Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov     USDL 02-543
Technical information: (202) 691-5654      For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: (202) 691-5902              Thursday, September 26, 2002



INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY
AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 2001

    United States manufacturing output per hour increased by 1.9 percent in 
2001, the fourth largest increase among the 12 countries for which comparable 
data are available--the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and seven 
European countries.  (See table A and chart 1.)  While manufacturing labor 
productivity continued to grow in 10 of the 12 countries, Canada and Japan 
experienced their first declines in output per hour since 1998 and 1986, 
respectively.  The U.S. productivity measure posted its lowest annual growth 
rate since 1991.  (Average annual growth rates for selected measures, years, and 
periods are found in tables A and B.  The complete historical index series are 
shown in tables 1 through 15.)

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT:
Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 2001

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  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency units, 
increased in 11 of the 13 countries for which comparable data on unit labor 
costs were available for 2001.  The largest increases occurred in Canada (5.5 
percent), Japan (5.2 percent), and Korea (5.2 percent).  The United States and 
Denmark were the only two countries where unit labor costs expressed in national 
currency units decreased. (See table A and chart 2.)
  Changes in exchange rates must be taken into account in order to assess 
international competitiveness in manufacturing.  Unlike unit labor costs in 
national currency units, unit labor costs in U.S. dollars declined in 10 of the 
13 countries.  The largest declines occurred in Sweden (9.1 percent), Korea (7.9 
percent), and Japan (6.8 percent).  The sharp declines were due to the relative 
strength of the U.S. dollar in 2001 against all the currencies compared.  (See 
table A and chart 2.)

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT:
Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs, 2000-2001
  
  Table A summarizes changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, 
and related variables between 2000 and 2001.  Output and unit labor cost data 
are presented for 13 economies.  Comparable productivity data are not shown for 
Denmark, and no 2001 data are available for the Netherlands.  (See technical 
notes.)

-3-

Table A.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 2000-2001
Percent changes

                     Output                              Total   Hourly   Unit labor costs
Country              per                 Employ- Average compen- compen- Nation    U.S.    Exchange
or area              hour  Output  Hours ment    hours   sation  sation  currency  dollars rate (1)


United States        1.9   - 3.8   - 5.6   - 4.1   - 1.6   - 4.2     1.5   - 0.3   - 0.3    ---

Canada             - 2.0   - 3.3   - 1.4   - 0.4   - 1.0     2.1     3.5     5.5     1.2   - 4.1
Japan              - 4.5   - 7.9   - 3.5   - 2.8   - 0.8   - 3.1     0.4     5.2   - 6.8   -11.3
Korea                3.2     1.7   - 1.5     0.8   - 2.3     7.0     8.7     5.2   - 7.9   -12.5
Taiwan               5.9   - 6.0   -11.3   - 4.5   - 7.1   - 1.3    11.3     5.0   - 2.9   - 7.6
Belgium              0.5   - 0.5   - 1.0     0.4   - 1.4     2.9     4.0     3.4     0.3   - 3.0
Denmark               NA     3.1      NA   - 1.0      NA     3.0      NA   - 0.1   - 2.9   - 2.8
France               2.7     1.7   - 0.9     1.2   - 2.1     3.8     4.8     2.1   - 1.0   - 3.0

Germany              1.0     0.1   - 0.8     0.3   - 1.1     2.3     3.2     2.2   - 0.9   - 3.0
Italy                1.7     0.7   - 1.0     0.3   - 1.3     2.7     3.8     2.0   - 1.0   - 3.0
Netherlands           NA      NA      NA      NA      NA      NA      NA      NA      NA   - 3.0
Norway               0.8   - 1.2   - 2.0   - 1.6   - 0.4     3.3     5.4     4.6     2.4   - 2.0
Sweden               1.5   - 0.8   - 2.3   - 1.1   - 1.2     1.7     4.1     2.5   - 9.1   -11.3
United Kingdom       1.5   - 2.3   - 3.7   - 4.2     0.5     0.0     3.9     2.3   - 2.8   - 5.0

(1)  Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.

NA=Not Available

  This release examines comparative trends in manufacturing output per hour, 
unit labor costs, and related measures in 2001, the most recent year for which 
comparative data are available and for certain selected time periods.  Annual 
indexes of these variables also are estimated for the time period 1950-2001.  
However, because the comparable value-added output data for U.S. manufacturing 
industries are not available prior to 1977, U.S. measures of output, output per 
hour, and unit labor costs begin with 1977.  Also, productivity measures for 
Denmark are not available after 1993 due to a lack of comparable hours data.  
Data for Germany are linked to data for the former West Germany in 1991.
  Table B (pages 8-12) shows average annual percent changes for selected 
periods, beginning in 1979.  Annual indexes of the data are in tables 1-15 
(pages 19-33).
  The historical series of the variables also are available at the Bureau of 
Labor Statistics, Division of Foreign Labor Statistics, web-site at address 
http://stats.bls.gov/fls/home.htm.

-4-

BOX: Notes about the measures

The measures in this release are based on data available to BLS as of August 
2002.  Revisions for 2000 and earlier years were made to the measures for 
several countries to incorporate data not available at the time of the April 
2002 report.

U.S. manufacturing output measure
The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chain-weighted 
index of real gross domestic product by industry (deflated value added), 
published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce.  
This series is based on annually changing price weights.

The United States real output data through 2000 used in this report were 
released by the BEA in November 2001.  The estimates are described in the Survey 
of Current Business, November 2001.  The BLS estimate of real U.S. output for 
2001 was derived by extrapolating the 2000 number forward, using the annual 
growth rate of the Federal Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for Total 
Manufacturing.

The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from the 
manufacturing series that BLS publishes as part of its major sector productivity 
and costs measures for the U.S.  While both series are based on annually-
changing price weights, the international comparisons program uses a value added 
output concept, while the U.S. manufacturing series is on a sectoral output 
basis.  For information on the differences between the value added and the 
sectoral output measures, see technical notes.

Germany
From 1991 forward, the estimated growth rates pertain to unified Germany and 
prior to 1991 to the former West Germany.  The two data series have been linked 
in 1991.  See technical notes for additional information.

Italy
For this release, Italian average hours worked have been revised from 1985, 
based on estimates released by the Bank of Italy. This series replaces average 
hours worked based on Large Firm Labor Indicators from the Italian National 
Institute of Statistics. The scope of the new series is more inclusive of 
smaller firms than previous estimates.

New measures of National Accounts
Member states of the European Union are in the process of implementing the 
European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95).  Some other countries 
are adopting the System of National Accounts recommended by the United Nations 
(SNA 93), on which ESA 95 is based.  Revisions due to these conversions to new 
systems are being incorporated into the BLS estimates.

END OF BOX (Notes about the measures)


-5-

Manufacturing productivity, output, and labor input

  Labor productivity (output per hour worked) in United States manufacturing 
grew 1.9 percent in 2001.  This occurred even though output fell, because labor 
input (as measured by total hours) declined at a faster rate (5.6 percent) than 
output (3.8 percent). (See table A.)
  Productivity gains in five other countries--Taiwan, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, 
and the United Kingdom--were achieved by a similar combination of a drop in 
output accompanied by an even larger decline in total hours worked.  Korea, 
France, Germany, and Italy realized productivity gains due to an increase in 
output combined with a decrease in total hours worked.  Productivity fell in 
Canada and Japan because their declines in output were greater than their 
declines in total hours worked.  (See table A.)
  For the 1995-2000 period, productivity grew in all 13 countries for which 
these data are available.  The rate of increase ranged from 11.1 percent per 
year for Korea to 0.7 percent per year for Norway.  Besides Korea, productivity 
in the United States, Taiwan, France, and Sweden also increased more than 4.5 
percent per year.  (See table B.) 
  A comparison of the 2000-2001 growth rates with the average annual growth 
rates for the 1995-2000 period indicates that productivity growth slowed or fell 
in the majority of countries compared.  Only Taiwan, Italy, and Norway 
experienced higher productivity growth rates in 2001 than their annual average 
growth for the 1995-2000 period.  (See table B.)
  Among the eight countries that experienced a decline in manufacturing output 
in 2001, the United States had the third largest decline (3.8 percent).  Only 
Japan (7.9 percent) and Taiwan (6.0 percent) experienced larger declines in 
output for the year.  Korea and four European countries (Denmark, France, 
Germany, and Italy) achieved output growth in 2001, with Denmark having the 
highest growth rate at 3.1 percent.  (See table A.)
  During 1995-2000, manufacturing output increased in all the countries 
compared; the lowest gain was 0.5 percent per year in Norway, and the highest 
was 8.1 percent per year in Korea.  In 2001, only Denmark's output growth rate 
was higher than its 1995-2000 average.  (See table B.) 
  Total hours worked in manufacturing declined in all 12 countries for which 
data are available for 2001--ranging from 11.3 percent in Taiwan to 0.8 percent 
in Germany.  The 5.6 percent decline in total hours worked in U.S. manufacturing 
was the result of declines both in employment (4.1 percent) and in average hours 
worked (1.6 percent).  The declines in total hours worked in Canada, Japan, 
Taiwan, Norway, and Sweden also were caused by decreases in both employment and 
in average hours worked.   In Korea, Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy, the 
declines in total hours worked were the result of decreases in average hours 
that more than offset employment increases.   Only the United Kingdom 
experienced an increase in average hours; however, total hours worked also fell 
in the U.K. because employment decreased more than the average hours increase.  
(See table A.)

-6-

  During the 1995-2000 period, total hours worked in manufacturing declined in 8 
and increased in 5 of the 13 countries for which data are available.  The five 
countries with increased total hours--Canada, Taiwan, Italy, the Netherlands, 
and Sweden--all experienced employment growth as well.  Average hours increased 
in only 3 of the 13 countries--Canada, Belgium, and Sweden--during this time 
period.  (See table B.)

Manufacturing hourly compensation and unit labor costs

  U.S. manufacturing hourly compensation increased 1.5 percent in 2001, the 
second lowest rate of growth among the countries compared.  Only Japan 
experienced a lower rate of growth (0.4 percent) in hourly compensation on a 
national currency basis than the United States.  The two largest increases in 
hourly compensation were in Taiwan (11.3 percent) and Korea (8.7 percent). (See 
table A.)
  A comparison of the 2000-2001 growth rates with the average annual growth 
rates for the 1995-2000 period indicates that hourly compensation growth rates 
in national currency units were higher in 2001 in eight countries.  Only the 
United States, Japan, Sweden, and the United Kingdom experienced lower hourly 
compensation growth rates in 2001 than their annual average for the 1995-2000 
period. (See table B.)
  Unit labor costs (labor compensation per unit of output), expressed in 
national currency units, increased in all but two of the countries in 2001.  In 
the United States and Denmark, unit labor costs declined slightly. (See table A 
and chart 2.)
  The measure of unit labor costs is equivalent to compensation per hour divided 
by output per hour.  In the United States, the relatively small increase in 
hourly compensation was offset by an increase in output per hour, resulting in a 
modest decline in unit labor costs.  Canada's increase in unit labor costs (5.5 
percent) was the largest of all countries compared, due to a combination of 
hourly compensation growth and falling productivity.  Taiwan, in contrast, had 
lower growth in unit labor costs (5.0 percent) than Canada, even though hourly 
compensation in Taiwan increased by 11.3 percent.  This occurred because 
Taiwan's relatively strong productivity growth of 5.9 percent was able to 
partially offset its high hourly compensation growth rate.  (See table A.)
  From 1995 to 2000, U.S. unit labor costs decreased 0.7 percent per year.  In 
addition to the United States, seven other countries experienced declines in 
unit labor costs over this time period, measured in their own currencies.  This 
is in contrast to 2000-2001, where only two countries, the United States and 
Denmark, realized unit labor cost declines expressed in national currency units. 
(See table B.)
  To compare changes in competitiveness across economies in terms of U.S. 
dollars, unit labor costs in national currency units must be adjusted for 
changes in the currency's exchange rate against the dollar.  When a foreign 
currency depreciates against the U.S. dollar, fewer dollars must be paid in 
exchange for each national currency unit.  This will lead to a smaller increase 
or a larger decline in unit labor costs converted from the foreign currency into 
U.S. dollars.

-7-

  Movements in the currency markets in 2001 had a noticeable impact on 
comparative unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars.  The U.S. dollar 
appreciated against all the currencies compared in 2001.  In the majority of 
countries, unit labor costs fell dramatically when expressed in U.S. dollars.  
In Japan, for example, unit labor costs fell from positive 5.2 percent in 
national currency units to negative 6.8 percent in U.S. dollars.  This was due 
to an 11.3 percent drop in the yen to U.S. dollar exchange rate.  (See table A 
and chart 2.)
  The U.S. dollar appreciated against all the currencies compared during the 
1995-2000 period, causing unit labor costs to decline in all countries, except 
the United Kingdom, when expressed in U.S. dollars.  Competitor countries had 
lower growth rates in unit labor costs in U.S. dollars in 1995-2000 than in 
2000-2001.  (See table B.)

-8-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related 
measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001
or area


Output per hour

United States          3.4       3.5       2.4       3.3       4.7       1.9

Canada                 2.1       3.6       0.5       3.8       1.1      -2.0
Japan                  3.3       3.5       4.3       3.3       3.9      -4.5
Korea                  NA        NA        8.2       9.7      11.1       3.2
Taiwan                 5.9       5.1       7.9       5.3       5.5       5.9
Belgium                3.6       6.0       2.2       3.2       3.3       0.5
Denmark                NA        2.1       0.5       NA        NA        NA
France                 3.7       3.0       3.4       4.0       4.6       2.7

Germany 2/             2.5       2.1       2.1       3.3       2.6       1.0
Italy                  2.2       3.5       1.9       2.4       0.9       1.7
Netherlands            NA        4.4       2.2       3.7       2.5       NA
Norway                 1.3       2.4       1.4       0.6       0.7       0.8
Sweden                 3.7       3.1       1.9       5.2       5.3       1.5
United Kingdom         3.6       4.4       4.6       3.3       2.4       1.5


Output

United States          2.7       2.2       2.5       3.1       4.4      -3.8

Canada                 2.4       2.0       1.8       2.4       4.5      -3.3
Japan                  2.4       4.7       4.8       0.4       1.7      -7.9
Korea                  8.9       8.3      12.2       8.4       8.1       1.7
Taiwan                 5.9       8.2       7.0       5.0       5.7      -6.0
Belgium                2.1       2.6       2.5       0.6       3.3      -0.5
Denmark                1.7       2.9      -0.2       1.7       1.9       3.1
France                 1.6      -0.4       2.6       1.1       3.4       1.7

Germany 2/             0.7       0.2       2.3      -0.7       1.3       0.1
Italy                  1.6       0.9       3.2       1.5       1.2       0.7
Netherlands            NA        1.8       3.2       1.6       2.7       NA
Norway                 0.1       0.6      -1.6       1.2       0.5      -1.2
Sweden                 2.8       2.2       1.4       3.1       5.6      -0.8
United Kingdom         0.7      -1.2       3.4       0.4       1.0      -2.3

                                                      Continued on next page

-9-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related 
measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001
or area


Total hours

United States         -0.7      -1.2       0.0      -0.1      -0.2      -5.6

Canada                 0.3      -1.5       1.3      -1.3       3.4      -1.4
Japan                 -0.9       1.1       0.5      -2.8      -2.1      -3.5
Korea                  NA        NA        3.7      -1.2      -2.7      -1.5
Taiwan                 0.0       2.9      -0.8      -0.3       0.2     -11.3
Belgium               -1.4      -3.2       0.4      -2.5      -0.1      -1.0
Denmark                NA        0.8      -0.6       NA        NA        NA
France                -2.0      -3.3      -0.8      -2.7      -1.1      -0.9

Germany 2/            -1.7      -1.9       0.2      -3.9      -1.3      -0.8
Italy                 -0.6      -2.5       1.3      -0.9       0.3      -1.0
Netherlands            NA       -2.5       1.0      -2.0       0.2       NA
Norway                -1.2      -1.8      -2.9       0.6      -0.2      -2.0
Sweden                -0.8      -0.8      -0.5      -2.0       0.3      -2.3
United Kingdom        -2.8      -5.3      -1.2      -2.8      -1.4      -3.7


Employment

United States         -0.8      -1.4      -0.1      -0.6      -0.1      -4.1

Canada                 0.2      -1.3       1.2      -1.5       3.0      -0.4
Japan                 -0.4       1.2       0.8      -1.6      -1.9      -2.8
Korea                  NA        NA        5.4      -0.9      -2.5       0.8
Taiwan                 0.8       4.1      -0.5      -0.3       0.5      -4.5
Belgium               -1.4      -2.6      -0.3      -2.2      -0.6       0.4
Denmark               -0.1       1.0      -0.2      -1.2      -0.3      -1.0
France                -1.4      -2.3      -0.9      -2.5      -0.2       1.2

