For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, March 11, 2021 USDL-21-0392 

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2021 

The number of job openings changed little at 6.9 million on the last business day of January, the U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires were little changed at 5.3 million while total separations 

decreased to 5.3 million. Within separations, the quits rate and layoffs and discharges rate changed little 

at 2.3 percent and 1.2 percent, respectively. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job 

openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by four geographic 

regions. The release also includes 2020 annual estimates for hires and separations. The annual number 

of hires at 73.1 million and the annual number of layoffs and discharges at 41.0 million increased in 

2020. The annual number of quits at 36.3 million decreased in 2020. 

Job Openings 

On the last business day of January, the number and rate of job openings were little changed at 6.9 

million and 4.6 percent, respectively. Job openings increased in state and local government education 

(+56,000); educational services (+21,000); and mining and logging (+10,000). The number of job 

openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.) 

Over the year, the number of job openings (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed in January. Job 

openings decreased in a number of industries over the year with the largest decreases in accommodation 

and food services; state and local government, excluding education; and arts, entertainment, and 

recreation. The job openings level increased over the year in nondurable goods manufacturing; durable 

Revisions to the JOLTS Estimates 

Job openings, hires, and separations have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current 

Employment Statistics employment data and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. See the revision 

section at the end of this release for more information. 

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.0

Jan‐18 Jul‐18 Jan‐19 Jul‐19 Jan‐20 Jul‐20 Jan‐21

Percent

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted,

January 2018 - January 2021

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

Jan‐18 Jul‐18 Jan‐19 Jul‐19 Jan‐20 Jul‐20 Jan‐21

Hires

Separations

Percent

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,

January 2018 - January 2021
- 2 - 

goods manufacturing; and mining and logging. The number of job openings decreased in the West 

region. (See table 7.)

Hires

In January, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.3 million and 3.7 percent, respectively. 

Hires increased in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+59,000) and in educational services (+25,000). 

Hires decreased in federal government (-15,000). The number of hires decreased in the South region. 

(See table 2.) 

The number of hires in January (not seasonally adjusted) decreased over the year (-696,000). Hires 

decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in accommodation and food services; 

professional and business services; and health care and social assistance. The number of hires decreased 

in the South and West regions. (See table 8.) 

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 

voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 

workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 

by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 

to other locations of the same firm. 

In January, the number of total separations decreased to 5.3 million (-275,000), and the total 

separations rate was little changed at 3.7 percent. The total separations level decreased in 

accommodation and food services (-242,000); educational services (-38,000); and state and local 

government education (-27,000). Total separations increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities 

(+87,000) and in federal government (+9,000). Total separations were little changed in all four regions. 

(See table 3.) 

Over the year, the number of total separations (not seasonally adjusted) decreased (-403,000). Total 

separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in professional and business 

services; state and local government education; and educational services. Total separations increased in 

transportation, warehousing, and utilities and in federal government. The number of total separations 

decreased in the South and Midwest regions. (See table 9.) 

In January, the quits level and rate were little changed at 3.3 million and 2.3 percent, respectively. The 

number of quits increased in finance and insurance (+36,000) and in federal government (+5,000). The 

number of quits decreased in wholesale trade (-28,000); educational services (-18,000); and state and 

local government education (-14,000). The number of quits was little changed in all four regions. (See 

table 4.) 

Over the year, the number of quits (not seasonally adjusted) decreased (-239,000). Quits decreased in a 

number of industries with the largest decreases in professional and business services; state and local 

government education; and educational services. Quits increased in a number of industries with the 

largest increases in durable goods manufacturing; finance and insurance; and nondurable goods 

manufacturing. The number of quits decreased in the West region. (See table 10.) 

In January, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges were little changed at 1.7 million and 1.2 

percent, respectively. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in accommodation and food 

services (-209,000). The number of layoffs and discharges increased in transportation, warehousing, and 
- 3 - 

utilities (+113,000) and in federal government (+5,000). Layoffs and discharges were little changed in 

all four regions. (See table 5.) 

Over the year, the layoffs and discharges level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed. The number 

of layoffs and discharges decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in professional 

and business services; durable goods manufacturing; and finance and insurance. Layoffs and discharges 

increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities; wholesale trade; and federal government. The 

number of layoffs and discharges increased in the West region but decreased in the Midwest region. 

(See table 11.) 

The number of other separations edged down in January to 310,000 (-42,000). Other separations 

decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in retail trade (-21,000); state and local 

government education (-9,000); and transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-8,000). Other 

separations increased in health care and social assistance (+17,000). The other separations level 

decreased in the South region but increased in the West region. (See table 6.) 

Over the year, the other separations level (not seasonally adjusted) decreased (-67,000). Other 

separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in retail trade; accommodation 

and food services; and state and local government education. The number of other separations increased 

in federal government. The number of other separations decreased in the South region. (See table 12.) 

Net Change in Employment 

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 

employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 

hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 

Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 

if the hires level is steady or rising. 

Over the 12 months ending in January, hires totaled 72.4 million and separations totaled 81.2 million, 

yielding a net employment loss of 8.8 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 

and separated more than once during the year. 

Annual Levels and Rates 

Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published for not seasonally adjusted data and are 

published with the January news release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings 

because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last business day of each month. 

Calculating annual levels and rates allows additional comparisons across years. Annual levels for hires, 

quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 12 revised 

monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 

Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

In 2020, there were 73.1 million hires, an increase of 3.1 million from 2019. Total separations increased 

by 13.5 million in 2020 to 81.5 million. Quits decreased for the first time in 11 years to 36.3 million in 

2020, down by 5.8 million. Quits comprised 44.6 percent of total separations. Layoffs and discharges 

increased by 19.2 million in 2020 to 41.0 million and comprised 50.3 percent of total separations. Other 

separations increased by 162,000 in 2020 to 4.2 million and comprised 5.1 percent of total separations. 
- 4 - 

These data reflect the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. (See 

tables 13 through 22.) 

The annual hires rate for 2020 was 51.4 percent of the annual average CES employment level. The 

annual total separations rate for 2020 was 57.3 percent. The annual rates for the components of total 

separations were 25.5 percent for quits, 28.8 percent for layoffs and discharges, and 2.9 percent for other 

separations. (See tables 13 through 22.) 

 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2021 are scheduled to be 

released on Tuesday, April 6, 2021 at 10:00 a.m. (ET). 

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on January 2021 

 Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data 

Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 42 

percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone 

respondents were asked to report electronically. However, data collection was adversely impacted due to 

the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate for 

January was 43 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic averaged 54 percent. 

More information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including 

information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/jobopenings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-january-2021.htm. 

 
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 7,154 6,752 6,917 5,974 5,411 5,301 5,714 5,582 5,307

Total private....................................... 6,336 6,094 6,236 5,584 5,072 4,965 5,374 5,236 4,983

Mining and logging............................. 19 21 31 16 24 21 22 19 12

Construction.................................... 296 267 309 418 399 361 362 352 363

Manufacturing.................................. 409 479 515 321 398 351 341 387 358

Durable goods............................... 250 271 296 181 224 192 199 213 206

Nondurable goods........................... 159 209 219 140 174 159 142 173 152

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,236 1,215 1,239 1,211 1,199 1,112 1,212 1,123 1,191

Wholesale trade............................. 183 173 179 139 160 151 134 151 134

Retail trade................................... 752 764 763 804 814 728 818 737 736

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 301 277 298 268 225 232 260 235 322

Information...................................... 139 109 109 83 72 86 60 74 69

Financial activities.............................. 423 295 321 219 212 206 211 182 205

Finance and insurance..................... 319 231 239 142 134 129 139 113 136

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 104 65 82 76 78 78 72 69 69

Professional and business services......... 1,285 1,478 1,355 1,164 1,121 1,032 1,164 1,007 965

Education and health services............... 1,321 1,277 1,356 798 700 688 708 681 675

Educational services........................ 117 90 111 112 67 92 78 102 64

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,204 1,187 1,244 686 633 596 630 579 611

