Technical information:  (202) 691-6378    USDL 02-28
               http://www.bls.gov/cps/

                                          For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact:                691-5902    Thursday, January 17, 2002

                                     
                           UNION MEMBERS IN 2001
   
   In 2001, 13.5 percent of wage and salary workers were union members,
unchanged from 2000, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today.  The union membership rate has fallen from a
high of 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable union
data are available.  Some highlights from the 2001 data are:

   --In both 2001 and 2000, about 16.3 million wage and salary workers 
     were union members.  
   
   --Nearly 4 in 10 government workers were union members in 2001, compared
     with less than 1 in 10 private wage and salary workers.
   
   --Protective service workers, a group that includes police officers and
     firefighters, had the highest unionization rate among all occupations,
     at 38 percent.

Membership by Industry and Occupation

   In 2001, workers in the public sector continued to have unionization
rates that were about four times higher than their counterparts in private
industry.  The unionization rate of government workers was 37.4 percent,
compared with 9.0 percent among private sector employees.  Union membership
rates of government employees have held steady since 1983, while those of
private nonagricultural employees have declined.  Local government, which
includes many workers in the heavily unionized occupations of teachers,
firefighters, and police officers, had the highest unionization rate, at
43.1 percent.  Among the private nonagricultural industries, the union
membership rate was the highest in transportation and public utilities
(23.5 percent).  The construction and manufacturing industries also had
higher-than-average unionization rates, at 18.4 percent and 14.6 percent,
respectively.  The nonagricultural industry with the lowest unionization
rate in 2001 was finance, insurance, and real estate--2.1 percent.  (See
table 3.)
   
   Among the occupational groups, protective service workers continued to
have the highest union membership rate in 2001, at 38.0 percent.  Precision
production, craft, and repair workers and operators, fabricators, and 
laborers also had above-average unionization rates, at 21.5 and 19.9 percent, 
respectively.  These workers typically are employed in the highly-unionized 
industries of construction and manufacturing.  Professional specialty workers, 
a group that includes teachers, also had a higher-than-average union member-
ship rate, at 19.1 percent.  The rate was lowest among sales occupations 
(3.5 percent).  (See table 3.)

                                  - 2 -

Demographic Characteristics of Union Members

   In 2001, union membership rates were higher among men (15.1 percent) than 
women (11.7 percent).  This has been the case since 1983, but, because of a 
more rapid decline in rates for men than for women, the gap in unionization 
rates has been closing since that time.
   
   Blacks were more likely to be union members (17.0 percent) than either
whites (13.1 percent) or Hispanics (11.3 percent).  Black men continued to
have the highest rate of union membership among all the major worker groups, 
at 18.9 percent.  Hispanic women and white women had the lowest rates of 
unionization, at 10.7 percent and 11.1 percent, respectively.  Workers ages 
45 to 54 were more likely to be unionized than either their younger or older 
counterparts.  Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time 
workers to be members of a union.  (See table 1.)

Union Representation of Nonmembers

   There were 1.6 million wage and salary workers represented at their
place of work by a union in 2001, while not being union members themselves.
(See table 1.)  Nearly half of these workers were employed in government.
(See table 3.)

Earnings

   In 2001, full-time wage and salary union members had median usual weekly
earnings of $718, compared with a median of $575 for wage and salary workers 
who were not represented by unions.  (See table 2.)  The difference reflects 
a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining 
agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and 
nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.  
(For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence 
of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on 
employee earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences," 
Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.)

Union Membership by State

   State union membership rates continued to show a clear geographic
pattern in 2001.  All states in the East North Central, Middle Atlantic,
and Pacific divisions had union membership rates above the national average
of 13.5 percent, while all states in the East South Central and West South
Central divisions had rates below it.  (See chart and table 5.)  Overall,
29 states had union membership rates below that of the U.S. average, while
21 states and the District of Columbia had higher rates.
   
   Four states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2001--New
York, Hawaii, Alaska, and Michigan (in rank order).  Two states had
membership rates below 5.0 percent--North Carolina and South Carolina.
   