Germany 2/            -1.2      -1.1       1.1      -4.2      -0.8       0.3
Italy                 -1.0      -2.3      -0.2      -1.8       0.3       0.3
Netherlands            NA       -2.2       1.2      -2.0       0.4       NA
Norway                -1.1      -1.8      -2.7       0.3       0.1      -1.6
Sweden                -1.3      -1.2      -0.8      -3.5       0.1      -1.1
United Kingdom        -2.6      -4.6      -0.9      -3.1      -1.0      -4.2

                                                      Continued on next page

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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related 
measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001
or area


Average hours

United States          0.1       0.2       0.1       0.4      -0.1      -1.6

Canada                 0.1      -0.2       0.1       0.3       0.4      -1.0
Japan                 -0.5       0.0      -0.3      -1.3      -0.1      -0.8
Korea                  NA        NA       -1.6      -0.2      -0.1      -2.3
Taiwan                -0.8      -1.1      -0.4       0.0      -0.3      -7.1
Belgium                0.0      -0.6       0.7      -0.3       0.6      -1.4
Denmark                NA       -0.3      -0.5       NA        NA        NA
France                -0.6      -1.0       0.1      -0.2      -0.9      -2.1

Germany 2/            -0.5      -0.8      -0.9       0.3      -0.5      -1.1
Italy                  0.5      -0.1       1.6       0.9       0.0      -1.3
Netherlands            NA       -0.3      -0.2       0.0      -0.2       NA
Norway                -0.1       0.0      -0.2       0.3      -0.3      -0.4
Sweden                 0.5       0.4       0.3       1.6       0.1      -1.2
United Kingdom        -0.3      -0.8      -0.3       0.3      -0.3       0.5


Total labor compensation in manufacturing: 3/  National currency basis

United States          3.9       5.8       3.9       3.4       3.7      -4.2

Canada                 5.0       7.5       5.6       2.4       4.9       2.1
Japan                  2.5       5.9       5.1       0.7      -1.0      -3.1
Korea                  NA        NA       19.9      16.8       4.1       7.0
Taiwan                 9.1      15.9      10.6       6.8       4.2      -1.3
Belgium                3.1       4.7       4.0       1.3       2.0       2.9
Denmark                4.8       9.0       4.6       2.3       3.1       3.0
France                 3.8       9.1       3.6       1.1       0.8       3.8

Germany 2/             3.2       4.0       5.2       2.3       1.2       2.3
Italy                  7.1      13.0       8.2       4.0       3.1       2.7
Netherlands            NA        2.3       3.1       1.9       3.6       NA
Norway                 5.4       8.0       4.7       4.0       4.9       3.3
Sweden                 5.7       8.9       7.9       1.9       4.6       1.7
United Kingdom         4.8       6.2       8.1       2.5       3.2       0.0

                                                      Continued on next page

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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related 
measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001
or area


Hourly compensation: 3/  National currency basis

United States          4.6       7.2       3.9       3.5       4.0       1.5

Canada                 4.7       9.1       4.2       3.7       1.4       3.5
Japan                  3.4       4.7       4.6       3.7       1.1       0.4
Korea                  NA        NA       15.6      18.2       6.9       8.7
Taiwan                 9.0      12.6      11.5       7.1       4.0      11.3
Belgium                4.6       8.1       3.7       3.9       2.1       4.0
Denmark                NA        8.1       5.3       NA        NA        NA
France                 5.9      12.8       4.5       3.9       1.9       4.8

Germany 2/             5.0       6.0       5.0       6.4       2.6       3.2
Italy                  7.7      15.9       6.8       4.9       2.8       3.8
Netherlands            NA        5.0       2.1       4.0       3.4       NA
Norway                 6.7      10.0       7.8       3.4       5.1       5.4
Sweden                 6.6       9.8       8.4       3.9       4.3       4.1
United Kingdom         7.9      12.2       9.4       5.4       4.6       3.9


Unit labor costs:  National currency basis

United States          1.2       3.6       1.4       0.2      -0.7      -0.3

Canada                 2.6       5.3       3.7      -0.1       0.4       5.5
Japan                  0.1       1.1       0.3       0.4      -2.6       5.2
Korea                  NA        NA        6.9       7.8      -3.7       5.2
Taiwan                 2.9       7.1       3.4       1.7      -1.5       5.0
Belgium                0.9       2.0       1.5       0.7      -1.2       3.4
Denmark                3.1       5.9       4.8       0.6       1.1      -0.1
France                 2.2       9.5       1.0      -0.1      -2.6       2.1

Germany 2/             2.4       3.8       2.8       3.1      -0.1       2.2
Italy                  5.4      12.0       4.8       2.4       1.9       2.0
Netherlands            NA        0.5      -0.1       0.3       0.9       NA
Norway                 5.3       7.4       6.4       2.8       4.3       4.6
Sweden                 2.8       6.5       6.4      -1.2      -0.9       2.5
United Kingdom         4.1       7.5       4.5       2.1       2.2       2.3

                                                      Continued on next page

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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related 
measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001
or area


Unit labor costs:  U.S. dollar basis

United States          1.2       3.6       1.4       0.2      -0.7      -0.3

Canada                 1.3       2.7       7.0      -3.3      -1.2       1.2
Japan                  2.8      -0.3      10.8       9.5      -5.3      -6.8
Korea                  NA        NA       11.1       6.0     -10.8      -7.9
Taiwan                 3.2       5.3      11.8       2.0      -4.7      -2.9
Belgium               -1.0      -9.3      13.8       3.3      -8.7       0.3
Denmark                0.9      -5.8      16.7       2.7      -6.1      -2.9
France                -0.3      -3.3      11.6       1.7      -9.2      -1.0

Germany 2/             1.6      -4.1      15.9       5.6      -7.6      -0.9
Italy                  0.9      -2.5      15.1      -3.7      -3.1      -1.0
Netherlands            NA       -7.6      12.7       2.9      -6.8       NA
Norway                 2.5      -1.7      13.3       2.5      -2.3       2.4
Sweden                -1.2      -5.2      14.7      -4.8      -5.8      -9.1
United Kingdom         2.3      -1.0      11.4      -0.4       1.3      -2.8


Exchange rates 4/

United States          0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0

Canada                -1.3      -2.5       3.2      -3.2      -1.6      -4.1
Japan                  2.7      -1.5      10.5       9.1      -2.7     -11.3
Korea                 -4.4      -9.2       3.9      -1.7      -7.3     -12.5
Taiwan                 0.3      -1.7       8.2       0.3      -3.3      -7.6
Belgium               -1.9     -11.1      12.2       2.5      -7.6      -3.0
Denmark               -2.1     -11.0      11.4       2.0      -7.1      -2.8
France                -2.4     -11.7      10.5       1.8      -6.8      -3.0

Germany 2/            -0.8      -7.6      12.7       2.5      -7.5      -3.0
Italy                 -4.3     -12.9       9.8      -6.0      -4.9      -3.0
Netherlands           -0.9      -8.0      12.7       2.6      -7.6      -3.0
Norway                -2.6      -8.4       6.6      -0.3      -6.4      -2.0
Sweden                -3.9     -11.0       7.8      -3.7      -4.9     -11.3
United Kingdom        -1.7      -7.9       6.6      -2.4      -0.8      -5.0

1/ Rates of change based on the compound rate method.
2/ Data for years before 1991 pertain to the former West Germany.
3/ Adjusted to include employment taxes that are not compensation to
employees but are labor costs to employers.
4/ Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.
NA = Not available.

-13-

Trade-weighted unit labor costs

  To take account of differences in the relative importance of foreign economies 
to U.S. trade in manufactured goods, BLS constructs indexes of U.S. unit labor 
cost trends relative to a trade-weighted average of unit labor cost trends in 
the other economies.  In chart 3, the period begins in 1979, a year in which 
U.S. manufacturing output reached a business cycle peak.

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT:
Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 11 competitors, 1979-
2001

  The construction of the trade-weighted indexes is a three-step process.  
First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common 
year (in this case, 1979=100).  Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is 
calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor 
economies; the weights reflect each country's importance in terms of U.S. trade 
in manufactured goods.  Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided 
by the "competitors" index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative 
ratio of the U.S. to the competitors.  This process is used to calculate the 
relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and 
a U.S. dollar basis.  In this release, the relative U.S. trade-weighted indexes 
are estimated against 11 economies for which comparable data are available over 
this period; the indexes underlying this chart are shown in table C.
  In chart 3, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster 
than "competitors" costs from 1979 to 1986 on a U.S. dollar basis.  In most 
years from 1986 to 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the 
"competitors" costs or fell at a faster rate.  From 1996 to 1998, however, the 
strength of the U.S. dollar caused relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise.  
After a dip in 1999, the index of relative U.S. unit labor costs rose again in 
2000 and 2001.

-14-

Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor
costs relative to 11 competitors, 1979-2001

          Unit Labor Costs              Unit Labor Costs
        National Currency Basis        U.S. Dollar Basis
  Year    Own   Competitors'           Own   Competitors'
         Index      Index     Ratio   Index      Index     Ratio

  1979   100.0      100.0     100.0   100.0      100.0     100.0
  1980   111.4      110.7     100.6   111.4      110.4     100.9
  1981   116.5      119.1      97.8   116.5      109.9     106.0
  1982   124.2      126.8      98.0   124.2      105.8     117.5
  1983   121.6      128.7      94.4   121.6      104.6     116.3
  1984   121.0      129.7      93.3   121.0       99.5     121.6
  1985   123.4      131.2      94.0   123.4       97.8     126.2
  1986   128.9      137.4      93.8   128.9      124.3     103.7
  1987   122.8      139.3      88.1   122.8      142.9      85.9
  1988   122.5      139.1      88.1   122.5      153.8      79.7
  1989   128.0      142.1      90.0   128.0      151.9      84.3
  1990   132.4      148.2      89.3   132.4      164.1      80.7
  1991   138.0      153.9      89.7   138.0      173.7      79.5
  1992   141.3      157.2      89.9   141.3      181.5      77.9
  1993   142.3      157.8      90.2   142.3      177.8      80.0
  1994   139.2      155.3      89.6   139.2      177.9      78.2
  1995   134.0      154.7      86.6   134.0      187.1      71.6
  1996   132.1      155.8      84.8   132.1      178.8      73.9
  1997   129.9      153.9      84.4   129.9      164.4      79.0
  1998   131.2      156.1      84.0   131.2      157.7      83.2
  1999   127.5      153.9      82.9   127.5      160.6      79.4
  2000   129.7      149.3      86.9   129.7      151.7      85.5
  2001   129.2      155.5      83.1   129.2      147.7      87.5
-15-

TECHNICAL NOTES

Labor productivity is defined as real output per hour worked.  
Although the labor productivity measure presented in this release 
relates output to the hours worked of persons employed in manufacturing, 
it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single 
factor of production.  Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many 
influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity 
utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills 
and efforts of the workforce.
Unit labor costs are defined as the cost of labor input required to 
produce one unit of output.  They are computed as labor compensation in 
nominal terms divided by real output.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of 
manufacturing labor productivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit 
labor costs from three basic aggregate measures--output, total labor 
hours, and total compensation.  The hours and compensation measures 
refer to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, 
and Taiwan.  For all other countries, the measures refer to all employed 
persons, including employees, self-employed persons, and unpaid family 
workers.  For all of the countries, the term "hours" refers to hours 
worked.
In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by 
the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).  However, 
the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing 
handicrafts from 1960 to 1966 and the measures for France include parts 
of mining.  
The comparisons in this release make use of data made available to 
BLS as of August 2002 by the statistical agencies of the individual 
countries.  For some countries, the data for the most recent years are 
based on the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95) or 
on the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93).  For 
other countries, data were compiled according to previously used 
systems.
To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data series 
which were compiled according to different accounting systems by the 
countries' statistical agencies.
Output.  For most countries, the output measures are value added in 
manufacturing from the national accounts.  However, output for Japan 
prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of 
industrial production.  The manufacturing value added measures for the 
United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial 
production.
The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the 
chain-weighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value 
added), introduced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. 
Department of Commerce in August 1996.  U.S. gross product originating 
is a chain-type annual-weighted series.  Because these value added 
output data for U.S. manufacturing industries are not available for 
years prior to 1977, the comparative U.S. measures of output, output per 
hour, and unit labor costs begin with 1977.  For more information on the 
U.S. measure, see Sherlene K.S. Lum, Brian C. Moyer, and Robert E. 
Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry for 1947-
98," Survey of Current Business, June 2000, pp. 24-38.

-16-

The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing 
output series that BLS publishes as part of its major sector 
productivity and costs program.  While both series are based on 
annually-changing price weights, the gross product originating series is 
on a value added basis rather than the sectoral output basis used in the 
official U.S. manufacturing productivity series.  Sectoral output is 
gross output less intrasector sales and transfers.  For information on 
sectoral output, see William Gullickson, "Measurement of productivity 
growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 13-
28.
A value added concept has been used for the international comparisons 
series because the data are more readily available from the countries' 
national accounts, whereas sectoral output would require a complex 
estimation procedure.  Also, although BLS has determined that sectoral 
output is the correct concept for U.S. measures of productivity, there 
are other considerations that may make value added a better concept for 
international comparisons of labor productivity, such as differences 
among countries in the extent of vertical integration of industries.
Estimation of manufacturing real output using moving price weights is 
becoming prevalent.  For example, the output measure for manufacturing 
in the United States is the chain-weighted index of real gross product 
originating, based on annually changing price weights.  However, many 
earlier time periods within the historical real output series have been 
estimated using fixed price weights, with the weights updated 
periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years).
Measures of real output also may differ among countries because of 
different approaches to estimating the prices of high-technology 
products like computers and, in general, of products that undergo rapid 
quality change.
Labor Input. The aggregate hours worked series used for France (from 
1970 forward), Norway, Sweden, and Canada are series published with the 
national accounts.  For the former West Germany after 1959 and Germany 
from 1991, BLS uses aggregate hours worked, which were developed by a 
research institute of the German Ministry of Labor for use with the 
national accounts employment figures.  For the United Kingdom from 1992, 
an index of total manufacturing hours is used, derived from published 
quarterly indices of manufacturing hours.  For all other countries, the 
U.K. before 1992, and the former West Germany before 1959, BLS 
constructs its own estimates of aggregate hours, using employment 
figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive 
employment series, and estimates of average annual hours worked. 
Compensation (Labor Cost).  The compensation measures are from national 
accounts data.  Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally 
required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, 
in addition to all payments made in cash or in kind directly to 
employees.  For Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is increased to 
account for important taxes on payroll or employment.  For the United 
Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for 
subsidies.  When data for the self-employed are not available, total 
compensation is estimated by assuming the same hourly compensation for 
self-employed and employees.  In this release, French compensation data 
have been revised from 1992 forward.  Real compensation for the U.S. is 
derived using the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS).

-17-

Data for Germany.  The average annual growth rates for Germany pertain 
to unified Germany from 1991 forward and to the former West Germany for 
prior years.  The data series are linked in 1991.  In the historic data 
tables, separate index series are shown for unified Germany and for 
former West Germany.  The West German estimates end with 1998, the last 
year for which the German Statistical Office has published the necessary 
underlying data.  These estimates have not been updated or revised by 
BLS since they were published in the news release USDL 99-235, on Aug. 
27, 1999. 
Current Indicators.  The measures for recent years may be based on 
current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), 
employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national 
accounts and other statistics, normally used for the long-term measures, 
become available.
Trade-Weighted Measures.  The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and the 
European countries were obtained by re-scaling a series of weights, 
developed by the International Monetary Fund, based on average trade 
flows over the 1989-91 period.  These weights are based on aggregate 
trade data for total manufacturing and take account of both bilateral 
trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets.  The 1989-
91 weights do not include Taiwan.  BLS developed weights for Taiwan by 
using data from an earlier study from the International Monetary Fund 
and other sources.  The weight used for Germany is based on the trade 
weight of the former West Germany.
The following weights were used for the entire period for which 
trade-weighted unit labor cost measures are produced:

       Country           Weight        Country             Weight

      Canada             25.90        Italy                 4.71
      Japan              31.27        Norway                0.49
      Belgium             2.19        Sweden                1.94
      Denmark             0.49        United Kingdom        9.19
      France              6.04        Taiwan                5.93
      Germany            11.88

Level Comparisons.  The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. 
BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and 
unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in 
comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries.  Each 
country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units.  To 
compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure is needed.  
Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output 
levels.  What is needed are purchasing power parities, which are the 
number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services 
equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency.
Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic 
product (GDP) from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and 
Development (OECD).  However, these parities are derived for 
expenditures made by consumers, business, and government for goods and 
services--not for value added by industry.  Therefore, they do not 
provide purchasing power parities by industry.  The parities developed 
for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as 
manufacturing.

