Historical, technical					USDL 01-167
  information:   (202) 691-5618			FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EDT
Media contact:   (202) 691-5902			Wednesday, June 6, 2001
Internet: http://www.bls.gov/iprhome.htm



PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS: SERVICE-PRODUCING AND MINING 
INDUSTRIES, 1990-99


	Labor productivity rose in 1999 in most of the U.S. service-producing and mining 
industries studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. 
Nearly half of the industries that registered productivity growth also posted declines in 
unit labor costs.

	In 1999, labor productivity--defined as output per hour--increased in over 80 
percent of the service-producing and mining industries covered in this release.  Eighty-six 
percent of the industries recorded output growth, while hours of labor grew in 69 percent 
of the industries.  The proportion of service-producing and mining industries 
experiencing productivity growth from 1990 to 1999 was larger than the proportion with 
productivity growth in 1999; over the 1990-99 period, output per hour advanced in 86 
percent of the service-producing and mining industries.  Output rose in 92 percent of the 
industries, while hours of labor grew in 57 percent of the industries.

	The attached tables present data for the service-producing and mining industries 
for which BLS publishes productivity series.  Although the analysis that follows will 
focus primarily on industries at the 3-digit level of the Standard Industrial Classification 
(SIC) Manual, BLS also publishes productivity series at the more detailed 4-digit level 
for many of these industries, as well as for many manufacturing industries.  (Productivity 
in manufacturing industries for 1999 was reported in USDL 01-141, issued May 15, 
2001.  See technical note for more information).  Included in this news release for the 
first time are productivity and related data for personal services and for a number of 
newly published 2-digit retail trade industries, as well as measures for the retail trade 
sector as a whole.  An article discussing the new measures for retail trade industries will 
appear in a forthcoming issue of the Monthly Labor Review.  


Retail trade

Recent trends

	Productivity rose in 1999 in 26 of the 28 published 3-digit industries in retail 
trade.  (See table 1.)  The increases ranged from 1.4 percent in household appliance stores 
to 23.0 percent in retail bakeries.  The largest industries in retail trade, those with more 
than 2,400,000 employees, are eating and drinking places, grocery stores, and department 
stores.  In 1999, output per hour rose 2.3 percent in eating and drinking places, 3.4 
percent in grocery stores, and 8.8 percent in department stores.  The two retail trade 
industries registering productivity declines were paint, glass, and wallpaper stores (-0.1 
percent) and liquor stores (-1.6 percent).

	Of the 26 3-digit industries in retail trade that recorded productivity growth, 15 
also experienced decreases in unit labor costs in 1999.  (See table 2.)  The decreases in 
unit labor costs ranged from -0.5 percent in shoe stores to -15.2 percent in variety stores.  
Despite productivity growth, unit labor costs rose in the two largest industries in retail 
trade--1.9 percent in eating and drinking places and 0.4 percent in grocery stores.  

	Reflecting the rates of growth among the individual retail trade industries, 
productivity in the retail trade sector as a whole rose 5.2 percent in 1999, with output 
growing 7.1 percent and hours increasing 1.8 percent.  No change in unit labor costs was 
registered in the retail sector in 1999. 

Long-term trends

	The number of retail trade industries with long-term productivity growth (1990-
99) was equal to the number with short-term productivity growth.  Although the long-
term rates tended to be lower than the 1999 rates, labor productivity advanced at average 
annual rates exceeding 5.0 percent in eight 3-digit retail industries.  An additional 13 
industries registered annual growth rates in output per hour in the 2.0-5.0 percent range.

	Over the 1990-99 period, unit labor costs declined in half of the 28 retail trade 
industries.  The largest declines were in variety stores (-5.7 percent per year), radio, 
television, computer, and music stores (-5.6 percent per year), and miscellaneous general 
merchandise stores (-3.5 percent per year).

	Productivity in the overall retail sector grew at a rate of 2.3 percent per year over 
the period, with output increasing by 3.7 percent per year and hours by 1.4 percent per 
year.  Unit labor costs rose 1.4 percent per year for the retail sector as a whole.

	In the early years of this period, 1990-95, output per hour increased in 22 of the 
28 published 3-digit retail trade industries.  (See table 3.)  As the economic expansion 
continued, productivity growth rates among the retail trade industries accelerated.  In the 
1995-99 period, productivity rose in all 28 retail trade industries, with 22 of the industries 
exhibiting even higher productivity growth rates in the latter period than in the former.

	The number of retail trade industries with declining unit labor costs changed little 
as the economic expansion continued. (See table 4.)  The number of retail trade industries 
with falling unit labor costs rose from 13 in the 1990-95 period to 14 in the 1995-99 
period.  

	Reflecting the pattern seen for individual industries, the retail sector as a whole 
exhibited stronger productivity gains in the latter part of the decade--output per hour 
grew 1.6 percent per year in the earlier period and 3.1 percent per year in the later period.  
Unit labor costs, however, rose in both periods--1.4 percent per year from 1990-95 and 
1.3 percent per year from 1995-99.  


Finance and services

Recent trends

	In 1999, gains in output per hour were posted in six of the nine industries in 
finance and services for which BLS published data at the 3-digit level.  The largest 
industry in terms of employment was hotels and motels, where productivity increased 1.7 
percent.  In the next largest industry, commercial banks, output per hour rose 2.0 percent.

	The only declines in unit labor costs occurred in laundry, cleaning, and garment 
services (-0.5 percent) and motion picture theaters (-2.9 percent) in 1999.  The largest 
industries in finance and services experienced rising unit labor costs.  Unit labor costs 
advanced 3.8 percent in hotels and motels and 5.6 percent in commercial banks.

