
  Floors, walkways, ground    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   surfaces...................|   15.5 |   15.1 |   14.9 |   18.1 |   10.2 |   15.1 |   12.4 |   19.7 |   23.7 |   17.6 
  Tools, instruments, and     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   equipment..................|    6.3 |   12.5 |    7.0 |   11.1 |    6.6 |    3.4 |    4.7 |    6.6 |    4.8 |    5.3 
  Vehicles....................|    7.9 |    6.8 |    6.9 |    5.8 |    5.0 |   17.4 |   11.6 |    6.8 |    7.7 |    6.8 
  Health care patient.........|    4.6 |    -   |    -   |    -   |   (4)  |    1.0 |    -   |   (4)  |     .5 |   19.4 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Event or exposure leading to  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 injury or illness:           |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Contact with objects and    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   equipment..................|   27.6 |   35.8 |   41.8 |   35.3 |   34.5 |   22.5 |   28.0 |   27.8 |   18.7 |   18.4 
   Struck by object...........|   13.3 |   14.5 |   21.8 |   19.3 |   14.6 |   10.9 |   13.7 |   15.4 |    8.1 |    9.0 
   Struck against object......|    7.3 |   11.0 |    9.9 |    8.6 |    8.1 |    7.0 |    7.2 |    7.6 |    7.2 |    5.4 
   Caught in equipment or     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    object....................|    4.5 |    4.4 |    9.0 |    3.8 |    8.5 |    2.9 |    4.8 |    3.1 |    2.0 |    2.3 
  Fall to lower level.........|    5.5 |    7.5 |    8.7 |   11.8 |    3.4 |    7.3 |    5.1 |    4.4 |    8.1 |    4.5 
  Fall on same level..........|   10.7 |    8.6 |    8.8 |    6.9 |    7.4 |    8.5 |    7.8 |   16.2 |   16.3 |   13.7 
  Slip, trip, loss of         |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   balancewithout fall.......|    3.2 |    3.5 |     .8 |    2.9 |    2.8 |    3.4 |    3.1 |    3.6 |    3.7 |    3.3 
  Overexertion................|   27.6 |   16.2 |   26.0 |   20.3 |   25.6 |   30.7 |   33.0 |   25.5 |   21.3 |   33.0 
   Overexertion in lifting....|   16.2 |   10.5 |    8.5 |   11.7 |   13.5 |   17.8 |   21.3 |   17.6 |   12.2 |   18.8 
  Repetitive motion...........|    3.8 |     .9 |     .6 |    1.4 |    7.6 |    2.0 |    2.2 |    2.4 |   10.8 |    3.1 
  Exposure to harmful         |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   substances.................|    4.7 |    5.3 |    3.8 |    4.0 |    5.3 |    3.0 |    2.9 |    5.8 |    4.5 |    4.8 
  Transportation accidents....|    4.0 |    4.2 |    1.9 |    3.9 |    2.0 |    8.8 |    6.1 |    2.8 |    5.8 |    3.9 
  Fires and explosions........|     .2 |     .2 |     .5 |     .6 |     .2 |     .1 |     .3 |     .2 |     .1 |     .2 
  Assaults and violent acts by|        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   person.....................|    1.0 |     .1 |    -   |     .1 |     .1 |     .4 |     .2 |     .8 |    1.0 |    3.3 
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.         
  2 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  3 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in
railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, and
by the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded
from the coal, metal, and nonmetal industries.      
  4 Less than 0.1 percent.
  
  NOTE:  Dashes indicate data that are not available.  Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, percentages
may not add to 100.      