Leisure and hospitality........................ 927 747 733 1,116 758 908 1,077 1,221 945

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 158 62 80 179 60 119 170 173 138

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 769 685 653 937 698 789 907 1,049 807

Other services.................................. 281 205 267 239 187 199 219 190 199

Government....................................... 819 659 681 390 339 337 340 346 325

Federal.......................................... 131 98 83 46 47 32 42 50 59

State and local................................. 687 561 598 343 292 305 298 296 266

State and local education.................. 270 217 273 177 145 165 153 141 114

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 417 344 325 166 147 140 145 155 152

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 4.5 4.5 4.6 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.7

Total private....................................... 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.1

Mining and logging............................. 2.6 3.4 4.9 2.3 4.0 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.0

Construction.................................... 3.7 3.5 4.0 5.5 5.4 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.9

Manufacturing.................................. 3.1 3.8 4.0 2.5 3.3 2.9 2.7 3.2 2.9

Durable goods............................... 3.0 3.4 3.8 2.3 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.7

Nondurable goods........................... 3.2 4.3 4.5 2.9 3.8 3.4 3.0 3.7 3.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.4

Wholesale trade............................. 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.4 2.9 2.7 2.3 2.7 2.4

Retail trade................................... 4.6 4.8 4.8 5.1 5.3 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.2 3.6 3.7 4.1 3.8 5.2

Information...................................... 4.6 3.9 3.9 2.9 2.7 3.2 2.1 2.8 2.6

Financial activities.............................. 4.6 3.3 3.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.3

Finance and insurance..................... 4.7 3.4 3.5 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 4.2 2.8 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.1

Professional and business services......... 5.7 6.7 6.2 5.4 5.5 5.0 5.4 4.9 4.7

Education and health services............... 5.1 5.2 5.5 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9

Educational services........................ 3.0 2.6 3.2 3.0 2.0 2.7 2.1 3.1 1.9

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 5.5 5.6 5.9 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1

Leisure and hospitality........................ 5.2 5.4 5.3 6.6 5.8 7.0 6.4 9.3 7.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 5.9 3.5 4.5 7.1 3.5 7.0 6.8 10.1 8.2

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 5.1 5.7 5.4 6.5 6.1 7.0 6.3 9.2 7.1

Other services.................................. 4.5 3.6 4.7 4.0 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Government....................................... 3.5 3.0 3.1 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5

Federal.......................................... 4.4 3.3 2.8 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.5 1.7 2.1

State and local................................. 3.3 2.9 3.1 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4

State and local education.................. 2.5 2.2 2.7 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.2

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 4.3 3.7 3.5 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
- 5 -

Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data

The JOLTS data are revised annually to reflect updates to the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

employment estimates. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-adjusted to the CES 

employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. This annual 

benchmarking process results in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series. The seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. Further, the alignment methodology creates a dependency of

the not seasonally adjusted estimates on the seasonal adjustment process. Therefore, the data series that 

are not seasonally adjusted are also recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect the effect 

of the updated seasonal adjustment factors on the alignment process. 

Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2020. The 

December 2020 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the 

final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for January 2016 through 

December 2020 will be available on the JOLTS website later in the day following the release. The 

website also contains all revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision 

tables and data can be accessed through the JOLTS homepage at www.bls.gov/jlt/. 

As of January 2021, all JOLTS data series will be seasonally adjusted. Not seasonally adjusted series 

that were previously designated as equal to the seasonally adjusted series have been revised back to 

December 2000. 

Table B. Revisions in job openings data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2020

January........................ 7,012 7,154 142 4.4 4.5 0.1

February..................... 7,004 7,012 8 4.4 4.4 .0

March........................... 6,011 5,769 -242 3.8 3.7 -.1

April........................... 4,996 4,630 -366 3.7 3.4 -.3

May.............................. 5,371 5,447 76 3.9 3.9 .0

June........................... 6,001 6,112 111 4.2 4.2 .0

July.............................. 6,697 6,717 20 4.6 4.6 .0

August........................ 6,352 6,451 99 4.3 4.4 .1

September..................... 6,494 6,611 117 4.4 4.5 .1

October........................ 6,632 6,873 241 4.5 4.6 .1

November..................... 6,572 6,766 194 4.4 4.5 .1

December..................... 6,646 6,752 106 4.5 4.5 .0

Year and month
- 6 - 

Table C. Revisions in hires data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2020

January........................ 5,921 5,974 53 3.9 3.9 0.0

February..................... 5,864 5,979 115 3.8 3.9 .1

March........................... 5,111 5,132 21 3.4 3.4 .0

April........................... 4,047 3,942 -105 3.1 3.0 -.1

May.............................. 7,199 8,272 1,073 5.4 6.2 .8

June........................... 6,970 7,697 727 5.1 5.6 .5

July.............................. 5,903 6,237 334 4.2 4.5 .3

August........................ 5,952 6,431 479 4.2 4.6 .4

September..................... 5,886 5,932 46 4.2 4.2 .0

October........................ 5,912 6,035 123 4.2 4.2 .0

November..................... 5,935 6,019 84 4.2 4.2 .0

December..................... 5,539 5,411 -128 3.9 3.8 -.1

Year and month

Table D. Revisions in total separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2020

January........................ 5,713 5,714 1 3.8 3.8 0.0

February..................... 5,595 5,715 120 3.7 3.7 .0

March........................... 14,643 16,308 1,665 9.7 10.8 1.1

April........................... 9,975 11,782 1,807 7.6 9.1 1.5

May.............................. 4,236 4,618 382 3.2 3.5 .3

June........................... 4,899 5,180 281 3.6 3.8 .2

July.............................. 4,988 5,392 404 3.6 3.9 .3

August........................ 4,689 4,901 212 3.3 3.5 .2

September..................... 4,844 5,235 391 3.4 3.7 .3

October........................ 5,142 5,427 285 3.6 3.8 .2

November..................... 5,523 5,744 221 3.9 4.0 .1

December..................... 5,460 5,582 122 3.8 3.9 .1

Year and month
- 7 - 

Table E. Revisions in quits data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2020 

January........................ 3,575 3,568 -7 2.3 2.3 0.0

February..................... 3,436 3,430 -6 2.3 2.2 -.1

March........................... 2,789 2,902 113 1.8 1.9 .1

April........................... 1,877 2,107 230 1.4 1.6 .2

May.............................. 2,067 2,206 139 1.6 1.7 .1

June........................... 2,605 2,646 41 1.9 1.9 .0

July.............................. 2,932 3,182 250 2.1 2.3 .2

August........................ 2,839 2,987 148 2.0 2.1 .1

September..................... 3,074 3,307 233 2.2 2.3 .1

October........................ 3,150 3,352 202 2.2 2.4 .2

November..................... 3,180 3,296 116 2.2 2.3 .1

December..................... 3,286 3,407 121 2.3 2.4 .1

Year and month

Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2020 

January........................ 1,749 1,788 39 1.1 1.2 0.1

February..................... 1,846 1,953 107 1.2 1.3 .1

March........................... 11,489 13,046 1,557 7.6 8.6 1.0

April........................... 7,708 9,307 1,599 5.9 7.2 1.3

May.............................. 1,903 2,096 193 1.4 1.6 .2

June........................... 1,995 2,204 209 1.4 1.6 .2

July.............................. 1,745 1,845 100 1.3 1.3 .0

August........................ 1,533 1,573 40 1.1 1.1 .0

September..................... 1,437 1,555 118 1.0 1.1 .1

October........................ 1,676 1,728 52 1.2 1.2 .0

November..................... 2,055 2,123 68 1.4 1.5 .1

December..................... 1,812 1,823 11 1.3 1.3 .0

Year and month
- 8 - 

Table G. Revisions in other separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2020 

January........................ 389 358 -31 0.3 0.2 -0.1

February..................... 313 332 19 0.2 0.2 .0

March........................... 366 360 -6 0.2 0.2 .0

April........................... 390 368 -22 0.3 0.3 .0

May.............................. 266 316 50 0.2 0.2 .0

June........................... 300 331 31 0.2 0.2 .0

July.............................. 311 365 54 0.2 0.3 .1

August........................ 317 342 25 0.2 0.2 .0

September..................... 333 373 40 0.2 0.3 .1

October........................ 317 347 30 0.2 0.2 .0

November..................... 288 325 37 0.2 0.2 .0

December..................... 362 352 -10 0.3 0.2 -.1

Year and month
Technical Note 

 Special technical note: This technical note 

describes the procedures regularly used on a monthly 

basis to develop estimates from JOLTS survey 

responses. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of 

the procedures described in this technical note have 

been modified. The modifications are briefly 

described in the box note in the news release and are 

described in more detail at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemicon-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm. 