In the personal services industry (SIC 72), productivity increased at a rate of 1.6 
percent, in 1999, while output grew 4.2 percent and hours increased 2.5 percent.  Unit 
labor costs in personal services increased by 2.5 percent.

Long-term trends

	All but one of the nine industries in the finance and services sector registered 
long-term labor productivity growth.  From 1990 to 1999, output per hour rose at an 
average annual rate of 1.8 percent in hotels and motels and 2.6 percent in commercial 
banks.

	Unit labor costs rose in eight of the nine industries in finance and services over 
the period 1990-99.  Only barber shops posted a long-term decline in unit labor costs.  
Unit labor costs decreased 0.9 percent per year in this industry.

Productivity in the personal services industry grew over the period at a rate of 1.2 
percent per year, and unit labor costs rose at a rate of 2.5 percent per year.

	Over the period 1990-95, productivity increased in eight of the nine published 3-
digit industries in the finance and services sector.  Productivity grew in seven of the 
industries in the period 1995-99, with four of the industries exhibiting higher productivity 
growth rates in the latter period.

	Unit labor costs increased in both periods in most of the finance and services 
industries.  Unit labor costs fell in two industries in 1990-95, and in one industry in 
1995-99.     

	Productivity in the overall personal services industry increased at a higher rate in 
the later period, growing 1.7 percent per year, compared with a growth rate of 0.8 percent 
per year in the earlier period.   Unit labor costs increased at a slightly higher rate in the 
later period, 2.6 percent per year, up from 2.4 percent per year in the period 1990-95.


Transportation, communications, and utilities

Recent trends

	Among the transportation industries, output per hour advanced 0.5 percent in the 
U. S. postal service, 1.3 percent in trucking, and 5.2 percent in railroads.  The only 
measured transportation industry to register a productivity decline in 1999 was airlines
(-2.2 percent).  Productivity gains were recorded in two of the three communications 
industries, rising 11.1 percent in telephone communications and 1.1 percent in radio and 
television broadcasting.  In contrast, productivity fell 2.4 percent in cable and other pay 
TV services.  In the utilities sector, output per hour increased 1.6 percent in electric 
utilities and 0.5 percent in gas utilities.

	In 1999, unit labor costs fell 2.9 percent in railroad transportation.  All other 
industries in the transportation, communications, and utilities sectors recorded rising unit 
labor costs.
	
Long-term trends

	Over the 1990-99 period, all but two of the industries in the transportation, 
communications, and utilities sectors posted gains in labor productivity.  The largest 
gains were in telephone communications (5.9 percent per year); railroad transportation 
(4.9 percent per year); electric utilities (4.4 percent per year); and gas utilities (3.6 
percent per year).  

	Unit labor costs rose over the long term in most of the industries in the 
transportation, communications, and utilities sectors: the railroad transportation and 
telephone communications industries were the exceptions.

	All but one of the industries in the transportation, communications, and utilities 
sectors exhibited productivity growth between 1990 and 1995.  In comparison, six of the 
nine industries registered productivity increases in the period 1995-99.  Of these six 
industries, half had higher rates of productivity growth in the latter period.      

	Unit labor costs fell in four of the industries in this sector between 1990 and 1995.  
The three industries with the largest unit labor costs declines--railroad transportation, 
telephone communications, and gas utilities--also registered the highest productivity 
growth rates from 1990 to 1995.  In the latter period, unit labor costs again dropped in 
railroad transportation and telephone communications and also dropped slightly in 
electric utilities.  The productivity growth rates in these industries were the highest in this 
sector between 1995 and 1999.


Mining

Recent trends

	Productivity increased in 1999 in three of the five 3-digit mining industries 
reported here.  Declines in output per hour were recorded in crushed and broken stone
(-4.8 percent) and copper ores (-10.8 percent).

	Unit labor costs fell 0.2 percent in gold and silver ores and 2.0 percent in 
bituminous coal and lignite mining in 1999.  Increases in unit labor costs occurred in 
crude petroleum and natural gas (2.7 percent), crushed and broken stone (8.4 percent), 
and copper ores (21.0 percent).

Long-term trends

	Over the 1990-99 period, all of the published 3-digit mining industries posted 
productivity gains.  The largest increases were in gold and silver ores, 5.6 percent per 
year, and bituminous coal and lignite mining, 5.5 percent per year.

	The two mining industries with the fastest growth in productivity were the only 
ones to reduce unit labor costs.  From 1990 to 1999, unit labor costs fell 0.7 percent in 
gold and silver ores and 2.7 percent in bituminous coal and lignite mining.

	From 1990 to 1995, productivity grew in all these 3-digit mining industries.  From 
1995 to 1999, however, productivity grew in just three of the mining industries, with only 
one industry, gold and silver ores, exhibiting a higher rate of growth in the later period. 

	Unit labor costs fell in one mining industry from 1990 to 1995 and in two 
industries between 1995 and 1999.  The industries with decreasing unit labor costs were 
among those with the largest increases in productivity in both periods.

Technical Note

Revisions

	The data in this news release reflect revisions to series as published in table 42 of 
the Monthly Labor Review and in the news release Productivity and Costs: Service-
Producing and Mining Industries, 1987-98 (May 26, 2000).  Indexes of productivity by 
industry have been revised for the years 1978 to 1998 for most of the retail trade and 
services industries included in this news release.  These revisions are due to the 
incorporation of the research series CPI (CPI-U-RS) and of revised annual sales data 
from the Census Bureau, which were benchmarked to preliminary Census of Retail Trade 
data.  The revised series can be obtained in several ways: by visiting the Industry 
Productivity web site (http://www.bls.gov/iprhome.htm); by calling the Division of 
Industry Productivity Studies (202-691-5618); or by sending a request by e-mail 
(dipsweb@bls.gov).