-18-

European exchange rates.  On Jan. 1, 1999, 11 European countries joined 
the European Monetary Union (EMU).  Greece joined on Jan. 1, 2001.  
Currencies of EMU members are established at fixed conversion rates to 
the euro, the official currency of the EMU.  Exchange rates between the 
national currencies of EMU countries and the U.S. dollar are no longer 
reported; only the exchange rate between the euro and the U.S. dollar is 
available.
Beginning with 1999, exchange rates in national currencies for 
Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated by 
taking the number of euros per U.S. dollar and then converting euros 
into national currencies at fixed conversion rates.

1 euro equals:  40.3399  Belgian francs   1936.27  Italian lire
                6.55957  French francs    2.20371  Netherlands guilders
                1.95583  German marks

The currency exchange rates cited in this publication are annual 
averages of daily buying rates in New York City.
- 19 -

Table 1.  Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States    Canada    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom

  1950   NA       26.0       NA        NA        NA        NA       22.6      13.5       NA         13.2        13.5      11.2      24.9      19.5      24.5

  1955   NA       31.9       8.6       NA        NA        NA       24.6      16.9       NA         19.7        18.8      14.4      29.0      21.3      26.5

  1960   NA       37.8      13.8       NA        NA       18.0      29.9      22.0       NA         29.2        23.6      18.5      37.4      27.3      30.0
  1961   NA       39.8      15.6       NA        NA       18.2      31.6      23.4       NA         30.6        25.5      19.5      38.7      28.7      30.1
  1962   NA       42.7      16.4       NA        NA       19.2      33.2      24.9       NA         32.8        28.2      20.2      38.7      30.9      30.7
  1963   NA       44.5      17.7       NA        NA       19.9      34.3      26.2       NA         34.1        29.0      21.1      40.7      32.7      32.4
  1964   NA       46.3      20.1       NA        NA       21.2      37.1      28.2       NA         37.1        29.3      23.0      43.0      35.5      34.5
  1965   NA       48.6      21.0       NA        NA       22.3      38.9      30.2       NA         39.3        32.6      24.5      45.6      38.2      35.5
  1966   NA       49.5      23.0       NA        NA       23.8      40.9      32.6       NA         40.9        35.4      26.2      47.5      39.8      36.7
  1967   NA       50.0      26.0       NA        NA       25.1      43.8      34.7       NA         43.4        37.2      28.1      49.2      43.2      38.4
  1968   NA       52.7      29.1       NA        NA       27.3      47.9      38.3       NA         47.0        40.1      31.6      52.2      47.2      41.3
  1969   NA       55.4      33.4       NA        NA       29.9      49.8      40.7       NA         50.4        41.6      34.7      57.1      50.9      42.3

  1970   NA       54.9      37.5       NA        NA       32.9      52.7      43.1       NA         52.0        44.3      37.9      58.8      52.2      43.2
  1971   NA       58.2      39.8       NA        NA       35.1      56.3      45.6       NA         54.0        45.0      40.1      60.6      54.5      45.4
  1972   NA       61.3      43.6       NA        NA       39.2      60.9      47.7       NA         57.4        47.8      43.3      63.7      57.2      47.9
  1973   NA       65.2      47.6       NA       33.1      43.5      67.0      51.1       NA         61.1        52.1      48.0      67.6      61.4      51.4
  1974   NA       66.2      48.8       NA       32.0      45.8      69.2      52.2       NA         63.2        55.3      51.5      70.2      64.0      52.2
  1975   NA       63.4      50.2       NA       33.7      47.6      76.1      54.0       NA         65.9        52.3      50.9      69.5      65.0      51.1
  1976   NA       68.8      53.2       NA       36.7      52.4      78.9      57.3       NA         70.6        59.8      56.4      71.1      66.0      53.3
  1977  68.3      72.4      55.3       NA       38.5      55.0      80.5      60.7       NA         72.7        61.7      61.0      72.2      65.0      53.8
  1978  69.2      73.8      57.5       NA       43.4      58.3      81.6      63.4       NA         75.2        64.9      65.0      73.5      66.8      54.6
  1979  70.1      73.9      62.2       NA       45.1      61.4      85.6      66.4       NA         78.4        71.1      68.1      78.9      72.0      55.0

  1980  70.5      72.9      63.2       NA       47.7      65.4      90.4      66.8       NA         77.2        74.2      68.8      77.5      73.1      54.3
  1981  74.1      76.5      65.2       NA       52.8      70.1      91.9      68.7       NA         78.7        73.8      70.4      77.2      72.7      57.1
  1982  76.2      77.1      67.9       NA       54.1      73.5      92.2      73.5       NA         78.8        74.0      71.6      80.5      75.4      60.2
  1983  80.0      81.9      68.8       NA       57.5      81.0      96.7      75.2       NA         82.6        75.7      77.3      83.2      80.9      65.0
  1984  83.2      88.8      71.1       NA       59.1      85.0      96.2      76.4       NA         85.4        81.9      84.9      88.3      85.2      68.4
  1985  86.0      91.1      76.5      54.9      60.9      87.0      96.8      79.3       NA         89.1        87.4      88.5      91.1      86.2      71.1
  1986  86.0      87.6      76.1      58.9      66.6      87.8      91.2      80.6       NA         89.6        87.9      90.2      89.8      87.5      73.9
  1987  92.9      87.8      80.2      63.2      72.8      88.9      90.7      82.1       NA         88.1        89.3      91.0      94.2      89.2      78.1
  1988  96.9      89.6      83.9      68.7      76.4      92.0      94.1      87.7       NA         91.5        93.9      93.1      93.1      90.5      82.6
  1989  95.7      92.5      88.5      73.2      83.1      96.9      99.7      92.2       NA         94.6        95.5      96.9      95.5      93.2      86.2

  1990  96.9      93.4      94.4      81.3      88.9      96.8      99.1      93.8       NA         99.0        95.8      98.5      97.6      94.6      89.2
  1991  97.9      95.3      99.0      91.4      96.6      99.1      99.4      97.0      98.3       101.9        95.9      99.6      98.2      95.5      93.8
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 102.1     105.8     101.7     108.1     102.9     102.5     100.8     100.6     101.8       100.6       101.4     101.6      99.6     107.3     103.9
  1994 107.3     110.8     103.3     118.0     106.7     108.4       NA      108.2     109.5       107.9       104.9     113.2      99.6     119.4     107.1
  1995 113.8     112.4     111.0     129.2     115.1     113.2       NA      113.9     112.2       111.2       108.0     118.2     100.7     121.9     104.9
  1996 117.0     109.7     116.1     142.5     123.1     117.0       NA      114.6     113.9       115.1       108.1     120.2     102.5     124.5     103.8
  1997 121.3     113.5     121.0     163.3     129.2     127.0       NA      121.9     119.4       121.8       109.9     122.3     102.0     132.3     105.2
  1998 126.5     113.1     121.2     182.9     135.8     129.2       NA      127.7     120.3       127.1       110.0     125.0      99.9     139.5     107.0
  1999 135.3     116.0     126.9     202.3     143.1     129.5       NA      132.7     120.4         NA        109.9     128.5     103.6     149.7     111.6

  2000 142.9     118.4     134.1     218.4     150.6     133.4       NA      142.5     127.9         NA        113.0     133.8     104.5     158.0     118.0
  2001 145.6     116.1     128.1     225.5     159.6     134.1       NA      146.3     129.2         NA        115.0       NA      105.3     160.4     119.8

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 20 -

Table 2.  Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States    Canada    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom

  1950   NA       28.3       NA        NA        NA        NA       31.8      16.2       NA         19.2        14.2      14.6      32.6      25.3      30.1

  1955   NA       33.4      10.3       NA        NA        NA       34.0      20.3       NA         28.8        20.3      18.7      38.0      27.5      32.9

  1960   NA       39.3      17.1       NA        NA       22.6      39.2      26.6       NA         38.4        25.7      24.4      47.1      33.3      36.5
  1961   NA       41.3      19.1       NA        NA       22.9      40.2      28.3       NA         39.6        27.5      24.7      48.0      34.7      36.2
  1962   NA       44.6      19.6       NA        NA       24.1      42.6      30.1       NA         41.3        29.5      25.4      47.9      37.1      36.6
  1963   NA       46.6      21.0       NA        NA       25.0      43.3      31.7       NA         42.4        30.4      26.3      50.1      38.9      38.5
  1964   NA       48.7      23.7       NA        NA       26.5      47.2      34.0       NA         46.1        30.7      28.5      53.3      41.8      41.4
  1965   NA       51.1      24.3       NA        NA       27.4      49.5      36.0       NA         48.7        33.1      30.3      55.2      44.5      42.0
  1966   NA       51.6      26.8       NA        NA       29.1      51.0      39.2       NA         50.0        36.4      32.1      57.6      46.4      42.6
  1967   NA       52.2      30.4       NA        NA       30.3      54.1      41.2       NA         51.7        38.7      34.4      59.2      49.5      44.3
  1968   NA       55.0      33.9       NA        NA       33.0      57.7      44.2       NA         56.6        41.8      37.9      61.3      52.9      48.0
  1969   NA       57.5      38.3       NA        NA       35.7      59.3      48.2       NA         60.7        43.0      41.1      65.5      56.1      49.1

  1970   NA       56.7      42.6       NA        NA       38.3      60.8      50.5       NA         62.4        44.9      44.0      67.0      57.4      49.4
  1971   NA       59.9      44.5       NA        NA       40.2      64.7      52.9       NA         63.4        44.3      46.2      68.3      59.8      50.7
  1972   NA       63.1      48.5       NA        NA       43.9      68.4      54.8       NA         66.6        46.8      49.2      70.7      61.1      52.9
  1973   NA       66.6      52.4       NA       36.9      47.6      71.3      57.8       NA         70.4        51.7      53.4      74.6      64.4      57.5
  1974   NA       67.1      51.5       NA       34.4      48.7      75.1      58.3       NA         71.4        52.9      55.6      76.4      66.5      56.6
  1975   NA       63.5      51.8       NA       37.1      48.0      80.0      58.5       NA         72.5        49.1      53.8      75.2      66.2      55.2
  1976   NA       69.0      56.5       NA       40.5      53.8      83.3      62.3       NA         79.9        56.2      59.6      74.9      66.4      58.1
  1977  67.1      72.6      58.9       NA       42.6      56.1      84.2      65.4       NA         81.1        57.7      64.2      74.8      64.9      59.0
  1978  67.9      74.5      61.5       NA       47.5      59.4      84.4      67.7       NA         82.8        60.6      67.7      74.6      64.9      59.6
  1979  68.4      74.2      67.0       NA       49.2      62.6      88.5      70.8       NA         86.0        65.8      70.2      78.7      69.0      59.8

  1980  67.9      72.6      68.0       NA       52.1      65.6      94.0      71.2       NA         83.5        68.9      71.3      77.8      69.3      57.4
  1981  71.4      75.4      69.7       NA       54.9      68.7      94.3      72.3       NA         84.1        68.4      73.3      77.6      69.3      59.2
  1982  72.1      75.4      72.3       NA       56.2      73.7      96.1      74.2       NA         83.7        68.5      75.4      80.2      72.1      62.9
  1983  77.8      81.2      73.4       NA       59.8      79.2     102.2      75.6       NA         87.9        70.0      81.5      83.3      78.3      67.8
  1984  82.0      87.9      76.6       NA       61.9      82.5     101.3      76.9       NA         90.9        75.9      88.1      88.2      84.0      71.4
  1985  84.9      90.7      82.1      60.7      62.0      85.7      98.5      79.4       NA         93.1        80.2      89.5      90.7      84.4      73.8
  1986  84.8      87.7      81.2      66.3      69.0      86.5      94.9      80.9       NA         93.0        83.1      90.9      89.5      85.3      76.4
  1987  92.1      88.6      86.0      70.0      75.4      88.4      92.3      82.8       NA         91.3        86.9      91.2      91.6      88.0      80.9
  1988  96.9      92.3      90.9      74.2      78.2      93.0      95.8      88.8       NA         94.4        92.0      94.0      91.2      89.1      85.7
  1989  95.7      93.2      94.8      76.0      83.8      97.5     100.2      93.1       NA         96.2        94.7      97.3      94.1      91.5      89.0

  1990  96.3      93.6      99.7      83.2      88.8      98.5      98.5      94.3       NA         98.8        95.0      98.8      96.0      93.9      91.3
  1991  96.6      95.1     102.2      92.7      96.6      99.2      99.1      96.5      94.7       101.0        96.0      99.7      97.2      94.7      93.9
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 103.4     106.9      99.6     108.3     102.9     100.9     100.0     100.5      99.4        97.6        99.8     101.5      99.9     110.0     104.9
  1994 109.7     113.0     101.4     119.0     107.0     109.7     110.2     108.2     107.8       104.7       106.9     113.2     100.1     127.3     109.6
  1995 115.6     114.1     109.7     130.5     114.9     113.3     113.7     113.1     110.5       107.3       112.2     118.4     100.3     131.2     109.1
  1996 118.7     112.2     115.4     141.7     122.7     117.6     108.5     113.9     110.3       109.3       110.9     120.3     101.5     134.2     108.4
  1997 123.9     116.0     119.6     160.1     129.2     127.7     118.1     120.8     115.9       116.0       114.2     122.0     100.8     142.9     109.3
  1998 128.1     116.2     117.3     172.2     133.2     130.2     117.5     126.3     117.2       122.3       113.5     124.4      99.1     150.9     110.3
  1999 137.9     120.4     122.5     205.7     141.2     132.8     118.0     130.5     116.8         NA        113.8     127.8     103.1     162.2     114.5

  2000 144.4     122.7     131.6     219.2     148.4     137.2     126.9     135.4     123.0         NA        117.6     133.0     102.5     171.2     120.8
  2001 144.8     119.1     124.7     221.1     146.0     136.0     132.1     136.1     122.8         NA        118.1       NA      102.9     171.7     123.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 21 -

Table 3.  Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States    Canada    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom

  1950   NA       22.0       2.2       NA        NA        NA       26.8      18.4       NA         14.5        10.1      16.7      38.8      30.9      49.6

  1955   NA       28.5       4.9       NA        NA        NA       29.5      22.9       NA         27.5        15.6      22.8      47.5      35.7      58.3

  1960   NA       33.4      10.7       NA        NA       30.7      40.8      31.0       NA         41.5        23.0      31.5      57.4      45.9      67.3
  1961   NA       34.7      12.9       NA        NA       32.1      43.0      33.3       NA         44.0        25.4      32.6      59.8      49.0      67.6
  1962   NA       38.6      14.0       NA        NA       34.6      46.7      35.7       NA         46.2        28.1      34.2      60.3      52.8      67.7
  1963   NA       41.2      15.6       NA        NA       36.2      47.3      38.4       NA         47.1        29.9      35.7      63.9      55.4      70.2
  1964   NA       45.1      18.1       NA        NA       39.5      52.9      42.0       NA         51.2        30.3      39.0      68.4      60.3      76.5
  1965   NA       49.5      18.8       NA        NA       40.8      56.4      44.1       NA         55.0        31.9      41.7      72.0      64.5      78.7
  1966   NA       52.9      21.3       NA        NA       43.2      57.6      48.1       NA         55.9        34.8      44.0      76.3      66.3      80.1
  1967   NA       53.9      25.6       NA        NA       43.7      58.2      50.4       NA         54.7        38.3      45.7      78.8      68.5      80.6
  1968   NA       57.0      29.5       NA        NA       46.7      62.7      53.2       NA         60.3        41.8      50.1      80.7      72.0      86.6
  1969   NA       60.7      34.4       NA        NA       52.2      66.1      59.6       NA         67.4        44.5      54.9      86.6      77.7      89.9

  1970   NA       58.9      39.2       7.0      12.7      57.6      68.0      64.1       NA         70.9        48.1      59.1      90.6      80.7      90.2
  1971   NA       62.5      41.0       8.3      15.5      60.1      69.4      68.1       NA         71.6        48.8      61.1      92.9      81.2      89.3
  1972   NA       67.9      44.7       9.5      18.9      64.7      75.4      71.3       NA         73.8        51.5      62.7      97.2      81.7      91.2
  1973   NA       74.9      50.4      12.3      22.3      70.6      79.5      76.7       NA         78.5        58.1      67.2     102.8      87.5      99.7
  1974   NA       76.5      49.1      14.3      21.0      73.4      80.8      78.2       NA         77.7        61.8      69.7     106.3      92.2      98.4
  1975   NA       70.4      46.6      16.2      22.0      67.9      78.8      76.6       NA         74.1        58.3      65.1     104.0      92.5      91.6
  1976   NA       76.4      50.6      19.9      27.0      73.0      82.6      81.1       NA         79.8        66.9      69.1     103.5      92.5      93.3
  1977  72.5      78.8      52.2      22.8      30.6      73.3      83.0      84.8       NA         81.3        69.3      72.5     103.5      87.2      95.2
  1978  76.5      83.2      53.7      27.5      37.1      74.3      82.7      86.8       NA         82.8        72.7      74.8     101.4      84.9      95.7
  1979  79.0      85.9      58.4      30.1      40.0      76.2      87.4      89.3       NA         87.1        80.3      76.7     105.5      90.3      95.5

