TEXT
Table 1.  Private business sector: Productivity and related measures, 1948-94 [1]
Table 2.  Private nonfarm business sector: Productivity and related measures, 1948-94 [1]
Table 3.  Manufacturing sector: Productivity and related measures, 1949-93
Table 4.  Private business sector: Productivity and related measures, 1949-94 [1]
Table 5  Private nonfarm business sector: Productivity and related measures, 1949-94 [1]
Table 6.  Manufacturing sector: Productivity and related measures, 1950-93
18
Table 7. Real capital input by asset type, 1948-94
Table 8.  Manufacturing industries: multifactor productivity trends, 1949-93


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Historical, technical         USDL 95-518
  information:                (202) 606-5606 For Release: 10:00 AM EST
Media contact:                (202) 606-5902 Wednesday, January 17,1996
 
 
                    MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS, 1994
 
        Private Business, Private Nonfarm Business, and Manufacturing
 
 
     The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today
reported multifactor productivity data--output per unit of combined labor and
capital inputs--for 1994.  Multifactor productivity differs from the labor
productivity (output per hour) measures that are published quarterly by BLS.
The only input that can be computed on a quarterly basis is aggregate hours
(calculated from data on employment and average weekly hours).  This permits
preparation of quarterly data on labor productivity, but not multifactor
productivity, which requires information on capital services and other data
not available on a quarterly basis.
 
     In the most recent year available, multifactor productivity in the
private business and private nonfarm business sectors changed at the following
percentage rates:
 
                                           1993-94
               Private business              0.7
               Private nonfarm business      0.5
 
     Multifactor productivity increased for the third consecutive year in both
sectors and at about the same rates as in 1993.  The 1994 annual changes are
summarized in table A; further detail and historical measures are shown in
tables 1 through 8.
 
     In July 1995, BLS announced that it would introduce new measures of
multifactor productivity for manufacturing in this release.  Multifactor
productivity in manufacturing is measured as sectoral output per unit of
combined capital, labor, energy, materials, and purchased business services
inputs.  Because both output and inputs in manufacturing differ conceptually
from the multifactor measures for the major sectors, manufacturing measures
are not directly comparable with the private business and private nonfarm
business measures. (See pages 6-8 for multifactor productivity in
manufacturing.)
 
 
                                                                       2
Private business and private nonfarm business
 
     For private business and private nonfarm business, the change in
multifactor productivity reflects the difference between the change in real
value-added output (production of goods and services) and the change in labor
and capital inputs engaged in the production of the output.  Multifactor
productivity does not measure the specific contributions of labor, capital, or
any other factor of production.  Instead, it reflects the joint effects of
many factors, including new technology, economies of scale, managerial skill,
and changes in the organization of production.
 
     A change in multifactor productivity reflects the change in output that
cannot be accounted for by the change in combined inputs of labor and capital.
In contrast, a change in labor productivity reflects the change in output that
cannot be accounted for by the change in hours of all persons engaged in
production.
 
 
Table A.  Productivity and related data, percentage changes, 1993-94
 
 
                                                                      Private
                                                    Private           nonfarm
 Item                                               business 1/       busines
 s 1/
 
 Productivity:
 
   Multifactor productivity 2/                        0.7                0.5
   Output per hour of all persons                     0.8                0.7
   Output per unit of capital services                1.6                1.3
 
 Output                                               4.4                4.2
 
 Inputs:
 
   Labor input                                        4.0                4.0
   Capital services                                   2.7                2.9
   Combined units of labor and
     capital inputs 3/                                3.6                3.7
 
 Analytic ratio:
   Capital services per hour of
     all persons                                     -0.8               -0.6
 
 
1/ Excludes government enterprises.
2/ Output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs.
3/ Labor input index combined with capital service input index, weighted
   by labor's and capital's shares of nominal output.
 
 
                                                                       3
Changes in 1993-94
 
   Private business sector
 
     Multifactor productivity in private business rose 0.7 percent in 1994.
The 1994 gain was slightly faster than the 1993 gain (tables 1 and 4).
Economic activity accelerated in 1994.  Output advanced 4.4 percent and
combined inputs of capital and labor increased 3.6 percent.  The increase in
output was the largest since 1984.  In 1993 output rose 2.9 percent and
combined inputs grew 2.4 percent.  Since July 1994, output has been based on
new "chain-type annually-weighted indexes" developed by the Bureau of Economic
Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce.  The output measures in
this release are based on data published in the April 1995 Survey of Current
Business and do not reflect the comprehensive revisions to the National Income
and Product Accounts expected to be published this month by BEA.
 
     Both capital services and labor input grew more rapidly in 1994 than in
1993.  Labor input advanced 4.0 percent, the fastest growth since 1988.
Rising employment (2.9 percent) accounted for most of the gain in labor input,
while a slightly longer work week (0.6 percent) and changes in the
distribution of workers by educational attainment and work experience (0.5
percent) accounted for the remainder.  Capital services advanced 2.7 percent
in 1994.  This second consecutive year of faster growth may be reversing a
trend of the late 1980s of slower growth in capital services.  Although
capital services increased more rapidly than in any year since 1988, this rate
was still slow when viewed in historical terms.  Among the types of capital
investment (equipment, structures, inventories, residential rental housing,
and land), the capital services of equipment posted the largest gain, and only
equipment and inventories grew at a faster rate than in the previous year
(table 7).
 
     Labor productivity or output per hour worked advanced 0.8 percent in
1994.  This growth was more rapid than in 1993, but otherwise slower than in
any year after 1989.  Capital productivity (the ratio of output to capital
services) jumped 1.6 percent.  Capital services per hour posted its second
straight decline, falling 0.8 percent in 1994.  This was the steepest decline
since 1984.
 
   Private nonfarm business
 
     In 1994, multifactor productivity in private nonfarm business grew at 0.5
percent, its third consecutive advance (tables 2 and 5).  Output increased 4.2
percent, and combined units of capital and labor inputs jumped 3.7 percent.
The growth rate of labor input rose from 3.0 percent in 1993 to 4.0 percent in
1994.  Employment growth in 1994 accounted for most of the gain in labor
input.  Capital services grew 2.9 percent in 1994, the largest gain in 5
years.  Nevertheless, capital services continued to grow slowly by historical
standards.  The services of equipment accounted for most of the faster growth
in capital services (table 7).
 
     Labor productivity grew at 0.7 percent in 1994, a small advance over the
0.5 percent increase of 1993.  The 1.3 percent rise in capital productivity
essentially matched the 1.2 gain in 1993.  Capital services per hour fell 0.6
percent.
 
 
                                                                       4
Long-term trends in private business and private nonfarm business
 
     Labor productivity growth (output per hour) differs from multifactor
productivity (output per unit of combined capital and labor inputs) in the
treatment of capital and hours.  Labor productivity measures do not explicitly
account for the effects of capital or shifts in the composition of labor on
output growth.  As a result, changes in capital intensity (the capital-hours
ratio) and labor composition can influence labor productivity growth.
However, multifactor productivity (MFP) treats capital as an explicit factor
of production; in addition, BLS measures labor input as the combined effect of
changes in hours at work and shifts in the educational attainment and work
experience of the work force.  Therefore, changes in capital intensity and
labor composition do not affect measures of MFP.  Long-term labor productivity
growth can be viewed as the sum of three components: Multifactor productivity
growth, the contribution of increased capital intensity, and the contribution
of shifts in the composition of the work force.
 