	Industry output indexes are prepared from basic data published by various public 
and private agencies, using the greatest level of detail available.  Data from the Bureau of 
the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, are used extensively in developing output 
statistics for manufacturing, trade, and service-producing industries.  Data from the 1999 
Service Annual Survey (which includes transportation, communications, and personal 
and business services) were published primarily on the basis of the new North American 
Industry Classification System (NAICS); earlier surveys were published according to the 
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system.  Implementation of NAICS by federal 
agencies will be in phases.  In order to update the productivity series for this news 
release, BLS converted the NAICS-based data to a SIC basis.  BLS will continue to 
publish the productivity series on a SIC basis until all the data underlying the productivity 
series have been converted to a NAICS basis. 

All of the measures for 1999 in this news release are preliminary and subject to 
revision.

Productivity measurement

	The productivity measures in this release describe the relationship between output 
and the labor time involved in its production.  They show the changes from period to 
period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour.  Although these measures 
relate output to hours of employees or all persons engaged in an industry, they do not 
measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other factor of production.  
Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including changes in technology; 
capital investment; level of output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 
organization of production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and effort of the 
workforce.

	Year-to-year movements in productivity measures for some industries might be 
somewhat erratic, particularly in the smaller industries.  The annual changes in an 
industry's productivity are based on sample data, which are likely to differ from data 
generated by a census of establishments in the industry.  As a result, long-term trends 
tend to be more reliable indicators of the performance of an industry than are the year-to-
year changes.

Unit labor cost measurement

	The unit labor cost series in this release describe the cost of labor input required 
to produce one unit of output.  Unit labor costs are calculated as the ratio of current dollar 
labor compensation to constant dollar output.  The indexes of unit labor costs for each 
industry are computed by dividing an index of current dollar compensation by an index of 
constant dollar output.

	Compensation is a measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of 
labor.  It is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments.  Payroll includes salaries, 
wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and 
compensation in kind.  Supplemental payments are divided into legally required 
expenditures and payments for voluntary programs.  The legally required expenditures 
include employers' contributions to Social Security, unemployment insurance taxes, and 
workers' compensation.  Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not 
specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 
insurance and pension plans.

	The indexes of industry output used in measuring labor productivity and unit 
labor costs are, wherever possible, calculated with a Tornqvist formula.  This formula 
aggregates the growth rates of the various industry products between two periods using 
the products' shares in industry value of production, averaged over the two periods, as 
weights.

	Published productivity and unit labor cost data for 2-, 3-, and 4-digit SIC 
industries in the goods-producing and service-producing sectors are available on the 
Internet at http://www.bls.gov/iprhome.htm.  Productivity series for additional industries 
have been withheld from publication because they do not meet BLS publication 
standards.  Unpublished data can be requested by phoning 202-691-5618 or by sending 
e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov.

	Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals 
upon request.  Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-
877-8339.

Table 1.   Annual percent change in output per hour and related series:  service-producing and mining industries, 1990-99 and 1998-99

                                                                          Annual percent change, 1990-99     Annual percent change, 1998-99
                                                               1999     ---------------------------------  ------------------------------------
SIC Code                  Industry                         Employment(1)   Output                Employee     Output                 Employee
                                                            (thousands)   per hour(2)  Output    hours(3)   per hour(2)   Output      hours(3)

                Mining

102         Copper ores                                          14           0.3       -0.1        -0.4       -10.8       -14.0        -3.5
104         Gold and silver ores                                 14           5.6        1.2        -4.2         6.6        -7.5       -13.2
12          Coal mining                                          85           5.5       -0.4        -5.6         2.4        -4.6        -6.9
122         Bituminous coal and lignite mining                   80           5.5       -0.4        -5.6         2.2        -4.5        -6.6
13          Oil and gas extraction                              293           2.7       -0.9        -3.5        12.8        -3.1       -14.1
131         Crude petroleum and natural gas                     133           3.5       -0.9        -4.2         3.9        -3.1        -6.7
14          Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels                  112           0.8        1.1         0.3         0.6         1.7         1.1
142         Crushed and broken stone                             45           0.3        1.8         1.5        -4.8        -1.0         4.0

                Transportation

4011        Railroad transportation                             203           4.9        2.7        -2.1         5.2         3.7        -1.4
4213        Trucking, except local                              901           1.9        3.9         1.9         1.3         4.0         2.6
43          United States Postal Service(4)                     873           0.7        1.8         1.2         0.5         1.6         1.1
4512,13,    Air transportation                                  711           1.7        4.2         2.4        -2.2         1.9         4.2
   22(PTS)

                Communications and Utilities

481         Telephone communications                           1070           5.9        7.9         2.0        11.1        15.0         3.5
483         Radio and television broadcasting                   248          -0.3        0.6         1.0         1.1         1.6         0.5
484         Cable and other pay television services             201          -1.4        4.8         6.3        -2.4        10.4        13.0
491,3(PT)   Electric utilities                                  480           4.4        1.8        -2.5         1.6        -0.9        -2.5
492,3(PT)   Gas utilities                                       169           3.6        1.5        -2.0         0.5         1.1         0.7

                Retail Trade

            Retail trade                                       24092          2.3        3.7         1.4         5.2         7.1         1.8

