NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 19a0268n.06

No. 18-3684

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JOHN ISHAC,

Petitioner,

v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

Respondent.

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW 

FROM THE UNITED STATES 

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION 

APPEALS

Before: MERRITT and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

*

LARSEN, Circuit Judge. In 2006, an immigration judge (IJ) ordered John Ishac removed 

from the United States to Iraq. Ishac successfully petitioned to reopen his removal proceedings in 

2017 to seek withholding of removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). 

But in February 2018, the IJ denied Ishac’s applications for relief after concluding that Ishac had 

not met his burden of showing that he would be persecuted or tortured in Iraq. Ishac appealed the 

IJ’s decision and, claiming ineffective assistance of counsel, also moved the Board of Immigration 

Appeals (BIA) to remand the case for the IJ to consider additional evidence and to allow him to 

apply for cancellation of removal. The BIA dismissed Ishac’s appeal and denied his motion to 

remand. Ishac now petitions this court for review of the BIA’s decision. For the following reasons, 

we DENY in part and GRANT in part the petition for review.

 

* The third member of this panel, Judge Damon J. Keith, died on April 28, 2019. This order is 

entered by the quorum of the panel. 28 U.S.C. § 46(d).
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I.

John Ishac was born in 1980 to a Lebanese mother and an Iraqi father staying in Greece as 

temporary refugees. When two months old, Ishac and his parents entered the United States as 

refugees. He became a lawful permanent resident in 1982. His parents both became naturalized 

United States citizens.

In October 2001, Ishac was convicted of attempting to carry a concealed weapon (a pistol), 

in violation of Mich. Comp. Laws (MCL) § 750.227. Two months later, he was convicted of

operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated—his second such offense—in violation of MCL 

§ 257.625(3). In June 2002, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued Ishac a notice to 

appear before an IJ to answer the charge that he was removable, under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(C), 

as an alien convicted of a firearm offense. After Ishac picked up additional convictions in 

November 2002 for attempted possession of a controlled substance (ecstasy), in violation of MCL 

§ 333.7403(2)(b)(ii), and for attempted fleeing (4th degree), in violation of MCL § 257.602a(2),

DHS added an additional removal charge against him, under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), as an 

alien convicted of a controlled substance offense. Ishac conceded removability via counsel and 

applied for cancellation of removal as a legal permanent resident under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a). The 

IJ determined that Ishac did not merit cancellation of removal, largely because Ishac had continued 

to use drugs and had violated his probation during the removal proceedings. In December 2006,

the IJ ordered him removed to Iraq.

Over ten years later, in July 2017, Ishac, still in the United States, moved to reopen his 

removal proceeding based on changed conditions for Christians in Iraq. Ishac is a Chaldean 

Christian, and he argued that Christians in Iraq were being tortured and killed. The IJ granted 
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Ishac’s motion to reopen his removal proceeding to determine whether Ishac qualified for relief 

from removal.

Ishac then applied for withholding of removal and CAT protection. In support of his 

application, Ishac submitted articles, affidavits, and country reports attesting to the dangerous 

conditions in Iraq. DHS submitted similar types of evidence, highlighting the improved conditions 

in Iraq following the significant military successes against ISIS. Ishac argued that he would more 

likely than not suffer persecution or torture if returned to Iraq based on his religion and his 

particular social group as an easily identifiable Americanized Iraqi. DHS responded that the Iraqi 

government was working to protect Christians and that Christian regions were beginning to be 

rebuilt and repopulated. DHS also argued that being an Americanized Iraqi was not a cognizable 

social group for withholding of removal purposes.

On February 6, 2018, the IJ denied Ishac’s claims. The IJ first sustained DHS’s objections 

to two of the three affidavits Ishac had submitted, deciding that the declarants did not qualify as 

expert witnesses on country conditions in contemporary Iraq. The IJ instead treated the two 

declarants only as percipient witnesses whose knowledge was helpful. After reviewing the 

documentary evidence, the parties’ arguments, and the relevant legal standards, the IJ determined 

that Ishac was credible. The IJ then held that Americanized or westernized Iraqis do not qualify 

as a cognizable particular social group for purposes of withholding of removal and that Ishac had 

not met his burden of showing that it was more likely than not he would be persecuted by the Iraqi 

government or by forces the Iraqi government cannot or will not control. The IJ noted, in 

particular, that much of Ishac’s evidence described conditions in Iraq before June 2017—before 

ISIS had suffered its most significant military defeats. Turning to the claim for CAT protection, 
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the IJ held that there was no record evidence that the Iraqi government would torture Ishac or that 

it would acquiesce in his torture.