  1980  75.8      83.6      60.4      29.9      44.0      78.2      91.4      88.7       NA         85.3        84.4      76.8     104.4      90.7      87.2
  1981  79.2      86.6      62.6      32.7      47.3      77.2      88.5      87.3       NA         84.4        81.8      77.0     102.5      88.0      81.8
  1982  74.6      78.7      64.6      34.6      48.5      80.4      89.9      88.2       NA         81.5        80.2      76.1     102.0      88.3      81.7
  1983  79.2      82.5      66.6      39.5      54.1      84.6      95.9      88.0       NA         82.7        79.6      78.5     100.6      93.9      83.5
  1984  87.6      91.8      71.0      46.0      62.2      87.2     100.4      87.0       NA         85.2        82.2      83.0     105.5     101.3      86.5
  1985  90.0      96.9      76.7      48.8      64.3      89.1     103.6      87.3       NA         88.3        84.9      85.4     109.2     102.9      89.0
  1986  88.6      96.8      75.5      57.9      74.7      89.1     103.6      87.3       NA         89.7        86.4      87.6     108.9     104.0      90.2
  1987  96.4     100.7      79.0      68.5      84.3      88.8      99.4      87.2       NA         88.0        89.0      88.8     111.5     106.6      94.5
  1988 103.2     108.5      85.3      76.7      87.7      93.3     100.9      92.2       NA         90.9        95.0      92.1     106.1     109.8     101.4
  1989 102.4     111.3      90.9      79.4      90.8      99.1     104.4      97.2       NA         94.0        98.3      96.6     102.1     110.9     105.5

  1990 101.6     106.0      97.1      86.7      90.0     101.0     102.8      99.1       NA         99.1        99.4      99.9     100.9     110.1     105.4
  1991  98.3      99.0     102.0      95.0      96.1     100.7     101.5      99.8     102.3       102.8        99.3     100.4      99.0     104.1     100.0
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 103.5     105.9      96.3     105.4     102.4      97.0      95.6      95.7      92.4        91.8        96.5      98.4     101.7     101.9     101.4
  1994 111.1     114.1      94.9     116.8     108.5     101.4     105.6     100.3      95.1        93.5       102.4     104.6     104.6     117.1     106.1
  1995 118.4     119.6      98.9     129.9     114.9     104.2     111.6     104.9      95.2        93.7       107.2     108.1     107.3     128.4     107.8
  1996 121.3     119.6     103.0     138.7     120.3     106.6     106.7     104.6      92.5        92.5       105.4     108.7     110.3     131.1     108.5
  1997 127.9     127.7     106.5     147.8     128.3     113.8     115.2     109.7      95.7        95.8       108.8     111.5     114.2     138.0     109.9
  1998 133.1     132.8     100.2     136.8     132.6     116.4     115.7     115.0      97.2       100.7       110.7     114.8     113.7     147.6     110.8
  1999 141.2     141.0     101.9     165.6     141.5     118.0     115.1     118.7      95.8         NA        110.5     118.1     113.6     157.8     111.1

  2000 147.0     148.8     107.6     191.9     151.8     122.2     122.9     124.1     101.7         NA        113.9     123.7     110.2     168.7     113.3
  2001 141.3     143.9      99.1     195.2     142.6     121.7     126.7     126.3     101.8         NA        114.6       NA      108.9     167.4     110.7

NA:  Not Available

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 22 -

Table 4.  Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States    Canada    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom

  1950  85.5      84.8       NA        NA        NA        NA      118.7     136.8       NA        109.8        75.0     148.5     155.6     158.5     202.2

  1955  94.6      89.4      57.0       NA        NA        NA      119.8     135.7       NA        139.6        83.1     158.9     163.7     167.3     220.2

  1960  92.1      88.3      77.8       NA        NA      170.7     136.5     140.8       NA        142.3        97.6     170.5     153.6     168.3     224.6
  1961  89.7      87.2      82.4       NA        NA      175.9     136.2     142.5       NA        143.9        99.6     167.0     154.5     171.0     224.7
  1962  93.4      90.3      85.2       NA        NA      180.3     140.7     143.6       NA        140.8        99.5     169.0     155.8     170.8     220.3
  1963  94.4      92.6      87.9       NA        NA      181.8     138.0     146.9       NA        138.1       103.2     169.3     156.9     169.1     216.6
  1964  96.4      97.2      90.0       NA        NA      186.5     142.6     148.7       NA        138.0       103.5     169.8     159.2     169.6     221.7
  1965 102.0     101.9      89.8       NA        NA      183.2     144.9     146.0       NA        140.0        97.7     170.2     158.1     168.8     221.5
  1966 108.6     106.8      92.8       NA        NA      181.5     140.8     147.5       NA        136.7        98.2     168.2     160.8     166.5     218.2
  1967 108.0     107.9      98.3       NA        NA      173.6     132.7     145.4       NA        125.9       102.8     162.5     160.1     158.4     209.8
  1968 109.6     108.2     101.4       NA        NA      170.9     130.9     138.9       NA        128.3       104.2     158.6     154.6     152.6     209.6
  1969 110.9     109.7     103.0       NA        NA      174.9     132.7     146.5       NA        133.8       107.0     158.3     151.7     152.5     212.4

  1970 104.4     107.1     104.4       NA        NA      174.7     129.0     148.5       NA        136.3       108.5     156.1     153.9     154.7     208.8
  1971 100.5     107.4     103.1       NA        NA      171.4     123.3     149.2       NA        132.5       108.4     152.3     153.4     149.1     196.9
  1972 105.1     110.8     102.6       NA        NA      165.2     123.8     149.5       NA        128.7       107.7     144.8     152.6     142.9     190.5
  1973 110.4     114.9     106.0       NA       67.4     162.1     118.8     150.2       NA        128.4       111.4     140.0     152.1     142.5     194.1
  1974 107.9     115.5     100.6       NA       65.6     160.4     116.7     149.8       NA        122.9       111.8     135.2     151.5     144.0     188.5
  1975  97.2     111.1      92.8       NA       65.1     142.6     103.5     141.8       NA        112.5       111.4     128.1     149.6     142.3     179.3
  1976 101.9     111.1      95.1       NA       73.7     139.4     104.7     141.5       NA        113.1       111.9     122.5     145.5     140.2     175.1
  1977 106.1     108.8      94.4       NA       79.3     133.3     103.1     139.7       NA        111.8       112.3     119.0     143.2     134.2     176.9
  1978 110.6     112.8      93.4       NA       85.5     127.4     101.4     136.8       NA        110.1       112.0     115.1     137.9     127.1     175.4
  1979 112.7     116.2      93.8       NA       88.7     124.2     102.1     134.4       NA        111.0       112.9     112.5     133.7     125.5     173.7

  1980 107.5     114.6      95.6       NA       92.3     119.7     101.1     132.9       NA        110.5       113.8     111.7     134.7     124.0     160.5
  1981 107.0     113.2      95.9       NA       89.7     110.2      96.3     127.0       NA        107.1       111.0     109.3     132.7     121.0     143.3
  1982  97.9     102.0      95.1       NA       89.6     109.4      97.5     119.9       NA        103.4       108.4     106.2     126.8     117.2     135.6
  1983  98.9     100.7      96.8       NA       94.0     104.3      99.2     117.1       NA        100.1       105.3     101.5     120.9     116.1     128.4
  1984 105.3     103.4      99.8       NA      105.2     102.6     104.4     113.9       NA         99.7       100.3      97.8     119.4     118.9     126.4
  1985 104.6     106.4     100.3      88.8     105.5     102.4     107.0     110.1       NA         99.1        97.1      96.6     119.9     119.4     125.2
  1986 103.0     110.5      99.2      98.3     112.2     101.5     113.7     108.3       NA        100.1        98.3      97.2     121.2     118.9     122.0
  1987 103.8     114.7      98.5     108.3     115.8     100.0     109.6     106.3       NA         99.9        99.7      97.6     118.3     119.5     121.0
  1988 106.6     121.2     101.7     111.6     114.8     101.5     107.2     105.1       NA         99.3       101.2      98.9     114.0     121.4     122.8
  1989 107.1     120.2     102.7     108.5     109.2     102.3     104.7     105.5       NA         99.3       103.0      99.7     106.8     119.0     122.4

  1990 104.8     113.5     102.9     106.6     101.3     104.3     103.7     105.6       NA        100.1       103.7     101.4     103.4     116.4     118.1
  1991 100.4     103.9     103.1     103.9      99.5     101.5     102.1     102.9     104.1       100.9       103.6     100.9     100.8     109.0     106.6
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 101.4     100.1      94.7      97.5      99.6      94.7      94.8      95.1      90.8        91.3        95.2      96.8     102.1      94.9      97.6
  1994 103.6     103.0      91.9      98.9     101.6      93.6       NA       92.7      86.8        86.7        97.6      92.4     105.0      98.1      99.1
  1995 104.0     106.4      89.1     100.6      99.8      92.0       NA       92.1      84.9        84.3        99.3      91.5     106.6     105.3     102.7
  1996 103.6     109.0      88.7      97.3      97.7      91.1       NA       91.3      81.2        80.4        97.5      90.4     107.6     105.3     104.6
  1997 105.4     112.4      88.0      90.5      99.3      89.6       NA       90.0      80.1        78.6        99.0      91.1     112.0     104.3     104.5
  1998 105.2     117.5      82.7      74.8      97.7      90.1       NA       90.0      80.7        79.3       100.6      91.8     113.7     105.8     103.6
  1999 104.4     121.5      80.3      81.9      98.9      91.1       NA       89.4      79.6         NA        100.5      92.0     109.6     105.4      99.6

  2000 102.8     125.6      80.2      87.9     100.8      91.7       NA       87.1      79.5         NA        100.7      92.5     105.4     106.8      96.0
  2001  97.1     123.9      77.4      86.5      89.4      90.7       NA       86.3      78.8         NA         99.7       NA      103.4     104.3      92.4

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 23 -

Table 5.  Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States    Canada    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom

  1950  84.3      77.9       NA        NA        NA        NA       84.4     113.4       NA         75.2        71.4     114.1     119.0     122.0     164.6

  1955  93.1      85.3      47.8       NA        NA        NA       86.7     113.0       NA         95.5        77.1     121.8     124.9     129.7     177.1

  1960  92.6      84.8      62.8       NA        NA      135.7     104.1     116.6       NA        108.1        89.5     129.4     121.9     137.8     184.3
  1961  90.0      84.1      67.5       NA        NA      140.1     107.0     117.4       NA        111.3        92.4     132.2     124.5     141.3     186.9
  1962  92.8      86.5      71.3       NA        NA      143.3     109.7     118.6       NA        111.8        95.3     134.7     126.0     142.2     185.1
  1963  93.5      88.5      74.1       NA        NA      144.7     109.3     121.2       NA        111.0        98.3     135.4     127.4     142.4     182.2
  1964  94.9      92.5      76.4       NA        NA      148.8     112.0     123.4       NA        111.0        98.6     137.1     128.5     144.3     185.0
  1965  99.3      96.9      77.4       NA        NA      148.7     113.9     122.2       NA        113.0        96.3     137.9     130.6     144.8     187.4
  1966 105.4     102.4      79.7       NA        NA      148.5     112.8     122.8       NA        111.8        95.7     137.0     132.4     143.0     187.9
  1967 106.7     103.3      84.3       NA        NA      143.9     107.5     122.4       NA        105.8        98.8     132.9     133.2     138.3     182.1
  1968 108.5     103.8      87.2       NA        NA      141.5     108.5     120.3       NA        106.6       100.2     132.1     131.7     136.0     180.4
  1969 110.6     105.7      89.7       NA        NA      146.3     111.4     123.7       NA        111.0       103.6     133.7     132.3     138.4     182.9

  1970 106.3     103.9      91.9       NA        NA      150.2     111.9     127.0       NA        113.6       107.0     134.3     135.3     140.6     182.6
  1971 102.2     104.4      92.3       NA        NA      149.6     107.3     128.6       NA        112.9       109.9     132.2     136.1     135.9     176.4
  1972 105.0     107.7      92.3       NA        NA      147.4     110.1     130.1       NA        110.8       110.0     127.5     137.5     133.8     172.2
  1973 110.5     112.5      96.2       NA       60.3     148.4     111.6     132.8       NA        111.5       112.4     125.8     137.8     135.8     173.2
  1974 110.1     113.9      95.3       NA       61.2     150.7     107.6     134.2       NA        108.9       116.9     125.4     139.3     138.7     173.9
  1975 100.6     110.9      90.0       NA       59.3     141.5      98.5     130.9       NA        102.2       118.5     121.0     138.3     139.8     165.9
  1976 104.2     110.7      89.5       NA       66.7     135.8      99.2     130.2       NA         99.9       119.1     116.0     138.1     139.4     160.6
  1977 108.2     108.5      88.6       NA       71.9     130.5      98.5     129.7       NA        100.3       120.1     113.1     138.3     134.5     161.2
  1978 112.7     111.7      87.4       NA       78.1     125.0      98.0     128.1       NA        100.0       120.0     110.5     135.8     130.7     160.5
  1979 115.6     115.7      87.2       NA       81.4     121.8      98.8     126.1       NA        101.2       121.9     109.3     134.0     131.0     159.6

  1980 111.6     115.1      88.9       NA       84.4     119.3      97.2     124.7       NA        102.2       122.6     107.8     134.2     130.9     151.8
  1981 111.0     114.8      89.8       NA       86.2     112.4      93.8     120.7       NA        100.3       119.6     105.0     132.0     127.0     138.0
  1982 103.5     104.3      89.3       NA       86.3     109.2      93.6     118.8       NA         97.4       117.1     101.0     127.3     122.4     129.9
  1983 101.8     101.6      90.8       NA       90.5     106.8      93.9     116.4       NA         94.1       113.7      96.4     120.8     119.9     123.2
  1984 106.8     104.4      92.7       NA      100.4     105.7      99.1     113.1       NA         93.7       108.4      94.2     119.6     120.5     121.1
  1985 106.0     106.8      93.5      80.3     103.7     104.0     105.2     110.0       NA         94.9       105.8      95.4     120.5     122.0     120.6
  1986 104.5     110.4      93.0      87.3     108.4     103.0     109.1     108.0       NA         96.4       103.9      96.5     121.7     121.9     118.0
  1987 104.7     113.7      91.9      97.9     111.8     100.5     107.7     105.3       NA         96.4       102.5      97.4     121.8     121.1     116.8
  1988 106.6     117.6      93.9     103.4     112.2     100.4     105.3     103.8       NA         96.3       103.3      98.0     116.3     123.3     118.3
  1989 107.0     119.4      95.9     104.4     108.3     101.7     104.1     104.4       NA         97.6       103.8      99.3     108.4     121.2     118.6

  1990 105.4     113.2      97.5     104.3     101.4     102.5     104.3     105.1       NA        100.3       104.6     101.1     105.2     117.2     115.4
  1991 101.8     104.1      99.8     102.5      99.5     101.5     102.4     103.5     108.0       101.8       103.5     100.7     101.9     109.9     106.5
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 100.1      99.1      96.8      97.3      99.6      96.1      95.5      95.2      93.0        94.0        96.8      96.9     101.8      92.6      96.6
  1994 101.3     100.9      93.6      98.1     101.4      92.5      95.8      92.7      88.2        89.3        95.8      92.4     104.5      92.0      96.8
  1995 102.5     104.8      90.1      99.6      99.9      91.9      98.1      92.7      86.2        87.3        95.6      91.3     107.0      97.9      98.8
  1996 102.2     106.6      89.3      97.9      98.1      90.7      98.3      91.8      83.8        84.6        95.1      90.3     108.7      97.6     100.1
  1997 103.2     110.0      89.1      92.3      99.3      89.1      97.5      90.9      82.6        82.6        95.3      91.4     113.3      96.6     100.6
  1998 104.0     114.3      85.5      79.5      99.6      89.4      98.4      91.0      82.9        82.4        97.5      92.2     114.7      97.8     100.4
  1999 102.4     117.1      83.2      80.5     100.2      88.8      97.6      90.9      82.1         NA         97.1      92.4     110.2      97.3      97.0