52          Building materials, hardware, garden supply,       1030           4.2        6.4         2.2         5.7        12.2         6.2
             and mobile homes
521         Lumber and other building materials dealers         625           3.5        7.2         3.6         6.1        14.9         8.3
523         Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores                   71           4.8        3.8        -1.0        -0.1         7.0         7.1
525         Hardware stores                                     173           2.9        2.3        -0.6         8.4         8.7         0.3
526         Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores     109           6.7        6.8         0.1        13.1        12.7        -0.4
53          General merchandise stores                         2778           4.9        6.4         1.4         8.8         9.1         0.2
531         Department stores                                  2431           4.8        6.8         1.9         8.8         8.6        -0.2
533         Variety stores                                      141           8.4        5.7        -2.5        18.9        21.9         2.5
539         Miscellaneous general merchandise stores            207           5.7        4.8        -0.9         5.1         8.8         3.5

54          Food stores                                        3617          -0.3        0.3         0.6         3.9         2.2        -1.6
541         Grocery stores                                     3154          -0.1        0.3         0.5         3.4         2.2        -1.1
542         Meat and fish (seafood) markets                      58           0.0       -0.4        -0.4         3.8         5.5         1.6
546         Retail bakeries                                     212          -0.9        1.0         2.0        23.0         8.4       -11.8
55          Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations   2449           2.0        2.8         0.7         5.2         5.7         0.5
551         New and used car dealers                           1079           0.5        2.1         1.6         3.0         5.3         2.3
553         Auto and home supply stores                         424           1.3        2.8         1.6         2.6         5.2         2.5
554         Gasoline service stations                           681           3.5        2.4        -1.1         5.0         1.5        -3.4

56          Apparel and accessory stores                       1233           5.3        4.7        -0.6         6.5         8.4         1.8
561         Men's and boys' wear stores                          85           3.3        0.7        -2.5         6.5         5.1        -1.2
562         Women's clothing stores                             293           6.7        2.0        -4.4         8.2         8.8         0.6
565         Family clothing stores                              433           4.2        8.0         3.6         2.3        10.3         7.9
566         Shoe stores                                         215           3.8        2.3        -1.5         4.2         2.8        -1.3
57          Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores  1197           6.7        9.1         2.2        11.8        14.9         2.8
571         Furniture and homefurnishings stores                626           2.8        4.1         1.3         5.4         7.6         2.1
572         Household appliance stores                           81           6.5        4.1        -2.3         1.4         9.0         7.5
573         Radio, television, computer, and music stores       491          11.2       16.3         4.6        20.8        24.3         2.9

58          Eating and drinking places(5)                      8174           0.0        2.2         2.2         2.3         4.5         2.1
59          Miscellaneous merchandise stores                   3613           3.3        4.9         1.5         0.5         5.4         4.8
591         Drug and proprietary stores                         672           2.2        3.2         1.0         3.3         7.2         3.7
592         Liquor stores                                       144           0.9        0.2        -0.7        -1.6         6.0         7.8
593         Used merchandise stores                             208           6.5       11.3         4.5        11.2        26.2        13.5
594         Miscellaneous shopping goods stores                1203           3.4        5.0         1.5         4.6         8.2         3.4
596         Nonstore retailers                                  593           8.0       10.7         2.5         6.8        16.4         9.0
598         Fuel dealers                                        100           3.5        1.9        -1.6         8.8        10.2         1.3
599         Retail stores, n.e.c.                               693           3.9        5.6         1.7         2.3         5.0         2.6

                Finance and Services

602         Commercial banks                                   1476           2.6        1.9        -0.7         2.0         2.3         0.3
701         Hotels and motels                                  1809           1.8        3.1         1.2         1.7         3.6         1.9
72          Personal services                                  1815           1.2        2.1         0.9         1.6         4.2         2.5
721         Laundry, cleaning, and garment services             525           2.0        2.0         0.1         4.9         4.3        -0.5
722         Photographic studios, portrait                       90           0.8        3.4         2.7       -13.6         1.1        17.0
723         Beauty shops                                        731           1.7        2.6         0.9         2.5         2.5         0.0
724         Barber shops                                         57           3.6        0.8        -2.7       -12.4         7.1        22.3
726         Funeral services and crematories                    107           1.0        0.9        -0.1        -4.3        -1.8         2.7
753         Automotive repair shops                             900           1.9        3.1         1.2         2.2         2.2         0.0
783         Motion picture theaters                             138          -0.7        1.5         2.3         4.1         5.6         1.4



    (1) Employment figures are based primarily on data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program and the Current Population
Survey (CPS).  Other sources are: the Association of American Railroads, the Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service.
    (2) Output per employee hour is measured in mining, transportation, communications, and SICs 531, 551, 602, and 783.  Output per hour
of all persons is used for all other trade and services industries.  All persons include self-employed and unpaid family workers as well as
employees.  In SIC 4213 and 4512,13,22(pts), output per employee hour is based on output per employee with the assumption of constant average
weekly hours.
    (3) Employee hours are measured in mining, transportation, communications, and SICs 531, 551, 602, and 783.  Hours of all
persons are used for all other trade and services industries.  All persons includes self-employed and unpaid family workers as well as employees.
In SIC 4213 and 4512,13,22(pts), employee hours are based on employees with the assumption of constant average weekly hours.
    (4) The United States Postal Service, SIC 43, is also designated in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and is identical to the
three-digit SIC Group Number, SIC 431, and the four-digit SIC Industry Number, SIC 4311.  Employee hours in SIC 43 are based on the number of
full-time equivalent (FTE) employee years, as reported in the U.S. Postal Service budget.  FTE employee years are computed by dividing total
hours of full-time, part-time, and intermittent workers by the number of hours in a standard work year.  The output and hours for SIC 43 reflect
the Federal fiscal year.
    (5) Eating and drinking places, SIC 58, is also designated in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and is identical to the
three-digit SIC Group Number, SIC 581.
Table 2.   Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs: service-producing and mining industries, 1990-99 and
1998-99