   Half of the 16.3 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states--
California, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.  These
states accounted for only 35 percent of wage and salary employment nationally.
Technical Note


    The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force,
employment, and unemployment.  The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically 
selected national sample of about 60,000 households.  The union membership 
and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample 
and are limited to wage and salary workers.  Excluded are all self-employed 
workers.
   
    Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request.  Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
   
Reliability of the estimates
   
    Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling 
error.  When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there 
is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population 
values they represent.  The exact difference, or sampling error, varies 
depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is 
measured by the standard error of the estimate.  There is about a 90-percent 
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ 
by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because 
of sampling error.  BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent 
level of confidence.
   
    The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.  Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
   
    For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and 
information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes 
and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.
   
Definitions
   
   The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly
below.
   
   Union members.  Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
   
   Represented by unions.  Data refer to union members, as well as workers
who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an
employee association contract.
   
   Usual weekly earnings.  Data represent earnings before taxes and other
deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually
received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders).  Prior to
1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week.  Since
January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly,

                                  - 2 -

annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time
period.  Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a
weekly equivalent.  The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent.  If
the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed
to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or
5 months.
   
   Median earnings.  The median is the amount which divides a given earnings 
distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and 
the other having earnings below the median.
   
   The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings 
value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50.  The 
actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in 
which the median lies.
   
   Wage and salary workers.  Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, 
tips, payment in kind, or piece rates.  The group includes employees in both 
the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of the union membership 
and earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether 
or not their businesses are incorporated.
   
   Full-time workers.  Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week
at their sole or principal job.
   
   Part-time workers.  Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per
week at their sole or principal job.
   
   Hispanic origin.  Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American, or other Hispanic origin or descent.
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in
the numbers for the white and black populations.
     Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
     
     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                     2000                                    2001                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                             Members of      Represented             Members of     Represented  
                                                             unions(1)       by unions(2)            unions(1)      by unions(2)
                    Characteristic                 Total                                   Total                                 
                                                    em-                                     em-                                  
                                                   ployed         Percent         Percent  ployed         Percent         Percent
                                                           Total     of    Total     of            Total     of    Total     of  
                                                                     em-             em-                     em-             em-  
                                                                   ployed          ployed                  ployed          ployed
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                     SEX AND AGE                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
      Total, 16 years and over................... 120,786  16,258   13.5   17,944   14.9  120,760  16,275   13.5   17,875   14.8 
       16 to 24 years............................  20,166   1,010    5.0    1,152    5.7   19,819   1,034    5.2    1,188    6.0 
       25 years and over......................... 100,620  15,248   15.2   16,792   16.7  100,941  15,241   15.1   16,688   16.5 
        25 to 34 years...........................  28,406   3,369   11.9    3,720   13.1   27,710   3,180   11.5    3,539   12.8 
        35 to 44 years...........................  32,470   4,822   14.9    5,293   16.3   32,124   4,807   15.0    5,242   16.3 
        45 to 54 years...........................  25,651   4,815   18.8    5,305   20.7   26,503   5,015   18.9    5,455   20.6 
        55 to 64 years...........................  11,204   1,998   17.8    2,193   19.6   11,609   1,997   17.2    2,185   18.8 
        65 years and over........................   2,889     243    8.4      281    9.7    2,995     242    8.1      267    8.9 
                                                                                                                                 
       Men, 16 years and over....................  62,853   9,578   15.2   10,355   16.5   62,727   9,502   15.1   10,268   16.4 
        16 to 24 years...........................  10,440     618    5.9      697    6.7   10,165     617    6.1      705    6.9 
        25 years and over........................  52,412   8,960   17.1    9,657   18.4   52,562   8,885   16.9    9,562   18.2 
         25 to 34 years..........................  15,197   2,030   13.4    2,207   14.5   14,856   1,913   12.9    2,082   14.0 
         35 to 44 years..........................  17,028   2,871   16.9    3,077   18.1   16,832   2,881   17.1    3,075   18.3 
         45 to 54 years..........................  12,898   2,739   21.2    2,956   22.9   13,359   2,808   21.0    3,018   22.6 
         55 to 64 years..........................   5,770   1,191   20.6    1,268   22.0    5,935   1,152   19.4    1,241   20.9 
         65 years and over.......................   1,519     129    8.5      148    9.8    1,580     132    8.4      147    9.3 
                                                                                                                                 
