Technical information:  (202) 691-6378        USDL 05-1433
               http://www.bls.gov/cps/
                                              For release:  10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact:                691-5902        Wednesday, July 27, 2005
                                     
                                                                          
     CONTINGENT AND ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT ARRANGEMENTS, FEBRUARY 2005

   The proportion of U.S. workers holding contingent jobs was little
different in February 2005 than in February 2001, the Bureau of Labor
Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today.  Contingent
workers are persons who do not expect their jobs to last or who reported
that their jobs are temporary.  Using three alternative measures, contin-
gent workers accounted for 1.8 to 4.1 percent of total employment in
February 2005.  (See table A.)  In February 2001, the last time the survey
was conducted, they ranged from 1.7 to 4.0 percent.  The first time the
survey was conducted, in February 1995, the estimates ranged from 2.2 to
4.9 percent.
   
   The analysis in this release focuses on the broadest estimate of con-
tingent workers--all those who do not expect their current job to last.
   
   In addition to contingent workers, the survey also identified those
workers who have alternative work arrangements.  In February 2005, there
were 10.3 million independent contractors (7.4 percent of total employment),
2.5 million on-call workers (1.8 percent of total employment), 1.2 million
temporary help agency workers (0.9 percent of total employment), and 813,000
workers provided by contract firms (0.6 percent of total employment).  (See
table 8.)  The proportion of the total employed who were independent contrac-
tors increased from 6.4 percent in February 2001.  The proportions for the
other three alternative work arrangements showed little or no change from
February 2001.
   
   An employment arrangement may be defined as both contingent and alterna-
tive, but this is not automatically the case because contingency is defined
separately from the four alternative work arrangements.  In February 2005,
the proportion of workers employed in alternative arrangements who also were
classified as contingent workers ranged from 3 percent of independent con-
tractors to 61 percent of temporary help agency workers.  (See table 12.)
   
   Data on contingent and alternative employment arrangements have been
collected periodically in supplements to the Current Population Survey (CPS)
since February 1995.  The CPS is a monthly nationwide survey of about 60,000
households that obtains information on employment, unemployment, earnings,
demographics, and other characteristics of the civilian noninstitutionalized
population age 16 and over.  A description of the concepts and definitions
used in the supplement is included in the Technical Note that follows this
analysis.  Some highlights from the February 2005 survey follow:

                                  - 2 -
        
Table A.  Contingent workers and workers in alternative arrangements as a
percent of total employment, February 2005
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 | Percent 
   Definition and alternative estimates of contingent workers    | of total
                                                                 | employed
-----------------------------------------------------------------|----------
   Contingent workers are those who do not have an implicit or   |
explicit contract for ongoing employment.  Persons who do not    |
expect to continue in their jobs for personal reasons such as    |
retirement or returning to school are not considered contingent  |
workers, provided that they would have the option of continuing  |
in the job were it not for these reasons.                        |     
                                                                 |
Estimate 1                                                       |
Wage and salary workers who expect their jobs will last for an   |
additional year or less and who had worked at their jobs for 1   |
year or less.  Self-employed workers and independent contractors |
are excluded from the estimates.  For temporary help and contract|
workers, contingency is based on the expected duration and tenure|
of their employment with the temporary help or contract firm, not|
with the specific client to whom they were assigned.             |     1.8
                                                                 |
Estimate 2                                                       |
Workers including the self-employed and independent contractors  |
who expect their employment to last for an additional year or    |
less and who had worked at their jobs (or been self-employed)    |
for 1 year or less.  For temporary help and contract workers,    |
contingency is determined on the basis of the expected duration  |
and tenure with  the client to whom they have been assigned,     |
instead of their tenure with the temporary help or contract firm.|     2.3                   
                                                                 |
Estimate 3                                                       |
Workers who do not expect their jobs to last.  Wage and salary   |
workers are included even if they already have held the job for  |
more than 1 year and expect to hold the job for at least an addi-|
tional year.  The self-employed and independent contractors are  |
included if they expect their employment to last for an addi-    |
tional year or less and they had been self-employed or independ- |
ent contractors for 1 year or less.                              |     4.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------|-------------
                   Type of alternative arrangement               |
-----------------------------------------------------------------|-------------                                             
Independent contractors                                          |
Workers who were identified as independent contractors, independ-|
ent consultants, or freelance workers, whether they were self-   |
employed or wage and salary workers.                             |     7.4
                                                                 |
On-call workers                                                  |
Workers who are called to work only as needed, although they can |     
be scheduled to work for several days or weeks in a row.         |     1.8
                                                                 |
Temporary help agency workers                                    |
Workers who were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not |
their job was temporary.                                         |      .9
                                                                 |
Workers provided by contract firms                               |
Workers who are employed by a company that provides them or      |
their services to others under contract and who are usually      |
assigned to only one customer and usually work at the customer's |
worksite.                                                        |      .6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                  - 3 -

  --Under the broadest measure of contingency, there were 5.7 million
    contingent workers in February 2005, accounting for about 4 percent
    of total employment.

  --Contingent workers were twice as likely as noncontingent workers to
    be under age 25.  Contingent workers were less likely to be white than
    noncontingent workers.

  --Young contingent workers (16- to 24-year olds) were more likely than
    their noncontingent counterparts to be enrolled in school.
  
  --More than half of contingent workers (55 percent) would have preferred
    a permanent job.

  --The demographic characteristics of workers in alternative employment
    arrangements varied widely between the four arrangements.  For example,
    independent contractors were more likely than workers in traditional
    arrangements to be older, male, and white.  Temporary help agency workers
    were more likely to be young, female, and black or Hispanic or Latino.

  --The majority of independent contractors (82 percent) preferred their
    work arrangement to a traditional job, while only 32 percent of tem-
    porary help agency workers preferred their current arrangement.
                          
Demographic Characteristics of Contingent Workers

   Using the broadest estimate of contingency, 5.7 million workers were
classified as contingent in February 2005.  Contingent workers were twice
as likely as noncontingent workers to be under 25 years old (27 versus
13 percent).  Of these young workers, nearly three-fifths of contingent
workers were enrolled in school, compared with about two-fifths of youth
with noncontingent jobs.  Contingent workers age 25 to 64 were found at
both ends of the educational attainment spectrum.  Compared with noncon-
tingent workers, contingent workers were more likely to have less than a
high school diploma (16 percent compared with 9 percent) and more likely
to hold at least a bachelor's degree (37 percent compared with 33 percent).
(See tables 1, 2, and 3.)
   