                                                                           Annual percent change, 1990-99      Annual percent change, 1998-99
                                                              1999       ----------------------------------  ----------------------------------
SIC Code                  Industry                         Employment(1)    Total               Unit labor    Total                 Unit labor
                                                            (thousands)  compensation  Output      costs     compensation  Output      costs

                Mining

102         Copper ores                                          14           3.7       -0.1         3.7         4.1       -14.0        21.0
104         Gold and silver ores                                 14           0.4        1.2        -0.7        -7.7        -7.5        -0.2
12          Coal mining                                          85          -3.2       -0.4        -2.8        -6.6        -4.6        -2.1
122         Bituminous coal and lignite mining                   80          -3.2       -0.4        -2.7        -6.4        -4.5        -2.0
13          Oil and gas extraction                              293           1.9       -0.9         2.8        -6.0        -3.1        -3.0
131         Crude petroleum and natural gas                     133           1.1       -0.9         2.0        -0.5        -3.1         2.7
14          Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels                  112           3.7        1.1         2.5         3.8         1.7         2.0
142         Crushed and broken stone                             45           4.7        1.8         2.9         7.3        -1.0         8.4

                Transportation

4011        Railroad transportation                             203           0.8        2.7        -1.9         0.7         3.7        -2.9
4213        Trucking, except local                              901           5.1        3.9         1.2         6.0         4.0         1.9
43          United States Postal Service(2)                     873           4.0        1.8         2.2         3.8         1.6         2.2
4512,13,    Air transportation                                  711           4.8        4.2         0.6         7.0         1.9         5.0
   22(PTS)

                Communications and Utilities

481         Telephone communications                           1070           7.1        7.9        -0.8        16.6        15.0         1.4
483         Radio and television broadcasting                   248           5.1        0.6         4.4         4.5         1.6         2.9
484         Cable and other pay television services             201          12.4        4.8         7.3        22.0        10.4        10.5
491,3(PT)   Electric utilities                                  480           1.9        1.8         0.1         1.8        -0.9         2.8
492,3(PT)   Gas utilities                                       169           2.5        1.5         1.0         5.3         1.1         4.1

                Retail Trade

            Retail trade                                       24092          5.1        3.7         1.4         7.1         7.1         0.0

52          Building materials, hardware, garden supply,       1030           6.1        6.4        -0.3         9.8        12.2        -2.2
              and mobile homes
521         Lumber and other building materials dealers         625           7.3        7.2         0.1        12.1        14.9        -2.4
523         Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores                   71           2.6        3.8        -1.2         7.8         7.0         0.8
525         Hardware stores                                     173           3.0        2.3         0.8         5.5         8.7        -2.9
526         Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores     109           3.8        6.8        -2.8         3.6        12.7        -8.0
53          General merchandise stores                         2778           4.5        6.4        -1.8         5.6         9.1        -3.2
531         Department stores                                  2431           5.1        6.8        -1.6         6.3         8.6        -2.1
533         Variety stores                                      141          -0.3        5.7        -5.7         3.3        21.9       -15.2
539         Miscellaneous general merchandise stores            207           1.1        4.8        -3.5        -2.3         8.8       -10.2

54          Food stores                                        3617           3.6        0.3         3.3         2.2         2.2        -0.1
541         Grocery stores                                     3154           3.4        0.3         3.1         2.6         2.2         0.4
542         Meat and fish (seafood) markets                      58           1.6       -0.4         1.9         5.7         5.5         0.2
546         Retail bakeries                                     212           5.7        1.0         4.7        -6.1         8.4       -13.4
55          Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations   2449           5.4        2.8         2.5         7.4         5.7         1.6
551         New and used car dealers                           1079           6.3        2.1         4.1         9.4         5.3         3.9
553         Auto and home supply stores                         424           4.7        2.8         1.8         6.9         5.2         1.6
554         Gasoline service stations                           681           2.4        2.4         0.1         0.7         1.5        -0.7

56          Apparel and accessory stores                       1233           3.4        4.7        -1.3         5.3         8.4        -2.9
561         Men's and boys' wear stores                          85           0.5        0.7        -0.2         2.3         5.1        -2.7
562         Women's clothing stores                             293          -0.3        2.0        -2.3         5.0         8.8        -3.5
565         Family clothing stores                              433           7.7        8.0        -0.3        12.9        10.3         2.3
566         Shoe stores                                         215           2.5        2.3         0.3         2.3         2.8        -0.5
57          Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores  1197           6.6        9.1        -2.3        10.4        14.9        -3.9
571         Furniture and homefurnishings stores                626           5.2        4.1         1.0         7.0         7.6        -0.6
572         Household appliance stores                           81           0.5        4.1        -3.4        15.9         9.0         6.3
573         Radio, television, computer, and music stores       491           9.7       16.3        -5.6        13.5        24.3        -8.7

58          Eating and drinking places(3)                      8174           5.8        2.2         3.6         6.5         4.5         1.9
59          Miscellaneous merchandise stores                   3613           5.7        4.9         0.7        11.5         5.4         5.8
591         Drug and proprietary stores                         672           5.3        3.2         2.0         9.6         7.2         2.3
592         Liquor stores                                       144           3.2        0.2         3.0        13.9         6.0         7.4
593         Used merchandise stores                             208           7.9       11.3        -3.1        14.5        26.2        -9.3
594         Miscellaneous shopping goods stores                1203           5.2        5.0         0.3         8.7         8.2         0.5
596         Nonstore retailers                                  593           8.5       10.7        -2.0        23.1        16.4         5.8
598         Fuel dealers                                        100           1.6        1.9        -0.2         4.0        10.2        -5.6
599         Retail stores, n.e.c.                               693           5.1        5.6        -0.4         7.4         5.0         2.2