  2000 101.8     121.2      81.7      87.6     102.3      89.1      96.8      91.7      82.7         NA         96.9      93.0     107.5      98.5      93.8
  2001  97.6     120.7      79.4      88.3      97.7      89.5      95.9      92.8      82.9         NA         97.1       NA      105.8      97.5      89.8

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 24 -

Table 6.  Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States    Canada    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom

  1950 101.4     108.8       NA        NA        NA        NA      140.7     120.6       NA        146.0       105.1     130.2     130.8     129.9     122.8

  1955 101.5     104.8     119.3       NA        NA        NA      138.2     120.1       NA        146.1       107.8     130.5     131.1     129.0     124.4

  1960  99.5     104.1     123.9       NA        NA      125.8     131.2     120.8       NA        131.7       109.0     131.8     126.0     122.1     121.8
  1961  99.6     103.6     122.0       NA        NA      125.5     127.3     121.3       NA        129.4       107.8     126.3     124.1     121.1     120.2
  1962 100.6     104.4     119.5       NA        NA      125.8     128.3     121.1       NA        126.0       104.4     125.4     123.7     120.1     119.0
  1963 100.9     104.7     118.6       NA        NA      125.7     126.3     121.2       NA        124.4       104.9     125.0     123.1     118.8     118.9
  1964 101.6     105.1     117.9       NA        NA      125.3     127.4     120.5       NA        124.3       104.9     123.9     123.9     117.5     119.8
  1965 102.7     105.2     115.9       NA        NA      123.2     127.2     119.4       NA        123.9       101.4     123.5     121.1     116.6     118.1
  1966 103.0     104.4     116.5       NA        NA      122.2     124.8     120.0       NA        122.3       102.6     122.8     121.4     116.4     116.1
  1967 101.2     104.5     116.7       NA        NA      120.7     123.4     118.8       NA        119.0       104.0     122.3     120.2     114.5     115.2
  1968 101.0     104.2     116.4       NA        NA      120.7     120.6     115.5       NA        120.4       104.0     120.1     117.4     112.2     116.2
  1969 100.2     103.9     114.8       NA        NA      119.5     119.1     118.4       NA        120.6       103.3     118.4     114.7     110.2     116.2

  1970  98.2     103.2     113.6       NA        NA      116.3     115.3     117.0       NA        119.9       101.4     116.2     113.8     110.0     114.4
  1971  98.4     102.8     111.8       NA        NA      114.6     114.9     116.1       NA        117.3        98.6     115.1     112.7     109.7     111.7
  1972 100.0     102.9     111.1       NA        NA      112.0     112.4     114.9       NA        116.2        97.9     113.5     111.0     106.8     110.6
  1973  99.9     102.1     110.2       NA      111.7     109.3     106.4     113.1       NA        115.2        99.1     111.3     110.3     104.9     112.1
  1974  98.0     101.5     105.6       NA      107.3     106.4     108.5     111.6       NA        112.9        95.6     107.9     108.8     103.8     108.4
  1975  96.6     100.2     103.2       NA      109.9     100.7     105.1     108.3       NA        110.1        94.0     105.9     108.1     101.8     108.1
  1976  97.7     100.3     106.2       NA      110.5     102.6     105.6     108.7       NA        113.2        94.0     105.7     105.3     100.6     109.0
  1977  98.1     100.3     106.5       NA      110.4     102.1     104.6     107.7       NA        111.5        93.5     105.2     103.5      99.8     109.8
  1978  98.1     101.0     106.9       NA      109.6     101.9     103.4     106.8       NA        110.1        93.3     104.2     101.6      97.2     109.3
  1979  97.5     100.5     107.6       NA      109.0     102.0     103.3     106.6       NA        109.7        92.6     103.0      99.8      95.8     108.9

  1980  96.3      99.6     107.6       NA      109.3     100.4     104.0     106.6       NA        108.1        92.8     103.6     100.4      94.8     105.7
  1981  96.4      98.7     106.8       NA      104.1      98.1     102.7     105.3       NA        106.8        92.8     104.1     100.5      95.3     103.8
  1982  94.6      97.8     106.5       NA      103.9     100.2     104.2     100.9       NA        106.2        92.6     105.2      99.6      95.7     104.4
  1983  97.2      99.1     106.6       NA      103.9      97.7     105.6     100.6       NA        106.4        92.6     105.3     100.1      96.9     104.2
  1984  98.6      99.0     107.7       NA      104.8      97.1     105.3     100.7       NA        106.4        92.6     103.8      99.9      98.6     104.4
  1985  98.7      99.6     107.3     110.6     101.7      98.5     101.8     100.1       NA        104.5        91.8     101.2      99.5      97.9     103.8
  1986  98.6     100.1     106.7     112.6     103.5      98.6     104.2     100.3       NA        103.9        94.5     100.7      99.6      97.5     103.4
  1987  99.1     100.9     107.2     110.7     103.6      99.4     101.8     100.9       NA        103.6        97.3     100.2      97.2      98.7     103.6
  1988 100.0     103.0     108.3     108.0     102.3     101.1     101.8     101.2       NA        103.2        98.0     101.0      98.0      98.5     103.8
  1989 100.0     100.7     107.1     103.9     100.8     100.6     100.6     101.0       NA        101.7        99.2     100.4      98.5      98.2     103.2

  1990  99.4     100.2     105.6     102.3      99.9     101.8      99.4     100.5       NA         99.8        99.2     100.4      98.3      99.3     102.3
  1991  98.7      99.8     103.2     101.4     100.0     100.0      99.7      99.5      96.3        99.1       100.1     100.1      98.9      99.2     100.1
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 101.3     101.0      97.9     100.2     100.0      98.5      99.2      99.9      97.6        97.0        98.4      99.9     100.3     102.6     101.0
  1994 102.2     102.0      98.1     100.8     100.2     101.2       NA       99.9      98.4        97.1       101.9     100.0     100.5     106.6     102.4
  1995 101.5     101.6      98.8     101.0      99.9     100.1       NA       99.3      98.5        96.5       103.8     100.2      99.6     107.6     104.0
  1996 101.5     102.3      99.4      99.4      99.7     100.5       NA       99.4      96.9        95.0       102.5     100.1      99.0     107.9     104.5
  1997 102.2     102.2      98.8      98.0     100.0     100.6       NA       99.1      97.0        95.2       103.9      99.7      98.9     108.0     103.9
  1998 101.2     102.7      96.7      94.1      98.1     100.8       NA       98.9      97.4        96.2       103.2      99.5      99.2     108.2     103.2
  1999 102.0     103.8      96.6     101.7      98.7     102.6       NA       98.4      97.0         NA        103.6      99.5      99.5     108.3     102.6

  2000 101.0     103.6      98.1     100.3      98.5     102.9       NA       95.0      96.1         NA        104.0      99.4      98.1     108.4     102.3
  2001  99.4     102.6      97.4      98.0      91.5     101.4       NA       93.0      95.1         NA        102.7       NA       97.7     107.0     102.8

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 25 -

Table 7.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States   Canada*    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark   France*   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway   Sweden*   Kingdom*

  1950   8.7       5.4       NA        NA        NA        NA        2.5       1.6       NA          3.4         0.9       3.1       2.2       1.9       1.5

  1955  11.7       7.7       3.1       NA        NA        NA        3.4       2.8       NA          5.0         1.4       4.5       3.4       2.9       2.2

  1960  14.9      10.0       4.3       NA        NA        5.4       4.6       4.3       NA          8.1         1.8       6.4       4.7       4.1       3.0
  1961  15.3      10.2       5.0       NA        NA        5.7       5.2       4.7       NA          9.1         2.0       7.3       5.2       4.5       3.2
  1962  15.9      10.6       5.7       NA        NA        6.2       5.6       5.2       NA         10.3         2.3       7.8       5.7       5.0       3.3
  1963  16.4      11.1       6.4       NA        NA        6.8       6.1       5.7       NA         11.0         2.8       8.6       6.1       5.5       3.5
  1964  17.0      11.5       7.2       NA        NA        7.7       6.6       6.2       NA         11.9         2.9       9.9       6.5       6.0       3.7
  1965  17.4      12.2       8.1       NA        NA        8.5       7.4       6.7       NA         13.1         3.1      11.1       7.2       6.6       4.0
  1966  18.2      13.1       8.9       NA        NA        9.4       8.4       7.1       NA         14.2         3.3      12.5       7.8       7.3       4.4
  1967  19.2      13.8      10.0       NA        NA       10.3       9.4       7.6       NA         15.0         3.7      13.8       8.7       8.1       4.5
  1968  20.7      14.7      11.6       NA        NA       11.0      10.3       8.7       NA         16.1         3.9      15.4       9.6       8.8       4.8
  1969  22.2      15.9      13.8       NA        NA       12.1      11.6       9.2       NA         17.6         4.3      17.5      10.6       9.6       5.3

  1970  23.7      17.1      16.4       NA        NA       13.7      13.3      10.4       NA         20.7         5.3      20.2      11.8      10.7       6.1
  1971  25.2      18.2      19.0       NA        NA       15.9      15.2      11.6       NA         23.2         6.1      23.1      13.5      12.1       6.9
  1972  26.5      19.5      21.9       NA        NA       18.8      16.9      12.8       NA         25.6         6.7      26.5      15.2      13.5       8.0
  1973  28.5      21.2      26.7       NA        9.5      22.3      20.5      14.7       NA         29.0         7.9      31.6      17.1      15.2       9.1
  1974  31.6      24.6      35.0       NA       13.9      27.4      24.8      17.5       NA         33.0        10.3      37.7      20.1      17.9      11.0
  1975  35.5      28.3      40.8       NA       14.9      33.1      29.6      21.3       NA         36.4        12.7      43.2      24.0      21.9      14.6
  1976  38.4      32.5      43.9       NA       16.7      38.3      33.0      24.5       NA         39.1        15.8      48.2      27.7      25.7      16.9
  1977  41.8      36.1      48.5       NA       18.2      41.4      36.5      27.8       NA         42.8        18.9      52.5      31.1      28.1      19.1
  1978  45.2      38.8      51.7       NA       20.5      44.4      40.2      31.3       NA         45.9        21.5      56.9      34.1      31.1      22.3
  1979  49.6      42.7      55.0       NA       24.3      47.2      45.0      35.5       NA         49.3        26.0      61.1      35.8      33.5      26.5

  1980  55.6      47.6      58.5       NA       29.6      52.5      49.6      40.9       NA         53.6        30.4      64.4      39.0      37.3      32.1
  1981  61.1      53.8      62.6       NA       38.0      57.3      54.6      47.4       NA         57.0        36.2      67.5      43.3      41.2      37.4
  1982  67.0      61.0      65.7       NA       41.5      59.9      59.5      56.3       NA         60.4        42.2      71.6      48.2      44.2      41.2
  1983  68.8      65.3      67.5       NA       43.3      65.7      63.6      62.1       NA         63.1        48.6      74.9      52.9      49.0      44.4
  1984  71.2      69.0      69.5       NA       46.2      71.4      67.2      67.4       NA         66.0        55.7      77.7      57.9      53.2      48.1
  1985  75.1      71.9      72.4      33.1      49.5      75.3      71.7      73.0       NA         70.0        63.1      81.9      63.4      58.6      52.9
  1986  78.5      73.0      76.0      35.2      55.7      77.3      73.2      76.1       NA         72.8        65.9      85.1      69.1      63.4      57.6
  1987  80.7      74.7      77.8      40.3      60.9      79.7      80.1      78.9       NA         76.0        69.4      87.9      78.4      67.6      64.3
  1988  84.0      77.5      79.1      50.0      65.6      81.1      82.9      81.9       NA         79.1        74.6      87.8      83.3      71.8      68.7
  1989  86.6      82.6      84.0      57.6      74.3      85.9      87.7      86.3       NA         83.2        80.9      88.6      87.2      79.4      73.8

  1990  90.8      88.3      90.5      68.5      85.3      90.1      92.7      90.9       NA         89.4        87.6      90.9      92.3      87.8      82.9
  1991  95.6      95.0      96.4      86.1      93.5      97.3      95.9      96.4      91.5        95.1        94.2      95.3      97.5      95.5      93.8
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 102.7     102.0     102.8     114.0     106.0     104.8     104.6     102.6     106.4       105.9       105.7     103.8     101.5      97.4     104.6
  1994 105.6     103.7     104.9     129.5     111.1     106.1       NA      106.0     111.7       111.7       106.8     108.2     104.4     100.0     106.7
  1995 107.9     106.0     108.3     158.1     120.3     109.2       NA      110.0     117.5       117.7       111.3     110.7     109.2     106.5     107.9
  1996 109.4     107.0     109.2     184.1     128.2     110.9       NA      112.1     122.3       123.7       119.0     113.0     113.6     114.4     109.5
  1997 111.5     109.3     112.9     197.7     132.3     114.9       NA      112.0     124.7       126.6       123.0     115.8     118.7     119.4     113.9
  1998 117.4     110.5     115.8     214.8     140.2     116.6       NA      112.6     126.5       127.6       122.2     120.6     125.7     124.4     120.5
  1999 122.1     112.3     115.2     211.1     144.0     118.3       NA      116.3     129.3         NA        124.6     124.0     133.0     129.3     129.6

  2000 131.1     113.9     114.5     221.1     146.2     121.1       NA      120.8     133.5         NA        127.8     131.0     140.0     131.8     135.2
  2001 133.1     117.8     115.0     240.2     162.7     125.9       NA      126.6     137.7         NA        132.6       NA      147.6     137.2     140.4

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 26 -

Table 8.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States   Canada*    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark   France*   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway   Sweden*   Kingdom*

  1950   8.7       6.0       NA        NA        NA        NA        2.2       2.4       NA          1.3         1.9       1.4       1.9       2.1       2.5

  1955  11.7       9.5       1.1       NA        NA        NA        3.0       4.3       NA          1.9         2.7       2.1       2.9       3.3       3.5

  1960  14.9      12.4       1.5       NA        NA        3.5       4.0       4.6       NA          3.0         3.5       3.0       4.1       4.6       4.7
  1961  15.3      12.2       1.8       NA        NA        3.7       4.5       5.1       NA          3.5         3.9       3.5       4.5       5.0       5.0
  1962  15.9      12.0       2.0       NA        NA        4.0       4.9       5.6       NA          4.0         4.6       3.8       5.0       5.6       5.3
  1963  16.4      12.4       2.2       NA        NA        4.4       5.4       6.1       NA          4.3         5.5       4.2       5.3       6.2       5.5
  1964  17.0      12.9       2.5       NA        NA        5.0       5.8       6.7       NA          4.7         5.8       4.8       5.6       6.8       5.8
  1965  17.4      13.7       2.8       NA        NA        5.5       6.4       7.2       NA          5.1         6.2       5.4       6.2       7.5       6.4
  1966  18.2      14.7       3.1       NA        NA        6.1       7.3       7.6       NA          5.5         6.6       6.1       6.8       8.2       6.9
  1967  19.2      15.4       3.5       NA        NA        6.7       8.1       8.2       NA          5.9         7.3       6.8       7.6       9.1       7.0
  1968  20.7      16.5       4.1       NA        NA        7.1       8.3       9.3       NA          6.3         7.8       7.5       8.4       9.9       6.6
  1969  22.2      17.9       4.9       NA        NA        7.7       9.3       9.4       NA          7.0         8.5       8.5       9.3      10.8       7.1

  1970  23.7      19.8       5.8       NA        NA        8.9      10.7       9.9       NA          8.9        10.3       9.8      10.3      12.0       8.3
  1971  25.2      21.7       6.9       NA        NA       10.5      12.4      11.2       NA         10.4        12.1      11.6      11.9      13.8       9.6
  1972  26.5      23.8       9.1       NA        NA       13.7      14.7      13.5       NA         12.6        14.1      14.5      14.3      16.5      11.4
  1973  28.5      25.6      12.5       NA        6.3      18.5      20.5      17.5       NA         17.1        16.7      20.0      18.5      20.3      12.7
  1974  31.6      30.5      15.2       NA        9.2      22.6      24.6      19.3       NA         19.9        19.4      24.7      22.6      23.5      14.6
  1975  35.5      33.7      17.4       NA        9.9      29.0      31.1      26.4       NA         23.1        23.9      30.1      28.6      30.8      18.4
  1976  38.4      39.9      18.8       NA       11.0      31.9      32.9      27.1       NA         24.3        23.5      32.1      31.6      34.3      17.3
  1977  41.8      41.1      22.9       NA       12.1      37.1      36.7      29.9       NA         28.8        26.4      37.7      36.3      36.7      18.9
  1978  45.2      41.2      31.4       NA       13.9      45.4      44.1      36.9       NA         35.8        31.2      46.3      40.4      40.2      24.2
  1979  49.6      44.0      32.0       NA       16.9      51.7      51.6      44.2       NA         42.0        38.6      53.6      43.9      45.6      31.9