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor              
 



TABLE 6. Incidence rates(1) for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work(2) per 10,000
full-time workers for selected characteristics and industry division,1998
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                              |        |                                   |                                            
                              |        |          Goods producing          |              Service producing             
                              |        |___________________________________|____________________________________________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
                              | Private|Agricul-|        |        |        |Transpo-|        |        |        |        
        Characteristic        |industr-|  ture, |        |        |        | rtation|        |        |Finance,|        
                              |  y(3)  |forestr-|Mining(-|  Con-  |Manufac-|   and  | Whole- | Retail | insur- |        
                              |        |   y,   |   4)   | struc- | turing | public |  sale  |  trade |  ance, |Services
                              |        |   and  |        |  tion  |        |utiliti-|  trade |        |and real|        
                              |        |fishing-|        |        |        |  es(4) |        |        | estate |        
                              |        |   (3)  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Total [1,730,534 cases].......|  195.0 |  296.3 |  222.5 |  326.9 |  228.1 |  321.1 |  206.1 |  176.0 |   54.7 |  152.4 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Nature of injury or illness:  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Sprains, strains............|   85.6 |   99.5 |   86.2 |  122.6 |   86.6 |  162.0 |   99.5 |   75.4 |   21.8 |   77.5 
  Bruises, contusions.........|   17.3 |   23.4 |   22.0 |   23.6 |   20.3 |   32.9 |   17.0 |   17.3 |    4.8 |   12.8 
  Cuts, lacerations...........|   15.5 |   44.7 |   16.8 |   37.4 |   20.6 |   14.8 |   15.4 |   19.4 |    3.4 |    6.5 
  Fractures...................|   13.0 |   18.8 |   30.5 |   36.4 |   15.4 |   18.5 |   13.5 |   10.7 |    3.4 |    8.2 
  Heat burns..................|    3.2 |    1.5 |    2.9 |    4.7 |    3.8 |    1.0 |    1.3 |    6.5 |   (5)  |    2.1 
  Carpal tunnel syndrome......|    3.0 |    1.1 |   (5)  |    1.8 |    6.2 |    2.4 |    1.7 |    1.7 |    2.9 |    2.3 
  Tendonitis..................|    1.9 |    1.3 |   (5)  |    1.8 |    4.0 |    1.7 |    2.0 |   (5)  |    1.4 |    1.3 
  Chemical burns..............|    1.3 |    1.7 |    1.7 |    2.1 |    2.0 |   (5)  |    1.7 |    1.3 |   (5)  |    1.0 
  Amputations.................|    1.2 |    2.1 |    1.9 |    1.7 |    3.1 |   (5)  |   (5)  |   (5)  |    -   |   (5)  
  Multiple traumatic injuries.|    6.5 |    9.7 |   15.3 |   10.4 |    7.0 |   10.7 |    8.3 |    5.8 |    2.1 |    5.0 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Part of body affected by the  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 injury or illness:           |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Head........................|   13.2 |   25.9 |   14.4 |   23.9 |   17.7 |   20.7 |   14.4 |   10.9 |    2.8 |    9.2 
   Eye........................|    6.6 |   16.8 |    7.2 |   14.0 |   11.6 |    6.8 |    7.7 |    4.2 |    1.3 |    3.5 
  Neck........................|    3.4 |    4.4 |    4.3 |    4.3 |    3.2 |    7.3 |    3.8 |    2.5 |    1.3 |    3.2 
  Trunk.......................|   72.7 |   85.9 |   78.2 |  104.1 |   78.5 |  131.2 |   84.9 |   63.8 |   17.9 |   63.6 
   Shoulder...................|   10.1 |    8.1 |   12.0 |   13.7 |   12.7 |   20.1 |    9.4 |    8.4 |    2.1 |    8.3 
   Back.......................|   49.6 |   50.7 |   49.4 |   68.6 |   49.4 |   88.3 |   60.1 |   43.6 |   13.2 |   46.9 
  Upper extremities...........|   45.2 |   77.6 |   53.5 |   77.1 |   70.0 |   51.7 |   41.0 |   44.1 |   12.7 |   27.2 
   Wrist......................|    9.5 |    8.0 |    8.1 |   11.6 |   14.8 |   10.9 |    8.9 |    8.1 |    5.5 |    7.1 
   Hand, except finger........|    8.3 |   21.9 |    9.1 |   17.0 |   11.1 |    9.6 |    8.3 |    8.6 |    1.9 |    5.0 
   Finger.....................|   16.6 |   30.0 |   24.6 |   31.0 |   29.6 |   14.1 |   14.2 |   17.6 |    2.6 |    7.6 
  Lower extremities...........|   40.0 |   71.3 |   48.9 |   82.9 |   40.7 |   74.9 |   43.0 |   36.7 |   11.3 |   29.1 
   Knee.......................|   13.8 |   26.2 |   19.5 |   30.0 |   13.5 |   25.5 |   14.1 |   12.5 |    3.2 |   10.4 
   Foot, except toe...........|    7.3 |   10.5 |    6.4 |   16.2 |    8.2 |   12.6 |    8.9 |    6.9 |    2.4 |    4.6 
   Toe........................|    2.2 |    2.5 |    1.2 |    5.6 |    2.8 |    3.0 |    2.5 |    2.1 |   (5)  |    1.2 
