TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-00-00125-CR

Apparajan Ganesan, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 390TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 0995324, HONORABLE JULIE H. KOCUREK, JUDGE PRESIDING

A jury convicted appellant Apparajan Ganesan on two counts of solicitation to

commit murder. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 15.03, 19.02 (West 1994). The jury found that

appellant solicited Reda Sue Prier to kill Sudha Vallabhaneni, appellant’s wife, and Amy Wright,

the lawyer representing Vallabhaneni in her divorce action. The jury assessed punishment for

each count at imprisonment for ten years, to be served concurrently. We will affirm the

conviction on one count, but reverse and render an acquittal on the other.

SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE

Proof of Solicitation

In his first issue, appellant contends the State did not prove that he engaged in

criminal solicitation as defined in the penal code and alleged in the indictment. The penal code

provides that a person commits an offense if, with intent that a capital or first degree felony be
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committed, he “requests, commands, or attempts to induce another to engage in specific conduct

that, under the circumstances surrounding his conduct as the actor believes them to be, would

constitute the felony or make the other a party to its commission.” Id. § 15.03(a). The two

counts of the indictment alleged that appellant, with the requisite intent, requested Prier “to

engage in specific conduct, to wit: to kill [the complainant]” under circumstances that “would

have made Reda Sue Prier a party to the commission of murder.” It is undisputed that appellant

did not ask Prier to kill either Vallabhaneni or Wright. Instead, Prier testified that appellant

repeatedly asked her to find someone to kill them. Appellant contends that Prier’s testimony does

not reflect a criminal solicitation, but merely a noncriminal “solicitation of solicitation.”

In Johnson v. State, 650 S.W.2d 784, 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983), the indictment

alleged that the defendant “attempted to induce Roger Bryant to employ another” to commit a

murder. The defendant argued that asking Bryant to employ another to commit murder was a

solicitation of a solicitation, and therefore not an offense under the terms of penal code section

15.05. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 15.05 (West 1994) (solicitation of a chapter 15 preparatory

offense is not an offense). The court rejected this argument. Citing the last phrase in section

15.03(a), the court noted that the act solicited must either constitute the intended felony or make

the person solicited a party to its commission. Johnson, 650 S.W.2d at 787. The act solicited

by the defendant, Bryant’s employment of another to commit murder, would make Bryant a party

to the murder. Thus, the defendant’s solicitation of Bryant constituted an offense under section

15.03. Id. 
 

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 Although appellant does not brief this issue, we also conclude that there is no fatal variance

between the indictment and the evidence. The indictment alleged that appellant asked Prier “to

engage in specific conduct, to wit: to kill” Vallabhaneni and Wright, under circumstances that

“would have made Reda Sue Prier a party to the commission of murder. ” Appellant did not object

to the form or substance of the indictment. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.14(b) (West

Supp. 2001). An indictment need not allege the facts which make a party criminally responsible

for the conduct of another. Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978).

Although there is no evidence that appellant solicited Prier to kill Vallabhaneni and Wright, there

is evidence that he solicited Prier to arrange for the murders, which would have made Prier a party

as alleged.

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If, in the cause before us, Prier had arranged for someone else to kill appellant’s

wife and her attorney as she testified that appellant requested and attempted to induce her to do,

Prier would have been a party to the murders. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2) (West

1994). Appellant’s contention that Prier’s testimony does not show that he committed a criminal

solicitation under section 15.03 is without merit. Issue one is overruled. 1

Corroboration of Solicitee

Appellant further contends that Prier’s testimony was not adequately corroborated.

A person may not be convicted of criminal solicitation on the uncorroborated testimony of the

person allegedly solicited and “unless the solicitation is made under circumstances strongly

corroborative of both the solicitation itself and the actor’s intent that the other person act on the

solicitation.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 15.03(b) (West 1994). Section 15.03(b) is analogous to

the accomplice witness statute, and the same test for evaluating the sufficiency of the corroboration

is used. Richardson v. State, 700 S.W.2d 591, 594 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); see also Tex. Code

Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.14 (West 1979). Therefore, we must eliminate Prier’s testimony from

consideration and determine whether there is other evidence tending to connect appellant to the
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crime. Richardson, 700 S.W.2d at 594. The corroboration must go to both the solicitation and

the alleged intent, but need not be sufficient in itself to establish guilt. Id. We view the

corroborating evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Gill v. State, 873 S.W.2d 45,

48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Utsey v. State, 921 S.W.2d 451, 453 (Tex. App.STexarkana 1996,

pet. ref’d). 

Appellant is an engineer who had designed a computer chip that he hoped to market

in partnership with a Swiss corporation. In November 1996, one month after Vallabhaneni filed

for divorce, appellant liquidated his brokerage account and ordered that the proceeds, over one

million dollars, be wired to a Swiss bank account. Before the money could be moved, however,

his wife obtained a restraining order and the money was deposited in the registry of the court. In

late 1997 or early 1998, appellant filed for bankruptcy. Vallabhaneni, as a claimant to the funds,

was scheduled to be deposed in the bankruptcy proceeding in November 1998. The alleged

solicitations for the murders of Vallabhaneni and Wright took place in September and October

1998.