Ishac, represented by new counsel, appealed to the BIA. Ishac also moved for a remand 

on the ground that his prior counsel had provided ineffective assistance by not submitting readily 

available country conditions evidence, forgetting to file a witness list, confusing the standards for 

asylum and withholding of removal, overlooking relevant precedent, and failing to reapply for 

cancellation of removal. Ishac also submitted additional country conditions evidence, including 

the State Department’s 2017 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Iraq and the State 

Department’s 2017 International Religious Freedom Report.

The BIA dismissed Ishac’s appeal, adopting and affirming the IJ’s decision.1 The BIA also 

denied Ishac’s motion to remand. The BIA concluded that Ishac had not established that his prior 

counsel’s conduct resulted in prejudice because any inadequate performance did not change the 

outcome of the proceedings. Regarding the failure to reapply for cancellation of removal, the BIA 

held that “the evidence does not establish [Ishac’s] prima facie eligibility for cancellation of 

removal” and that not applying for the relief was “a permissible tactical decision.” The BIA also 

held that the additional evidence Ishac submitted in support of his motion did not, by itself, warrant 

 

1

In doing so, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s conclusion that Americanized or westernized Iraqis do not 

qualify as a cognizable particular social group for purposes of withholding of removal. Ishac has 

not petitioned for review of this conclusion.
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a remand because some of it could have been submitted in the prior application,2some was in fact 

presented to the IJ,3and some was substantively cumulative of the evidence presented.

Ishac timely petitioned for review and moved for a stay of removal pending this court’s 

disposition of his claims. The Attorney General opposed the stay and moved to dismiss the petition 

on the ground that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) barred our review of Ishac’s claims. This court 

granted the stay of removal and denied the Attorney General’s motion to dismiss after concluding 

that Ishac had raised colorable constitutional claims or questions of law not precluded by 

§ 1252(a)(2)(C)’s jurisdictional bar. Ishac v. Sessions, No. 18-3684 (6th Cir. Aug. 24, 2018)

(order). 

II.

A. Jurisdiction

“Where the [BIA] adopts the IJ’s decision and supplements that decision with its own 

comments . . . we review both the BIA’s and the IJ’s opinions.” Hachem v. Holder, 656 F.3d 430, 

434 (6th Cir. 2011). But here our jurisdiction to review Ishac’s claims is limited. Pursuant to

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), “no court shall have jurisdiction to review any final order of removal 

against an alien who is removable by reason of having committed” controlled substance or firearms 

offenses. Ishac conceded removability under both 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) (aliens convicted 

of controlled substance offenses) and under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(C) (aliens convicted of firearms 

offenses), and he does not dispute that § 1252(a)(2)(C)’s jurisdictional bar applies to him. This 

 

2

“A motion to reopen proceedings shall not be granted unless it appears to the Board that evidence 

sought to be offered . . . was not available and could not have been discovered or presented at the 

former hearing.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1); see also In re Rajah, 25 I. & N. Dec. 127, 138 (B.I.A. 

2009) (“The requirements for a motion to remand are essentially the same as the requirements for 

a motion to reopen.”).

3 The BIA asserted that “[t]he declarations of Rebecca Heller, Mark Lattimore[sic], and Daniel 

Smith[] are duplicates of evidence before the Immigration Judge.”
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bar, however, does not “preclud[e] review of constitutional claims or questions of law.” 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1252(a)(2)(D).

The jurisdictional bar constrains our capacity to review Ishac’s claims because eligibility 

for both withholding of removal and CAT protection rest on factual assessments of the likelihood 

that an alien will face harm following removal from the United States. To make out a claim for 

withholding of removal, an alien must establish a clear probability that his “life or freedom would 

be threatened in that country because of [his] race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular 

social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); see also Mapouya v. Gonzales, 487 

F.3d 396, 414 (6th Cir. 2007) (explaining that the “clear probability” standard requires “more than 

a 50 percent likelihood of persecution”). An alien seeking CAT protection must prove that “it is 

more likely than not that he or she would be tortured.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). Ordinarily, we 

would review the agency’s likelihood-of-harm determination under the substantial evidence 

standard. See Kamar v. Sessions, 875 F.3d 811, 817–21 (6th Cir. 2017). But § 1252(a)(2)(C)’s 

jurisdictional bar precludes substantial-evidence review of the agency’s factual determinations. 