                Finance and Services

602         Commercial banks                                   1476           5.7        1.9         3.8         8.0         2.3         5.6
701         Hotels and motels                                  1809           5.7        3.1         2.5         7.5         3.6         3.8
72          Personal services                                  1815           4.7        2.1         2.5         6.8         4.2         2.5
721         Laundry, cleaning, and garment services             525           3.5        2.0         1.5         3.8         4.3        -0.5
722         Photographic studios, portrait                       90           4.3        3.4         0.9         4.3         1.1         3.2
723         Beauty shops                                        731           5.2        2.6         2.5         5.9         2.5         3.3
724         Barber shops                                         57          -0.1        0.8        -0.9        35.6         7.1        26.5
726         Funeral services and crematories                    107           4.1        0.9         3.2         5.1        -1.8         7.0
753         Automotive repair shops                             900           4.8        3.1         1.6         4.6         2.2         2.4
783         Motion picture theaters                             138           4.7        1.5         3.1         2.6         5.6        -2.9



    (1) Employment figures are based primarily on data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program and the Current Population
Survey (CPS).  Other sources are: the Association of American Railroads, the Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service.
    (2) The United States Postal Service, SIC 43, is also designated in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and is identical to the
three-digit SIC Group Number, SIC 431, and the four-digit SIC Industry Number, SIC 4311.
    (3) Eating and drinking places, SIC 58, is also designated in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and is identical to the
three-digit SIC Group Number, SIC 581.
Table 3.   Annual percent change in output per hour and related series:  service-producing and mining industries, 1990-95 and 1995-99

                                                                          Annual percent change, 1990-95     Annual percent change, 1995-99
                                                              1999       --------------------------------  ------------------------------------
SIC Code                  Industry                         Employment(1)   Output                Employee     Output                 Employee
                                                           (thousands)   per hour(2)  Output     hours(3)   per hour(2)    Output     hours(3)

                Mining

102         Copper ores                                          14           2.7        2.9         0.2        -2.6        -3.6        -1.0
104         Gold and silver ores                                 14           3.3        1.0        -2.3         8.5         1.5        -6.5
12          Coal mining                                          85           5.6       -0.9        -6.2         5.5         0.2        -5.0
122         Bituminous coal and lignite mining                   80           5.6       -1.0        -6.2         5.4         0.2        -4.9
13          Oil and gas extraction                              293           3.4       -0.7        -4.0         1.8        -1.1        -2.8
131         Crude petroleum and natural gas                     133           4.3       -0.7        -4.8         2.6        -1.1        -3.6
14          Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels                  112           0.6        0.1        -0.5         1.1         2.4         1.3
142         Crushed and broken stone                             45           0.6        0.8         0.2        -0.1         3.0         3.1

                Transportation

4011        Railroad transportation                             203           5.7        3.3        -2.3         3.9         1.9        -2.0
4213        Trucking, except local                              901           2.5        4.3         1.8         1.2         3.4         2.1
43          United States Postal Service(4)                     873           0.5        1.4         1.0         0.9         2.3         1.4
4512,13,    Air transportation                                  711           3.2        3.9         0.7        -0.1         4.5         4.6
   22(PTS)

                Communications and Utilities

481         Telephone communications                           1070           5.5        5.5        -0.1         6.3        11.1         4.5
483         Radio and television broadcasting                   248           0.9        1.1         0.2        -1.8         0.0         1.9
484         Cable and other pay television services             201          -1.8        3.0         4.9        -0.9         7.0         8.0
491,3(PT)   Electric utilities                                  480           4.2        2.3        -1.8         4.8         1.3        -3.3
492,3(PT)   Gas utilities                                       169           5.3        2.9        -2.3         1.4        -0.2        -1.6

                Retail Trade

            Retail trade                                       24092          1.6        2.8         1.2         3.1         4.9         1.7

52          Building materials, hardware, garden supply,       1030           3.3        5.0         1.6         5.3         8.3         2.8
             and mobile homes
521         Lumber and other building materials dealers         625           2.5        5.4         2.9         4.8         9.5         4.5
523         Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores                   71           4.2        2.3        -1.8         5.7         5.7         0.0
525         Hardware stores                                     173           0.0        1.0         1.0         6.6         3.9        -2.6
526         Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores     109           6.7        5.3        -1.3         6.5         8.7         2.1
53          General merchandise stores                         2778           4.1        6.2         2.0         5.9         6.6         0.7
531         Department stores                                  2431           3.7        6.5         2.8         6.2         7.1         0.9
533         Variety stores                                      141           6.5        2.5        -3.7        10.9         9.9        -0.9
539         Miscellaneous general merchandise stores            207           7.1        5.4        -1.6         3.9         4.0         0.1

54          Food stores                                        3617          -0.8       -0.2         0.6         0.3         0.9         0.7
541         Grocery stores                                     3154          -0.6       -0.2         0.4         0.4         0.9         0.5
542         Meat and fish (seafood) markets                      58          -0.9       -2.5        -1.6         1.3         2.4         1.1
546         Retail bakeries                                     212          -1.9        0.1         2.0         0.2         2.1         1.9
55          Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations   2449           1.8        2.0         0.1         2.3         3.7         1.4
551         New and used car dealers                           1079           0.3        1.6         1.3         0.9         2.8         1.9
553         Auto and home supply stores                         424           1.0        1.8         0.7         1.6         4.2         2.6
554         Gasoline service stations                           681           4.3        2.3        -1.9         2.5         2.4        -0.1