  Body systems................|    2.5 |    6.4 |    2.0 |    4.5 |    2.5 |    3.8 |    1.6 |    1.6 |    1.6 |    2.6 
  Multiple parts..............|   16.1 |   21.5 |   20.1 |   27.3 |   13.4 |   29.3 |   16.0 |   14.8 |    6.6 |   15.3 
Source of injury or illness:  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Chemicals and chemical      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   products...................|    3.3 |    5.3 |   17.6 |    3.8 |    5.1 |    2.8 |    2.6 |    2.5 |    1.0 |    2.6 
  Containers..................|   28.5 |   23.7 |   10.4 |   17.3 |   30.2 |   77.8 |   49.8 |   37.6 |    5.6 |   13.3 
  Furniture and fixtures......|    6.9 |    1.8 |   (5)  |    4.5 |    5.9 |    6.7 |    7.1 |    9.3 |    3.3 |    8.0 
  Machinery...................|   13.3 |   21.4 |   26.7 |   18.6 |   26.7 |    8.4 |   15.7 |   12.2 |    3.4 |    5.6 
  Parts and materials.........|   22.5 |   23.3 |   42.7 |   82.2 |   42.5 |   25.8 |   24.8 |   11.5 |    3.1 |    5.7 
  Worker motion or position...|   29.6 |   40.9 |    9.0 |   42.6 |   41.8 |   47.0 |   28.4 |   23.7 |   11.7 |   22.5 
  Floors, walkways, ground    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   surfaces...................|   30.3 |   44.9 |   33.2 |   59.2 |   23.2 |   48.4 |   25.5 |   34.7 |   13.0 |   26.9 
  Tools, instruments, and     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   equipment..................|   12.4 |   37.0 |   15.6 |   36.4 |   15.1 |   11.0 |    9.6 |   11.6 |    2.6 |    8.0 
  Vehicles....................|   15.3 |   20.1 |   15.4 |   18.9 |   11.3 |   55.8 |   23.9 |   11.9 |    4.2 |   10.4 
  Health care patient.........|    9.1 |    -   |    -   |    -   |   (5)  |    3.3 |    -   |   (5)  |   (5)  |   29.6 
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Event or exposure leading to  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 injury or illness:           |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Contact with objects and    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   equipment..................|   53.7 |  106.1 |   92.9 |  115.4 |   78.6 |   72.2 |   57.6 |   49.0 |   10.2 |   28.0 
   Struck by object...........|   26.0 |   43.0 |   48.6 |   63.1 |   33.3 |   34.9 |   28.3 |   27.1 |    4.4 |   13.7 
   Struck against object......|   14.2 |   32.7 |   22.0 |   28.1 |   18.4 |   22.6 |   14.9 |   13.4 |    3.9 |    8.2 
   Caught in equipment or     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    object....................|    8.8 |   13.1 |   20.1 |   12.4 |   19.5 |    9.3 |    9.8 |    5.5 |    1.1 |    3.5 
  Fall to lower level.........|   10.8 |   22.2 |   19.3 |   38.7 |    7.9 |   23.4 |   10.5 |    7.7 |    4.4 |    6.9 
  Fall on same level..........|   20.8 |   25.4 |   19.6 |   22.6 |   16.8 |   27.2 |   16.0 |   28.5 |    8.9 |   20.9 
  Slip, trip, loss of         |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   balancewithout fall.......|    6.2 |   10.4 |    1.8 |    9.5 |    6.5 |   11.0 |    6.4 |    6.4 |    2.0 |    5.1 
  Overexertion................|   53.8 |   47.9 |   57.7 |   66.3 |   58.5 |   98.5 |   68.1 |   44.9 |   11.7 |   50.2 
   Overexertion in lifting....|   31.6 |   31.0 |   18.9 |   38.1 |   30.9 |   57.3 |   44.0 |   31.0 |    6.7 |   28.6 
  Repetitive motion...........|    7.4 |    2.8 |    1.3 |    4.6 |   17.3 |    6.3 |    4.6 |    4.2 |    5.9 |    4.8 
  Exposure to harmful         |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   substances.................|    9.1 |   15.6 |    8.4 |   13.1 |   12.1 |    9.8 |    6.1 |   10.3 |    2.4 |    7.3 
  Transportation accidents....|    7.9 |   12.3 |    4.2 |   12.9 |    4.6 |   28.2 |   12.6 |    5.0 |    3.2 |    6.0 
  Fires and explosions........|   (5)  |   (5)  |    1.2 |    1.8 |   (5)  |   (5)  |   (5)  |   (5)  |   (5)  |   (5)  
  Assaults and violent acts by|        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   person.....................|    2.0 |   (5)  |    -   |   (5)  |   (5)  |    1.3 |   (5)  |    1.4 |   (5)  |    5.0 
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses per 10,000 full-time workers and were calculated as: 
(N/EH) x 20,000,000 where            
  
  N     =number of injuries and illnesses                      
  EH    =total hours worked by all employees                   
         during the calendar year                             
  20,000,000=base for 10,000 equivalent full-time workers          
         (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year)
  
  2 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.         
  3 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  4 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in
railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, and
by the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded
from the coal, metal, and nonmetal industries.      
