For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, September 20, 2016 USDL-16-1865

Technical Information: (202) 691-5618 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES - 2014

Multifactor productivity rose in 38 of the 86 4-digit NAICS manufacturing industries in 2014, 

as well as in the two transportation industries that are measured, the U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics reported today. This was down from 2013, when multifactor productivity increased in 

47 manufacturing industries and in the two transportation industries. 

Multifactor Productivity: Definition and Concepts

Multifactor productivity relates the change in real output to the change in the combined inputs of 

labor, capital, and intermediate purchases (energy, materials, and purchased services) used in 

producing that output. Multifactor productivity is also known as total factor productivity.

A variety of factors that influence economic growth are not specifically accounted for among 

measured inputs, including: technological change, returns to scale, enhancements in managerial 

and staff skills, changes in the organization of production, and other efficiency improvements. 

Multifactor productivity reflects these factors.

Chart 1. Multifactor productivity, output, and combined inputs in the largest (by 

employment) manufacturing industries, 2014 (percent changes)
2014 Trends in Multifactor Productivity

Chart 1 shows the percent change in multifactor productivity in 2014 for the largest 4-digit 

manufacturing industries (those with employment over 350,000). Of those industries, multifactor 

productivity increased the most in aerospace products and parts (2.3 percent), as output increased 

more than combined inputs. Industries above the diagonal line had a percent change in output 

greater than the percent change of combined inputs, resulting in positive multifactor productivity 

growth. In contrast, industries below the diagonal line exhibited declining productivity as 

combined inputs increased more than output. 

Among all manufacturing industries, there were four industries which experienced multifactor 

productivity gains greater than 6.0 percent: 

• Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing (7.4 percent)

• Audio and video equipment (7.3 percent)

• Seafood product preparation and packaging (7.1 percent)

• Other textile product mills (6.2 percent)

The two measured transportation industries experienced multifactor productivity increases:

• Air transportation (1.3 percent)

• Line-haul railroads (0.6 percent)

Components of Multifactor Productivity Growth: Output and Combined Inputs

In 2014, 43 industries experienced increases in both output and combined inputs. Similarly, in 

2013, 42 industries experienced increases in both components. 

In 2014, output increased in 52 manufacturing industries, as opposed to 60 in 2013. The 

following industries had either double-digit increases or decreases in output in 2014: 

• Railroad rolling stock (13.9 percent)

• Motor vehicle bodies and trailers (10.9 percent)

• Communications equipment (-10.1 percent)

• Tobacco (-11.7 percent)

Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate purchases rose in 59 manufacturing 

industries in 2014, compared to 52 industries in 2013. A majority of industries experienced 

growth in intermediate purchases (57 industries) and hours worked (56 industries). Fewer 

manufacturing industries experienced growth in capital services (28 industries). 

The following industries had the largest increases in combined inputs in 2014: 

• Railroad rolling stock (15.3 percent)

• Motor vehicle bodies and trailers (10.7 percent)

• Apparel knitting mills (8.7 percent)

• Motor vehicles (8.0 percent)

2
Chart 2. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in multifactor productivity, 

output, and combined inputs, 2013-14

For some manufacturing industries, multifactor productivity rose despite falling output, as 

combined inputs fell more rapidly. This occurred in six industries: 

• Other leather products (5.6 percent)

• Basic chemicals (4.1 percent)

• Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries (3.2 percent)

• Cutlery and handtools (1.6 percent)

• Footwear (1.1 percent)

• Animal slaughtering and processing (1.0 percent)

In the air transportation industry, output increased 2.8 percent and combined inputs increased 1.4 

percent in 2014. In line-haul railroads, output rose 4.3 percent and combined inputs increased 3.6 

percent.

Trends in Multifactor Productivity for Selected Time Periods

Year-to-year movements and long-term trends in industry multifactor productivity may both 

reflect cyclical changes in the economy. However, long-term average annual percent changes in 

multifactor productivity are more reliable indicators of historical trends in industry performance.

More industries experienced multifactor productivity growth over the long term than the short 

term. From 1987 to 2014, multifactor productivity grew in 54 manufacturing industries, 

compared to 38 in 2014. Average annual rates of change in multifactor productivity for nearly all

manufacturing industries ranged between -2.0 percent and 2.0 percent over the long term. (See 

tables 1 and 2 and chart 3.) 

In contrast, multifactor productivity declined by 2.0 percent or more in 19 industries in 2014. 

Only one industry (pharmaceuticals and medicines) experienced an average annual decline of 

that magnitude from 1987 to 2014. 

3
Chart 3. Distribution of multifactor productivity growth for all manufacturing industries, 

1987-2014 and 2013-14

Between 1987 and 2014, the number of manufacturing industries with growth in multifactor 

productivity was highest in 2003 and 2010. These were years of economic growth following 

recessions. In contrast, relatively few manufacturing industries saw multifactor productivity 

growth in the recession years of 2001 and 2009. (See chart 4.) 

Chart 4. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in multifactor productivity, 1987-

2014

Table 3 displays the average annual percent changes in multifactor productivity by industry for 

sub periods between 1987 and 2014. The sub period from 2000 to 2007 saw the greatest number 

of manufacturing industries experiencing multifactor productivity growth. 

4
From 1987 to 2014, multifactor productivity rose in both air transportation and line-haul 

railroads by 1.3 percent and 1.8 percent, respectively. While both industries experienced 

increases in output, multifactor productivity grew more in line-haul railroads because its 

combined inputs showed little change over the long term.

Chart 5. Multifactor productivity, output, and combined inputs for transportation industries, 

1987-2014 

Multifactor Productivity as a Source of Labor Productivity Growth 

Multifactor productivity is equal to labor productivity minus the effects of factor substitution; 

that is, the combined effects of changes in weighted capital services relative to hours worked and 

weighted intermediate purchases relative to hours worked. These factor substitutions are referred 

to as contribution of capital intensity and contribution of intermediate purchases intensity. 

Eighty-one out of the 86 manufacturing industries experienced growth in labor productivity from 

1987 to 2014. Among these 81 industries, the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity 

was the leading source of labor productivity growth (See table 4). Growth in the contribution of 

intermediate purchases intensity occurs when firms purchase a greater share of materials instead 

of using their own labor. Contribution of intermediate purchases intensity may also occur when 

firms substitute contracted labor for payroll labor. 

