Historical, technical USDL 05-1599 

 information: (202) 691-5618 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EST 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Friday, August 26, 2005 

Internet: http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm 

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY, 2003 

The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today on 

productivity and costs for selected industries. Labor productivity--defined as output per 

hour--rose in 2003 in over four-fifths of the detailed industries studied by the Bureau. Of 

174 industries examined, output rose in 88 and hours declined in 141. 

The share of industries with productivity increases in 2003 was larger than the 

share recorded in 2001 or 2002, but smaller than the share during the overall 1987-2003 

period. From 1987 to 2003, labor productivity increased in 95 percent of the industries. 

Output rose in 84 percent of the industries, while hours fell in 56 percent. 

Labor productivity and related measures are presented for the first time in this 

news release for used household and office goods moving (NAICS 48421), couriers and 

messengers (NAICS 492), medical and diagnostic laboratories (NAICS 6215), medical 

laboratories (NAICS 621511), and diagnostic imaging centers (NAICS 621512). In 

addition, measures for broadcasting (except Internet) (NAICS 515) and photographic 

portrait studios (NAICS 541921), published previously under SIC definitions, are 

presented here for the first time on a NAICS basis. 

2002-2003 change 

Labor productivity grew in 145 of the 174 detailed industries studied and in 71 of 

the 86 manufacturing industries. (See table 1.) More than a third of the industries in 

manufacturing posted productivity gains greater than 5.0 percent. Output per hour 

advanced more than 10 percent in ten manufacturing industries. Three of the four largest 

manufacturing industries, those with more than 500,000 employees, registered increases 

in labor productivity. Among these, productivity rose 4.0 percent in plastics products 
2

(NAICS 3261) and in motor vehicle parts manufacturing (NAICS 3363), and 0.7 percent 

in printing and related support activities (NAICS 323). In contrast, output per hour in 

animal slaughtering and processing (NAICS 3116) fell 0.7 percent. Unit labor costs, 

which reflect the total cost of labor required to produce a unit of output, declined in 35 of 

the 86 manufacturing industries. (See table 2.) Among the 71 manufacturing industries 

with increasing productivity, 33 also reduced unit labor costs. 

Labor productivity in the retail trade sector rose 5.3 percent in 2003. Output 

increased 4.5 percent while hours decreased 0.8 percent. Unit labor costs fell 2.3 percent 

in retail trade. Most of the retail trade industries experienced growth in labor 

productivity. Three-fourths of the gains exceeded 5 percent. Output per hour rose in five 

of the six largest retail industries, all of which have one million employees or more. 

Productivity grew 7.2 percent in building material and supplies dealers (NAICS 4441), 

4.7 percent in clothing stores (NAICS 4481), 4.6 percent in other general merchandise 

stores (NAICS 4529), 3.3 percent in department stores (NAICS 4521), and 2.9 percent in 

grocery stores (NAICS 4451). Automobile dealers (NAICS 4411) experienced a 0.8 

percent productivity decline. Among the 24 retail trade industries with increasing 

productivity, 21 also lowered unit labor costs. 

In 2003, productivity in the wholesale trade sector grew 3.4 percent, reflecting a 

2.1 percent increase in output and a 1.3 percent decrease in hours. Unit labor costs rose 

0.5 percent in wholesale trade. Output per hour rose in 16 of the 20 industries. 

Productivity increased in eight of the nine durable goods wholesalers and seven of the 

nine nondurable goods wholesalers. Nearly two-thirds of the wholesale industries with 

rising productivity also registered declining unit labor costs. 

The mining sector had a 2.1 percent gain in labor productivity in 2003, as hours 

declined faster than output. Unit labor costs rose 2.3 percent in mining. Three of the four 

mining industries posted productivity gains. Productivity growth was greatest in oil and 

gas extraction (NAICS 211), where productivity rose 5.3 percent while unit labor costs 

increased 2.4 percent. 

In the utilities sector, labor productivity rose in the power generation and supply 

industry (NAICS 2211) in 2003, but declined in natural gas distribution (NAICS 2212). 

Unit labor costs fell in natural gas distribution, but rose in power generation and supply. 

In 2003, labor productivity increased in all of the transportation and warehousing 

industries for which BLS maintains data. The strongest growth occurred in air 

transportation (NAICS 481), where productivity grew 9.9 percent. The two newlycovered industries, used household and office goods moving (NAICS 48421) and 

couriers and messengers (NAICS 492), registered productivity gains of 8.5 percent and 

2.2 percent, respectively. Five of the six industries reduced unit labor costs. Unit labor 

costs fell most rapidly in air transportation, by 6.7 percent, but rose 6.6 percent in 

couriers and messengers. 
3

In 2003, output per hour rose in all of the covered industries in the information 

sector. Wireless telecommunications carriers (NAICS 5172), and software publishers 

(NAICS 5112) boosted productivity 13.1 percent and 13.0 percent, respectively. Two of 

the eight industries also reduced unit labor costs. Software publishers reduced unit labor 

costs 4.0 percent. 

Among all other service providers, which include industries in the finance and 

insurance, real estate and rental and leasing, professional and technical services, 

administrative and support services, health care and social services, accommodation and 

food services, and other services sectors, 16 of 21 industries for which the BLS maintains 

measures posted productivity gains in 2003. The largest industries, those with one 

million employees or more, all posted productivity gains. Of these industries, the greatest 

gain, 11.1 percent, occurred in janitorial services (NAICS 56172). Output per hour fell 

7.4 percent in medical laboratories (NAICS 621511) and 0.7 percent in diagnostic 

imaging centers (NAICS 621512), which are included for the first time in this release. 

Among the 16 industries with rising productivity, 11 lowered unit labor costs. 

Long-term trends 

From 1987 to 2003, nearly all of the detailed industries experienced productivity 

growth. (See table 1). In the manufacturing sector, output per hour increased in 85 of the 

86 industries. Labor productivity grew more than 5.0 percent per year in seven 

industries. Another 28 industries had annual productivity gains between 2.5 and 4.9 

percent. Output per hour advanced more than 20 percent per year in both the 

semiconductors and electronic components industry (NAICS 3344) and the computer and 

peripheral equipment industry (NAICS 3341), while unit labor costs declined 13.7 and 

17.4 percent per year, respectively in these industries. Of those industries that 

experienced productivity growth over the period, thirteen industries reduced unit labor 

costs. 

Output per hour in the retail trade sector grew at an average annual rate of 3.0 

percent over the long-term, reflecting output growth of 3.9 percent per year and hours 

growth of 0.8 percent per year. Unit labor costs increased modestly at 0.2 percent per 

year. All but one of the industries in the retail trade sector posted gains in productivity, 

and unit labor costs declined in nearly two-thirds of the industries. Output per hour 

advanced 5.0 percent or more per year in four industries. Fourteen industries registered 

productivity growth in the 2.5 percent to 4.9 percent per year range. Labor productivity 

rose in the six largest retail industries. 

From 1987 to 2003, productivity in the wholesale trade sector increased at an 

average annual rate of 3.6 percent, while unit labor costs rose an average of 1.0 percent 

per year. Most industries in the wholesale trade sector experienced long-term 

productivity growth, with a sole decline of 0.1 percent per year in metals and minerals 

(NAICS 4235). Productivity growth was fastest for commercial equipment wholesalers 

(NAICS 4234), where output per hour increased 13.5 percent per year over the period. 
4

The mining sector recorded a 1.9 percent annual growth rate in labor productivity 

and a 2.6 percent annual growth rate in unit labor costs over the 1987-2003 period. All of 

the mining industries registered productivity growth over the long-term. Coal mining 

(NAICS 2121) and metal ore mining (NAICS 2122) had the fastest-growing productivity, 

and both industries reduced unit labor costs. Output per hour in coal mining increased at 

an average annual rate of 4.2 percent while unit labor costs dropped an average of 1.7 

percent per year. In metal ore mining, productivity gained an average of 4.4 percent 

annually while unit labor costs fell 0.1 percent per year. 