 This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Industries are classified in accordance 

with the North American Industry Classification 

System. 

Definitions 

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements. 

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting Internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar 

sources. 

 Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future, 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work, and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. 
Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 

discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Excluded from separations are 

transfers within the same location; employees on 

strike; employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly. 

Estimation Method

 The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 

establishments. The sample is stratified by 

ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment 

size class. The establishments are drawn from a 

universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled 

by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) program which includes all employers 

subject to state unemployment insurance laws and 

federal agencies subject to the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees program. 

 Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio 

adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment 

is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data 

elements. 

 Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. 

Also within the first year, new businesses may go out 

of business, referred to as a death. Because not all 

births and deaths of establishments can be reflected 

on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS 

sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and 

separations from them during their early existence. 

BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses 

establishment birth and death activity from previous 

years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations. 

 Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences as well as sampling and nonsampling 

errors between the two surveys historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust 

again. 

 Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses X-13 ARIMA 

for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal 

adjustment methodology is used in which new 

seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each 

month, using all relevant data up to and including 

current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally 

adjusted CES employment trends are applied to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment 

trends (hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the 

seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

 Annual estimates. The JOLTS estimates are 

revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES 

employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal 

adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels 

are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and 

the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data 

elements. The seasonally adjusted data are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. These 
annual updates result in revisions to both the 

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series, for the period since the last 

benchmark was established. 

 Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual 

level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

annual average employment level, and multiplying 

that quotient by 100. This figure will be 

approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly 

rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates 

are published only for not seasonally adjusted data 

and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job 

openings because job openings are a stock, or pointin-time, measurement for the last business day of 

each month. 

Reliability of the estimates 

 JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs 

when a sample is surveyed rather than the entire 

population. There is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected. 

This variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that 

there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true 

population value because of sampling error. 

Sampling error estimates are available at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm. 

 The JOLTS estimates also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for 

many reasons including: the failure to include a 

segment of the population; the inability to obtain data 

from all units in the sample; the inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 

timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data; and 

errors from the employment benchmark data used in 

estimation. 

Other information 

 Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339. 
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total............................................... 7,154 6,611 6,873 6,766 6,752 6,917 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,336 5,903 6,173 6,078 6,094 6,236 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.9

Mining and logging......................... 19 17 21 16 21 31 2.6 2.9 3.4 2.7 3.4 4.9

Construction................................ 296 232 253 261 267 309 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.0

Manufacturing.............................. 409 500 545 514 479 515 3.1 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.8 4.0

Durable goods........................... 250 270 302 250 271 296 3.0 3.5 3.9 3.2 3.4 3.8

Nondurable goods....................... 159 230 243 263 209 219 3.2 4.8 5.0 5.4 4.3 4.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,236 1,132 1,160 1,204 1,215 1,239 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.4

Wholesale trade......................... 183 169 178 175 173 179 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1

Retail trade............................... 752 674 703 720 764 763 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 301 289 278 310 277 298 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.6

Information.................................. 139 112 117 98 109 109 4.6 4.0 4.2 3.6 3.9 3.9

Financial activities......................... 423 314 304 287 295 321 4.6 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.5

Finance and insurance................. 319 239 225 216 231 239 4.7 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.5

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 104 75 79 70 65 82 4.2 3.3 3.4 3.1 2.8 3.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,285 1,235 1,225 1,261 1,478 1,355 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.8 6.7 6.2

Education and health services........... 1,321 1,247 1,394 1,335 1,277 1,356 5.1 5.1 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.5

Educational services.................... 117 108 116 101 90 111 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.6 3.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,204 1,139 1,278 1,234 1,187 1,244 5.5 5.5 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 927 837 888 859 747 733 5.2 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.4 5.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 158 86 97 110 62 80 5.9 4.7 5.2 5.7 3.5 4.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 769 751 792 749 685 653 5.1 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.4

Other services.............................. 281 277 266 243 205 267 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.2 3.6 4.7

Government................................... 819 708 700 688 659 681 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1

Federal...................................... 131 101 103 103 98 83 4.4 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.3 2.8

State and local............................. 687 608 598 584 561 598 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1

State and local education.............. 270 210 228 207 217 273 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.7

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 417 398 369 377 344 325 4.3 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.5

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 1,241 1,088 1,170 1,166 1,142 1,150 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2

South........................................... 2,643 2,645 2,717 2,623 2,645 2,714 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.9

Midwest........................................ 1,545 1,408 1,463 1,455 1,465 1,525 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7

West............................................ 1,726 1,470 1,524 1,522 1,501 1,528 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total............................................... 5,974 5,932 6,035 6,019 5,411 5,301 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,584 5,607 5,696 5,649 5,072 4,965 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.2 4.1

Mining and logging......................... 16 23 19 25 24 21 2.3 3.9 3.2 4.2 4.0 3.4

Construction................................ 418 385 401 389 399 361 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.4 4.9

Manufacturing.............................. 321 384 384 405 398 351 2.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9

Durable goods........................... 181 220 226 230 224 192 2.3 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.5

Nondurable goods....................... 140 164 159 176 174 159 2.9 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,211 1,255 1,276 1,285 1,199 1,112 4.3 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.1

Wholesale trade......................... 139 193 136 150 160 151 2.4 3.5 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.7

Retail trade............................... 804 729 739 713 814 728 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.7 5.3 4.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 268 333 401 421 225 232 4.2 5.5 6.5 6.7 3.6 3.7

Information.................................. 83 102 123 81 72 86 2.9 3.8 4.6 3.1 2.7 3.2

Financial activities......................... 219 251 250 217 212 206 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.4

Finance and insurance................. 142 160 152 143 134 129 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 76 91 99 73 78 78 3.2 4.1 4.5 3.3 3.5 3.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,164 1,116 1,102 1,220 1,121 1,032 5.4 5.6 5.4 6.0 5.5 5.0

Education and health services........... 798 703 727 725 700 688 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0

Educational services.................... 112 61 88 90 67 92 3.0 1.8 2.6 2.7 2.0 2.7

Health care and social assistance. . .. 686 642 639 635 633 596 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,116 1,102 1,154 1,097 758 908 6.6 8.2 8.5 8.1 5.8 7.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 179 121 145 138 60 119 7.1 7.0 8.1 7.6 3.5 7.0

Accommodation and food services. .. 937 980 1,009 959 698 789 6.5 8.4 8.5 8.1 6.1 7.0

Other services.............................. 239 286 258 206 187 199 4.0 5.3 4.7 3.8 3.4 3.6

Government................................... 390 325 339 370 339 337 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6

Federal...................................... 46 59 47 68 47 32 1.6 1.9 1.6 2.4 1.6 1.1

State and local............................. 343 266 292 302 292 305 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

State and local education.............. 177 119 138 140 145 165 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 166 147 154 163 147 140 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 946 962 985 937 867 859 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.3

South........................................... 2,383 2,324 2,413 2,458 2,156 1,955 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.1 3.7

Midwest........................................ 1,170 1,207 1,230 1,316 1,203 1,192 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.9 3.9

West............................................ 1,474 1,438 1,407 1,309 1,184 1,295 4.1 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.9

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total............................................... 5,714 5,235 5,427 5,744 5,582 5,307 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,374 4,804 4,878 5,305 5,236 4,983 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.1