  5 Less than 1.0 case per 10,000 full-time workers.
  
  NOTE:  Dashes indicate data that are not available.                                       
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor              
 



TABLE 7. Percent distribution of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work(1)
by selected worker characteristics and number of days away from work,1998
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                              |        |                                                              |        
                              |        |       Percent of days-away-from-work cases involving        | Median 
                              |  Total |______________________________________________________________|  days  
        Characteristic        |  cases |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |  away  
                              |        |  1 day | 2 days |  3 - 5 | 6 - 10 | 11 - 20| 21 - 30| 31 days|  from  
                              |        |        |        |  days  |  days  |  days  |  days  | or more|  work  
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Total  [1,730,534 cases]......|  100.0 |   16.7 |   13.4 |   20.2 |   12.9 |   11.2 |    6.4 |   19.1 |     5  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Sex:                          |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Male........................|  100.0 |   16.8 |   13.2 |   19.8 |   12.9 |   11.4 |    6.6 |   19.5 |     6  
  Female......................|  100.0 |   16.7 |   13.9 |   21.1 |   13.0 |   10.9 |    6.1 |   18.2 |     5  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Age:(2)                       |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  14 - 15.....................|  100.0 |   38.8 |   12.3 |   22.5 |    8.0 |   11.6 |    1.8 |    5.4 |     2  
  16 - 19.....................|  100.0 |   23.2 |   15.6 |   24.0 |   14.3 |    9.8 |    4.4 |    8.7 |     4  
  20 - 24.....................|  100.0 |   21.7 |   16.5 |   22.2 |   13.5 |    9.7 |    4.9 |   11.5 |     4  
  25 - 34.....................|  100.0 |   18.5 |   14.7 |   21.3 |   13.0 |   10.9 |    5.8 |   15.8 |     5  
  35 - 44.....................|  100.0 |   15.7 |   12.8 |   19.3 |   12.8 |   11.8 |    6.7 |   20.9 |     6  
  45 - 54.....................|  100.0 |   13.7 |   11.5 |   18.8 |   12.7 |   11.5 |    7.6 |   24.2 |     8  
  55 - 64.....................|  100.0 |   12.3 |   10.2 |   18.4 |   12.4 |   12.1 |    7.9 |   26.7 |    10  
  65 and over.................|  100.0 |    9.5 |    9.4 |   15.7 |   17.3 |   12.7 |    8.5 |   26.9 |    10  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Occupation:                   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Managerial and professional |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   specialty..................|  100.0 |   18.7 |   15.1 |   22.0 |   12.4 |    9.9 |    6.5 |   15.5 |     4  
  Technical, sales, and       |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   administrative support.....|  100.0 |   17.3 |   14.7 |   21.3 |   12.8 |   10.3 |    6.1 |   17.6 |     5  
  Service.....................|  100.0 |   16.6 |   14.1 |   22.2 |   13.9 |   10.6 |    5.9 |   16.6 |     5  
  Farming, forestry, and      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   fishing....................|  100.0 |   16.8 |   14.9 |   22.0 |   13.6 |    8.7 |    7.0 |   16.9 |     5  
  Precision production, craft,|        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   and repair.................|  100.0 |   16.5 |   12.8 |   19.0 |   12.6 |   11.5 |    6.9 |   20.7 |     6  
  Operators, fabricators, and |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   laborers...................|  100.0 |   16.5 |   12.6 |   19.1 |   12.7 |   12.1 |    6.6 |   20.3 |     6  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Length of service with        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 employer:                    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Less than 3 months..........|  100.0 |   19.4 |   14.7 |   21.1 |   12.9 |   10.0 |    5.6 |   16.4 |     5  
  3 - 11 months...............|  100.0 |   17.4 |   15.3 |   21.7 |   12.9 |   10.0 |    5.6 |   17.2 |     5  
  1 - 5 years.................|  100.0 |   17.4 |   13.6 |   20.6 |   13.0 |   11.1 |    6.2 |   18.0 |     5  
  More than 5 years...........|  100.0 |   14.5 |   11.5 |   18.6 |   12.9 |   12.6 |    7.3 |   22.5 |     7  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Race or ethnic origin:        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  White, non-Hispanic.........|  100.0 |   17.5 |   13.7 |   20.0 |   12.7 |   10.9 |    6.3 |   18.9 |     5  
  Black, non-Hispanic.........|  100.0 |   16.6 |   12.9 |   20.9 |   13.6 |   11.2 |    6.0 |   18.7 |     5  
  Hispanic....................|  100.0 |   14.5 |   13.2 |   20.5 |   13.2 |   11.7 |    6.8 |   20.2 |     6  
  Asian or Pacific Islander...|  100.0 |   17.0 |   12.1 |   22.8 |   14.7 |   10.2 |    6.0 |   17.2 |     5  
  American Indian or Alaskan  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   Native.....................|  100.0 |   14.3 |   13.2 |   20.9 |   13.8 |   12.4 |    9.6 |   15.8 |     6  
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.         
  2 Information is not shown separately for injured workers under age 14; they accounted for fewer than 50
cases.

  
  NOTE:  Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, percentages may not add to 100.