       Women, 16 years and over..................  57,933   6,680   11.5    7,590   13.1   58,033   6,773   11.7    7,608   13.1 
        16 to 24 years...........................   9,726     392    4.0      455    4.7    9,654     417    4.3      483    5.0 
        25 years and over........................  48,207   6,288   13.0    7,135   14.8   48,379   6,356   13.1    7,125   14.7 
         25 to 34 years..........................  13,209   1,340   10.1    1,513   11.5   12,855   1,267    9.9    1,457   11.3 
         35 to 44 years..........................  15,441   1,951   12.6    2,215   14.3   15,292   1,927   12.6    2,167   14.2 
         45 to 54 years..........................  12,752   2,077   16.3    2,348   18.4   13,145   2,208   16.8    2,437   18.5 
         55 to 64 years..........................   5,434     807   14.9      925   17.0    5,673     846   14.9      944   16.6 
         65 years and over.......................   1,370     114    8.3      133    9.7    1,415     109    7.7      120    8.5 
                                                                                                                                 
            RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                 
       White, 16 years and over.................. 100,455  13,094   13.0   14,453   14.4  100,384  13,125   13.1   14,400   14.3 
         Men.....................................  53,105   7,911   14.9    8,541   16.1   52,970   7,849   14.8    8,474   16.0 
         Women...................................  47,350   5,183   10.9    5,912   12.5   47,414   5,276   11.1    5,926   12.5 
                                                                                                                                 
       Black, 16 years and over..................  14,544   2,489   17.1    2,744   18.9   14,515   2,465   17.0    2,705   18.6 
         Men.....................................   6,701   1,282   19.1    1,388   20.7    6,660   1,256   18.9    1,357   20.4 
         Women...................................   7,843   1,208   15.4    1,356   17.3    7,855   1,209   15.4    1,347   17.2 
                                                                                                                                 
       Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........  13,609   1,554   11.4    1,740   12.8   13,782   1,559   11.3    1,729   12.5 
         Men.....................................   7,884     972   12.3    1,063   13.5    7,950     935   11.8    1,024   12.9 
         Women...................................   5,725     582   10.2      677   11.8    5,832     624   10.7      705   12.1 
                                                                                                                                 
             FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(3)                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                 
       Full-time workers.........................  99,917  14,822   14.8   16,306   16.3   99,599  14,809   14.9   16,218   16.3 
       Part-time workers.........................  20,619   1,395    6.8    1,593    7.7   20,926   1,437    6.9    1,625    7.8 

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
       3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked.  Beginning in 1994, these data
     will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of
     multiple jobholders.
          NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed
     workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.  Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin
     groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both
     the white and black population groups.
     Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    2000                                    2001                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                    Characteristic                            Members   Repre-                       Members    Repre-           
                                                    Total       of      sented     Non-     Total       of      sented     Non-  
                                                             unions(1)    by      union              unions(1)     by      union  
                                                                       unions(2)                               unions(2)          
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                     SEX AND AGE                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
      Total, 16 years and over...................    $576      $696      $691      $542      $597      $718      $712      $575  
       16 to 24 years............................     361       437       436       355       376       473       475       370  
       25 years and over.........................     611       709       705       592       632       733       728       612  
        25 to 34 years...........................     550       627       624       529       579       654       646       563  
        35 to 44 years...........................     631       716       712       614       658       743       738       637  
        45 to 54 years...........................     671       755       752       639       693       776       774       663  
        55 to 64 years...........................     617       727       723       592       640       744       744       613  
        65 years and over........................     442       577       565       422       472       607       605       440  
                                                                                                                                 
       Men, 16 years and over....................     646       739       737       620       672       765       761       647  
        16 to 24 years...........................     376       458       457       370       392       482       488       387  
        25 years and over........................     700       753       752       682       722       781       779       705  
         25 to 34 years..........................     603       678       675       591       621       699       691       610  
         35 to 44 years..........................     731       776       774       718       755       799       794       744  
         45 to 54 years..........................     777       801       799       769       799       814       813       790  
         55 to 64 years..........................     738       755       757       729       766       801       807       748  
         65 years and over.......................     537       613       613       514       548       686       705       520  
                                                                                                                                 