     From 1948 to 1994, output per hour grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent
in private business and 2.1 percent in private nonfarm business (table B).  Of
the 2.4 percent growth rate in labor productivity in private business, 1.3
percent can be attributed to increases in multifactor productivity, 0.9
percent to the contribution of capital intensity, and 0.2 percent to changes
in labor composition.  The contribution of capital intensity equals the change
in the capital-hours ratio multiplied by capital's share of total costs. The
contribution of labor composition equals the difference between the growth
rate of labor input and the growth rate of hours multiplied by labor's share
of total costs.  Historically, capital's share has been less than one-third of
total costs.
 
     The widely discussed post-1973 productivity slowdown is apparent from the
data in table B.  From 1948 to 1973, multifactor productivity grew at an
annual rate of 2.2 percent in private business and 1.9 percent in private
nonfarm business.  These rates, combined with the growth rates in the
contributions of capital intensity and labor composition, resulted in labor
productivity growth rates of 3.4 percent and 2.9 percent, respectively, in
private business and private nonfarm business.
 
     During the period 1973 to 1979, gains in multifactor productivity slowed
to only 0.5 percent per year in private business.  At the same time, the
average annual contribution of capital intensity decreased to 0.7 percent and
the contribution of labor composition change was zero. Labor productivity,
therefore, increased only 1.2 percent per year from 1973 to 1979.  A similar
slowdown occurred in private nonfarm business during the 1973-79 period.
 
     Between 1979 and 1990, multifactor productivity was almost unchanged in
private business and private nonfarm business.  Output per hour nevertheless
continued to advance at the same rates as in the 1973-79 period.  The
contribution of labor composition increased to 0.3 percent per year in both
sectors, essentially offsetting the decline in multifactor productivity
growth.
 
 
                                                                       5
Table B.  Compound average annual rates of growth in output per hour of all
persons, the contributions of capital intensity, labor composition, and
multifactor productivity, by major sector, 1948 to 1994
 
 
                                             1948-  1948-   1973- 1979- 1990-
 Item                                        1994   1973    1979  1990  1994
 1/
 
   Private business 2/
 
   Output per hour of all persons            2.4    3.4     1.2   1.2   1.3
 
      Contribution of capital intensity 3/   0.9    1.0     0.7   0.7   0.3
 
      Contribution of labor composition 4/   0.2    0.2     0.0   0.3   0.5
 
      Multifactor productivity 5/            1.3    2.2     0.5   0.2   0.4
 
   Private nonfarm business 2/
 
   Output per hour of all persons            2.1    2.9     1.0   1.0   1.2
 
      Contribution of capital intensity 3/   0.8    0.9     0.7   0.7   0.4
 
      Contribution of labor composition 4/   0.2    0.2     0.0   0.3   0.5
 
      Multifactor productivity 5/            1.1    1.9     0.3   0.0   0.3
 
        Contribution of R&D to
          multifactor productivity           0.2    0.1     0.1   0.2   0.2
 
 
1/ Because 1990-94 is not a completed business cycle,
  comparison of trends with earlier periods may be misleading.
2/ Excludes government enterprises.
3/ Growth rate in capital services per hour times capital's share
  of current dollar costs.
4/ Growth rate of labor composition (the growth rate of labor input less the
  growth rate of hours of all persons) times labor's share of current dollar
  costs.
5/ Output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs.
 
Note: The sum of multifactor productivity and the contributions may not
    equal labor productivity due to independent rounding.
 
 
Source:  Tables 1 and 2.
 
 
                                                                       6
     During the 1990-94 period, labor productivity in both sectors continued
to make gains at about the same rate witnessed after 1973.  However, the
sources of labor productivity shifted after 1990.  The contribution of capital
services slowed to only 0.4 percent per year in private business.  As the baby
boom generation completed its entrance into prime working age, the
contribution of labor composition accelerated to 0.5 percent per year.
Multifactor productivity growth of 0.3 percent per year also was somewhat more
rapid than in the 1979-90 period.  However, productivity measures are strongly
cyclical, and the 1990-94 period was dominated by the recovery from the 1990-
91 recession.  As a result, the data for this short period may not be
indicative of new underlying trends and are not strictly comparable with
trends in earlier periods.  Trends in private nonfarm business were virtually
identical.
 
     While MFP reflects many influences, it is generally believed that
technological change is one of the primary contributors.  For private nonfarm
business, BLS also reports estimates of the direct effects of firms' spending
for research and development (R&D) on MFP growth within their own industries.
Because many people associate R&D spending and the resulting technological
improvements with productivity, BLS has not adjusted MFP to exclude the
effects of R&D.  Instead, the estimated effects are shown separately (table
B).  The contribution of R&D averaged 0.2 percent per year for the entire
1948-94 period.  While not apparent from these data (which have been rounded
to the nearest tenth of one percent), the contribution of R&D slowed during
the 1973-79 period and has since increased slightly.
 
Manufacturing
 
     The BLS multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing differ from
those underlying the private business and private nonfarm business measures in
their treatment of labor input, output, and classes of factor inputs.  The
manufacturing measure of labor input is a direct aggregate of hours.  This is
in contrast to the major sector measures for which estimates of the effects of
changing labor composition have been developed.
 
     In addition, multifactor productivity in manufacturing compares "sectoral
output" to three classes of inputs: 1) Hours at work of labor employed within
manufacturing, 2) capital services employed by manufacturing establishments,
and 3) purchases of energy, materials, and business services from outside of
manufacturing (intermediates).  Sectoral output is similar to gross output,
but excludes shipments from one manufacturing establishment to another.  The
resulting multifactor productivity measure compares what is produced in the
manufacturing sector with the inputs used in the manufacturing process.  The
comparison excludes flows between manufacturing establishments from measures
of both output and inputs.
 
     In manufacturing, intermediates are the predominate input in terms of
costs.  Furthermore, research has shown that substitution among inputs,
including intermediates, affects measured productivity change.  It is
therefore important to include intermediates in productivity measures at the
level of manufacturing.  In contrast, the more aggregate productivity measures
in this release compare "value-added" output to two classes of inputs, capital
and labor.  Because of all these differences in methods, productivity change
in manufacturing cannot be directly compared to changes in private business or
private nonfarm business.
 
 
                                                                       7
     Manufacturing productivity in 1993 and historical trends
 
     Multifactor productivity in manufacturing rose 1.1 percent in 1993 (table
C).  Although less than half the size of the 1992 increase, this is comparable
to its 1949-93 average of 1.3 percent (tables 3 and 6).  (Output and some
input data for 1994 are not yet available from the Annual Survey of
Manufactures.)  Sectoral output posted a 3.5 percent increase in 1993.
Combined inputs rose 2.4 percent following 3 years of small gains or modest
declines.  Hours of all workers increased 1.4 percent.  This was the first
increase in hours since 1989 and the largest gain since 1988.  Capital
services advanced 2.5 percent, the same increase as in both 1992 and 1991.
Non-energy materials, the largest intermediate input in terms of cost, posted
an increase of 5.5 percent, the largest gain since 1988.  This gain followed 4
years of small advances or declines.  Purchased business services dropped 1.5
percent, the first decrease since 1984.  The 5.3 percent increase in energy
input was the most rapid since 1987.
 