  1980  55.6      49.1      32.7       NA       20.7      57.7      53.2      51.3       NA         46.1        43.8      57.0      49.0      51.4      42.2
  1981  61.1      54.2      36.0       NA       26.0      49.5      46.2      46.1       NA         39.3        39.1      47.5      46.9      47.4      42.8
  1982  67.0      59.7      33.4       NA       26.7      42.1      43.0      45.3       NA         38.8        38.4      47.1      46.4      41.0      40.8
  1983  68.8      64.0      36.0       NA       27.2      41.3      42.0      43.2       NA         38.6        39.4      46.2      45.0      37.2      38.1
  1984  71.2      64.4      37.1       NA       29.3      39.7      39.2      40.9       NA         36.3        39.1      42.6      44.1      37.5      36.4
  1985  75.1      63.6      38.5      30.2      31.2      40.8      40.9      43.0       NA         37.2        40.7      43.4      45.8      39.7      38.9
  1986  78.5      63.5      57.2      31.2      37.0      55.6      54.6      58.1       NA         52.4        54.4      61.1      58.0      51.8      47.9
  1987  80.7      68.1      68.2      38.3      48.3      68.6      70.6      69.5       NA         66.0        66.0      76.3      72.3      62.1      59.7
  1988  84.0      76.2      78.2      53.5      57.7      70.9      74.3      72.8       NA         70.4        70.6      78.0      79.3      68.2      69.3
  1989  86.6      84.3      77.1      67.0      70.8      70.1      72.3      71.6       NA         69.1        72.7      73.4      78.4      71.6      68.4

  1990  90.8      91.5      79.1      75.6      79.7      86.6      90.4      88.3       NA         86.4        90.1      87.7      91.7      86.4      83.7
  1991  95.6     100.1      90.8      91.7      87.9      91.5      90.5      90.4      86.0        89.4        93.5      89.5      93.3      91.9      93.9
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 102.7      95.5     117.3     111.0     100.9      97.4      97.4      95.8     100.4       100.0        82.8      98.2      88.8      72.8      89.0
  1994 105.6      91.7     130.1     126.0     105.6     102.1       NA      101.1     107.6       107.6        81.7     104.6      91.9      75.5      92.5
  1995 107.9      93.3     146.2     160.5     114.2     119.1       NA      116.8     128.2       128.3        84.2     121.4     107.1      86.9      96.4
  1996 109.4      94.8     127.2     179.4     117.4     115.1       NA      116.0     127.0       128.4        95.0     117.9     109.3      99.3      96.7
  1997 111.5      95.3     118.3     163.7     115.6     103.1       NA      101.5     112.2       114.0        88.9     104.3     104.1      91.0     105.6
  1998 117.4      90.0     112.0     120.4     105.1     103.2       NA      101.0     112.3       113.3        86.7     106.9     103.4      91.1     113.1
  1999 122.1      91.4     128.4     139.2     112.1     100.5       NA      100.0     110.0         NA         84.5     105.4     105.9      91.0     118.7

  2000 131.1      92.6     134.7     153.4     117.7      89.1       NA       90.0      98.4         NA         75.1      96.5      98.7      83.7     116.0
  2001 133.1      91.9     119.9     145.9     121.0      89.8       NA       91.5      98.4         NA         75.6       NA      102.0      77.3     114.5

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 27 -

Table 9.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States   Canada*    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark   France*   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway   Sweden*   Kingdom*

  1950   NA       20.9       NA        NA        NA        NA       11.0      12.0       NA         25.5         7.0      27.7       8.9       9.5       6.3

  1955   NA       24.2      36.4       NA        NA        NA       13.8      16.8       NA         25.4         7.2      31.6      11.6      13.8       8.3

  1960   NA       26.4      31.3       NA        NA       30.1      15.4      19.4       NA         27.8         7.5      34.6      12.7      15.0       9.8
  1961   NA       25.7      32.1       NA        NA       31.5      16.3      20.2       NA         29.7         7.7      37.4      13.4      15.6      10.5
  1962   NA       24.8      34.9       NA        NA       32.1      17.0      21.0       NA         31.5         8.2      38.5      14.7      16.2      10.8
  1963   NA       24.9      36.1       NA        NA       34.2      17.9      21.7       NA         32.2         9.5      40.7      14.9      16.9      10.7
  1964   NA       24.9      35.8       NA        NA       36.3      17.9      21.9       NA         32.1        10.0      43.2      15.1      16.9      10.7
  1965   NA       25.1      38.7       NA        NA       38.3      18.9      22.2       NA         33.3         9.6      45.4      15.7      17.4      11.4
  1966   NA       26.5      38.9       NA        NA       39.6      20.5      21.7       NA         34.7         9.4      47.7      16.5      18.2      11.9
  1967   NA       27.6      38.5       NA        NA       40.9      21.4      22.0       NA         34.5         9.9      49.2      17.8      18.7      11.8
  1968   NA       27.9      40.0       NA        NA       40.3      21.6      22.6       NA         34.3         9.8      48.8      18.5      18.5      11.7
  1969   NA       28.8      41.4       NA        NA       40.4      23.3      22.6       NA         35.0        10.4      50.4      18.6      18.8      12.5

  1970   NA       31.1      43.8       NA       23.8      41.7      25.2      24.0       NA         39.8        11.9      53.3      20.1      20.6      14.1
  1971   NA       31.2      47.8       NA       24.8      45.2      27.1      25.5       NA         42.9        13.5      57.6      22.3      22.2      15.3
  1972   NA       31.8      50.1       NA       24.9      47.9      27.7      26.9       NA         44.7        13.9      61.2      23.8      23.6      16.8
  1973   NA       32.6      56.2       NA       28.8      51.2      30.6      28.8       NA         47.5        15.1      65.8      25.3      24.8      17.8
  1974   NA       37.2      71.8       NA       43.5      59.9      35.8      33.5       NA         52.1        18.6      73.2      28.6      27.9      21.0
  1975   NA       44.7      81.3       NA       44.2      69.5      38.8      39.5       NA         55.2        24.2      84.9      34.5      33.7      28.6
  1976   NA       47.3      82.6       NA       45.5      73.1      41.8      42.7       NA         55.4        26.4      85.5      39.0      38.9      31.8
  1977  61.2      49.9      87.6       NA       47.3      75.3      45.4      45.8       NA         58.8        30.7      86.2      43.1      43.3      35.6
  1978  65.3      52.6      89.8       NA       47.4      76.1      49.3      49.4       NA         61.1        33.1      87.5      46.4      46.6      40.9
  1979  70.7      57.8      88.4       NA       53.8      76.8      52.5      53.5       NA         62.9        36.6      89.7      45.4      46.6      48.3

  1980  78.8      65.2      92.5       NA       62.2      80.3      54.9      61.3       NA         69.4        41.0      93.7      50.3      51.0      59.0
  1981  82.4      70.4      96.0       NA       72.1      81.7      59.5      69.0       NA         72.4        49.0      95.8      56.1      56.6      65.5
  1982  87.9      79.1      96.7       NA       76.8      81.5      64.5      76.6       NA         76.7        57.0     100.0      59.9      58.7      68.5
  1983  86.0      79.7      98.0       NA       75.2      81.1      65.7      82.6       NA         76.4        64.2      96.9      63.6      60.7      68.2
  1984  85.6      77.8      97.7       NA       78.1      84.0      69.9      88.3       NA         77.3        67.9      91.6      65.6      62.5      70.3
  1985  87.3      78.9      94.6      60.4      81.3      86.5      74.1      92.0       NA         78.6        72.2      92.5      69.6      68.0      74.4
  1986  91.2      83.3      99.9      59.8      83.5      88.0      80.3      94.3       NA         81.2        74.9      94.4      76.9      72.4      77.9
  1987  86.9      85.1      97.0      63.8      83.7      89.7      88.3      96.2       NA         86.3        77.8      96.6      83.2      75.8      82.4
  1988  86.7      86.6      94.3      72.8      85.9      88.1      88.1      93.4       NA         86.5        79.4      94.2      89.5      79.4      83.2
  1989  90.5      89.3      94.9      78.7      89.5      88.7      88.0      93.6       NA         87.9        84.8      91.4      91.3      85.1      85.6

  1990  93.7      94.6      95.9      84.2      95.9      93.0      93.5      96.9       NA         90.3        91.5      92.3      94.6      92.9      92.9
  1991  97.6      99.6      97.4      94.1      96.8      98.1      96.5      99.3      93.1        93.3        98.2      95.6      99.2     100.0     100.1
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 100.6      96.4     101.1     105.4     103.0     102.3     103.7     101.9     104.5       105.3       104.3     102.1     101.9      90.8     100.7
  1994  98.5      93.6     101.5     109.8     104.1      97.9      96.2      97.9     102.0       103.6       101.9      95.6     104.8      83.8      99.7
  1995  94.8      94.3      97.6     122.4     104.5      96.4      96.4      96.6     104.7       105.9       103.0      93.7     108.4      87.4     102.9
  1996  93.5      97.5      94.0     129.1     104.1      94.7     103.7      97.8     107.4       107.5       110.0      94.0     110.8      91.9     105.5
  1997  91.9      96.2      93.3     121.0     102.3      90.5      99.7      91.9     104.4       103.9       111.9      94.7     116.4      90.2     108.2
  1998  92.8      97.7      95.5     117.4     103.2      90.2     102.9      88.2     105.2       100.4       111.1      96.5     125.7      89.2     112.7
  1999  90.2      96.8      90.8     104.4     100.7      91.4     105.4      87.7     107.4         NA        113.4      96.6     128.4      86.3     116.2

  2000  91.7      96.1      85.4     101.2      97.1      90.8     101.8      84.8     104.4         NA        113.1      97.9     134.0      83.4     114.5
  2001  91.4     101.5      89.8     106.5     102.0      93.9     101.7      86.5     106.6         NA        115.4       NA      140.1      85.5     117.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 28 -

Table 10.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States   Canada*    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark   France*   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway   Sweden*   Kingdom*

  1950   NA       23.1       NA        NA        NA        NA        9.6      18.1       NA          9.5        13.8      12.8       7.7      10.7      10.0

  1955   NA       29.7      12.8       NA        NA        NA       12.0      25.4       NA          9.4        14.1      14.6      10.1      15.5      13.2

  1960   NA       32.9      11.0       NA        NA       19.4      13.4      21.0       NA         10.4        15.0      16.1      11.1      16.9      15.6
  1961   NA       30.6      11.3       NA        NA       20.3      14.3      21.8       NA         11.6        15.3      18.1      11.7      17.6      16.7
  1962   NA       28.1      12.3       NA        NA       20.7      14.9      22.7       NA         12.3        16.3      18.8      12.8      18.3      17.2
  1963   NA       27.8      12.7       NA        NA       22.0      15.7      23.5       NA         12.6        18.8      19.9      13.0      18.9      17.0
  1964   NA       27.9      12.5       NA        NA       23.5      15.6      23.7       NA         12.6        19.8      21.1      13.1      19.1      16.9
  1965   NA       28.2      13.6       NA        NA       24.8      16.5      24.0       NA         13.0        19.0      22.2      13.7      19.6      18.0
  1966   NA       29.7      13.6       NA        NA       25.6      17.9      23.4       NA         13.6        18.6      23.2      14.3      20.6      18.9
  1967   NA       30.9      13.5       NA        NA       26.5      18.5      23.7       NA         13.5        19.6      24.0      15.5      21.1      18.3
  1968   NA       31.3      14.1       NA        NA       25.9      17.4      24.2       NA         13.4        19.4      23.7      16.1      20.9      15.9
  1969   NA       32.3      14.6       NA        NA       25.9      18.7      23.1       NA         13.9        20.4      24.4      16.2      21.1      16.9

  1970   NA       36.0      15.5       NA       14.9      27.0      20.2      23.0       NA         17.1        23.3      25.9      17.5      23.1      19.1
  1971   NA       37.3      17.4       NA       15.6      29.9      22.1      24.5       NA         19.3        26.9      29.0      19.7      25.3      21.2
  1972   NA       38.8      21.0       NA       15.7      35.0      24.1      28.2       NA         21.9        29.4      33.5      22.5      28.9      23.7
  1973   NA       39.3      26.3       NA       18.9      42.4      30.7      34.4       NA         28.0        32.0      41.6      27.4      33.1      24.7
  1974   NA       46.0      31.2       NA       28.8      49.5      35.6      36.9       NA         31.5        35.2      48.0      32.2      36.7      27.9
  1975   NA       53.1      34.8       NA       29.3      60.9      40.9      48.8       NA         35.1        45.7      59.2      41.1      47.4      36.0
  1976   NA       58.0      35.3       NA       30.1      60.9      41.8      47.3       NA         34.4        39.2      56.9      44.4      52.0      32.5
  1977  61.2      56.7      41.5       NA       31.3      67.6      45.6      49.3       NA         39.6        42.8      61.8      50.3      56.4      35.1
  1978  65.3      55.8      54.6       NA       32.2      77.8      54.0      58.1       NA         47.6        48.1      71.2      55.0      60.1      44.4
  1979  70.7      59.6      51.3       NA       37.5      84.2      60.3      66.5       NA         53.6        54.3      78.6      55.7      63.3      58.0

  1980  78.8      67.4      51.8       NA       43.4      88.3      58.8      76.8       NA         59.6        59.0      82.9      63.3      70.2      77.7
  1981  82.4      70.9      55.2       NA       49.2      70.6      50.3      67.1       NA         49.9        53.1      67.4      60.7      65.1      75.0
  1982  87.9      77.5      49.2       NA       49.4      57.2      46.7      61.6       NA         49.3        51.9      65.8      57.7      54.4      67.8
  1983  86.0      78.1      52.3       NA       47.2      51.0      43.4      57.4       NA         46.7        52.1      59.7      54.1      46.1      58.6
  1984  85.6      72.5      52.2       NA       49.6      46.8      40.7      53.5       NA         42.4        47.7      50.2      50.0      44.0      53.2
  1985  87.3      69.8      50.3      55.0      51.3      46.9      42.2      54.3       NA         41.7        46.6      49.0      50.3      46.1      54.7
  1986  91.2      72.4      75.2      53.0      55.6      63.4      59.9      72.1       NA         58.5        61.9      67.8      64.6      59.2      64.8
  1987  86.9      77.6      85.0      60.6      66.3      77.2      77.8      84.7       NA         74.9        73.9      83.8      76.7      69.6      76.5
  1988  86.7      85.0      93.2      77.8      75.5      77.0      78.9      82.9       NA         76.9        75.2      83.8      85.2      75.4      83.9
  1989  90.5      91.1      87.1      91.6      85.2      72.3      72.5      77.7       NA         73.0        76.1      75.8      82.1      76.8      79.4

  1990  93.7      98.0      83.8      93.0      89.7      89.5      91.2      94.1       NA         87.3        94.1      89.1      94.0      91.3      93.9
  1991  97.6     105.1      91.7     100.3      91.1      92.3      91.0      93.1      87.5        87.8        97.5      89.9      95.0      96.3     100.1
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 100.6      90.3     115.4     102.7      98.1      95.1      96.5      95.2      98.7        99.4        81.6      96.6      89.2      67.8      85.6
  1994  98.5      82.8     125.9     106.8      99.0      94.2      91.4      93.4      98.2        99.8        77.9      92.4      92.3      63.2      86.4
  1995  94.8      83.0     131.7     124.3      99.2     105.2     104.0     102.5     114.2       115.5        77.9     102.7     106.4      71.3      91.9
  1996  93.5      86.4     109.6     125.9      95.4      98.4     108.0     101.2     111.5       111.6        87.9      98.1     106.6      79.8      93.2
  1997  91.9      84.0      97.7     100.2      89.5      81.2      91.0      83.3      94.0        93.5        80.9      85.3     102.1      68.8     100.4
  1998  92.8      79.6      92.4      65.8      77.4      79.9      92.7      79.1      93.3        89.1        78.8      85.5     103.5      65.3     105.7
  1999  90.2      78.8     101.2      68.8      78.3      77.6      91.0      75.4      91.4         NA         76.9      82.1     102.2      60.8     106.4

  2000  91.7      78.2     100.4      70.2      78.1      66.8      75.9      63.2      76.9         NA         66.4      72.1      94.5      53.0      98.3
  2001  91.4      79.2      93.6      64.7      75.8      67.0      73.7      62.5      76.2         NA         65.7       NA       96.8      48.2      95.5