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor              
 



TABLE 8. Percent distribution of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work(1)
by selected occupation and number of days away from work,1998
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                              |        |                                                              |        
                              |        |       Percent of days-away-from-work cases involving         | Median 
                              |  Total |______________________________________________________________|  days  
          Occupation          |  cases |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |  away  
                              |        |  1 day | 2 days |  3 - 5 | 6 - 10 | 11 - 20| 21 - 30| 31 days|  from  
                              |        |        |        |  days  |  days  |  days  |  days  | or more|  work  
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Total [1,730,534 cases].......|  100.0 |   16.7 |   13.4 |   20.2 |   12.9 |   11.2 |    6.4 |   19.1 |     5  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Truckdrivers..................|  100.0 |   11.0 |    9.6 |   19.4 |   12.9 |   13.5 |    7.7 |   25.9 |    10  
Laborers, nonconstruction.....|  100.0 |   16.7 |   13.2 |   20.1 |   13.7 |   11.0 |    6.5 |   18.9 |     6  
Nursing aides, orderlies......|  100.0 |   16.8 |   15.2 |   22.4 |   14.0 |   11.0 |    5.8 |   14.9 |     5  
Janitors and cleaners.........|  100.0 |   19.9 |   11.8 |   19.9 |   13.2 |    8.6 |    6.3 |   20.2 |     5  
Construction laborers.........|  100.0 |   14.5 |   12.7 |   19.2 |   11.8 |   14.1 |    6.7 |   21.1 |     7  
Assemblers....................|  100.0 |   18.0 |   12.7 |   17.3 |   11.9 |   13.7 |    6.9 |   19.5 |     6  
Carpenters....................|  100.0 |   15.4 |   11.4 |   20.2 |   16.4 |   11.0 |    7.3 |   18.4 |     6  
Cooks.........................|  100.0 |   15.4 |   13.6 |   20.8 |   17.2 |   12.2 |    5.6 |   15.2 |     6  
Welders and cutters...........|  100.0 |   28.2 |   16.3 |   16.5 |   11.4 |    8.4 |    5.1 |   14.2 |     3  
Stock handlers and baggers....|  100.0 |   18.7 |   14.9 |   22.7 |   11.0 |   11.9 |    4.5 |   16.2 |     5  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Cashiers......................|  100.0 |   15.8 |   15.7 |   20.3 |   15.2 |    8.9 |    6.7 |   17.5 |     5  
Registered nurses.............|  100.0 |   17.2 |   17.2 |   23.0 |   12.2 |   10.0 |    5.8 |   14.6 |     4  
Groundskeepers and gardeners, |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 except farm..................|  100.0 |   19.4 |   17.2 |   22.5 |   12.1 |    6.6 |    7.1 |   15.1 |     4  
Sales workers, other          |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 commodities..................|  100.0 |   16.4 |   15.2 |   18.8 |   13.5 |   10.6 |    6.2 |   19.2 |     5  
Supervisors and proprietors...|  100.0 |   16.2 |   14.1 |   19.8 |   11.2 |   13.2 |    6.9 |   18.8 |     6  
Miscellaneous food preparation|  100.0 |   16.8 |   15.2 |   23.4 |   11.3 |   13.7 |    6.1 |   13.5 |     4  
Maids and housemen............|  100.0 |   16.2 |   14.4 |   20.7 |   15.6 |   10.9 |    5.2 |   17.1 |     5  
Shipping and receiving clerks.|  100.0 |   17.3 |   14.8 |   21.4 |   13.8 |   11.6 |    6.6 |   14.6 |     5  
Driver-sales workers..........|  100.0 |   11.9 |   11.2 |   21.6 |   17.8 |   12.2 |    6.3 |   18.8 |     7  
Mechanics, automobile.........|  100.0 |   17.3 |   12.9 |   24.0 |   11.9 |   11.0 |    3.2 |   19.8 |     5  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Waiters and waitresses........|  100.0 |   16.5 |   12.7 |   22.6 |   11.9 |    7.2 |    6.1 |   23.1 |     5  
Electricians..................|  100.0 |   16.2 |   12.5 |   16.7 |   11.7 |   10.7 |    8.8 |   23.5 |     8  
Industrial truck operators....|  100.0 |   15.2 |   13.9 |   16.7 |   12.1 |   11.8 |    6.8 |   23.6 |     7  
Farm workers..................|  100.0 |   13.0 |   11.0 |   22.8 |   16.4 |   12.7 |    6.8 |   17.5 |     6  
Supervisors, production       |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 workers......................|  100.0 |   19.4 |   17.4 |   18.2 |   11.9 |   11.5 |    4.3 |   17.3 |     4  
Repairers, industrial         |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 machinery....................|  100.0 |   16.8 |   12.6 |   15.4 |   11.8 |   12.5 |    7.4 |   23.5 |     7  
Packaging, filling machine    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 operators....................|  100.0 |   19.1 |   16.5 |   16.9 |   13.2 |    9.6 |    5.7 |   18.9 |     5  