 
 
Table C.  Productivity and related data in manufacturing; percent changes,
1949-93
 
 
                                      1949-  1949- 1973-  1979- 1990-   1992-
 Item                                 1993   1973  1979   1990  1993 1/ 1993
 1/
 
 Productivity:
 
   Multifactor productivity 1/         1.3   1.7   -0.1    1.2    1.2     1.1
   Output per hour of all persons      2.6   2.6    2.1    2.6    2.7     2.1
 
 Sectoral output                       3.1   4.1    2.4    2.0    1.6     3.5
 
 Inputs:
 
   Hours                               0.6   1.4    0.3   -0.7   -1.1     1.4
   Capital services                    3.9   4.1    4.6    3.3    2.5     2.5
   Energy                              3.1   5.1    0.2    0.5    2.5     5.3
   Materials                           1.8   1.8    4.4    0.6    1.3     5.5
   Purchased business services         4.2   5.1    4.1    3.6   -0.3    -1.5
 
   Combined inputs 2/                  1.8   2.3    2.5    0.8    0.3     2.4
 
 
1/ Output per unit of combined labor, capital, energy, materials, and
  purchased business services inputs.
2/ Combined units are a weighted average of the growth rate of each of the
  five inputs using each input's share of nominal output as its weight.
 
 
                                                                       8
     Multifactor productivity grew 1.3 percent annually between 1949 and 1993.
Sectoral output increased at a 3.1 percent annual rate, and combined inputs
rose 1.8 percent per year.  Productivity growth was most rapid in the
electrical machinery and textiles industries and declined slightly in the
printing and publishing and leather goods industries (table 8).  The
productivity slowdown also can be seen in the manufacturing sector.  Unlike
the private business and private nonfarm business sectors, the slowdown in
manufacturing was confined to the 1973-79 period.  Multifactor productivity,
which had been growing 1.7 percent annually prior to 1973, fell 0.1 percent
per year between 1973 and 1979.  Since combined inputs grew at about the same
rate in each period, the decline in the growth rate of productivity is
associated with slower output growth.  Between 1979 and 1990, productivity
growth in manufacturing rebounded sharply to about 1.2 percent per year.
Sectoral output growth continued to slow, and, in this period, input growth
rates also fell.  Hours declined, and the growth rates for both capital
services and purchased business services fell sharply.  Between 1990 and 1993,
multifactor productivity growth continued at the same rate as in the 1979-90
period despite a further slowdown in the growth of both outputs and inputs.
Multifactor productivity advanced 1.2 percent per year while output growth
slowed to 1.6 percent per year and combined inputs rose only 0.3 percent
annually.  The decline in hours accelerated, and purchased business services
also declined.  Only energy and materials inputs grew more rapidly in this
period.
 
Summary of Methods
 
     The following note describes the major data sources and the procedures
used in deriving BLS multifactor productivity indexes.  More detailed
information on methods, limitations, and data sources is provided in BLS
Bulletin 2178 (September 1983), "Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 1948-81."
Methods for measuring manufacturing multifactor productivity are discussed in
William Gullickson, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S.
manufacturing," in the July 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
 
     The multifactor productivity data for private business and private
nonfarm business indexes are derived by dividing an output index by an index
of labor input and capital services.  The output indexes are computed as
chained superlative indexes (Fisher Ideal indexes) of components of real
output.  For the years 1959-94, the output indexes are supplied by the Bureau
of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce.  BLS adjusts
these to eliminate the output of government enterprises.  For the years 1948-
58, BLS calculated output indexes by applying the Fisher index formula to data
on categories of final expenditures in published tables from the National
Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) produced by BEA.  BLS linked these two
indexes at 1959.  Since 1983, BLS has used chained superlative indexes
(Tornqvist indexes) to aggregate inputs.  BLS has used several data sets to
verify that Tornqvist and Fisher indexes yield results that are empirically
quite similar.
 
 
                                                                       9
     Capital input measures the services derived from the stock of physical
assets.  The assets included are fixed business equipment, structures,
inventories, and land.  Structures include nonresidential structures and
residential capital which is rented out by profit-making firms or persons.
Financial assets are excluded as are owner-occupied residential structures.
The aggregate capital measures are obtained by (Tornqvist) weighting the
capital stocks for each asset type within each of 53 industries using
estimated rental prices for each asset type.  Each rental price reflects the
nominal rate of return to all assets within the industry and rates of economic
depreciation and revaluation for the specific asset; rental prices are
adjusted for the effects of taxes.  Data on investments in physical assets and
gross product originating by industry, used in measuring the rental prices,
are obtained from BEA.
 
     Labor input in private business and private nonfarm business is obtained
by (Tornqvist) weighting the hours worked by all persons, classified by
education, work experience, and gender, by their shares of labor compensation.
Hours paid of employees are obtained from the Current Employment Statistics
program.  The hours at work of proprietors, unpaid family workers, and farm
employees are derived from the Current Population Survey.  The hours of
employees are converted to an at-work basis by using the Hours At Work survey.
The growth rate of labor composition is defined as the difference between the
growth rate of weighted labor input and the growth rate of the hours of all
persons. Additional information concerning data sources and methods of
measuring labor composition can be found in BLS Bulletin 2426 December 1993),
"Labor Composition and U.S. Productivity Growth, 1948-90".
 
     The labor and capital components of the input indexes are combined with
(Tornqvist) weights which represent each component's share of total costs.
Total costs are defined as the value of output (gross product originating)
less a portion of indirect business taxes.  Most indirect taxes such as excise
taxes are excluded from costs; however, property and motor vehicle taxes
remain in total costs.  The index uses changing weights: the share in each
year is averaged with the preceding year's share.
 
     The manufacturing multifactor productivity index is derived by dividing
an output index by an index of combined hours, capital services, energy,
materials, and purchased business services.  The output index for total
manufacturing is computed using a chained superlative index (Tornqvist index)
of 4-digit SIC industry outputs.  Industry outputs are developed by BLS from
data obtained from the Annual Survey of Manufacturers (ASM) and the Census of
Manufacturers (CM) from the Census Bureau together with Producer Price Indexes
from BLS and price data from BEA.  Output data between 1983 and 1991 have been
adjusted to reflect data on shipments from manufacturing establishments
recently compiled by the Bureau of the Census and specially made available to
BLS.  These data, which adjust for previously uncaptured growth of new
establishments for the years 1988-91, are not yet published but are available
on request from the Census Bureau (telephone John Gates 301-457-4589). Using
these data, BLS has prepared sectoral output measures by excluding
transactions between manufacturing establishments in the same sector.
 
 
                                                                       10
     Labor input in manufacturing is measured as the sum of hours at work of
all persons.  The construction of hours at work follows the methods used in
the private business sector described above except that hours in manufacturing
are directly additive and do not include the effect of changing labor
composition.
 