       Women, 16 years and over..................     491       616       613       472       511       643       639       494  
        16 to 24 years...........................     342       406       405       339       354       458       456       348  
        25 years and over........................     515       627       623       497       542       656       652       519  
         25 to 34 years..........................     493       579       578       483       514       600       597       503  
         35 to 44 years..........................     520       605       604       506       545       643       641       523  
         45 to 54 years..........................     565       697       692       522       588       721       715       554  
         55 to 64 years..........................     505       659       647       481       539       656       659       512  
         65 years and over.......................     378       485       484       365       372       497       487       358  
                                                                                                                                 
            RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                 
       White, 16 years and over..................     591       716       711       565       612       741       736       591  
         Men.....................................     669       757       755       641       694       784       781       669  
         Women...................................     500       631       627       482       521       667       661       503  
                                                                                                                                 
       Black, 16 years and over..................     468       596       590       436       487       603       599       463  
         Men.....................................     503       619       614       479       518       649       637       498  
         Women...................................     429       564       555       408       451       563       564       424  
                                                                                                                                 
       Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........     396       584       580       377       414       578       578       398  
         Men.....................................     414       631       620       394       438       611       612       414  
         Women...................................     364       489       492       346       385       503       501       372  

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
          NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed workers
     regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.  Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will
     not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white
     and black population groups.
     Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
     
     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                     2000                                    2001                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                             Members of     Represented              Members of     Represented  
                                                             unions(1)      by unions(2)             unions(1)      by unions(2)
               Occupation and industry             Total                                   Total                                 
                                                    em-                                     em-                                  
                                                   ployed         Percent         Percent  ployed         Percent         Percent
                                                            Total    of     Total    of             Total    of     Total    of  
                                                                     em-             em-                     em-             em-  
                                                                   ployed          ployed                  ployed          ployed
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                      OCCUPATION                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
     Managerial and professional specialty.......  35,378   4,536   12.8    5,277   14.9   36,276   4,654   12.8    5,355   14.8 
       Executive, administrative, and managerial.  16,434     875    5.3    1,075    6.5   16,916     949    5.6    1,133    6.7 
       Professional specialty....................  18,944   3,661   19.3    4,202   22.2   19,360   3,705   19.1    4,222   21.8 
                                                                                                                                 
     Technical, sales, and administrative support  36,124   3,119    8.6    3,521    9.7   35,953   3,193    8.9    3,587   10.0 
       Technicians and related support...........   4,279     431   10.1      500   11.7    4,393     474   10.8      533   12.1 
       Sales occupations.........................  13,677     481    3.5      533    3.9   13,639     481    3.5      545    4.0 
       Administrative support, including clerical  18,167   2,207   12.1    2,487   13.7   17,921   2,239   12.5    2,509   14.0 
                                                                                                                                 
     Service occupations.........................  16,953   2,234   13.2    2,441   14.4   17,156   2,274   13.3    2,464   14.4 
       Protective service........................   2,384     938   39.4    1,003   42.1    2,460     935   38.0      998   40.6 
       Service, except protective service........  14,569   1,295    8.9    1,438    9.9   14,695   1,339    9.1    1,466   10.0 
                                                                                                                                 
     Precision production, craft, and repair.....  12,716   2,783   21.9    2,910   22.9   12,635   2,716   21.5    2,839   22.5 
                                                                                                                                 
     Operators, fabricators, and laborers........  17,642   3,498   19.8    3,687   20.9   16,888   3,353   19.9    3,534   20.9 
       Machine operators, assemblers, and                                                                                        
         inspectors..............................   7,043   1,366   19.4    1,442   20.5    6,502   1,317   20.3    1,383   21.3 
       Transportation and material moving                                                                                        
         occupations.............................   5,182   1,195   23.1    1,260   24.3    5,153   1,202   23.3    1,276   24.8 
       Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and                                                                                
         laborers................................   5,417     938   17.3      984   18.2    5,233     834   15.9      875   16.7 
                                                                                                                                 