   A slightly larger proportion of contingent workers than noncontingent
workers were women (49 versus 47 percent).  Contingent workers were slightly
less likely to be white (79 percent compared with 83 percent) and much more
likely to be Hispanic or Latino (21 percent compared with 13 percent) than
their noncontingent counterparts.
   
   Part-time workers--individuals who usually work less than 35 hours a
week--made up two-fifths of contingent workers, compared with less than
one- fifth of noncontingent workers.  However, the vast majority of part-
time workers (91 percent) were not employed in contingent arrangements.
(See tables 1 and 2.)

                                   - 4 -
   
Occupation and Industry of Contingent Workers
   
   As in previous surveys, contingent workers were distributed throughout
the major occupational groups.  Compared with noncontingent workers, con-
tingent workers were more likely to work in professional and related oc-
cupations and construction and extraction occupations.  With regard to
industries, contingent workers were more likely to hold jobs in the pro-
fessional and business services, education and health services, and
construction industries.  (See table 4.)                                

Job Preferences of Contingent Workers
   
   The majority of contingent workers (55 percent) would have preferred a
job that was permanent.  However, more than 1 in every 3 said they preferred
their current arrangement.  (The remainder expressed no clear preference.)
(See table 10.)  By comparison, the proportion was 40 percent in February 2001.

Compensation of Contingent Workers
   
   Full-time contingent wage and salary workers had median weekly earnings
of $488 in February 2005.  (See table 13.)  (Beginning with the February
2001 survey, information on the earnings of noncontingent workers is not
available because it is no longer collected.)
   
   Contingent workers continued to be much less likely to have employer-
provided health insurance.  Less than one-fifth of contingent workers
(18 percent) were covered by health insurance provided by their employer,
compared with slightly more than half of noncontingent workers (52 percent).
Although four-fifths of contingent workers did not receive health insurance
from their employer, nearly three-fifths (59 percent) did have health in-
surance from some source.  (See table 9.)
   
   Contingent workers also were much less likely to be eligible for employer-
provided pension plans.  Half of noncontingent workers were eligible for such
plans, while only about 1 in every 5 contingent workers was eligible.  Among
those who were eligible, contingent workers also were much less likely to parti-
cipate in such plans.  (See table 9.)
   
Independent Contractors
   
   Independent contractors were the largest of the four alternative work
arrangements.  In February 2005, there were about 10.3 million independent
contractors, accounting for 7.4 percent of the employed.  These workers
were more likely than workers in traditional arrangements to be age 35
and over (81 versus 64 percent), male (65 versus 52 percent), and white
(89 versus 82 percent).  Thirty-six percent of independent contractors
had at least a bachelor's degree in February 2005, compared with 33 per-
cent of workers with traditional arrangements.  (See tables 5, 6, and 7.)
   
   Independent contractors were more likely than those with traditional
arrangements to be in management, business, and financial operations
occupations; sales and related occupations; and construction and extrac-
tion occupations.  In terms of industry, independent contractors were more
likely than traditional workers to be employed in construction, financial
activities, and professional and business services.  Fewer than 1 in 10
independent contractors said they would prefer a traditional work arrange-
ment.  (See tables 8 and 11.)

                                  - 5-
   
On-call Workers
   
   The second largest group of workers employed in alternative arrangements
was on-call workers.  Nearly 2.5 million workers (1.8 percent of total em-
ployed persons) were on-call workers in February 2005.  The characteristics
of on-call workers were similar to workers with traditional arrangements, ex-
cept that on-call workers were more likely to be young and to have less than
a high school diploma.  Twenty percent of on-call workers were 16- to 24-year
olds, compared with 14 percent of traditional workers.  Among on-call workers
age 25 to 64, 14 percent did not have a high school diploma, compared with
9 percent of workers in traditional arrangements.  (See tables 5, 6, and 7.)
   
   On-call workers were much more likely than traditional workers to hold
jobs in professional, service, and construction and extraction occupations.
By industry, on-call workers were overrepresented, compared with traditional
workers, in construction and education and health services.  About 44 percent
of on-call workers usually worked part time, a much higher proportion than
either traditional workers or workers in other alternative arrangements.  On-
call workers were about equally likely to prefer a traditional arrangement to
their alternative arrangement.  (See tables 6, 8, and 11.)

Temporary Help Agency Workers
   
   In February 2005, there were about 1.2 million temporary help agency
workers, accounting for 0.9 percent of all employment.  These workers were
more likely than traditional workers to be women and young.  Fifty-three
percent of temporary help agency workers were women, compared with about
48 percent of traditional workers.  Nearly half of temporary help agency
workers were under the age of 35 compared with only 36 percent of workers
in traditional arrangements.  Temporary help agency employees were much
more likely than workers with traditional arrangements to be black (23
versus 11 percent) and Hispanic or Latino (21 versus 13 percent).  Seven-
teen percent of temporary help agency workers ages 25 to 64 years old had
less than a high school diploma, compared with 9 percent of workers in tra-
ditional arrangements.  (See tables 5, 6, and 7.)
   
   In terms of occupation, temporary help agency workers were more likely
than traditional workers to hold office and administrative support and
production, transportation, and material moving jobs.  Compared with
traditional workers, temporary help agency workers were more frequently
employed in the manufacturing and professional and business services
industries.  (See table 8.)
   
   Among workers employed in alternative arrangements, those employed
by temporary help agencies were the least likely to prefer their current
arrangement (32 percent).  About 56 percent said they would prefer a
traditional arrangement.  (See table 11.)
   
Workers Provided by Contract Companies
   
   The smallest of the four alternative arrangements was contract company
employment, with 813,000 workers or 0.6 percent of total employment.  These
are individuals who were identified as working for a contract company and
who usually worked at the customer's worksite.  Nearly 70 percent of contract
company workers were men, compared with 52 percent of traditional workers.
Compared with traditional workers, employees of contract companies were more
likely to be black and Hispanic or Latino.  Among 25-to 64-year olds, those
employed by contract companies were more likely than traditional workers to
have less than a high school diploma (13 versus 9 percent); however, the
group also had a higher proportion of college graduates (37 versus 33 per-
cent).  (See tables 5, 6, and 7.)

                                  - 6 -
   
   Contract company employees were much more likely than workers with
traditional arrangements to hold jobs in professional, service, and
construction and extraction occupations.  Compared with traditional
workers, contract company workers were more frequently employed in
the construction industry and public administration.  (See table 8.)                                   
   
Compensation of Workers in Alternative Arrangements
   
   Median usual weekly earnings varied widely among full-time wage and
salary workers in the four alternative employment arrangements.  Contract
company workers ($756) and independent contractors ($716) earned signific-
antly more than on-call workers ($519) and temporary help agency workers
($414).  (See table 13.)                               

   The differences in earnings between the four alternative work arrange-
ments reflect in part the demographic and occupational concentration of
each arrangement.  For example, independent contractors tend to be older,
highly educated individuals who work in relatively high-paying management,
business, and financial operations occupations.  In contrast, temporary
help agency workers tend to be younger, less-educated persons who hold
relatively low-paying office and administrative support jobs.  (See
tables 5, 6, and 7.)
   
   Compared with workers in traditional arrangements, workers in alter-
native arrangements (except those employed by contract companies) were
much less likely to be covered by health insurance from any source than
workers in traditional arrangements.  Workers in all alternative work
arrangements were less likely than workers in traditional arrangements to
have health insurance provided by their employer.  At 49 percent, workers
provided by contract firms were the most likely to have health insurance
coverage from their employer, while employees of temporary help agencies
(8 percent) had the lowest rate of coverage.  Fifty-six percent of workers
with traditional arrangements had employer-provided health insurance
coverage.  (See table 9.)
   
   Workers in alternative arrangements were also less likely than those in
traditional arrangements to be eligible for employer-provided pension
plans.  As with health insurance coverage, there was considerable variation
between the four groups.  For example, contract company employees were the
most likely to be eligible at 43 percent, while only about 9 percent of
workers in temporary help agencies were eligible.  In contrast, 53 percent
of employees with traditional work arrangements were eligible for employer-
provided pension plans.  (See table 9.)
   
   



                                  - 7 -

Technical Note
   
Source of data

   The data presented in this release were collected through a supplement
to the February 2005 Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of
about 60,000 households that provides data on employment and unemployment
for the nation.  The CPS is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).  The purpose of this supplement was to
obtain information from workers on whether they held contingent jobs, that
is, jobs which are expected to last only a limited period of time.  In
addition, information was collected on several alternative employment
arrangements, namely working as independent contractors and on call, as
well as working through temporary help agencies or contract firms.
   
   Several major changes introduced into the CPS in 2003 affect the data
that are presented in this release.  These include the introduction of
Census 2000 population controls, the use of new questions about race and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, the presentation of data for Asians, and the
introduction of new industry and occupational classification systems.  For
a detailed discussion of these changes and their impact on CPS data, see
"Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003" in
the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings and available at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf on the BLS Web site.
   
   All employed persons except unpaid family workers were included in the
supplement.  For persons holding more than one job, the questions referred
to the characteristics of their main job--the job in which they worked the
most hours.  Similar surveys were conducted in February of 1995, 1997,
1999, and 2001.
   
Reliability of the estimates
   
   Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error.  When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed,
there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent.  The exact difference, or sampling error,
varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is
measured by the standard error of the estimate.  There is about a 90-
percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample
will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population
value because of sampling error.  BLS analyses are generally conducted at
the 90-percent level of confidence.
   
   The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.  Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide the correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.
   
   For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and
information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.

                                  - 8 -

Concepts and definitions
   
   Defining and estimating the contingent workforce.  Contingent workers
are defined as those who do not have an explicit or implicit contract for
long-term employment.  Several pieces of information are collected in the
supplement from which the existence of a contingent employment arrangement
can be discerned.  These include: whether the job is temporary or not
expected to continue, how long the worker expects to be able to hold the
job, and how long the worker has held the job.  For workers who have a job
with an intermediary, namely a temporary help agency or a contract company,
information is collected about their employment at the place they are
assigned to work by the intermediary as well as their employment with the
intermediary itself.
   
   The key factor used to determine if a worker's job fits the conceptual
definition of contingent is whether the job is temporary or not expected to
continue.  The first questions of the supplement are:
   1. Some people are in temporary jobs that last only for a limited time
or until the completion of a project.  Is your job temporary?
   2. Provided the economy does not change and your job performance is
adequate, can you continue to work for your current employer as long as you
wish?
   
   Respondents who answer "yes" to the first question or "no" to the second
are then asked a series of questions to distinguish persons who are in
temporary jobs from those who, for personal reasons, are temporarily
holding jobs that offer the opportunity of ongoing employment.  For
example, students holding part-time jobs in fast-food restaurants while in
school might view those jobs as temporary if they intend to leave them at
the end of the school year.  The jobs themselves, however, would be filled
by other workers once the students leave.
   
   A job is defined as being short term or temporary if the person holding
it is working only until the completion of a specific project, temporarily
replacing another worker, being hired for a fixed time period, filling a
seasonal job that is available only during certain times of the year, or if
other business conditions dictated that the job is short term.
   
   Workers also are asked how long they expect to stay in their current job
and how long they have been with their current employer.  The rationale for
asking how long an individual expects to remain in his or her current job
is that being able to hold a job for a year or more could be taken as
evidence of at least an implicit contract for ongoing employment.  In other
words, the employer's need for the worker's services is not likely to
evaporate tomorrow.  By the same token, the information on how long a
worker has been with the employer shows whether a job has been ongoing.
Having remained with an employer for more than a year may be taken as
evidence that, at least in the past, there was an explicit or implicit
contract for continuing employment.

                                  - 9 -
   
   To assess the impact of altering some of the defining factors on the
estimated size of the contingent workforce, three measures of contingent
employment were developed, as follows:
   
   Under estimate 1, which is the narrowest, contingent workers are wage
and salary workers who indicate that they expect to work in their current
job for 1 year or less and who have worked for their current employer for 1
year or less.  Self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated,
and independent contractors are excluded from the count of contingent
workers under estimate 1; the rationale is that people who work for
themselves, by definition, have ongoing employment arrangements, although
they may face financial risks.  Individuals who work for temporary help
agencies or contract companies are considered contingent under estimate 1
only if they expect their employment arrangement with the temporary help or
contract company to last for 1 year or less and they have worked for that
company for 1 year or less.
   
   Estimate 2 expands the measure of the contingent work force by including
the self-employed--both the incorporated and the unincorporated--and
independent contractors who expect to be, and have been, in such employment
arrangements for 1 year or less.  (The questions asked of the self-employed
are different from those asked of wage and salary workers.)  In addition,
temporary help and contract company workers are classified as contingent
under estimate 2 if they have worked and expect to work for the customers
to whom they are assigned for 1 year or less.  For example, a "temp"
secretary who is sent to a different customer each week but has worked for
the same temporary help firm for more than 1 year and expects to be able to
continue with that firm indefinitely is contingent under estimate 2, but
not under estimate 1.  In contrast, a "temp" who has been assigned to a
single client for more than a year and expects to be able to stay with that
client for more than a year is not counted as contingent under either
estimate.
   
   Estimate 3 expands the count of contingency by removing the 1-year
requirement on both expected duration of the job and current tenure for
wage and salary workers.  Thus, the estimate effectively includes all the
wage and salary workers who do not expect their employment to last, except
for those who, for personal reasons, expect to leave jobs that they would
otherwise be able to keep.  Thus, a worker who has held a job for 5 years
could be considered contingent if he or she now views the job as temporary.
These conditions on expected and current tenure are not relaxed for the
self-employed and independent contractors because they are asked a
different set of questions than wage and salary workers.
   
   Defining alternative employment arrangements.  To provide estimates of
the number of workers in alternative employment arrangements, the
supplement includes questions about whether individuals are paid by a
temporary help agency or contract company, or whether they are on-call
workers or independent contractors.  Definitions of each category, as well
as the main questions used to identify workers in each category, follow.

                                  - 10 -
   
   Independent contractors are all those who are identified as independent
contractors, consultants, and free-lance workers in the supplement,
regardless of whether they are identified as wage and salary workers or
self-employed in the responses to basic CPS labor force status questions.
Workers identified as self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated) in
the basic CPS are asked, "Are you self-employed as an independent
contractor, independent consultant, or something else (such as a shop or
restaurant owner)?" in order to distinguish those who consider themselves
to be independent contractors, consultants, or free-lance workers from
those who are business operators such as shop owners or restaurateurs.
Those identified as wage and salary workers in the basic CPS are asked,
"Last week, were you working as an independent contractor, an independent
consultant, or a free-lance worker?  That is, someone who obtains customers
on their own to provide a product or service."  Eighty-seven percent of
independent contractors were identified as self-employed in the main
questionnaire, while 13 percent were identified as wage and salary workers.
Conversely, nearly 3 in every 5 of the self-employed were identified as
independent contractors.
   
   On-call workers are persons who are called into work only when they are
needed.  This category includes workers who answer affirmatively to the
question, "Some people are in a pool of workers who are ONLY called to work
as needed, although they can be scheduled to work for several days or weeks
in a row, for example, substitute teachers and construction workers
supplied by a union hiring hall.  These people are sometimes referred to as
ON-CALL workers.  Were you an ON-CALL worker last week?"  Persons with
regularly scheduled work which might include periods of being "on call" to
perform work at unusual hours, such as medical residents, are not included
in this category.
   
   Temporary help agency workers are all those who are paid by a temporary
help agency.  To the extent that permanent staff of temporary help agencies
indicate that they are paid by their agencies, the estimate of the number
of workers whose employment is mediated by temporary help agencies is
overstated.  This category includes workers who say their job is temporary
and answer affirmatively to the question, "Are you paid by a temporary help
agency?"  Also included are workers who say their job is not temporary and
answer affirmatively to the question, "Even though you told me your job is
not temporary, are you paid by a temporary help agency?"
   
   Workers provided by contract firms are those individuals identified as
working for a contract company, and who usually work for only one customer
and usually work at the customer's worksite.  The last two requirements are
imposed to focus on workers whose employment appears to be very closely
tied to the firm for which they are performing the work, rather than
include all workers employed by firms that provide services.  This category
includes workers who answer affirmatively to the question, "Some companies
provide employees or their services to others under contract.  A few
examples of services that can be contracted out include security,
landscaping, or computer programming.  Did you work for a company that
contracts out you or your services last week?"  These workers also have to
respond negatively to the question, "Are you usually assigned to more than
one customer?"  In addition, these workers have to respond affirmatively to
the question, "Do you usually work at the customer's worksite?"

                                  - 11 -
   
Additional information
   
   Persons interested in additional information about this release or the
February supplements should contact (202) 691-6378 (e-mail:
CPSInfo@bls.gov).  Further information on the concepts used in this release
can be found in "Contingent and alternative work arrangements, defined" in
the October 1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review available on the
Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1996/10/art1full.pdf.
   
   Information in this release is made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request.  Voice phone:  (202) 691-5200; TDD message
referral phone:  1-800-877-8339.
   




     Table 1.  Employed contingent and noncontingent workers by selected characteristics, February 2005
     
     (In thousands)
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                   
                                                                     Contingent workers                            
               Characteristic            Total employed                                               Noncontingent
                                                                                                         workers   
                                                          Estimate 1     Estimate 2     Estimate 3                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                 AGE AND SEX                                                                                       
                                                                                                                   
         Total, 16 years and over.......     138,952          2,504          3,177          5,705        133,247   
     16 to 19 years.....................       5,510            308            338            476          5,035   
     20 to 24 years.....................      13,114            606            688          1,077         12,036   
     25 to 34 years.....................      30,103            693            874          1,447         28,656   
     35 to 44 years.....................      34,481            415            580          1,044         33,437   
     45 to 54 years.....................      32,947            263            387            875         32,072   
     55 to 64 years.....................      17,980            143            198            536         17,445   
     65 years and over..................       4,817             76            111            250          4,567   
                                                                                                                   
         Men, 16 years and over.........      73,946          1,325          1,648          2,914         71,032   
     16 to 19 years.....................       2,579            145            157            229          2,351   
     20 to 24 years.....................       6,928            358            394            597          6,331   
     25 to 34 years.....................      16,624            395            512            829         15,794   
     35 to 44 years.....................      18,523            245            303            540         17,983   
     45 to 54 years.....................      17,193             95            140            368         16,825   
     55 to 64 years.....................       9,485             70            107            261          9,224   
     65 years and over..................       2,615             17             35             92          2,523   
                                                                                                                   
         Women, 16 years and over.......      65,006          1,180          1,529          2,790         62,216   
     16 to 19 years.....................       2,931            163            182            247          2,684   
     20 to 24 years.....................       6,186            249            294            481          5,705   
     25 to 34 years.....................      13,480            298            362            618         12,862   
     35 to 44 years.....................      15,958            171            277            504         15,454   
     45 to 54 years.....................      15,754            168            247            508         15,247   
     55 to 64 years.....................       8,495             73             91            275          8,220   
     65 years and over..................       2,202             58             76            158          2,044   
                                                                                                                   
            RACE AND HISPANIC OR                                                                                   
              LATINO ETHNICITY                                                                                     
                                                                                                                   
     White..............................     115,043          2,007          2,534          4,521        110,522   
     Black or African American..........      14,688            296            387            660         14,028   
     Asian..............................       6,083            121            161            350          5,733   
     Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.......      18,062            603            704          1,185         16,876   
                                                                                                                   
          FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS                                                                                
                                                                                                                   
     Full-time workers..................     113,798          1,367          1,812          3,410        110,387   
     Part-time workers..................      25,154          1,137          1,364          2,294         22,860   
     

       NOTE:  Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of "contingent" workers. 
     Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because
     data are not presented for all races.  In addition, persons whose ethnicity is Hispanic or Latino may be of
     any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.  Detail for other characteristics may
     not sum to totals due to rounding.





     Table 2.  Employed contingent and noncontingent workers by selected characteristics, 
     February 2005
     
     (Percent distribution)
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                    
                                                      Contingent workers                            
               Characteristic                                                          Noncontingent
                                                                                          workers   
                                           Estimate 1     Estimate 2     Estimate 3                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                 AGE AND SEX                                                                        
                                                                                                    
         Total, 16 years and over.......       100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0   
     16 to 19 years.....................        12.3           10.7            8.3            3.8   
     20 to 24 years.....................        24.2           21.7           18.9            9.0   
     25 to 34 years.....................        27.7           27.5           25.4           21.5   
     35 to 44 years.....................        16.6           18.2           18.3           25.1   
     45 to 54 years.....................        10.5           12.2           15.3           24.1   
     55 to 64 years.....................         5.7            6.2            9.4           13.1   
     65 years and over..................         3.0            3.5            4.4            3.4   
                                                                                                    
         Men, 16 years and over.........        52.9           51.9           51.1           53.3   
     16 to 19 years.....................         5.8            4.9            4.0            1.8   
     20 to 24 years.....................        14.3           12.4           10.5            4.8   
     25 to 34 years.....................        15.8           16.1           14.5           11.9   
     35 to 44 years.....................         9.8            9.5            9.5           13.5   
     45 to 54 years.....................         3.8            4.4            6.4           12.6   
     55 to 64 years.....................         2.8            3.4            4.6            6.9   
     65 years and over..................          .7            1.1            1.6            1.9   
                                                                                                    
         Women, 16 years and over.......        47.1           48.1           48.9           46.7   
     16 to 19 years.....................         6.5            5.7            4.3            2.0   
     20 to 24 years.....................         9.9            9.3            8.4            4.3   
     25 to 34 years.....................        11.9           11.4           10.8            9.7   
     35 to 44 years.....................         6.8            8.7            8.8           11.6   
     45 to 54 years.....................         6.7            7.8            8.9           11.4   
     55 to 64 years.....................         2.9            2.9            4.8            6.2   
     65 years and over..................         2.3            2.4            2.8            1.5   
                                                                                                    
            RACE AND HISPANIC OR                                                                    
              LATINO ETHNICITY                                                                      
                                                                                                    
     White..............................        80.1           79.8           79.2           82.9   
     Black or African American..........        11.8           12.2           11.6           10.5   
     Asian..............................         4.8            5.1            6.1            4.3   
     Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.......        24.1           22.2           20.8           12.7   
                                                                                                    
          FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS                                                                 
                                                                                                    
     Full-time workers..................        54.6           57.0           59.8           82.8   
     Part-time workers..................        45.4           43.0           40.2           17.2   

       NOTE:  Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of "contingent"
     workers.  Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do
     not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.  In addition, persons whose
     ethnicity is Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity
     as well as by race.  Detail for other characteristics may not sum to totals due to rounding.






     Table 3.  Employed contingent and noncontingent workers by school enrollment and educational
     attainment, February 2005
     
     (Percent distribution)
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                    
                                                         Contingent workers                            
               Characteristic                                                             Noncontingent
                                                                                             workers   
                                              Estimate 1     Estimate 2     Estimate 3                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
              SCHOOL ENROLLMENT                                                                     
                                                                                                    
         Total, 16 to 24 years                                                                      
           (thousands).......................       915          1,027          1,553         17,071   
         Percent.............................     100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0   
                                                                                                    
     Enrolled................................      59.8           57.5           59.1           41.6   
     Not enrolled............................      40.2           42.5           40.9           58.4   
         Less than a high school                                                                    
           diploma...........................      11.4           11.1           12.4            9.2   
         High school graduates, no                                                                  
           college (1).......................      15.4           15.2           13.2           25.4   
         Some college or associate                                                                  
           degree............................       7.3           10.8           10.3           15.0   
         Bachelor's degree and higher (2)....       6.1            5.4            5.1            8.7   
                                                                                                    
           EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT                                                                   
                                                                                                    
         Total, 25 to 64 years                                                                      
           (thousands).......................     1,514          2,039          3,902        111,610   
         Percent.............................     100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0   
                                                                                                    
     Less than a high school diploma.........      20.3           18.7           15.5            8.6   
     High school graduates, no college (1)...      25.6           25.2           24.5           29.7   
     Some college or associate degree........      24.0           22.7           23.3           28.5   
     Bachelor's degree and higher (2)........      30.1           33.4           36.6           33.1   

       1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
       2 Includes persons with a bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
       NOTE:  Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of "contingent"
     workers.  Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.
     
     




      
     Table 4.  Employed contingent and noncontingent workers by occupation and industry, 
     February 2005
     
     (Percent distribution)
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                
                                                                       Contingent workers                       
                         Characteristic                                                              Noncontin-
                                                                                                    gent workers 
                                                              Estimate 1   Estimate 2   Estimate 3              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                           OCCUPATION                                                                           
                                                                                                                
         Total, 16 years and over (thousands)...............      2,504        3,177        5,705      133,247  
         Percent............................................      100.0        100.0        100.0        100.0  
                                                                                                                
      Management, professional, and related occupations.....       28.4         30.7         35.9         35.2  
        Management, business, and financial operations                                                          
          occupations.......................................        5.5          8.0          8.7         14.6  
        Professional and related occupations................       22.8         22.6         27.2         20.6  
                                                                                                                
      Service occupations...................................       17.3         17.6         15.7         15.6  
                                                                                                                
      Sales and office occupations..........................       24.3         22.5         20.6         26.0  
        Sales and related occupations.......................        4.9          6.0          5.7         12.1  
        Office and administrative support occupations.......       19.4         16.5         14.8         13.9  
                                                                                                                
      Natural resources, construction, and maintenance                                                          
        occupations.........................................       16.5         16.7         16.1         10.2  
        Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations..........        2.4          2.0          2.1           .5  
        Construction and extraction occupations.............       11.4         12.3         11.1          5.8  
        Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations...        2.7          2.4          2.9          3.8  
                                                                                                                
      Production, transportation, and material moving                                                           
        occupations.........................................       13.6         12.5         11.7         13.1  
        Production occupations..............................        4.5          4.0          5.2          6.8  
        Transportation and material moving occupations......        9.1          8.5          6.5          6.2  
                                                                                                                
                            INDUSTRY                                                                            
                                                                                                                
         Total, 16 years and over (thousands)...............      2,504        3,177        5,705      133,247  
         Percent............................................      100.0        100.0        100.0        100.0  
                                                                                                                
     Agriculture and related industries.....................        2.5          2.3          1.7          1.3  
     Mining.................................................         .7           .6           .4           .4  
     Construction...........................................       13.0         14.0         12.3          7.2  
     Manufacturing..........................................        6.7          6.0          6.4         11.9  
     Wholesale trade........................................        3.2          2.9          2.2          3.2  
     Retail trade...........................................        6.4          6.7          6.4         12.4  
     Transportation and utilities...........................        5.0          4.7          3.7          5.3  
     Information ...........................................        1.6          1.3          2.1          2.3  
     Financial activities...................................        1.4          2.6          3.1          7.7  
     Professional and business services.....................       18.2         20.7         18.2          9.7  
     Education and health services..........................       23.5         21.8         27.1         20.8  
     Leisure and hospitality................................       10.1          8.9          7.4          8.1  
     Other services.........................................        5.0          5.3          4.9          4.7  
     Public administration..................................        2.8          2.3          4.0          4.9  

       NOTE:  Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of "contingent" workers. 
     Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.
     
     




     Table 5.  Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements by selected characteristics,
     February 2005
     
     (In thousands)
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                 
                                                        Workers with alternative arrangements                    
                                                                                                                 
                                        Total                                                        Workers with
             Characteristic           employed                               Temporary     Workers    traditional
                                                  Independent    On-call    help agency   provided   arrangements
                                                  contractors    workers      workers        by          
                                                                                          contract                  
                                                                                            firms                                                                                                                                      
              AGE AND SEX                                                                                        
                                                                                                                 
         Total, 16 years and                                                                                     
           over....................    138,952       10,342        2,454        1,217          813      123,843  
     16 to 19 years................      5,510           89          133           33            7        5,194  
     20 to 24 years................     13,114          356          355          202           87       12,055  
     25 to 34 years................     30,103        1,520          535          362          205       27,427  
     35 to 44 years................     34,481        2,754          571          253          196       30,646  
     45 to 54 years................     32,947        2,799          417          200          186       29,324  
     55 to 64 years................     17,980        1,943          267          135          114       15,496  
     65 years and over.............      4,817          881          175           33           18        3,701  
                                                                                                                 
         Men, 16 years and over....     73,946        6,696        1,241          574          561       64,673  
     16 to 19 years................      2,579           32           82           24            7        2,389  
     20 to 24 years................      6,928          194          200          107           61        6,331  
     25 to 34 years................     16,624        1,006          299          185          138       14,950  
     35 to 44 years................     18,523        1,824          252          120          140       16,130  
     45 to 54 years................     17,193        1,764          209           71          143       15,003  
     55 to 64 years................      9,485        1,287          108           52           70        7,954  
     65 years and over.............      2,615          589           91           16            3        1,917  
                                                                                                                 
         Women, 16 years and                                                                                     
           over....................     65,006        3,647        1,212          643          252       59,170  
     16 to 19 years................      2,931           57           52            9           -         2,805  
     20 to 24 years................      6,186          162          155           95           27        5,724  
     25 to 34 years................     13,480          514          236          177           67       12,477  
     35 to 44 years................     15,958          930          319          133           57       14,516  
     45 to 54 years................     15,754        1,035          208          129           43       14,322  
     55 to 64 years................      8,495          656          158           83           44        7,542  
     65 years and over.............      2,202          292           84           17           15        1,785  
                                                                                                                 
          RACE AND HISPANIC OR                                                                                   
            LATINO ETHNICITY                                                                                     
                                                                                                                 
     White.........................    115,043        9,169        2,097          840          637      102,052  
     Black or African American.....     14,688          583          212          276          121       13,471  
     Asian.........................      6,083          370           64           63           43        5,538  
     Hispanic or Latino                                                                                          
       ethnicity...................     18,062          951          385          255          133       16,202  
                                                                                                                 
       FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS                                                                                 
                                                                                                                 
     Full-time workers.............    113,798        7,732        1,370          979          695      102,889  
     Part-time workers.............     25,154        2,611        1,084          238          119       20,954  

       NOTE:  Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative
     arrangements" categories.  Detail may not add to totals because the total employed includes day laborers (an
     alternative arrangement, not shown separately) and a small number of workers who were both "on call" and
     "provided by contract firms."  Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and
     Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.  In addition, persons whose
     ethnicity is Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by
     race.  Detail for other characteristics may not sum to totals due to rounding.  Dash represents zero.





     Table 6.  Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements by selected characteristics,
     February 2005
     
     (Percent distribution)
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                   
                                                    Workers with alternative arrangements                          
                                                                                                      Workers with 
               Characteristic                                                                          traditional 
                                           Independent      On-call    Temporary help     Workers     arrangements 
                                           contractors      workers    agency workers   provided by                
                                                                                      contract firms               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                 AGE AND SEX                                                                                       
                                                                                                                   
         Total, 16 years and over.......       100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0   
     16 to 19 years.....................          .9            5.4            2.7             .9            4.2   
     20 to 24 years.....................         3.4           14.5           16.6           10.7            9.7   
     25 to 34 years.....................        14.7           21.8           29.8           25.2           22.1   
     35 to 44 years.....................        26.6           23.3           20.8           24.1           24.7   
     45 to 54 years.....................        27.1           17.0           16.4           22.8           23.7   
     55 to 64 years.....................        18.8           10.9           11.1           14.0           12.5   
     65 years and over..................         8.5            7.1            2.7            2.3            3.0   
                                                                                                                   
         Men, 16 years and over.........        64.7           50.6           47.2           69.0           52.2   
     16 to 19 years.....................          .3            3.3            1.9             .9            1.9   
     20 to 24 years.....................         1.9            8.1            8.8            7.5            5.1   
     25 to 34 years.....................         9.7           12.2           15.2           17.0           12.1   
     35 to 44 years.....................        17.6           10.3            9.8           17.2           13.0   
     45 to 54 years.....................        17.1            8.5            5.8           17.6           12.1   
     55 to 64 years.....................        12.4            4.4            4.3            8.6            6.4   
     65 years and over..................         5.7            3.7            1.3             .4            1.5   
                                                                                                                   
         Women, 16 years and over.......        35.3           49.4           52.8           31.0           47.8   
     16 to 19 years.....................          .5            2.1             .7             -             2.3   
     20 to 24 years.....................         1.6            6.3            7.8            3.3            4.6   
     25 to 34 years.....................         5.0            9.6           14.6            8.2           10.1   
     35 to 44 years.....................         9.0           13.0           10.9            7.0           11.7   
     45 to 54 years.....................        10.0            8.5           10.6            5.3           11.6   
     55 to 64 years.....................         6.3            6.5            6.8            5.4            6.1   
     65 years and over..................         2.8            3.4            1.4            1.9            1.4   
                                                                                                                   
            RACE AND HISPANIC OR                                                                                   
              LATINO ETHNICITY                                                                                     
                                                                                                                   
     White..............................        88.6           85.5           69.0           78.3           82.4   
     Black or African American..........         5.6            8.6           22.7           14.9           10.9   
     Asian..............................         3.6            2.6            5.2            5.3            4.5   
     Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.......         9.2           15.7           21.0           16.4           13.1   
                                                                                                                   
          FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS                                                                                
                                                                                                                   
     Full-time workers..................        74.8           55.8           80.4           85.4           83.1   
     Part-time workers..................        25.2           44.2           19.6           14.6           16.9   

       NOTE:  Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative
     arrangements" categories.    Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian)
     do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.  In addition, persons whose ethnicity is
     Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.  Detail
     for other characteristics may not sum to totals due to rounding.  Dash represents zero.





     Table 7.  Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements by school enrollment and
     educational attainment, February 2005
     
     (Percent distribution)
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                   
                                                       Workers with alternative arrangements                          
                                                                                                        Workers with 
               Characteristic                                                                            traditional 
                                              Independent      On-call    Temporary help     Workers     arrangements 
                                              contractors      workers    agency workers   provided by                
                                                                                         contract firms               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
              SCHOOL ENROLLMENT                                                                                       
                                                                                                                      
         Total, 16 to 24 years                                                                                        
           (thousands).......................       445            488            235             95         17,249   
         Percent.............................     100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0   
                                                                                                                   
     Enrolled................................      26.6           41.4            4.7           13.0           44.1   
     Not enrolled............................      73.4           58.6           95.3           87.0           55.9   
         Less than a high school                                                                                   
           diploma...........................      10.5           14.9           21.6           38.8            8.9   
         High school graduates, no                                                                                 
           college (1).......................      30.9           26.4           30.9           30.4           24.2   
         Some college or associate                                                                                 
           degree............................      22.3           13.1           25.1           12.5           14.4   
         Bachelor's degree and higher (2)....       9.7            4.4           17.6            5.2            8.5   
                                                                                                                   
           EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT                                                                                  
                                                                                                                   
         Total, 25 to 64 years                                                                                     
           (thousands).......................     9,016          1,790            950            700        102,893   
         Percent.............................     100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0          100.0   
                                                                                                                   
     Less than a high school diploma.........       7.7           13.7           16.9           13.0            8.7   
     High school graduates, no college (1)...      27.6           27.8           29.5           19.9           29.8   
     Some college or associate degree........      29.1           28.8           32.4           30.5           28.3   
     Bachelor's degree and higher (2)........      35.6           29.7           21.2           36.6           33.2   

       1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
       2 Includes persons with a bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
       NOTE:  Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative
     arrangements" categories.  Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.
     
     




     
     Table 8.  Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements by occupation and industry, February 2005
     
     (Percent distribution)
                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                             
                                                                    Workers with alternative arrangements                    
                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                 Workers with
                         Characteristic                                                  Temporary     Workers    traditional
                                                              Independent    On-call    help agency  provided by arrangements
                                                              contractors    workers      workers     contract               
                                                                                                        firms                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                           OCCUPATION                                                                                        
                                                                                                                             
         Total, 16 years and over (thousands)...............     10,342        2,454        1,217          813      123,843  
         Percent............................................      100.0        100.0        100.0        100.0        100.0  
                                                                                                                             
      Management, professional, and related occupations.....       39.9         35.6         20.3         39.6         35.0  
        Management, business, and financial operations                                                                       
          occupations.......................................       21.5          5.7          7.6         10.2         14.1  
        Professional and related occupations................       18.4         30.0         12.7         29.4         20.9  
                                                                                                                             
      Service occupations...................................       13.7         22.1         15.6         26.2         15.5  
                                                                                                                             
      Sales and office occupations..........................       20.5         12.6         26.9          7.2         26.6  
        Sales and related occupations.......................       17.1          4.4          2.1          2.5         11.7  
        Office and administrative support occupations.......        3.4          8.2         24.8          4.7         14.9  
                                                                                                                             
      Natural resources, construction, and maintenance                                                                       
        occupations.........................................       19.7         16.9          7.1         21.8          9.4  
        Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations..........         .7           .5           .9           .2           .5  
        Construction and extraction occupations.............       15.3         12.5          3.5         19.8          5.0  
        Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations...        3.7          3.9          2.6          1.7          3.8  
                                                                                                                             
      Production, transportation, and material moving                                                                        
        occupations.........................................        6.1         12.7         30.1          5.2         13.5  
        Production occupations..............................        2.2          2.7         17.1          2.1          7.1  
        Transportation and material moving occupations......        3.9         10.0         13.1          3.1          6.3  
                                                                                                                             
                            INDUSTRY                                                                                         
                                                                                                                             
         Total, 16 years and over (thousands)...............     10,342        2,454        1,217          813      123,843  
         Percent............................................      100.0        100.0        100.0        100.0        100.0  
                                                                                                                             
     Agriculture and related industries.....................        2.6           .6         -              .2          1.2  
     Mining.................................................         .1          1.0           .5           .2           .4  
     Construction...........................................       22.0         12.2          3.4         16.5          6.0  
     Manufacturing..........................................        3.2          4.8         28.4         14.1         12.6  
     Wholesale trade........................................        2.1          2.1          5.4          3.4          3.3  
     Retail trade...........................................        8.9          5.6          2.1          3.1         12.8  
     Transportation and utilities...........................        3.9          8.4          3.1          4.0          5.3  
     Information ...........................................        2.0          1.8          1.8          4.0          2.4  
     Financial activities...................................       10.4          3.4          4.1          6.8          7.5  
     Professional and business services.....................       21.3          7.7         31.9         10.4          8.6  
     Education and health services..........................        8.7         33.8         11.1         15.7         22.0  
     Leisure and hospitality................................        4.5         10.4          1.8          4.5          8.4  
     Other services.........................................        9.9          3.8          2.9           .3          4.4  
     Public administration..................................         .3          4.4          2.8         16.6          5.3  

       NOTE:  Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements"
     categories.  Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.  For temporary help agency workers and workers provided by
     contract firms, the industry classification is that of the place to which they were assigned.  Dash represents zero.




    
     Table 9.  Employed contingent and noncontingent workers and those with alternative and traditional work
     arrangements by health insurance coverage and eligibility for employer-provided pension plans, February 2005
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                   
                                                        Percent with health insurance      Percent eligible for    
                                                                   coverage             employer-provided pension  
                                                                                                 plan (2)          
                                         Total employed                                                            
               Characteristic              (thousands)                                                             
                                                                                                       Included in 
                                                             Total       Provided by       Total     employer-pro-
                                                                        employer (1)                  vided pension 
                                                                                                          plan     
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
     Contingent workers:                                                                                           
       Estimate 1.......................       2,504           51.8            9.4            9.2            4.6   
       Estimate 2.......................       3,177           52.5            7.9            8.3            4.1   
       Estimate 3.......................       5,705           59.1           18.1           18.6           12.4   
     Noncontingent workers..............     133,247           79.4           52.1           49.6           44.7   
                                                                                                                   
     With alternative arrangements:                                                                                
       Independent contractors..........      10,342           69.3            (3)            2.6            1.9   
       On-call workers..................       2,454           66.9           25.7           33.2           27.8   
       Temporary help agency workers....       1,217           39.7            8.3            8.9            3.8   
       Workers provided by contract                                                                                
         firms..........................         813           80.2           48.9           42.6           33.5   
     With traditional arrangements......     123,843           80.0           56.0           52.9           47.7   

       1 Excludes the self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated) and independent contractors.
       2 Excludes the self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated); includes independent contractors who were
     self-employed.
       3 Not applicable.
       NOTE:  Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of "contingent" workers.  Workers
     with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories.





     Table 10.  Employed contingent workers by their preference for contingent or noncontingent work arrangements,
     February 2005
     
     (Percent distribution)
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                   
                                                                     Contingent workers                            
                 Preference                                                                                        
                                                                                                                   
                                                Estimate 1               Estimate 2               Estimate 3       
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
         Total, 16 years and over                                                                                  
           (thousands)..................            2,504                    3,177                    5,705        
         Percent........................            100.0                    100.0                    100.0        
                                                                                                                   
     Prefer noncontingent employment....             62.7                     57.3                     55.3        
     Prefer contingent employment.......             31.3                     35.1                     35.5        
     It depends.........................              3.9                      4.9                      5.7        
     Not available......................              2.2                      2.6                      3.5        

       NOTE:  Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of "contingent" workers.  Detail
     may not sum to totals due to rounding.
     
     





        
     Table 11.  Employed workers with alternative work arrangements by their preference for a traditional work
     arrangement, February 2005
     
     (Percent distribution)
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                   
                 Preference               Independent contractors      On-call workers       Temporary help agency 
                                                                                                    workers        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
         Total, 16 years and over                                                                                  
           (thousands)..................           10,342                    2,454                    1,217        
         Percent........................            100.0                    100.0                    100.0        
                                                                                                                   
     Prefer traditional arrangement.....              9.1                     44.6                     56.2        
     Prefer indirect or alternative                                                                                
       arrangement......................             82.3                     46.1                     32.1        
     It depends.........................              5.2                      6.8                      6.5        
     Not available......................              3.4                      2.5                      5.2        

       NOTE:  Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.
     




       
     Table 12.  Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements by contingent and noncontingent
     employment, February 2005
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                   
                                                                            Percent distribution                   
                                                                                                                   
                                              Total                                                                
                 Arrangement               (thousands)               Contingent workers                            
                                                                                                      Noncontingent
                                                                                                         workers   
                                                          Estimate 1     Estimate 2     Estimate 3                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
     With alternative arrangements:                                                                                
       Independent contractors..........      10,342          (1)             3.4            3.4           96.6    
       On-call workers..................       2,454          10.4           10.6           24.6           75.4    
       Temporary help agency workers....       1,217          30.4           37.8           60.7           39.3    
       Workers provided by contract                                                                                
         firms..........................         813           6.8            9.8           19.5           80.5    
     With traditional arrangements......     123,843           1.2            1.4            2.9           97.1    

       1 Not applicable. Excludes independent contractors and the self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated).
       NOTE:  Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of "contingent" workers.  Workers
     with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories.




      
     Table 13.  Median usual weekly earnings of full- and part-time contingent wage and salary workers and those
     with alternative work arrangements by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, February 2005
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                 
                                               Contingent workers         Workers with alternative arrangements  
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                 
               Characteristic                                                                 Temporary  Workers 
                                          Estimate  Estimate  Estimate  Independent  On-call     help    provided
                                             1         2         3      contractors  workers    agency      by   
                                                                                               workers   contract
                                                                                                          firms  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                 
              FULL-TIME WORKERS                                                                                  
                                                                                                                 
           Total, 16 years and over.....     $405      $411      $488       $716        $519      $414      $756 
       Men..............................      427       440       505        794         586       405       860 
       Women............................      376       383       423        462         394       424       595 
                                                                                                                 
       White............................      413       421       498        731         561       418       772 
       Black or African American........      344       375       387        474         303       375       (1)   
       Asian............................      (1)       (1)       619        889         (1)       (1)       (1)   
       Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.....      335       331       370        603         417       311       513 
                                                                                                                 
              PART-TIME WORKERS                                                                                  
                                                                                                                 
           Total, 16 years and over.....     $152      $152      $161       $253        $173      $224      $204 
       Men..............................      165       169       183        330         206       253       (1)   
       Women............................      142       138       149        216         159       202       (1)   
                                                                                                                 
       White............................      154       154       163        252         177       247       (1)   
       Black or African American........      133       133       145        196         (1)       (1)       (1)   
       Asian............................      (1)       (1)       190        (1)         (1)       (1)        -    
       Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.....      152       153       175        207         249       (1)       (1)   

       1 Data not shown where base is less than 100,000.
       NOTE:  Earnings data for contingent workers exclude the incorporated self-employed and independent
     contractors.  Data for independent contractors include the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed;
     these groups, however, are excluded from the data for workers with other arrangements.  Full- or part-time
     status is determined by hours usually worked at sole or primary job.  Dash represents zero.