Plumbers and pipefitters......|  100.0 |   13.0 |   12.8 |   18.8 |   14.1 |    9.5 |    6.2 |   25.7 |     8  
Kitchen workers...............|  100.0 |   18.2 |   11.8 |   29.6 |   11.2 |   11.8 |    5.4 |   12.0 |     4  
Licensed practical nurses.....|  100.0 |   16.6 |   15.9 |   23.0 |   14.1 |    8.8 |    5.8 |   15.9 |     4  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Mechanics, bus, truck,        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 stationary                   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 engine.......................|  100.0 |   20.6 |   17.7 |   15.6 |   13.3 |    9.4 |    6.4 |   17.0 |     5  
Health aides, except nursing..|  100.0 |   19.5 |   14.5 |   27.0 |   14.1 |    8.6 |    6.0 |   10.4 |     4  
Stock and inventory clerks....|  100.0 |   16.2 |   18.2 |   19.9 |   11.6 |   12.5 |    6.4 |   15.3 |     5  
Hand packers and packagers....|  100.0 |   21.0 |   12.8 |   14.4 |   14.6 |   14.2 |    5.9 |   17.2 |     6  
Guards and police, except     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 public.......................|  100.0 |   13.1 |   11.1 |   21.8 |   14.1 |   10.8 |    8.9 |   20.2 |     7  
Machinists....................|  100.0 |   19.5 |   15.6 |   17.4 |   17.9 |    8.2 |    5.8 |   15.6 |     5  
Butchers and meat cutters.....|  100.0 |   14.5 |   10.9 |   19.4 |   11.5 |   14.8 |   11.6 |   17.4 |     7  
Attendants, public            |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 transportation...............|  100.0 |    5.1 |    7.1 |   27.5 |   17.5 |   16.1 |    5.5 |   21.2 |     8  
Production inspectors.........|  100.0 |   18.2 |   10.4 |   16.4 |   10.6 |   12.2 |    7.7 |   24.6 |     7  
Vehicle washers and cleaners..|  100.0 |   19.3 |   16.8 |   20.7 |   11.0 |   13.9 |    4.1 |   14.3 |     4  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Helpers, construction trades..|  100.0 |   17.4 |   11.7 |   15.8 |   14.5 |   11.5 |    8.4 |   20.7 |     7  
Painters......................|  100.0 |   12.4 |   12.5 |   19.1 |   12.8 |   10.6 |    9.7 |   23.0 |     8  
Secretaries...................|  100.0 |   21.5 |   12.7 |   23.7 |   13.9 |    6.1 |    7.4 |   14.8 |     4  
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.         
  
  NOTE:  Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, percentages may not add to 100.
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor              
 



TABLE 9. Percent distribution of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work(1)
by selected injury or illness characteristics and number of days away from work,1998
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                              |        |                                                              |        
                              |        |       Percent of days-away-from-work cases involving        | Median 
                              |  Total |______________________________________________________________|  days  
        Characteristic        |  cases |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |  away  
                              |        |  1 day | 2 days |  3 - 5 | 6 - 10 | 11 - 20| 21 - 30| 31 days|  from  
                              |        |        |        |  days  |  days  |  days  |  days  | or more|  work  
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Total [1,730,534 cases].......|  100.0 |   16.7 |   13.4 |   20.2 |   12.9 |   11.2 |    6.4 |   19.1 |     5  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Nature of injury or illness:  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Sprains, strains............|  100.0 |   14.1 |   13.1 |   22.3 |   13.9 |   11.5 |    6.4 |   18.7 |     6  
  Bruises, contusions.........|  100.0 |   23.0 |   18.4 |   22.8 |   12.8 |    9.1 |    4.2 |    9.7 |     3  
  Cuts, lacerations...........|  100.0 |   25.4 |   16.2 |   21.7 |   13.7 |   10.6 |    4.2 |    8.2 |     3  
  Fractures...................|  100.0 |    8.3 |    6.4 |   12.4 |   11.2 |   14.0 |   10.6 |   37.1 |    19  
  Heat burns..................|  100.0 |   20.8 |   14.0 |   21.8 |   15.2 |   11.6 |    5.0 |   11.5 |     4  
  Carpal tunnel syndrome......|  100.0 |    3.8 |    4.3 |   11.3 |   10.2 |   15.4 |   11.8 |   43.1 |    24  
  Tendonitis..................|  100.0 |    9.7 |   10.8 |   15.3 |   14.7 |   18.4 |    8.2 |   23.0 |    10  
  Chemical burns..............|  100.0 |   32.1 |   21.6 |   19.5 |   12.2 |    7.6 |    2.5 |    4.4 |     2  
  Amputations.................|  100.0 |    7.6 |    4.8 |   11.0 |   13.5 |   18.2 |   13.3 |   31.6 |    18  