5
Chart 6 illustrates sources of labor productivity growth for three sub periods occurring between 

1987 and 2014. Between 2000 and 2007, labor productivity growth in over one third of 

manufacturing industries was driven by multifactor productivity growth. In contrast, labor 

productivity growth was driven mostly by contribution of intermediate purchases intensity in the 

other two sub periods. 

Chart 6. Manufacturing industries with positive labor productivity growth, 1987-2014

Chart 7 displays the industries with the greatest labor productivity growth from 1987 to 2014. 

Strong growth in multifactor productivity was the dominant source of labor productivity growth 

in the industries that manufacture computers and electronic products (NAICS 334). Labor 

productivity growth in the measured transportation industries (air transportation and line-haul 

railroads) was also primarily driven by multifactor productivity growth. The remaining 

manufacturing industries with high average annual growth in labor productivity mostly 

experienced greater growth in contribution of intermediate purchases intensity.

6
Chart 7. Sources of labor productivity growth for industries with greatest growth in labor 

productivity, 1987-2014

Want to know more? 

Find data at www.bls.gov/mfp for:

 Additional years and annual rates of change

 Levels of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and

labor compensation

 More detailed capital and intermediate purchases data available upon request

Questions?

Additional information can be obtained by calling the BLS productivity program at 

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7
Technical Note

Multifactor Productivity: Multifactor productivity measures are derived by dividing an index of real 

industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases. The 

multifactor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions of capital, labor, and 

intermediate inputs. Rather, they reflect the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors 

that are not specifically accounted for on the input side, including technological change, returns to scale, 

improved skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements. 

Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real 

terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is 

derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry 

transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal 

value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air 

transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight 

ton-miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses. 

Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic 

censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air 

transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of 

Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S. 

Department of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American 

Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, and several other sources. 

Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of 

capital, labor, and intermediate purchases (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased 

services). The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares as 

weights. The labor weight is based on labor compensation, including fringe benefits. The weight for 

intermediate purchases is based on the total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services.

The capital weight is based on total capital cost, which is calculated as the value of sectoral production 

minus the costs of labor compensation and intermediate purchases.

Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets. 

Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be 

proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of 

separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land. 

For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 24 categories of equipment, 10 categories 

of structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry 

are estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by 

asset type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the 

economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census. Additional annual investment data 

comes from the fixed asset accounts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Annual investment 

data is supplemented with the 1997 benchmark capital flow table from the BEA as well as the 2008 and 

2012 Annual Capital Expenditures Survey from the Bureau of the Census. Price changes are removed 

from the annual investment data before calculating stocks. Price deflators for each asset category are 

constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS Producer Price Indexes) with weights that 

reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities. 

8
The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental 

prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate 

of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the 

specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. 

For air transportation, a weighted index of 44 types of airframes and 34 types of engines is derived from 

quantities and purchase prices from BTS. For assets other than airframes and engines, capital stocks are 

calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. For these assets, a more detailed breakdown of annual 

expenditures on equipment and structures from the BEA is used. Inventories of parts and supplies are 

also included; the current dollar series is deflated with a weighted cost index based on data from Airlines 

for America (A4A) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies 

inventories are aggregated using cost share weights to derive an overall measure of capital input. 

For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of 

structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA 

data. The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. 

Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and 

AMTRAK were deflated with price indexes from BEA. 

Labor Input: For manufacturing industries, labor hours reflect annual hours worked by all employed 

persons in an industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number 

of total and nonsupervisory worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are 

supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry employment. 

Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on average weekly 

hours paid of nonsupervisory workers, CPS data on hours of supervisory, self-employed, and unpaid 

family workers, and ratios of hours-worked to hours-paid based on data from the BLS National 

Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or 

further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 

the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of 

workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made. 

For air transportation, annual labor input estimates are based on monthly employment data from DOT 

supplemented by employment and hours from the CES program and hours from the CPS. For line-haul 

railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from DOT data and supplemented with data from 

AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an adjustment to remove capitalized 

labor hours in order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized labor costs are embedded in the 

railroad investment data.

Intermediate Purchases Input: The index of intermediate purchases is a Törnqvist index of separate 

quantities of materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for 

electricity consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are 

derived by deflating current-dollar values with appropriate price deflators. 

For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of 

electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to 

exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using 

annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA. 

9
Constant-dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current-dollar industry purchases by 

a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each industry 

by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed commodities. The 

deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark inputoutput tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar 

manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by BEA. The value of fuels 

consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on PPIs for individual fuel 

categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy Information 

Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy. 

For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS were 

deflated using cost indexes from A4A. For line-haul railroads, intermediate purchases data from STB 

were supplemented with data from other sources including AAR, AMTRAK, EIA, and the Edison 

Electric Institute. The nominal values were deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit 

price deflators calculated from BEA investment data.

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 

of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill. 

Contributions to Labor Productivity: 

Contribution of Capital Intensity: Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours 

worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in capital intensity times capital’s 

share of combined inputs yields the contribution of capital intensity. 

Contribution of Intermediate Purchases Intensity: Intermediate purchases intensity is the 

ratio of intermediate purchases to hours worked in the production process. Multiplying the 

change in intermediate purchases intensity times intermediate purchases’ share of combined 

inputs yields the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity. 

When positive, both the contribution of capital intensity and the contribution of intermediate 

purchases intensity represent sources of labor productivity growth. These statistics represent 

factor substitution in the production process. In other words, positive change in the contribution 

of capital intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 

substitution of capital for labor. Likewise, positive change in the contribution of intermediate 

purchases intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 

substitution of intermediate purchases for labor. 

Over a given time period, the average logarithmic growth rate of labor productivity will equal the 

sum of the average logarithmic growth rates of the contribution of capital intensity, the 

contribution of intermediate purchases intensity, and multifactor productivity. However, because 

both output and input data are expressed annually, average annual (as opposed to logarithmic) 

10
rates of change are calculated. Therefore, the sum of growth rates of multifactor productivity, the 

contribution of capital intensity, and the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity may not 

precisely equal the rate of change of labor productivity.