Productivity rose in both of the measured utilities industries from 1987 to 2003. 

Output per hour grew 3.0 percent annually, on average, in the power generation and 

supply industry (NAICS 2211) and 3.3 per year in the natural gas distribution industry 

(NAICS 2212). Unit labor costs rose at a modest rate for both industries over this period. 

From 1987 to 2003, all but two of the transportation and warehousing industries 

posted productivity gains. Output per hour grew most rapidly, 5.7 percent per year, on 

average, in line-haul railroads (NAICS 48211). In the newly-measured industries, labor 

productivity declined 0.9 percent per year in used household and office goods moving 

(NAICS 48421) and 0.6 percent per year in couriers and messengers (NAICS 492). Unit 

labor costs increased in all covered industries except for line-haul railroads. The largest 

increase occurred in couriers and messengers, 5.6 percent annually. 

Seven of the eight industries in the information sector experienced productivity 

growth from 1987 to 2003. Output per hour advanced in the software publishing industry 

(NAICS 5112), averaging 17.7 percent per year, with unit labor costs declining an 

average of 10 percent per year. Both wired telecommunications carriers (NAICS 5171) 

and wireless telecommunications communications carriers (NAICS 5172) had 

productivity growth in excess of 5.0 percent per year, on average, and reduced unit labor 

costs over the same period. 

Long-term trends are presented for the period 1994-2003 for the two medical 

services industries, published for the first time in this news release. Productivity rose in 

both industries, at an average annual rate of 7.1 percent in diagnostic imaging centers 

(NAICS 621512) and 2.6 percent in medical laboratories (NAICS 621511). Unit labor 

costs declined in both industries. 

Among the 19 other service-providing industries presented here, labor 

productivity increased in 16 industries from 1987 to 2003. Output per hour advanced in 

excess of 2.5 percent annually, on average, in five industries. Unit labor costs fell 2.1 

percent per year in video tape and disc rental (NAICS 53223), but rose in the other 

measured industries. 
5

Technical Note 

Productivity measurement

The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship between output 

and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to 

period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Industry output per hour 

indexes are prepared from data published by various public and private agencies, using 

the greatest level of industry detail available. 

Industry output is measured as “sectoral output”, the total value of goods and 

services leaving the industry. For most industries output measures are derived from the 

value of the goods and services produced in the industry, adjusted for price change. For a 

few industries output measures are constructed from data on the physical quantities of 

goods produced by the industry. Data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of 

the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, are used extensively in 

developing industry output measures. 

The indexes of industry output used in measuring labor productivity and unit 

labor costs are, wherever possible, calculated with a Tornqvist formula. This formula 

aggregates the growth rates of the various industry outputs between two periods using 

their relative shares in industry value of production, averaged over the two periods, as 

weights. 

The industry labor input measures represent the hours paid of all workers in the 

industry and are developed mainly from data compiled by BLS. Data from the Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey, a monthly establishment survey conducted by BLS, 

are supplemented with data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly 

household survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census for BLS. Data on employment 

and average weekly hours are used to construct measures of total hours for different 

categories of workers. For manufacturing, mining, and utilities industries, hours of 

production and nonproduction employees are combined. For the service-providing 

industries, where the share of self-employed and unpaid family worker hours tend to be 

relatively large, estimates of the hours of partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers 

are added to hours of supervisory and nonsupervisory employees. Hours for different 

types of workers are treated as homogeneous and are directly aggregated. The indexes of 

hours are developed by dividing the aggregate hours for each year by the base-period 

aggregate. 

Although the labor productivity measures relate output to hours of employees or 

all persons engaged in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor, 

capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many 

influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; 

utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial 

skill; and the characteristics and effort of the workforce. 
6

Year-to-year movements in productivity measures for some industries might be 

erratic, particularly in the smaller industries. The annual changes in an industry’s output 

and use of labor may reflect cyclical changes in the economy rather than long-term 

trends. Also, annual productivity indexes are based on sample data, which are likely to 

differ from data generated by a census of establishments in the industry. As a result, 

long-term trends tend to be more reliable indicators of the performance of an industry 

than are the year-to-year changes. 

Unit labor cost measurement

The unit labor cost series in this release describe the cost of labor input required 

to produce one unit of output. The indexes of unit labor costs for each industry are 

computed by dividing an index of industry labor compensation by the index of industry 

output. 

Compensation is a measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of 

labor. It is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments. Payroll includes salaries, 

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and 

compensation in kind. Supplemental payments are divided into legally required 

expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required expenditures 

include employers’ contributions to Social Security, unemployment insurance taxes, and 

workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not 

specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. 

Coverage

The attached tables include data for all 3- and 4-digit NAICS industries within 

manufacturing, wholesale trade, and retail trade. Productivity and cost data also are 

provided for selected industries in mining, utilities, transportation and warehousing, 

information, finance and insurance, real estate and rental and leasing, professional and 

technical services, administrative and support services, health care and social services, 

accommodation and food services, and other services. These series are primarily at the 4-

digit NAICS level, but include measures for various 5- and 6-digit service-providing 

industries where measures are not available at the 4-digit level. Also included in this 

news release are productivity and related data for the mining, wholesale trade, and retail 

trade sectors as a whole. Measures for additional selected 5- and 6-digit industries are 

available by request. See contact information at the end of this news release. 

Overall, the industry productivity series account for nearly 60 percent of the 4-

digit NAICS industries in the nonfarm business sector of the economy. BLS efforts to 

expand industry coverage within the service-providing sector will continue. 
7

Revisions

The data in this news release reflect some revisions and improvements to the BLS 

industry productivity and cost measures. These series replace the series published in 

previous Productivity and Costs by Industry news releases and in Table 51 of the Monthly 

Labor Review. Except for wholesale trade, retail trade, and food services and drinking 

places industries, measures of industry output have been updated to include data from the 

2002 economic censuses and the 2003 annual surveys of the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 

and historical data revisions have been incorporated. For the trade and food services and 

drinking places industries, the output indexes in this release are unchanged from those in 

the news release Productivity by Industry: Wholesale Trade, Retail Trade, and Food 

Services and Drinking Places, 2003 (released September 24, 2004). Revised productivity 

and related measures for these industries, updated through 2004, will be released in fall 

2005. 

Previous estimates of employment of production, nonproduction, supervisory, and 

nonsupervisory workers for 1987-89 were revised for some NAICS industries to control 

to sector totals from the CES survey. Methods for estimating self-employed and unpaid 

family workers for service-providing industries were standardized. New historical 

estimates of wages for NAICS service-providing industries from the BLS Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages were incorporated in the compensation and unit labor 

cost measures. 

In addition, a new method was developed to estimate average weekly hours for 

supervisory workers in service-providing industries and nonproduction workers in goodsproducing industries, resulting in revised hours for most industries. Ratios of the average 

weekly hours for supervisory employees relative to those of nonsupervisory employees 

were developed for detailed industries based on data from the Current Population Survey. 