Ventura-Reyes v. Lynch, 797 F.3d 348, 359 (6th Cir. 2015). 

In Shabo v. Sessions, 892 F.3d 237, 241 (6th Cir. 2018), this court held that whether an 

alien has shown “a probability of future torture” is a factual issue subject to § 1252(a)(2)(C)’s 

jurisdictional bar. Shabo’s holding was in the context of an application for CAT protection. See 

892 F.3d at 240. But we see no principled basis for distinguishing the probability of future harm

in the CAT context from the probability of future harm in withholding of removal cases. We 

review both issues under the substantial evidence standard. See Amezola-Garcia v. Lynch, 846 

F.3d 135, 142 (6th Cir. 2016); Cruz-Samayoa v. Holder, 607 F.3d 1145, 1155–56 (6th Cir. 2010). 

The substantial evidence standard is what we apply to the agency’s findings of fact. See, e.g.,
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Parlak v. Holder, 578 F.3d 457, 462 (6th Cir. 2009). And in the context of withholding of removal

cases, this court has expressly characterized the likelihood of harm as a factual issue. See Kamar, 

875 F.3d at 817–21 (“The probability of harm occurring in these cases is an inference based on 

facts in the record.”). In sum, Shabo’s holding applies to Ishac’s withholding of removal claim as 

well as his claim for CAT protection.

Shabo does not stand for the proposition that the jurisdictional bar precludes any challenge 

to the agency’s determination that an alien is ineligible for withholding of removal or CAT 

protection. An alien may still contest the BIA’s resolution of legal questions. Tran v. Gonzales, 

447 F.3d 937, 943 (6th Cir. 2006). But Ishac offers no sustained argument as to how, accepting 

as true the agency’s factual conclusions regarding the likelihood that he would suffer harm in Iraq, 

the agency then misapplied any of the “legal requirements for relief.” See In re Z-Z-O-, 26 I. & 

N. Dec. 586, 590–91 (B.I.A. 2015). Instead, Ishac’s briefing consists largely of identifying the 

evidence in the record favoring his claims and suggesting that the BIA and IJ erred in their 

prognoses regarding his treatment if removed to Iraq. His claim that the evidence “is sufficient to 

establish a clear probability of persecution or torture” rests entirely on our reweighing the evidence

in his favor. We lack jurisdiction to conduct such an inquiry. Shabo, 892 F.3d at 241.

Ishac also cites Johns v. Holder, 678 F.3d 404, 407 (6th Cir. 2012), for the proposition that 

we have jurisdiction to conduct substantial-evidence review of the agency’s factual findings. 

Johnsinvolved a different jurisdictional bar, which precluded review of any decision “the authority 

for which is specified under this subchapter to be in the discretion of the Attorney General.” See 

id. at 405 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii)). Johns held that, notwithstanding the 

jurisdictional bar, we could conduct substantial-evidence review of the agency’s decision that the 
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petitioner’s marriage was not bona fide, so long as we did not “second guess[] [the agency’s] 

weight and credibility decisions.” Id. at 407.

Our published decisions have applied Johns’ substantial-evidence holding only in its 

original context. See Al-Saka v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 427, 430–31 (6th Cir. 2018). But see Maharaj 

v. Holder, 604 F. App’x 453, 456 (6th Cir. 2015) (relying on Johns for the rule that whether 

substantial evidence supported the BIA’s finding is a “question[] of law over which we have 

jurisdiction”); Mendez v. Lynch, 613 F. App’x 529, 534 (6th Cir. 2015) (“If we construe Gonzalez’s 

petition as raising the legal claim that substantial evidence did not demonstrate his ineligibility for 

cancellation of removal, we would have jurisdiction to review such a claim.” (citing Johns, 678 

F.3d at 407)). But even if Johns applied, this would not help Ishac. As noted above, Ishac’s

arguments go to the weight the agency gave to various pieces of evidence. With evidence on both 

sides, the agency gave more weight to the Attorney General’s evidence suggesting that Ishac could 

safely reside in Iraq. If we cannot question the agency’s weighing of the evidence—and even 

under Johns, we cannot—it would be impossible to say that the evidence compels the conclusion 

that the agency erred. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (providing that an agency’s factual findings “are 

conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary”).