     Farming, forestry, and fishing..............   1,974      89    4.5      109    5.5    1,853      85    4.6       96    5.2 
                                                                                                                                 
                       INDUSTRY                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                 
     Private wage and salary workers............. 101,810   9,148    9.0    9,969    9.8  101,605   9,113    9.0    9,871    9.7 
       Agriculture...............................   1,821      38    2.1       45    2.5    1,667      27    1.6       33    2.0 
       Nonagricultural industries................  99,989   9,110    9.1    9,924    9.9   99,938   9,086    9.1    9,838    9.8 
         Mining..................................     499      54   10.9       57   11.4      531      65   12.3       69   12.9 
         Construction............................   6,666   1,220   18.3    1,268   19.0    6,881   1,264   18.4    1,305   19.0 
                                                                                                                                 
         Manufacturing...........................  19,167   2,832   14.8    2,999   15.6   18,149   2,657   14.6    2,807   15.5 
           Durable goods.........................  11,688   1,791   15.3    1,894   16.2   11,059   1,666   15.1    1,757   15.9 
           Nondurable goods......................   7,480   1,041   13.9    1,105   14.8    7,091     990   14.0    1,050   14.8 
                                                                                                                                 
         Transportation and public utilities.....   7,508   1,805   24.0    1,920   25.6    7,422   1,743   23.5    1,834   24.7 
           Transportation........................   4,573   1,135   24.8    1,203   26.3    4,441   1,069   24.1    1,126   25.4 
           Communications and public utilities...   2,935     670   22.8      717   24.4    2,981     674   22.6      708   23.7 
                                                                                                                                 
         Wholesale and retail trade..............  25,133   1,194    4.7    1,315    5.2   25,045   1,174    4.7    1,284    5.1 
           Wholesale trade.......................   4,766     243    5.1      265    5.6    4,540     249    5.5      268    5.9 
           Retail trade..........................  20,366     951    4.7    1,049    5.2   20,505     926    4.5    1,016    5.0 
                                                                                                                                 
         Finance, insurance, and real estate.....   7,488     121    1.6      156    2.1    7,648     158    2.1      211    2.8 
         Services................................  33,528   1,884    5.6    2,208    6.6   34,261   2,026    5.9    2,328    6.8 
                                                                                                                                 
     Government workers..........................  18,976   7,110   37.5    7,976   42.0   19,155   7,162   37.4    8,004   41.8 
       Federal...................................   3,233   1,033   32.0    1,186   36.7    3,284   1,037   31.6    1,201   36.6 
       State.....................................   5,464   1,641   30.0    1,867   34.2    5,677   1,732   30.5    1,957   34.5 
       Local.....................................  10,278   4,436   43.2    4,923   47.9   10,195   4,393   43.1    4,847   47.5 

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
          NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed
     workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 
     Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                    2000                                    2001                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
               Occupation and industry                       Members    Repre-                       Members    Repre-           
                                                    Total       of      sented     Non-     Total       of      sented     Non-  
                                                            unions(1)     by      union             unions(1)     by      union  
                                                                      unions(2)                               unions(2)          
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                      OCCUPATION                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
     Managerial and professional specialty.......    $836      $840      $834      $836      $859      $865      $860      $859  
       Executive, administrative, and managerial.     840       834       854       839       867       869       880       865  
       Professional specialty....................     832       841       829       832       854       864       855       853  
                                                                                                                                 
     Technical, sales, and administrative support     506       598       590       497       521       613       606       513  
       Technicians and related support...........     648       748       741       635       673       731       738       662  
       Sales occupations.........................     550       526       522       552       574       559       556       575  
       Administrative support, including clerical     469       588       579       453       486       597       588       472  
                                                                                                                                 
     Service occupations.........................     355       554       542       327       377       556       550       352  
       Protective service........................     623       786       771       502       629       809       797       518  
       Service, except protective service........     324       423       419       316       345       426       424       333  
                                                                                                                                 