These ratios were applied to average weekly hours for nonsupervisory employees from 

the Current Employment Statistics data. A similar procedure was used to estimate hours 

of nonproduction workers. A description of the methodology is available on the BLS 

labor productivity home page (www.bls.gov/lpc/) or by request. See contact information 

at the end of this news release. 

All of the measures for 2003 in this news release are preliminary and subject to 

revision. 

New industries

The introduction in this news release of productivity and cost measures for several 

new industries reflects the ongoing BLS effort to expand productivity measurement of the 

service-providing industries. The measurement of industry productivity for these new 

industries follows standard BLS methods, as described above, wherever possible. For the 

couriers and messengers industry, revenues from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics 

were used in addition to data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Wherever possible, 

BLS producer price indexes (PPIs) were used to deflate the industries’ revenue series. 
8

For the used household and office goods moving industry, detailed receipts were deflated 

with detailed PPIs for much of the period. In some years the price deflators were 

estimated using changes in Consumer Price Indexes (CPIs). For each of the other new 

industries, detailed receipts were deflated with detailed PPIs beginning in 1997; in earlier 

years total revenues were deflated with aggregate PPIs. For couriers and messengers, 

receipts and price deflators for 1987-1990 were estimated using data from the Bureau of 

Economic Analysis (BEA). The labor productivity measures for medical laboratories and 

diagnostic imaging centers, however, begin in 1994 because no PPIs or other appropriate 

price series are available to deflate revenues prior to 1994. 

Productivity and unit labor cost data for NAICS industries in this news release 

can be obtained by visiting the Labor Productivity and Costs web site 

(http://www.bls.gov/lpc/). Measures for additional 5-and 6-digit manufacturing 

industries are available upon request by calling the Division of Industry Productivity 

Studies (202-691-5618) or by sending a request by e-mail (dipsweb@bls.gov). Data on 

industry employment, annual hours, net value of production and the implicit price 

deflator for output also are available upon request for all industries maintained. 

Historical productivity and related series for 3- and 4-digit SIC industries through 2000 

also are available on the BLS web site or will be provided upon request. 

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals 

upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-

877-8339. 

The index numbers and rates of change reported by BLS for productivity and 

costs in its news release and on its Internet site are rounded to one decimal place, based 

upon unrounded data using many decimal places. This rounding protocol has been 

practiced in order to facilitate ease of use and interpretation of the published data. This 

has meant, however, that if data users calculated rates of change using the published 

rounded index figures, their results could differ from the published rates of change, 

simply due to differences in rounding. 

In order to make the data directly used in the calculations more readily available 

to the public and to ensure greater transparency of its calculating methods, BLS, 

beginning with the first publication of the Productivity and Costs by Industry news 

release in 2006, will modify its industry productivity program practices. It will post on 

its web site productivity index numbers rounded to three decimal places, and, in addition, 

will calculate all published rates of change from those indexes. The change in calculation 

method may cause published productivity growth rates to change slightly--likely by no 

more than a tenth--from the rates that would have been calculated using the current 

method. The convention of publishing in the news release index values rounded to one 

decimal place will continue. 
2003 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

Mining

21 Mining 503 1.9 -0.2 -2.1 2.1 -0.4 -2.4

211 Oil and gas extraction 120 3.1 -0.8 -3.8 5.3 0.0 -5.0

212 Mining, except oil and gas 203 3.1 0.8 -2.2 2.0 -1.3 -3.2

2121 Coal mining 70 4.2 -0.2 -4.2 0.8 -3.8 -4.5

2122 Metal ore mining 27 4.4 2.1 -2.2 -1.0 -5.8 -4.9

2123 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 106 1.3 0.9 -0.4 4.8 2.9 -1.9

Utilities

2211 Power generation and supply 418 3.0 1.2 -1.8 2.1 -1.7 -3.8

2212 Natural gas distribution 113 3.3 1.6 -1.7 -1.0 -1.6 -0.6

Manufacturing

311 Food 1518 1.3 1.7 0.4 0.8 -0.6 -1.4

3111 Animal food 50 3.3 2.2 -1.1 -1.6 -1.3 0.4

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 62 2.6 1.6 -0.9 -1.5 -0.7 0.8

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 85 1.6 1.1 -0.4 3.7 0.2 -3.4

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 185 1.7 1.8 0.0 -3.9 -2.9 1.0

3115 Dairy products 135 1.8 1.0 -0.8 4.8 -0.1 -4.7

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 516 0.6 2.5 1.9 -0.7 -1.3 -0.6

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 42 2.3 0.9 -1.4 4.6 0.7 -3.7

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 292 0.6 0.5 -0.1 0.2 -3.3 -3.5

3119 Other food products 152 1.2 2.3 1.0 4.7 3.9 -0.7

312 Beverages and tobacco products 200 0.8 -0.3 -1.1 7.9 2.9 -4.6

3121 Beverages 169 2.0 1.2 -0.7 5.2 1.6 -3.5

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 31 0.5 -2.5 -3.1 17.9 5.2 -10.8

313 Textile mills 261 3.9 -0.8 -4.5 8.1 -5.7 -12.7

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 57 5.2 0.3 -4.7 12.5 -2.6 -13.4

3132 Fabric mills 130 4.4 -0.9 -5.1 8.2 -6.0 -13.2

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 74 2.0 -1.3 -3.3 4.2 -7.6 -11.4

314 Textile product mills 179 1.1 0.4 -0.7 4.9 -1.2 -5.9

3141 Textile furnishings mills 105 1.3 0.5 -0.7 8.1 -0.2 -7.7

3149 Other textile product mills 74 0.8 0.1 -0.7 -0.5 -3.6 -3.1

315 Apparel 312 3.1 -4.0 -6.9 8.0 -7.9 -14.8

3151 Apparel knitting mills 45 2.2 -4.0 -6.1 -6.4 -16.8 -11.1

3152 Cut and sew apparel 243 3.6 -4.0 -7.3 11.4 -6.6 -16.1

3159 Accessories and other apparel 24 -1.3 -4.2 -2.9 2.4 -5.0 -7.2

316 Leather and allied products 45 2.3 -4.6 -6.7 -1.4 -6.2 -4.9

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 8 1.0 -2.7 -3.6 -6.5 -9.5 -3.2

3162 Footwear 20 1.7 -7.3 -8.9 -1.3 -6.3 -5.1

3169 Other leather products 17 0.1 -4.3 -4.4 3.4 -2.3 -5.5

321 Wood products 538 1.1 0.8 -0.3 0.1 -0.8 -0.9

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 117 2.8 1.1 -1.7 5.4 1.8 -3.4

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 114 0.4 1.2 0.8 -3.4 -2.1 1.4

3219 Other wood products 307 0.6 0.4 -0.1 -1.2 -1.9 -0.7

322 Paper and paper products 516 2.0 0.5 -1.5 3.0 -3.6 -6.4

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 151 3.3 0.1 -3.1 3.7 -5.7 -9.0

3222 Converted paper products 365 1.3 0.7 -0.6 3.5 -1.8 -5.2

323 Printing and related support activities 680 0.8 0.1 -0.7 0.7 -3.6 -4.2

324 Petroleum and coal products 114 3.2 1.2 -1.9 0.9 1.0 0.2

325 Chemicals 906 1.9 1.5 -0.4 1.8 -0.3 -2.1

Annual percent change, 1987-2003/1 Annual percent change, 2002-2003

Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2003 and 2002-2003
2003 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

