Technical information:  (202) 691-6378     USDL 03-412
               http://www.bls.gov/cps/
                                           For release:  10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact:                691-5902     Friday, August 8, 2003
                                     
                                     
            EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG YOUTH--SUMMER 2003


   The number of employed youth 16 to 24 years old increased by 2.1 million
from April to July, the traditional summertime peak for youth employment,
the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported
today.  This year's summertime expansion in youth employment was somewhat
smaller than last year's 2.4 million increase.  Unemployment among youth
increased by 628,000 between April and July, the largest seasonal increase
since 1998.  (Because this analysis focuses on the seasonal changes in
youth employment and unemployment that occur every spring and summer, the
data are not seasonally adjusted.)
   
Labor force
   
   The youth labor force--16- to 24-year-olds working or actively looking
for work--grows sharply between April and July each year as large numbers 
of high school and college students take or search for summer employment 
and many graduates enter the labor market to begin or seek permanent jobs.
This summer, the youth labor force rose by 2.7 million to a total of 24.2
million in July.  (See table 1.)
   
   The July labor force participation rate for youth--the proportion of
their population working or looking for work--in 2003 (67.3 percent) was
lower than in 2002 (69.5 percent) and was the lowest rate for any July
since 1966.  The over-the-year decrease in the youth labor force partici-
pation rate may reflect, at least in part, the continuing weakness in the 
labor market in 2003.  However, the participation rate for youth in July 
has been on the decline for a number of years, perhaps in response to in-
creases in school enrollment during the summer.  In July 2003, 25.5 per-
cent of 16- to 24-year-olds were enrolled in school, up from 16.3 percent 
in July 1994, and participation rates for students are typically lower 
than for non-students.  Only about half of the youth enrolled in school 
in July 2003 were in the labor force compared with almost three-fourths of 
those not in school.
   
   In July 2003, the labor force participation rate for young men, which
has declined steadily since 1995, was at its lowest July point on record,
70.0 percent.  The July 2003 participation rate for young women was 64.5
percent, the lowest it has been since 1975.  While the participation rates
for young whites (70.4 percent) decreased from a year earlier, the rate for
young blacks remained about the same (56.8 percent).  For young Asians and 
   
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |                                                                      |
 |          Changes in Youth Employment and Unemployment Data           |
 |                                                                      |
 |    The estimates presented in this release incorporate the use of    |
 | Census 2000-based population controls.  Consequently, the estimates  |
 | for the years 2000-02 appearing in this release may differ from those|
 | previously published, which were based on population controls derived|
 | from the 1990 census, and the estimates beginning in 2000 are not    |
 | strictly comparable with those for earlier years.  In addition, data |
 | for 2003 are not strictly comparable with data for 2002 and earlier  |
 | years due to the introduction of revised population controls in      |
 | January 2003.  For further information, see the Technical Note.      |
 |                                                                      |
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
   
                             - 2 -

young Hispanics, the labor force participation rates in July were 50.5 per-
cent and 62.0 percent, respectively.  (See table 2.)
   
Employment
   
   There were 21.0 million 16- to 24-year-olds employed in July 2003.  The
employment-population ratio for youth--the proportion of the 16- to 24-year-
old civilian noninstitutional population that were employed--was 58.3 per-
cent, the lowest July ratio since 1964.  The ratio decreased by 2.6 percent-
age points over the year and has fallen by 6.5 percentage points since July 
2000.  In July 2003, the employment-population ratios for young men (60.1 per-
cent), young women (56.6 percent), young whites (62.6 percent), and young 
blacks (41.7 percent) were all lower than a year earlier.
   
   In July 2003, 23 percent of employed youth worked in the leisure and
hospitality industry (including fast-food restaurants) and 19 percent
worked in retail trade.  Also, large percentages of employed youth worked
in education and health services, professional and business services, con-
struction, and government.  (See table 3.)  (Industries reflect the intro-
duction of the 2002 Census industry classification system derived from the 
2002 North American Industry Classification System.)
   