     Energy input is constructed using price and quantity data from the ASM
and CM, together with BLS Producer Price Indexes.  The non-energy materials
input also relies on ASM and CM data.  Indexes of purchased business services
are developed by BLS using input-output tables to estimate the proportion of
costs attributed to nine types of services.  Tornqvist indexes of each of the
three input classes are developed at the 2-digit SIC level and then aggregated
to total manufacturing.  As with the sectoral output measures, input measures
are adjusted to exclude transactions between establishments within the same
sector.
 
     The five input indexes (capital services, hours, energy, materials, and
purchased business services) are combined using (Tornqvist) weights which
represent each component's share of total costs.  Total costs are defined as
the value of manufacturing sectoral output.  The index uses changing weights:
The share in each year is averaged with the preceding year's share.
 
     The stock of research and development (R&D) in private nonfarm business
is derived by cumulating constant dollar measures of R&D expenditures and
allowing for depreciation.  Current dollar expenditures for privately financed
R&D for the years 1953-93 are obtained from annual issues of Research and
Development in Industry published by the National Science Foundation.  Price
deflators and estimates of the rate of depreciation are developed by BLS.
Further description of these data and methods can be found in BLS Bulletin
2331 (September 1989), "The Impact of Research and Development on Productivity
Growth".
 
     This release presents data for the private business, private nonfarm
business, and manufacturing sectors.  The private business sector, which
accounts for about 80 percent of gross domestic product, includes all of gross
domestic product except the output of general government, government
enterprises, non-profit institutions, the rental value of owner-occupied real
estate, and the output of paid employees of private households.  The private
nonfarm business sector also excludes farms, but includes agricultural
services.  Manufacturing sector output is measured as the value of all
production delivered to non-manufacturing industries or final demand.
 
     These private business, private nonfarm business, and manufacturing
multifactor productivity measures describe the relationship between output in
real terms and the inputs involved in its production.  They do not measure the
specific contributions of labor, capital, or any other factor of production.
Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many factors, including new
technology, economies of scale, managerial skill, and change in the
organization of production.
 
 
                                                                       11
Notes:
     BLS uses current dollar Gross Product Originating (GPO) data to estimate
capital rental prices.  Revised (April 1995) current dollar GPO data by
industry and its components are now available from BEA for the period 1959-93.
For years prior to 1959, unrevised current dollar GPO data were used.  GPO
data for 1994 are not yet available.  In the absence of 1994 GPO data, the BLS
extrapolated capital asset cost shares so that relative rental prices were
unchanged between 1993 and 1994.
 
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Table 1.  Private business sector: Productivity and related measures, 1948-94 [1]
 
Indexes 1987=100
 
                    Productivity                                Inputs
      ________________________________________          __________________________________
 Year   Output per    Output per  Multifactor   Output  Labor   Capital   Combined units     Capital per
       hour of all     unit of   productivity           input   services   of labor and       hour of
         persons       capital       [2]         [3]     [4]      [5]    capital inputs [6]  all persons
 
 
1948     35.9         116.5           55.6      25.6     64.1     22.0        46.0            30.8
1949     37.2         113.8           56.4      25.5     61.9     22.4        45.3            32.7
 
1950     40.5         119.8           60.5      28.1     63.0     23.5        46.5            33.9
1951     42.0         120.7           61.9      29.9     64.9     24.8        48.3            34.8
1952     43.0         118.5           62.4      30.6     64.9     25.8        48.9            36.3
1953     44.6         119.7           63.9      32.0     66.0     26.7        50.0            37.2
1954     45.6         115.8           63.9      31.6     64.2     27.3        49.4            39.4
 
1955     47.7         121.1           66.8      34.3     66.7     28.3        51.3            39.4
1956     47.9         118.5           66.4      34.9     67.8     29.4        52.5            40.4
1957     49.5         116.8           67.5      35.4     66.9     30.3        52.5            42.3
1958     51.0         112.2           67.9      34.7     63.9     31.0        51.2            45.5
1959     52.6         117.4           70.2      37.2     66.4     31.7        53.0            44.8
 
1960     53.5         115.9           70.5      37.8     66.7     32.6        53.6            46.2
1961     55.6         115.7           72.1      38.6     65.9     33.4        53.5            48.1
1962     58.3         119.4           74.8      41.1     67.5     34.4        55.0            48.9
1963     60.7         120.6           77.0      43.0     68.0     35.6        55.8            50.3
1964     63.7         123.7           80.2      45.8     69.1     37.0        57.1            51.5
 
1965     66.0         125.9           82.6      48.9     71.2     38.8        59.2            52.4
1966     68.7         126.7           85.1      52.2     72.8     41.2        61.3            54.3
1967     70.4         122.1           85.4      53.2     72.6     43.6        62.3            57.6
1968     72.9         122.5           87.7      55.8     73.5     45.6        63.7            59.5
1969     73.4         120.4           87.4      57.5     75.4     47.8        65.8            61.0
 
1970     74.8         115.1           87.2      57.4     74.2     49.9        65.8            65.0
1971     78.0         115.1           90.0      59.6     73.6     51.8        66.2            67.8
1972     80.4         117.9           92.6      63.5     76.1     53.8        68.6            68.2
1973     83.0         120.1           95.3      67.9     78.7     56.6        71.3            69.2
1974     81.8         112.4           92.1      66.9     79.2     59.5        72.6            72.8
 
1975     84.4         107.1           92.8      66.0     75.7     61.6        71.1            78.8
1976     87.4         111.0           96.2      70.3     77.7     63.4        73.1            78.8
1977     89.1         113.9           98.3      74.5     80.8     65.5        75.8            78.3
1978     89.8         115.0           99.0      78.8     84.9     68.5        79.5            78.1
1979     89.3         112.9           98.3      80.9     87.4     71.6        82.3            79.0
 
1980     89.1         105.8           96.0      79.9     86.8     75.5        83.2            84.2
1981     90.9         103.3           96.3      82.1     88.0     79.5        85.3            88.0
1982     90.5          96.3           93.3      79.6     86.6     82.7        85.3            94.0
1983     93.1          97.9           95.3      83.3     88.5     85.0        87.4            95.0
1984     95.6         102.2           98.3      90.4     93.7     88.5        92.0            93.5
 
1985     97.0         101.2           98.8      93.7     95.8     92.6        94.8            95.9
1986     99.6          99.7           99.8      96.7     96.8     96.9        96.8            99.9
1987    100.0         100.0          100.0     100.0    100.0    100.0       100.0           100.0
1988    100.9         101.3          100.5     104.3    104.2    102.9       103.8            99.6
1989    101.0         101.3          100.3     107.0    107.2    105.7       106.7            99.7
 
1990    101.9          99.8          100.1     107.9    107.8    108.1       107.9           102.1
1991    102.9          97.0           99.1     106.5    106.5    109.8       107.5           106.1
1992    105.9          98.1          100.5     109.3    107.5    111.4       108.7           108.0
1993    106.4          99.1          101.0     112.5    110.4    113.5       111.3           107.4
1994    107.3         100.7          101.8     117.4    114.8    116.6       115.4           106.6
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
See footnotes following table 6.      Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
 