3251 Basic chemicals 162 2.1 -0.2 -2.3 6.5 0.8 -5.3

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 112 2.8 0.9 -1.8 -1.7 -4.0 -2.4

3253 Agricultural chemicals 42 1.8 0.6 -1.2 8.4 2.5 -5.4

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 292 0.8 4.3 3.5 2.8 2.9 0.1

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 69 1.5 0.3 -1.2 4.0 -1.1 -4.9

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 119 1.9 1.7 -0.2 -7.9 -7.0 1.0

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 111 3.1 0.9 -2.1 3.2 0.7 -2.4

326 Plastics and rubber products 816 2.7 2.9 0.2 3.9 -0.5 -4.2

3261 Plastics products 639 2.7 3.3 0.6 4.0 -0.6 -4.5

3262 Rubber products 177 2.5 1.4 -1.1 3.5 0.1 -3.2

327 Nonmetallic mineral products 495 1.5 1.1 -0.3 5.5 0.2 -5.0

3271 Clay products and refractories 66 1.1 -0.4 -1.5 3.7 -2.8 -6.2

3272 Glass and glass products 115 2.1 0.8 -1.2 7.2 -1.0 -7.7

3273 Cement and concrete products 224 0.8 1.8 0.9 4.4 0.5 -3.8

3274 Lime and gypsum products 19 1.4 0.2 -1.2 9.4 5.0 -4.1

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 71 1.9 1.0 -0.9 5.3 1.6 -3.5

331 Primary metals 478 2.4 0.2 -2.2 1.8 -4.1 -5.9

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 102 4.2 0.7 -3.4 1.7 -5.2 -6.7

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 61 1.5 0.6 -0.9 -3.4 -10.3 -7.1

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 75 2.1 -0.3 -2.4 1.6 -1.8 -3.3

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 74 1.4 -1.0 -2.4 11.0 1.3 -8.7

3315 Foundries 166 2.3 0.8 -1.5 0.5 -4.3 -4.7

332 Fabricated metal products 1479 1.7 1.3 -0.4 2.9 -1.5 -4.3

3321 Forging and stamping 109 2.8 1.5 -1.3 6.1 1.6 -4.2

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 61 1.5 -0.1 -1.5 1.4 -4.5 -5.9

3323 Architectural and structural metals 380 1.3 1.8 0.5 2.6 -2.0 -4.5

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 91 1.1 -0.3 -1.3 2.3 -2.7 -4.8

3325 Hardware 40 2.1 -0.8 -2.8 7.1 -3.0 -9.4

3326 Spring and wire products 64 3.3 2.1 -1.2 7.5 0.4 -6.5

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 311 2.6 3.0 0.4 0.2 -1.6 -1.8

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 143 2.8 3.0 0.2 1.5 -3.6 -5.0

3329 Other fabricated metal products 282 1.3 0.2 -1.0 4.5 -0.2 -4.5

333 Machinery 1150 2.6 1.3 -1.2 6.8 -0.2 -6.6

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 188 2.8 2.0 -0.8 12.5 6.1 -5.7

3332 Industrial machinery 123 2.4 1.2 -1.1 2.8 -4.4 -7.0

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 118 1.5 -0.2 -1.7 7.6 -3.1 -9.9

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 157 2.6 2.0 -0.6 8.4 1.0 -6.9

3335 Metalworking machinery 205 2.0 0.4 -1.6 1.6 -3.4 -5.0

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 94 3.6 2.4 -1.2 6.8 -0.8 -7.1

3339 Other general purpose machinery 265 2.5 1.1 -1.4 5.9 -1.1 -6.6

334 Computer and electronic products 1344 13.6 10.8 -2.5 16.0 6.1 -8.6

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 224 24.8 20.1 -3.7 27.7 15.2 -9.8

3342 Communications equipment 155 8.3 5.2 -2.8 11.0 -4.0 -13.5

3343 Audio and video equipment 37 6.8 3.2 -3.4 15.5 -1.2 -14.4

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 461 20.2 18.4 -1.5 21.9 9.8 -10.0

3345 Electronic instruments 430 3.9 0.9 -2.8 7.8 3.8 -3.7

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 38 1.5 1.9 0.4 4.2 -4.7 -8.5

335 Electrical equipment and appliances 460 2.9 0.5 -2.3 3.5 -1.9 -5.3

3351 Electric lighting equipment 67 1.4 0.1 -1.2 0.7 -4.7 -5.4

3352 Household appliances 92 4.6 2.2 -2.3 11.5 5.7 -5.2

3353 Electrical equipment 160 2.7 -0.2 -2.8 1.7 -3.2 -4.8

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 140 2.5 0.3 -2.1 1.1 -4.8 -5.8

Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2003 and 2002-2003--Continued

Annual percent change, 1987-2003/1 Annual percent change, 2002-2003
2003 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

336 Transportation equipment 1775 3.2 1.9 -1.2 7.5 2.6 -4.6

3361 Motor vehicles 265 3.9 2.9 -0.9 9.8 7.6 -2.0

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 153 1.6 2.2 0.6 3.6 4.4 0.8

3363 Motor vehicle parts 708 3.5 4.1 0.6 4.0 -1.5 -5.3

3364 Aerospace products and parts 443 2.2 -1.8 -3.9 3.4 -4.1 -7.2

3365 Railroad rolling stock 23 6.0 4.8 -1.2 -3.1 -6.1 -3.1

3366 Ship and boat building 146 2.1 0.7 -1.4 2.1 -0.4 -2.4

3369 Other transportation equipment 39 5.2 5.4 0.2 9.9 4.4 -4.9

337 Furniture and related products 573 2.2 1.7 -0.4 3.9 -1.9 -5.5

3371 Household and institutional furniture 382 2.1 1.6 -0.5 2.2 -3.4 -5.5

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 139 2.4 1.6 -0.8 8.8 0.1 -7.9

3379 Other furniture-related products 52 1.6 2.5 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.9

339 Miscellaneous manufacturing 663 3.3 3.5 0.1 5.8 1.9 -3.7

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 304 3.7 4.9 1.1 6.6 4.9 -1.6

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 359 2.9 2.3 -0.6 4.5 -1.1 -5.4

Wholesale Trade

42 Wholesale trade 5827 3.6 4.0 0.4 3.4 2.1 -1.3

423 Durable goods 3054 4.9 5.2 0.3 4.9 2.9 -1.9

4231 Motor vehicles and parts 358 3.6 3.6 -0.1 5.4 3.8 -1.5

4232 Furniture and furnishings 118 2.1 2.3 0.1 9.4 2.3 -6.5

4233 Lumber and construction supplies 235 0.3 1.6 1.3 8.3 10.2 1.8

4234 Commercial equipment 669 13.5 14.0 0.5 8.2 7.0 -1.1

4235 Metals and minerals 121 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 0.2 -5.3 -5.5

4236 Electric goods 356 9.2 9.2 0.0 6.5 4.0 -2.4

4237 Hardware and plumbing 237 1.9 2.6 0.7 4.0 -0.4 -4.3

4238 Machinery and supplies 668 2.1 2.0 -0.1 4.3 1.8 -2.4

4239 Miscellaneous durable goods 293 2.1 2.6 0.4 -3.3 -3.6 -0.3

424 Nondurable goods 2109 1.4 1.8 0.3 4.5 1.2 -3.1

4241 Paper and paper products 160 2.4 2.3 -0.1 2.7 -0.7 -3.3

4242 Druggists' goods 216 4.1 6.9 2.7 14.0 9.5 -3.9

4243 Apparel and piece goods 161 1.0 1.2 0.2 -5.3 -5.8 -0.5

4244 Grocery and related products 718 1.4 2.4 1.0 2.8 1.1 -1.7

4245 Farm product raw materials 80 3.1 0.2 -2.8 -0.1 1.5 1.6

4246 Chemicals 134 0.3 1.0 0.7 2.9 -2.7 -5.4

4247 Petroleum 108 1.9 -0.7 -2.6 3.3 0.2 -3.1

4248 Alcoholic beverages 139 1.1 2.3 1.2 1.3 4.7 3.4

4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods 393 0.4 0.3 -0.2 7.7 -1.4 -8.4