B. Legal Questions

We may review Ishac’s petition to the extent it “raise[s] constitutional issues or questions 

of law,” Ventura-Reyes, 797 F.3d at 356, and Ishac raises several. We address, first, Ishac’s legal 

challenges to the BIA’s dismissal of his appeal and, second, his legal challenges to the BIA’s denial 

of his motion to remand.

1. BIA Appeal

Ishac claims that the BIA and IJ violated controlling Sixth Circuit precedent that prohibits

removal of Chaldean Christians to Iraq. Ishac cites Yousif v. Lynch, 796 F.3d 622, 628 (6th Cir. 
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2015), for the proposition that an alien’s “status as a Christian alone entitles him to withholding of 

removal, given that there is ‘a clear probability’ that he would be subject to future persecution if 

returned to contemporary Iraq.” But this court’s statement in Yousif was based on the Attorney 

General’s concession in that case that, “in December 2011 . . . conditions in Iraq for Chaldean 

Christians were so turbulent that Yousif was entitled to withholding of removal.” Id. at 625. Yousif 

did not establish an entitlement to withholding of removal for all time, nor could it. As Yousif 

itself noted, the “validity of [a] withholding claim w[ill] fluctuate over time” and is determined “at 

the time of adjudication.” Id. at 632. Here, the Attorney General has contested Ishac’s present 

entitlement to withholding of removal, arguing that conditions for Christians in Iraq have 

improved. Yousif, therefore, does not entitle Ishac to relief as a matter of law. And it in no way 

conflicts with the IJ’s 2018 determination that, given ISIS’s diminished influence, Ishac had not 

demonstrated a probability of torture or persecution because of his Christian faith.

Ishac also claims that the BIA’s decision in his case was inconsistent with three other BIA 

decisions and one IJ order involving similarly situated Chaldean Christians facing removal to Iraq. 

See In re T.H.H. (B.I.A. Aug. 27, 2018) (granting Chaldean Christian’s appeal and remanding for 

IJ to consider up-to-date evidence regarding conditions in Iraq) (Pet’r App’x A); In re T.H.H. (I.J. 

Oct. 3, 2018) (granting CAT protection to Chaldean Christian based on evidence of likely torture) 

(Pet’r App’x B); In re Y.D. (B.I.A. July 30, 2018) (granting Chaldean Christian’s motion to remand 

based on evidence of abuse and harassment of Christians in Iraq) (Pet’r App’x C); In re S.D. (B.I.A. 

June 25, 2018) (granting Chaldean Christian’s motion to remand for consideration of new evidence 

of persecution and torture in Iraq) (Pet’r App’x D). This is not technically a claim that the BIA 

violated its own precedent; these decisions are unpublished and, therefore, not formally binding

on the agency. See In re Medrano, 20 I. & N. Dec. 216, 220 (B.I.A. 1990) (“Decisions which the 
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[BIA] does not designate as[ ]precedents are not binding on the Service or the immigration judges 

in cases involving the same or similar issues.”). Rather, Ishac’s claim is that the BIA acted 

arbitrarily by denying his appeal while granting relief to other similarly situated Chaldean 

Christians. 

As this court has noted before, the BIA’s “discretion is broad but it is not unlimited. It may 

not exercise its discretion in a way that is arbitrary, irrational or contrary to law.” Daneshvar v. 

Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 615, 625–26 (6th Cir. 2004). In Hanna v. Mukasey, 290 F. App’x 867, 872–73 

(6th Cir. 2008), this court granted a petition for review and remanded for the BIA to explain why 

it had denied the petitioner’s motion to reopen based on worsening conditions for Iraqi Christians 

in April 2007 when it had granted similar motions in June and August of 2006. This court

acknowledged that the agency’s decision to reopen immigration proceedings is discretionary. Id. 

But we stressed that the BIA’s failure to explain the differing outcomes raised an inference of 

arbitrary decisionmaking. See id. (explaining that the BIA “does not have the discretion to make 

such decisions arbitrarily”); see also Kiegemwe v. Holder, 427 F. App’x 473, 482 (6th Cir. 2011) 

(“[T]he BIA’s denial of [petitioners’] asylum applications in the face of its grant of Lusingo’s 

application violated the fundamental legal principle—and the BIA’s own policy—that similarlysituated individuals should be treated similarly.”); Zhang v. Gonzales, 452 F.3d 167, 174 (2d Cir. 