Mining and logging......................... 22 21 20 20 19 12 3.2 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.0

Construction................................ 362 306 343 362 352 363 4.8 4.2 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.9

Manufacturing.............................. 341 380 354 367 387 358 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.9

Durable goods........................... 199 210 205 206 213 206 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7

Nondurable goods....................... 142 170 149 161 173 152 3.0 3.7 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,212 1,071 1,129 1,123 1,123 1,191 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.4

Wholesale trade......................... 134 121 122 143 151 134 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.4

Retail trade............................... 818 692 740 735 737 736 5.2 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 260 257 268 245 235 322 4.1 4.2 4.4 3.9 3.8 5.2

Information.................................. 60 62 78 79 74 69 2.1 2.3 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.6

Financial activities......................... 211 207 208 199 182 205 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.3

Finance and insurance................. 139 128 131 133 113 136 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 72 79 78 66 69 69 3.1 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,164 1,062 1,036 1,123 1,007 965 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.5 4.9 4.7

Education and health services........... 708 662 709 690 681 675 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9

Educational services.................... 78 63 84 89 102 64 2.1 1.9 2.5 2.6 3.1 1.9

Health care and social assistance. . .. 630 599 625 600 579 611 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,077 846 828 1,134 1,221 945 6.4 6.3 6.1 8.3 9.3 7.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 170 105 115 102 173 138 6.8 6.0 6.5 5.6 10.1 8.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 907 741 713 1,032 1,049 807 6.3 6.4 6.0 8.7 9.2 7.1

Other services.............................. 219 187 172 209 190 199 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.6

Government................................... 340 430 549 439 346 325 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.5

Federal...................................... 42 92 198 134 50 59 1.5 3.0 6.6 4.6 1.7 2.1

State and local............................. 298 338 351 305 296 266 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.4

State and local education.............. 153 196 196 150 141 114 1.4 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 145 142 155 155 155 152 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 902 753 892 904 858 813 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.1

South........................................... 2,249 2,090 2,177 2,176 2,186 2,086 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.0

Midwest........................................ 1,226 1,167 1,202 1,308 1,166 1,071 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.2 3.8 3.5

West............................................ 1,337 1,225 1,157 1,355 1,372 1,338 3.8 3.7 3.5 4.1 4.1 4.0

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total............................................... 3,568 3,307 3,352 3,296 3,407 3,311 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,390 3,101 3,125 3,113 3,224 3,142 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6

Mining and logging......................... 14 8 9 12 9 6 2.0 1.3 1.4 2.0 1.6 1.0

Construction................................ 163 148 132 163 161 148 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.0

Manufacturing.............................. 189 254 231 235 240 244 1.5 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0

Durable goods........................... 108 134 123 129 135 143 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Nondurable goods....................... 81 120 109 106 105 101 1.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 831 707 744 752 816 760 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.8

Wholesale trade......................... 92 92 89 75 97 69 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.2

Retail trade............................... 594 468 512 540 549 539 3.8 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 145 147 142 137 170 152 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.5

Information.................................. 34 35 40 40 39 39 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4

Financial activities......................... 133 114 127 124 108 146 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.7

Finance and insurance................. 82 72 81 82 69 105 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 51 42 46 42 38 41 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.9

Professional and business services. . . .. 696 669 619 592 581 580 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8

Education and health services........... 494 455 510 446 471 451 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.9

Educational services.................... 52 29 44 46 52 34 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 441 426 467 400 419 417 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 739 597 605 622 687 652 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.6 5.2 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 76 47 57 56 71 65 3.0 2.7 3.2 3.1 4.2 3.8

Accommodation and food services. .. 662 550 548 566 616 588 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.8 5.4 5.2

Other services.............................. 98 114 108 126 113 115 1.6 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.1

Government................................... 178 205 228 183 183 169 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8

Federal...................................... 18 20 31 24 21 26 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.9

State and local............................. 160 186 197 159 162 143 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8

State and local education.............. 83 107 106 81 81 67 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.7

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 77 78 91 78 81 76 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 481 441 460 466 436 444 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7

South........................................... 1,490 1,426 1,479 1,445 1,465 1,420 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7

Midwest........................................ 777 723 733 709 761 720 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.3

West............................................ 820 718 680 676 746 727 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total............................................... 1,788 1,555 1,728 2,123 1,823 1,687 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,692 1,406 1,483 1,930 1,734 1,592 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.3

Mining and logging......................... 6 10 11 7 9 5 0.9 1.7 1.8 1.2 1.5 0.8

Construction................................ 181 145 200 189 183 200 2.4 2.0 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.7

Manufacturing.............................. 126 103 99 110 120 94 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8

Durable goods........................... 73 63 69 62 64 49 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6

Nondurable goods....................... 53 40 29 47 56 45 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 320 307 313 327 243 404 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.5

Wholesale trade......................... 36 20 25 61 40 60 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.7 1.1

Retail trade............................... 187 194 187 174 156 186 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 97 93 101 92 46 159 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.7 2.6

Information.................................. 21 21 33 33 30 21 0.7 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.8

Financial activities......................... 44 58 49 54 50 33 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4

Finance and insurance................. 35 26 20 36 23 12 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 9 32 29 18 27 22 0.4 1.5 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.0

Professional and business services. . . .. 415 322 362 449 359 316 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.2 1.7 1.5

Education and health services........... 164 167 160 203 168 169 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.7

Educational services.................... 20 30 35 38 41 27 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.8

Health care and social assistance. . .. 145 138 125 165 126 143 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 298 220 197 485 506 271 1.8 1.6 1.4 3.6 3.9 2.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 91 56 56 44 98 71 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.4 5.7 4.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 207 164 141 441 409 200 1.4 1.4 1.2 3.7 3.6 1.8

Other services.............................. 116 52 59 72 66 78 1.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4

Government................................... 96 149 245 194 89 94 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.4 0.4

Federal...................................... 12 61 153 98 12 17 0.4 2.0 5.1 3.4 0.4 0.6

State and local............................. 84 88 92 95 77 77 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4

State and local education.............. 45 53 59 41 31 27 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 39 35 33 54 46 50 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 361 257 378 382 356 317 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2

South........................................... 617 502 553 636 576 567 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1

Midwest........................................ 393 379 401 527 338 295 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.1 1.0

West............................................ 417 418 396 578 554 507 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.5

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total............................................... 358 373 347 325 352 310 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 293 297 271 262 278 248 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 2 3 1 1 1 1 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

Construction................................ 17 13 12 10 7 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 25 23 24 22 27 21 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods........................... 17 13 13 15 14 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods....................... 8 11 11 8 12 6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 61 57 73 44 64 27 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 5 10 7 6 13 5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Retail trade............................... 37 31 42 22 32 11 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 19 17 24 16 19 11 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2

Information.................................. 5 6 5 5 4 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Financial activities......................... 34 34 32 21 24 25 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3

Finance and insurance................. 23 30 30 16 21 20 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 12 5 2 5 3 6 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3

Professional and business services. . . .. 52 71 55 82 67 69 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3

Education and health services........... 49 39 38 41 43 55 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Educational services.................... 6 4 5 5 9 3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 44 35 33 36 34 51 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 41 29 26 26 28 22 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 3 2 2 2 3 2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 38 27 24 25 24 19 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other services.............................. 6 21 5 10 12 6 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1

Government................................... 65 76 77 63 74 62 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 11 12 14 12 17 16 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5

State and local............................. 53 64 63 51 57 46 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local education.............. 25 36 31 29 29 20 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 29 28 31 22 28 26 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 60 55 55 56 66 52 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

South........................................... 141 162 145 95 146 99 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

Midwest........................................ 56 66 68 72 67 55 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West............................................ 100 89 80 101 72 104 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment..