425 Electronic markets and agents and brokers 665 4.4 6.2 1.7 -6.2 2.2 8.9

42511 Business to business electronic markets 69 9.6 8.2 -1.3 32.7 5.0 -20.8

42512 Wholesale trade agents and brokers 597 2.7 4.8 2.1 -11.5 0.1 13.0

Retail Trade

44-45 Retail trade 15872 3.0 3.9 0.8 5.3 4.5 -0.8

441 Motor vehicle and parts dealers 1974 1.7 3.0 1.2 1.7 3.1 1.5

4411 Automobile dealers 1319 1.3 2.7 1.4 -0.8 1.6 2.4

4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 159 3.7 6.3 2.5 12.0 26.7 13.1

4413 Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores 497 3.2 3.6 0.4 8.3 4.0 -4.0

442 Furniture and home furnishings stores 601 3.6 4.5 0.9 8.4 7.0 -1.3

4421 Furniture stores 306 3.5 4.1 0.6 5.7 3.8 -1.8

4422 Home furnishings stores 295 3.8 5.0 1.1 11.8 10.8 -0.9

443 Electronics and appliance stores 544 14.3 15.5 1.0 28.2 18.7 -7.4

Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2003 and 2002-2003--Continued

Annual percent change, 1987-2003/1 Annual percent change, 2002-2003
2003 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

444 Building material and garden supply stores 1236 3.3 5.1 1.8 7.0 9.3 2.1

4441 Building material and supplies dealers 1073 3.2 5.4 2.1 7.2 9.1 1.8

4442 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 163 3.2 3.5 0.3 5.7 10.8 4.8

445 Food and beverage stores 2951 0.3 0.6 0.3 4.1 1.7 -2.3

4451 Grocery stores 2517 0.2 0.6 0.4 2.9 1.5 -1.4

4452 Specialty food stores 276 -0.2 0.1 0.2 14.1 6.9 -6.3

4453 Beer, wine and liquor stores 157 1.8 0.3 -1.5 12.7 2.1 -9.4

446 Health and personal care stores 976 2.6 3.9 1.2 8.0 4.4 -3.4

447 Gasoline stations 907 2.2 1.6 -0.6 -3.5 -1.7 1.8

448 Clothing and clothing accessories stores 1398 4.8 4.7 -0.1 6.7 6.8 0.1

4481 Clothing stores 1012 4.8 5.0 0.2 4.7 6.6 1.8

4482 Shoe stores 187 4.5 2.7 -1.7 7.0 3.3 -3.5

4483 Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 199 4.8 4.9 0.1 14.9 10.6 -3.8

451 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores 729 3.7 5.2 1.4 0.0 0.4 0.4

4511 Sporting goods and musical instrument stores 491 4.4 5.6 1.2 0.8 2.0 1.2

4512 Book, periodical, and music stores 238 2.3 4.2 1.9 -1.3 -2.7 -1.4

452 General merchandise stores 2834 3.9 5.5 1.5 4.9 5.6 0.6

4521 Department stores 1623 1.2 2.9 1.7 3.3 -1.3 -4.5

4529 Other general merchandise stores 1212 7.9 9.4 1.4 4.6 12.2 7.3

453 Miscellaneous store retailers 1109 3.9 5.1 1.2 5.5 2.2 -3.2

4531 Florists 139 3.2 1.9 -1.3 10.3 7.9 -2.1

4532 Office supplies, stationery and gift stores 459 6.1 6.8 0.7 7.1 3.4 -3.5

4533 Used merchandise stores 166 3.3 7.5 4.1 1.5 9.6 7.9

4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 346 1.8 3.9 2.1 6.5 -1.4 -7.4

454 Nonstore retailers 612 8.8 9.0 0.2 15.9 9.4 -5.6

4541 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 245 11.9 16.6 4.2 18.3 13.8 -3.7

4542 Vending machine operators 66 1.7 -0.1 -1.8 9.0 -4.8 -12.6

4543 Direct selling establishments 301 3.4 1.6 -1.8 9.0 3.1 -5.4

Transportation and Warehousing

481 Air transportation 482 2.0 2.9 0.9 9.9 3.1 -6.2

482111 Line-haul railroads 176 5.7 2.4 -3.0 7.6 5.3 -2.1

48412 General freight trucking, long-distance 752 1.4 3.0 1.6 2.1 0.0 -2.0

48421 Used household and office goods moving 114 -0.9 0.0 0.9 8.5 -1.5 -9.2

491 Postal service 809 1.0 1.3 0.2 1.6 -1.9 -3.4

492 Couriers and messengers 591 -0.6 2.9 3.5 2.2 -1.4 -3.5

Information

511 Publishing 925 4.1 5.1 0.9 6.7 -1.4 -7.6

5111 Newspaper, book, and directory publishers 686 0.1 -0.5 -0.6 3.1 -3.9 -6.7

5112 Software publishers 239 17.7 27.6 8.4 13.0 1.8 -9.9

51213 Motion picture and video exhibition 139 0.9 3.1 2.2 4.1 1.7 -2.3

515 Broadcasting, except internet 324 0.6 2.1 1.5 1.8 1.1 -0.7

5151 Radio and television broadcasting 238 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.9 2.2 0.3

5152 Cable and other subscription programming 86 1.7 7.9 6.1 1.9 -1.1 -3.0

5171 Wired telecommunications carriers 579 5.6 4.5 -1.1 4.4 -6.7 -10.6

5172 Wireless telecommunications carriers 190 7.4 24.7 16.1 13.1 13.6 0.4

5175 Cable and other program distribution 133 -0.5 5.5 6.0 5.3 7.1 1.7

Finance and Insurance

52211 Commercial banking 1280 2.1 1.7 -0.4 3.0 2.6 -0.4

Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2003 and 2002-2003--Continued

Annual percent change, 1987-2003/1 Annual percent change, 2002-2003
2003 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

532111 Passenger car rental 121 1.8 3.4 1.6 5.4 -1.8 -6.8

53212 Truck, trailer and RV rental and leasing 62 3.5 3.7 0.2 0.6 3.0 2.5

53223 Video tape and disc rental 162 4.9 7.5 2.5 13.4 12.9 -0.4

Professional and Technical Services

541213 Tax preparation services 99 1.5 5.6 4.0 -0.9 3.1 4.0

54181 Advertising agencies 181 2.4 2.0 -0.4 7.9 4.6 -3.1

541921 Photography studios, portrait 107 0.5 2.7 2.2 9.5 0.5 -8.2

Administrative and Support Services

56151 Travel agencies 134 3.2 2.7 -0.5 16.1 5.8 -8.9

56172 Janitorial services 1029 3.2 4.7 1.5 11.1 8.5 -2.3

Health Care and Social Assistance

62151 Medical and diagnostic laboratories 193 4.4 7.3 2.8 -4.1 -1.2 3.0

621511 Medical laboratories 133 2.6 5.2 2.5 -7.4 -5.9 1.6

621512 Diagnostic imaging centers 60 7.1 10.7 3.4 -0.7 5.7 6.4

Accommodation and Food Services

7211 Traveler accommodations 1734 2.0 2.9 0.9 2.2 1.4 -0.7

722 Food services and drinking places 8816 0.7 2.4 1.7 3.2 4.9 1.7

7221 Full-service restaurants 4195 0.9 2.7 1.8 3.0 6.3 3.2

7222 Limited-service eating places 3708 0.9 2.6 1.7 3.0 5.3 2.2

7223 Special food services 522 0.4 1.8 1.3 3.0 -1.6 -4.4

7224 Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 393 -0.9 -0.7 0.2 11.6 -0.8 -11.1