 The record reflects that appellant believed that his wife’s actions were damaging his

ability to market the computer chip. During a telephone conversation with Vallabhaneni in January

1997, which she tape recorded on Wright’s advice, appellant said that her divorce action was

“making sure that this product will die. ” Appellant went on, “Let me tell you this. I don’t care

what you do. If this product dies, one of us will be dead, yeah, I promise you that.” Vallabhaneni

replied, “What do you mean, you’ll kill me?” Appellant answered, “I will kill myself or I’ll kill

you or I’ll kill both of us or you will kill yourself. That much I can tell you. If . . .
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this product dies, one of us will die. I know that. Because I won’t be able to live with the shame.

Maybe you will be able to live with it.”

In Richardson, the defendant was convicted of soliciting the murder of a man who

was scheduled to testify against him in a prosecution for theft. The court of criminal appeals

stated that the “theft charge and [the victim’s] actions with respect to it suggest[] the existence of

an agreement [between the defendant and the alleged solicitee].” Id. at 595. Applying the

reasoning of Richardson, appellant’s belief that his wife’s litigation threatened to derail a

potentially lucrative business opportunity was evidence of motive that tends to support Prier’s

testimony that appellant solicited the murders of his wife and her attorney. While evidence of

motive is insufficient in itself to corroborate an accomplice, it may be considered with other

evidence to connect the accused with the crime. Reed v. State, 744 S.W.2d 112, 127 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1988).

Appellant’s statement that “one of us will be dead” if the chip design did not succeed

adds some additional support to the existence of the solicitation of Vallabhaneni’s murder. In his

brief, appellant dismisses his remarks during the telephone conversation as nothing more than

hyperbole, and notes that the conversation took place twenty months before the alleged

solicitation. But viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, as we must,

we cannot disregard the threat implicit in appellant’s statement.

Appellant was arrested in May 1997 for violating a protective order obtained by

Vallabhaneni. While in the Travis County Jail, he met James Hammonds, who was awaiting his

release on bail following an arrest for theft. Hammonds testified that appellant told him “about
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how his wife and the system and the judge had destroyed his life and his business and how he was

losing everything. ” According to Hammonds, appellant asked, “Do you know of anyone, or can

you take care of my wife for me?” When Hammonds replied, “Excuse me?” appellant said, “You

know what I mean.” Hammonds said that this “really scared me” and that he thought he was

“being set up by the cops.” Hammonds refused to give appellant his address but gave appellant

a telephone number where he could be reached, not expecting appellant to call. 

A few weeks later, however, appellant called Hammonds and asked if he

“remember[ed] the conversation in the cell that we had.” Appellant added, “I need to talk to you

about this again. We need to talk about this.” Still fearing that he was being tricked, Hammonds

told appellant his upcoming trial date and suggested that they meet at the courthouse. After giving

the matter further consideration, Hammonds contacted the police and reported what appellant had

said. Subsequently, under the supervision of a Texas Ranger, Hammonds (who had obtained

appellant’s telephone number by means of caller ID) called appellant while being recorded. When

Hammonds attempted to talk about their previous conversations, appellant “started back-peddling.

He started trying to get out of the conversation. He didn’t want to talk about that.” The call ended

and the police did not pursue the matter to Hammonds’s knowledge.

That appellant solicited Hammonds to kill his wife, albeit sixteen months before the

alleged solicitation of Prier, tends to corroborate Prier’s testimony both as to the solicitation itself

and appellant’s intent that Prier act on the solicitation. See Varvaro v. State, 772 S.W.2d 140,

143-44 (Tex. App.STyler 1988, pet. ref’d). But Hammonds’s testimony corroborates Prier only
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with respect to the solicitation of Vallabhaneni’s murder. It does not tend to connect appellant to

the alleged solicitation of Wright’s murder.

Prier testified that during the months appellant was asking her to arrange the

murders, he instructed her to go to a post office near the Arboretum shopping center and watch

who came and went. She also testified that appellant told her to watch an office on Lake Austin

Boulevard, which he identified as Wright’s husband’s law office. The State contends this

testimony was corroborated by Vallabhaneni’s testimony that she received her mail at the

Arboretum post office and by Wright’s testimony that her husband’s law office was in a building

on Lake Austin Boulevard. Standing alone, however, this alleged corroborative evidence does

not connect appellant to the criminal solicitations. Vallabhaneni’s and Wright’s testimony is

meaningless except by reference to Prier’s testimony. Such “bootstrapping” cannot be used to

corroborate an accomplice, and by extension cannot be used to corroborate a solicitee. See

Sonenschein v. State, 722 S.W.2d 450, 452 (Tex. App.—Austin 1987, pet. ref’d).