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 7,061 6,032 6,931 4.5 4.0 4.7

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,268 5,422 6,268 4.7 4.3 5.0

Mining and logging............................................... 17 14 31 2.5 2.3 4.9

Construction....................................................... 283 211 313 3.8 2.8 4.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 406 444 515 3.1 3.5 4.1

Durable goods.................................................. 244 253 292 3.0 3.2 3.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 161 191 223 3.3 4.0 4.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,086 1,086 1,110 3.8 3.7 3.9

Wholesale trade................................................ 189 159 189 3.1 2.7 3.3

Retail trade..................................................... 599 682 625 3.7 4.2 4.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 298 245 296 4.5 3.6 4.5

Information........................................................ 140 107 111 4.7 3.9 4.0

Financial activities................................................ 467 279 376 5.0 3.1 4.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 354 220 281 5.2 3.2 4.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 113 59 96 4.7 2.6 4.2

Professional and business services............................ 1,293 1,327 1,382 5.8 6.0 6.4

Education and health services.................................. 1,433 1,190 1,500 5.6 4.8 6.1

Educational services.......................................... 120 75 116 3.1 2.2 3.4

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,313 1,115 1,384 6.0 5.3 6.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 862 569 658 5.1 4.2 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 156 36 80 6.5 2.2 5.0

Accommodation and food services.......................... 706 533 578 4.8 4.5 5.0

Other services.................................................... 282 195 271 4.6 3.5 4.8

Government.......................................................... 793 610 663 3.4 2.7 3.0

Federal............................................................. 137 89 84 4.6 3.0 2.8

State and local.................................................... 657 521 580 3.2 2.7 3.0

State and local education..................................... 250 196 264 2.3 1.9 2.6

State and local, excluding education........................ 407 325 316 4.2 3.5 3.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,222 1,029 1,138 4.3 3.8 4.2

South................................................................. 2,598 2,394 2,706 4.5 4.3 5.0

Midwest............................................................... 1,476 1,294 1,480 4.3 4.0 4.6

West.................................................................. 1,765 1,315 1,608 4.8 3.8 4.7

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 5,756 4,059 5,060 3.8 2.8 3.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,386 3,858 4,740 4.2 3.2 4.0

Mining and logging............................................... 20 16 24 2.9 2.7 4.0

Construction....................................................... 386 245 322 5.3 3.3 4.6

Manufacturing..................................................... 337 298 361 2.7 2.4 3.0

Durable goods.................................................. 196 166 202 2.5 2.2 2.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 140 132 159 3.0 2.8 3.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,037 1,014 943 3.7 3.6 3.5

Wholesale trade................................................ 146 127 160 2.5 2.3 2.9

Retail trade..................................................... 647 651 568 4.2 4.1 3.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 244 236 215 3.8 3.6 3.4

Information........................................................ 93 51 96 3.3 1.9 3.6

Financial activities................................................ 245 144 222 2.8 1.6 2.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 167 92 147 2.6 1.4 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 78 52 75 3.4 2.3 3.4

Professional and business services............................ 1,223 938 1,079 5.8 4.5 5.3

Education and health services.................................. 863 510 739 3.5 2.2 3.2

Educational services.......................................... 113 28 96 3.0 0.8 2.9

Health care and social assistance........................... 750 482 644 3.6 2.4 3.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 933 524 741 5.8 4.1 5.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 121 39 77 5.4 2.5 5.0

Accommodation and food services.......................... 812 485 664 5.9 4.3 6.1

Other services.................................................... 249 118 212 4.3 2.2 3.9

Government.......................................................... 370 200 321 1.6 0.9 1.5

Federal............................................................. 45 40 29 1.6 1.4 1.0

State and local.................................................... 325 160 292 1.6 0.8 1.6

State and local education..................................... 185 69 179 1.7 0.7 1.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 139 91 113 1.5 1.0 1.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 854 613 758 3.1 2.3 2.9

South................................................................. 2,434 1,660 2,043 4.4 3.1 3.9

Midwest............................................................... 1,058 907 1,073 3.3 2.9 3.5

West.................................................................. 1,409 879 1,187 4.0 2.6 3.6

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 6,201 5,416 5,798 4.1 3.8 4.1

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,898 5,125 5,528 4.6 4.2 4.6

Mining and logging............................................... 29 20 17 4.3 3.3 2.9

Construction....................................................... 400 398 409 5.5 5.4 5.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 343 344 358 2.7 2.8 2.9

Durable goods.................................................. 205 188 214 2.6 2.5 2.8

Nondurable goods............................................. 137 156 144 2.9 3.4 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,548 1,172 1,549 5.6 4.2 5.7

Wholesale trade................................................ 152 130 150 2.6 2.3 2.7

Retail trade..................................................... 1,002 752 922 6.5 4.8 6.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 394 290 478 6.2 4.4 7.6

Information........................................................ 83 67 91 2.9 2.5 3.4

Financial activities................................................ 241 145 234 2.7 1.6 2.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 155 95 153 2.4 1.4 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 86 50 81 3.7 2.3 3.7

Professional and business services............................ 1,260 1,038 1,038 6.0 5.0 5.1

Education and health services.................................. 780 586 736 3.2 2.5 3.2

Educational services.......................................... 78 81 59 2.1 2.4 1.8

Health care and social assistance........................... 702 505 677 3.4 2.5 3.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,013 1,168 907 6.3 9.1 7.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 137 188 108 6.1 11.7 7.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 876 981 798 6.3 8.7 7.3

Other services.................................................... 201 187 189 3.4 3.4 3.5

Government.......................................................... 303 291 270 1.3 1.3 1.3

Federal............................................................. 52 54 73 1.8 1.8 2.6

State and local.................................................... 251 238 196 1.3 1.3 1.1

State and local education..................................... 125 95 65 1.2 1.0 0.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 127 143 131 1.4 1.6 1.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,019 876 941 3.7 3.3 3.7

South................................................................. 2,430 2,069 2,249 4.4 3.9 4.3

Midwest............................................................... 1,353 1,152 1,185 4.2 3.7 3.9

West.................................................................. 1,400 1,320 1,422 4.0 3.9 4.3

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 3,520 2,961 3,281 2.3 2.1 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,362 2,830 3,147 2.6 2.3 2.6

Mining and logging............................................... 14 6 6 2.1 1.0 1.0

Construction....................................................... 153 137 140 2.1 1.9 2.0

Manufacturing..................................................... 174 194 229 1.4 1.6 1.9

Durable goods.................................................. 100 108 138 1.3 1.4 1.8

Nondurable goods............................................. 73 86 91 1.5 1.8 2.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 827 765 765 3.0 2.7 2.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 99 80 74 1.7 1.4 1.3

Retail trade..................................................... 601 493 552 3.9 3.1 3.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 127 192 139 2.0 2.9 2.2

Information........................................................ 39 32 44 1.4 1.2 1.7

Financial activities................................................ 131 84 148 1.5 1.0 1.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 78 57 103 1.2 0.9 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 53 27 44 2.3 1.2 2.0

Professional and business services............................ 723 502 604 3.4 2.4 3.0

Education and health services.................................. 520 419 476 2.1 1.8 2.1

Educational services.......................................... 52 39 34 1.4 1.2 1.0

Health care and social assistance........................... 469 380 442 2.3 1.9 2.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 692 604 628 4.3 4.7 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 61 56 53 2.7 3.5 3.4

Accommodation and food services.......................... 632 548 575 4.6 4.9 5.2

Other services.................................................... 89 87 108 1.5 1.6 2.0

Government.......................................................... 158 131 134 0.7 0.6 0.6

Federal............................................................. 18 20 26 0.6 0.7 0.9

State and local.................................................... 140 112 107 0.7 0.6 0.6

State and local education..................................... 69 47 40 0.6 0.5 0.4

State and local, excluding education........................ 71 65 67 0.8 0.7 0.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 497 357 467 1.8 1.4 1.8

South................................................................. 1,500 1,292 1,430 2.7 2.4 2.8

Midwest............................................................... 749 653 701 2.3 2.1 2.3

West.................................................................. 774 659 683 2.2 2.0 2.1

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 2,244 2,100 2,147 1.5 1.5 1.5

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 2,167 2,015 2,068 1.7 1.7 1.7

Mining and logging............................................... 12 13 9 1.8 2.2 1.5