Other Services

8111 Automotive repair and maintenance 1155 1.2 2.7 1.5 0.8 1.9 1.1

81211 Hair, nail and skin care services 819 2.6 3.3 0.7 13.4 5.6 -6.9

81221 Funeral homes and funeral services 108 -0.3 0.8 1.1 2.6 4.8 2.1

8123 Drycleaning and laundry services 391 0.8 0.5 -0.4 -3.4 -6.3 -3.0

81292 Photofinishing 70 -0.5 -3.1 -2.5 -4.6 -5.4 -0.8

1/ For NAICS industries 62151, 621511, and 62512, annual percent changes are for 1994-03.

Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2003 and 2002-2003--Continued

Annual percent change, 1987-2003/1 Annual percent change, 2002-2003
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2003 and 2002-2003

2003 Annual percent change, 1987-2003/1 Annual percent change 2002-2003

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

Mining

21 Mining 503 2.5 -0.2 2.6 1.9 -0.4 2.3

211 Oil and gas extraction 120 2.9 -0.8 3.7 2.4 0.0 2.4

212 Mining, except oil and gas 203 0.5 0.8 -0.3 -1.6 -1.3 -0.3

2121 Coal mining 70 -1.9 -0.2 -1.7 -3.1 -3.8 0.7

2122 Metal ore mining 27 2.0 2.1 -0.1 -3.7 -5.8 2.3

2123 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 106 3.0 0.9 2.1 0.5 2.9 -2.3

Utilities

2211 Power generation and supply 418 2.2 1.2 1.0 -0.3 -1.7 1.5

2212 Natural gas distribution 113 2.5 1.6 0.9 -4.0 -1.6 -2.4

Manufacturing

311 Food 1518 3.3 1.7 1.5 1.1 -0.6 1.7

3111 Animal food 50 3.5 2.2 1.3 2.2 -1.3 3.5

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 62 1.8 1.6 0.2 -0.6 -0.7 0.1

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 85 2.7 1.1 1.5 2.5 0.2 2.3

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 185 3.0 1.8 1.2 -0.9 -2.9 2.0

3115 Dairy products 135 3.0 1.0 2.0 3.1 -0.1 3.2

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 516 3.7 2.5 1.2 0.6 -1.3 1.9

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 42 3.4 0.9 2.5 7.2 0.7 6.5

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 292 2.8 0.5 2.3 -2.9 -3.3 0.4

3119 Other food products 152 4.6 2.3 2.2 8.3 3.9 4.2

312 Beverages and tobacco products 200 1.4 -0.3 1.8 -0.1 2.9 -2.9

3121 Beverages 169 1.8 1.2 0.5 -0.9 1.6 -2.4

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 31 0.3 -2.5 3.0 2.8 5.2 -2.2

313 Textile mills 261 -1.0 -0.8 -0.2 -5.5 -5.7 0.2

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 57 -0.7 0.3 -1.0 -4.3 -2.6 -1.8

3132 Fabric mills 130 -0.6 -0.9 0.2 -5.9 -6.0 0.1

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 74 -2.1 -1.3 -0.7 -5.5 -7.6 2.4

314 Textile product mills 179 1.7 0.4 1.3 -2.3 -1.2 -1.0

3141 Textile furnishings mills 105 1.1 0.5 0.5 -2.4 -0.2 -2.2

3149 Other textile product mills 74 2.7 0.1 2.6 -2.1 -3.6 1.5

315 Apparel 312 -4.1 -4.0 -0.1 -9.9 -7.9 -2.1

3151 Apparel knitting mills 45 -3.7 -4.0 0.4 -10.2 -16.8 7.9

3152 Cut and sew apparel 243 -4.4 -4.0 -0.4 -10.6 -6.6 -4.3

3159 Accessories and other apparel 24 -1.8 -4.2 2.5 -3.0 -5.0 2.1

316 Leather and allied products 45 -3.3 -4.6 1.3 -3.1 -6.2 3.4

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 8 -0.7 -2.7 2.1 -5.8 -9.5 4.1

3162 Footwear 20 -4.8 -7.3 2.7 -1.2 -6.3 5.4

3169 Other leather products 17 -2.7 -4.3 1.7 -3.4 -2.3 -1.1

321 Wood products 538 3.0 0.8 2.2 -2.0 -0.8 -1.2

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 117 1.7 1.1 0.6 -0.6 1.8 -2.4

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 114 3.5 1.2 2.2 -0.4 -2.1 1.7

3219 Other wood products 307 3.5 0.4 3.1 -3.3 -1.9 -1.4

322 Paper and paper products 516 2.0 0.5 1.5 -1.8 -3.6 1.9

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 151 1.0 0.1 0.9 -5.7 -5.7 0.0

3222 Converted paper products 365 2.9 0.7 2.2 1.1 -1.8 2.9

323 Printing and related support activities 680 2.0 0.1 1.9 -1.7 -3.6 1.9

324 Petroleum and coal products 114 3.4 1.2 2.2 5.5 1.0 4.4

325 Chemicals 906 3.5 1.5 2.0 1.7 -0.3 2.0
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2003 and 2002-2003--Continued

2003 Annual percent change, 1987-2003/1 Annual percent change 2002-2003

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

3251 Basic chemicals 162 2.5 -0.2 2.7 -1.2 0.8 -2.0

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 112 2.0 0.9 1.1 -2.3 -4.0 1.8

3253 Agricultural chemicals 42 1.8 0.6 1.3 -1.3 2.5 -3.7

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 292 6.6 4.3 2.2 4.5 2.9 1.6

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 69 2.7 0.3 2.4 2.1 -1.1 3.2

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 119 3.4 1.7 1.6 2.5 -7.0 10.2

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 111 2.4 0.9 1.5 4.4 0.7 3.7

326 Plastics and rubber products 816 3.9 2.9 1.0 -0.4 -0.5 0.1

3261 Plastics products 639 4.4 3.3 1.1 -0.3 -0.6 0.3

3262 Rubber products 177 2.5 1.4 1.1 -0.6 0.1 -0.7

327 Nonmetallic mineral products 495 2.6 1.1 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.0

3271 Clay products and refractories 66 1.1 -0.4 1.5 -3.6 -2.8 -0.9

3272 Glass and glass products 115 1.7 0.8 0.8 -1.3 -1.0 -0.3

3273 Cement and concrete products 224 3.6 1.8 1.8 0.7 0.5 0.3

3274 Lime and gypsum products 19 3.2 0.2 3.0 7.3 5.0 2.2

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 71 2.8 1.0 1.8 2.3 1.6 0.7

331 Primary metals 478 0.9 0.2 0.7 -4.7 -4.1 -0.5

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 102 -0.5 0.7 -1.2 -6.7 -5.2 -1.6