  Multiple traumatic injuries.|  100.0 |   14.4 |   13.5 |   18.3 |   11.5 |   10.8 |    6.8 |   24.7 |     7  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Part of body affected by the  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 injury or illness:           |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Head........................|  100.0 |   39.4 |   21.6 |   19.5 |    8.2 |    4.9 |    1.9 |    4.5 |     2  
   Eye........................|  100.0 |   48.6 |   25.2 |   15.9 |    5.5 |    2.3 |     .9 |    1.5 |     2  
  Neck........................|  100.0 |   13.5 |   14.8 |   26.5 |   13.4 |    9.8 |    4.9 |   17.0 |     4  
  Trunk.......................|  100.0 |   13.1 |   12.4 |   21.6 |   13.7 |   11.6 |    6.8 |   20.7 |     6  
   Shoulder...................|  100.0 |   12.2 |   11.9 |   17.7 |   11.7 |   11.6 |    7.0 |   27.9 |     9  
   Back.......................|  100.0 |   13.5 |   12.9 |   23.1 |   14.4 |   11.0 |    6.0 |   19.2 |     6  
  Upper extremities...........|  100.0 |   18.1 |   13.2 |   19.4 |   13.1 |   12.4 |    6.5 |   17.3 |     5  
   Wrist......................|  100.0 |   11.1 |    9.5 |   15.7 |   12.7 |   13.2 |    9.5 |   28.4 |    11  
   Hand, except finger........|  100.0 |   21.0 |   16.1 |   21.5 |   12.2 |   12.1 |    5.1 |   12.1 |     4  
   Finger.....................|  100.0 |   21.8 |   14.8 |   19.9 |   14.0 |   12.4 |    5.7 |   11.5 |     4  
  Lower extremities...........|  100.0 |   15.0 |   12.9 |   19.6 |   13.4 |   11.8 |    7.0 |   20.3 |     6  
   Knee.......................|  100.0 |   12.1 |   10.6 |   17.0 |   12.5 |   12.7 |    8.0 |   27.2 |    10  
   Foot, except toe...........|  100.0 |   15.2 |   16.2 |   20.3 |   12.3 |   10.9 |    7.1 |   18.0 |     5  
   Toe........................|  100.0 |   19.6 |   16.5 |   21.6 |   14.9 |    9.9 |    7.2 |   10.3 |     4  
  Body systems................|  100.0 |   28.2 |   17.5 |   16.8 |   10.9 |    7.6 |    5.2 |   13.7 |     3  
  Multiple parts..............|  100.0 |   14.0 |   12.1 |   17.4 |   11.6 |   11.6 |    7.4 |   25.9 |     8  
Source of injury or illness:  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Chemicals and chemical      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   products...................|  100.0 |   32.2 |   20.4 |   19.2 |   10.9 |    8.1 |    2.6 |    6.8 |     2  
  Containers..................|  100.0 |   14.5 |   13.7 |   20.9 |   13.3 |   11.8 |    7.1 |   18.7 |     6  
  Furniture and fixtures......|  100.0 |   19.7 |   15.9 |   22.1 |   13.4 |    9.8 |    5.1 |   14.0 |     4  
  Machinery...................|  100.0 |   16.9 |   12.8 |   20.3 |   12.6 |   12.2 |    6.8 |   18.4 |     6  
  Parts and materials.........|  100.0 |   18.6 |   13.8 |   20.3 |   13.0 |   11.5 |    6.3 |   16.5 |     5  
  Worker motion or position...|  100.0 |   12.4 |   10.8 |   20.0 |   13.5 |   12.8 |    7.3 |   23.1 |     8  
  Floors, walkways, ground    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   surfaces...................|  100.0 |   13.0 |   11.9 |   18.5 |   12.7 |   11.2 |    7.3 |   25.4 |     8  
  Tools, instruments, and     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   equipment..................|  100.0 |   23.3 |   15.0 |   21.2 |   13.0 |   11.2 |    5.2 |   11.2 |     4  
  Vehicles....................|  100.0 |   13.2 |   12.0 |   19.5 |   12.9 |   12.1 |    6.9 |   23.4 |     7  
  Health care patient.........|  100.0 |   15.7 |   15.4 |   22.9 |   15.4 |   10.2 |    5.5 |   14.9 |     5  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Event or exposure leading to  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 injury or illness:           |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Contact with objects and    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   equipment..................|  100.0 |   23.7 |   15.9 |   19.9 |   12.4 |   10.1 |    5.0 |   12.9 |     4  
   Struck by object...........|  100.0 |   23.5 |   16.5 |   20.0 |   12.6 |    9.9 |    4.8 |   12.8 |     4  
   Struck against object......|  100.0 |   24.6 |   15.3 |   20.8 |   13.0 |   10.4 |    4.8 |   11.1 |     4  
   Caught in equipment or     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    object....................|  100.0 |   15.3 |   12.5 |   19.5 |   13.2 |   13.0 |    7.4 |   19.2 |     6  
  Fall to lower level.........|  100.0 |   11.6 |   10.5 |   17.0 |   13.1 |   11.3 |    7.2 |   29.4 |    10  
  Fall on same level..........|  100.0 |   14.3 |   12.8 |   19.4 |   12.2 |   11.0 |    7.3 |   22.9 |     7  
  Slip, trip, loss of         |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   balancewithout fall.......|  100.0 |   14.7 |   12.3 |   21.7 |   13.5 |   11.1 |    7.2 |   19.5 |     6  