11
 Manufacturing

Animal food................................................................... 3111 55.7 0.1 3.3 3.1 2.1 2.2 3.5

Grain and oilseed milling............................................... 3112 58.9 -3.5 -0.8 2.8 -5.4 -0.4 4.2

Sugar and confectionery products................................ 3113 71.2 1.7 2.5 0.7 6.5 0.0 -0.3

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty............... 3114 169.6 -2.0 -0.5 1.5 0.5 0.0 2.5

Dairy products............................................................... 3115 134.7 -3.0 -3.2 -0.2 -1.8 -0.1 -0.1

Animal slaughtering and processing............................. 3116 481.8 1.0 -4.4 -5.3 -0.4 0.8 -7.2

Seafood product preparation and packaging................ 3117 35.7 7.1 5.2 -1.8 -10.8 3.4 -1.0

Bakeries and tortilla products........................................ 3118 311.2 1.4 1.9 0.4 -1.6 -0.5 1.5

Other food products...................................................... 3119 191.0 0.0 2.5 2.5 -1.1 1.4 3.8

Beverages..................................................................... 3121 203.8 0.4 1.1 0.7 2.2 1.1 0.1

Tobacco........................................................................ 3122 13.6 -9.8 -11.7 -2.1 -6.1 -0.7 -6.2

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.......................................... 3131 29.4 -0.3 0.4 0.7 3.8 -4.5 0.7

Fabric mills.................................................................... 3132 61.7 -0.5 -2.1 -1.7 4.3 -4.0 -2.8

Textile and fabric finishing mills.................................... 3133 32.9 3.1 0.6 -2.4 -10.7 -3.7 -0.2

Textile furnishings mills................................................. 3141 54.0 -2.4 -2.3 0.0 -0.2 -2.0 0.6

Other textile product mills.............................................. 3149 66.8 6.2 6.3 0.1 -3.1 -1.6 2.0

Apparel knitting mills..................................................... 3151 21.5 -4.9 3.4 8.7 21.9 -3.3 3.7

Cut and sew apparel..................................................... 3152 127.8 -1.5 -1.1 0.4 -3.2 -3.4 2.4

Accessories and other apparel...................................... 3159 9.7 0.0 -4.4 -4.4 0.1 -4.4 -6.9

Leather and hide tanning and finishing......................... 3161 4.2 -0.9 -5.6 -4.7 -15.7 -5.1 -3.4

Footwear....................................................................... 3162 12.9 1.1 -7.8 -8.9 -7.3 -3.1 -9.7

Other leather products.................................................. 3169 13.5 5.6 -4.4 -9.5 -13.4 -6.0 -7.4

Sawmills and wood preservation................................... 3211 98.6 -1.8 -1.3 0.5 1.9 -0.9 0.5

Plywood and engineered wood products...................... 3212 72.4 -1.2 4.4 5.8 8.1 -0.2 5.9

Other wood products..................................................... 3219 221.3 -0.2 5.4 5.6 1.8 2.2 7.1

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................ 3221 105.4 -0.3 -2.0 -1.7 -1.6 -1.8 -1.7

Converted paper products............................................ 3222 269.9 -2.3 0.1 2.5 0.2 -0.4 3.6

Printing and related support activities........................... 3231 483.9 -1.5 -0.1 1.4 1.0 -4.6 3.3

Petroleum and coal products........................................ 3241 112.6 4.4 2.4 -2.0 0.5 2.6 -2.3

Basic chemicals............................................................ 3251 147.4 4.1 -0.6 -4.5 4.3 0.6 -7.6

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers.................................. 3252 95.5 -4.4 -2.2 2.4 4.7 0.1 2.7

Agricultural chemicals................................................... 3253 37.7 -8.3 -6.9 1.6 2.9 7.3 -2.3

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................... 3254 281.8 -0.7 1.8 2.6 -3.7 -1.1 8.2

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.................................... 3255 60.3 2.4 4.1 1.7 6.8 -0.5 1.5

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries................... 3256 107.5 3.2 -0.1 -3.2 1.9 -1.1 -6.1

Other chemical products and preparations................... 3259 84.2 -1.4 0.5 1.9 0.0 -1.7 3.5

Plastics products........................................................... 3261 544.2 0.1 3.0 2.9 3.9 0.4 3.5

Rubber products........................................................... 3262 133.8 1.6 1.2 -0.4 5.2 0.7 -2.6

Clay products and refractories...................................... 3271 47.2 2.0 1.6 -0.3 -3.4 -1.6 1.9

Glass and glass products.............................................. 3272 89.2 -2.5 1.6 4.2 13.9 -2.2 2.7

Cement and concrete products..................................... 3273 175.2 0.5 6.2 5.7 1.2 -1.5 9.5

Lime and gypsum products........................................... 3274 14.5 2.1 4.5 2.4 5.9 0.0 2.8

Other nonmetallic mineral products.............................. 3279 72.7 -1.6 0.7 2.4 3.7 0.0 3.8

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................ 3311 92.8 -3.1 -2.0 1.1 -0.1 -1.6 1.9

Steel products from purchased steel............................. 3312 62.3 -1.7 0.1 1.9 1.0 -1.5 2.7

Alumina and aluminum production................................ 3313 58.7 -1.6 0.0 1.6 1.0 -0.2 1.9

Other nonferrous metal production............................... 3314 62.2 0.6 1.4 0.7 2.3 -0.1 0.7

Foundries...................................................................... 3315 126.7 -0.1 5.1 5.2 6.2 0.2 6.6

Table 1. Recent multifactor productivity and related data

Industry Output Hours 

worked Capital

2012

NAICS

code

2014

Employment

(thousands)

Multifactor

productivity

Combined

inputs

Intermediate

purchases

Percent change, 2013-2014

12
Forging and stamping................................................... 3321 100.2 0.5 1.5 1.0 1.7 2.5 0.3

Cutlery and handtools................................................... 3322 39.2 1.6 -1.2 -2.8 -8.0 -2.4 -0.3

Architectural and structural metals................................ 3323 374.0 1.8 6.3 4.4 3.1 -0.4 6.1

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers......................... 3324 99.2 3.1 3.7 0.6 6.3 -0.4 -0.9

Hardware....................................................................... 3325 24.4 -0.2 6.2 6.5 5.2 -1.3 8.8

Spring and wire products.............................................. 3326 44.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 4.0 -1.6 -0.5

Machine shops and threaded products......................... 3327 387.3 -0.1 2.7 2.8 3.2 1.8 2.9

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals............... 3328 143.3 0.1 2.2 2.1 -0.8 0.3 4.6

Other fabricated metal products.................................... 3329 284.2 -1.2 0.3 1.5 2.7 1.2 1.0

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.......... 3331 254.7 2.1 0.4 -1.6 1.0 2.0 -3.5

Industrial machinery...................................................... 3332 110.2 -2.0 -1.1 0.9 3.7 -0.8 -0.2

Commercial and service industry machinery................ 3333 88.1 -2.4 -5.5 -3.2 4.3 -2.2 -6.7

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment............ 3334 128.7 -1.8 -3.0 -1.3 4.4 -0.9 -3.2

Metalworking machinery............................................... 3335 184.3 1.0 4.1 3.0 2.9 0.3 4.0

Turbine and power transmission equipment................. 3336 101.4 -1.7 1.2 3.0 1.4 0.0 4.3

Other general purpose machinery................................. 3339 266.0 -0.3 1.8 2.1 4.7 0.8 1.5

Computer and peripheral equipment............................ 3341 160.9 -4.3 -4.9 -0.6 11.1 -6.3 -1.1

Communications equipment.......................................... 3342 93.9 -2.9 -10.1 -7.4 -6.5 -5.8 -8.3

Audio and video equipment.......................................... 3343 20.4 7.3 8.3 0.9 -2.0 -3.9 5.2

Semiconductors and electronic components................ 3344 368.2 0.2 1.8 1.6 -1.7 2.6 3.1

Electronic instruments................................................... 3345 393.0 -0.9 -0.6 0.3 -1.4 0.5 1.3

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.......... 3346 17.7 7.4 5.4 -1.8 -16.8 -7.3 12.0

Electric lighting equipment............................................ 3351 47.2 4.5 2.7 -1.7 -4.9 -1.4 -0.4

Household appliances................................................... 3352 59.9 4.5 5.6 1.1 0.4 -1.1 2.2

Electrical equipment...................................................... 3353 145.0 0.6 1.9 1.3 -0.5 -1.0 3.0

Other electrical equipment and components................. 3359 127.9 -0.3 -0.8 -0.5 0.0 -1.5 -0.2

Motor vehicles............................................................... 3361 194.0 -1.2 6.7 8.0 9.1 5.4 8.3

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers.................................. 3362 141.9 0.2 10.9 10.7 5.9 3.9 11.9

Motor vehicle parts........................................................ 3363 539.7 0.8 7.9 7.0 4.0 3.5 7.7

Aerospace products and parts...................................... 3364 498.4 2.3 5.6 3.2 -0.9 0.6 6.4

Railroad rolling stock..................................................... 3365 27.2 -1.3 13.9 15.3 5.2 2.7 18.6

Ship and boat building................................................... 3366 138.4 -7.2 -2.1 5.6 3.2 -0.5 8.5

Other transportation equipment.................................... 3369 33.4 -8.3 -6.1 2.4 0.4 -0.8 3.6

Household and institutional furniture............................. 3371 256.8 -2.9 -0.6 2.3 7.2 -2.4 1.0

Office furniture and fixtures........................................... 3372 108.1 -0.3 0.4 0.8 0.3 -1.3 1.8

Other furniture related products.................................... 3379 35.1 4.5 3.5 -1.0 2.9 -2.9 -1.0

Medical equipment and supplies................................... 3391 317.5 -2.5 -1.9 0.6 2.2 0.1 0.1

Other miscellaneous manufacturing.............................. 3399 322.6 3.2 5.7 2.4 0.9 -1.3 4.3

Transportation

Air transportation........................................................... 481 422.8 1.3 2.8 1.4 3.3 1.5 0.3

Line-haul railroads........................................................ 482111 187.4 0.6 4.3 3.6 1.5 2.9 5.7

Table 1. Recent multifactor productivity and related data — Continued

Industry Output Hours 

worked Capital

2012

NAICS

code

Intermediate

purchases

2014 Percent change, 2013-2014

Employment

(thousands)

Multifactor

productivity

Combined

inputs

13
 Manufacturing

Animal food............................................................................................ 3111 -0.2 1.8 2.0 -0.3 1.7 2.4

Grain and oilseed milling........................................................................ 3112 -0.1 1.2 1.3 -0.8 0.4 1.8

Sugar and confectionery products.......................................................... 3113 0.1 0.6 0.5 -0.6 0.8 0.7

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty......................................... 3114 0.2 1.2 1.0 -0.2 1.0 1.2

Dairy products........................................................................................ 3115 -0.2 1.3 1.5 -0.4 1.4 1.9

Animal slaughtering and processing...................................................... 3116 0.6 1.7 1.0 0.9 1.9 0.9

Seafood product preparation and packaging....................................... 3117 0.4 0.2 -0.2 -1.3 1.0 -0.2

Bakeries and tortilla products................................................................. 3118 -0.7 0.4 1.1 -0.1 0.9 1.8

Other food products............................................................................... 3119 0.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.2 2.1

Beverages.............................................................................................. 3121 0.5 1.5 1.0 0.2 0.5 1.4

Tobacco................................................................................................. 3122 -0.9 -3.2 -2.3 -4.8 -2.4 -1.4

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................................... 3131 0.9 -1.8 -2.7 -4.7 -2.2 -2.2

Fabric mills............................................................................................. 3132 0.8 -2.5 -3.2 -5.8 -2.3 -2.5

Textile and fabric finishing mills.............................................................. 3133 0.0 -2.9 -2.9 -4.7 -2.2 -2.6

Textile furnishings mills.......................................................................... 3141 -0.5 -2.5 -2.0 -3.0 -1.1 -2.2

Other textile product mills....................................................................... 3149 0.4 -0.3 -0.7 -2.4 0.5 -0.3

Apparel knitting mills.............................................................................. 3151 -1.0 -6.7 -5.8 -6.3 -2.6 -6.1

Cut and sew apparel.............................................................................. 3152 -1.9 -6.9 -5.1 -6.2 -2.6 -6.1

Accessories and other apparel............................................................... 3159 -1.7 -6.8 -5.1 -5.2 -2.2 -5.4

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.................................................. 3161 -1.0 -3.2 -2.2 -4.3 -2.4 -1.9

Footwear................................................................................................ 3162 -0.5 -5.2 -4.7 -6.7 -3.3 -4.0

Other leather products........................................................................... 3169 -1.1 -4.0 -2.9 -3.8 -2.0 -3.4

Sawmills and wood preservation............................................................ 3211 0.8 -0.1 -0.9 -1.7 -1.2 -0.4

Plywood and engineered wood products................................................ 3212 -0.1 0.0 0.2 -1.2 0.1 0.9

Other wood products.............................................................................. 3219 -0.5 -0.2 0.3 -1.4 0.7 1.1

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills......................................................... 3221 0.6 -0.4 -1.0 -3.0 -1.0 -0.3

Converted paper products...................................................................... 3222 -0.1 0.2 0.4 -1.4 0.6 0.8

Printing and related support activities.................................................... 3231 0.0 -0.6 -0.6 -1.9 0.6 -0.1

Petroleum and coal products.................................................................. 3241 -0.1 1.2 1.3 -1.1 1.0 1.5

Basic chemicals...................................................................................... 3251 -0.3 0.7 1.0 -1.7 0.3 2.0

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................................... 3252 0.2 0.6 0.4 -1.6 0.1 0.9

Agricultural chemicals............................................................................ 3253 1.0 1.3 0.3 -1.0 -0.4 0.9

Pharmaceuticals and medicines............................................................. 3254 -2.2 1.6 3.8 1.7 3.8 4.8

Paints, coatings, and adhesives............................................................. 3255 -0.6 -0.3 0.3 -0.7 0.0 0.7

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries............................................ 3256 0.3 1.4 1.1 -0.5 1.5 1.1

Other chemical products and preparations............................................ 3259 0.1 0.2 0.1 -2.0 -0.1 1.0

Plastics products.................................................................................... 3261 0.4 1.7 1.3 -0.1 2.1 1.6

Rubber products..................................................................................... 3262 0.5 0.5 0.0 -1.5 0.0 0.8

Clay products and refractories............................................................... 3271 0.4 -1.4 -1.7 -2.5 -1.4 -1.3

Glass and glass products....................................................................... 3272 1.1 0.6 -0.6 -1.5 -0.3 -0.1

Cement and concrete products.............................................................. 3273 -0.2 0.1 0.4 -0.3 0.0 0.7

Lime and gypsum products.................................................................... 3274 -0.3 -0.5 -0.2 -1.6 0.3 0.0

Other nonmetallic mineral products........................................................ 3279 1.0 1.1 0.2 -0.4 -0.2 0.8

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys......................................................... 3311 1.0 1.4 0.4 -2.3 -2.0 1.9

Steel products from purchased steel...................................................... 3312 0.1 0.3 0.2 -0.2 -1.7 0.7

Alumina and aluminum production......................................................... 3313 0.6 0.6 0.0 -2.2 -0.9 0.6

Other nonferrous metal production........................................................ 3314 0.2 0.4 0.2 -1.8 -0.2 0.8

Foundries............................................................................................... 3315 0.4 0.1 -0.3 -1.8 -0.6 0.9

Table 2. Long run multifactor productivity and related data

Industry Output Hours 

worked Capital

2012

NAICS

code

Intermediate

purchases

Multifactor

productivity

Combined

inputs

Average annual percent change, 1987-2014

14
Forging and stamping............................................................................ 3321 0.9 1.6 0.7 -1.0 1.2 1.4

Cutlery and handtools............................................................................ 3322 0.0 -1.0 -1.1 -2.4 -0.6 -0.2

Architectural and structural metals......................................................... 3323 -0.2 0.9 1.1 0.3 0.7 1.6

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.................................................. 3324 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.0 -0.4 1.0

Hardware................................................................................................ 3325 -0.8 -2.3 -1.5 -3.3 -1.1 -0.8

Spring and wire products........................................................................ 3326 0.3 -0.2 -0.5 -2.1 0.2 0.2

Machine shops and threaded products.................................................. 3327 1.0 2.7 1.7 0.9 2.0 2.5

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals........................................ 3328 1.3 2.5 1.2 0.2 1.3 1.8

Other fabricated metal products............................................................. 3329 -0.3 0.3 0.6 -0.4 0.5 1.3

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.................................... 3331 0.5 3.1 2.5 0.7 0.8 3.6

Industrial machinery............................................................................... 3332 0.5 0.8 0.3 -0.9 1.0 0.9

Commercial and service industry machinery.......................................... 3333 0.0 -0.5 -0.5 -2.0 -0.4 0.3

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment..................................... 3334 0.6 1.0 0.4 -0.8 0.8 0.8

Metalworking machinery......................................................................... 3335 0.8 0.7 -0.1 -1.2 0.0 1.0

Turbine and power transmission equipment.......................................... 3336 0.1 1.8 1.7 -0.1 0.5 2.8

Other general purpose machinery.......................................................... 3339 0.4 1.6 1.2 -0.6 0.4 2.5

Computer and peripheral equipment...................................................... 3341 12.8 12.7 -0.2 -3.4 0.9 0.4

Communications equipment................................................................... 3342 2.9 2.5 -0.4 -3.3 2.2 0.3

Audio and video equipment.................................................................... 3343 2.7 -1.1 -3.6 -4.3 -0.8 -3.9

Semiconductors and electronic components.......................................... 3344 9.6 11.8 2.0 -1.6 6.1 1.0

Electronic instruments............................................................................ 3345 1.1 1.6 0.4 -1.9 0.8 2.2

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing................................... 3346 2.1 -1.7 -3.7 -3.3 -0.3 -4.9

Electric lighting equipment..................................................................... 3351 0.4 -0.4 -0.8 -2.2 0.0 -0.5

Household appliances............................................................................ 3352 1.6 0.1 -1.4 -3.1 -0.8 -1.1

Electrical equipment............................................................................... 3353 0.2 -0.3 -0.5 -2.0 -0.9 0.7

Other electrical equipment and components.......................................... 3359 0.5 0.2 -0.4 -1.7 0.0 0.1

Motor vehicles....................................................................................... 3361 0.2 2.0 1.8 -1.5 1.1 2.4

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers........................................................... 3362 -0.4 1.9 2.3 0.3 1.2 2.9

Motor vehicle parts................................................................................. 3363 1.0 2.9 1.8 -0.5 0.2 2.8

Aerospace products and parts............................................................... 3364 0.1 1.0 0.9 -1.8 0.4 3.0

Railroad rolling stock.............................................................................. 3365 0.8 6.0 5.2 0.6 0.3 7.0

Ship and boat building............................................................................ 3366 0.0 0.8 0.8 -0.9 0.0 2.2

Other transportation equipment............................................................. 3369 1.2 3.4 2.2 -0.5 2.3 2.8

Household and institutional furniture...................................................... 3371 -0.1 -0.9 -0.8 -1.9 0.0 -0.4

Office furniture and fixtures.................................................................... 3372 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.3 0.6 0.7

Other furniture related products............................................................. 3379 1.0 1.6 0.6 -0.8 -0.3 1.4

Medical equipment and supplies............................................................ 3391 0.9 3.8 2.9 0.9 3.9 3.5

Other miscellaneous manufacturing....................................................... 3399 0.4 0.4 0.0 -1.2 0.7 0.4

Transportation

Air transportation.................................................................................... 481 1.3 2.6 1.2 -0.6 3.3 1.8

Line-haul railroads.................................................................................. 482111 1.8 2.1 0.3 -1.5 0.3 2.1

Table 2. Long run multifactor productivity and related data — Continued

Industry Output Hours 

worked Capital Multifactorproductivity

2012

NAICS

code

Combined

inputs

Intermediate

purchases

Average annual percent change, 1987-2014

15
 Manufacturing

Animal food.......................................................................... 3111 -0.2 0.9 0.5 -1.0 1.8 -2.6 0.1

Grain and oilseed milling..................................................... 3112 -0.1 -0.1 0.5 0.4 0.4 -1.5 -3.5

Sugar and confectionery products....................................... 3113 0.1 0.4 0.6 1.8 0.0 -1.6 1.7

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty...................... 3114 0.2 -2.1 1.2 0.8 1.1 -0.9 -2.0

Dairy products..................................................................... 3115 -0.2 -1.1 0.3 -0.5 0.8 -1.1 -3.0

Animal slaughtering and processing.................................... 3116 0.6 -0.2 1.0 1.0 1.9 -0.8 1.0

Seafood product preparation and packaging....................... 3117 0.4 -1.5 -0.2 0.8 2.4 -0.6 7.1

Bakeries and tortilla products.............................................. 3118 -0.7 -4.0 0.4 -0.6 0.7 -1.5 1.4

Other food products............................................................. 3119 0.3 0.2 1.0 -0.6 1.6 -1.0 0.0

Beverages........................................................................... 3121 0.5 1.0 1.4 -1.2 1.7 -0.4 0.4

Tobacco............................................................................... 3122 -0.9 2.0 1.4 0.5 -1.3 -4.3 -9.8

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................ 3131 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.9 3.6 -1.0 -0.3

Fabric mills.......................................................................... 3132 0.8 0.2 1.4 0.7 2.7 -1.3 -0.5

Textile and fabric finishing mills........................................... 3133 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.9 0.3 -0.7 3.1

Textile furnishings mills....................................................... 3141 -0.5 -0.4 1.5 -1.2 0.5 -2.5 -2.4

Other textile product mills.................................................... 3149 0.4 0.1 0.2 -0.7 1.7 0.2 6.2

Apparel knitting mills............................................................ 3151 -1.0 0.9 1.9 -2.2 -3.7 -0.2 -4.9

Cut and sew apparel............................................................ 3152 -1.9 -1.2 0.7 -0.7 -3.4 -3.2 -1.5

Accessories and other apparel............................................ 3159 -1.7 0.8 0.5 -6.3 -3.9 1.1 0.0

Leather and hide tanning and finishing................................ 3161 -1.0 -3.5 -0.9 3.1 -3.4 -0.6 -0.9

Footwear.............................................................................. 3162 -0.5 -2.0 -0.1 -0.8 -0.2 -0.2 1.1

Other leather products......................................................... 3169 -1.1 0.1 -2.3 2.7 0.7 -5.1 5.6

Sawmills and wood preservation......................................... 3211 0.8 1.2 -1.1 0.0 1.7 1.4 -1.8

Plywood and engineered wood products............................. 3212 -0.1 -1.1 -0.7 -0.2 0.5 0.1 -1.2

Other wood products........................................................... 3219 -0.5 -0.8 -1.2 -0.8 0.4 -0.6 -0.2

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills....................................... 3221 0.6 -1.8 -0.2 1.5 1.6 0.6 -0.3

Converted paper products................................................... 3222 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.4 0.5 -0.7 -2.3

Printing and related support activities.................................. 3231 0.0 -0.2 -0.6 -1.2 0.9 0.4 -1.5

Petroleum and coal products............................................... 3241 -0.1 -1.5 1.6 2.8 -1.5 -1.2 4.4

Basic chemicals................................................................... 3251 -0.3 -1.0 -2.9 -0.6 3.2 -1.4 4.1

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................ 3252 0.2 -1.7 0.6 0.3 1.9 -0.9 -4.4

Agricultural chemicals.......................................................... 3253 1.0 1.7 0.8 -0.1 2.9 -0.3 -8.3

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.......................................... 3254 -2.2 -1.6 -2.7 -2.1 -0.4 -3.8 -0.7

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.......................................... 3255 -0.6 -2.0 -0.7 -1.0 0.8 -1.0 2.4

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries......................... 3256 0.3 -1.2 0.2 -1.6 4.2 -1.5 3.2

Other chemical products and preparations.......................... 3259 0.1 -1.2 0.5 0.8 -0.3 0.4 -1.4

Plastics products................................................................. 3261 0.4 -0.7 1.0 0.8 0.7 -0.2 0.1

Rubber products.................................................................. 3262 0.5 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.5 -0.5 1.6

Clay products and refractories............................................. 3271 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.1 -0.4 -0.1 2.0

Glass and glass products.................................................... 3272 1.1 -0.1 1.6 2.0 0.6 1.3 -2.5

Cement and concrete products........................................... 3273 -0.2 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.0 -1.7 0.5

Lime and gypsum products................................................. 3274 -0.3 -1.4 -2.2 1.0 0.2 0.3 2.1

Other nonmetallic mineral products..................................... 3279 1.0 -0.8 2.2 -0.5 2.7 0.2 -1.6

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys...................................... 3311 1.0 1.1 1.9 1.6 0.7 0.3 -3.1

Steel products from purchased steel................................... 3312 0.1 1.4 2.4 -0.1 -0.5 -1.3 -1.7

Alumina and aluminum production...................................... 3313 0.6 -1.1 -0.3 0.5 1.2 1.5 -1.6

Other nonferrous metal production...................................... 3314 0.2 -1.9 1.8 1.8 -3.3 2.6 0.6

Foundries............................................................................. 3315 0.4 -0.2 1.6 0.0 1.2 -0.8 -0.1

Table 3. Multifactor productivity and related data in selected periods

Industry 1987-2014 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2014

2012

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change

2013-2014

16
Forging and stamping.......................................................... 3321 0.9 -0.7 0.9 0.4 3.5 -0.6 0.5

Cutlery and handtools.......................................................... 3322 0.0 -1.5 1.0 -0.4 0.5 -0.2 1.6

Architectural and structural metals...................................... 3323 -0.2 -1.2 0.8 -0.7 1.4 -1.6 1.8

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers............................... 3324 0.3 0.4 1.2 0.2 1.4 -1.3 3.1

Hardware............................................................................. 3325 -0.8 -2.3 0.7 -0.1 -0.7 -1.7 -0.2

Spring and wire products..................................................... 3326 0.3 0.1 1.5 0.1 1.7 -1.9 -0.5

Machine shops and threaded products............................... 3327 1.0 0.9 3.2 0.2 1.5 -0.7 -0.1

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals...................... 3328 1.3 0.9 2.1 -0.7 3.6 -0.1 0.1

Other fabricated metal products.......................................... 3329 -0.3 -1.8 0.3 -1.1 1.8 -1.5 -1.2

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery................. 3331 0.5 2.5 0.0 -1.0 2.0 -0.3 2.1

Industrial machinery............................................................ 3332 0.5 0.2 1.6 0.0 1.4 -0.8 -2.0

Commercial and service industry machinery....................... 3333 0.0 0.8 -0.2 -1.2 -0.2 0.8 -2.4

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment.................. 3334 0.6 -0.1 0.7 0.3 1.7 -0.1 -1.8

Metalworking machinery...................................................... 3335 0.8 0.2 1.4 -1.1 2.5 0.4 1.0

Turbine and power transmission equipment........................ 3336 0.1 -0.6 -0.2 0.6 -0.1 0.3 -1.7

Other general purpose machinery....................................... 3339 0.4 0.3 0.0 -0.1 1.9 -0.5 -0.3

Computer and peripheral equipment................................... 3341 12.8 7.1 15.3 24.2 18.1 1.4 -4.3

Communications equipment................................................ 3342 2.9 4.2 5.4 5.7 3.5 -2.1 -2.9

Audio and video equipment................................................. 3343 2.7 3.3 2.7 1.7 3.2 2.5 7.3

Semiconductors and electronic components....................... 3344 9.6 7.3 18.4 22.1 6.5 -0.2 0.2

Electronic instruments......................................................... 3345 1.1 1.9 1.0 -0.5 1.2 1.9 -0.9

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing................ 3346 2.1 0.5 5.6 -3.3 3.4 3.0 7.4

Electric lighting equipment................................................... 3351 0.4 -1.9 0.3 0.4 2.0 0.1 4.5

Household appliances......................................................... 3352 1.6 -0.2 2.8 0.9 3.5 0.1 4.5

Electrical equipment............................................................ 3353 0.2 0.6 2.1 -1.8 1.5 -1.3 0.6

Other electrical equipment and components....................... 3359 0.5 -1.7 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.6 -0.3

Motor vehicles..................................................................... 3361 0.2 0.5 -1.3 0.0 2.8 -1.2 -1.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers......................................... 3362 -0.4 -3.0 2.3 -1.5 0.6 -1.3 0.2

Motor vehicle parts.............................................................. 3363 1.0 -0.7 2.5 0.9 1.9 0.0 0.8

Aerospace products and parts............................................. 3364 0.1 -2.3 -0.9 -0.9 2.7 0.0 2.3

Railroad rolling stock........................................................... 3365 0.8 2.0 -1.4 4.9 -1.7 1.6 -1.3

Ship and boat building......................................................... 3366 0.0 0.0 -1.5 -0.1 0.3 0.9 -7.2

Other transportation equipment........................................... 3369 1.2 -2.8 4.7 -0.3 5.9 -3.0 -8.3

Household and institutional furniture................................... 3371 -0.1 -0.4 0.7 -0.5 1.1 -1.4 -2.9

Office furniture and fixtures................................................. 3372 0.0 -2.7 0.4 1.8 1.0 -1.2 -0.3

Other furniture related products........................................... 3379 1.0 -0.1 0.8 -0.4 2.3 1.5 4.5

Medical equipment and supplies......................................... 3391 0.9 2.4 0.4 1.5 1.1 0.0 -2.5

Other miscellaneous manufacturing.................................... 3399 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.7 -0.2 3.2

Transportation

Air transportation................................................................. 481 1.3 -0.7 -0.2 -0.1 4.6 1.1 1.3

Line-haul railroads............................................................... 482111 1.8 4.4 4.3 1.2 1.0 0.2 0.6

Industry 1987-2014 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2014 2013-2014

2012

NAICS

code

Table 3. Multifactor productivity and related data in selected periods — Continued

Average annual percent change

17
 Manufacturing

Animal food................................................................................... 3111 2.1 0.4 1.9 -0.2

Grain and oilseed milling............................................................... 3112 2.0 0.3 1.9 -0.1

Sugar and confectionery products................................................ 3113 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.1

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty................................ 3114 1.4 0.4 0.8 0.2

Dairy products............................................................................... 3115 1.7 0.3 1.6 -0.2

Animal slaughtering and processing............................................. 3116 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.6

Seafood product preparation and packaging................................ 3117 1.5 0.3 0.8 0.4

Bakeries and tortilla products........................................................ 3118 0.5 0.3 1.0 -0.7

Other food products...................................................................... 3119 0.6 -0.1 0.4 0.3

Beverages..................................................................................... 3121 1.3 0.1 0.7 0.5

Tobacco........................................................................................ 3122 1.7 1.9 0.6 -0.9

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.......................................................... 3131 3.1 0.2 1.9 0.9

Fabric mills.................................................................................... 3132 3.5 0.6 2.1 0.8

Textile and fabric finishing mills.................................................... 3133 2.0 0.3 1.6 0.0

Textile furnishings mills................................................................. 3141 0.5 0.4 0.6 -0.5

Other textile product mills.............................................................. 3149 2.1 0.4 1.3 0.4

Apparel knitting mills..................................................................... 3151 -0.4 0.7 -0.1 -1.0

Cut and sew apparel..................................................................... 3152 -0.7 1.1 0.2 -1.9

Accessories and other apparel...................................................... 3159 -1.7 0.3 -0.2 -1.7

Leather and hide tanning and finishing......................................... 3161 1.1 0.3 1.9 -1.0

Footwear....................................................................................... 3162 1.6 0.7 1.4 -0.5

Other leather products.................................................................. 3169 -0.2 0.7 0.2 -1.1

Sawmills and wood preservation................................................... 3211 1.6 -0.1 1.0 0.8

Plywood and engineered wood products....................................... 3212 1.2 0.0 1.4 -0.1

Other wood products..................................................................... 3219 1.2 0.1 1.6 -0.5

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................................ 3221 2.7 0.6 1.5 0.6

Converted paper products............................................................. 3222 1.6 0.3 1.4 -0.1

Printing and related support activities........................................... 3231 1.3 0.4 0.9 0.0

Petroleum and coal products........................................................ 3241 2.3 0.3 2.1 -0.1

Basic chemicals............................................................................ 3251 2.4 0.4 2.3 -0.3

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers.................................................. 3252 2.3 0.3 1.7 0.2

Agricultural chemicals................................................................... 3253 2.3 0.2 1.1 1.0

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................................... 3254 -0.1 0.9 1.1 -2.2

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.................................................... 3255 0.5 0.1 0.9 -0.6

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries................................... 3256 1.8 0.8 0.8 0.3

Other chemical products and preparations................................... 3259 2.3 0.5 1.7 0.1

Plastics products........................................................................... 3261 1.8 0.4 1.0 0.4

Rubber products............................................................................ 3262 2.0 0.2 1.3 0.5

Clay products and refractories...................................................... 3271 1.2 0.2 0.6 0.4

Glass and glass products.............................................................. 3272 2.1 0.3 0.7 1.1

Cement and concrete products..................................................... 3273 0.4 0.1 0.6 -0.2

Lime and gypsum products........................................................... 3274 1.1 0.4 1.0 -0.3

Other nonmetallic mineral products.............................................. 3279 1.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................................ 3311 3.8 -0.1 2.8 1.0

Steel products from purchased steel............................................. 3312 0.5 -0.2 0.6 0.1

Alumina and aluminum production................................................ 3313 2.8 0.2 2.0 0.6

Other nonferrous metal production............................................... 3314 2.3 0.3 1.7 0.2

Foundries...................................................................................... 3315 1.9 0.1 1.4 0.4

Table 4. Contributions to Labor Productivity

Industry

Average annual percent change, 1987-2014

Labor 

productivity

Contribution of 

capital intensity

Contribution of 

intermediate 

purchases intensity

Multifactor 

productivity

2012 

NAICS 

code

18
Forging and stamping................................................................... 3321 2.6 0.2 1.5 0.9

Cutlery and handtools................................................................... 3322 1.4 0.4 1.0 0.0

Architectural and structural metals................................................ 3323 0.7 0.0 0.8 -0.2

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers......................................... 3324 0.8 -0.1 0.5 0.3

Hardware....................................................................................... 3325 1.1 0.5 1.4 -0.8

Spring and wire products............................................................... 3326 1.9 0.4 1.3 0.3

Machine shops and threaded products......................................... 3327 1.7 0.2 0.6 1.0

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals............................... 3328 2.3 0.1 0.9 1.3

Other fabricated metal products.................................................... 3329 0.7 0.2 0.8 -0.3

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery........................... 3331 2.4 0.0 1.8 0.5

Industrial machinery...................................................................... 3332 1.7 0.2 1.0 0.5

Commercial and service industry machinery................................. 3333 1.5 0.3 1.2 0.0

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment............................ 3334 1.9 0.3 1.0 0.6

Metalworking machinery................................................................ 3335 1.9 0.1 1.0 0.8

Turbine and power transmission equipment................................. 3336 1.8 0.2 1.6 0.1

Other general purpose machinery................................................. 3339 2.2 0.1 1.7 0.4

Computer and peripheral equipment............................................. 3341 16.6 1.3 2.0 12.8

Communications equipment.......................................................... 3342 6.0 0.9 2.1 2.9

Audio and video equipment........................................................... 3343 3.4 0.5 0.1 2.7

Semiconductors and electronic components................................ 3344 13.7 2.6 1.1 9.6

Electronic instruments................................................................... 3345 3.6 0.6 1.8 1.1

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.......................... 3346 1.7 0.6 -1.0 2.1

Electric lighting equipment............................................................ 3351 1.8 0.5 0.9 0.4

Household appliances................................................................... 3352 3.4 0.5 1.3 1.6

Electrical equipment...................................................................... 3353 1.7 0.2 1.3 0.2

Other electrical equipment and components................................. 3359 1.9 0.3 1.1 0.5

Motor vehicles......................................................................... 3361 3.6 0.4 2.9 0.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers.................................................. 3362 1.6 0.1 1.9 -0.4

Motor vehicle parts........................................................................ 3363 3.4 0.1 2.2 1.0

Aerospace products and parts...................................................... 3364 2.8 0.5 2.2 0.1

Railroad rolling stock..................................................................... 3365 5.4 0.1 4.5 0.8

Ship and boat building................................................................... 3366 1.7 0.1 1.6 0.0

Other transportation equipment.................................................... 3369 3.9 0.5 2.2 1.2

Household and institutional furniture............................................. 3371 1.1 0.2 0.9 -0.1

Office furniture and fixtures........................................................... 3372 1.3 0.4 0.9 0.0

Other furniture related products.................................................... 3379 2.5 0.1 1.3 1.0

Medical equipment and supplies................................................... 3391 2.9 0.9 1.0 0.9

Other miscellaneous manufacturing.............................................. 3399 1.7 0.4 0.8 0.4

Transportation

Air transportation......................................................................... 481 3.2 0.8 1.0 1.3

Line-haul railroads......................................................................... 482111 3.7 0.5 1.4 1.8

Table 4. Contributions to Labor Productivity — Continued

Industry

Average annual percent change, 1987-2014

Labor 

productivity

Contribution of 

capital intensity

Contribution of 

intermediate 

purchases intensity

Multifactor 

productivity

2012 

NAICS 

code

19