2006) (“A rational system of law would seem to require consistent treatment of such identical 

claims, or, at the very least, an explanation from the BIA for their seemingly inconsistent 

treatment.”); Davila-Bardales v. INS, 27 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 1994) (“[E]ven if [unpublished BIA 

decisions] are not ‘precedent’ in the technical sense, the prospect of a government agency treating 

virtually identical legal issues differently in different cases, without any semblance of a plausible 

explanation, raises precisely the kinds of concerns about arbitrary agency action that the 
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consistency doctrine addresses . . . .”). We cannot say, therefore, that there is no possible legal 

basis for Ishac’s claim.

We need not decide the relationship between the agency’s limited publication rule and the 

“consistency doctrine,” see Davila-Bardales, 27 F.3d at 5, however, because here the reasons for 

the inconsistent outcomes are readily apparent. Specifically, three of the unpublished decisions 

relied on the 2017 State Department Reports as evidence of torture that warranted either remand 

or relief. See In re T.H.H. (Pet’r App’x A, p. 2); In re T.H.H. (Pet’r App’x B, pp. 2–3); In re Y.D.

(Pet’r App’x C, p. 3).

4 Although Ishac submitted the same reports in his later-filed motion to 

remand, that evidence was never presented to the IJ and so cannot constitute a basis for reversing 

the IJ’s decision. Similarly, in Ishac’s case the IJ ruled that two of Ishac’s proffered experts, 

Rebecca Heller and Daniel Smith, did not qualify as experts on contemporary conditions in Iraq; 

the IJ, therefore, gave lesser weight to their testimony. Ishac’s lawyer before the IJ offered no

sustained objection to these decisions, instead “leav[ing] it to the court’s discretion whether or not 

to admit” the evidence as expert testimony. By contrast, in the unpublished decisions Ishac cites, 

the petitioners’ lawyers contested the IJ’s decisions not to qualify these same witnesses as experts,

and the BIA sustained their challenges on appeal. See, e.g., In re T.H.H. (“[W]e respectfully 

conclude that Ms. Heller and Mr. Smith’s credentials are not qualitatively or considerably different 

from those that were deemed experts. On remand, therefore, the [IJ] should consider [them] as 

expert witnesses and afford their testimony due weight.”) (Pet’r App’x A, p. 2). As we explain 

below, the newly presented 2017 State Department Reports and prior counsel’s failure to 

meaningfully object to the IJ’s expert-witness determinations are not irrelevant; but they implicate 

 

4

In In re S.D., the BIA did not specify what evidence the petitioner had included in his motion to 

remand, stating only that it included “extensive additional country conditions evidence” as well as 

expert witness affidavits. (Pet’r App’x D, p. 5). 
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Ishac’s motion to remand—not the BIA’s disposition of his appeal. Accordingly, we deny Ishac’s 

petition for review insofar as it challenges the BIA’s denial of his appeal from the IJ’s decision.

2. Motion to Remand

We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to remand for an abuse of discretion. Fieran v. 

INS, 268 F.3d 340, 344 (6th Cir. 2001). The BIA abuses its discretion if its decision was made

“without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested on an 

impermissible basis such as invidious discrimination.” Ahmed v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 579, 585 (6th 

Cir. 2008). But § 1252(a)(2)(C)’s jurisdictional bar remains in force, so we review Ishac’s 

challenge only to the extent it implicates questions of law.

Ishac claims that the BIA erred in denying his motion to remand based on his prior 

counsel’s ineffective assistance. The BIA has created a mechanism to remedy attorney failures 

that are both egregious and prejudicial. See In re Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. 637, 638–39 (B.I.A. 

1988); see also In re Compean, 25 I. & N. Dec. 1, 1–2 (U.S. Att’y Gen. 2009) (reinstating the 

Lozada framework).