 
Table 2.  Private nonfarm business sector: Productivity and related measures, 1948-94 [1]
 
Indexes 1987=100
 
                    Productivity                                Inputs
      ________________________________________          __________________________________
 Year   Output per    Output per  Multifactor   Output  Labor   Capital   Combined units     Capital per
       hour of all     unit of   productivity           input   services   of labor and       hour of
         persons       capital       [2]         [3]     [4]      [5]    capital inputs [6]  all persons
 
 
1948     41.6         122.9           61.5      24.7     54.2     20.1        40.2            33.8
1949     43.4         120.4           62.9      24.7     51.9     20.5        39.3            36.0
 
1950     46.3         126.5           66.5      27.2     53.8     21.5        40.9            36.6
1951     47.7         128.8           68.3      29.3     56.3     22.8        43.0            37.1
1952     48.5         126.3           68.3      30.0     57.1     23.8        43.9            38.4
1953     49.4         127.3           68.9      31.3     59.0     24.6        45.5            38.8
1954     50.5         122.8           68.9      30.9     57.2     25.2        44.8            41.2
 
1955     52.9         128.5           72.1      33.7     59.7     26.2        46.7            41.2
1956     52.7         125.8           71.3      34.4     61.3     27.3        48.2            41.9
1957     54.0         124.0           72.0      35.0     61.2     28.2        48.6            43.5
1958     55.4         118.9           72.2      34.3     58.5     28.8        47.4            46.6
1959     57.1         124.8           74.8      36.9     61.1     29.5        49.3            45.8
 
1960     57.7         122.5           74.9      37.4     61.4     30.5        49.9            47.0
1961     59.7         122.2           76.2      38.2     61.1     31.2        50.1            48.9
1962     62.5         126.4           78.9      40.8     63.1     32.3        51.7            49.5
1963     64.7         127.5           81.0      42.7     63.8     33.5        52.7            50.8
1964     67.6         131.0           84.1      45.6     65.3     34.8        54.2            51.6
 
1965     69.7         133.1           86.4      48.8     67.6     36.7        56.5            52.4
1966     72.0         133.9           88.6      52.2     69.9     39.0        58.9            53.8
1967     73.4         128.5           88.7      53.1     69.7     41.4        59.9            57.1
1968     76.0         129.0           91.1      55.9     70.7     43.4        61.4            58.9
1969     76.1         126.4           90.4      57.6     73.1     45.6        63.8            60.2
 
1970     77.3         120.5           89.9      57.4     72.0     47.7        63.9            64.1
1971     80.4         120.2           92.6      59.6     71.6     49.6        64.3            66.9
1972     82.9         123.1           95.3      63.6     74.1     51.7        66.7            67.3
1973     85.6         125.2           98.1      68.3     76.9     54.5        69.6            68.3
1974     84.3         116.9           94.7      67.2     77.4     57.5        71.0            72.1
 
1975     86.4         110.3           94.9      65.8     73.9     59.7        69.4            78.4
1976     89.4         114.4           98.4      70.4     76.1     61.6        71.5            78.2
1977     90.9         117.0          100.2      74.6     79.4     63.8        74.5            77.7
1978     91.7         118.4          101.1      79.1     83.5     66.8        78.2            77.5
1979     90.8         115.4           99.9      81.2     86.2     70.3        81.2            78.7
 
1980     90.6         108.2           97.7      80.2     85.7     74.2        82.1            83.8
1981     91.9         104.8           97.3      82.0     87.0     78.2        84.3            87.7
1982     91.4          97.3           94.1      79.4     85.6     81.6        84.4            93.9
1983     94.5          99.5           96.7      83.6     87.6     84.1        86.5            95.0
1984     96.4         103.3           99.2      90.6     93.0     87.7        91.3            93.4
 
1985     97.2         101.7           99.1      93.5     95.5     92.0        94.4            95.6
1986     99.8         100.0          100.0      96.7     96.6     96.7        96.7            99.9
1987    100.0         100.0          100.0     100.0    100.0    100.0       100.0           100.0
1988    100.9         101.3          100.5     104.5    104.4    103.2       104.0            99.6
1989    100.7         100.8           99.9     107.1    107.6    106.2       107.2            99.9
 
1990    101.3          99.1           99.4     107.8    108.3    108.8       108.5           102.2
1991    102.5          96.2           98.5     106.4    106.8    110.6       107.9           106.6
1992    105.1          96.9           99.6     108.9    108.0    112.4       109.3           108.5
1993    105.6          98.1          100.2     112.4    111.2    114.7       112.2           107.7
1994    106.4          99.3          100.7     117.1    115.6    118.0       116.3           107.1
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
See footnotes following table 6.      Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
 
 
Table 3.  Manufacturing sector: Productivity and related measures, 1949-93
 
Indexes 1987=100
 
              Productivity                                        Inputs
      ________________________________________          __________________________________________________
 Year   Output per    Output per  Multifactor   Sectoral  Hours   Capital  Intermediate   Combined units
        hour of all    unit of    productivity   output           services    inputs       of all factor
         persons       capital        [7]         [8]      [9]      [5]        [10]         inputs [11]
 
 
1949     37.3        128.9            58.1      28.5     76.4     22.1        40.2          49.1
 
1950     37.9        136.6            61.0      31.3     82.6     22.9        40.8          51.3
1951     37.6        131.7            61.1      33.4     88.8     25.4        42.4          54.7
1952     39.0        131.7            61.9      35.1     90.1     26.7        44.7          56.7
1953     40.2        137.7            63.0      38.1     94.6     27.6        48.9          60.4
1954     41.2        128.4            63.0      35.6     86.5     27.7        45.8          56.6
 
1955     43.0        135.8            64.8      39.3     91.3     28.9        50.5          60.6
1956     42.8        129.9            64.0      39.6     92.6     30.5        51.2          61.9
1957     43.7        126.4            64.5      39.8     91.1     31.5        51.2          61.7
1958     44.3        116.2            63.4      37.0     83.7     31.9        48.9          58.4
1959     45.1        124.4            67.1      40.3     89.2     32.4        48.0          60.0
 
1960     45.9        122.7            67.6      40.8     88.9     33.2        48.5          60.3
1961     47.4        121.5            68.5      41.0     86.6     33.7        48.8          59.9
1962     48.6        125.6            71.4      43.8     90.1     34.9        48.7          61.3
1963     50.6        128.0            73.7      46.1     91.0     36.0        49.9          62.5
1964     52.8        131.8            75.9      49.0     92.9     37.2        52.5          64.6
 
1965     53.8        134.8            77.9      53.0     98.4     39.3        54.6          67.9
1966     54.5        134.6            78.4      57.1    104.7     42.4        58.8          72.8
1967     56.7        128.6            78.1      59.1    104.2     45.9        63.3          75.6
1968     58.6        127.9            80.3      61.9    105.7     48.4        64.2          77.2
1969     59.4        125.0            81.2      63.6    106.9     50.9        64.2          78.3
 
1970     61.3        116.6            80.1      61.6    100.6     52.8        65.5          77.0
1971     65.2        116.5            82.4      63.2     97.0     54.3        67.3          76.7
1972     67.5        122.8            85.6      68.5    101.5     55.8        70.4          80.0
1973     69.4        126.9            87.8      74.0    106.6     58.3        74.7          84.3
1974     70.4        119.1            83.7      73.3    104.2     61.5        82.5          87.5
 
1975     72.3        105.4            81.7      67.9     94.0     64.4        79.8          83.1
1976     75.2        110.8            84.8      74.1     98.5     66.8        84.4          87.3
1977     78.1        114.8            86.5      79.9    102.4     69.6        91.3          92.4
1978     79.1        115.9            87.9      84.3    106.7     72.8        94.5          96.0
1979     78.6        111.9            87.6      85.5    108.8     76.4        94.9          97.6
 
1980     79.1        102.5            86.4      82.1    103.8     80.1        92.1          95.0
1981     80.3         98.7            87.6      82.8    103.0     83.8        90.5          94.4
1982     84.2         91.0            88.8      79.3     94.2     87.1        85.9          89.3
1983     87.2         94.1            91.1      83.2     95.5     88.4        88.8          91.3
1984     89.7        100.0            94.0      91.2    101.7     91.2        94.9          97.0
 
1985     93.0         99.0            95.3      93.9    100.9     94.8        97.6          98.5
1986     97.2         99.0            97.1      96.7     99.5     97.6       100.3          99.5
1987    100.0        100.0           100.0     100.0    100.0    100.0       100.0         100.0
1988    101.1        101.6           100.6     104.2    103.1    102.6       104.5         103.6
1989    102.8        100.6           100.3     106.4    103.5    105.8       108.8         106.1
 
1990    104.7         97.0            99.8     105.9    101.2    109.2       109.6         106.1
1991    107.2         93.0            99.7     104.1     97.1    111.9       108.8         104.4
1992    111.1         93.5           102.4     107.2     96.5    114.6       109.0         104.7
1993    113.4         94.5           103.5     111.0     97.8    117.4       112.7         107.2
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
See footnotes following table 6.      Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
 
 
Table 4.  Private business sector: Productivity and related measures, 1949-94 [1]
 
Percent Change
 
                    Productivity                                Inputs
      ________________________________________          __________________________________
 Year   Output per    Output per  Multifactor   Output  Labor   Capital   Combined units     Capital per
       hour of all     unit of   productivity           input   services   of labor and       hour of
         persons       capital       [2]         [3]     [4]      [5]    capital inputs [6]  all persons
 
 
1949      3.5          -2.4            1.4      -0.2     -3.4      2.2        -1.5             6.1
 
1950      9.0           5.2            7.2      10.1      1.7      4.6         2.7             3.6
1951      3.5           0.8            2.4       6.4      3.0      5.6         3.9             2.7
1952      2.4          -1.8            0.8       2.2      0.0      4.1         1.3             4.3
1953      3.6           1.0            2.3       4.6      1.7      3.5         2.2             2.6
1954      2.4          -3.2            0.1      -1.2     -2.8      2.1        -1.3             5.8
 
1955      4.7           4.5            4.5       8.5      3.9      3.8         3.8             0.1
1956      0.3          -2.1           -0.6       1.8      1.7      4.0         2.4             2.5
1957      3.3          -1.4            1.5       1.6     -1.2      3.0         0.0             4.8
1958      3.1          -4.0            0.6      -2.0     -4.6      2.1        -2.6             7.3
1959      3.1           4.6            3.5       7.1      4.0      2.4         3.5            -1.4
 
1960      1.8          -1.2            0.5       1.7      0.5      3.0         1.2             3.0
1961      3.9          -0.2            2.2       2.0     -1.3      2.3        -0.2             4.2
1962      4.9           3.2            3.7       6.5      2.5      3.2         2.7             1.6
1963      4.1           1.1            3.0       4.6      0.7      3.5         1.5             3.0
1964      4.9           2.5            4.1       6.5      1.6      3.9         2.3             2.3
 
1965      3.6           1.8            3.1       6.9      3.0      5.0         3.7             1.8
1966      4.2           0.6            3.0       6.6      2.4      6.0         3.5             3.6
1967      2.4          -3.6            0.4       2.0     -0.3      5.7         1.6             6.2
1968      3.5           0.3            2.6       4.9      1.2      4.7         2.2             3.2
1969      0.7          -1.7           -0.3       3.1      2.7      4.9         3.4             2.5
 
1970      1.9          -4.4           -0.3      -0.2     -1.7      4.3         0.1             6.6
1971      4.3           0.0            3.2       3.8     -0.8      3.8         0.5             4.3
1972      3.1           2.5            2.9       6.6      3.5      4.0         3.6             0.6
1973      3.3           1.8            3.0       7.0      3.4      5.1         3.9             1.4
1974     -1.5          -6.4           -3.4      -1.6      0.6      5.1         1.9             5.2
 
1975      3.2          -4.7            0.7      -1.3     -4.4      3.6        -2.0             8.4
1976      3.6           3.6            3.8       6.6      2.6      2.8         2.7             0.0
1977      1.9           2.6            2.1       6.0      4.0      3.3         3.8            -0.6
1978      0.7           1.0            0.7       5.7      5.0      4.6         4.9            -0.3
1979     -0.6          -1.8           -0.7       2.7      2.9      4.5         3.4             1.2
 
1980     -0.2          -6.3           -2.3      -1.2     -0.7      5.5         1.1             6.5
1981      2.1          -2.3            0.2       2.8      1.4      5.2         2.5             4.5
1982     -0.4          -6.8           -3.1      -3.1     -1.6      4.0         0.0             6.9
1983      2.8           1.7            2.2       4.7      2.2      2.9         2.4             1.1
1984      2.7           4.4            3.1       8.6      5.9      4.0         5.3            -1.6
 
1985      1.5          -1.0            0.5       3.6      2.3      4.6         3.0             2.6
1986      2.7          -1.4            1.0       3.2      1.0      4.7         2.2             4.2
1987      0.4           0.3            0.2       3.4      3.3      3.1         3.3             0.1
1988      0.9           1.3            0.5       4.3      4.2      2.9         3.8            -0.4
1989      0.1          -0.1           -0.3       2.6      3.0      2.7         2.9             0.1
 
1990      0.9          -1.4           -0.2       0.9      0.5      2.3         1.1             2.3
1991      1.0          -2.9           -1.0      -1.4     -1.2      1.6        -0.4             4.0
1992      2.9           1.2            1.5       2.7      1.0      1.5         1.1             1.7
1993      0.5           1.0            0.5       2.9      2.6      1.9         2.4            -0.5
1994      0.8           1.6            0.7       4.4      4.0      2.7         3.6            -0.8
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
See footnotes following table 6.      Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
 
 
Table 5  Private nonfarm business sector: Productivity and related measures, 1949-94 [1]
 
Percent Change
 
                    Productivity                                Inputs
      ________________________________________          __________________________________
 Year   Output per    Output per  Multifactor   Output  Labor   Capital   Combined units     Capital per
       hour of all     unit of   productivity           input   services   of labor and       hour of
         persons       capital       [2]         [3]     [4]      [5]    capital inputs [6]  all persons
 