56          Apparel and accessory stores                       1233           5.4        3.5        -1.8         5.2         6.2         0.9
561         Men's and boys' wear stores                          85           1.0       -2.3        -3.2         6.2         4.5        -1.7
562         Women's clothing stores                             293           5.6        0.7        -4.6         8.0         3.7        -4.0
565         Family clothing stores                              433           5.6        7.5         1.8         2.5         8.6         6.0
566         Shoe stores                                         215           5.2        1.3        -3.7         2.1         3.5         1.4
57          Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores  1197           6.0        7.7         1.6         7.6        10.7         2.9
571         Furniture and homefurnishings stores                626           2.3        2.8         0.4         3.4         5.9         2.4
572         Household appliance stores                           81           5.8        3.0        -2.6         7.4         5.4        -1.9
573         Radio, television, computer, and music stores       491          10.5       15.6         4.6        12.1        17.1         4.5

58          Eating and drinking places(5)                      8174          -0.5        1.5         2.0         0.6         2.9         2.4
59          Miscellaneous merchandise stores                   3613           1.7        2.8         1.0         5.3         7.5         2.1
591         Drug and proprietary stores                         672           0.9        0.8        -0.1         4.0         6.4         2.3
592         Liquor stores                                       144          -0.2       -2.6        -2.3         2.3         3.7         1.4
593         Used merchandise stores                             208           3.2        7.7         4.4        10.8        16.0         4.7
594         Miscellaneous shopping goods stores                1203           2.8        3.8         1.0         4.2         6.4         2.1
596         Nonstore retailers                                  593           6.5        9.2         2.5         9.9        12.7         2.5
598         Fuel dealers                                        100           5.7        3.7        -1.9         0.8        -0.3        -1.1
599         Retail stores, n.e.c.                               693           2.1        3.8         1.6         6.1         7.9         1.7

                Finance and Services

602         Commercial banks                                   1476           3.2        1.9        -1.3         1.7         1.9         0.2
701         Hotels and motels                                  1809           2.8        3.1         0.3         0.7         3.1         2.4
72          Personal services                                  1815           0.8        1.4         0.7         1.7         3.0         1.3
721         Laundry, cleaning, and garment services             525           0.8        0.8         0.0         3.4         3.5         0.1
722         Photographic studios, portrait                       90           3.4        5.5         2.0        -2.5         0.9         3.4
723         Beauty shops                                        731           1.4        2.6         1.2         2.0         2.5         0.5
724         Barber shops                                         57           2.8       -0.7        -3.4         4.5         2.7        -1.7
726         Funeral services and crematories                    107           1.9        1.4        -0.5        -0.1         0.2         0.3
753         Automotive repair shops                             900           2.4        3.0         0.6         1.2         3.3         2.1
783         Motion picture theaters                             138          -2.3       -1.4         1.0         1.3         5.3         3.9



    (1) Employment figures are based primarily on data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program and the Current Population
Survey (CPS).  Other sources are: the Association of American Railroads, the Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service.
    (2) Output per employee hour is measured in mining, transportation, communications, and SICs 531, 551, 602, and 783.  Output per hour
of all persons is used for all other trade and services industries.  All persons include self-employed and unpaid family workers as well as
employees.  In SIC 4213 and 4512,13,22(pts), output per employee hour is based on output per employee with the assumption of constant average
weekly hours.
    (3) Employee hours are measured in mining, transportation, communications, and SICs 531, 551, 602, and 783.  Hours of all
persons are used for all other trade and services industries.  All persons includes self-employed and unpaid family workers as well as employees.
In SIC 4213 and 4512,13,22(pts), employee hours are based on employees with the assumption of constant average weekly hours.
    (4) The United States Postal Service, SIC 43, is also designated in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and is identical to the
three-digit SIC Group Number, SIC 431, and the four-digit SIC Industry Number, SIC 4311.  Employee hours in SIC 43 are based on the number of
full-time equivalent (FTE) employee years, as reported in the U.S. Postal Service budget.  FTE employee years are computed by dividing total
hours of full-time, part-time, and intermittent workers by the number of hours in a standard work year.  The output and hours for SIC 43 reflect
the Federal fiscal year.
    (5) Eating and drinking places, SIC 58, is also designated in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and is identical to the
three-digit SIC Group Number, SIC 581.
Table 4.  Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs:  service-producing and mining industries, 1990-95 and
1995-99

                                                                          Annual percent change, 1990-95      Annual percent change, 1995-99
                                                               1999     ----------------------------------  -----------------------------------
SIC Code                  Industry                         Employment(1)    Total               Unit labor    Total                 Unit labor
                                                           (thousands)   compensation  Output      costs    compensation   Output      costs

                Mining

102         Copper ores                                          14           5.9        2.9         2.9         1.0        -3.6         4.7
104         Gold and silver ores                                 14           1.4        1.0         0.5        -0.8         1.5        -2.2
12          Coal mining                                          85          -3.8       -0.9        -2.9        -2.4         0.2        -2.6
122         Bituminous coal and lignite mining                   80          -3.9       -1.0        -2.9        -2.3         0.2        -2.5
13          Oil and gas extraction                              293           0.5       -0.7         1.2         3.7        -1.1         4.8
131         Crude petroleum and natural gas                     133          -0.2       -0.7         0.6         2.6        -1.1         3.7
14          Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels                  112           2.5        0.1         2.3         5.2         2.4         2.8
142         Crushed and broken stone                             45           3.0        0.8         2.2         6.9         3.0         3.8

                Transportation

4011        Railroad transportation                             203           0.2        3.3        -3.0         1.5         1.9        -0.4
4213        Trucking, except local                              901           4.6        4.3         0.3         5.7         3.4         2.3
43          United States Postal Service(2)                     873           4.8        1.4         3.3         3.1         2.3         0.8
4512,13,    Air transportation                                  711           3.8        3.9        -0.1         6.1         4.5         1.5
   22(PTS)