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 29 -

Table 11.  Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar)
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States    Canada    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom

  1950 100.0     110.5      35.2       NA        NA        NA       87.5     151.3       NA         37.2       197.3      46.2      87.1     112.6     158.6

  1955 100.0     122.5      35.2       NA        NA        NA       87.4     151.2       NA         37.1       197.1      46.1      87.0     112.6     158.0

  1960 100.0     124.6      35.2       NA        NA       64.5      87.6     107.9       NA         37.4       198.4      46.6      87.1     112.7     159.0
  1961 100.0     119.4      35.1       NA        NA       64.5      87.4     107.9       NA         38.9       198.4      48.5      87.0     112.7     158.6
  1962 100.0     113.1      35.1       NA        NA       64.6      87.5     108.0       NA         39.1       198.5      48.8      87.1     113.0     159.0
  1963 100.0     112.0      35.1       NA        NA       64.5      87.4     108.0       NA         39.2       198.2      48.8      86.9     112.3     158.5
  1964 100.0     112.0      35.0       NA        NA       64.6      87.3     108.0       NA         39.3       197.3      48.8      86.8     113.1     158.1
  1965 100.0     112.1      35.1       NA        NA       64.8      87.3     108.0       NA         39.1       197.2      48.8      86.9     112.9     158.3
  1966 100.0     112.2      35.0       NA        NA       64.5      87.4     107.7       NA         39.1       197.3      48.6      86.9     112.8     158.1
  1967 100.0     112.0      35.0       NA        NA       64.7      86.5     107.6       NA         39.2       197.4      48.8      86.9     112.9     155.7
  1968 100.0     112.2      35.2       NA        NA       64.4      80.7     106.9       NA         39.1       197.7      48.6      87.0     112.7     135.5
  1969 100.0     112.2      35.4       NA        NA       64.1      80.3     102.2       NA         39.8       196.4      48.5      87.0     112.7     135.3

  1970 100.0     115.8      35.4     252.7      62.9      64.7      80.5      95.7       NA         42.8       196.5      48.6      86.9     112.3     135.6
  1971 100.0     119.7      36.5     226.0      62.9      66.2      81.6      96.1       NA         44.9       199.3      50.4      88.3     114.1     138.4
  1972 100.0     122.0      41.8     199.7      62.9      73.0      86.8     104.9       NA         49.0       211.1      54.8      94.3     122.5     141.6
  1973 100.0     120.8      46.8     197.0      65.8      82.8     100.2     119.3       NA         59.0       211.8      63.3     108.2     133.8     138.8
  1974 100.0     123.6      43.5     194.0      66.2      82.7      99.3     110.1       NA         60.5       189.4      65.5     112.6     131.4     132.5
  1975 100.0     118.8      42.7     162.1      66.2      87.6     105.3     123.6       NA         63.6       188.9      69.7     119.2     140.6     125.8
  1976 100.0     122.6      42.8     162.1      66.2      83.3      99.9     110.9       NA         62.1       148.4      66.6     113.9     133.7     102.2
  1977 100.0     113.7      47.3     162.1      66.2      89.7     100.6     107.7       NA         67.3       139.6      71.7     116.8     130.4      98.8
  1978 100.0     106.0      60.8     162.1      67.9     102.3     109.6     117.6       NA         77.9       145.2      81.4     118.6     129.0     108.6
  1979 100.0     103.2      58.1     162.1      69.8     109.6     114.8     124.4       NA         85.2       148.3      87.7     122.7     135.9     120.2

  1980 100.0     103.4      55.9     129.2      69.8     110.0     107.1     125.3       NA         85.9       143.9      88.5     125.8     137.7     131.7
  1981 100.0     100.8      57.5     115.2      68.3      86.4      84.6      97.3       NA         69.0       108.2      70.4     108.2     115.0     114.6
  1982 100.0      97.9      50.9     107.2      64.3      70.2      72.4      80.5       NA         64.3        91.0      65.8      96.2      92.7      99.0
  1983 100.0      98.1      53.4     101.1      62.8      62.9      66.0      69.5       NA         61.2        81.1      61.6      85.1      75.9      85.8
  1984 100.0      93.3      53.4      97.1      63.5      55.7      58.3      60.6       NA         54.9        70.2      54.8      76.2      70.4      75.7
  1985 100.0      88.5      53.2      91.0      63.1      54.2      57.0      58.9       NA         53.1        64.5      53.0      72.3      67.7      73.5
  1986 100.0      87.0      75.3      88.7      66.5      72.0      74.6      76.4       NA         72.0        82.6      71.8      84.0      81.7      83.1
  1987 100.0      91.1      87.7      95.0      79.2      86.1      88.2      88.0       NA         86.9        95.0      86.8      92.2      91.8      92.8
  1988 100.0      98.2      98.9     106.8      87.9      87.4      89.6      88.8       NA         88.9        94.6      88.9      95.2      94.9     100.8
  1989 100.0     102.1      91.8     116.4      95.3      81.6      82.5      83.0       NA         83.0        89.8      82.9      89.9      90.2      92.7

  1990 100.0     103.6      87.4     110.4      93.5      96.2      97.5      97.2       NA         96.6       102.8      96.6      99.4      98.4     101.0
  1991 100.0     105.5      94.2     106.5      94.0      94.0      94.3      93.7      94.0        94.0        99.3      93.9      95.7      96.3     100.1
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 100.0      93.7     114.1      97.4      95.2      93.0      93.1      93.4      94.4        94.4        78.3      94.6      87.5      74.7      85.0
  1994 100.0      88.4     124.1      97.2      95.1      96.2      95.0      95.4      96.3        96.3        76.5      96.7      88.1      75.5      86.7
  1995 100.0      88.1     134.9     101.5      95.0     109.1     107.8     106.2     109.1       109.1        75.6     109.6      98.1      81.6      89.4
  1996 100.0      88.6     116.5      97.5      91.6     103.8     104.1     103.5     103.8       103.8        79.9     104.3      96.2      86.8      88.4
  1997 100.0      87.3     104.7      82.8      87.4      89.8      91.3      90.7      90.0        90.0        72.3      90.1      87.7      76.2      92.7
  1998 100.0      81.5      96.8      56.0      75.0      88.5      90.1      89.7      88.8        88.8        70.9      88.7      82.3      73.3      93.8
  1999 100.0      81.3     111.5      65.9      77.8      84.9      86.4      86.0      85.1         NA         67.8      85.0      79.6      70.4      91.6

  2000 100.0      81.4     117.6      69.4      80.5      73.6      74.6      74.5      73.7         NA         58.7      73.7      70.5      63.5      85.8
  2001 100.0      78.0     104.3      60.7      74.4      71.3      72.5      72.2      71.5         NA         57.0      71.4      69.1      56.3      81.5

NA:  Not Available

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 30 -

Table 12.  Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States   Canada*    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark   France*   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway   Sweden*   Kingdom*

  1950   8.8       5.9       NA        NA        NA        NA        3.5       1.9       NA          4.9         1.0       4.0       2.9       2.4       1.9

  1955  11.8       8.1       3.7       NA        NA        NA        4.7       3.4       NA          7.3         1.5       5.9       4.4       3.8       2.7

  1960  14.8      10.4       5.3       NA        NA        6.8       6.0       5.2       NA         10.7         1.9       8.4       6.0       5.0       3.6
  1961  15.2      10.6       6.1       NA        NA        7.2       6.6       5.7       NA         11.8         2.1       9.2       6.4       5.4       3.8
  1962  16.0      11.1       6.9       NA        NA        7.8       7.2       6.3       NA         13.0         2.4       9.8       7.0       6.0       3.9
  1963  16.5      11.6       7.6       NA        NA        8.6       7.8       6.9       NA         13.7         2.9      10.7       7.5       6.6       4.1
  1964  17.3      12.1       8.5       NA        NA        9.6       8.5       7.4       NA         14.8         3.1      12.3       8.0       7.1       4.4
  1965  17.9      12.8       9.4       NA        NA       10.5       9.4       8.0       NA         16.2         3.2      13.8       8.7       7.7       4.8
  1966  18.8      13.7      10.4       NA        NA       11.5      10.4       8.5       NA         17.4         3.4      15.3       9.5       8.5       5.1
  1967  19.4      14.4      11.7       NA        NA       12.4      11.6       9.1       NA         17.8         3.8      16.9      10.5       9.2       5.2
  1968  20.9      15.4      13.6       NA        NA       13.3      12.5      10.0       NA         19.4         4.1      18.5      11.3       9.8       5.6
  1969  22.2      16.5      15.8       NA        NA       14.4      13.8      10.9       NA         21.3         4.5      20.7      12.2      10.5       6.1

  1970  23.3      17.6      18.7       NA        NA       16.0      15.3      12.1       NA         24.8         5.3      23.5      13.4      11.8       7.0
  1971  24.8      18.7      21.2       NA        NA       18.2      17.5      13.5       NA         27.2         6.0      26.6      15.2      13.3       7.8
  1972  26.5      20.1      24.3       NA        NA       21.0      19.0      14.7       NA         29.8         6.5      30.1      16.8      14.4       8.9
  1973  28.5      21.7      29.4       NA       10.6      24.3      21.8      16.6       NA         33.4         7.8      35.2      18.9      16.0      10.2
  1974  31.0      25.0      37.0       NA       15.0      29.2      26.9      19.5       NA         37.2         9.8      40.7      21.8      18.6      11.9
  1975  34.3      28.4      42.1       NA       16.4      33.3      31.1      23.1       NA         40.0        11.9      45.7      25.9      22.3      15.8
  1976  37.6      32.7      46.7       NA       18.4      39.3      34.8      26.6       NA         44.3        14.9      50.9      29.2      25.8      18.5
  1977  41.0      36.2      51.6       NA       20.1      42.3      38.2      29.9       NA         47.7        17.7      55.3      32.2      28.1      21.0
  1978  44.3      39.2      55.2       NA       22.5      45.2      41.6      33.5       NA         50.6        20.1      59.2      34.6      30.3      24.4
  1979  48.4      42.9      59.2       NA       26.5      48.1      46.5      37.8       NA         54.1        24.1      62.9      35.7      32.1      28.9

  1980  53.5      47.3      62.9       NA       32.4      52.7      51.6      43.6       NA         57.9        28.2      66.7      39.1      35.3      33.9
  1981  58.8      53.1      66.9       NA       39.6      56.1      56.1      49.9       NA         60.9        33.6      70.2      43.5      39.2      38.8
  1982  63.3      59.7      70.0       NA       43.1      60.0      62.0      56.8       NA         64.1        39.0      75.3      48.0      42.3      43.0
  1983  66.9      64.7      71.9       NA       44.9      64.2      67.2      62.5       NA         67.2        45.0      78.9      53.0      47.5      46.2
  1984  70.2      68.3      74.9       NA       48.4      69.3      70.8      67.9       NA         70.3        51.5      80.7      57.9      52.5      50.2
  1985  74.1      71.6      77.7      36.7      50.4      74.1      73.0      73.1       NA         73.1        57.9      82.9      63.1      57.4      55.0
  1986  77.4      73.0      81.1      39.6      57.6      76.2      76.3      76.3       NA         75.6        62.3      85.7      68.8      61.8      59.6
  1987  80.0      75.4      83.4      44.6      63.1      79.2      81.5      79.6       NA         78.8        67.6      88.1      76.2      66.8      66.6
  1988  84.0      79.9      85.7      54.0      67.1      81.9      84.4      82.9       NA         81.7        73.1      88.6      81.6      70.7      71.4
  1989  86.7      83.2      89.9      59.9      75.0      86.4      88.2      87.2       NA         84.6        80.3      89.0      85.9      77.9      76.2

  1990  90.2      88.5      95.5      70.0      85.2      91.7      92.1      91.3       NA         89.2        86.9      91.2      90.8      87.2      84.8
  1991  94.3      94.8      99.5      87.3      93.5      97.3      95.6      95.9      88.1        94.3        94.3      95.4      96.4      94.7      93.9
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 104.1     103.0     100.6     114.2     106.0     103.2     103.8     102.4     103.9       102.8       104.0     103.7     101.8      99.9     105.7
  1994 108.0     105.8     102.9     130.6     111.4     107.4     106.0     105.9     109.9       108.5       108.8     108.2     104.9     106.6     109.2
  1995 109.5     107.6     107.1     159.7     120.1     109.2     109.7     109.3     115.8       113.6       115.6     110.9     108.7     114.6     112.2
  1996 111.0     109.5     108.5     182.9     127.7     111.4     112.6     111.4     118.5       117.6       122.0     113.1     112.5     123.4     114.4
  1997 113.9     111.7     111.6     193.8     132.3     115.5     117.7     111.0     120.9       120.5       127.7     115.5     117.3     128.9     118.3
  1998 118.8     113.5     112.0     202.2     137.5     117.5     121.0     111.4     123.3       122.8       126.1     120.0     124.6     134.6     124.4
  1999 124.5     116.6     111.3     214.6     142.1     121.4     124.3     114.4     125.4         NA        129.0     123.4     132.4     140.0     133.0

  2000 132.5     118.0     112.4     221.9     144.1     124.6     129.1     114.8     128.3         NA        132.9     130.2     137.3     142.8     138.3
  2001 132.4     120.9     112.0     235.5     148.9     127.7     134.3     117.7     130.9         NA        136.2       NA      144.2     146.9     144.4

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 31 -

Table 13.  Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States    Canada    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom

  1950  46.6      37.0       NA        NA        NA        NA       28.6      19.9       NA         11.7        19.1      17.1      26.3      25.3      25.6

  1955  56.4      46.5      18.2       NA        NA        NA       31.9      26.8       NA         15.9        22.3      21.2      29.5      30.5      28.0

  1960  65.0      54.6      23.1       NA        NA       24.5      38.7      30.2       NA         23.6        26.8      26.4      36.4      35.4      32.8
  1961  66.3      55.5      25.5       NA        NA       25.7      41.7      32.4       NA         25.8        29.0      29.8      38.7      37.9      34.0
  1962  68.1      56.9      27.3       NA        NA       27.2      42.5      34.2       NA         28.4        32.7      31.1      40.4      40.4      34.2
  1963  69.3      58.3      28.4       NA        NA       29.4      43.9      35.5       NA         29.4        36.1      33.2      42.0      43.4      35.1
  1964  71.2      59.6      30.7       NA        NA       31.9      45.7      37.3       NA         31.1        36.3      36.3      42.5      45.7      36.2
  1965  71.6      61.7      32.1       NA        NA       34.0      47.7      39.5       NA         33.0        37.2      39.1      45.0      48.1      37.8
  1966  72.8      63.8      33.7       NA        NA       36.0      50.8      40.8       NA         34.7        38.7      41.4      47.6      49.5      39.4
  1967  74.4      64.9      36.3       NA        NA       38.3      53.0      42.7       NA         36.1        41.2      44.4      51.0      52.6      40.4
  1968  76.9      66.6      40.1       NA        NA       39.8      54.0      46.6       NA         38.3        43.3      47.6      54.3      56.0      41.4
  1969  78.2      68.9      45.2       NA        NA       42.0      58.7      47.7       NA         41.0        46.3      50.3      58.1      58.9      42.7

  1970  79.2      71.5      49.9       NA        NA       46.1      62.9      51.1       NA         46.7        53.7      56.1      58.3      61.8      46.1
  1971  80.5      73.9      54.3       NA        NA       51.0      68.3      54.4       NA         49.8        59.1      59.6      62.9      64.1      47.9
  1972  82.0      75.7      59.6       NA        NA       57.2      71.0      56.5       NA         52.3        61.5      63.4      65.8      67.5      51.6
  1973  83.1      76.6      65.2       NA       32.7      63.5      78.8      60.2       NA         55.4        65.7      69.8      69.0      69.8      53.8
  1974  83.1      80.2      69.4       NA       32.5      69.3      82.8      63.0       NA         58.9        71.7      76.0      74.0      74.8      55.7
  1975  85.4      83.2      72.3       NA       33.0      74.3      90.0      68.7       NA         61.2        75.7      79.1      79.1      83.6      59.8
  1976  87.5      88.8      71.2       NA       36.0      78.8      92.1      71.8       NA         63.1        80.9      80.9      83.9      88.4      59.6
  1977  89.3      91.2      72.6       NA       36.8      79.4      91.8      74.5       NA         66.7        82.7      82.9      86.3      86.1      57.9
  1978  90.3      89.9      74.3       NA       39.2      81.5      91.9      76.9       NA         69.9        83.9      86.1      87.4      88.9      62.1
  1979  90.6      90.6      76.2       NA       42.2      82.9      93.7      78.7       NA         72.2        88.5      88.7      87.6      89.9      65.0