Construction....................................................... 230 252 252 3.2 3.5 3.6

Manufacturing..................................................... 136 119 101 1.1 1.0 0.8

Durable goods.................................................. 83 62 56 1.0 0.8 0.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 53 57 45 1.1 1.2 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 646 347 753 2.3 1.2 2.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 46 34 70 0.8 0.6 1.2

Retail trade..................................................... 350 231 354 2.3 1.5 2.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 250 82 329 3.9 1.2 5.3

Information........................................................ 36 32 34 1.3 1.2 1.3

Financial activities................................................ 66 43 52 0.7 0.5 0.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 45 23 22 0.7 0.3 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 21 21 30 0.9 0.9 1.3

Professional and business services............................ 463 465 344 2.2 2.3 1.7

Education and health services.................................. 194 124 189 0.8 0.5 0.8

Educational services.......................................... 19 35 21 0.5 1.0 0.6

Health care and social assistance........................... 175 89 168 0.8 0.4 0.8

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 278 531 258 1.7 4.1 2.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 73 129 54 3.2 8.0 3.5

Accommodation and food services.......................... 205 402 204 1.5 3.6 1.9

Other services.................................................... 105 88 76 1.8 1.6 1.4

Government.......................................................... 77 85 79 0.3 0.4 0.4

Federal............................................................. 17 13 26 0.6 0.4 0.9

State and local.................................................... 60 73 53 0.3 0.4 0.3

State and local education..................................... 36 29 16 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 24 44 37 0.3 0.5 0.4

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 455 449 418 1.7 1.7 1.6

South................................................................. 750 630 693 1.4 1.2 1.3

Midwest............................................................... 528 419 418 1.6 1.3 1.4

West.................................................................. 511 601 618 1.5 1.8 1.9

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Jan.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 437 355 370 0.3 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 370 280 313 0.3 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging............................................... 3 0 2 0.4 0.1 0.4

Construction....................................................... 17 9 17 0.2 0.1 0.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 33 31 28 0.3 0.3 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 22 17 20 0.3 0.2 0.3

Nondurable goods............................................. 11 14 8 0.2 0.3 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 75 60 31 0.3 0.2 0.1

Wholesale trade................................................ 7 16 6 0.1 0.3 0.1

Retail trade..................................................... 51 28 16 0.3 0.2 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 18 17 10 0.3 0.3 0.2

Information........................................................ 9 3 13 0.3 0.1 0.5

Financial activities................................................ 44 18 34 0.5 0.2 0.4

Finance and insurance........................................ 32 15 27 0.5 0.2 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 12 3 7 0.5 0.1 0.3

Professional and business services............................ 74 70 89 0.4 0.3 0.4

Education and health services.................................. 65 43 71 0.3 0.2 0.3

Educational services.......................................... 7 7 4 0.2 0.2 0.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 58 36 66 0.3 0.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 42 33 21 0.3 0.3 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 3 3 2 0.1 0.2 0.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 39 30 19 0.3 0.3 0.2

Other services.................................................... 7 12 6 0.1 0.2 0.1

Government.......................................................... 68 75 57 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal............................................................. 16 21 21 0.6 0.7 0.7

State and local.................................................... 51 54 36 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local education..................................... 20 19 9 0.2 0.2 0.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 31 35 27 0.3 0.4 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 66 69 55 0.2 0.3 0.2

South................................................................. 181 146 128 0.3 0.3 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 76 79 67 0.2 0.3 0.2

West.................................................................. 114 60 120 0.3 0.2 0.4

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 13. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total.............................................................................. 63,743 65,691 68,596 69,984 73,094

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 59,500 61,529 64,284 65,564 68,899

Mining and logging........................................................ 293 375 447 303 246

Construction............................................................... 4,059 4,593 4,526 4,987 5,022

Manufacturing............................................................. 3,351 3,986 4,391 4,053 4,819

Durable goods.......................................................... 1,924 2,238 2,511 2,272 2,746

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,429 1,746 1,879 1,781 2,073

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 12,849 12,645 13,673 13,902 15,306

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,641 1,653 1,755 1,775 1,843

Retail trade.............................................................. 8,781 8,482 9,026 9,032 9,836

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 2,424 2,510 2,894 3,095 3,629

Information................................................................. 979 1,021 1,089 1,133 977

Financial activities......................................................... 2,405 2,534 2,500 2,656 2,704

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,600 1,660 1,636 1,682 1,690

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 804 873 864 973 1,013

Professional and business services.................................... 13,340 13,436 13,749 13,790 13,362

Education and health services.......................................... 7,687 8,010 8,516 8,665 9,288

Educational services................................................... 1,110 1,145 1,160 1,166 1,081

Health care and social assistance................................... 6,578 6,866 7,352 7,499 8,207

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 12,225 12,238 12,798 13,464 13,952

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,909 2,048 2,208 1,992 1,646

Accommodation and food services................................... 10,314 10,190 10,587 11,470 12,308

Other services............................................................. 2,312 2,690 2,596 2,609 3,223

Government.................................................................. 4,243 4,162 4,311 4,420 4,193

Federal..................................................................... 411 381 419 501 907

State and local............................................................ 3,833 3,781 3,891 3,918 3,286

State and local education............................................. 1,878 1,841 2,013 2,037 1,647

State and local, excluding education................................ 1,954 1,941 1,879 1,882 1,641

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 10,198 10,494 10,496 10,864 12,037

South.......................................................................... 24,410 25,923 27,315 28,278 27,803

Midwest....................................................................... 14,342 14,351 15,193 14,895 15,904

West........................................................................... 14,794 14,924 15,590 15,946 17,350

1 The annual hires level is the total number of hires during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 14. Annual hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total.............................................................................. 44.2 44.8 46.1 46.4 51.4

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 48.7 49.5 50.8 51.1 57.3

Mining and logging........................................................ 43.9 55.5 61.5 41.7 39.7

Construction............................................................... 60.3 65.9 62.1 66.6 69.1

Manufacturing............................................................. 27.1 32.0 34.6 31.6 39.6

Durable goods.......................................................... 24.9 28.9 31.6 28.3 36.2

Nondurable goods...................................................... 30.8 37.2 39.6 37.3 45.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 47.2 46.1 49.5 50.1 57.5

Wholesale trade........................................................ 28.4 28.4 30.0 30.1 32.7

Retail trade.............................................................. 55.5 53.5 57.2 57.8 66.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 43.5 43.7 48.4 49.8 59.5

Information................................................................. 35.0 36.3 38.3 39.5 36.2

Financial activities......................................................... 29.0 30.0 29.1 30.3 31.0

Finance and insurance................................................ 26.0 26.5 25.8 26.1 26.0

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 37.6 39.9 38.3 41.9 45.5

Professional and business services.................................... 66.3 65.5 65.6 64.8 66.0

Education and health services.......................................... 34.0 34.5 36.0 35.9 40.0

Educational services................................................... 31.1 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.3

Health care and social assistance................................... 34.5 35.2 36.9 36.7 41.5

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 78.1 76.2 78.5 81.2 104.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 84.8 87.8 92.7 81.7 92.4

Accommodation and food services................................... 76.9 74.3 76.1 81.1 106.6

Other services............................................................. 40.6 46.6 44.5 44.3 59.8

Government.................................................................. 19.1 18.6 19.2 19.5 19.1

Federal..................................................................... 14.7 13.6 15.0 17.7 31.0

State and local............................................................ 19.7 19.3 19.8 19.8 17.3

State and local education............................................. 18.2 17.7 19.3 19.4 16.5

State and local, excluding education................................ 21.5 21.2 20.4 20.3 18.2

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 38.4 39.0 38.5 39.5 46.4

South.......................................................................... 46.3 48.4 50.1 51.0 53.2

Midwest....................................................................... 44.9 44.5 46.8 45.6 51.6

West........................................................................... 44.6 44.1 45.1 45.2 52.2

1 The annual hires rate is the number of hires during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 15. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total.............................................................................. 61,512 63,447 66,201 67,993 81,493