Unemployment
   
   There were 3.2 million youth unemployed in July 2003; these youth were
not working but were available to take a job and were actively looking for
work.  The youth unemployment rate was 13.3 percent, up from 12.4 percent
in July 2002 and 9.6 percent in July 2000.  In July 2003, the unemployment
rates for young men (14.2 percent), young whites (11.1 percent), and young
blacks (26.6 percent) were higher than in July 2002.  The July 2003 jobless
rates for young women (12.2 percent) and Hispanic youth (14.0 percent)
showed little or no change from a year earlier.  The unemployment rate in
July 2003 for Asian youth was 13.2 percent.  (See table 2.)
 
 
 
 

   
Technical Note


   The estimates in this release were obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), a national sample survey of 60,000 households conducted month-
ly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau.  The 
data in this release relate to the employment status of youth (16- to 24-year-
olds) during the months of April-July.  This period was selected as being the 
most representative time frame in which to measure the full summertime tran-
sition from school to work.  July is the peak summer month of youth employment.
   
   The estimates presented in this release incorporate the use of Census
2000-based population controls.  Sample results from the CPS are weighted
up to independent estimates of the population by sex, age, race, and
Hispanic/non-Hispanic origin.  The weights, or population controls, are
developed using counts of the civilian noninstitutional population derived
from the decennial census and are updated using information from admini-
strative records.  Previously published estimates of employment and unem-
ployment among youth for the years 2000-02 were based on population con-
trols from the 1990 census.  Consequently, the estimates for the years
2000-02 appearing in this release may differ from those previously pub-
lished, and the estimates beginning in 2000 are not strictly comparable
with estimates for earlier years.  In addition, data for 2003 are not
strictly comparable with data for 2002 and earlier years due to the intro-
duction of revised population controls in January 2003.  For a discussion 
of the introduction of the revised population controls and the impact their 
introduction had on CPS data, see "Revisions to the Current Population Survey 
Effective in January 2003" in the February 2003 issue of Employment and 
Earnings and available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf on the BLS Web 
site.
   
   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request.  Voice phone:  202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone: 1-800-877-8339.
   
Reliability
   
   Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error.  When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there 
is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population 
values they represent.  The exact difference, or sampling error, varies de-
pending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured 
by the standard error of the estimate.  There is about a 90-percent chance, 
or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 
more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of 
sampling error.  BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level 
of confidence.
   
   The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.  Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct infor-
mation, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
   
   For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and infor-
mation on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates 
of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.
   
Definitions
   
   The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly
below.
   
   Employed persons are (a) all those who, during the survey reference
week, did any work at all as paid employees, worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid
workers in a family-operated enterprise; and (b) all those who did not work
but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to
illness, bad weather, vacation, child-care problems, labor disputes or per-
sonal reasons, whether or not they were paid by their employers for the
time off and whether or not they were seeking other jobs.
   
   Unemployed persons are all persons who had no employment during the ref-
erence week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and
had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4 weeks
preceding the survey.  Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job
from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to 
be classified as unemployed.
   
   Civilian labor force comprises all persons classified as employed or
unemployed.
   
   Unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed persons as a
percent of the civilian labor force.
   
   Not in the labor force includes all persons who are not classified as
employed or unemployed.
   
   Industry and class of worker for the employed relate to the job held in
the survey reference week.  Persons with two or more jobs are classified in
the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours.  In terms of
class-of-worker categories, wage and salary workers are those who receive
wages, salaries, commissions, tips, or pay-in-kind from a private employer
or from a government unit; self-employed persons are those who work for
profit or fees in their own business, profession, or trade, or operate a
farm; and unpaid family workers are persons working without pay for 15
hours a week or more in an enterprise operated by a member of their family.
Industries reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census industry classifi-
cation system derived from the 2002 North American Industry Classification 
System into the Current Population Survey.
 