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 61 1.6 0.6 0.9 -5.0 -10.3 5.9

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 75 1.3 -0.3 1.7 -1.7 -1.8 0.1

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 74 1.6 -1.0 2.7 -6.1 1.3 -7.3

3315 Foundries 166 1.7 0.8 0.9 -3.4 -4.3 0.9

332 Fabricated metal products 1479 2.6 1.3 1.3 -2.2 -1.5 -0.7

3321 Forging and stamping 109 1.6 1.5 0.1 -2.1 1.6 -3.6

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 61 1.8 -0.1 1.9 -5.2 -4.5 -0.7

3323 Architectural and structural metals 380 3.6 1.8 1.8 -1.8 -2.0 0.2

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 91 1.1 -0.3 1.4 0.4 -2.7 3.1

3325 Hardware 40 0.2 -0.8 1.0 -5.8 -3.0 -2.9

3326 Spring and wire products 64 2.7 2.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.1

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 311 4.0 3.0 0.9 -1.3 -1.6 0.3

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 143 3.4 3.0 0.4 -5.1 -3.6 -1.6

3329 Other fabricated metal products 282 1.5 0.2 1.3 -2.4 -0.2 -2.2

333 Machinery 1150 2.1 1.3 0.7 -2.3 -0.2 -2.0

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 188 2.2 2.0 0.3 0.8 6.1 -5.0

3332 Industrial machinery 123 2.9 1.2 1.7 -5.5 -4.4 -1.2

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 118 0.4 -0.2 0.6 -3.1 -3.1 0.0

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 157 2.6 2.0 0.5 -0.2 1.0 -1.1

3335 Metalworking machinery 205 1.7 0.4 1.3 -5.1 -3.4 -1.7

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 94 0.8 2.4 -1.5 -3.0 -0.8 -2.2

3339 Other general purpose machinery 265 2.8 1.1 1.6 -0.6 -1.1 0.4

334 Computer and electronic products 1344 1.2 10.8 -8.6 -1.8 6.1 -7.4

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 224 -0.8 20.1 -17.4 3.9 15.2 -9.8

3342 Communications equipment 155 1.3 5.2 -3.8 -9.5 -4.0 -5.8

3343 Audio and video equipment 37 3.2 3.2 0.0 2.4 -1.2 3.6

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 461 2.2 18.4 -13.7 -6.2 9.8 -14.5

3345 Electronic instruments 430 1.2 0.9 0.3 3.0 3.8 -0.7

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 38 1.8 1.9 0.0 0.5 -4.7 5.5

335 Electrical equipment and appliances 460 1.3 0.5 0.8 -3.5 -1.9 -1.5

3351 Electric lighting equipment 67 1.4 0.1 1.3 -3.4 -4.7 1.3

3352 Household appliances 92 1.3 2.2 -0.9 -3.4 5.7 -8.6

3353 Electrical equipment 160 1.0 -0.2 1.2 -3.1 -3.2 0.1

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 140 1.6 0.3 1.3 -3.8 -4.8 1.0
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2003 and 2002-2003--Continued

2003 Annual percent change, 1987-2003/1 Annual percent change 2002-2003

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

336 Transportation equipment 1775 1.6 1.9 -0.3 -0.4 2.6 -3.0

3361 Motor vehicles 265 2.3 2.9 -0.6 0.1 7.6 -6.9

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 153 4.4 2.2 2.1 4.0 4.4 -0.4

3363 Motor vehicle parts 708 3.1 4.1 -0.9 -0.8 -1.5 0.7

3364 Aerospace products and parts 443 -0.9 -1.8 1.0 -1.9 -4.1 2.2

3365 Railroad rolling stock 23 3.1 4.8 -1.6 -3.2 -6.1 3.1

3366 Ship and boat building 146 1.8 0.7 1.1 2.9 -0.4 3.3

3369 Other transportation equipment 39 4.2 5.4 -1.1 4.7 4.4 0.2

337 Furniture and related products 573 3.1 1.7 1.4 -3.0 -1.9 -1.1

3371 Household and institutional furniture 382 3.1 1.6 1.5 -3.3 -3.4 0.1

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 139 3.0 1.6 1.4 -2.7 0.1 -2.8

3379 Other furniture-related products 52 3.6 2.5 1.0 -1.5 0.9 -2.3

339 Miscellaneous manufacturing 663 4.9 3.5 1.4 1.1 1.9 -0.7

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 304 6.0 4.9 1.1 2.3 4.9 -2.5

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 359 4.0 2.3 1.6 0.0 -1.1 1.1

Wholesale Trade

42 Wholesale trade 5827 5.0 4.0 1.0 2.6 2.1 0.5

423 Durable goods 3054 4.7 5.2 -0.4 1.4 2.9 -1.4

4231 Motor vehicles and parts 358 4.2 3.6 0.6 3.4 3.8 -0.4

4232 Furniture and furnishings 118 5.2 2.3 2.9 1.1 2.3 -1.2

4233 Lumber and construction supplies 235 3.8 1.6 2.1 6.4 10.2 -3.4

4234 Commercial equipment 669 5.3 14.0 -7.6 3.0 7.0 -3.8

4235 Metals and minerals 121 3.9 -0.2 4.1 -2.5 -5.3 3.0

4236 Electric goods 356 5.3 9.2 -3.6 -1.1 4.0 -4.9

4237 Hardware and plumbing 237 4.6 2.6 2.0 -1.3 -0.4 -0.9

4238 Machinery and supplies 668 4.3 2.0 2.3 -0.5 1.8 -2.2

4239 Miscellaneous durable goods 293 5.0 2.6 2.4 3.7 -3.6 7.5

424 Nondurable goods 2109 5.2 1.8 3.3 2.7 1.2 1.5

4241 Paper and paper products 160 4.3 2.3 2.0 0.2 -0.7 0.9

4242 Druggists' goods 216 12.2 6.9 4.9 12.4 9.5 2.7

4243 Apparel and piece goods 161 4.5 1.2 3.3 6.2 -5.8 12.7

4244 Grocery and related products 718 5.0 2.4 2.5 1.6 1.1 0.5

4245 Farm product raw materials 80 3.3 0.2 3.1 5.6 1.5 4.1

4246 Chemicals 134 4.8 1.0 3.7 1.6 -2.7 4.4

4247 Petroleum 108 2.6 -0.7 3.3 -4.7 0.2 -4.9

4248 Alcoholic beverages 139 4.5 2.3 2.1 6.7 4.7 1.9

4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods 393 3.6 0.3 3.3 -4.3 -1.4 -2.9

425 Electronic markets and agents and brokers 665 5.7 6.2 -0.5 7.7 2.2 5.4

42511 Business to business electronic markets 69 3.7 8.2 -4.2 -9.9 5.0 -14.2

42512 Wholesale trade agents and brokers 597 5.9 4.8 1.0 10.0 0.1 9.9

Retail Trade

44-45 Retail trade 15872 4.1 3.9 0.2 2.1 4.5 -2.3

441 Motor vehicle and parts dealers 1974 4.8 3.0 1.8 2.8 3.1 -0.3

4411 Automobile dealers 1319 5.0 2.7 2.2 2.1 1.6 0.4

4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 159 6.8 6.3 0.5 14.6 26.7 -9.5

4413 Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores 497 3.6 3.6 -0.1 1.6 4.0 -2.3