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 57,443 59,396 62,062 63,785 76,187

Mining and logging........................................................ 394 327 394 353 336

Construction............................................................... 3,922 4,272 4,216 4,867 4,985

Manufacturing............................................................. 3,365 3,813 4,124 4,048 5,391

Durable goods.......................................................... 1,980 2,115 2,291 2,300 3,166

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,383 1,697 1,832 1,747 2,223

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 12,498 12,506 13,508 13,707 16,093

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,615 1,624 1,715 1,746 2,109

Retail trade.............................................................. 8,633 8,532 9,159 9,119 10,356

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 2,249 2,347 2,635 2,843 3,626

Information................................................................. 929 1,011 1,057 1,103 1,207

Financial activities......................................................... 2,217 2,383 2,336 2,491 2,728

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,468 1,575 1,532 1,584 1,630

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 748 809 803 906 1,098

Professional and business services.................................... 13,006 13,017 13,293 13,509 14,016

Education and health services.......................................... 7,104 7,552 8,030 8,062 10,406

Educational services................................................... 1,037 1,067 1,126 1,115 1,466

Health care and social assistance................................... 6,066 6,483 6,904 6,947 8,939

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 11,762 11,904 12,542 13,105 17,389

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,827 1,968 2,108 1,937 2,305

Accommodation and food services................................... 9,932 9,936 10,434 11,170 15,087

Other services............................................................. 2,250 2,611 2,565 2,541 3,637

Government.................................................................. 4,069 4,054 4,135 4,206 5,306

Federal..................................................................... 371 401 401 468 844

State and local............................................................ 3,698 3,654 3,735 3,736 4,463

State and local education............................................. 1,817 1,769 1,928 1,924 2,556

State and local, excluding education................................ 1,881 1,882 1,807 1,813 1,909

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 9,898 10,293 10,087 10,389 13,914

South.......................................................................... 23,648 25,110 26,298 27,007 30,119

Midwest....................................................................... 13,807 13,824 14,622 14,396 18,095

West........................................................................... 14,157 14,223 15,194 16,197 19,370

1 The annual total separations level is the total number of total separations during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 16. Annual total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total.............................................................................. 42.6 43.3 44.5 45.1 57.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 47.0 47.8 49.1 49.7 63.3

Mining and logging........................................................ 59.0 48.4 54.2 48.6 54.3

Construction............................................................... 58.3 61.3 57.8 65.0 68.6

Manufacturing............................................................. 27.2 30.7 32.5 31.6 44.3

Durable goods.......................................................... 25.7 27.3 28.8 28.6 41.8

Nondurable goods...................................................... 29.8 36.1 38.6 36.6 48.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 46.0 45.6 48.9 49.4 60.5

Wholesale trade........................................................ 27.9 27.9 29.4 29.6 37.4

Retail trade.............................................................. 54.5 53.8 58.0 58.4 69.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 40.3 40.8 44.0 45.8 59.5

Information................................................................. 33.2 35.9 37.2 38.5 44.8

Financial activities......................................................... 26.8 28.2 27.2 28.5 31.3

Finance and insurance................................................ 23.9 25.2 24.2 24.6 25.1

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 35.0 37.0 35.6 39.0 49.4

Professional and business services.................................... 64.7 63.5 63.5 63.5 69.2

Education and health services.......................................... 31.4 32.6 34.0 33.4 44.8

Educational services................................................... 29.1 29.1 30.3 29.8 42.4

Health care and social assistance................................... 31.8 33.2 34.7 34.0 45.2

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 75.1 74.2 77.0 79.0 130.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 81.1 84.4 88.5 79.5 129.3

Accommodation and food services................................... 74.1 72.4 75.0 78.9 130.7

Other services............................................................. 39.5 45.3 44.0 43.1 67.4

Government.................................................................. 18.3 18.1 18.4 18.6 24.2

Federal..................................................................... 13.3 14.3 14.3 16.5 28.8

State and local............................................................ 19.0 18.7 19.0 18.9 23.5

State and local education............................................. 17.6 17.0 18.4 18.3 25.7

State and local, excluding education................................ 20.7 20.6 19.6 19.6 21.2

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 37.3 38.2 37.0 37.8 53.7

South.......................................................................... 44.9 46.9 48.2 48.7 57.7

Midwest....................................................................... 43.2 42.8 45.0 44.0 58.8

West........................................................................... 42.7 42.0 43.9 45.9 58.3

1 The annual total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 17. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total.............................................................................. 35,880 37,687 40,329 42,142 36,318

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 33,838 35,667 38,173 39,916 33,883

Mining and logging........................................................ 161 172 245 179 108

Construction............................................................... 1,492 1,851 2,059 2,084 1,614

Manufacturing............................................................. 1,777 2,295 2,504 2,490 2,356

Durable goods.......................................................... 997 1,259 1,378 1,396 1,274

Nondurable goods...................................................... 779 1,034 1,127 1,094 1,082

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 7,709 7,878 8,500 8,907 8,259

Wholesale trade........................................................ 978 1,020 1,069 1,029 1,008

Retail trade.............................................................. 5,585 5,614 5,959 6,234 5,613

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 1,147 1,245 1,474 1,645 1,637

Information................................................................. 482 519 566 554 480

Financial activities......................................................... 1,215 1,366 1,406 1,547 1,307

Finance and insurance................................................ 808 910 856 1,005 896

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 405 455 550 545 414

Professional and business services.................................... 7,135 7,452 7,561 7,767 6,740

Education and health services.......................................... 4,643 4,917 5,374 5,532 5,386

Educational services................................................... 575 576 582 648 492

Health care and social assistance................................... 4,070 4,343 4,795 4,885 4,892

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 7,917 7,746 8,441 9,220 6,544

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 810 777 918 936 553

Accommodation and food services................................... 7,107 6,971 7,523 8,286 5,993

Other services............................................................. 1,308 1,470 1,514 1,634 1,087

Government.................................................................. 2,043 2,019 2,159 2,226 2,434

Federal..................................................................... 149 176 183 208 246

State and local............................................................ 1,893 1,842 1,974 2,016 2,190

State and local education............................................. 929 922 1,044 1,091 1,270

State and local, excluding education................................ 964 923 933 927 921

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 5,132 5,419 5,386 5,700 4,992

South.......................................................................... 14,394 15,311 16,466 17,255 15,249

Midwest....................................................................... 7,972 8,109 8,989 9,187 8,097

West........................................................................... 8,384 8,847 9,488 10,000 7,981

1 The annual quits level is the total number of quits during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 18. Annual quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total.............................................................................. 24.9 25.7 27.1 27.9 25.5

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 27.7 28.7 30.2 31.1 28.2

Mining and logging........................................................ 24.1 25.4 33.7 24.6 17.4

Construction............................................................... 22.2 26.6 28.3 27.8 22.2

Manufacturing............................................................. 14.4 18.5 19.7 19.4 19.3

Durable goods.......................................................... 12.9 16.3 17.3 17.4 16.8

Nondurable goods...................................................... 16.8 22.0 23.8 22.9 23.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 28.3 28.7 30.8 32.1 31.0

Wholesale trade........................................................ 16.9 17.5 18.3 17.5 17.9

Retail trade.............................................................. 35.3 35.4 37.7 39.9 37.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 20.6 21.7 24.6 26.5 26.8

Information................................................................. 17.2 18.4 19.9 19.3 17.8

Financial activities......................................................... 14.7 16.2 16.4 17.7 15.0

Finance and insurance................................................ 13.1 14.5 13.5 15.6 13.8

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 18.9 20.8 24.4 23.5 18.6

Professional and business services.................................... 35.5 36.3 36.1 36.5 33.3

Education and health services.......................................... 20.5 21.2 22.7 22.9 23.2

Educational services................................................... 16.1 15.7 15.7 17.3 14.2

Health care and social assistance................................... 21.3 22.2 24.1 23.9 24.7

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 50.6 48.3 51.8 55.6 49.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 36.0 33.3 38.5 38.4 31.0