 
 
 

     Table 1.  Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by sex, race, and
     Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, April-July 2003

     (Numbers in thousands.  Data are not seasonally adjusted.)
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                      April-July changes
                Employment status, sex, race, and                                                            (1)      
                  Hispanic or Latino ethnicity                 April      May       June      July                      
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                       Number    Percent 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                        
                              TOTAL                                                                                     
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................   35,815    35,847    35,880    35,905        91       0.3 
       Civilian labor force.................................   21,445    21,870    23,975    24,150     2,705      12.6 
             Participation rate.............................     59.9      61.0      66.8      67.3       7.4      12.3 
         Employed...........................................   18,873    19,032    20,432    20,950     2,077      11.0 
             Employment-population ratio ...................     52.7      53.1      56.9      58.3       5.7      10.7 
         Unemployed.........................................    2,572     2,838     3,542     3,200       628      24.4 
             Looking for full-time work.....................    1,749     2,148     2,671     2,448       699      40.0 
             Looking for part-time work.....................      824       690       871       753       -71      -8.6 
             Unemployment rate..............................     12.0      13.0      14.8      13.3       1.3      10.5 
       Not in labor force...................................   14,370    13,976    11,905    11,755    -2,615     -18.2 
                                                                                                                        
                               Men                                                                                      
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................   18,004    18,019    18,035    18,042        39        .2 
       Civilian labor force.................................   11,124    11,384    12,487    12,635     1,511      13.6 
             Participation rate.............................     61.8      63.2      69.2      70.0       8.2      13.3 
         Employed...........................................    9,668     9,813    10,594    10,838     1,170      12.1 
             Employment-population ratio ...................     53.7      54.5      58.7      60.1       6.4      11.9 
         Unemployed.........................................    1,455     1,572     1,893     1,796       341      23.4 
             Looking for full-time work.....................    1,017     1,236     1,473     1,416       398      39.2 
             Looking for part-time work.....................      438       335       420       381       -57     -13.1 
             Unemployment rate..............................     13.1      13.8      15.2      14.2       1.1       8.7 
       Not in labor force...................................    6,880     6,634     5,548     5,407    -1,473     -21.4 
                                                                                                                        
                              Women                                                                                     
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................   17,811    17,828    17,845    17,863        52        .3 
       Civilian labor force.................................   10,321    10,486    11,488    11,516     1,194      11.6 
             Participation rate.............................     57.9      58.8      64.4      64.5       6.5      11.2 
         Employed...........................................    9,204     9,219     9,838    10,112       907       9.9 
             Employment-population ratio ...................     51.7      51.7      55.1      56.6       4.9       9.5 
         Unemployed.........................................    1,117     1,267     1,650     1,404       287      25.7 
             Looking for full-time work.....................      731       912     1,198     1,032       301      41.1 
             Looking for part-time work.....................      386       355       451       372       -14      -3.5 
             Unemployment rate..............................     10.8      12.1      14.4      12.2       1.4      12.7 
       Not in labor force...................................    7,490     7,342     6,357     6,348    -1,142     -15.2 
                                                                                                                        
                            White (2)                                                                                   
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................   28,008    28,029    28,051    28,066        58        .2 
       Civilian labor force.................................   17,504    17,797    19,503    19,749     2,245      12.8 
             Participation rate.............................     62.5      63.5      69.5      70.4       7.9      12.6 
         Employed...........................................   15,706    15,807    17,084    17,566     1,861      11.8 
             Employment-population ratio ...................     56.1      56.4      60.9      62.6       6.5      11.6 
         Unemployed.........................................    1,798     1,990     2,418     2,182       384      21.4 
             Looking for full-time work.....................    1,133     1,466     1,779     1,611       478      42.2 
             Looking for part-time work.....................      665       524       639       571       -94     -14.1 
             Unemployment rate..............................     10.3      11.2      12.4      11.1        .8       7.6 
       Not in labor force...................................   10,504    10,232     8,548     8,317    -2,187     -20.8 
                                                                                                                        
