Internet: http://www.bls.gov/mfp/home.htm USDL 08-1213 

Technical information: (202) 691-5618 For release: 10:00 a.m. EDT 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Friday, August 29, 2008 

MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS 

FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES, 2006 

Multifactor productivity – defined as output per unit of combined inputs – 

increased in almost three out of five four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries in 2006. 

More manufacturing industries experienced an increase in multifactor productivity over a 

longer period. From 1987 to 2006, multifactor productivity increased in almost twothirds of manufacturing industries. 

This news release now covers two transportation industries, air transportation 

(NAICS 481) and line-haul railroads (NAICS 482111), that were previously published in 

separate reports. Multifactor productivity increased for both of these transportation 

industries in 2006 and over the longer term. 

 Multifactor productivity indexes relate the change in output to the change in the 

combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases consumed in producing that 

output. Multifactor productivity measures the joint influences on economic growth of a 

variety of factors, including technological change, returns to scale, enhancements in 

managerial and staff skills, changes in the organization of production, and other 

efficiency improvements. 

 

2005-06, Manufacturing Industries 

Multifactor productivity rose in 50 of the 86 manufacturing industries in 2006, as 

output rose in 48 industries and combined inputs declined in 35 industries. Changes in 

multifactor productivity were broadly distributed and varied greatly across industries, 

even within 3-digit industry groups. (See Table 1.) 

The largest increase in multifactor productivity, 23.9 percent, occurred in 

computer and peripheral equipment (NAICS 3341), followed by an increase of 13.5 

percent in communications equipment (NAICS 3342). Output rose rapidly in those 

industries, greatly exceeding the growth in combined inputs. Multifactor productivity 

declined 16.0 percent in other nonferrous metal production (NAICS 3314), where 

combined inputs rose although output decreased. The largest industries had more 

moderate movements in multifactor productivity. Changes for the twenty largest 

manufacturing industries varied from -4.5 percent to 4.6 percent. (See Chart 1.) 
2

Chart 1. Percent change in multifactor productivity in the largest (by 

employment) manufacturing industries, 2005-2006

-4.5

-3.5

-2.7

-1.4

-1.2

-0.3

0

0.1

0.4

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.7

2

2

2.2

2.4

3.1

3.5

4.6

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing

Cement and concrete products

Plastics products

Household and institutional furniture

Other wood products

Converted paper products

Animal slaughtering and processing

Aerospace products and parts

Printing and related support activities

Electronic instruments

Other miscellaneous manufacturing

Medical equipment and supplies

Other general purpose machinery

Pharmaceuticals and medicines

Semiconductors and electronic components

Machine shops and threaded products

Motor vehicle parts

Architectural and structural metals

Other fabricated metal products

Motor vehicles

Percent change

The number of manufacturing industries with annual multifactor productivity 

growth increased slightly in 2006 after dropping from 2004 to 2005. (See Chart 2.) For 

most industries, input growth in 2006 was led by increases in intermediate purchases. 

Purchases of intermediates increased in 54 industries, while capital services increased in 

36 industries and labor hours rose in 37 industries. 

Chart 2. Number of industries with multifactor productivity growth, 

annually, 2002-2006

61 62

67

48 50

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Number of industries

2005-06, Transportation Industries 

 Multifactor productivity rose 3.6 percent in air transportation (NAICS 481) in 

2006, as output rose and combined inputs fell. Multifactor productivity rose 2.6 percent 

in line-haul railroads (NAICS 482111), as output and combined inputs both increased. 
3

Historical Trends, Manufacturing Industries

From 1987 to 2006, multifactor productivity rose in 56 manufacturing industries. 

(See Table 2.) Output and combined inputs both rose in 67 industries. (The industries 

with increasing output were not always the same as those with increasing inputs.) 

Although more industries registered multifactor productivity growth from 1987 to 2006 

than from 2005 to 2006, the average annual change in multifactor productivity was more 

modest for most industries over the longer term. On average, multifactor productivity 

grew between 0.1 percent and 3.0 percent per year in 53 industries, and exceeded 3 

percent per year in only three industries. (See Chart 3.) 

Chart 3. Distribution of annual rates of change for manufacturing multifactor 

productivity, 1987-2006 and 2005-2006

9

7

5

7 8

10

15

9

4

12

000

8

22

40

11

2 1 2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

-4.0 or less

-3.9 to -3.0

-2.9 to -2.0

-1.9 to -1.0

-0.9 to 0

0.1 to 1

1.1 to 2

2.1 to 3

3.1 to 4

4.1 or more

Average annual percent change

Number of industries

2005-2006

1987-2006

The five manufacturing industries with the fastest growth in multifactor 

productivity over the longer period were all in the computer and electronic products 

subsector (NAICS 334). The multifactor productivity growth rates of 17.2 percent per 

year in computer and peripheral equipment (NAICS 3341) and 14.2 percent in 

semiconductors and electronic components (NAICS 3344) were much faster than those of 

any other manufacturing industry. 

Multifactor productivity declined in 28 industries from 1987 to 2006. However, 

the average decline over the period was less than 1 percent per year for all but eight 

industries. The largest decline in multifactor productivity over the longer period was 1.9 

percent per year in accessories and other apparel (NAICS 3159). 

 Table 3 shows average annual multifactor productivity growth by industry 

between 1987 and 2006 and for various subperiods. From 2000 to 2006, multifactor 

productivity grew in 63 manufacturing industries, more than in any of the other periods 

shown. (See Chart 4.) By comparison, 35 manufacturing industries had multifactor 

productivity growth from 1995 to 2000. However, multifactor productivity growth from 

2000 to 2006 was slower in the two industries that led manufacturing productivity growth 
4

from 1995 to 2000: computer and peripheral equipment (NAICS 3341) and 

semiconductors and electronic components (NAICS 3344). 

Chart 4. Number of manufacturing industries with average annual 

multifactor productivity growth, 1987-2006 and selected subperiods

56

30

60

35

63

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1987-2006 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2006

Period

Number of industries

Historical Trends, Transportation Industries 

From 1987 to 2006, multifactor productivity increased 2.6 percent per year in 

line-haul railroads, as output rose 2.6 percent and combined inputs remained unchanged. 

Multifactor productivity rose more slowly in air transportation, 1.2 percent per year, as 

output gains averaging 3.4 percent per year were offset by a 2.3 percent average annual 

increase in combined inputs. 

Revised Measures 

 Revisions to industry multifactor productivity measures in this release mainly 

reflect revisions to trends in intermediate inputs, including materials and purchased 

services. Those revisions mostly result from the incorporation of data from the 2002 

Benchmark Input-Output (IO) Tables (April, 2008) published by the Bureau of Economic 

Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce. For some industries, the 2002 IO data 

caused large revisions to nominal values of purchased services after 1997. Revisions also 

reflect the adoption of chain-weighted price indexes for deflating cost of materials, 

purchased services, and materials and supplies inventories, and changes to commodity 

weights for those price indexes based on the 2002 IO data. For most industries, the new 

data reflect more rapid growth in industry purchases of intermediates, especially services, 

and a resulting slower growth in multifactor productivity. 

 The measures for manufacturing industries in this news release incorporate data 

from the 2006 Annual Survey of Manufactures of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce. The output and labor input measures included in this release 
5

are the same as those used in the labor productivity measures, most recently updated on 

August 21, 2008. 

Additional Information 

 Tables containing multifactor productivity and related indexes for the industries 

included in this release are accessible on the Multifactor Productivity website at 

http://www.bls.gov/mfp/home.htm. More detailed data and information are available 

upon request by sending an email to dipsweb@bls.gov or by calling the Division of 

Industry Productivity Studies (202-691-5618). Information in this report will be made 

available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; 

TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 
6 

Technical Note

Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured 

as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real 

terms, of goods and services produced for sale 

outside the industry. Industry value of production is 

derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes 

in inventories and subtracting intra-industry transfers 

and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real 

output is measured by deflating nominal value of 

production, but for a few detailed industries physical 

quantities of output are measured. Output measures 

for manufacturing industries are constructed using 

data primarily from the economic censuses and 

annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, together with information 

on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS). 

 For air transportation and line-haul railroads, 

annual real output is measured by aggregating freight 

ton-miles and passenger-miles. For air transportation, 

data on passenger-miles and freight ton-miles from 

the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), U.S. 

Department of Transportation (DOT), are combined 

using revenue weights from that source. For line-haul 

railroads, data on freight ton-miles and passenger 

miles from the Surface Transportation Board (STB) 

of DOT, the Association of American Railroads 

(AAR), and AMTRAK are aggregated using 

operating expenses from those sources as weights. 

 Wherever possible, the indexes of industry 

output are calculated with a Törnqvist formula. This 

formula aggregates the growth rates of the various 

industry outputs between two periods, using their 

relative shares in industry value of production, 

averaged over the two periods, as weights.

 

Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is 

a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of 

labor, capital, and intermediate purchases. The 

annual growth rates of the various inputs are 

aggregated using their relative cost shares in total 

industry value of production as weights. The labor 

weight is based on labor compensation including 

fringe benefits. The weight for intermediate 

purchases is based on the total cost of materials, 

fuels, electricity, and purchased services. The capital 

weight is the value of net production minus the values 

of labor compensation and intermediate purchases. 

Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of 

services derived from the stock of physical assets. 

Capital services are estimated by calculating capital 

stocks; changes in the stocks are assumed to be 

proportional to changes in capital services for each 

asset. For the manufacturing industries, physical 

capital is composed of 26 categories of equipment, 2 

categories of structures, 3 categories of inventories, 

and land. 

 Capital stocks are calculated using the 

perpetual inventory method, which takes into account 

the continual additions to and subtractions from the 

stock of capital as new investment and retirement of 

old capital occur. The perpetual inventory method 

measures stocks at the end of a year equal to a 

weighted sum of all past investments, where the 

weights are the asset’s efficiency relative to a new 

asset. A hyperbolic age-efficiency function is 

assumed for calculating the relative efficiency of an 

asset at different ages. 

For manufacturing industries, estimates of 

investment by asset type are derived using annual 

capital expenditures from the economic censuses and 

annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, along 

with estimates of asset detail by industry from the 

capital flow tables of the Bureau of Economic 

Analysis (BEA). Price changes are removed from the 

annual investment data before calculating stocks. 

Price deflators for each asset category are constructed 

by combining detailed price indexes (mostly PPIs) 

with weights from the BEA capital flow tables that 

reflect each industry’s use of individual asset 

commodities. 

For air transportation, a weighted index of 44 

types of airframes and 34 types of engines is derived 

from quantities and purchase prices from BTS. For 

assets other than airframes and engines, current dollar 

capital stocks are calculated with the perpetual 

inventory method. Inventories of parts and supplies 

are also included; the current dollar series is deflated 

with a weighted cost index based on data from the Air 

Transport Association (ATA) and BTS. Indexes for 

aircraft and engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and 

supplies inventories are aggregated using cost share 

weights to derive an overall measure of capital input. 
7

For line-haul railroads, current dollar 

investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 

categories of structures, obtained from STB and 

AMTRAK, were deflated with BLS producer price 

indexes and deflators based on BEA data. An 

estimate of capitalized hours was removed from the 

labor input measure in order to avoid doublecounting, because some capitalized labor costs are 

embedded in the railroad investment data. The 

perpetual inventory method was used to calculate 

capital stocks for each of the items. Inventories of 

materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of 

investments in land from STB and AMTRAK were 

deflated with price indexes from BEA. 

The index of aggregate capital input for each 

manufacturing and transportation industry is 

calculated as an annually-chained Törnqvist quantity 

index. To construct the index, the growth rates of the 

stocks of each type of asset are aggregated using 

weights that are the average of each asset type’s cost 

share in successive years. The asset costs are 

estimated by multiplying the asset stocks by implicit 

rental prices. 

Labor Input: For manufacturing, the industry labor 

input measures represent the hours paid to wage and 

salary workers in the industry. The primary source of 

data on employment and hours is the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey, which provides 

monthly data on the number of jobs held by wage and 

salary workers employed directly in nonfarm 

establishments. The CES survey also provides data on 

the average weekly hours of production workers in 

these establishments. Data from the BLS Current 

Population Survey (CPS) are used to supplement the 

CES data. The Division of Industry Productivity 

Studies (DIPS) estimates the average weekly hours of 

nonproduction workers for each industry using data 

from the CPS together with the CES data. The hours 

of all workers are treated as homogeneous and are 

directly aggregated. 

 For air transportation and line-haul railroads, 

labor input measures are derived primarily from DOT 

data. For air transportation, annual estimates are 

based on monthly data from BTS. For line-haul 

railroads, total labor hours for supervisory and 

nonsupervisory workers are derived from STB data 

and supplemented with data from AAR. For the 

railroad industry, the labor input measures use the 

same source data as that used in the labor 

productivity series which includes an adjustment to 

remove capitalized labor hours. 

Intermediate Purchases Input: The index of 

intermediate purchases is constructed as a Törnqvist 

index of separate quantities of materials, services, fuels, 

and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for 

electricity consumed by manufacturing industries, for 

which direct quantity data are available, quantities are 

derived by deflating current-dollar values with 

appropriate price deflators. 

For manufacturing industries, nominal values 

of materials, fuels and electricity and quantities of 

electricity consumed by each industry are obtained 

from economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an 

adjustment is made to the materials estimates to exclude 

the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. 

Purchased business services are estimated using 

benchmark input-output tables and other annual 

industry data BEA. 

Constant-dollar materials consumed are 

derived by dividing annual current-dollar industry 

purchases by a weighted price deflator for each 

industry. Materials deflators are constructed for each 

industry by combining detailed producer price indexes 

and import price indexes from BLS using weights based 

on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark 

input-output tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate 

purchased business services are constructed in a 

similar manner. 

Annual total fuels consumed by each industry 

are also deflated with weighted price deflators. 

Producer price indexes for individual fuel categories 

are weighted together with weights reflecting detailed 

fuels expenditures by industry from the Energy 

Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department 

of Energy. 

For air transportation, detailed cost of 

materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the 

BTS were deflated using cost indexes from ATA. 

For line-haul railroads, intermediate purchases data 

from STB were supplemented with data from other 

sources including AAR, AMTRAK, EIA, and the 

Edison Electric Institute. The nominal values were 

deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and 

implicit price deflators calculated from BEA 

investment data. 
Table 1. Multifactor productivity and related data for 88 industries, percent change, 2005-2006

2006 Percent change, 2005-2006

NAICS Industry Employment Multifactor Combined Intermediate

code (thousands) productivity Output inputs Labor Capital purchases

 Manufacturing

3111 Animal food 49 -0.4 -1.5 -1.1 8.5 0.7 -3.0

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 61 -3.7 -3.6 0.1 -1.9 0.6 0.1

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 75 -2.4 -4.7 -2.3 -3.5 -0.6 -2.9

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 176 -1.1 -0.6 0.5 3.3 -0.1 0.1

3115 Dairy products 131 -4.0 1.3 5.6 0.7 1.5 7.2

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 506 0.0 4.4 4.4 4.8 2.8 4.6

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 41 3.0 4.8 1.8 -4.3 2.0 3.0

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 280 -4.5 -2.3 2.3 2.1 -0.3 3.0

3119 Other food products 160 1.3 4.8 3.5 4.7 1.5 4.5

3121 Beverages 171 -1.7 -0.8 0.9 6.5 0.4 0.2

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 24 0.6 -3.8 -4.4 -5.7 -4.5 -3.7

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 48 -0.4 -8.7 -8.4 -6.2 -4.2 -9.4

3132 Fabric mills 90 -1.3 -9.1 -7.9 -12.5 -4.7 -7.2

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 58 -5.3 -17.3 -12.7 -8.4 -5.1 -15.0

3141 Textile furnishings mills 90 -5.5 -10.5 -5.3 -4.1 -1.5 -7.4

3149 Other textile product mills 71 0.4 -4.1 -4.4 -1.9 -1.9 -6.3

3151 Apparel knitting mills 35 6.6 0.0 -6.1 -3.0 -4.1 -9.1

3152 Cut and sew apparel 184 3.4 -2.3 -5.5 -5.6 -3.8 -6.3

3159 Accessories and other apparel 20 -1.6 -18.9 -17.6 -10.8 -4.6 -21.4

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 4 -7.4 -27.1 -21.3 -26.8 -5.6 -20.9

3162 Footwear 17 5.8 1.3 -4.2 -7.3 -3.0 -2.7

3169 Other leather products 15 10.6 11.1 0.5 -4.7 5.0 -0.1

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 118 -3.3 1.3 4.8 -0.5 1.7 6.3

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 120 2.3 1.8 -0.5 -4.5 2.9 0.3

3219 Other wood products 321 -1.2 0.3 1.5 1.1 4.1 1.4

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 136 1.9 1.2 -0.7 -1.1 -3.2 0.8

3222 Converted paper products 334 -0.3 -1.1 -0.8 -2.7 1.8 -0.9

3231 Printing and related support activities 634 0.4 0.8 0.4 -0.5 1.2 0.8

3241 Petroleum and coal products 113 -3.0 0.4 3.5 1.2 3.3 3.6

3251 Basic chemicals 148 0.9 2.2 1.3 -0.3 -0.6 2.2

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 105 2.5 -0.9 -3.3 -4.2 -1.0 -3.7

3253 Agricultural chemicals 38 -1.8 -3.7 -2.0 -2.4 -2.2 -1.9

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 292 2.0 4.8 2.8 0.3 1.1 5.5

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 67 -4.6 -4.6 -0.1 -0.2 -1.7 0.2

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 111 1.0 6.2 5.1 -0.2 0.6 10.0

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 105 -3.6 -3.0 0.6 1.4 -3.5 0.6

3261 Plastics products 631 -2.7 -0.2 2.5 1.2 1.1 3.4

3262 Rubber products 156 -2.7 -3.3 -0.6 -8.1 -0.6 2.9

3271 Clay products and refractories 61 -6.9 -4.0 3.1 -1.7 -0.1 7.2

3272 Glass and glass products 102 0.6 0.8 0.2 -6.6 -1.1 4.0

3273 Cement and concrete products 248 -3.5 3.8 7.5 7.2 2.9 9.6

3274 Lime and gypsum products 19 -4.4 -1.8 2.7 0.5 4.8 1.6

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 80 -0.9 4.9 5.9 7.2 1.1 7.6

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 97 0.1 1.5 1.4 1.3 -2.5 2.8

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 61 1.4 -3.2 -4.5 2.1 -3.2 -6.1

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 73 -3.1 1.2 4.4 3.0 -1.2 5.8

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 73 -16.0 -7.9 9.6 -2.6 -1.2 13.4

3315 Foundries 161 1.8 1.8 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 0.4
Table 1. Multifactor productivity and related data for 88 industries, percent change, 2005-2006 - Continued

2006 Percent change, 2005-2006

NAICS Industry Employment Multifactor Combined Intermediate

code (thousands) productivity Output inputs Labor Capital purchases

3321 Forging and stamping 113 4.2 6.4 2.1 2.8 0.7 2.3

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 54 2.5 -0.9 -3.4 -3.1 -3.3 -3.6

3323 Architectural and structural metals 412 3.1 8.2 4.9 4.1 2.5 5.7

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 94 5.0 7.1 2.0 6.0 0.1 1.0

3325 Hardware 34 0.9 -2.1 -2.9 -1.6 -2.3 -3.8

3326 Spring and wire products 58 -3.2 -3.8 -0.7 -2.0 0.1 -0.2

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 353 2.2 5.8 3.5 5.1 2.0 2.9

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 149 -0.8 0.7 1.5 1.5 -0.8 2.2

3329 Other fabricated metal products 287 3.5 7.2 3.6 2.5 0.0 6.2

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 220 2.0 7.5 5.4 7.6 2.2 5.8

3332 Industrial machinery 123 6.2 10.0 3.6 -0.5 -1.6 6.0

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 109 4.2 5.6 1.4 -0.5 -2.4 2.8

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 156 3.0 0.4 -2.5 3.3 -0.5 -4.7

3335 Metalworking machinery 200 -0.1 0.4 0.5 -0.4 -1.0 1.4

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 101 0.7 3.9 3.1 7.1 1.8 2.4

3339 Other general purpose machinery 272 1.7 3.8 2.1 -0.1 0.7 3.3

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 196 23.9 25.1 1.0 -5.0 -1.2 2.5

3342 Communications equipment 141 13.5 17.7 3.7 -5.1 0.7 6.9

3343 Audio and video equipment 31 8.3 -1.1 -8.7 -5.4 -1.8 -9.6

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 458 2.0 2.3 0.3 2.7 1.0 -1.3

3345 Electronic instruments 440 1.3 4.2 2.9 1.5 2.9 3.6

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 32 -2.5 -7.2 -4.8 -4.3 -3.2 -5.1

3351 Electric lighting equipment 59 2.2 0.2 -1.9 -4.5 -1.3 -1.1

3352 Household appliances 80 1.9 -1.8 -3.6 -6.7 -3.4 -2.9

3353 Electrical equipment 155 1.2 3.6 2.3 4.0 -1.7 2.8

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 139 -2.1 -0.4 1.7 4.6 -1.9 1.9

3361 Motor vehicles 237 4.6 2.6 -1.9 -7.1 -0.9 -1.5

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 179 1.8 3.8 2.0 6.9 1.7 0.8

3363 Motor vehicle parts 655 2.4 -3.7 -6.0 -3.4 -2.3 -6.9

3364 Aerospace products and parts 474 0.1 -0.1 -0.3 5.8 -1.4 -2.9

3365 Railroad rolling stock 28 7.0 15.1 7.6 6.8 1.3 9.0

3366 Ship and boat building 156 1.8 1.6 -0.2 5.1 -1.2 -2.4

3369 Other transportation equipment 41 3.6 5.0 1.4 -2.2 4.8 1.6

3371 Household and institutional furniture 371 -1.4 -2.3 -0.9 -4.9 0.0 0.8

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 136 -0.2 3.9 4.1 4.2 -0.7 5.9

3379 Other furniture-related products 51 2.1 -1.2 -3.2 -3.0 -1.7 -3.8

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 308 1.4 4.4 3.0 1.5 4.6 2.5

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 341 1.3 1.7 0.4 -2.2 2.2 1.2

Transportation

481 Air Transportation 457 3.6 1.5 -2.0 -3.5 0.3 -1.5

482111 Line-Haul Railroads 186 2.6 4.7 2.0 1.5 0.4 3.2
Table 2. Multifactor productivity and related data for 88 industries, average annual percent change, 1987-2006

Average annual percent change, 1987-2006

NAICS Industry Multifactor Combined Intermediate

code productivity Output inputs Labor Capital purchases

 Manufacturing

3111 Animal food 0.8 2.3 1.5 -0.8 2.4 1.5

3112 Grain and oilseed milling -0.2 1.3 1.5 -1.2 1.3 1.8

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 0.6 0.9 0.3 -1.2 1.5 0.1

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 0.2 1.5 1.2 -0.2 1.8 1.3

3115 Dairy products -0.5 1.0 1.6 -0.5 2.1 1.8

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.8 2.5 1.6 1.5 2.9 1.5

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 0.1 1.3 1.2 -1.4 1.4 1.7

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.3 0.6 2.0 0.2 2.2 2.8

3119 Other food products 0.4 2.3 1.8 1.3 1.5 2.1

3121 Beverages 0.8 1.7 1.0 -0.3 0.9 1.2

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -0.4 -2.1 -1.7 -3.5 -1.9 -2.2

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.7 -0.6 -1.3 -4.4 -0.5 -0.4

3132 Fabric mills 1.1 -1.5 -2.5 -6.1 -1.1 -1.3

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 0.2 -2.2 -2.5 -3.9 -1.0 -2.3

3141 Textile furnishings mills 0.3 0.0 -0.2 -1.3 0.0 0.0

3149 Other textile product mills 0.3 0.7 0.4 -1.0 1.9 0.8

3151 Apparel knitting mills 0.9 -3.7 -4.5 -6.1 -1.4 -4.6

3152 Cut and sew apparel -0.4 -5.0 -4.6 -7.5 -1.6 -4.3

3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.9 -5.5 -3.7 -3.6 -0.8 -3.9

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -1.3 -4.9 -3.6 -6.1 -1.4 -3.6

3162 Footwear -0.3 -6.5 -6.2 -8.5 -2.9 -5.6

3169 Other leather products 1.7 -1.3 -3.0 -4.6 -0.9 -2.7

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.3 1.3 1.0 -1.4 0.2 1.8

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products -0.3 1.6 1.9 0.7 2.2 2.4

3219 Other wood products -0.7 1.0 1.7 0.0 2.0 2.4

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 0.7 0.3 -0.4 -2.9 0.3 0.1

3222 Converted paper products -0.1 0.6 0.7 -0.8 1.7 0.9

3231 Printing and related support activities -0.5 0.3 0.8 -0.8 2.7 1.3

3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.7 1.3 0.6 -1.6 1.4 0.7

3251 Basic chemicals -0.6 0.6 1.2 -2.4 1.0 2.1

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 0.1 1.3 1.1 -1.7 1.4 1.5

3253 Agricultural chemicals 1.4 1.2 -0.2 -1.4 -0.9 0.5

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.2 4.2 5.4 2.7 5.7 6.2

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.2 0.3 1.5 -1.1 0.9 2.2

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 0.4 2.9 2.5 -0.6 2.4 3.1

3259 Other chemical products and preparations -1.3 0.4 1.7 -1.9 0.9 3.1

3261 Plastics products 0.2 3.0 2.7 0.4 4.0 3.3

3262 Rubber products 0.7 1.1 0.4 -1.6 0.9 1.3

3271 Clay products and refractories 0.1 -0.5 -0.6 -1.8 -0.2 0.1

3272 Glass and glass products 0.7 0.8 0.2 -1.7 1.2 0.7

3273 Cement and concrete products 0.0 2.1 2.2 1.6 1.4 2.7

3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.2 0.6 0.8 -0.8 1.2 1.0

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 0.8 1.7 0.9 -0.1 0.5 1.6

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 1.3 1.9 0.6 -2.9 -1.8 2.6

3312 Steel products from purchased steel -0.3 -0.1 0.3 -0.5 -1.4 1.0

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 0.1 0.7 0.6 -2.0 -0.1 1.5

3314 Other nonferrous metal production -1.5 -1.2 0.4 -2.1 -0.5 1.1

3315 Foundries 0.2 1.2 1.0 -1.3 0.2 2.8
Table 2. Multifactor productivity and related data for 88 industries, average annual percent change, 1987-2006 - Continued

Average annual percent change, 1987-2006

NAICS Industry Multifactor Combined Intermediate

code productivity Output inputs Labor Capital purchases

3321 Forging and stamping 1.0 2.2 1.2 -0.9 1.9 2.2

3322 Cutlery and hand tools -0.4 -0.2 0.2 -1.8 0.5 1.4

3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.1 2.2 2.3 0.9 1.6 3.2

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.5 -0.1 -0.5 -0.7 0.0 -0.6

3325 Hardware -0.2 -1.1 -1.0 -3.1 0.1 -0.2

3326 Spring and wire products 0.9 1.2 0.3 -1.6 1.4 1.0

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 1.1 3.5 2.4 1.2 2.9 3.4

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 1.3 3.5 2.2 0.4 2.5 3.2

3329 Other fabricated metal products 0.1 0.6 0.6 -0.7 0.8 1.3

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.7 3.3 2.6 0.4 0.0 4.0

3332 Industrial machinery 0.4 2.3 1.9 -0.8 2.6 3.3

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.5 0.0 0.5 -1.8 0.5 1.7

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.9 2.2 1.3 -0.2 1.7 1.9

3335 Metalworking machinery 0.7 0.8 0.1 -1.4 1.2 1.2

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.4 2.2 2.7 -0.3 1.0 4.1

3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.4 2.0 1.6 -0.9 0.8 3.1

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 17.2 19.4 1.9 -4.1 1.3 3.6

3342 Communications equipment 3.4 5.4 1.9 -2.6 3.2 4.0

3343 Audio and video equipment 2.5 3.7 1.2 -3.4 1.1 2.1

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 14.2 16.3 1.8 -1.2 6.7 1.0

3345 Electronic instruments -0.1 1.8 1.9 -2.2 1.0 5.2

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.0 2.1 -0.8 -0.4 2.0 -1.3

3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.3 0.3 0.1 -1.8 0.6 0.7

3352 Household appliances 1.9 1.8 -0.1 -2.7 0.1 0.7

3353 Electrical equipment 0.2 0.3 0.1 -2.6 -0.4 1.8

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 0.0 0.3 0.3 -1.7 0.6 1.1

3361 Motor vehicles 0.6 2.6 2.0 -1.5 1.5 2.4

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.3 3.0 3.3 1.6 2.2 3.8

3363 Motor vehicle parts 1.1 3.3 2.2 0.1 1.8 3.0

3364 Aerospace products and parts -1.0 -1.2 -0.2 -2.7 -0.2 1.5

3365 Railroad rolling stock 1.3 6.0 4.7 0.7 -0.5 6.7

3366 Ship and boat building -0.6 1.0 1.7 -0.5 -0.2 3.2

3369 Other transportation equipment 1.4 5.5 4.1 0.2 3.3 5.3

3371 Household and institutional furniture 0.1 1.4 1.3 -0.6 1.7 2.2

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 0.4 1.8 1.4 -0.6 2.0 2.4

3379 Other furniture-related products 0.7 2.6 1.9 0.4 0.8 2.7

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.5 4.8 3.3 1.1 5.3 3.7

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.7 1.9 1.2 -0.8 2.2 2.0

Transportation

481 Air Transportation 1.2 3.4 2.3 0.4 4.1 3.4

482111 Line-Haul Railroads 2.6 2.6 0.0 -2.1 -0.5 2.5
Table 3. Multifactor productivity trends, 1987-2006 and selected subperiods

Average annual percent change

NAICS Industry

code 1987-2006 1987-90 1990-95 1995-00 2000-06 2005-06

 Manufacturing

3111 Animal food 0.8 0.6 0.3 -0.8 2.7 -0.4

3112 Grain and oilseed milling -0.2 0.0 0.5 0.3 -1.2 -3.7

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 0.6 -0.4 0.3 1.8 0.2 -2.4

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 0.2 -2.6 1.1 0.9 0.4 -1.1

3115 Dairy products -0.5 -0.3 -0.6 -0.7 -0.4 -4.0

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.8 -1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.0

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 0.1 -1.3 0.0 -0.4 1.2 3.0

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.3 -4.9 0.4 -0.9 -1.2 -4.5

3119 Other food products 0.4 -0.2 0.4 -0.2 1.3 1.3

3121 Beverages 0.8 0.3 0.9 -1.0 2.4 -1.7

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -0.4 -1.1 -0.7 0.5 -0.7 0.6

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.8 -0.4

3132 Fabric mills 1.1 -0.2 1.3 -0.1 2.5 -1.3

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 0.2 -0.2 -0.1 1.1 0.1 -5.3

3141 Textile furnishings mills 0.3 -0.6 1.2 -1.0 1.0 -5.5

3149 Other textile product mills 0.3 -1.0 -0.5 -0.1 1.8 0.4

3151 Apparel knitting mills 0.9 0.9 2.0 -2.7 3.0 6.6

3152 Cut and sew apparel -0.4 -1.3 0.5 -1.7 0.3 3.4

3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.9 1.0 0.4 -4.9 -2.7 -1.6

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -1.3 -3.5 -2.0 4.1 -4.0 -7.4

3162 Footwear -0.3 -1.8 0.3 -1.0 0.7 5.8

3169 Other leather products 1.7 -0.4 -2.0 2.0 5.7 10.6

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.3 2.4 0.2 -1.0 0.4 -3.3

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products -0.3 -0.7 -0.4 -0.8 0.3 2.3

3219 Other wood products -0.7 -0.8 -1.2 -1.0 0.0 -1.2

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 0.7 -1.7 -0.4 1.2 2.3 1.9

3222 Converted paper products -0.1 -0.7 -0.2 -0.3 0.5 -0.3

3231 Printing and related support activities -0.5 -0.2 -0.4 -1.5 0.2 0.4

3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.7 -2.0 1.9 1.9 0.0 -3.0

3251 Basic chemicals -0.6 -1.0 -3.3 -1.1 2.3 0.9

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 0.1 -0.8 1.0 -0.8 0.6 2.5

3253 Agricultural chemicals 1.4 2.1 1.0 -1.2 3.5 -1.8

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.2 -1.8 -2.5 -2.2 1.1 2.0

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.2 -2.0 -0.8 -2.0 -0.5 -4.6

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 0.4 -1.4 0.2 -1.9 3.7 1.0

3259 Other chemical products and preparations -1.3 -1.7 0.1 -0.9 -2.5 -3.6

3261 Plastics products 0.2 -0.8 1.0 0.4 0.0 -2.7

3262 Rubber products 0.7 1.4 1.2 0.9 -0.2 -2.7

3271 Clay products and refractories 0.1 0.7 1.6 0.3 -1.5 -6.9

3272 Glass and glass products 0.7 -0.3 1.7 1.7 -0.5 0.6

3273 Cement and concrete products 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 -0.7 -3.5

3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.2 -1.4 -2.4 0.6 1.8 -4.4

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 0.8 -1.3 1.9 -0.4 1.9 -0.9

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 1.3 1.3 2.0 1.9 0.3 0.1

3312 Steel products from purchased steel -0.3 1.1 2.3 -0.1 -3.3 1.4

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 0.1 -0.3 -0.7 0.0 1.1 -3.1

3314 Other nonferrous metal production -1.5 -0.6 1.1 -0.3 -5.1 -16.0

3315 Foundries 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.0 -0.5 1.8
Table 3. Multifactor productivity trends, 1987-2006 and selected subperiods - Continued

Average annual percent change

NAICS Industry

code 1987-2006 1987-90 1990-95 1995-00 2000-06 2005-06

3321 Forging and stamping 1.0 -0.7 1.0 0.9 1.8 4.2

3322 Cutlery and hand tools -0.4 -1.4 0.9 -0.4 -0.9 2.5

3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.1 -1.1 0.8 -0.7 0.2 3.1

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.2 0.0 5.0

3325 Hardware -0.2 -2.2 0.7 -0.2 0.2 0.9

3326 Spring and wire products 0.9 0.4 1.5 0.5 1.0 -3.2

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 1.1 1.0 2.9 0.1 0.4 2.2

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 1.3 0.8 2.0 -0.6 2.6 -0.8

3329 Other fabricated metal products 0.1 -1.8 0.2 -0.8 1.7 3.5

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.7 2.3 -0.2 -1.0 2.0 2.0

3332 Industrial machinery 0.4 0.1 1.5 -0.4 0.3 6.2

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.5 0.8 -0.6 -1.1 -0.5 4.2

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.9 -0.3 0.6 0.5 2.0 3.0

3335 Metalworking machinery 0.7 0.0 1.3 -0.9 1.9 -0.1

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.4 -0.6 -0.1 0.9 -1.7 0.7

3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.4 0.4 0.0 -0.1 1.1 1.7

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 17.2 5.4 12.6 25.3 21.0 23.9

3342 Communications equipment 3.4 3.7 4.0 3.1 3.0 13.5

3343 Audio and video equipment 2.5 3.7 2.1 0.9 3.7 8.3

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 14.2 7.1 18.1 22.7 8.1 2.0

3345 Electronic instruments -0.1 1.6 0.0 -3.2 1.6 1.3

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.0 1.2 5.8 0.4 3.8 -2.5

3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.3 -1.8 0.1 0.3 1.4 2.2

3352 Household appliances 1.9 -0.4 2.4 1.1 3.3 1.9

3353 Electrical equipment 0.2 0.4 1.8 -2.0 0.7 1.2

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 0.0 -1.8 1.1 0.7 -0.6 -2.1

3361 Motor vehicles 0.6 0.2 -1.4 0.4 2.7 4.6

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.3 -2.9 2.0 -1.9 0.6 1.8

3363 Motor vehicle parts 1.1 -0.8 2.1 0.2 2.2 2.4

3364 Aerospace products and parts -1.0 -2.8 -1.6 -1.4 0.8 0.1

3365 Railroad rolling stock 1.3 2.2 -1.3 4.1 0.6 7.0

3366 Ship and boat building -0.6 0.0 -2.0 -0.4 0.1 1.8

3369 Other transportation equipment 1.4 -1.7 4.2 -0.6 2.3 3.6

3371 Household and institutional furniture 0.1 -0.4 0.7 -0.7 0.7 -1.4

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 0.4 -2.6 0.2 1.7 0.9 -0.2

3379 Other furniture-related products 0.7 0.0 0.6 -0.3 2.1 2.1

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.5 2.2 0.2 2.0 1.7 1.4

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.7 1.2 0.5 0.0 1.3 1.3

Transportation

481 Air Transportation 1.2 -0.9 0.7 0.0 3.6 3.6

482111 Line-Haul Railroads 2.6 4.4 4.1 1.4 1.6 2.6