                Communications and Utilities

481         Telephone communications                           1070           4.2        5.5        -1.2        10.8        11.1        -0.3
483         Radio and television broadcasting                   248           3.8        1.1         2.6         6.8         0.0         6.7
484         Cable and other pay television services             201          10.7        3.0         7.5        14.7         7.0         7.1
491,3(PT)   Electric utilities                                  480           2.6        2.3         0.3         1.2         1.3        -0.1
492,3(PT)   Gas utilities                                       169           2.2        2.9        -0.7         2.8        -0.2         3.1

                Retail Trade

            Retail trade                                       24092          4.3        2.8         1.4         6.2         4.9         1.3

52          Building materials, hardware, garden supply,       1030           4.9        5.0        -0.1         7.7         8.3        -0.5
              and mobile homes
521         Lumber and other building materials dealers         625           5.8        5.4         0.4         9.2         9.5        -0.3
523         Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores                   71           1.3        2.3        -1.0         4.3         5.7        -1.3
525         Hardware stores                                     173           3.5        1.0         2.5         2.5         3.9        -1.4
526         Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores     109           1.8        5.3        -3.3         6.4         8.7        -2.2
53          General merchandise stores                         2778           4.2        6.2        -1.9         4.9         6.6        -1.6
531         Department stores                                  2431           4.8        6.5        -1.6         5.4         7.1        -1.6
533         Variety stores                                      141          -1.2        2.5        -3.6         0.8         9.9        -8.3
539         Miscellaneous general merchandise stores            207           1.2        5.4        -4.0         1.0         4.0        -2.9

54          Food stores                                        3617           3.3       -0.2         3.6         3.9         0.9         3.0
541         Grocery stores                                     3154           3.1       -0.2         3.3         3.8         0.9         2.9
542         Meat and fish (seafood) markets                      58           0.5       -2.5         3.2         2.9         2.4         0.4
546         Retail bakeries                                     212           5.6        0.1         5.5         5.9         2.1         3.6
55          Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations   2449           4.8        2.0         2.7         6.1         3.7         2.2
551         New and used car dealers                           1079           6.0        1.6         4.4         6.6         2.8         3.7
553         Auto and home supply stores                         424           3.7        1.8         1.9         6.0         4.2         1.7
554         Gasoline service stations                           681           1.7        2.3        -0.6         3.3         2.4         0.9

56          Apparel and accessory stores                       1233           1.8        3.5        -1.7         5.4         6.2        -0.8
561         Men's and boys' wear stores                          85          -1.3       -2.3         1.0         2.8         4.5        -1.6
562         Women's clothing stores                             293          -1.5        0.7        -2.2         1.2         3.7        -2.4
565         Family clothing stores                              433           5.6        7.5        -1.8        10.3         8.6         1.5
566         Shoe stores                                         215           1.1        1.3        -0.2         4.4         3.5         0.8
57          Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores  1197           4.5        7.7        -3.0         9.2        10.7        -1.4
571         Furniture and homefurnishings stores                626           3.5        2.8         0.7         7.4         5.9         1.5
572         Household appliance stores                           81          -1.3        3.0        -4.2         2.8         5.4        -2.4
573         Radio, television, computer, and music stores       491           7.5       15.6        -7.0        12.6        17.1        -3.9

58          Eating and drinking places(3)                      8174           5.0        1.5         3.4         6.9         2.9         3.8
59          Miscellaneous merchandise stores                   3613           4.4        2.8         1.5         7.3         7.5        -0.2
591         Drug and proprietary stores                         672           4.1        0.8         3.2         6.8         6.4         0.4
592         Liquor stores                                       144           1.4       -2.6         4.0         5.5         3.7         1.7
593         Used merchandise stores                             208           7.7        7.7         0.0         8.2        16.0        -6.8
594         Miscellaneous shopping goods stores                1203           4.0        3.8         0.2         6.8         6.4         0.3
596         Nonstore retailers                                  593           6.8        9.2        -2.1        10.6        12.7        -1.9
598         Fuel dealers                                        100           0.5        3.7        -3.0         3.0        -0.3         3.3
599         Retail stores, n.e.c.                               693           4.1        3.8         0.3         6.5         7.9        -1.3

                Finance and Services

602         Commercial banks                                   1476           4.2        1.9         2.3         7.7         1.9         5.8
701         Hotels and motels                                  1809           4.3        3.1         1.1         7.4         3.1         4.2
72          Personal services                                  1815           3.9        1.4         2.4         5.6         3.0         2.6
721         Laundry, cleaning, and garment services             525           2.9        0.8         2.1         4.3         3.5         0.7
722         Photographic studios, portrait                       90           4.8        5.5        -0.7         3.8         0.9         2.9
723         Beauty shops                                        731           5.1        2.6         2.4         5.4         2.5         2.8
724         Barber shops                                         57          -1.6       -0.7        -0.9         1.9         2.7        -0.9
726         Funeral services and crematories                    107           4.3        1.4         2.9         3.8         0.2         3.6
753         Automotive repair shops                             900           3.5        3.0         0.5         6.4         3.3         3.0
783         Motion picture theaters                             138           2.2       -1.4         3.7         7.8         5.3         2.4



    (1) Employment figures are based primarily on data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program and the Current Population
Survey (CPS).  Other sources are: the Association of American Railroads, the Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service.
    (2) The United States Postal Service, SIC 43, is also designated in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and is identical to the
three-digit SIC Group Number, SIC 431, and the four-digit SIC Industry Number, SIC 4311.
    (3) Eating and drinking places, SIC 58, is also designated in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and is identical to the
three-digit SIC Group Number, SIC 581.