5

 Under the Lozada framework, an alien alleging ineffective assistance of 

counsel in immigration proceedings must first meet certain procedural requirements; the alien 

“must file an affidavit explaining the errors made by his lawyer, confirm that the lawyer knows 

about the claim, and state whether the individual filed a grievance with the appropriate state bar 

disciplinary authority.” Al-Saka, 904 F.3d at 432. The alien must then establish that prejudice 

resulted from the attorney’s conduct. Sako v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 857, 865 (6th Cir. 2006). Here, 

Ishac argued that his prior counsel was ineffective because he did not reapply for cancellation of 

 

5

Ishac also asserts a right to effective assistance of counsel apart from Lozada under the Fifth 

Amendment’s Due Process Clause. Acknowledging this court’s opinion in Al-Saka v. Sessions,

904 F.3d 427 (6th Cir. 2018), Ishac says he is merely “preserving this issue for further review.” 

In any event, Ishac presses no due process claim that differs from his claim under the Lozada 

framework.
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removal, failed to submit readily available country conditions evidence, did not file a witness list, 

confused the standards for asylum and withholding of removal, and never cited controlling 

precedent. The BIA found that Ishac had “substantially complied” with Lozada’s procedural 

requirements but held that Ishac had not met his burden to establish prejudice. The BIA’s 

reasoning does not withstand scrutiny.

We begin with Ishac’s claim that his prior counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing 

to apply for cancellation of removal. The BIA offered two reasons for concluding that this failure

was not prejudicial. First, the BIA stated that “the evidence does not establish [Ishac’s] prima 

facie eligibility for cancellation of removal.” Second, the BIA noted that Ishac had been denied 

cancellation of removal in 2006 and concluded that prior counsel’s “decision to focus on 

withholding of removal and protection under the [CAT] was a permissible tactical choice.”

We find neither basis for denying Ishac’s motion to be a rational explanation. Ahmed, 519 

F.3d at 585. The Attorney General has not contested Ishac’s eligibility for cancellation of removal. 

Under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a), an individual is eligible for cancellation of removal if he has been a 

lawful permanent resident for at least five years, has resided continuously in the United States for 

seven years, and has not been convicted of an aggravated felony. In 2006, DHS counsel stipulated 

that Ishac met those requirements, and the Attorney General has not suggested that Ishac’s 

circumstances have changed. The BIA’s assertion that Ishac is not eligible for relief, therefore,

appears erroneous, and the Attorney General does not seek to justify that conclusion on appeal.

The Attorney General instead focuses on the BIA’s claim that Ishac’s counsel’s failure to 

apply for cancellation of removal was a “permissible tactical choice.” But what was the tactic? 

The BIA does not explain. The Attorney General relies on Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 

123 (2009), for the proposition that it is not ineffective assistance to pursue “a claim that stood 
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almost no chance of success.” See id. at 127 (explaining that counsel “is not required to have a 

tactical reason—above and beyond a reasonable appraisal of a claim’s dismal prospects for 

success—for recommending that a weak claim be dropped altogether”). But assuming this was 

indeed the BIA’s rationale, see SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194, 196 (1947), why is it that 

Ishac’s claim had “dismal prospects for success”? In 2006, a different IJ denied Ishac cancellation 

of removal, but that was largely because Ishac had, at that time, shown few signs of rehabilitation

and had instead violated his probation. But that was thirteen years ago, and Ishac attests that since 

then he has had a clean record and that his conduct has demonstrated his rehabilitation. The 

Attorney General does not provide any evidence to dispel this claim. So, on this record, the 

strongest factor supporting the first IJ’s denial of cancellation of removal has been greatly 

diminished. Cf. In re C-V-T-, 22 I. & N. Dec. 7, 12 (B.I.A. 1998) (explaining that “a showing of 

rehabilitation is not an absolute prerequisite in every case involving an alien with a criminal 

record” but that evidence of rehabilitation “will ordinarily be required”).

Published BIA decisions regarding cancellation of removal further undermine the Attorney 

General’s assertion that Ishac’s application for cancellation of removal “stood almost no chance 

of success.” An IJ considering a qualified applicant for cancellation of removal must assess 

favorable considerations, such as “family ties within the United States, residence of long duration 

in this country (particularly when the inception of residence occurred at a young age), evidence of 

hardship to the respondent or his family if deportation occurs, . . . [and] proof of genuine 

rehabilitation if a criminal record exists.” C-V-T-, 22 I. & N. Dec. at 11 (reaffirming standards 

articulated in In re Marin, 16 I & N Dec. 581 (B.I.A. 1978)). An IJ must weigh the positive factors 

against negative ones such as “additional significant violations of this country’s immigration laws, 

the existence of a criminal record and, if so, its nature, recency, and seriousness, and the presence 
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of other evidence indicative of a respondent’s bad character or undesirability as a permanent 

resident of this country.” Id.