     Precision production, craft, and repair.....     613       784       778       570       629       822       817       590  
                                                                                                                                 
     Operators, fabricators, and laborers........     446       605       602       411       467       620       613       425  
       Machine operators, assemblers, and                                                                                        
         inspectors..............................     436       575       572       408       457       587       582       421  
       Transportation and material moving                                                                                        
         occupations.............................     540       694       690       502       573       724       715       521  
       Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and                                                                                
         laborers................................     378       555       551       355       389       530       523       369  
                                                                                                                                 
     Farming, forestry, and fishing..............     334       516       506       325       354       587       582       345  
                                                                                                                                 
                       INDUSTRY                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                 
     Private wage and salary workers.............     549       663       656       530       580       684       676       566  
       Agriculture...............................     347      (3)       (3)        344       371      (3)       (3)        370  
       Nonagricultural industries................     555       664       657       537       583       685       677       572  
         Mining..................................     768       746       748       774       795       816       816       789  
         Construction............................     584       814       810       529       609       864       854       569  
                                                                                                                                 
         Manufacturing...........................     595       630       628       587       613       645       641       607  
           Durable goods.........................     618       662       659       610       634       675       669       625  
           Nondurable goods......................     553       594       594       537       583       607       606       577  
                                                                                                                                 
         Transportation and public utilities.....     679       768       762       639       705       796       792       669  
           Transportation........................     615       744       741       582       644       781       776       609  
           Communications and public utilities...     776       808       798       766       794       816       813       782  
                                                                                                                                 
         Wholesale and retail trade..............     444       518       514       439       468       540       528       464  
           Wholesale trade.......................     595       607       608       593       624       654       660       621  
           Retail trade..........................     403       495       490       399       421       497       488       418  
                                                                                                                                 
         Finance, insurance, and real estate.....     620       596       593       621       655       584       600       658  
         Services................................     543       567       574       540       580       599       597       579  
                                                                                                                                 
     Government workers..........................     665       730       726       609       684       753       749       620  
       Federal...................................     745       736       738       755       772       762       767       777  
       State.....................................     633       685       681       606       649       718       712       610  
       Local.....................................     650       746       738       562       667       764       756       580  

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
       3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
          NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed workers
     regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 

     Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
     
     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                      2000                                     2001                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
                                                             Members of     Represented              Members of     Represented  
                                                             unions(1)      by unions(2)             unions(1)      by unions(2) 
                        State                      Total                                   Total                                 
                                                    em-                                     em-                                  
                                                   ployed         Percent         Percent  ployed         Percent         Percent
                                                            Total   of      Total   of              Total   of       Total  of  
                                                                    em-             em-                     em-             em-  
                                                                   ployed          ployed                  ployed          ployed
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                 
       Alabama...................................   1,878     181    9.6      198   10.5    1,834     174    9.5      195   10.6 
       Alaska....................................     259      57   21.9       64   24.8      267      59   22.0       66   24.7 
       Arizona...................................   2,015     130    6.4      148    7.3    2,058     121    5.9      134    6.5 
       Arkansas..................................   1,052      61    5.8       71    6.7    1,026      64    6.3       79    7.7 
       California................................  14,359   2,295   16.0    2,546   17.7   14,557   2,395   16.4    2,617   18.0 
       Colorado..................................   1,923     173    9.0      193   10.0    1,931     168    8.7      196   10.1 
       Connecticut...............................   1,508     246   16.3      262   17.4    1,497     237   15.8      250   16.7 
       Delaware..................................     353      47   13.3       52   14.6      371      45   12.2       50   13.4 
       District of Columbia......................     244      36   14.7       40   16.5      242      41   16.8       50   20.8 
       Florida...................................   6,399     434    6.8      554    8.7    6,473     422    6.5      550    8.5 
                                                                                                                                 