Accommodation and food services................................... 53.0 50.8 54.1 58.6 51.9

Other services............................................................. 23.0 25.5 26.0 27.7 20.2

Government.................................................................. 9.2 9.0 9.6 9.8 11.1

Federal..................................................................... 5.3 6.3 6.5 7.3 8.4

State and local............................................................ 9.7 9.4 10.0 10.2 11.5

State and local education............................................. 9.0 8.9 10.0 10.4 12.8

State and local, excluding education................................ 10.6 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.2

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 19.3 20.1 19.7 20.7 19.2

South.......................................................................... 27.3 28.6 30.2 31.1 29.2

Midwest....................................................................... 24.9 25.1 27.7 28.1 26.3

West........................................................................... 25.3 26.1 27.4 28.3 24.0

1 The annual quits rate is the number of quits during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 19. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total.............................................................................. 21,240 21,585 21,804 21,851 41,018

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 19,905 20,249 20,550 20,607 39,081

Mining and logging........................................................ 173 125 128 151 206

Construction............................................................... 2,238 2,241 2,002 2,583 3,216

Manufacturing............................................................. 1,293 1,250 1,370 1,315 2,752

Durable goods.......................................................... 803 703 752 750 1,727

Nondurable goods...................................................... 493 548 619 566 1,025

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 3,690 3,734 4,174 4,055 7,198

Wholesale trade........................................................ 493 489 500 614 1,019

Retail trade.............................................................. 2,305 2,299 2,658 2,420 4,410

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 896 948 1,013 1,021 1,767

Information................................................................. 306 397 412 463 663

Financial activities......................................................... 704 684 637 639 1,107

Finance and insurance................................................ 417 381 417 320 489

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 287 303 219 320 617

Professional and business services.................................... 5,198 4,890 4,991 5,041 6,458

Education and health services.......................................... 1,977 2,064 2,102 2,037 4,486

Educational services................................................... 397 428 479 402 914

Health care and social assistance................................... 1,579 1,634 1,626 1,633 3,573

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 3,472 3,846 3,800 3,551 10,541

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 988 1,152 1,147 967 1,724

Accommodation and food services................................... 2,484 2,694 2,654 2,586 8,818

Other services............................................................. 851 1,013 942 769 2,450

Government.................................................................. 1,337 1,339 1,253 1,244 1,937

Federal..................................................................... 120 118 90 123 443

State and local............................................................ 1,216 1,219 1,167 1,123 1,496

State and local education............................................. 606 557 600 543 851

State and local, excluding education................................ 610 661 565 577 647

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 4,030 4,124 3,930 3,968 8,244

South.......................................................................... 7,525 8,182 8,353 8,248 13,329

Midwest....................................................................... 4,919 4,865 4,788 4,419 9,136

West........................................................................... 4,766 4,413 4,733 5,217 10,309

1 The annual layoffs and discharges level is the total number of layoffs and discharges during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 20. Annual layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total.............................................................................. 14.7 14.7 14.6 14.5 28.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.1 32.5

Mining and logging........................................................ 25.9 18.5 17.6 20.8 33.3

Construction............................................................... 33.3 32.2 27.5 34.5 44.2

Manufacturing............................................................. 10.5 10.0 10.8 10.3 22.6

Durable goods.......................................................... 10.4 9.1 9.5 9.3 22.8

Nondurable goods...................................................... 10.6 11.7 13.1 11.8 22.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 13.6 13.6 15.1 14.6 27.1

Wholesale trade........................................................ 8.5 8.4 8.6 10.4 18.1

Retail trade.............................................................. 14.6 14.5 16.8 15.5 29.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 16.1 16.5 16.9 16.4 29.0

Information................................................................. 10.9 14.1 14.5 16.2 24.6

Financial activities......................................................... 8.5 8.1 7.4 7.3 12.7

Finance and insurance................................................ 6.8 6.1 6.6 5.0 7.5

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 13.4 13.8 9.7 13.8 27.7

Professional and business services.................................... 25.8 23.8 23.8 23.7 31.9

Education and health services.......................................... 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.4 19.3

Educational services................................................... 11.1 11.7 12.9 10.7 26.4

Health care and social assistance................................... 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.0 18.1

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 22.2 24.0 23.3 21.4 79.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 43.9 49.4 48.1 39.7 96.7

Accommodation and food services................................... 18.5 19.6 19.1 18.3 76.4

Other services............................................................. 15.0 17.6 16.2 13.1 45.4

Government.................................................................. 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.5 8.8

Federal..................................................................... 4.3 4.2 3.2 4.3 15.1

State and local............................................................ 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.7 7.9

State and local education............................................. 5.9 5.4 5.7 5.2 8.5

State and local, excluding education................................ 6.7 7.2 6.1 6.2 7.2

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 15.2 15.3 14.4 14.4 31.8

South.......................................................................... 14.3 15.3 15.3 14.9 25.5

Midwest....................................................................... 15.4 15.1 14.7 13.5 29.7

West........................................................................... 14.4 13.0 13.7 14.8 31.0

1 The annual layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 21. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total.............................................................................. 4,389 4,178 4,066 3,997 4,159

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 3,699 3,479 3,339 3,262 3,226

Mining and logging........................................................ 61 26 21 17 19

Construction............................................................... 191 181 155 201 155

Manufacturing............................................................. 293 269 246 244 283

Durable goods.......................................................... 182 155 161 154 166

Nondurable goods...................................................... 111 115 88 89 117

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 1,097 894 835 745 636

Wholesale trade........................................................ 146 115 146 102 80

Retail trade.............................................................. 745 622 543 466 330

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 207 154 147 178 226

Information................................................................. 141 94 80 86 63

Financial activities......................................................... 297 332 294 305 313

Finance and insurance................................................ 240 283 256 260 245

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 57 48 37 44 68

Professional and business services.................................... 672 675 745 698 817

Education and health services.......................................... 484 569 554 493 532

Educational services................................................... 65 65 68 65 58

Health care and social assistance................................... 417 506 484 428 474

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 370 311 303 333 304

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 27 41 42 36 29

Accommodation and food services................................... 342 271 259 296 274

Other services............................................................. 89 127 115 141 101

Government.................................................................. 691 698 724 736 934

Federal..................................................................... 102 104 127 140 156

State and local............................................................ 589 591 595 596 777

State and local education............................................. 281 293 284 287 438

State and local, excluding education................................ 305 302 310 309 340

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 737 747 769 722 668

South.......................................................................... 1,725 1,620 1,480 1,503 1,549

Midwest....................................................................... 916 848 844 794 867

West........................................................................... 1,011 964 970 977 1,077

1 The annual other separations level is the total number of other separations during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 22. Annual other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total.............................................................................. 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.7

Mining and logging........................................................ 9.1 3.8 2.9 2.3 3.1

Construction............................................................... 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.7 2.1

Manufacturing............................................................. 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.3

Durable goods.......................................................... 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.2

Nondurable goods...................................................... 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.9 2.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4.0 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4

Wholesale trade........................................................ 2.5 2.0 2.5 1.7 1.4

Retail trade.............................................................. 4.7 3.9 3.4 3.0 2.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 3.7 2.7 2.5 2.9 3.7

Information................................................................. 5.0 3.3 2.8 3.0 2.3

Financial activities......................................................... 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.6

Finance and insurance................................................ 3.9 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.8

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 2.7 2.2 1.6 1.9 3.1

Professional and business services.................................... 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.3 4.0

Education and health services.......................................... 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.3

Educational services................................................... 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7

Health care and social assistance................................... 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.1 2.4

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 2.4 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1.2 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.6

Accommodation and food services................................... 2.6 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.4

Other services............................................................. 1.6 2.2 2.0 2.4 1.9

Government.................................................................. 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.3

Federal..................................................................... 3.6 3.7 4.5 4.9 5.3

State and local............................................................ 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.1

State and local education............................................. 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 4.4

State and local, excluding education................................ 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.8

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6

South.......................................................................... 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.0

Midwest....................................................................... 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.8

West........................................................................... 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.2

1 The annual other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.