                  Black or African American (2)                                                                         
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................    5,137     5,145     5,152     5,159        22        .4 
       Civilian labor force.................................    2,612     2,679     2,921     2,930       318      12.2 
             Participation rate.............................     50.8      52.1      56.7      56.8       5.9      11.7 
         Employed...........................................    2,018     2,029     2,086     2,150       131       6.5 
             Employment-population ratio ...................     39.3      39.4      40.5      41.7       2.4       6.1 
         Unemployed.........................................      593       650       835       780       187      31.4 
             Looking for full-time work.....................      491       535       683       655       164      33.5 
             Looking for part-time work.....................      103       115       153       125        22      21.8 
             Unemployment rate..............................     22.7      24.3      28.6      26.6       3.9      17.2 
       Not in labor force...................................    2,525     2,466     2,231     2,229      -296     -11.7 
                                                                                                                        
                            Asian (2)                                                                                   
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................    1,441     1,456     1,460     1,464        23       1.6 
       Civilian labor force.................................      640       704       787       740        99      15.5 
             Participation rate.............................     44.4      48.3      53.9      50.5       6.1      13.7 
         Employed...........................................      580       620       648       642        61      10.6 
             Employment-population ratio ...................     40.3      42.6      44.4      43.8       3.5       8.8 
         Unemployed.........................................       60        84       139        98        38      63.6 
             Looking for full-time work.....................       39        52       104        63        24      61.1 
             Looking for part-time work.....................       20        32        35        34        14      68.5 
             Unemployment rate..............................      9.3      11.9      17.7      13.2       3.9      41.7 
       Not in labor force...................................      801       752       673       724       -76      -9.5 
                                                                                                                        
                Hispanic or Latino ethnicity                                                                       
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................    6,055     6,063     6,071     6,079        24        .4 
       Civilian labor force.................................    3,623     3,627     3,792     3,772       149       4.1 
             Participation rate.............................     59.8      59.8      62.5      62.0       2.2       3.7 
         Employed...........................................    3,197     3,168     3,203     3,244        47       1.5 
             Employment-population ratio ...................     52.8      52.2      52.8      53.4        .6       1.1 
         Unemployed.........................................      425       459       589       528       102      24.1 
             Looking for full-time work.....................      314       397       429       406        92      29.4 
             Looking for part-time work.....................      111        62       160       121        10       9.0 
             Unemployment rate..............................     11.7      12.7      15.5      14.0       2.2      19.2 
       Not in labor force...................................    2,432     2,436     2,279     2,307      -125      -5.2 

       1 Changes are calculated using unrounded data.
       2 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are
     not included.  Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they
     identified as the main race.
       NOTE:  Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals
     because data are not presented for all races.  In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or
     Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.  Data reflect Census
     2000-based population controls.  Data also reflect revised population controls introduced in January 2003.
      
 
 
 
 
     Table 2.  Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by sex, race, and
     Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, July 2000-03

     (Numbers in thousands.  Data are not seasonally adjusted.)
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                Employment status, sex, race, and                  2000           2001           2002           2003     
                  Hispanic or Latino ethnicity                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                        
                              TOTAL                                                                                     
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................      34,214         34,846         35,322         35,905   
       Civilian labor force.................................      24,514         24,627         24,536         24,150   
             Participation rate.............................        71.6           70.7           69.5           67.3   
         Employed...........................................      22,156         22,042         21,501         20,950   
             Employment-population ratio ...................        64.8           63.3           60.9           58.3   
         Unemployed.........................................       2,358          2,585          3,034          3,200   
             Looking for full-time work.....................       1,732          1,898          2,250          2,448   
             Looking for part-time work.....................         626            687            785            753   
             Unemployment rate..............................         9.6           10.5           12.4           13.3   
       Not in labor force...................................       9,700         10,219         10,786         11,755   
                                                                                                                        