  Overexertion................|  100.0 |   13.0 |   12.7 |   21.6 |   13.7 |   12.1 |    7.2 |   19.6 |     6  
   Overexertion in lifting....|  100.0 |   12.9 |   13.2 |   22.0 |   13.8 |   12.1 |    7.4 |   18.7 |     6  
  Repetitive motion...........|  100.0 |    7.9 |    7.3 |   13.9 |   13.0 |   15.4 |    9.4 |   33.0 |    15  
  Exposure to harmful         |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   substances.................|  100.0 |   29.9 |   17.9 |   20.6 |   11.7 |    8.2 |    3.6 |    8.1 |     3  
  Transportation accidents....|  100.0 |   11.5 |   10.1 |   20.0 |   11.5 |   12.2 |    7.4 |   27.3 |     9  
  Fires and explosions........|  100.0 |   18.7 |    9.1 |   15.7 |   12.9 |   14.3 |    3.9 |   25.3 |     9  
  Assaults and violent acts by|        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
   person.....................|  100.0 |   15.4 |   18.4 |   20.7 |   13.9 |   10.3 |    4.9 |   16.3 |     5  
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.         
  
  NOTE:  Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, percentages may not add to 100.
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor              
 



TABLE 10. Percent distribution of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work(1)
by industry division and number of days away from work,1998
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                              |        |                                                              |        
                              |        |       Percent of days-away-from-work cases involving        | Median 
                              |  Total |______________________________________________________________|  days  
           Industry           |  cases |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |  away  
                              |        |  1 day | 2 days |  3 - 5 | 6 - 10 | 11 - 20| 21 - 30| 31 days|  from  
                              |        |        |        |  days  |  days  |  days  |  days  | or more|  work  
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Private industry(2) [1,730,534|        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 cases].......................|  100.0 |   16.7 |   13.4 |   20.2 |   12.9 |   11.2 |    6.4 |   19.1 |     5  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Goods producing:              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 Agriculture, forestry, and   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  fishing(2)..................|  100.0 |   17.0 |   14.2 |   22.0 |   14.3 |    9.2 |    7.0 |   16.3 |     5  
 Mining(3)....................|  100.0 |   10.4 |    7.4 |   12.3 |    8.6 |   10.0 |    5.8 |   45.5 |    22  
 Construction.................|  100.0 |   14.5 |   11.3 |   18.9 |   12.6 |   12.2 |    7.5 |   23.1 |     7  
 Manufacturing................|  100.0 |   19.4 |   13.4 |   18.3 |   12.5 |   11.7 |    6.6 |   18.1 |     5  
  Durable goods...............|  100.0 |   20.1 |   13.5 |   18.0 |   12.3 |   11.8 |    6.5 |   17.8 |     5  
  Nondurable goods............|  100.0 |   18.2 |   13.3 |   18.7 |   12.7 |   11.5 |    6.8 |   18.7 |     5  
                              |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
Service producing:            |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
 Transportation and public    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  utilities(3)................|  100.0 |   12.6 |   10.6 |   19.5 |   13.4 |   13.4 |    6.9 |   23.7 |     8  
 Wholesale trade..............|  100.0 |   17.1 |   14.7 |   20.7 |   12.0 |   10.6 |    6.5 |   18.4 |     5  
 Retail trade.................|  100.0 |   16.0 |   14.4 |   21.0 |   13.0 |   10.9 |    6.4 |   18.3 |     5  
 Finance, insurance, and real |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  estate......................|  100.0 |   17.9 |   13.9 |   20.5 |   13.7 |   10.7 |    5.0 |   18.3 |     5  
 Services.....................|  100.0 |   17.4 |   14.6 |   22.4 |   13.5 |   10.0 |    5.5 |   16.4 |     5  
______________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.         
  2 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  3 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for
employers in railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S.
Department of Labor, and by the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. 
Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal, and nonmetal industries.      
  
  NOTE:  Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, percentages may not add to 100.
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor