Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212 

News United States 

Department 

of Labor 

Technical Information: (202) 691-6467 USDL 08-0203 

 http://www.bls.gov/bdm/ 

 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST 

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 Thursday, February 14, 2008 

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: SECOND QUARTER 2007 

From March 2007 to June 2007, the number of job gains from opening and expanding private 

sector establishments was 7.6 million, and the number of job losses from closing and contracting 

establishments was 7.4 million, according to data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of 

the U.S. Department of Labor. (See charts 1 and 2 and table 3.) Over this period, firms with 1,000 or 

more employees accounted for the largest share of gross job gains (17.1 percent) as well as the largest 

share of gross job losses (17.4 percent). (See tables D and 4 and chart 3.) 

 

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series include gross job gains and gross job 

losses at the establishment level by major industry sector and for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, 

Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by 

employer size class. 

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in 

employment that occur at all businesses in the economy. BED statistics track these changes in 

employment at private business units from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. 

Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing units and the 

addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at 
2

 

 Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 

3 months ended 

June 

2006 

Sept. 

2006 

Dec. 

 2006 

Mar. 

 2007 

June 

2007 Category 

Levels (in thousands) 

Gross job gains.................................... 7,811 7,473 7,809 7,509 7,644 

 At expanding establishments........... 6,292 6,032 6,271 6,158 6,257 

 At opening establishments............... 1,519 1,441 1,538 1,351 1,387 

Gross job losses................................... 7,395 7,462 7,297 7,071 7,403 

 At contracting establishments........... 6,015 6,110 5,943 5,796 6,008 

 At closing establishments................ 1,380 1,352 1,354 1,275 1,395 

Net employment change1

........................ 416 11 512 438 241 

Rates (percent) 

Gross job gains................................ 6.9 6.7 7.0 6.6 6.7 

 At expanding establishments....... 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.5 

 At opening establishments............ 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 

Gross job losses............................... 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.5 

 At contracting establishments........ 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.3 

 At closing establishments............. 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 

Net employment change1

..................... .4 .1 .5 .4 .2 

1

 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the 

Technical Note for further information. 

existing units and the loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of gross jobs 

gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment. (See the Technical Note for 

more information.) 

Private Sector Establishment-Level Gross Job Gains and Job Losses 

Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained 7.6 million jobs in the 

second quarter of 2007, an increase of 135,000 from the previous quarter. Over the quarter, expanding 

establishments added 6.3 million jobs while opening establishments added 1.4 million jobs. 

Gross job losses totaled 7.4 million, an increase of 332,000 from the previous quarter. During the 

quarter, contracting establishments lost 6.0 million jobs, while closing establishments lost 1.4 million 

jobs. (See tables A, 1, and 3, and chart 2.) 

The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost yielded 

a net change of 241,000 jobs in the private sector for second quarter 2007. 

From March 2007 to June 2007, gross job gains represented 6.7 percent of private sector 

employment, while gross job losses represented 6.5 percent of private sector employment. (See tables 
3

A and 2.) These gross job gain and loss statistics demonstrate that a sizable number of jobs appear and 

disappear in the relatively short time frame of one quarter. 

Major Industry Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses

Goods-producing. Expanding and opening establishments in the goods-producing sector accounted 

for 1,622,000 jobs gained, and contracting and closing establishments accounted for 1,691,000 jobs 

lost. This net loss of 69,000 jobs was the fourth consecutive quarter of net loss in this sector. (See 

tables B and 3.) 

 

Table B. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted 

(In thousands) 

Gross job gains 

(3 months ended) 

Gross job losses 

(3 months ended) 

June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Industry 

2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 

Total private1

........................ 7,811 7,473 7,809 7,509 7,644 7,395 7,462 7,297 7,071 7,403 

 Goods-Producing................. 1,692 1,572 1,636 1,629 1,622 1,667 1,739 1,719 1,682 1,691 

 Natural res. and mining....... 293 269 287 279 286 268 263 266 287 269 

 Construction ................... 838 791 825 850 814 841 868 845 816 855 

 Manufacturing ................. 561 512 524 500 522 558 608 608 579 567 

Service-Providing1................... 6,119 5,901 6,173 5,880 6,022 5,728 5,723 5,578 5,389 5,712 

 Wholesale trade................. 332 311 322 314 318 292 305 303 296 300 

 Retail trade ..................... 1,062 1,030 1,081 1,087 1,023 1,100 1,085 1,004 971 1,028 

 Transportation and warehousing 247 241 269 224 242 232 224 225 245 222 

 Utilities ......................... 15 15 19 11 14 13 15 18 11 12 

 Information ..................... 150 148 167 138 160 144 171 146 132 137 

 Financial activities ............ 457 446 457 421 436 442 445 444 418 467 

 Professional and business 

 services....................... 1,438 1,335 1,427 1,276 1,389 1,287 1,279 1,313 1,242 1,322 

 Education and health services.. 787 784 795 799 785 713 674 692 655 697 

 Leisure and hospitality............. 1,210 1,180 1,223 1,165 1,219 1,182 1,184 1,105 1,096 1,196 

 Other services .................. 313 295 299 292 304 287 305 291 278 287 

 1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately. 

Construction. In construction, gross job gains fell over the quarter to 814,000 and gross job losses 

increased to 855,000, resulting in a net loss of 41,000 jobs. 

Manufacturing. Gross job gains in manufacturing increased to a level of 522,000 jobs in the second 

quarter of 2007, and gross job losses fell to 567,000, resulting in a net loss of 45,000 jobs. This was the 

fourth consecutive quarter of net job losses for this industry. 

Service-providing. In the service-providing sector, gross job gains totaled 6,022,000 and gross job 

losses totaled 5,712,000 in the second quarter of 2007, resulting in a net gain of 310,000 jobs. 
4

Education and Health Services. The education and health services sector gained 785,000 jobs and 

lost 697,000 jobs in this quarter, for a net gain of 88,000. This industry has experienced a net growth in 

jobs every quarter since this series began in 1992. 

Retail Trade. In retail trade, gross job gains decreased this quarter to 1,023,000 and gross job 

losses rose to 1,028,000, resulting in a net loss of 5,000 jobs. 

Leisure and Hospitality. The leisure and hospitality industry gained 1,219,000 jobs and lost 

1,196,000 jobs in the second quarter of 2007, for a net gain of 23,000 jobs. 

Financial Activities. The financial activities sector experienced gross job gains of 436,000 and 

gross job losses of 467,000, resulting in a net loss of 31,000 jobs. This was the first net loss in this 

sector since the fourth quarter of 2003. 

Number of Establishments Gaining and Losing Employment

 Another way to look at the dynamics of business activities is to monitor the number and 

proportion of business units that are growing and declining. In the second quarter of 2007, the number 

of establishments losing jobs exceeded the number of establishments gaining jobs. Out of 6.9 million 

 Table C. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employment change, seasonally adjusted 

 (In thousands) 

3 months ended 

Category June 

2006 

Sept. 

2006 

Dec. 

2006 

Mar. 

2007 

June 

 2007 

Establishments gaining jobs............... 1,923 1,891 1,954 1,935 1,907 

 Expanding establishments........... 1,559 1,535 1,562 1,577 1,555 

 Opening establishments.............. 

Establishments losing jobs................. 

 364 

1,899 

 356 

1,909 

 392 

1,892 

 358 

1,900 

 352 

1,938 

 Contracting establishments.......... 1,554 1,558 1,542 1,545 1,574 

 Closing establishments................ 

Net establishment change1

................. 

 345 

 19 

 351 

 5 

 350 

 42 

 355 

 3 

 364 

 -12 

 

 1 The net establishment change is the difference between the number of opening establishments and the number of 

closing establishments. See the Technical Note for further information. 

 

active private-sector establishments, a total of 1,938,000 establishments lost jobs from March 2007 to 

June 2007. (See table C.) Of these, 1,574,000 were contracting establishments and 364,000 were 

closing establishments. During the quarter, 1,555,000 establishments expanded and 352,000 

establishments opened, resulting in 1,907,000 establishments gaining jobs. Overall, the number of 

active private sector establishments decreased by 12,000 during the quarter. This change is the 

difference between the number of opening establishments and the number of closing establishments. A 

decrease in the total number of active establishments happened only two other times in the BED time 

series: September 2001 and March 2003. 
5

Firm-level Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses by Size Class

From March 2007 to June 2007, firms with 1,000 or more employees accounted for the largest 

share of gross job gains (17.1 percent) as well as the largest share of gross job losses (17.4 percent). 

(See tables D and 4, and chart 3.) 

Small firms, those with 1-4, 5-9, and 10-19 employees, show a drop in their shares of gross job 

gains over the quarter and over the year. This drop was most significant for firms with 1-4 employees, 

whose share of gross job gains fell from 15.7 percent in the previous quarter to 14.8 percent in the 

current quarter. 

In the second quarter of 2007, firms with 500 or more employees represented 21.9 percent of 

gross job gains and 21.8 percent of gross job losses. (See table D.) 

 Firms with 1-4 employees continued to have the largest shares of both job gains at opening firms 

and job losses at closing firms, with 58.8 percent and 59.6 percent respectively, in the second quarter of 

2007. (See table 4.) 

Table D. Three-month private sector share1 of gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

June 

2006

Sept. 

2006

Dec. 

2006

Mar. 

2007

June 

2007

June 

2006

Sept. 

2006

Dec. 

2006

Mar. 

2007

June 

2007

1 - 4 employees...................... 15.2 15.6 15.8 15.7 14.8 15.9 15.8 15.9 16.7 16.2

5 - 9 employees..................... 11.9 12.1 11.6 12.3 11.6 12.5 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.4

10 - 19 employees................ 12.3 12.3 11.7 12.5 12.1 12.6 12.4 12.4 12.5 12.5

20 - 49 employees................. 14.6 14.4 13.8 14.6 14.6 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.4 14.3

50 - 99 employees................ 9.1 9.1 8.7 9.0 9.2 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.7

100 - 249 employees.............. 9.8 9.3 9.2 9.4 9.9 9.1 9.3 9.3 9.0 8.8

250 - 499 employees.............. 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.9 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.3 5.3

500 - 999 employees............. 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.8 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.4

1,000 or more employees........ 16.4 16.8 19.2 16.5 17.1 16.8 16.9 16.3 16.6 17.4

 Total........................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

 1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.

Firm size

Share of gross job gains Share of gross job losses

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)

Gross Job Gains and Losses by State

Over the quarter, Alaska had the highest rate of gross job gains (11.9 percent) and Alaska and 

Wyoming both had the highest rates of gross job losses (10 percent). Arkansas had the lowest rate of 

gross job gains (5.6 percent), and Illinois, Connecticut, and Massachusetts had the lowest rates of gross 

job losses (5.3 percent each). (See table 6.) Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 31 states, the 

District of Columbia and the Virgin Islands. In 19 states and Puerto Rico, gross job losses were greater 

than gross job gains resulting in net losses in total employment (See table 5.) 

More Information

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are available at the Business 

Employment Dynamics Web page on the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information 
6

Chart 3. Share of total quarterly gross job gains and losses by firm size, 

March 2007 to June 2007, seasonally adjusted

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 1,000 or

more

Firm Size - Number of Employees

Percent

Share of gross job gains Share of gross job losses

includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, the not 

seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts of 

gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions on firmsize data. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the 

Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. 

Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current Employment Statistics and 

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wage Data 

The net change in employment from Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series will not 

match the net change in employment from the monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. 

The CES estimates are based on monthly surveys from a sample of establishments, while gross job 

gains and gross job losses are based on a quarterly census of administrative records. In addition, the 

CES has a different coverage, excluding the agriculture sector but including establishments not covered 

by the unemployment insurance program. The net over-the-quarter changes derived by aggregating 

component series in the BED data may be different from the net employment change estimated from 

the CES seasonally adjusted total employment series. The intended use of the BED statistics is to show 

the dynamic labor market flows that underlie the net changes in aggregate employment levels; data 

users who want to track net changes in aggregate employment levels over time should refer to CES 

data. 

BED data have a more limited scope than the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) data. The data in this release, in contrast to the QCEW data, exclude government employees, 

private households (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero employment. 

See the Technical Note for further information. 
7

Technical Note 

 The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data 

are a product of a federal-state cooperative program 

known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are 

compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 

from existing quarterly state unemployment insurance 

(UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to 

file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of 

workers covered by UI laws, and to pay quarterly UI 

taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State 

Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) to BLS and 

form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe 

sampling frame. These reports are also used to produce 

the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and 

wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains 

and losses. Other important Bureau uses of the UI reports 

are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. 

 In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are 

linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history 

for each establishment. The linkage process allows the 

tracking of net employment changes at the establishment 

level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained 

at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing 

and contracting units. 

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES 

employment measures 

 The Bureau publishes three different establishmentbased employment measures for any given quarter. Each 

of these measures — QCEW, BED, and CES — makes 

use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing 

data; however, each measure has a somewhat different 

universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication 

product. 

 Differences in coverage and estimation methods can 

result in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter 

employment change. It is important to understand 

program differences and the intended uses of the program 

products. (See table below.) 

Additional information on each program can be obtained 

from the program web sites shown in the table below. 

Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures 

QCEW BED CES 

Source • Count of UI administrative records 

submitted by 8.9 million employers 

• Count of longitudinally-linked UI 

administrative records submitted by 

6.9 million private sector employers 

• Sample Survey: 400,000 

establishments 

Coverage • UI and UCFE coverage: all 

employers subject to State and 

federal UI Laws 

• UI Coverage, excluding: government, 

private households, and establishments 

with zero employment 

Non-farm wage and salary jobs: 

• UI Coverage, excluding: agriculture, 

private households, and selfemployed; including: railroads, 

religious organizations, and other 

non-UI-covered jobs 

Publication 

frequency 

• Quarterly 

— 7 Months after the end of each 

quarter 

• Quarterly 

— 8 Months after the end of each quarter 

• Monthly 

— First Friday of each month 

Use of UI file • Directly summarizes and publishes 

each new quarter of UI data 

• Links each new UI quarter to longitudinal 

database and directly summarizes gross 

job gains and losses 

• Uses UI file as a sampling frame 

and annually realigns (benchmarks) 

sample estimates to first quarter UI 

levels 

Principal products • Provides a quarterly and annual 

universe count of establishments, 

employment, and wages at the 

county, MSA, State, and national 

levels by detailed industry 

• Provides quarterly employer dynamics 

data on establishment openings, closings, 

expansions, and contractions at the 

national level by NAICS super-sectors 

and by size of firm, and at the state 

private-sector total level 

• Future expansions will include data with 

greater industry detail and data at the 

county and MSA level 

• Provides current monthly estimates 

of employment, hours, and earnings 

at the MSA, State, and national level 

by industry 

Principal uses • Major uses include: 

— Detailed locality data 

— Periodic universe counts for 

benchmarking sample survey 

estimates 

— Sample frame for BLS 

establishment surveys 

• Major uses include: 

— Business cycle analysis 

— Analysis of employer dynamics 

underlying economic expansions and 

contractions 

— Analysis of employment expansion 

and contraction by size of firm 

• Major uses include: 

— Principal national economic 

indicator 

— Official time series for 

employment change measures 

— Input into other major economic 

indicators 

Program Websites • www.bls.gov/cew/ • www.bls.gov/bdm/ • www.bls.gov/ces/
8

 

Coverage

 Employment and wage data for workers covered by 

state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal 

Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly 

contribution reports submitted to the SESAs by 

employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution 

reports, employers who operate multiple establishments 

within a state complete a questionnaire, called the 

“Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed 

information on the location of their establishments. 

These reports are based on place of employment rather 

than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad 

and basically comparable from state to state. 

 Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed 

workers, religious organizations, most agricultural 

workers on small farms, all members of the Armed 

Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees 

of railroads, some domestic workers, most student 

workers at schools, and employees of certain small 

nonprofit organizations. 

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release 

are derived from longitudinal histories of over 6.9 million 

private sector employer reports out of 8.9 million total 

reports of employment and wages submitted by states to 

BLS in the second quarter of 2007. Gross job gains and 

gross job losses data in this release do not report 

estimates for government employees or private 

households (NAICS 814110), and do not include 

establishments with zero employment in both previous 

and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the 

Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. 

As an illustration, the table below shows, in millions of 

establishments, the number of establishments excluded 

from the national gross job gains and gross job losses 

data in the second quarter 2007: 

Number of active establishments included in 

Business Employment Dynamics data at the 

national level 

 Millions 

Total establishments QCEW program ........ 8.9 

 Excluded: Public sector ........................ 0.3 

 Private households............... 0.6 

 Zero employment................. 1.0 

Establishments in Puerto Rico 

and the Virgin Islands.......... 0.1 

Total establishments included in Business 

Employment Dynamics data....................... 6.9 

Unit of analysis 

 Establishments are used in the tabulation of the 

BED statistics by industry and firms are used in the 

tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An 

establishment is defined as an economic unit that 

produces goods or services, usually at a single physical 

location, and engages in one or predominantly one 

activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or 

otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. 

Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of 

establishments under common ownership by a corporate 

parent using employer tax identification numbers. The 

firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of 

corporations as the economic decision makers are used 

for the measurement of the BED data elements by size 

class. 

 Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total 

gross job gains and gross job losses by size class are 

lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by 

industry, as some establishment gains and losses within a 

firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, 

the total net changes in employment are the same for not 

seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally 

adjusted data. 

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure 

the net change in employment at the establishment or 

firm level. These changes come about in one of four 

ways. A net increase in employment can come from 

either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease 

in employment can come from either closing units or 

contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all 

jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross 

job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing 

or contracting units. The net change in employment is 

the difference between gross job gains and gross job 

losses. 

The formal definitions of employment changes are 

as follows: 

Openings. These are either units with positive third 

month employment for the first time in the current 

quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive 

third month employment in the current quarter following 

zero employment in the previous quarter. 

Expansions. These are units with positive 

employment in the third month in both the previous and 

current quarters, with a net increase in employment over 

this period. 

Closings. These are either units with positive third 

month employment in the previous quarter, with no 

employment or zero employment reported in the current 

quarter. 

Contractions. These are units with positive 

employment in the third month in both the previous and 

current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over 

this period. 

All employment changes are measured from the 

third month of the previous quarter to the third month of 

the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms 
9

change their employment levels. Units with no change in 

employment count towards estimates of total 

employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and 

gross job losses. 

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as 

rates by dividing their levels by the average of 

employment in the current and previous quarters. This 

provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are 

calculated for the components of gross job gains and 

gross job losses and then summed to form their 

respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted 

just as their levels can. For instance, the difference 

between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses 

rate is the net growth rate. 

Linkage methodology 

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and 

gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across two 

quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' 

unique SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). 

Between 95 to 97 percent of establishments identified as 

continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by 

SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The 

first method uses predecessor and successor information, 

identified by the States, which relates records with 

different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and 

successor relations can come about for a variety of 

reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm 

restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a match 

cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based 

match is used. This match attempts to identify two 

establishments with different SESA-IDs as continuous. 

The match is based upon comparisons such as the same 

name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst 

examines unmatched records individually and makes a 

possible match. 

 In order to ensure the highest possible quality of 

data, SESAs verify with employers and update, if 

necessary, the industry, location, and ownership 

classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. 

Changes in establishment classification codes resulting 

from the verification process are introduced with the data 

reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes 

resulting from improved employer reporting also are 

introduced in the first quarter. 

 

Sizing methodology 

 The method of dynamic sizing is used in 

calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic 

sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss 

during a quarter to each respective size class in which the 

change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 

employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, 

then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated 

to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size 

class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49. 

 Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm size 

estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which 

may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in 

firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job 

gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. 

Seasonal adjustment 

 Over the course of a year, the levels of employment 

and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations 

due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, 

reduced or expanded production, harvests, major 

holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The 

effect of such seasonal variation can be very large. 

 Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence can be 

eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to 

quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in economic activity, 

easier to recognize. For example, the large number of 

youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other 

changes that have taken place in June relative to March, 

making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. However, because the 

effect of students finishing school in previous years is 

known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted 

to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures 

provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes 

in economic activity. 

 The employment data series for opening, expanding, 

closing, and contracting units are independently 

seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on 

the difference between gross job gains and gross job 

losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment 

counts data series for opening, expanding, closing, and 

contracting establishments are independently adjusted, 

and the net changes are calculated based on the 

difference between the number of opening and closing 

establishments. Additionally establishment and 

employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted 

to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent 

seasonal adjustment is run using X-12 ARIMA. 

Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the 

sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including 

the unclassified sector, which is not separately published. 

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing 

the BED component series will differ from the net 

employment change estimated from the seasonally 

adjusted total private employment series from the CES 

program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show 

the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net 

employment change statistic. As such, data users 

interested particularly in the net employment change and 

not in the gross job flows underlying this change should 

refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment 

changes.

 

Reliability of the data 

 Since the data series on Business Employment 

Dynamics are based on administrative rather than sample 

data, there are no issues related to sampling error. 

Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling 
10

errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer 

submitting corrected employment data after the end of 

the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses 

when providing information. Such errors, however, are 

likely to be distributed randomly throughout the dataset. 

 Changes in administrative data sometimes create 

complications for the linkage process. This can result in 

overstating openings and closings while understating 

expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine 

methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate 

the effects of these complications. 

 The BED data series are subject to periodic minor 

changes based on corrections in QCEW records, updates 

on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal 

adjustment revisions. 

Additional statistics and other information 

 Several other programs within BLS produce closely 

related information. The QCEW program, also 

known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly and 

annual estimates of employment by state, county, and 

detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county 

employment and wages and an annual bulletin: 

Employment and Wages Annual Averages, 2003 are 

available upon request from the Division of Administrative 

Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 

U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; 

telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); 

(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov). 

 The CES program produces monthly estimates of 

employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed 

industry. These estimates are part of the Employment 

Situation report put out monthly by BLS. 

 The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey 

(JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of job 

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number: 1-800-877-8339. 
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September .................. 599 7,329 5,688 1,641 6,730 5,308 1,422

December ..................... 123 6,986 5,452 1,534 6,863 5,484 1,379

1993 March .......................... 288 7,117 5,404 1,713 6,829 5,364 1,465

June .......................... 734 7,275 5,782 1,493 6,541 5,155 1,386

September .................. 965 7,539 5,926 1,613 6,574 5,265 1,309

December ..................... 603 7,375 5,822 1,553 6,772 5,411 1,361

1994 March .......................... 559 7,381 5,800 1,581 6,822 5,401 1,421

June .......................... 905 7,709 6,041 1,668 6,804 5,315 1,489

September .................. 1,288 8,002 6,277 1,725 6,714 5,426 1,288

December ..................... 460 7,535 5,978 1,557 7,075 5,642 1,433

1995 March .......................... 758 7,787 6,124 1,663 7,029 5,652 1,377

June .......................... 358 7,666 6,006 1,660 7,308 5,840 1,468

September .................. 845 7,983 6,341 1,642 7,138 5,645 1,493

December ..................... 378 7,830 6,140 1,690 7,452 5,929 1,523

1996 March .......................... 457 7,933 6,179 1,754 7,476 5,967 1,509

June .......................... 631 8,051 6,282 1,769 7,420 5,903 1,517

September .................. 704 8,177 6,373 1,804 7,473 5,942 1,531

December ..................... 816 8,206 6,396 1,810 7,390 5,875 1,515

1997 March .......................... 784 8,214 6,407 1,807 7,430 5,886 1,544

June .......................... 584 8,055 6,330 1,725 7,471 5,931 1,540

September .................. 901 8,515 6,718 1,797 7,614 5,927 1,687

December ..................... 708 8,617 6,697 1,920 7,909 6,024 1,885

1998 March .......................... 711 8,648 6,599 2,049 7,937 6,077 1,860

June .......................... 610 8,629 6,552 2,077 8,019 6,224 1,795

September .................. 742 8,508 6,607 1,901 7,766 6,093 1,673

December ..................... 768 8,475 6,737 1,738 7,707 6,025 1,682

1999 March .......................... 353 8,585 6,626 1,959 8,232 6,395 1,837

June .......................... 644 8,539 6,661 1,878 7,895 6,210 1,685

September .................. 588 8,571 6,734 1,837 7,983 6,250 1,733

December ..................... 1,005 8,749 6,956 1,793 7,744 6,076 1,668

2000 March .......................... 789 8,792 6,924 1,868 8,003 6,341 1,662

June .......................... 492 8,499 6,814 1,685 8,007 6,387 1,620

September .................. 296 8,506 6,728 1,778 8,210 6,483 1,727

December ..................... 295 8,400 6,702 1,698 8,105 6,433 1,672

2001 March .......................... -156 8,436 6,694 1,742 8,592 6,717 1,875

June .......................... -792 8,009 6,319 1,690 8,801 7,050 1,751

September .................. -1,184 7,608 5,917 1,691 8,792 6,991 1,801

December ..................... -960 7,591 5,932 1,659 8,551 6,858 1,693

2002 March .......................... -39 8,049 6,259 1,790 8,088 6,424 1,664

June .......................... -38 7,890 6,164 1,726 7,928 6,290 1,638

September .................. -171 7,608 6,015 1,593 7,779 6,248 1,531

December ..................... -198 7,522 5,960 1,562 7,720 6,171 1,549

2003 March .......................... -420 7,423 5,901 1,522 7,843 6,306 1,537

June .......................... -96 7,415 5,944 1,471 7,511 6,040 1,471

September .................. 180 7,369 5,898 1,471 7,189 5,828 1,361

December ..................... 332 7,560 6,027 1,533 7,228 5,792 1,436

2004 March .......................... 439 7,669 6,174 1,495 7,230 5,796 1,434

June .......................... 636 7,771 6,251 1,520 7,135 5,651 1,484

September .................. 182 7,612 6,036 1,576 7,430 5,889 1,541

December ..................... 797 7,883 6,268 1,615 7,086 5,655 1,431

2005 March .......................... 352 7,578 6,107 1,471 7,226 5,800 1,426

June .......................... 590 7,796 6,248 1,548 7,206 5,789 1,417

September .................. 651 7,943 6,362 1,581 7,292 5,846 1,446

December ..................... 539 7,846 6,278 1,568 7,307 5,936 1,371

2006 March .......................... 774 7,679 6,261 1,418 6,905 5,633 1,272

June .......................... 416 7,811 6,292 1,519 7,395 6,015 1,380

September .................. 11 7,473 6,032 1,441 7,462 6,110 1,352

December ..................... 512 7,809 6,271 1,538 7,297 5,943 1,354

2007 March .......................... 438 7,509 6,158 1,351 7,071 5,796 1,275

June .......................... 241 7,644 6,257 1,387 7,403 6,008 1,395

1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change 1

Gross job gains

Total Total
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, 1

 seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September .................. 0.7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 5.9 1.6

December ..................... .2 7.8 6.1 1.7 7.6 6.1 1.5

1993 March .......................... .3 7.9 6.0 1.9 7.6 6.0 1.6

June .......................... .8 8.0 6.4 1.6 7.2 5.7 1.5

September .................. 1.1 8.3 6.5 1.8 7.2 5.8 1.4

December ..................... .6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.9 1.5

1994 March .......................... .7 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

June .......................... 1.0 8.3 6.5 1.8 7.3 5.7 1.6

September .................. 1.3 8.4 6.6 1.8 7.1 5.7 1.4

December ..................... .5 7.9 6.3 1.6 7.4 5.9 1.5

1995 March .......................... .8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.9 1.4

June .......................... .3 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.6 6.1 1.5

September .................. .9 8.2 6.5 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

December ..................... .3 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.7 6.1 1.6

1996 March .......................... .5 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.6 6.1 1.5

June .......................... .7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 6.0 1.5

September .................. .7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 6.0 1.5

December ..................... .8 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.4 5.9 1.5

1997 March .......................... .9 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.3 5.8 1.5

June .......................... .6 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

September .................. 1.0 8.4 6.6 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6

December ..................... .8 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.6 5.8 1.8

1998 March .......................... .7 8.4 6.4 2.0 7.7 5.9 1.8

June .......................... .6 8.3 6.3 2.0 7.7 6.0 1.7

September .................. .7 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6

December ..................... .7 8.0 6.4 1.6 7.3 5.7 1.6

1999 March .......................... .3 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.7 6.0 1.7

June .......................... .6 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6

September .................. .6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6

December ..................... 1.0 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.1 5.6 1.5

2000 March .......................... .7 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

June .......................... .4 7.7 6.2 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5

September .................. .2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6

December ..................... .3 7.6 6.1 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5

2001 March .......................... -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7

June .......................... -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6

September .................. -1.2 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.1 6.4 1.7

December ..................... -.9 7.0 5.5 1.5 7.9 6.3 1.6

2002 March .......................... .0 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.5 6.0 1.5

June .......................... .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5

September .................. -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4

December ..................... .0 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.1 5.7 1.4

2003 March .......................... -.4 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.3 5.9 1.4

June .......................... -.1 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.1 5.7 1.4

September .................. .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3

December ..................... .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3

2004 March .......................... .4 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3

June .......................... .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4

September .................. .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4

December ..................... .8 7.3 5.8 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3

2005 March .......................... .3 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3

June .......................... .5 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3

September .................. .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3

December ..................... .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2

2006 March .......................... .8 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1

June .......................... .4 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

September .................. .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2

December ..................... .5 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2

2007 March .......................... .4 6.6 5.4 1.2 6.2 5.1 1.1

June .......................... .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2

1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current employment. 2 See footnote 1, table 1.

Year 3 months ended Net change 2

Gross job gains Gross job losses

Total Total
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June

2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007

Total private 1

Gross job gains ........................... 7,811 7,473 7,809 7,509 7,644 6.9 6.7 7.0 6.6 6.7

At expanding establishments ......... 6,292 6,032 6,271 6,158 6,257 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.5

At opening establishments ............ 1,519 1,441 1,538 1,351 1,387 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2

Gross job losses ........................... 7,395 7,462 7,297 7,071 7,403 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.5

At contracting establishments ......... 6,015 6,110 5,943 5,796 6,008 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.3

At closing establishments ............ 1,380 1,352 1,354 1,275 1,395 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2

Net employment change .............. 416 11 512 438 241 .4 .1 .5 .4 .2

Goods-producing

Gross job gains ........................... 1,692 1,572 1,636 1,629 1,622 7.2 6.6 7.0 6.9 6.9

At expanding establishments ......... 1,438 1,329 1,381 1,398 1,385 6.1 5.6 5.9 5.9 5.9

At opening establishments ............ 254 243 255 231 237 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

Gross job losses ........................... 1,667 1,739 1,719 1,682 1,691 7.1 7.4 7.3 7.1 7.2

At contracting establishments ......... 1,390 1,463 1,452 1,421 1,415 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.0

At closing establishments ............ 277 276 267 261 276 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2

Net employment change .............. 25 -167 -83 -53 -69 .1 -.8 -.3 -.2 -.3

Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains ........................... 293 269 287 279 286 16.5 15.1 15.9 15.3 15.7

At expanding establishments ......... 250 230 245 241 248 14.1 12.9 13.6 13.2 13.6

At opening establishments ............ 43 39 42 38 38 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.1

Gross job losses ........................... 268 263 266 287 269 15.1 14.8 14.7 15.6 14.7

At contracting establishments ......... 229 223 230 248 230 12.9 12.5 12.7 13.5 12.6

At closing establishments ............ 39 40 36 39 39 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.1

Net employment change .............. 25 6 21 -8 17 1.4 .3 1.2 -.3 1.0

Construction

Gross job gains ........................... 838 791 825 850 814 10.9 10.3 10.8 11.1 10.6

At expanding establishments ......... 679 636 663 699 658 8.8 8.3 8.7 9.1 8.6

At opening establishments ............ 159 155 162 151 156 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0

Gross job losses ........................... 841 868 845 816 855 10.9 11.4 11.1 10.6 11.2

At contracting establishments ......... 676 702 683 655 688 8.8 9.2 9.0 8.5 9.0

At closing establishments ............ 165 166 162 161 167 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2

Net employment change .............. -3 -77 -20 34 -41 .0 -1.1 -.3 .5 -.6

Manufacturing

Gross job gains ........................... 561 512 524 500 522 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.7

At expanding establishments ......... 509 463 473 458 479 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.4

At opening establishments ............ 52 49 51 42 43 .4 .3 .4 .3 .3

Gross job losses ........................... 558 608 608 579 567 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.1

At contracting establishments ......... 485 538 539 518 497 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6

At closing establishments ............ 73 70 69 61 70 .5 .5 .5 .4 .5

Net employment change .............. 3 -96 -84 -79 -45 .1 -.7 -.5 -.5 -.4

Service-providing 1

Gross job gains ........................... 6,119 5,901 6,173 5,880 6,022 6.9 6.6 6.9 6.5 6.7

At expanding establishments ......... 4,854 4,703 4,890 4,760 4,872 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.4

At opening establishments ............ 1,265 1,198 1,283 1,120 1,150 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3

Gross job losses ........................... 5,728 5,723 5,578 5,389 5,712 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.0 6.3

At contracting establishments ......... 4,625 4,647 4,491 4,375 4,593 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.1

At closing establishments ............ 1,103 1,076 1,087 1,014 1,119 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2

Net employment change .............. 391 178 595 491 310 .5 .2 .7 .5 .4

Wholesale trade

Gross job gains ........................... 332 311 322 314 318 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.3

At expanding establishments ......... 270 253 262 256 264 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4

At opening establishments ............ 62 58 60 58 54 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9

Gross job losses ........................... 292 305 303 296 300 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.1

At contracting establishments ......... 226 238 236 230 231 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9

At closing establishments ............ 66 67 67 66 69 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2

Net employment change .............. 40 6 19 18 18 .8 .2 .3 .3 .2

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June

2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007

Retail trade

Gross job gains ........................... 1,062 1,030 1,081 1,087 1,023 6.9 6.7 7.0 7.0 6.6

At expanding establishments ......... 876 850 898 941 872 5.7 5.5 5.8 6.1 5.6

At opening establishments ............ 186 180 183 146 151 1.2 1.2 1.2 .9 1.0

Gross job losses ........................... 1,100 1,085 1,004 971 1,028 7.1 7.0 6.5 6.2 6.6

At contracting establishments ......... 942 923 857 827 890 6.1 6.0 5.5 5.3 5.7

At closing establishments ............ 158 162 147 144 138 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .9

Net employment change .............. -38 -55 77 116 -5 -.2 -.3 .5 .8 .0

Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains ........................... 247 241 269 224 242 5.8 5.7 6.3 5.2 5.6

At expanding establishments ......... 207 207 231 192 208 4.9 4.9 5.4 4.5 4.8

At opening establishments ............ 40 34 38 32 34 .9 .8 .9 .7 .8

Gross job losses ........................... 232 224 225 245 222 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.7 5.2

At contracting establishments ......... 191 186 185 211 185 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.9 4.3

At closing establishments ............ 41 38 40 34 37 1.0 .9 .9 .8 .9

Net employment change .............. 15 17 44 -21 20 .3 .4 1.1 -.5 .4

Utilities

Gross job gains ........................... 15 15 19 11 14 2.8 2.8 3.5 2.0 2.6

At expanding establishments ......... 13 14 13 10 13 2.4 2.6 2.4 1.8 2.4

At opening establishments ............ 2 1 6 1 1 .4 .2 1.1 .2 .2

Gross job losses ........................... 13 15 18 11 12 2.4 2.8 3.3 2.0 2.2

At contracting establishments ......... 11 13 13 10 10 2.0 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.8

At closing establishments ............ 2 2 5 1 2 .4 .4 .9 .2 .4

Net employment change .............. 2 0 1 0 2 .4 .0 .2 .0 .4

 Information

Gross job gains ........................... 150 148 167 138 160 5.0 4.8 5.5 4.6 5.3

At expanding establishments ......... 124 123 138 118 137 4.1 4.0 4.5 3.9 4.5

At opening establishments ............ 26 25 29 20 23 .9 .8 1.0 .7 .8

Gross job losses ........................... 144 171 146 132 137 4.7 5.6 4.7 4.4 4.6

At contracting establishments ......... 116 142 114 108 111 3.8 4.7 3.7 3.6 3.7

At closing establishments ............ 28 29 32 24 26 .9 .9 1.0 .8 .9

Net employment change .............. 6 -23 21 6 23 .3 -.8 .8 .2 .7

Financial activities

Gross job gains ........................... 457 446 457 421 436 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.1 5.3

At expanding establishments ......... 353 350 347 335 353 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.3

At opening establishments ............ 104 96 110 86 83 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.0

Gross job losses ........................... 442 445 444 418 467 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.7

At contracting establishments ......... 342 343 338 320 360 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9 4.4

At closing establishments ............ 100 102 106 98 107 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3

Net employment change .............. 15 1 13 3 -31 .2 .1 .1 .0 -.4

Professional and business services

Gross job gains ........................... 1,438 1,335 1,427 1,276 1,389 8.3 7.6 8.1 7.2 7.7

At expanding establishments ......... 1,164 1,093 1,149 1,064 1,148 6.7 6.2 6.5 6.0 6.4

At opening establishments ............ 274 242 278 212 241 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.3

Gross job losses ........................... 1,287 1,279 1,313 1,242 1,322 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.0 7.4

At contracting establishments ......... 1,006 1,029 1,057 996 1,022 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.6 5.7

At closing establishments ............ 281 250 256 246 300 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.7

Net employment change .............. 151 56 114 34 67 1.0 .3 .7 .2 .3

Education and health services

Gross job gains ........................... 787 784 795 799 785 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.5

At expanding establishments ......... 659 665 666 678 673 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9

At opening establishments ............ 128 119 129 121 112 .8 .7 .8 .7 .6

Gross job losses ........................... 713 674 692 655 697 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.8 4.0

At contracting establishments ......... 595 561 558 540 579 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.3

At closing establishments ............ 118 113 134 115 118 .7 .7 .8 .7 .7

Net employment change .............. 74 110 103 144 88 .5 .6 .6 .8 .5

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June

2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007

 Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains ........................... 1,210 1,180 1,223 1,165 1,219 9.3 9.1 9.3 8.8 9.1

At expanding establishments ......... 925 896 932 903 940 7.1 6.9 7.1 6.8 7.0

At opening establishments ............ 285 284 291 262 279 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.1

Gross job losses ........................... 1,182 1,184 1,105 1,096 1,196 9.0 9.0 8.4 8.3 8.9

At contracting establishments ......... 958 959 892 902 965 7.3 7.3 6.8 6.8 7.2

At closing establishments ............ 224 225 213 194 231 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7

Net employment change .............. 28 -4 118 69 23 .3 .1 .9 .5 .2

 Other services

Gross job gains ........................... 313 295 299 292 304 8.1 7.7 7.8 7.6 7.8

At expanding establishments ......... 248 235 238 239 247 6.4 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.3

At opening establishments ............ 65 60 61 53 57 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.5

Gross job losses ........................... 287 305 291 278 287 7.4 7.9 7.5 7.2 7.3

At contracting establishments ......... 225 240 228 217 224 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.7

At closing establishments ............ 62 65 63 61 63 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6

Net employment change .............. 26 -10 8 14 17 .7 -.2 .3 .4 .5

1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 4. Private sector percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 

(Percent)

June Sept. Dec. March June

2006 2006 2006 2007 2007

Total private

Gross job gains ............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Expanding firms ......................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Opening firms ............................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Gross job losses ............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Contracting firms .......................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Closing firms ............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Firm size 1 - 4 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 15.2 15.6 15.8 15.7 14.8

Expanding firms ......................... 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.4 7.1

Opening firms ............................ 57.0 58.6 60.6 60.4 58.8

Gross job losses ............................. 15.9 15.8 15.9 16.7 16.2

Contracting firms .......................... 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.2 7.9

Closing firms ............................. 58.2 58.8 58.5 60.6 59.6

Firm size 5 - 9 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 11.9 12.1 11.6 12.3 11.6

Expanding firms ......................... 11.1 11.3 10.8 11.5 10.8

Opening firms ............................ 16.6 16.6 15.8 16.6 16.6

Gross job losses ............................. 12.5 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.4

Contracting firms .......................... 11.8 11.5 11.7 11.9 11.6

Closing firms ............................. 16.3 16.0 16.1 15.9 16.6

Firm size 10 - 19 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 12.3 12.3 11.7 12.5 12.1

Expanding firms ......................... 12.4 12.5 12.0 12.8 12.2

Opening firms ............................ 11.4 11.0 10.3 10.8 11.3

Gross job losses ............................. 12.6 12.4 12.4 12.5 12.5

Contracting firms .......................... 13.0 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.8

Closing firms ............................. 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.3 10.9

Firm size 20 - 49 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 14.6 14.4 13.8 14.6 14.6

Expanding firms ......................... 15.8 15.6 14.9 15.9 15.6

Opening firms ............................ 8.6 8.3 7.9 7.7 8.5

Gross job losses ............................. 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.4 14.3

Contracting firms .......................... 15.6 15.7 15.6 15.7 15.5

Closing firms ............................. 8.3 8.1 8.0 7.5 7.9

Firm size 50 - 99 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 9.1 9.1 8.7 9.0 9.2

Expanding firms ......................... 10.3 10.2 9.8 10.2 10.3

Opening firms ............................ 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.5 2.9

Gross job losses ............................. 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.7

Contracting firms .......................... 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.8

Closing firms ............................. 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.7

See footnote at end of table.

Category

3 months ended
Table 4. Private sector percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted—Continued 

(Percent)

June Sept. Dec. March June

2006 2006 2006 2007 2007

Firm size 100 - 249 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 9.8 9.3 9.2 9.4 9.9

Expanding firms ......................... 11.3 10.8 10.6 11.0 11.4

Opening firms ............................ 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.3

Gross job losses ............................. 9.1 9.3 9.3 9.0 8.8

Contracting firms .......................... 10.4 10.7 10.6 10.5 10.3

Closing firms ............................. 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.3

Firm size 250 - 499 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.9

Expanding firms ......................... 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.4 6.9

Opening firms ............................ .4 .4 .5 .3 .3

Gross job losses ............................. 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.3 5.3

Contracting firms .......................... 6.2 6.4 6.8 6.3 6.2

Closing firms ............................. .7 .7 .6 .5 .5

Firm size 500 - 999 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.8

Expanding firms ......................... 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.6

Opening firms ............................ .2 .4 .2 .2 .2

Gross job losses ............................. 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.4

Contracting firms .......................... 5.2 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.2

Closing firms ............................. .3 .2 .4 .3 .3

Firm size 1,000 or more employees

Gross job gains ............................. 16.4 16.8 19.2 16.5 17.1

Expanding firms ......................... 19.4 19.9 22.9 19.5 20.1

Opening firms ............................ .9 .1 .2 .5 .1

Gross job losses ............................. 16.8 16.9 16.3 16.6 17.4

Contracting firms .......................... 19.9 20.0 19.2 19.7 20.7

Closing firms ............................. .1 .5 .8 .3 .2

1

 Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.

Category

3 months ended
Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June

2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007

United States 1

 ............ 7,811,000 7,473,000 7,809,000 7,509,000 7,644,000 7,395,000 7,462,000 7,297,000 7,071,000 7,403,000

Alabama .................. 100,840 100,446 106,892 112,765 99,726 100,349 103,700 104,477 89,364 105,984

Alaska ..................... 28,861 22,123 25,702 24,244 27,957 23,040 26,742 26,432 22,400 23,632

Arizona .................. 170,647 174,546 161,693 156,804 154,110 154,963 152,200 165,067 153,133 158,011

Arkansas .................. 59,654 58,160 62,275 60,704 54,946 60,404 63,784 58,778 52,796 61,452

California .................. 955,811 910,172 982,478 947,540 932,830 926,329 927,374 907,888 912,613 966,693

Colorado .................. 149,241 142,546 150,220 146,688 150,523 132,280 142,570 138,889 131,774 135,876

Connecticut ............... 87,841 81,794 85,126 75,957 89,363 80,456 82,496 77,497 81,107 75,883

Delaware .................. 28,310 23,470 26,159 29,733 24,896 26,663 27,718 23,392 28,414 23,872

District of Columbia ... 29,069 27,044 25,599 28,423 27,543 26,424 25,381 26,443 23,213 26,428

Florida ..................... 526,449 508,541 501,285 464,050 493,122 495,061 493,363 522,827 451,580 513,917

Georgia .................. 257,404 247,388 263,872 249,091 243,732 233,395 251,362 252,232 227,479 250,468

Hawaii ..................... 29,136 28,211 27,446 27,483 29,341 24,918 26,129 26,250 26,630 27,098

Idaho ..................... 46,245 45,061 47,395 48,396 44,803 42,628 41,378 40,019 40,735 44,881

Illinois ..................... 306,757 278,177 293,431 281,177 301,138 263,652 288,515 281,099 268,855 270,862

Indiana ..................... 149,946 148,107 153,325 145,342 153,439 151,845 154,760 148,985 140,603 146,834

Iowa ........................ 79,031 75,093 79,518 72,577 79,866 73,192 74,910 73,886 73,448 72,256

Kansas ..................... 72,012 78,985 85,024 78,808 71,219 72,548 74,864 68,067 67,661 76,280

Kentucky .................. 88,851 92,740 106,958 101,623 96,978 94,323 96,675 90,552 95,549 92,980

Louisiana .................. 123,125 120,127 123,095 121,990 109,826 112,380 108,558 104,159 99,462 113,176

Maine ..................... 40,612 35,951 40,832 37,283 40,238 37,701 39,975 37,567 37,189 38,294

Maryland .................. 136,710 131,708 136,491 130,873 129,262 136,422 136,408 130,083 125,994 128,857

Massachusetts ............ 181,498 167,647 166,346 154,124 180,439 158,219 169,849 163,458 157,024 148,702

Michigan .................. 246,077 226,583 229,109 216,604 239,038 237,059 255,227 261,024 234,035 229,300

Minnesota ............... 155,378 138,439 146,430 140,915 151,477 150,512 165,270 147,210 133,393 144,135

Mississippi ............... 63,581 68,823 67,302 60,198 59,332 66,289 62,884 58,428 62,486 65,842

Missouri .................. 150,269 137,786 151,637 148,426 142,012 143,796 142,506 144,042 133,861 144,000

Montana .................. 30,383 27,503 32,922 32,066 30,014 27,899 29,606 26,893 26,215 30,643

Nebraska .................. 45,693 47,050 47,973 44,773 48,229 45,424 44,754 45,236 41,131 43,827

Nevada ..................... 79,576 73,442 80,115 79,439 74,310 72,527 76,814 77,068 70,468 76,036

New Hampshire ......... 41,230 37,381 39,715 36,043 40,902 39,132 40,708 37,503 37,188 37,071

New Jersey ............... 238,571 217,626 226,397 200,823 242,670 228,241 230,836 221,251 216,208 212,994

New Mexico ............ 56,728 46,361 49,483 45,658 43,638 46,459 46,285 45,992 39,391 47,327

New York ............... 497,341 451,199 491,296 439,880 501,731 450,660 454,776 436,426 450,887 469,097

North Carolina ............ 230,531 228,819 271,718 238,694 230,301 216,862 222,867 209,905 203,669 223,702

North Dakota ............ 19,942 19,561 19,077 19,613 19,321 19,436 17,615 18,029 17,877 18,673

Ohio ........................ 280,652 266,494 273,486 259,261 283,177 279,071 286,805 285,789 260,711 266,721

Oklahoma ............... 86,252 85,999 87,109 85,616 85,428 86,973 80,220 80,850 73,657 89,207

Oregon ..................... 103,093 103,167 107,374 104,745 101,225 97,275 94,670 97,684 96,037 104,666

Pennsylvania ............ 292,189 281,640 286,900 282,273 302,265 277,751 278,525 278,568 266,506 270,874

Rhode Island ............ 29,960 28,749 28,621 25,073 28,796 25,774 28,340 28,374 27,137 26,256

South Carolina ............ 112,410 124,764 109,561 113,532 105,523 110,062 103,809 97,192 98,842 107,074

South Dakota ............ 21,897 21,559 22,548 21,003 21,989 19,443 20,198 19,873 19,153 19,784

Tennessee ............... 149,007 143,225 156,388 148,938 142,856 152,368 143,136 157,013 144,012 139,122

Texas ..................... 555,610 545,573 566,668 542,825 553,947 508,951 480,295 476,908 461,745 485,096

Utah ........................ 78,264 77,218 79,960 80,804 77,611 65,772 68,620 64,989 62,978 70,542

Vermont .................. 19,375 16,515 18,861 16,966 19,085 17,694 18,832 18,099 18,899 19,073

Virginia .................. 196,604 181,450 193,009 192,908 192,077 193,525 196,437 181,525 174,760 184,266

Washington ............... 187,676 176,707 184,842 190,639 183,840 161,486 170,405 166,948 154,634 165,511

West Virginia ............ 38,485 37,841 40,697 38,687 37,037 39,828 40,489 36,849 37,621 37,733

Wisconsin ............... 151,415 143,515 146,759 144,613 146,916 143,378 146,137 143,350 141,179 134,163

Wyoming .................. 19,438 20,984 22,692 22,362 18,932 18,839 19,491 16,482 18,199 21,853

Puerto Rico ............... 46,809 50,294 56,039 43,159 47,784 55,110 56,054 47,988 55,059 50,761

Virgin Islands ............ 2,243 2,727 2,358 2,091 3,531 2,287 2,766 1,980 2,501 2,376

1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains 

(3 months ended)

Gross job losses

(3 months ended)
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June

2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007

United States .......................... 6.9 6.7 7.0 6.6 6.7 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.5

Alabama ............................. 6.4 6.4 6.8 7.1 6.2 6.3 6.6 6.7 5.7 6.7

Alaska ................................. 12.3 9.4 11.0 10.3 11.9 9.9 1.5 11.4 9.5 10.0

Arizona ............................... 7.7 7.8 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.7 7.3 6.8 7.0

Arkansas .............................. 6.1 5.9 6.4 6.2 5.6 6.1 6.6 6.0 5.4 6.3

California ........................... 7.4 7.1 7.6 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.0 7.0 7.4

Colorado .............................. 7.9 7.5 7.9 7.6 7.8 7.0 7.5 7.3 6.8 7.0

Connecticut ......................... 6.2 5.7 6.0 5.3 6.2 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.7 5.3

Delaware .............................. 7.7 6.5 7.2 8.1 6.8 7.3 7.6 6.4 7.7 6.6

District of Columbia ............... 6.7 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.2 5.9

Florida ................................. 7.7 7.4 7.3 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.1 7.5 6.6 7.4

Georgia .............................. 7.6 7.3 7.8 7.3 7.1 7.0 7.4 7.4 6.7 7.3

Hawaii ............................... 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.8 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.4

Idaho .................................... 8.7 8.5 8.7 8.8 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.4 8.1

Illinois ................................ 6.1 5.5 5.8 5.5 5.9 5.2 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3

Indiana ............................... 5.9 5.9 6.1 5.8 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.6 5.8

Iowa .................................... 6.4 6.1 6.4 5.8 6.4 6.0 6.1 5.9 5.9 5.8

Kansas ................................. 6.7 7.3 7.8 7.1 6.4 6.7 6.9 6.2 6.1 6.9

Kentucky .............................. 6.0 6.3 7.2 6.8 6.4 6.3 6.6 6.1 6.4 6.2

Louisiana .............................. 8.4 8.1 8.2 8.0 7.2 7.7 7.4 7.0 6.5 7.4

Maine ................................ 8.1 7.2 8.2 7.4 8.0 7.5 8.1 7.5 7.4 7.6

Maryland ............................ 6.6 6.3 6.6 6.3 6.2 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.1 6.1

Massachusetts ....................... 6.6 6.1 6.0 5.6 6.4 5.7 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.3

Michigan ............................. 6.7 6.2 6.4 6.1 6.7 6.5 7.0 7.2 6.5 6.4

Minnesota ........................... 6.7 6.1 6.4 6.1 6.5 6.6 7.2 6.4 5.8 6.2

Mississippi ........................... 7.1 7.7 7.5 6.7 6.6 7.4 7.0 6.5 7.0 7.3

Missouri .............................. 6.7 6.1 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.3 5.8 6.3

Montana ............................... 8.7 7.9 9.4 9.0 8.4 8.1 8.5 7.7 7.4 8.6

Nebraska .............................. 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.8

Nevada ............................... 7.1 6.5 7.1 6.9 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.8 6.2 6.7

New Hampshire ..................... 7.6 6.9 7.3 6.6 7.5 7.2 7.5 6.9 6.8 6.8

New Jersey ........................... 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.0 7.2 6.8 6.9 6.6 6.4 6.3

New Mexico ........................ 9.1 7.3 7.9 7.1 6.8 7.5 7.3 7.3 6.2 7.3

New York ........................... 7.1 6.5 7.0 6.2 7.0 6.4 6.5 6.2 6.3 6.6

North Carolina ........................ 7.0 7.0 8.1 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.3 6.1 6.6

North Dakota ........................ 7.3 7.2 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.2 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.8

Ohio .................................... 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.7 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.7 5.8

Oklahoma ........................... 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.0 7.0 7.3 6.7 6.8 6.1 7.3

Oregon ................................. 7.2 7.2 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.5 7.1

Pennsylvania ........................ 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.7 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.5

Rhode Island ........................ 7.2 6.9 6.8 5.9 6.8 6.2 6.8 6.7 6.4 6.2

South Carolina ........................ 7.4 8.2 7.1 7.3 6.7 7.3 6.8 6.2 6.3 6.9

South Dakota ........................ 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 6.5 6.2 5.9 6.1

Tennessee ........................... 6.3 6.1 6.7 6.4 6.1 6.5 6.1 6.7 6.1 6.0

Texas ................................. 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.4 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.7

Utah .................................... 8.1 7.8 8.0 8.0 7.6 6.7 7.0 6.5 6.2 6.9

Vermont .............................. 7.7 6.6 7.6 6.8 7.6 7.0 7.5 7.3 7.6 7.7

Virginia .............................. 6.6 6.1 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.1 5.9 6.1

Washington ........................... 8.1 7.6 7.9 8.0 7.7 7.0 7.4 7.1 6.5 6.9

West Virginia ........................ 6.8 6.7 7.2 6.8 6.5 7.0 7.1 6.5 6.6 6.6

Wisconsin ........................... 6.4 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.6

Wyoming .............................. 9.4 10.1 10.7 10.2 8.8 9.1 9.4 7.8 8.4 10.0

Puerto Rico ........................... 6.2 6.7 7.5 5.8 6.4 7.3 7.5 6.4 7.4 6.9

Virgin Islands ........................ 6.8 8.3 7.1 6.4 10.6 7.0 8.4 6.0 7.6 7.2

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains as a percent of employment 

(3 months ended)

Gross job losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended)