For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, September 21, 2023 USDL-23-2024

Technical information: (202) 691-6199 • ncsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ebs

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • pressoffice@bls.gov

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS IN THE UNITED STATES – MARCH 2023

Retirement benefits were available to 94 percent of private industry union workers and 68 percent of 

private industry nonunion workers in March 2023, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. 

Sixty-six percent of private industry union workers had access to defined benefit plans and 63 percent 

had access to defined contribution plans. Ten percent of private industry nonunion workers had access to 

defined benefit plans and 68 percent had access to defined contribution plans. (See chart 1 and table 1.)

Among private industry workers, paid sick leave was available to 86 percent of union workers and 77 

percent of nonunion workers while paid family leave was available to 23 percent of union workers and 

27 percent of nonunion workers. Ninety-two percent of union workers had access to paid holidays and 

56 percent had access to paid personal leave, while 79 percent of nonunion workers had access to paid 

holidays and 45 percent had access to paid personal leave. (See chart 2 and table 6.)

Chart 1. Percent of private industry workers with 

access to retirement benefits by bargaining 

status, March 2023

Chart 2. Percent of private industry workers with 

access to select paid leave benefits by 

bargaining status, March 2023

Ninety-six percent of private industry union workers and 69 percent of private industry nonunion 

workers had access to medical care benefits. Among private industry union workers, employer share of 

premiums was 80 percent for single coverage and 79 percent for family coverage. Among private 

industry nonunion workers, employer share of premiums was 78 percent for single coverage and 65 

percent for family coverage. (See chart 3 and tables 2, 3, and 4.) 

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

All retirement

plans

 Defined benefit

plans

Defined

contribution plans

Union Nonunion

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Paid sick

leave

Paid family

leave

Paid

holidays

Paid

personal

leave

Union Nonunion
Eighty-six percent of private industry union workers had access to life insurance plans, 73 percent had 

access to short-term disability plans, and 44 percent had access to long-term disability plans. Fifty-five 

percent of private industry nonunion workers had access to life insurance plans, 41 percent had access to 

short-term disability plans, and 35 percent had access to long-term disability plans. (See chart 4 and 

table 5.) 

Chart 3. Share of medical care premiums for 

private industry workers by bargaining status, 

March 2023

Chart 4. Percent of private industry workers with 

access to insurance plans by bargaining status, 

March 2023

Among quality of life benefits in the private industry, 4 percent of union workers had access to a flexible 

work schedule, 1 percent had access to a flexible workplace, and 75 percent had access to employee 

assistance programs. Seventeen percent of nonunion workers had access to a flexible work schedule, 10 

percent had access to a flexible workplace, and 52 percent had access to employee assistance programs.

(See chart 5.) 

Chart 5. Percent of private industry workers with access to select quality of life benefits by bargaining 

status, March 2023 

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Union Nonunion Union Nonunion

Single coverage Family coverage

Employer Employee

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Union Nonunion

Life insurance plans Short-term disability plans

Long-term disability plans

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Wellness programs

Employee assistance programs

Subsidized commuting

Flexible workplace

Flexible work schedule

Union Nonunion

- 2 -
Highlights of employer-sponsored benefits

Occupational group 

• Access to nonproduction bonuses ranged from 30 percent for service occupations to 54 percent

for management, professional, and related occupations among private industry workers.

• Six percent of state and local government teachers had access to subsidized commuting and 12

percent had access to childcare assistance.

Work status 

• Eighty-seven percent of full-time private industry workers had access to medical care benefits

and 25 percent of part-time workers had access to medical care benefits. The take-up rate was 65

percent for full-time workers and 54 percent for part-time workers.

• Twelve percent of full-time private industry workers had access to a flexible workplace and 17

percent had access to a flexible work schedule, while 2 percent of part-time workers had access

to a flexible workplace and 13 percent had access to a flexible work schedule.

Average wage category

• Access to student loan repayment assistance ranged from 2 percent for the lowest 10th average

wage category to 11 percent for the highest 10th average wage category among private industry

workers.

• Access to healthcare flexible spending accounts for private industry workers ranged from 22

percent for the lowest 25th average wage category to 70 percent for the highest 25th average

wage category.

Industry group 

• Access to paid family leave for private industry workers ranged from 8 percent for the leisure

and hospitality industry to 55 percent for the information industry.

• Employers paid 88 percent of premiums for single coverage and 78 percent for family coverage

among state and local government workers with medical care plans in public administration. The

average flat monthly premium paid by employers was $676.71 for single coverage and $1,547.50

for family coverage.

Establishment size

• Access to wellness programs in the private industry ranged from 23 percent for establishments

with less than 50 workers to 76 percent for establishments with 500 workers or more.

• The average number of paid vacation days by service requirement for private industry workers

after 1 year ranged from 10 days for establishments with less than 100 workers to 14 days for

establishments with 500 or more workers. After 20 years, the average number of paid vacation

days ranged from 17 days for establishments with less than 100 workers to 24 days for

establishments with more than 500 workers.

Census area

• Life insurance access among state and local government workers by census area ranged from 80

percent in the West census area to 85 percent in the South census area. The take-up rate was 100

percent for West census area workers and 97 percent for South census area workers.

• Access to short-term disability plans was available to 33 percent of civilian workers in the South

census area with a participation rate of 32 percent. Sixty-six percent of civilian workers in the

Northeast had access with a participation rate of 65 percent.

- 3 -
TECHNICAL NOTE

Estimates in this release are from the National Compensation Survey (NCS), conducted by the U.S. 

Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The NCS provides comprehensive measures of 

compensation cost levels and trends and also provides benefits incidence estimates on the percentage of 

workers with access to and participating in employer-provided benefit plans. 

Employee Benefits data: The Employee Benefits in the United States, March 2023 includes additional 

details on the coverage, costs, and provisions of employer-sponsored benefits, and will be published 

shortly after this news release. See www.bls.gov/ebs/publications/annual-benefits-summary.htm for the 

latest benefits publications. Historical estimates are also accessible in Excel format at 

www.bls.gov/ebs/publications/xlsx/employee-benefits-in-the-united-states-dataset.xlsx and through the 

database query tool at www.bls.gov/ebs/data.htm. 

Standard errors: Measures of reliability are available for published estimates, which provide users a 

measure of the precision of an estimate to ensure that it is within an acceptable range for their intended 

purpose. For further information see www.bls.gov/ebs/technical-notes/standard-errors.htm. 

Comparing private and public sector data: Incidence of employee benefits in state and local 

government should not be directly compared to private industry. Differences between these sectors stem 

from factors such as variation in work activities and occupational structures. Manufacturing and sales, 

for example, make up a large part of private industry work activities but are rare in state and local 

government. 

Civilian workers: Statistics for private industry and state and local government are published separately 

and then combined to measure the civilian economy. Excluded from the civilian economy are workers 

employed in federal government and quasi-federal agencies, military personnel, agricultural workers, 

volunteers, unpaid workers, individuals receiving long-term disability compensation, and those working 

overseas. In addition, private industry excludes workers in private households, the self-employed, 

workers who set their own pay (e.g., proprietors, owners, major stockholders, and partners in 

unincorporated firms), and family members paid token wages. 

Leave benefits for teachers: Primary, secondary, and special education teachers typically have a 

contracted work schedule of 37 or 38 weeks per year. Because of this work schedule, they are generally 

not offered vacations or holidays. In many cases, the time off during winter and spring breaks during the 

school year are not considered vacation days for the purposes of this survey. 

Medical care premiums: The estimates for medical care premiums are not based on actual decisions 

regarding medical coverage made by employees; instead, it is assumed that all employees in the 

occupation can opt for single or family coverage. Monthly premiums are collected when possible. 

Annual premiums are converted to monthly premiums by dividing by 12 months. 

Sample rotation: One-third of the private industry sample had been rotated each year except in years 

when the government sample was replaced. Beginning with the March 2022 publication, however, an 

additional (fourth) private industry sample is used in estimation to mitigate the impact of decreasing 

response rates. The government sample is replaced less frequently than the private industry sample. The 

state and local government sample was replaced in its entirety for the March 2017 reference period.

Classification system: The National Compensation Survey publishes estimates of compensation costs 

and trends as well as benefit coverage by ownership, industry group, occupational group, and 

geographic areas, see www.bls.gov/eci/factsheets/national-compensation-survey-classification-systemsmapping-files.htm. 

- 4 -
Sample size:

Survey establishment response1, March 2023

Establishments Civilian Private 

industry

State and local

governments

Total in sampling frame2 7,161,550 6,930,620 230,930

 Total in sample 14,720 13,120 1,600

 Responding3 8,420 6,990 1,430

 Refused4 5,260 5,120 140

 Out of business or not in survey scope 1,040 1,010 30

1 The number of establishments is rounded to the nearest 10. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 2 The sampling frame was developed from state unemployment insurance reports and is based on the 2017 North American Industry 

Classification System (NAICS). With some minor exceptions, an establishment is a single economic unit that engages in one, or

predominantly one, type of economic activity. For private industry, the establishment is usually at a single physical location such as a 

mine, factory, office, or store; if a sampled establishment is owned by a larger entity with many locations, only the employment and 

characteristics of the establishment selected for the sample are considered for the survey. For state and local governments, an 

establishment can include more than one physical location, such as a school district or a police department.

3 Establishments that provided data at the initial interview.

4 Establishments that did not provide data at the initial interview. For information on nonresponse adjustment and imputation, see the 

Handbook of Methods: National Compensation Measures available at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm. 

Survey scope:

Number of workers represented1, March 2023

Occupational group2 Civilian 

workers

Private 

industry 

workers

State and local

government 

workers

All workers 145,300,100 126,227,200 19,072,900

 Management, professional, and related 46,834,300 35,920,600 10,913,700

 Management, business, and financial 14,624,400 13,126,900 - 

 Professional and related 32,209,900 22,793,700 9,416,200

 Teachers 7,014,300 - 5,112,800

 Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers 5,035,900 - 3,988,300

 Registered nurses 3,077,300 - -

 Service 32,036,200 28,053,300 3,982,900

 Protective service 3,565,300 1,621,500 1,943,800

 Sales and office 31,030,400 28,453,800 2,576,600

 Sales and related 13,076,400 12,996,900 -

 Office and administrative support 17,954,000 15,456,900 2,497,000

 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 11,591,700 10,777,800 813,900

 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry 6,090,400 5,643,000 -

 Installation, maintenance, and repair 5,501,200 5,134,900 - 

 Production, transportation, and material moving 23,807,500 23,021,700 785,800

 Production 9,087,500 8,965,000 - 

 Transportation and material moving 14,720,000 14,056,700 - 

1 The numbers of workers represented by the survey are rounded to the nearest 100. For information on weighting, see the Handbook 

of Methods: National Compensation Measures available at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm. 2 The 2018 Standard Occupational Classification system was used to classify workers.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no estimates for this characteristic 

are provided in this publication.

- 5 -
Average hourly wage percentiles: Estimates by worker average wage are grouped into six wage 

categories- the lowest 10 percent, the lowest 25 percent, the second 25 percent, the third 25 percent, the 

highest 25 percent, and the highest 10 percent. The categories use percentile values based on 

unpublished March 2023 wages and salaries from the BLS Employer Costs for Employee Compensation

publication at www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_06162023.pdf.

The percentiles are computed using hourly wages and salaries along with scheduled hours of work 

reported for individual workers in sampled establishments. Establishments in the survey are asked to 

report only individual worker wages and salaries for each sampled job. For the calculation of the 

percentile values, the individual worker hourly wages and salaries are weighted and arrayed from lowest 

to highest. The values corresponding to the percentiles are: 

Ownership

Average hourly wage percentiles

10th 25th 50th

(median) 75th 90th

Civilian workers $14.00 $17.12 $23.55 $37.02 $56.06

Private industry workers $14.00 $17.00 $22.57 $35.64 $55.29

State and local government 

workers

$16.50 $21.50 $31.68 $44.10 $59.80

The lowest 10- and 25-percent wage categories include those occupations with an average hourly rate 

less than the 10th percentile value and 25th percentile value, respectively. The second 25-percent 

category includes those occupations with rates at or above the 25th percentile value but less than the 

50th percentile value. The third 25-percent category includes those occupations with rates at or above 

the 50th percentile value but less than the 75th percentile value. Finally, the highest 25- and 10-percent 

wage categories include those occupations with an average hourly wage greater than or equal to the 75th 

percentile value and 90th percentile value, respectively.

Individual workers can fall into a wage category different from the average for the occupation into 

which they are classified because average hourly wages for the occupation are used to produce the 

benefit estimates.

Obtaining information: For articles on employee benefits, see the Monthly Labor Review benefits 

section at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/subject/b.htm and Beyond the Numbers: Pay and Benefits at 

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/archive/home.htm. The Economics Daily articles archive is available at 

www.bls.gov/opub/ted/employee-benefits-survey.htm. For technical information, see "National 

Compensation Measures," in the BLS Handbook of Methods at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm. 

Benefit publications from 1980 to the present are also available at www.bls.gov/ebs/publications/annualbenefits-summary.htm. The latest glossary of benefit terms is available at 

www.bls.gov/ebs/publications/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm. 

In addition, the public databases may also be used to obtain data from 1985 to 2006 and 2010 to the 

present, see www.bls.gov/ebs/data.htm. 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.

- 6 -
Table 1. Retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates, March 20231

[All workers = 100 percent]

Characteristics

Civilian2 Private industry State and local government

Access Participation Take-up

rate3 Access Participation Take-up

rate3 Access Participation Take-uprate3

All workers.................................... 73 56 77 70 53 75 91 81 89

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related

occupations................................ 88 76 86 86 74 85 93 82 88

Management, business, and financial

occupations.............................. 88 79 89 88 78 89 – – –

Professional and related occupations... 88 75 85 86 72 83 93 82 88

Teachers................................. 88 75 85 – – – 94 83 88

Primary, secondary, and special

education school teachers. . . . . .. 96 82 85 – – – 99 88 89

Registered nurses...................... 91 82 89 – – – – – –

Service occupations......................... 48 31 65 43 25 59 85 76 89

Protective service occupations.......... 75 64 85 55 38 69 92 85 92

Sales and office occupations............... 75 54 72 73 51 70 92 82 89

Sales and related occupations. . . . . ..... 73 43 59 72 43 59 – – –

Office and administrative support

occupations.............................. 76 62 81 74 58 79 92 82 89

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance occupations................ 72 57 78 70 54 77 97 91 93

Construction, extraction, farming,

fishing, and forestry occupations. . . .. 69 54 79 67 51 77 – – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations.............................. 76 59 78 74 57 77 – – –

Production, transportation, and material

moving occupations....................... 75 55 74 75 55 73 90 82 91

Production occupations................... 75 57 76 74 57 76 – – –

Transportation and material moving

occupations.............................. 76 55 72 75 53 71 – – –

Full time....................................... 82 66 81 79 63 79 99 88 89

Part time...................................... 44 24 54 44 22 51 43 37 86

Union.......................................... 95 85 89 94 84 90 97 85 88

Nonunion...................................... 70 52 75 68 50 73 86 78 90

Average wage within the following

categories:4

Lowest 25 percent........................... 49 28 56 48 25 52 78 68 87

Lowest 10 percent........................ 38 20 51 37 18 47 70 60 86

Second 25 percent........................... 73 53 73 69 48 70 94 84 90

Third 25 percent.............................. 83 70 83 81 65 81 98 88 90

Highest 25 percent........................... 92 82 89 90 81 90 97 85 88

Highest 10 percent........................ 93 84 90 92 84 91 97 83 85

See footnotes at end of table.

- 7 -
Table 1. Retirement benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates, March 20231 — Continued

[All workers = 100 percent]

Characteristics

Civilian2 Private industry State and local government

Access Participation Take-up

rate3 Access Participation Take-up

rate3 Access Participation Take-uprate3

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries................ 78 63 80 78 63 80 – – –

Service-providing industries................ 72 55 77 69 51 74 91 81 89

Education and health services........... 81 65 81 75 58 78 93 81 87

Educational services................... 88 77 88 73 62 85 93 82 88

Elementary and secondary

schools.............................. 92 81 88 – – – 93 82 89

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools.............................. 90 79 87 87 79 90 92 79 86

Health care and social assistance.... 77 59 77 75 58 76 92 76 82

Hospitals.............................. 93 83 89 – – – 92 73 80

Public administration...................... 92 84 92 – – – 92 84 92

1 to 99 workers............................... 59 42 72 57 40 70 87 78 90

1 to 49 workers............................ 54 39 71 53 37 70 85 76 90

50 to 99 workers.......................... 73 54 73 71 50 70 89 81 91

100 workers or more........................ 88 71 81 86 68 79 93 82 88

100 to 499 workers....................... 84 64 76 83 61 73 92 84 91

500 workers or more...................... 91 79 86 91 78 86 93 81 87

Geographic areas

Northeast...................................... 72 60 83 69 57 82 91 79 86

New England............................... 72 59 81 70 56 80 87 75 86

Middle Atlantic............................. 72 60 84 68 57 83 93 80 86

South.......................................... 73 54 74 69 49 71 93 83 89

South Atlantic.............................. 75 54 73 73 51 70 91 79 86

East South Central........................ 73 55 75 69 49 71 94 84 90

West South Central....................... 68 53 77 63 46 73 97 89 92

Midwest....................................... 75 58 78 73 55 76 90 80 89

East North Central........................ 77 60 78 75 57 76 89 79 89

West North Central........................ 72 56 77 70 52 75 92 83 90

West........................................... 72 56 77 70 52 75 90 81 90

Mountain.................................... 74 55 74 72 51 71 88 82 93

Pacific....................................... 71 56 79 69 53 77 90 81 89

1

Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. Workers are considered as having access or as participating if they

have access to or are participating in at least one of these plan types.

2

Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See the Handbook of Methods: National Compensation Measures at

www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm for further explanation.

3 The take-up rate is calculated from the unrounded percentage of workers with access to a plan and who participate in the plan.

4 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using data from the National Compensation

Survey publication, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation.

NOTE: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the ′′Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms′′ at www.bls.gov/ebs/publications/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefitterms.htm.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.

- 8 -
Table 2. Medical care benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates, March 2023

[All workers = 100 percent]

Characteristics

Civilian1 Private industry State and local government

Access Participation Take-up

rate2 Access Participation Take-up

rate2 Access Participation Take-uprate2

All workers.................................... 74 49 66 72 46 64 89 67 76

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related

occupations................................ 90 63 70 89 61 69 91 68 75

Management, business, and financial

occupations.............................. 95 67 71 95 67 70 – – –

Professional and related occupations... 88 61 70 86 58 68 91 68 75

Teachers................................. 87 62 72 – – – 92 68 74

Primary, secondary, and special

education school teachers. . . . . .. 97 70 72 – – – 99 73 74

Registered nurses...................... 91 61 67 – – – – – –

Service occupations......................... 49 29 59 44 24 54 82 63 77

Protective service occupations.......... 75 53 70 56 32 57 90 70 77

Sales and office occupations............... 69 43 62 68 40 60 89 69 78

Sales and related occupations. . . . . ..... 54 31 58 54 31 58 – – –

Office and administrative support

occupations.............................. 80 51 63 79 48 61 90 70 78

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance occupations................ 79 56 71 78 55 70 95 76 79

Construction, extraction, farming,

fishing, and forestry occupations. . . .. 75 53 70 74 51 69 – – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations.............................. 84 60 71 83 58 71 – – –

Production, transportation, and material

moving occupations....................... 80 53 66 79 53 66 84 61 73

Production occupations................... 82 57 69 82 57 69 – – –

Transportation and material moving

occupations.............................. 78 50 64 78 50 64 – – –

Full time....................................... 89 60 67 87 57 65 99 75 76

Part time...................................... 25 13 55 25 13 54 24 17 72

Union.......................................... 95 74 77 96 78 81 95 69 73

Nonunion...................................... 71 45 64 69 43 62 84 66 78

Average wage within the following

categories:3

Lowest 25 percent........................... 43 23 54 41 21 52 72 54 75

Lowest 10 percent........................ 30 15 51 28 14 48 63 49 78

Second 25 percent........................... 76 49 64 73 45 61 93 72 77

Third 25 percent.............................. 89 61 69 87 59 68 97 74 76

Highest 25 percent........................... 94 68 72 94 67 71 95 71 74

Highest 10 percent........................ 95 69 72 95 69 72 94 71 75

See footnotes at end of table.

- 9 -
Table 2. Medical care benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates, March 2023 — Continued

[All workers = 100 percent]

Characteristics

Civilian1 Private industry State and local government

Access Participation Take-up

rate2 Access Participation Take-up

rate2 Access Participation Take-uprate2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries................ 85 61 72 85 61 72 – – –

Service-providing industries................ 72 47 65 69 43 63 89 67 76

Education and health services........... 81 53 65 77 46 60 90 67 75

Educational services................... 86 63 74 72 51 71 90 67 74

Elementary and secondary

schools.............................. 90 66 74 – – – 90 67 74

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools.............................. 90 66 73 92 65 71 89 67 75

Health care and social assistance.... 78 47 60 77 45 58 91 71 79

Hospitals.............................. 91 62 68 – – – 91 74 81

Public administration...................... 91 71 78 – – – 91 71 78

1 to 99 workers............................... 61 38 62 59 36 60 84 66 79

1 to 49 workers............................ 56 35 62 55 34 61 82 66 80

50 to 99 workers.......................... 75 47 62 74 44 60 85 66 78

100 workers or more........................ 87 60 69 87 59 68 91 68 75

100 to 499 workers....................... 85 57 67 84 55 65 88 65 74

500 workers or more...................... 90 65 72 89 63 71 92 69 75

Geographic areas

Northeast...................................... 72 48 67 69 46 66 88 63 71

New England............................... 73 – – 71 44 62 90 59 65

Middle Atlantic............................. 71 48 68 69 46 67 87 64 74

South.......................................... 73 48 66 70 44 63 92 74 80

South Atlantic.............................. 75 48 64 73 45 61 90 71 79

East South Central........................ 72 49 68 68 44 64 92 80 87

West South Central....................... 72 48 68 67 44 65 96 75 78

Midwest....................................... 73 49 67 71 47 66 86 63 74

East North Central........................ 73 49 67 72 48 66 84 62 73

West North Central........................ 71 47 66 68 44 65 89 66 74

West........................................... 77 51 66 76 49 65 88 65 74

Mountain.................................... 77 48 62 76 46 60 87 62 71

Pacific....................................... 78 53 68 76 51 67 88 66 75

1

Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See the Handbook of Methods: National Compensation Measures at

www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm for further explanation.

2 The take-up rate is calculated from the unrounded percentage of workers with access to a plan and who participate in the plan.

3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using data from the National Compensation

Survey publication, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation.

NOTE: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the ′′Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms′′ at www.bls.gov/ebs/publications/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefitterms.htm.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.

- 10 -
Table 3. Medical plans: Share of premiums paid by employer and employee for single coverage, March 2023

[In percent]

Characteristics

Civilian1 Private industry State and local

government

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

All workers participating in single coverage medical plans....... 80 20 79 21 86 14

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related occupations............. 81 19 79 21 85 15

Management, business, and financial occupations............. 79 21 79 21 – –

Professional and related occupations............................ 82 18 80 20 85 15

Teachers........................................................... 84 16 – – 85 15

Primary, secondary, and special education school

teachers...................................................... 84 16 – – 85 15

Registered nurses................................................ 82 18 – – – –

Service occupations................................................... 80 20 78 22 87 13

Protective service occupations.................................... 86 14 78 22 88 12

Sales and office occupations......................................... 80 20 79 21 88 12

Sales and related occupations.................................... 78 22 78 22 – –

Office and administrative support occupations.................. 82 18 80 20 88 12

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations.......................................................... 78 22 77 23 89 11

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry

occupations........................................................ 78 22 77 23 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.............. 78 22 77 23 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. .. 78 22 78 22 86 14

Production occupations............................................. 78 22 78 22 – –

Transportation and material moving occupations............... 78 22 78 22 – –

Full time................................................................. 80 20 79 21 86 14

Part time................................................................ 78 22 78 22 82 18

Union.................................................................... 83 17 80 20 86 14

Nonunion................................................................ 79 21 78 22 87 13

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent..................................................... 78 22 77 23 87 13

Lowest 10 percent.................................................. 78 22 77 23 87 13

Second 25 percent.................................................... 80 20 78 22 87 13

Third 25 percent....................................................... 80 20 79 21 86 14

Highest 25 percent.................................................... 81 19 80 20 85 15

Highest 10 percent.................................................. 81 19 80 20 85 15

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries.......................................... 78 22 78 22 – –

Service-providing industries.......................................... 81 19 79 21 86 14

Education and health services.................................... 83 17 82 18 85 15

Educational services............................................. 84 16 82 18 85 15

Elementary and secondary schools......................... 84 16 – – 84 16

Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional

schools....................................................... 84 16 82 18 85 15

Health care and social assistance............................. 82 18 82 18 87 13

Hospitals........................................................ 82 18 – – 87 13

Public administration................................................ 88 12 – – 88 12

1 to 99 workers........................................................ 79 21 78 22 87 13

1 to 49 workers...................................................... 79 21 78 22 88 12

50 to 99 workers.................................................... 79 21 78 22 85 15

100 workers or more.................................................. 81 19 79 21 86 14

100 to 499 workers................................................. 80 20 79 21 87 13

500 workers or more................................................ 82 18 80 20 86 14

See footnotes at end of table.

- 11 -
Table 3. Medical plans: Share of premiums paid by employer and employee for single coverage, March

2023 — Continued

[In percent]

Characteristics

Civilian1 Private industry State and local

government

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

Geographic areas

Northeast................................................................ 80 20 79 21 85 15

New England........................................................ 78 22 78 22 77 23

Middle Atlantic....................................................... 81 19 79 21 87 13

South.................................................................... 80 20 78 22 87 13

South Atlantic........................................................ 81 19 79 21 87 13

East South Central.................................................. 80 20 76 24 89 11

West South Central................................................. 80 20 78 22 85 15

Midwest................................................................. 80 20 79 21 87 13

East North Central.................................................. 79 21 78 22 85 15

West North Central................................................. 81 19 79 21 90 10

West..................................................................... 80 20 79 21 86 14

Mountain............................................................. 80 20 78 22 87 13

Pacific................................................................. 80 20 79 21 86 14

1

Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See the Handbook of Methods: National Compensation Measures at

www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm for further explanation.

2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using data from the National Compensation

Survey publication, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet

publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the ′′Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms′′ at

www.bls.gov/ebs/publications/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.

- 12 -
Table 4. Medical plans: Share of premiums paid by employer and employee for family coverage, March 2023

[In percent]

Characteristics

Civilian1 Private industry State and local

government

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

All workers participating in family coverage medical plans....... 68 32 67 33 71 29

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related occupations............. 68 32 68 32 70 30

Management, business, and financial occupations............. 69 31 68 32 – –

Professional and related occupations............................ 68 32 68 32 69 31

Teachers........................................................... 65 35 – – 66 34

Primary, secondary, and special education school

teachers...................................................... 64 36 – – 65 35

Registered nurses................................................ 73 27 – – – –

Service occupations................................................... 65 35 62 38 73 27

Protective service occupations.................................... 75 25 68 32 78 22

Sales and office occupations......................................... 67 33 66 34 74 26

Sales and related occupations.................................... 64 36 64 36 – –

Office and administrative support occupations.................. 69 31 68 32 74 26

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations.......................................................... 66 34 65 35 77 23

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry

occupations........................................................ 66 34 65 35 – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.............. 65 35 64 36 – –

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. .. 70 30 70 30 70 30

Production occupations............................................. 70 30 70 30 – –

Transportation and material moving occupations............... 69 31 69 31 – –

Full time................................................................. 68 32 67 33 71 29

Part time................................................................ 67 33 67 33 68 32

Union.................................................................... 78 22 79 21 76 24

Nonunion................................................................ 65 35 65 35 67 33

Average wage within the following categories:2

Lowest 25 percent..................................................... 61 39 61 39 67 33

Lowest 10 percent.................................................. 56 44 57 43 61 39

Second 25 percent.................................................... 66 34 65 35 75 25

Third 25 percent....................................................... 68 32 67 33 68 32

Highest 25 percent.................................................... 71 29 71 29 75 25

Highest 10 percent.................................................. 72 28 71 29 76 24

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries.......................................... 69 31 69 31 – –

Service-providing industries.......................................... 67 33 66 34 71 29

Education and health services.................................... 66 34 65 35 67 33

Educational services............................................. 66 34 68 32 66 34

Elementary and secondary schools......................... 64 36 – – 64 36

Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional

schools....................................................... 72 28 71 29 72 28

Health care and social assistance............................. 66 34 65 35 75 25

Hospitals........................................................ 74 26 – – 75 25

Public administration................................................ 78 22 – – 78 22

1 to 99 workers........................................................ 63 37 61 39 73 27

1 to 49 workers...................................................... 63 37 62 38 73 27

50 to 99 workers.................................................... 63 37 61 39 73 27

100 workers or more.................................................. 71 29 71 29 71 29

100 to 499 workers................................................. 69 31 68 32 71 29

500 workers or more................................................ 73 27 74 26 71 29

See footnotes at end of table.

- 13 -
Table 4. Medical plans: Share of premiums paid by employer and employee for family coverage, March

2023 — Continued

[In percent]

Characteristics

Civilian1 Private industry State and local

government

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

Employer

share of

premium

Employee

share of

premium

Geographic areas

Northeast................................................................ 72 28 70 30 83 17

New England........................................................ 71 29 70 30 77 23

Middle Atlantic....................................................... 73 27 70 30 85 15

South.................................................................... 63 37 63 37 63 37

South Atlantic........................................................ 65 35 65 35 68 32

East South Central.................................................. 62 38 61 39 65 35

West South Central................................................. 60 40 62 38 55 45

Midwest................................................................. 70 30 70 30 74 26

East North Central.................................................. 71 29 70 30 77 23

West North Central................................................. 69 31 69 31 70 30

West..................................................................... 68 32 67 33 74 26

Mountain............................................................. 66 34 65 35 71 29

Pacific................................................................. 69 31 67 33 76 24

1

Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See the Handbook of Methods: National Compensation Measures at

www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm for further explanation.

2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using data from the National Compensation

Survey publication, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet

publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms, see the ′′Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms′′ at

www.bls.gov/ebs/publications/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefit-terms.htm.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.

- 14 -
Table 5. Life insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates, March 2023

[All workers = 100 percent]

Characteristics

Civilian1 Private industry State and local government

Access Participation Take-up

rate2 Access Participation Take-up

rate2 Access Participation Take-uprate2

All workers.................................... 61 60 98 57 56 98 83 80 97

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related

occupations................................ 80 79 99 79 79 99 84 82 97

Management, business, and financial

occupations.............................. 85 84 99 85 84 99 – – –

Professional and related occupations... 78 77 98 76 76 99 84 81 97

Teachers................................. 77 75 97 – – – 83 81 98

Primary, secondary, and special

education school teachers. . . . . .. 84 82 97 – – – 88 87 98

Registered nurses...................... 88 87 99 – – – – – –

Service occupations......................... 32 31 96 26 25 95 77 74 97

Protective service occupations.......... 66 63 96 42 38 92 86 84 97

Sales and office occupations............... 56 55 98 54 53 98 83 80 97

Sales and related occupations. . . . . ..... 44 43 98 44 43 98 – – –

Office and administrative support

occupations.............................. 65 64 98 63 61 98 83 81 97

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance occupations................ 59 58 99 56 56 99 90 88 98

Construction, extraction, farming,

fishing, and forestry occupations. . . .. 49 49 99 46 46 99 – – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations.............................. 70 69 99 68 67 99 – – –

Production, transportation, and material

moving occupations....................... 67 65 98 66 65 98 79 79 99

Production occupations................... 73 72 99 72 72 99 – – –

Transportation and material moving

occupations.............................. 63 61 97 62 61 97 – – –

Full time....................................... 74 73 98 71 70 99 92 90 97

Part time...................................... 16 15 93 16 14 92 23 22 95

Union.......................................... 87 85 98 86 84 98 88 87 98

Nonunion...................................... 57 56 98 55 54 98 77 75 97

Average wage within the following

categories:3

Lowest 25 percent........................... 29 28 96 26 25 96 66 64 97

Lowest 10 percent........................ 17 16 93 16 14 93 56 – –

Second 25 percent........................... 61 59 98 57 55 98 88 85 97

Third 25 percent.............................. 74 73 99 71 70 99 89 87 98

Highest 25 percent........................... 86 85 99 85 84 99 89 87 98

Highest 10 percent........................ 89 88 99 90 89 99 86 83 97

See footnotes at end of table.

- 15 -
Table 5. Life insurance benefits: Access, participation, and take-up rates, March 2023 — Continued

[All workers = 100 percent]

Characteristics

Civilian1 Private industry State and local government

Access Participation Take-up

rate2 Access Participation Take-up

rate2 Access Participation Take-uprate2

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries................ 70 69 99 70 69 99 – – –

Service-providing industries................ 59 58 98 55 54 98 83 80 97

Education and health services........... 69 68 98 63 62 98 83 80 97

Educational services................... 78 77 98 67 67 100 82 80 98

Elementary and secondary

schools.............................. 79 78 98 – – – 80 79 98

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools.............................. 87 85 97 89 88 100 86 82 96

Health care and social assistance.... 64 63 98 62 61 98 88 83 95

Hospitals.............................. 90 89 99 – – – 88 84 95

Public administration...................... 86 84 98 – – – 86 84 98

1 to 99 workers............................... 44 43 98 42 41 98 75 73 98

1 to 49 workers............................ 39 39 98 38 37 98 73 71 98

50 to 99 workers.......................... 59 58 98 57 56 98 – – –

100 workers or more........................ 78 76 98 76 75 98 85 83 97

100 to 499 workers....................... 72 71 98 70 69 98 82 79 97

500 workers or more...................... 84 83 98 84 82 98 86 84 97

Geographic areas

Northeast...................................... 59 58 99 56 55 99 82 79 96

New England............................... 64 62 97 61 61 99 85 75 88

Middle Atlantic............................. 57 57 99 54 53 99 81 80 99

South.......................................... 61 60 98 57 56 98 85 82 97

South Atlantic.............................. 62 60 98 58 57 98 85 82 96

East South Central........................ 63 62 98 60 58 98 83 81 97

West South Central....................... 59 58 98 55 54 98 84 83 99

Midwest....................................... 63 62 98 60 59 98 82 79 96

East North Central........................ 65 63 98 63 61 98 82 78 95

West North Central........................ 59 58 99 56 55 99 82 81 99

West........................................... 59 58 99 56 55 98 80 80 100

Mountain.................................... 61 60 99 57 57 99 83 83 100

Pacific....................................... 58 57 98 55 54 98 79 78 99

1

Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See the Handbook of Methods: National Compensation Measures at

www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm for further explanation.

2 The take-up rate is calculated from the unrounded percentage of workers with access to a plan and who participate in the plan.

3 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using data from the National Compensation

Survey publication, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation.

NOTE: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the ′′Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms′′ at www.bls.gov/ebs/publications/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefitterms.htm.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.

- 16 -
Table 6. Selected paid leave benefits: Access, March 2023

[All workers = 100 percent]

Characteristics

Civilian1 Private industry State and local government

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacation

Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacation

Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacation

Paid

holidays

All workers........................................... 80 77 79 78 79 80 92 60 67

Worker characteristics

Management, professional, and related

occupations........................................ 93 81 84 93 92 92 94 45 55

Management, business, and financial

occupations..................................... 96 96 96 96 98 97 – – –

Professional and related occupations.......... 92 74 78 91 88 90 94 38 51

Teachers........................................ 91 23 38 – – – 93 12 30

Primary, secondary, and special

education school teachers............... 99 22 34 – – – 99 11 25

Registered nurses.............................. 94 92 93 – – – – – –

Service occupations................................. 64 58 57 61 55 54 87 76 80

Protective service occupations.................. 81 77 81 68 60 70 92 90 90

Sales and office occupations...................... 81 80 84 80 79 84 92 85 88

Sales and related occupations.................. 71 70 77 71 70 77 – – –

Office and administrative support

occupations..................................... 88 87 89 87 88 89 93 86 88

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance occupations........................ 74 86 86 73 85 86 96 96 95

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and

forestry occupations........................... 68 78 79 66 77 78 – – –

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations..................................... 81 95 94 80 94 94 – – –

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................ 76 85 87 76 86 88 90 63 74

Production occupations.......................... 72 91 93 72 91 93 – – –

Transportation and material moving

occupations..................................... 79 82 83 78 83 84 – – –

Full time.............................................. 89 88 88 87 92 91 99 66 73

Part time.............................................. 51 39 48 51 40 49 49 22 34

Union.................................................. 92 75 81 86 92 92 98 57 69

Nonunion............................................. 78 77 78 77 78 79 87 62 66

Average wage within the following

categories:2

Lowest 25 percent................................... 58 55 60 56 55 60 81 58 66

Lowest 10 percent................................ 40 43 46 39 43 47 71 45 54

Second 25 percent.................................. 84 83 84 82 83 83 95 85 87

Third 25 percent..................................... 88 90 90 86 92 91 98 59 69

Highest 25 percent.................................. 95 82 85 94 94 94 96 41 51

Highest 10 percent............................... 96 84 86 96 95 95 95 36 50

See footnotes at end of table.

- 17 -
Table 6. Selected paid leave benefits: Access, March 2023 — Continued

[All workers = 100 percent]

Characteristics

Civilian1 Private industry State and local government

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacation

Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacation

Paid

holidays

Paid sick

leave

Paid

vacation

Paid

holidays

Establishment characteristics

Goods-producing industries........................ 76 90 91 75 90 91 – – –

Service-providing industries........................ 81 74 77 78 77 78 92 59 67

Education and health services.................. 89 70 75 87 84 85 93 42 54

Educational services........................... 90 40 51 81 59 64 93 34 47

Elementary and secondary schools....... 94 26 39 – – – 94 24 37

Junior colleges, colleges, universities,

and professional schools................ 90 69 81 87 74 83 91 67 80

Health care and social assistance........... 88 88 88 87 88 88 93 92 91

Hospitals...................................... 94 93 93 – – – 93 92 91

Public administration............................. 93 91 92 – – – 93 91 92

1 to 99 workers...................................... 73 71 73 72 72 74 89 53 61

1 to 49 workers................................... 71 70 73 71 71 73 87 63 69

50 to 99 workers.................................. 76 72 73 74 76 75 90 43 55

100 workers or more................................ 87 83 85 86 88 89 93 62 69

100 to 499 workers............................... 84 83 84 83 86 86 92 60 69

500 workers or more............................. 90 83 85 89 91 92 94 62 69

Geographic areas

Northeast............................................. 85 75 77 84 77 79 91 56 63

New England...................................... 88 74 78 87 77 80 91 53 59

Middle Atlantic.................................... 84 75 77 83 78 79 91 57 65

South.................................................. 73 77 79 70 79 81 93 61 68

South Atlantic..................................... 76 79 82 74 82 82 91 65 75

East South Central............................... 69 79 82 65 82 85 92 63 70

West South Central............................... 68 71 72 64 75 75 95 54 55

Midwest............................................... 75 77 79 73 80 81 89 55 65

East North Central................................ 75 77 80 74 80 82 88 54 68

West North Central............................... 73 76 76 70 79 78 92 56 60

West................................................... 91 78 80 91 80 81 95 65 72

Mountain........................................... 83 79 80 82 82 82 90 59 64

Pacific.............................................. 95 77 80 94 79 80 97 68 76

1

Includes workers in private industry and state and local government. See the Handbook of Methods: National Compensation Measures at

www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm for further explanation.

2 Surveyed occupations are classified into wage categories based on the average wage for the occupation, which may include workers with earnings

both above and below the threshold. The categories were formed using percentile estimates generated using data from the National Compensation

Survey publication, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation.

NOTE: Dash indicates no workers in this category or data did not meet publication criteria. For definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related

terms, see the ′′Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms′′ at www.bls.gov/ebs/publications/national-compensation-survey-glossary-of-employee-benefitterms.htm.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.

- 18 -