442 Furniture and home furnishings stores 601 4.3 4.5 -0.2 1.1 7.0 -5.5

4421 Furniture stores 306 3.8 4.1 -0.3 1.0 3.8 -2.7

4422 Home furnishings stores 295 4.9 5.0 -0.1 1.2 10.8 -8.6

443 Electronics and appliance stores 544 5.1 15.5 -8.9 -5.3 18.7 -20.3
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2003 and 2002-2003--Continued

2003 Annual percent change, 1987-2003/1 Annual percent change 2002-2003

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

444 Building material and garden supply stores 1236 4.5 5.1 -0.6 6.3 9.3 -2.7

4441 Building material and supplies dealers 1073 4.7 5.4 -0.6 6.1 9.1 -2.8

4442 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 163 3.2 3.5 -0.3 8.2 10.8 -2.3

445 Food and beverage stores 2951 3.3 0.6 2.7 0.2 1.7 -1.4

4451 Grocery stores 2517 3.5 0.6 2.9 1.9 1.5 0.4

4452 Specialty food stores 276 2.5 0.1 2.5 -8.6 6.9 -14.4

4453 Beer, wine and liquor stores 157 2.5 0.3 2.2 -5.9 2.1 -7.8

446 Health and personal care stores 976 5.3 3.9 1.3 3.6 4.4 -0.7

447 Gasoline stations 907 2.8 1.6 1.1 0.2 -1.7 1.9

448 Clothing and clothing accessories stores 1398 3.3 4.7 -1.4 2.2 6.8 -4.4

4481 Clothing stores 1012 3.5 5.0 -1.5 1.9 6.6 -4.5

4482 Shoe stores 187 2.0 2.7 -0.7 2.2 3.3 -1.0

4483 Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 199 3.3 4.9 -1.6 3.1 10.6 -6.7

451 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores 729 5.1 5.2 0.0 5.8 0.4 5.3

4511 Sporting goods and musical instrument stores 491 5.1 5.6 -0.5 8.4 2.0 6.2

4512 Book, periodical, and music stores 238 5.1 4.2 0.8 0.0 -2.7 2.8

452 General merchandise stores 2834 4.0 5.5 -1.5 4.2 5.6 -1.3

4521 Department stores 1623 3.2 2.9 0.2 -2.7 -1.3 -1.4

4529 Other general merchandise stores 1212 5.1 9.4 -3.9 14.5 12.2 2.0

453 Miscellaneous store retailers 1109 3.5 5.1 -1.5 -0.4 2.2 -2.5

4531 Florists 139 1.4 1.9 -0.5 2.6 7.9 -4.9

4532 Office supplies, stationery and gift stores 459 4.2 6.8 -2.4 3.2 3.4 -0.1

4533 Used merchandise stores 166 6.9 7.5 -0.5 6.6 9.6 -2.7

4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 346 2.6 3.9 -1.2 -7.0 -1.4 -5.6

454 Nonstore retailers 612 3.5 9.0 -5.0 0.9 9.4 -7.8

4541 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 245 8.0 16.6 -7.4 2.5 13.8 -10.0

4542 Vending machine operators 66 1.6 -0.1 1.7 -8.8 -4.8 -4.2

4543 Direct selling establishments 301 1.4 1.6 -0.2 1.2 3.1 -1.8

Transportation and Warehousing

481 Air transportation 482 4.3 2.9 1.3 -3.8 3.1 -6.7

482111 Line-haul railroads 176 0.5 2.4 -1.9 1.0 5.3 -4.1

48412 General freight trucking, long-distance 752 4.4 3.0 1.3 -0.8 0.0 -0.8

48421 Used household and office goods moving 114 2.7 0.0 2.7 -3.6 -1.5 -2.1

491 Postal service 809 4.1 1.3 2.9 -2.2 -1.9 -0.3

492 Couriers and messengers 591 8.7 2.9 5.6 5.1 -1.4 6.6

Information

511 Publishing 925 6.8 5.1 1.7 0.3 -1.4 1.7

5111 Newspaper, book, and directory publishers 686 4.2 -0.5 4.7 2.2 -3.9 6.3

5112 Software publishers 239 14.9 27.6 -10.0 -2.3 1.8 -4.0

51213 Motion picture and video exhibition 139 4.3 3.1 1.1 2.1 1.7 0.4

515 Broadcasting, except internet 324 3.9 2.1 1.7 5.7 1.1 4.6

5151 Radio and television broadcasting 238 4.9 0.3 4.6 3.6 2.2 1.3

5152 Cable and other subscription programming 86 0.5 7.9 -6.8 16.7 -1.1 18.0

5171 Wired telecommunications carriers 579 2.6 4.5 -1.8 1.9 -6.7 9.2

5172 Wireless telecommunications carriers 190 16.9 24.7 -6.2 16.8 13.6 2.8

5175 Cable and other program distribution 133 8.6 5.5 3.0 5.6 7.1 -1.4

Finance and Insurance

52211 Commercial banking 1280 5.6 1.7 3.8 7.4 2.6 4.6
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2003 and 2002-2003--Continued

2003 Annual percent change, 1987-2003/1 Annual percent change 2002-2003

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

532111 Passenger car rental 121 7.0 3.4 3.4 2.7 -1.8 4.6

53212 Truck, trailer and RV rental and leasing 62 3.9 3.7 0.2 1.1 3.0 -1.9

53223 Video tape and disc rental 162 5.3 7.5 -2.1 2.6 12.9 -9.1

Professional and Technical Services

541213 Tax preparation services 99 5.6 5.6 0.0 -1.0 3.1 -3.9

54181 Advertising agencies 181 4.6 2.0 2.6 -1.0 4.6 -5.3

541921 Photography studios, portrait 107 5.4 2.7 2.7 -4.5 0.5 -5.0

Administrative and Support Services

56151 Travel agencies 134 5.4 2.7 2.6 -0.8 5.8 -6.2

56172 Janitorial services 1029 5.8 4.7 1.0 0.3 8.5 -7.6

Health Care and Social Assistance

62151 Medical and diagnostic laboratories 193 5.6 7.3 -1.6 5.4 -1.2 6.7

621511 Medical laboratories 133 4.8 5.2 -0.4 3.4 -5.9 9.9

621512 Diagnostic imaging centers 60 7.5 10.7 -3.0 9.6 5.7 3.8

Accommodation and Food Services

7211 Traveler accommodations 1734 5.5 2.9 2.5 3.1 1.4 1.7

722 Food services and drinking places 8816 5.7 2.4 3.2 3.4 4.9 -1.4

7221 Full-service restaurants 4195 6.7 2.7 3.9 3.9 6.3 -2.3

7222 Limited-service eating places 3708 5.3 2.6 2.6 3.6 5.3 -1.7

7223 Special food services 522 4.1 1.8 2.3 4.4 -1.6 6.0

7224 Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 393 2.7 -0.7 3.4 -5.0 -0.8 -4.3

Other Services

8111 Automotive repair and maintenance 1155 4.9 2.7 2.2 3.0 1.9 1.0

81211 Hair, nail and skin care services 819 5.2 3.3 1.9 -4.2 5.6 -9.3

81221 Funeral homes and funeral services 108 4.8 0.8 4.0 -1.2 4.8 -5.7

8123 Drycleaning and laundry services 391 3.2 0.5 2.7 0.7 -6.3 7.5

81292 Photofinishing 70 1.5 -3.1 4.7 -3.6 -5.4 1.9

1/ For NAICS industries 62151, 621511, and 62512, annual percent changes are for 1994-03.