  1980  91.4      91.6      75.2       NA       43.3      86.5      92.1      79.9       NA         74.6        85.3      87.5      86.0      87.7      66.7
  1981  91.9      92.0      76.8       NA       47.8      87.7      90.7      81.6       NA         74.6        86.1      85.8      84.1      86.3      69.8
  1982  95.1      94.1      78.4       NA       50.7      84.4      89.7      86.6       NA         75.0        86.2      86.2      84.1      85.1      70.4
  1983  93.9      95.2      79.0       NA       52.1      86.0      89.7      87.3       NA         76.0        86.6      87.8      85.1      84.5      72.5
  1984  93.4      96.4      79.6       NA       55.6      87.8      89.2      88.1       NA         77.6        89.6      88.2      87.7      85.2      74.8
  1985  95.3      96.6      81.2      50.1      59.8      88.3      90.9      90.0       NA         80.7        93.0      90.8      90.8      87.4      77.5
  1986  97.8      94.1      84.8      51.8      66.7      89.6      89.6      91.4       NA         84.0        91.7      94.3      92.4      90.4      81.6
  1987  97.3      92.3      86.7      57.5      72.6      90.9      94.1      91.9       NA         87.7        92.2      97.7      96.4      92.4      87.4
  1988  97.7      92.1      87.5      66.7      77.2      91.4      93.2      93.0       NA         90.3        94.4      96.7      96.0      94.1      89.1
  1989  96.6      93.4      90.9      72.7      83.8      94.0      94.1      94.5       NA         92.3        96.3      96.7      96.1      98.3      88.7

  1990  96.4      94.7      95.0      79.6      92.3      95.2      96.9      96.3       NA         96.6        98.0      96.7      97.7      97.6      91.1
  1991  98.0      96.3      98.0      91.5      97.7      99.7      98.0      99.0      96.1        99.0        99.1      98.3      99.8      97.3      97.4
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 100.3     100.2     101.4     108.7     102.9     102.0     103.3     100.5     101.8       102.1       101.2     101.1      99.2      95.3     103.0
  1994 101.0     101.6     102.8     116.4     103.7     100.9       NA      102.1     104.1       104.8        98.3     102.6     100.6      95.8     102.6
  1995 100.7     101.7     106.3     136.0     108.3     102.3       NA      104.2     107.7       108.6        97.4     103.0     102.7      97.6     100.2
  1996  99.4     101.1     107.0     150.8     111.9     101.8       NA      104.1     110.5       112.7       100.1     103.1     105.6     103.6      99.3
  1997  99.2     101.6     108.7     155.2     114.5     103.8       NA      102.7     110.6       113.3       101.4     103.4     107.5     106.9     100.1
  1998 103.0     101.4     110.8     156.8     119.3     104.3       NA      102.6     111.2       113.3        98.8     105.5     111.3     110.6     102.5
  1999 104.9     101.3     110.6     152.8     122.4     104.7       NA      105.5     112.9         NA         99.1     106.2     115.2     111.2     108.5

  2000 109.0      99.9     110.7     156.5     122.7     104.5       NA      107.7     114.4         NA         99.1     109.3     117.6     116.6     109.9
  2001 107.7     100.8     111.9     163.4     136.6     106.0       NA      111.0     115.1         NA        100.1               120.3     118.6     112.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 32 -

Table 14.  Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States    Canada    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark    France   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway    Sweden   Kingdom

  1950  47.3      40.3       NA        NA        NA        NA       40.2      24.0       NA         17.1        20.1      22.3      34.4      32.8      31.5

  1955  57.2      48.7      21.7       NA        NA        NA       44.0      32.2       NA         23.3        24.0      27.7      38.6      39.4      34.8

  1960  64.7      56.8      28.6       NA        NA       30.8      50.8      36.5       NA         31.0        29.2      34.8      45.8      43.2      40.0
  1961  66.0      57.5      31.2       NA        NA       32.2      53.1      39.2       NA         33.4        31.3      37.7      48.1      45.9      40.8
  1962  68.5      59.4      32.6       NA        NA       34.2      54.5      41.4       NA         35.8        34.1      39.0      49.9      48.5      40.7
  1963  69.9      61.0      33.6       NA        NA       37.0      55.4      43.1       NA         36.5        37.8      41.5      51.8      51.5      41.7
  1964  72.4      62.7      36.2       NA        NA       39.9      58.3      45.0       NA         38.7        38.1      45.0      52.7      53.7      43.4
  1965  73.5      64.9      37.2       NA        NA       41.9      60.7      47.2       NA         40.9        37.8      48.3      54.5      56.0      44.7
  1966  75.0      66.6      39.3       NA        NA       44.0      63.4      48.9       NA         42.4        39.7      50.9      57.8      57.6      45.7
  1967  75.3      67.8      42.3       NA        NA       46.2      65.4      50.8       NA         42.9        42.8      54.3      61.3      60.3      46.5
  1968  77.7      69.4      46.6       NA        NA       48.1      65.1      53.8       NA         46.1        45.0      57.2      63.7      62.9      48.1
  1969  78.4      71.5      51.8       NA        NA       50.2      69.9      56.5       NA         49.5        47.9      59.6      66.6      64.9      49.6

  1970  77.8      73.7      56.7       NA        NA       53.6      72.5      59.8       NA         56.0        54.5      65.2      66.4      68.0      52.7
  1971  79.2      76.0      60.7       NA        NA       58.5      78.5      63.1       NA         58.4        58.3      68.6      70.8      70.3      53.5
  1972  82.1      77.9      66.2       NA        NA       64.1      79.8      64.9       NA         60.7        60.2      72.0      73.0      72.1      57.1
  1973  83.0      78.3      71.8       NA       36.5      69.4      83.9      68.2       NA         63.8        65.1      77.7      76.1      73.2      60.3
  1974  81.5      81.4      73.3       NA       34.9      73.8      89.8      70.3       NA         66.5        68.6      81.9      80.5      77.6      60.4
  1975  82.5      83.4      74.6       NA       36.3      74.8      94.6      74.4       NA         67.4        71.1      83.7      85.6      85.1      64.6
  1976  85.5      89.1      75.6       NA       39.8      80.8      97.2      78.0       NA         71.4        76.0      85.6      88.3      89.0      64.9
  1977  87.6      91.4      77.4       NA       40.6      81.1      96.0      80.2       NA         74.3        77.3      87.3      89.3      86.0      63.6
  1978  88.6      90.8      79.4       NA       43.0      83.1      95.0      82.1       NA         76.9        78.3      89.7      88.7      86.5      67.9
  1979  88.4      91.1      82.0       NA       46.0      84.6      96.8      83.9       NA         79.2        81.9      91.4      87.4      86.1      70.7

  1980  88.1      91.2      80.9       NA       47.4      86.9      95.7      85.2       NA         80.6        79.2      90.6      86.3      83.1      70.5
  1981  88.5      90.8      82.0       NA       49.8      86.0      93.2      85.9       NA         79.7        79.9      89.3      84.6      82.2      72.5
  1982  90.0      92.0      83.5       NA       52.7      84.5      93.5      87.5       NA         79.7        79.8      90.6      83.8      81.4      73.5
  1983  91.2      94.3      84.3       NA       54.1      84.0      94.8      87.7       NA         80.8        80.2      92.4      85.2      81.8      75.6
  1984  92.1      95.4      85.8       NA       58.3      85.3      93.9      88.8       NA         82.6        82.9      91.6      87.6      84.0      78.1
  1985  94.0      96.2      87.2      55.5      60.8      87.0      92.5      90.1       NA         84.3        85.3      91.9      90.4      85.5      80.5
  1986  96.4      94.2      90.5      58.3      69.0      88.3      93.3      91.6       NA         87.3        86.7      95.0      92.0      88.1      84.4
  1987  96.5      93.2      92.9      63.7      75.2      90.4      95.8      92.7       NA         90.9        89.8      98.0      93.7      91.2      90.6
  1988  97.7      94.9      94.8      72.0      79.0      92.4      94.9      94.1       NA         93.2        92.5      97.7      94.0      92.7      92.5
  1989  96.6      94.1      97.4      75.6      84.5      94.5      94.6      95.5       NA         93.9        95.6      97.1      94.7      96.5      91.6

  1990  95.9      94.9     100.3      81.4      92.2      96.9      96.3      96.8       NA         96.4        97.2      97.0      96.1      96.9      93.2
  1991  96.7      96.1     101.2      92.8      97.7      99.7      97.6      98.5      92.6        98.2        99.2      98.4      98.7      96.6      97.5
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 101.6     101.2      99.3     109.0     102.9     100.5     102.5     100.4      99.4        99.1        99.6     101.0      99.5      97.7     104.0
  1994 103.2     103.6     100.9     117.3     103.9     102.1     102.6     102.0     102.4       101.7       100.2     102.6     101.1     102.1     105.0
  1995 102.2     103.3     105.1     137.4     108.1     102.3     104.0     103.5     106.0       104.9       101.1     103.2     102.3     105.0     104.2
  1996 100.8     103.4     106.4     149.9     111.5     102.3     104.6     103.4     107.1       107.1       102.6     103.2     104.6     111.8     103.7
  1997 101.3     103.8     107.5     152.1     114.5     104.3     107.0     101.8     107.3       107.9       105.3     103.1     106.3     115.5     104.0
  1998 104.3     104.2     107.2     147.6     117.1     105.1     107.9     101.5     108.3       109.0       101.9     105.0     110.4     119.7     105.7
  1999 107.0     105.1     106.8     155.4     120.7     107.4     108.3     103.7     109.5         NA        102.6     105.7     114.6     120.5     111.4

  2000 110.2     103.6     108.6     157.1     120.9     107.5     109.2     102.3     110.0         NA        103.1     108.7     115.3     126.3     112.5
  2001 107.1     103.5     109.0     160.2     124.9     107.5     111.0     103.3     109.4         NA        102.8               117.5     126.9     115.4

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.
- 33 -

Table 15.  Total labor compensation in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001
(Indexes:  1992=100)

       United                                                                                   Former West             Nether-                        United
 Year  States   Canada*    Japan     Korea     Taiwan   Belgium   Denmark   France*   Germany**  Germany**     Italy     lands     Norway   Sweden*   Kingdom*

  1950   7.4       4.6       NA        NA        NA        NA        2.9       2.2       NA          3.7          .7       4.6       3.4       2.9       3.1

  1955  11.0       6.9       1.8       NA        NA        NA        4.1       3.8       NA          7.0         1.1       7.2       5.5       4.9       4.9

  1960  13.7       8.8       3.4       NA        NA        9.2       6.3       6.0       NA         11.6         1.7      10.9       7.3       6.9       6.6
  1961  13.7       8.9       4.1       NA        NA       10.1       7.0       6.7       NA         13.1         2.0      12.2       8.0       7.7       7.1
  1962  14.8       9.6       4.9       NA        NA       11.1       7.9       7.5       NA         14.5         2.3      13.2       8.9       8.5       7.3
  1963  15.4      10.2       5.6       NA        NA       12.4       8.5       8.3       NA         15.2         2.8      14.5       9.5       9.3       7.5
  1964  16.4      11.2       6.5       NA        NA       14.3       9.5       9.2       NA         16.4         3.0      16.9      10.3      10.2       8.2
  1965  17.8      12.4       7.3       NA        NA       15.6      10.7       9.8       NA         18.3         3.1      19.0      11.3      11.2       9.0
  1966  19.8      14.0       8.3       NA        NA       17.1      11.8      10.5       NA         19.4         3.3      21.0      12.6      12.1       9.5
  1967  20.7      14.9       9.8       NA        NA       17.9      12.5      11.1       NA         18.9         3.8      22.5      14.0      12.8       9.5
  1968  22.6      15.9      11.8       NA        NA       18.8      13.5      12.0       NA         20.7         4.1      24.4      14.9      13.4      10.1
  1969  24.6      17.5      14.2       NA        NA       21.1      15.4      13.5       NA         23.6         4.6      27.7      16.1      14.6      11.2

  1970  24.8      18.3      17.1       NA        3.0      24.0      17.1      15.4       NA         28.2         5.7      31.5      18.2      16.6      12.7
  1971  25.3      19.5      19.6       NA        3.9      27.2      18.8      17.4       NA         30.7         6.6      35.2      20.8      18.0      13.7
  1972  27.8      21.6      22.4       NA        4.7      31.0      20.9      19.2       NA         33.0         7.2      38.4      23.2      19.3      15.3
  1973  31.5      24.4      28.3       NA        6.4      36.1      24.3      22.1       NA         37.3         8.8      44.2      26.0      21.7      17.7
  1974  34.2      28.5      35.3       NA        9.1      43.9      28.9      26.2       NA         40.5        11.5      51.0      30.4      25.7      20.7
  1975  34.5      31.5      37.9       NA        9.7      47.2      30.6      30.3       NA         40.9        14.1      55.3      35.8      31.2      26.2
  1976  39.2      36.1      41.8       NA       12.3      53.4      34.5      34.6       NA         44.2        17.7      59.1      40.3      36.0      29.7
  1977  44.4      39.3      45.7       NA       14.5      55.2      37.7      38.8       NA         47.8        21.2      62.5      44.6      37.7      33.8
  1978  50.0      43.8      48.2       NA       17.6      56.5      40.8      42.9       NA         50.6        24.1      65.5      47.0      39.6      39.1
  1979  55.9      49.6      51.6       NA       21.5      58.6      45.9      47.7       NA         54.8        29.4      68.8      47.9      42.1      46.1

  1980  59.7      54.5      55.9       NA       27.4      62.8      50.2      54.4       NA         59.2        34.6      72.0      52.5      46.3      51.5
  1981  65.3      60.9      60.1       NA       34.1      63.1      52.6      60.2       NA         61.0        40.1      73.8      57.5      49.8      53.5
  1982  65.6      62.2      62.5       NA       37.2      65.5      58.0      67.5       NA         62.5        45.7      76.1      61.1      51.8      55.9
  1983  68.1      65.7      65.3       NA       40.7      68.6      63.1      72.7       NA         63.2        51.1      76.1      64.0      56.9      57.0
  1984  75.0      71.3      69.4       NA       48.6      73.2      70.2      76.8       NA         65.9        55.8      76.1      69.2      63.2      60.9
  1985  78.5      76.5      72.6      29.4      52.3      77.1      76.8      80.4       NA         69.4        61.3      79.0      76.0      70.0      66.3
  1986  80.8      80.6      75.4      34.6      62.5      78.5      83.2      82.4       NA         72.9        64.7      82.7      83.8      75.4      70.3
  1987  83.8      85.7      76.6      43.7      70.5      79.7      87.7      83.9       NA         76.0        69.2      85.8      92.8      80.8      77.8
  1988  89.5      94.0      80.4      55.9      75.3      82.3      88.9      86.1       NA         78.6        75.5      86.8      94.9      87.2      84.4
  1989  92.8      99.3      86.3      62.5      81.2      87.9      91.8      91.0       NA         82.6        83.3      88.3      93.2      94.5      90.3

  1990  95.1     100.2      93.1      73.0      86.4      94.0      96.1      96.0       NA         89.5        90.9      92.2      95.5     102.3      97.9
  1991  96.0      98.6      99.4      89.4      93.1      98.8      98.0      99.2      95.2        96.0        97.6      96.1      98.2     104.1     100.1
  1992 100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0       100.0       100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0
  1993 104.2     102.1      97.4     111.1     105.5      99.2      99.1      97.5      96.6        96.6       100.6     100.5     103.6      92.5     102.1
  1994 109.4     106.8      96.3     128.2     112.9      99.3     101.6      98.2      97.0        96.8       104.3     100.0     109.6      98.1     105.8
  1995 112.2     112.8      96.5     159.0     120.0     100.4     107.6     101.3      99.7        99.2       110.5     101.3     116.3     112.2     110.8
  1996 113.4     116.7      96.9     179.1     125.3     101.0     110.7     102.3      99.4        99.4       116.0     102.2     122.3     120.4     114.5
  1997 117.5     122.9      99.4     178.9     131.3     102.9     114.8     100.8      99.9        99.5       121.7     105.5     132.9     124.5     119.0
  1998 123.5     129.8      95.7     160.7     136.9     105.1     119.1     101.4     102.2       101.2       123.0     110.7     142.9     131.6     124.8
  1999 127.4     136.5      92.5     172.8     142.4     107.8     121.3     104.0     102.9         NA        125.2     114.1     145.8     136.3     129.0

  2000 134.8     143.0      91.8     194.2     147.4     111.0     125.0     105.2     106.1         NA        128.7     121.1     147.6     140.7     129.7
  2001 129.2     146.0      88.9     207.9     145.4     114.2     128.9     109.3     108.6         NA        132.3       NA      152.6     143.1     129.7

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

** See technical notes on Germany.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.