                               Men                                                                                      
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................      17,175         17,468         17,758         18,042   
       Civilian labor force.................................      12,910         12,950         12,837         12,635   
             Participation rate.............................        75.2           74.1           72.3           70.0   
         Employed...........................................      11,657         11,576         11,231         10,838   
             Employment-population ratio ...................        67.9           66.3           63.2           60.1   
         Unemployed.........................................       1,253          1,374          1,606          1,796   
             Looking for full-time work.....................         986          1,051          1,172          1,416   
             Looking for part-time work.....................         267            322            434            381   
             Unemployment rate..............................         9.7           10.6           12.5           14.2   
       Not in labor force...................................       4,265          4,518          4,921          5,407   
                                                                                                                        
                              Women                                                                                     
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................      17,039         17,378         17,563         17,863   
       Civilian labor force.................................      11,604         11,677         11,699         11,516   
             Participation rate.............................        68.1           67.2           66.6           64.5   
         Employed...........................................      10,498         10,466         10,271         10,112   
             Employment-population ratio ...................        61.6           60.2           58.5           56.6   
         Unemployed.........................................       1,105          1,211          1,428          1,404   
             Looking for full-time work.....................         746            846          1,077          1,032   
             Looking for part-time work.....................         359            364            351            372   
             Unemployment rate..............................         9.5           10.4           12.2           12.2   
       Not in labor force...................................       5,436          5,701          5,865          6,348   
                                                                                                                        
                            White (1)                                                                                   
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................      27,146         27,570         27,959         28,066   
       Civilian labor force.................................      20,248         20,324         20,262         19,749   
             Participation rate.............................        74.6           73.7           72.5           70.4   
         Employed...........................................      18,648         18,508         18,092         17,566   
             Employment-population ratio ...................        68.7           67.1           64.7           62.6   
         Unemployed.........................................       1,600          1,816          2,169          2,182   
             Looking for full-time work.....................       1,145          1,323          1,566          1,611   
             Looking for part-time work.....................         455            494            604            571   
             Unemployment rate..............................         7.9            8.9           10.7           11.1   
       Not in labor force...................................       6,897          7,246          7,697          8,317   
                                                                                                                        
                  Black or African American (1)                                                                         
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................       4,960          5,078          5,199          5,159   
       Civilian labor force.................................       3,080          3,074          2,989          2,930   
             Participation rate.............................        62.1           60.5           57.5           56.8   
         Employed...........................................       2,462          2,464          2,319          2,150   
             Employment-population ratio ...................        49.6           48.5           44.6           41.7   
         Unemployed.........................................         618            610            670            780   
             Looking for full-time work.....................         494            460            549            655   
             Looking for part-time work.....................         123            150            121            125   
             Unemployment rate..............................        20.1           19.8           22.4           26.6   
       Not in labor force...................................       1,880          2,004          2,211          2,229   
                                                                                                                        
                            Asian (1)                                                                                   
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................       1,734          1,767          1,724          1,464   
       Civilian labor force.................................         938            949            966            740   
             Participation rate.............................        54.1           53.7           56.0           50.5   
         Employed...........................................         832            842            815            642   
             Employment-population ratio ...................        48.0           47.7           47.3           43.8   
         Unemployed.........................................         106            107            151             98   
             Looking for full-time work.....................          66             75             97             63   
             Looking for part-time work.....................          40             32             54             34   
             Unemployment rate..............................        11.3           11.2           15.6           13.2   
       Not in labor force...................................         795            818            758            724   
                                                                                                                        
                Hispanic or Latino ethnicity                                                                         
                                                                                                                        
     Civilian noninstitutional population...................       5,838          5,957          6,004          6,079   
       Civilian labor force.................................       3,839          3,908          3,900          3,772   
             Participation rate.............................        65.8           65.6           65.0           62.0   
         Employed...........................................       3,389          3,434          3,390          3,244   
             Employment-population ratio ...................        58.1           57.7           56.5           53.4   
         Unemployed.........................................         450            474            510            528   
             Looking for full-time work.....................         342            381            419            406   
             Looking for part-time work.....................         108             93             91            121   
             Unemployment rate..............................        11.7           12.1           13.1           14.0   
       Not in labor force...................................       1,999          2,049          2,104          2,307   

       1 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are
     not included.  Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they
     identified as the main race.
       NOTE:  Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals
     because data are not presented for all races.  In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic 
     or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.  Data for 2000-02
     have been revised to reflect Census 2000-based population controls.  Data for 2003 also reflect an additional
     upward adjustment to the population controls used in the household survey.






Table 3.  Employed persons 16 to 24 years of age by industry, class of worker, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, July 2002-03

(In thousands.  Data are not seasonally adjusted.)
                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                Black                                  Hispanic     
                                        Total             White (1)               or              Asian (1)               or        
                                                                               African                                  Latino      
    Industry and class of worker                                             American (1)                             ethnicity  
                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                    
                                    2002      2003      2002      2003      2002      2003      2002      2003      2002      2003  
                                                                                                                                    
      Total employed............   21,501    20,950    18,092    17,566     2,319     2,150       815       642     3,390     3,244 
                                                                                                                                    
Agriculture and related                                                                                                             
 industries.....................      387       352       356       341         4         4         4         1       133        87 
Nonagricultural industries......   21,115    20,599    17,736    17,225     2,315     2,146       811       640     3,257     3,157 
  Private wage and salary                                                                                                           
   workers......................   19,019    18,773    16,077    15,771     2,024     1,893       711       585     3,003     2,958 
    Mining......................       24        45        24        43      -         -         -         -         -            3 
    Construction................    1,322     1,442     1,217     1,343        85        55        11         8       317       370 
    Manufacturing...............    1,476     1,318     1,269     1,119       146       132        44        26       381       288 
      Durable goods.............      869       762       758       674        89        57        13        12       170       111 
      Nondurable goods..........      608       557       511       444        57        75        32        14       211       177 
    Wholesale trade.............      482       476       419       402        48        46        13        15       105        74 
    Retail trade................    4,220     3,944     3,561     3,210       441       448       173       171       561       494 
    Transportation and utilities      528       465       403       354        99       100        20         3        77        56 
    Information.................      491       438       405       352        51        51        27        15        61        63 
    Financial activities........    1,103     1,130       916       909       117       109        60        79       125       153 
    Professional and business                                                                                                       
     services...................    1,800     1,653     1,473     1,389       214       178        82        44       317       310 
    Education and health                                                                                                            
     services...................    1,928     2,127     1,545     1,722       282       268        91        67       246       275 
    Leisure and hospitality.....    4,662     4,727     3,998     4,053       462       418       153       132       669       745 
    Other services..............      983     1,009       848       874        79        89        36        26       144       128 
                                                                                                                                    
  Government....................    1,617     1,439     1,237     1,134       252       218        91        39       192       148 
    Federal.....................      219       159       146        93        59        53        10        10        32        16 
    State.......................      444       412       325       306        62        65        39        20        63        46 
    Local.......................      953       867       766       735       130        99        42         9        97        86 
                                                                                                                                    
  Self-employed and unpaid                                                                                                          
   family workers...............      479       386       422       321        40        35         9        16        63        51 

  1 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. 
Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as the main race.
  - Dash represents zero.
  NOTE:  Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races.  In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore,
are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.  Industries reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census industry classification system 
derived from the 2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey.  Data reflect Census 2000-
based population controls.  Data for 2003 also reflect an additional upward adjustment to the population controls used in the house-
hold survey.