       Georgia...................................   3,632     228    6.3      267    7.4    3,613     259    7.2      298    8.2 
       Hawaii....................................     497     124   24.8      129   26.0      513     123   23.9      133   25.9 
       Idaho.....................................     533      41    7.6       48    9.0      554      42    7.6       48    8.7 
       Illinois..................................   5,639   1,046   18.6    1,101   19.5    5,466     999   18.3    1,060   19.4 
       Indiana...................................   2,687     418   15.6      461   17.1    2,696     385   14.3      413   15.3 
       Iowa......................................   1,333     182   13.6      215   16.1    1,351     173   12.8      205   15.2 
       Kansas....................................   1,200     109    9.0      135   11.2    1,179     110    9.3      136   11.6 
       Kentucky..................................   1,729     208   12.0      235   13.6    1,678     192   11.4      209   12.4 
       Louisiana.................................   1,711     122    7.1      155    9.0    1,750     135    7.7      176   10.1 
       Maine.....................................     556      78   14.0       92   16.6      559      72   12.9       81   14.5 
                                                                                                                                 
       Maryland..................................   2,423     353   14.6      406   16.7    2,450     346   14.1      414   16.9 
       Massachusetts.............................   2,841     406   14.3      445   15.7    2,840     420   14.8      451   15.9 
       Michigan..................................   4,513     938   20.8      985   21.8    4,452     968   21.8    1,006   22.6 
       Minnesota.................................   2,307     419   18.2      434   18.8    2,337     411   17.6      427   18.3 
       Mississippi...............................   1,120      68    6.0      104    9.3    1,104      62    5.6       99    9.0 
       Missouri..................................   2,567     338   13.2      365   14.2    2,543     362   14.2      390   15.3 
       Montana...................................     369      51   13.9       58   15.7      365      48   13.2       55   15.0 
       Nebraska..................................     775      65    8.4       89   11.5      770      60    7.8       84   10.9 
       Nevada....................................     881     151   17.1      165   18.8      881     150   17.0      161   18.3 
       New Hampshire.............................     576      60   10.4       67   11.6      593      60   10.1       67   11.4 
                                                                                                                                 
       New Jersey................................   3,668     762   20.8      801   21.8    3,637     712   19.6      759   20.9 
       New Mexico................................     692      56    8.1       70   10.1      702      56    8.0       67    9.5 
       New York..................................   7,683   1,958   25.5    2,036   26.5    7,575   2,024   26.7    2,098   27.7 
       North Carolina............................   3,404     124    3.6      148    4.4    3,388     125    3.7      146    4.3 
       North Dakota..............................     272      18    6.5       21    7.8      284      21    7.5       24    8.6 
       Ohio......................................   5,071     879   17.3      955   18.8    5,075     899   17.7      967   19.1 
       Oklahoma..................................   1,384      94    6.8      108    7.8    1,385     117    8.5      130    9.4 
       Oregon....................................   1,457     234   16.1      251   17.2    1,444     228   15.8      245   16.9 
       Pennsylvania..............................   5,149     870   16.9      926   18.0    5,228     888   17.0      956   18.3 
       Rhode Island..............................     438      80   18.2       83   18.8      434      78   17.9       80   18.5 
                                                                                                                                 
       South Carolina............................   1,740      70    4.0       89    5.1    1,642      75    4.5       91    5.6 
       South Dakota..............................     329      18    5.5       22    6.7      328      19    5.9       24    7.5 
       Tennessee.................................   2,387     212    8.9      239   10.0    2,395     182    7.6      207    8.7 
       Texas.....................................   8,755     505    5.8      645    7.4    8,855     497    5.6      593    6.7 
       Utah......................................     945      69    7.3       85    9.0      945      64    6.8       73    7.8 
       Vermont...................................     274      28   10.3       34   12.4      276      30   10.8       34   12.2 
       Virginia..................................   3,199     179    5.6      227    7.1    3,255     163    5.0      209    6.4 
       Washington................................   2,593     471   18.2      516   19.9    2,475     462   18.6      496   20.0 
       West Virginia.............................     718     103   14.3      111   15.5      732     106   14.6      116   15.9 
       Wisconsin.................................   2,533     446   17.6      473   18.7    2,533     411   16.2      436   17.2 
       Wyoming...................................     216      18    8.3       22   10.0      220      20    9.0       24   11.1 

       1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
       2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
     union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
          NOTE:  Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.  Excluded are all self-employed
     workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.