 
1949      4.4          -2.1            2.2       0.0     -4.1      2.1        -2.2             6.6
 
1950      6.8           5.1            5.9      10.0      3.6      4.7         3.9             1.6
1951      3.1           1.8            2.7       7.8      4.6      5.9         5.0             1.2
1952      1.6          -1.9           -0.1       2.2      1.4      4.3         2.3             3.6
1953      1.9           0.8            1.0       4.5      3.3      3.7         3.5             1.2
1954      2.3          -3.5            0.0      -1.4     -2.9      2.2        -1.4             6.0
 
1955      4.7           4.6            4.5       8.9      4.3      4.1         4.2             0.0
1956     -0.4          -2.1           -1.1       2.1      2.7      4.3         3.2             1.7
1957      2.5          -1.4            1.0       1.8     -0.2      3.3         0.9             4.0
1958      2.6          -4.2            0.4      -2.1     -4.4      2.2        -2.5             7.0
1959      3.1           5.0            3.6       7.6      4.5      2.5         3.9            -1.8
 
1960      1.0          -1.7            0.1       1.4      0.4      3.2         1.3             2.8
1961      3.5          -0.3            1.6       2.1     -0.4      2.4         0.4             3.9
1962      4.7           3.4            3.6       7.0      3.2      3.4         3.3             1.2
1963      3.6           0.9            2.6       4.6      1.1      3.6         1.9             2.6
1964      4.4           2.7            3.9       6.9      2.3      4.1         2.9             1.7
 
1965      3.0           1.6            2.7       6.9      3.6      5.3         4.2             1.4
1966      3.4           0.6            2.6       7.0      3.3      6.4         4.3             2.7
1967      2.0          -4.0            0.1       1.8     -0.2      6.0         1.7             6.2
1968      3.5           0.4            2.7       5.3      1.4      4.9         2.4             3.1
1969      0.1          -2.0           -0.8       3.0      3.3      5.1         3.9             2.1
 
1970      1.5          -4.7           -0.6      -0.4     -1.4      4.6         0.2             6.5
1971      4.0          -0.3            3.0       3.7     -0.6      4.0         0.7             4.3
1972      3.1           2.5            2.9       6.8      3.5      4.2         3.7             0.6
1973      3.2           1.7            2.9       7.4      3.8      5.5         4.3             1.5
1974     -1.5          -6.7           -3.4      -1.6      0.6      5.5         1.9             5.6
 
1975      2.6          -5.6            0.1      -2.0     -4.5      3.8        -2.2             8.7
1976      3.4           3.7            3.8       6.9      3.0      3.1         3.1            -0.3
1977      1.6           2.3            1.8       6.0      4.3      3.6         4.1            -0.6
1978      0.9           1.2            1.0       6.0      5.1      4.8         5.0            -0.3
1979     -0.9          -2.5           -1.2       2.6      3.3      5.2         3.8             1.6
 
1980     -0.2          -6.3           -2.2      -1.1     -0.6      5.5         1.1             6.5
1981      1.4          -3.1           -0.4       2.2      1.5      5.5         2.6             4.7
1982     -0.6          -7.2           -3.3      -3.2     -1.6      4.3         0.1             7.1
1983      3.4           2.3            2.8       5.4      2.3      3.1         2.5             1.1
1984      2.1           3.9            2.6       8.3      6.2      4.3         5.6            -1.7
 
1985      0.8          -1.6           -0.1       3.3      2.7      4.9         3.4             2.4
1986      2.7          -1.7            0.9       3.3      1.2      5.1         2.4             4.4
1987      0.2           0.0            0.0       3.4      3.5      3.4         3.5             0.1
1988      0.9           1.3            0.5       4.5      4.4      3.2         4.0            -0.4
1989     -0.2          -0.4           -0.6       2.5      3.1      2.9         3.0             0.3
 
1990      0.6          -1.7           -0.5       0.7      0.7      2.5         1.2             2.3
1991      1.1          -3.0           -0.9      -1.4     -1.4      1.7        -0.5             4.3
1992      2.6           0.8            1.1       2.4      1.1      1.6         1.3             1.8
1993      0.5           1.2            0.6       3.3      3.0      2.0         2.7            -0.7
1994      0.7           1.3            0.5       4.2      4.0      2.9         3.7            -0.6
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
See footnotes following table 6.      Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
 
 
Table 6.  Manufacturing sector: Productivity and related measures, 1950-93
 
Percent Change
 
              Productivity                                        Inputs
      ________________________________________          ________________________________________________
 Year   Output per    Output per  Multifactor   Sectoral  Hours   Capital  Intermediate   Combined units
        hour of all    unit of    productivity   output           services    inputs       of all factor
         persons       capital        [7]         [8]      [9]      [5]        [10]         inputs [11]
 
 
1950      1.7          5.9             5.1       9.8      8.0      3.7         1.6           4.5
1951     -0.9         -3.5             0.2       6.7      7.6     10.6         3.8           6.5
1952      3.6          0.0             1.4       5.1      1.4      5.1         5.5           3.7
1953      3.2          4.5             1.7       8.4      5.0      3.7         9.3           6.5
1954      2.3         -6.7             0.0      -6.4     -8.5      0.4        -6.4          -6.3
 
1955      4.5          5.7             2.9      10.2      5.5      4.3        10.2           7.1
1956     -0.6         -4.3            -1.2       0.9      1.5      5.4         1.5           2.1
1957      2.1         -2.7             0.7       0.4     -1.6      3.2        -0.1          -0.3
1958      1.3         -8.1            -1.7      -6.9     -8.2      1.2        -4.5          -5.3
1959      2.0          7.0             5.9       8.7      6.6      1.6        -1.8           2.6
 
1960      1.7         -1.3             0.7       1.3     -0.4      2.7         0.9           0.6
1961      3.2         -1.0             1.4       0.6     -2.6      1.6         0.6          -0.8
1962      2.6          3.4             4.3       6.8      4.1      3.4        -0.1           2.5
1963      4.1          1.9             3.2       5.1      1.0      3.1         2.4           1.9
1964      4.3          2.9             3.0       6.4      2.1      3.4         5.2           3.4
 
1965      2.0          2.3             2.7       8.0      5.9      5.6         4.1           5.2
1966      1.3         -0.2             0.6       7.8      6.5      8.0         7.7           7.2
1967      4.0         -4.5            -0.3       3.4     -0.5      8.3         7.5           3.8
1968      3.4         -0.5             2.7       4.9      1.5      5.4         1.4           2.1
1969      1.4         -2.3             1.1       2.6      1.1      5.0         0.1           1.4
 
1970      3.1         -6.7            -1.3      -3.0     -5.9      3.9         2.0          -1.7
1971      6.3         -0.1             2.9       2.6     -3.5      2.7         2.7          -0.4
1972      3.6          5.4             3.9       8.4      4.6      2.8         4.6           4.3
1973      2.9          3.3             2.6       8.1      5.0      4.6         6.1           5.4
1974      1.3         -6.2            -4.7      -1.0     -2.3      5.5        10.5           3.9
 