Considering these factors, as the BIA has assessed them in its precedents, Ishac’s claim for 

cancellation of removal seems far from hopeless. The IJ found Ishac credible; his family resides

in the United States and he has no family in Iraq; his lawful “residence [is] of long duration in this 

country,” almost forty years, beginning when he was only two months old; in fact, he has never 

been to Iraq, does not speak Arabic, and even the government’s witnesses acknowledged “that life 

would be difficult” for returning Iraqi Christians; and, significantly, his rehabilitation appears

genuine.

6

 Id. There is no evidence, moreover, that Ishac has committed “additional significant 

violations of this country’s immigration laws;” his crimes (which the government has not asserted 

to be “aggravated felonies”) were long ago; and the Attorney General has not pointed to any 

“evidence indicative of [Ishac’s] bad character or undesirability.” Id. 

After reviewing the BIA’s published precedents in this area, we see nothing in them to 

doom Ishac’s claim; indeed, his claim seems to compare favorably with those applications the BIA 

has granted. Compare In re Sotelo-Sotelo, 23 I. & N. Dec. 201, 204–05 (B.I.A. 2001) (denying 

relief for Mexican national with recent convictions and prison sentence for alien smuggling 

involving “repeated disregard for lawful immigration procedures”) and In re Burbano, 20 I. & N. 

Dec. 872, 876 (B.I.A. 1994) (denying relief for Colombian national whose testimony was not 

credible, whose criminal history was lengthy and recent, and for whom any “adverse effect of 

deportation upon [him] and his family will [not] exceed that typically suffered by a family in this 

 

6

It is also quite possible that Ishac’s mother, now a widow, or other family would face significant 

hardship if Ishac is deported to Iraq, further strengthening his case for cancellation of removal. 

We do not know whether this is the case, however, because Ishac’s initial attorney failed to submit 

a witness list, preventing testimony on these points. 
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situation”), with C-V-T-, 22 I. & N. Dec. at 14 (granting relief for Vietnamese national convicted 

of relatively minor drug offense who, despite being presently confined and therefore lacking 

evidence of rehabilitation, nonetheless “presented significant equities” favoring relief, including 

fifteen years’ lawful residence in the United States and steady work history) and In re Arreguin 

De Rodriguez, 21 I. & N. Dec. 38, 42–43 (B.I.A. 1995) (granting relief to Mexican national despite 

conviction for serious drug offense, given her lesser role in the crime, efforts toward rehabilitation, 

and other equities including twenty years’ lawful residence in the United States, employment 

history, and family ties). Given these precedents, it is hard to accept the unexplained conclusion

that it was a reasonable tactical choice to forego applying for cancellation of removal to focus

instead on avenues for relief that required a more demanding sort of proof—a “clear probability” 

of persecution or torture. Cf. Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 481 (2000) (“The relevant 

question is not whether counsel’s choices were strategic, but whether they were reasonable.”).

Ishac’s prior counsel’s numerous errors further undermine the inference that not applying 

for cancellation of removal was strategic. Ishac’s former attorney failed to submit available

country conditions evidence; he failed to submit a witness list, which appears to have prevented 

Ishac’s family and friends from testifying on his behalf; and his arguments to the IJ revealed

confusion regarding the distinct legal standards governing asylum and withholding of removal.7

The BIA dismissed these mistakes, stating that Ishac “was afforded the opportunity to submit 

 

7 We can add to this litany of errors prior counsel’s failure to vigorously contest the IJ’s 

determinations discounting the affidavits by Heller and Smith on the ground that they did not 

qualify as experts. As explained above, the significance of these evidentiary determinations is 

apparent from the unpublished decisions Ishac cites, concerning the treatment of these same 

witnesses. In one of these, the IJ stated that “[g]iving greater weight to Respondent’s witnesses—

finding that they were not only percipient witnesses but in fact experts—considerably change[d]

the Court’s evaluation of the case.” In re T.H.H. (Pet’r App’x B, p. 2). The IJ went on to grant 

CAT protection for the Chaldean Christian petitioner.
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evidence and testify in support of his claim” and that the additional evidence submitted in support 

of Ishac’s motion to remand would not have changed the outcome of the hearing. The BIA offered 

scant explanation for why this was the case, however, relying instead on its earlier conclusion that 

the additional evidence Ishac submitted on appeal did not, by itself, justify a remand.

But the BIA’s conclusion regarding the new evidence was likewise cursory, and, in at least 

one instance, plainly erroneous. Reviewing the evidence submitted by Ishac on appeal, the BIA 

asserted that a declaration by Mark Lattimer, an expert on the human rights situation in Iraq, was 

a “duplicate[]” of the evidence presented to the IJ. That is wrong. The IJ considered two affidavits 

by Lattimer, one dated June 14, 2017, another dated June 20, 2017. But the Lattimer affidavit 

submitted in support of Ishac’s motion to remand was dated November 22, 2017, and this affidavit 

focused particularly on the “[c]ontinuing risk to civilians in Iraq following military successes 

against ISIS.” Therefore, not only was the BIA wrong to say that the evidence was merely 

duplicative of that which had been previously submitted, but the non-duplicative affidavit squarely 

addressed one of the IJ’s primary reasons for denying Ishac’s claims for relief—namely, the lack

of evidence showing that dangerous conditions persisted “following military successes against 

ISIS.”

Perhaps even more concerning than the BIA’s confusion about the Lattimer affidavit was 

its failure to address the 2017 State Department Reports submitted, for the first time, in support of 

Ishac’s motion for remand. Like the Lattimer affidavit, these documents speak directly to the 

safety of Christians following military victories against ISIS in mid-2017. And Ishac based his 

motion to remand largely on these materials. Here, too, “the BIA failed to demonstrate that it 

evaluated or analyzed the evidence presented to it by [the petitioner]. Instead, the BIA summarily 
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concluded that [the petitioner’s] evidence was insufficient . . . .” Preçetaj v. Sessions, 907 F.3d 

453, 458 (6th Cir. 2018).

8

When the BIA “does not articulate a reasoned basis for rejecting the motion or fails to 

consider all the aspects of the petitioner’s claim, it has abused its discretion.” Id. at 459 (quoting 

Habchy v. Filip, 552 F.3d 911, 915 (8th Cir. 2009)). By failing to offer “a reasoned basis” for 

denying Ishac’s motion to remand based on his counsel’s ineffective assistance and by not 

“consider[ing] all the aspects of the petitioner’s claim,” the BIA abused its discretion here. We 

readily acknowledge that cancellation of removal is a discretionary remedy and that the BIA has 

broad discretion to deny motions to remand. But as this court recently explained, “simply because 

the [BIA] may reach the same result upon remand (and of course, it may not) does not render the 

[BIA’s] action ‘harmless.’” Preçetaj, 907 F.3d at 459.

* * *

For the foregoing reasons, we DENY in part and GRANT in part the petition for review, 

and we remand to the agency for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

 

8 The BIA’s elision of the 2017 State Department Reports is even more concerning given that three 

of the unpublished decisions discussed in the previous section cited these documents as evidence 

of torture that warranted either remand or relief for Chaldean Christians facing removal to Iraq. 

See In re T.H.H. (Pet’r App’x A, p. 2); In re T.H.H. (Pet’r App’x B, pp. 2–3); In re Y.D. (Pet’r 

App’x C, p. 3). It is entirely possible, of course, that there are other unpublished decisions 

involving similarly situated petitioners who relied on the 2017 State Department Reports but 

whose applications for relief were denied for some reason common also to Ishac’s application. 

See Hanna, 290 F. App’x at 873. But the Attorney General has not pointed to any such decisions; 

and we have not been able to locate any. As it turns out, most unpublished decisions of the BIA 

do not appear readily available at all. It seems that the reason Ishac was able to point to the four 

decisions we have discussed is that his current lawyer, Russell Abrutyn, also represented the 

petitioners in those cases. Again, we acknowledge that the BIA has not designated unpublished 

decisions as precedent. But as the First Circuit has explained, “even if [they] are not ‘precedent’ 

in the technical sense, the prospect of a government agency treating virtually identical legal issues 

differently in different cases, without any semblance of a plausible explanation” is concerning. 

Davila-Bardales, 27 F.3d at 5.