1975      2.8        -11.5            -2.4      -7.3     -9.8      4.7        -3.2          -5.1
1976      4.1          5.1             3.8       9.0      4.8      3.7         5.7           5.0
1977      3.8          3.6             2.0       7.9      4.0      4.2         8.2           5.8
1978      1.3          1.0             1.6       5.5      4.2      4.5         3.5           3.9
1979     -0.6         -3.5            -0.3       1.3      2.0      5.0         0.4           1.7
 
1980      0.7         -8.4            -1.3      -3.9     -4.6      4.9        -3.0          -2.7
1981      1.5         -3.7             1.4       0.8     -0.7      4.6        -1.7          -0.6
1982      4.8         -7.8             1.4      -4.2     -8.6      3.9        -5.0          -5.5
1983      3.5          3.4             2.5       4.9      1.3      1.5         3.4           2.3
1984      2.9          6.2             3.2       9.6      6.5      3.1         6.8           6.2
 
1985      3.7         -0.9             1.4       3.0     -0.7      4.0         2.9           1.6
1986      4.5          0.0             1.9       3.0     -1.4      3.0         2.7           1.0
1987      2.9          1.0             3.0       3.4      0.5      2.4        -0.3           0.5
1988      1.1          1.6             0.6       4.2      3.1      2.6         4.5           3.6
1989      1.7         -0.9            -0.3       2.1      0.4      3.1         4.1           2.4
1990      1.8         -3.5            -0.4      -0.4     -2.2      3.2         0.8           0.0
 
1991      2.4         -4.2            -0.2      -1.7     -4.1      2.5        -0.8          -1.6
1992      3.6          0.6             2.7       3.0     -0.6      2.4         0.2           0.2
1993      2.1          1.0             1.1       3.5      1.4      2.5         3.4           2.4
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
See footnotes following table 6.      Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
 
 
                                                                       18
 
                            Footnotes, Tables 1-6
 
Source:  Output data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S.
Department of Commerce, and modified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS),
U.S. Department of Labor.  Compensation and hours data are from the BLS.
Capital measures are based on data supplied by BEA and the U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
 
(1) The private business sector includes all of gross domestic product except
     the output ofgeneral government, government enterprises, non-profit
     institutions, the rental value of owner-occupied real estate and the
     output of paid employees of private households.  The private nonfarm
     business sector also excludes farms but includes agricultural services.
 
(2) Output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs.
 
(3) Gross domestic product originating in the sector, superlative chained
     index.
 
(4) Index of the hours at work of all persons including employees,
     proprietors, and unpaid family workers classified by education,
     work experience and gender.  This superlative chain index is computed
     by combining changes in the hours of each education, experience and
     gender group by its share of labor compensation.
 
(5) A measure of the flow of capital services used in the sector.
 
(6) Labor input combined with capital input, using labor's and capital's
     shares of costs as weights to form a superlative chain index.
 
(7) Sectoral output per combined units of capital, hours and intermediate
     inputs.
 
(8) Manufacturing gross output excluding transactions between manufacturing
     establishments, superlative chained index.
 
(9) Hours at work of all persons.
 
(10) Combined units of energy, non-energy materials and purchased business
     services, superlative chained index.
 
(11) Combined units of capital services, hours, energy, non-energy materials
     and purchased business services, superlative chained index.
 
 
Table 7. Real capital input by asset type, 1948-94
 
Average annual growth rates (percent)
 
Private business
 
                                          Rental
            All    Equip-              Residential
  Period  Assets    ment    Structures    Capital Inventories    Land
 
 
1948-94   3.7      5.2       3.2         2.5       3.2       2.4
  1948-73 3.9      5.5       3.5         2.4       4.0       2.3
  1973-79 4.0      6.2       3.0         2.7       3.6       1.9
  1979-90 3.8      4.6       3.5         3.0       2.1       3.5
  1990-4  1.9      3.2       1.1         1.3       1.1       0.7
    1993  1.9      3.3       0.8         1.6       1.5       1.0
    1994  2.7      5.4       0.7         1.6       2.1       0.3
 
 
 
 
 
Private nonfarm business
 
                                          Rental
            All    Equip-              Residential
  Period  Assets    ment    Structures    Capital Inventories    Land
 
 
1948-94   3.9      5.4       3.2         2.5       3.4       3.2
  1948-73 4.1      5.6       3.5         2.5       4.2       3.2
  1973-79 4.3      6.3       3.0         2.7       3.9       3.7
  1979-90 4.0      5.0       3.6         3.0       2.2       3.9
  1990-94 2.0      3.4       1.2         1.3       1.0       1.0
    1993  2.0      3.5       0.8         1.6       1.6       1.1
    1994  2.9      5.6       0.7         1.6       2.1       1.0
 
 
  Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
 
 
 
Table 8.  Manufacturing industries: multifactor productivity trends, 1949-93
 
 
Average annual growth rates
 
 
 Industry                    1949-93  1949-73  1973-79  1979-90  1990-93 1/
 
 
Total Manufacturing            1.3     1.7      -0.1      1.1    1.2
 
  Food and kindred products    0.8     1.0       0.2      0.7    1.0
  Tobacco manufactures         N.A.    N.A.      N.A.     N.A.   N.A.
  Textile mill products        1.9     2.1       2.1      1.3    2.0
  Apparel & related products   1.1     1.0       1.9      1.2    0.6
  Paper and allied products    1.0     1.5      -0.9      0.5    2.0
 
  Printing and publishing     -0.1     0.5      -0.3     -1.0    -1.3
  Chemicals & allied products  1.4     2.8      -1.6      0.9    -1.3
  Petroleum refining           0.4     0.8      -0.5      0.0    0.9
  Rubber &                     0.9     1.3      -1.5      1.3    1.2
    misc. plastic products
  Leather & leather products  -0.1     0.0      -0.8     -0.4    0.8
 
  Lumber and wood products     1.1     1.4      -0.1      2.1    -1.8
  Furniture and fixtures       0.6     0.7       0.2      0.3    1.4
  Stone, clay, glass           0.6     1.1      -1.1      0.7    0.6
     and concrete products
  Primary metals industries    0.1     0.4      -1.9     -0.2    2.7
  Fabricated metals products   0.6     0.9      -0.6      0.6    1.0
 
  Industrial                   1.8     1.0       1.2      3.2    3.4
    & commercial machinery
  Electrical                   2.4     2.2       1.9      3.0    3.2
    & electronic machinery
  Transportation equipment     0.9     1.5       0.0      0.3    0.3
  Instruments                  1.8     1.8       2.0      1.9    0.9
  Miscellaneous manufacturing  1.0     1.5      -0.7      1.2    -0.1
 
 
N.A. -    Multifactor productivity measures are not published because of the
     size of the industry and data limitations.  This industry is included
     in the aggregate for total manufacturing.
 
1/   Because 1990-93 is not a completed business cycle, comparison of trends
     with earlier periods may be misleading.
 
Note:     Multifactor productivity measures by industry are not directly
     comparable to measures for aggregate manufacturing because industry
     measures exclude transactions only within the specific industry while
     the aggregate manufacturing measures also exclude transactions between
     all manufacturing industries.