The State also contends that Prier’s testimony was corroborated by appellant’s

bankruptcy attorney. This witness testified that in November 1998, following appellant’s arrest

for the instant offense and at appellant’s direction, he retrieved over $100,000 in cash from

appellant’s house. The State argues that this shows appellant had the financial means to pay for

the solicited murders and to flee if necessary. But once again, this evidence has little significance

standing alone. Appellant’s possession of a large sum of cash is inculpatory, if at all, only when

it is considered in light of Prier’s testimony regarding the alleged solicitations. We must disregard
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Prier’s testimony in our search for corroborating evidence. Richardson, 700 S.W.2d at 594;

Sonenschein, 722 S.W.2d at 452.

Finally, the State asks this Court to consider evidence tendered by the State but

excluded by the district court. The State cites no pertinent authority that would permit this Court

to consider excluded testimony in determining the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a criminal

conviction, and we decline to do so. The State did not file a cross-appeal and the propriety of the

district court’s ruling is not before us. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.01(c) (West

Supp. 2001).

We conclude that the evidence of motive, the veiled threat during the telephone

conversation, and the earlier solicitation of Hammonds adequately corroborates Prier’s testimony

both as to appellant’s solicitation of Vallabhaneni’s murder and appellant’s intent that Prier act on

the solicitation. We find, however, insufficient corroboration for Prier’s testimony regarding

appellant’s solicitation of Wright’s murder. Therefore, we will overrule issue two in part and

sustain it in part, reverse appellant’s conviction on count one of the indictment, and render a

judgment of acquittal on that count.

OTHER ISSUES

Extraneous Offense

Appellant contends Hammonds’s testimony was erroneously admitted over his rule

403 objection because the court failed to perform the necessary balancing test to determine

whether the probative value of the testimony was outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,

confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative
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evidence. See Tex. R. Evid. 403. Appellant does not argue that the court reached the wrong

conclusion after applying the test. Instead, appellant argues that the court failed to apply the

proper balancing test at all.

The State first tendered Hammonds’s testimony outside the jury’s presence. As part

of its presentation, the State submitted a memorandum, in the record as court’s exhibit one,

summarizing the holdings of several opinions, including the leading case on the subject of

extraneous misconduct evidence, Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 386 (Tex. Crim. App.

1991) (op. on reh’g). In its discussion of Montgomery, this memorandum set out the factors the

trial court is to consider when balancing probative value against the danger of unfair prejudice

pursuant to rule 403: (1) the probative value of the extraneous misconduct evidence with regard

to a fact of consequence in the case; (2) the potential for the challenged evidence to impress the

jury in some irrational but indelible way; (3) the time needed to develop the extraneous

misconduct evidence; and (4) the proponent’s need for the evidence. See id. at 389-90. The

prosecutor discussed each of these factors with the court and counsel for appellant responded. The

court then heard Hammonds’s testimony without the jury. Then, after further argument by the

parties, the court overruled appellant’s rule 404(b) and 403 objections. See Tex. R. Evid. 404(b).

At this point, defense counsel asked the court to “perform a [rule 403] balancing

test.” The court replied, “I did, but I’ll go ahead and do it again for you. The Court does find

that the probative value outweighs the prejudicial effect in view of all the factors that are — have

been presented in this case.” Counsel pursued the matter, asking the court to expressly address
 

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 It appears that appellant’s request for an express finding was misunderstood by the court to

be a request for the court to determine the probative value of the proffered evidence.

 

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 Were the issue raised, we would rule that the district court did not abuse its discretion by

overruling appellant’s objection to Hammonds’s testimony. Prier’s credibility was the principal

issue at trial, both factually and legally. Hammonds’s testimony was crucial to the State; without

it, it is unlikely that Prier’s testimony regarding the solicitation of Vallabhaneni’s murder would

have been adequately corroborated. Hammonds’s testimony did not have the potential for

influencing the jury in some irrational way, since it was directly related to the statutory

corroboration issue.

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the four factors discussed in Montgomery. When asked by counsel to make a finding “with regard

to impressing the jury in a potentially irrational manner,” the court responded, “Okay. As far as

the potential of this evidence to impress the jury in an irrational manner, the Court is not going

to make a finding in that regard because I think it’s presumptuous to assess — my job is not to be

the fact finder in this case. That’s the jury’s job. So I’ll not make that finding.”

Appellant’s contention is that the court failed to consider the potential for

Hammonds’s testimony to impress the jury in some irrational but indelible way. The record is

to the contrary. This issue was expressly addressed in the State’s trial memorandum and discussed

by the prosecutor during his argument in favor of admission. The court expressly stated that it

had performed the rule 403 balancing test and found that “the probative value outweighs the

prejudicial effect in view of all the factors that . . . have been presented.” Although the court

refused to make an express finding on the issue, Montgomery does not require a trial court to

conduct the rule 403 balancing test on the record or to expressly articulate the reasons for its

ruling. 2 Caballero v. State, 919 S.W.2d 919, 922 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, pet.

ref’d); Houston v. State, 832 S.W.2d 180, 184 (Tex. App.—Waco 1992), pet. dism’d,

improvidently granted, 846 S.W.2d 848 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Issue three is overruled. 3
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Jury Instruction

Appellant contends the court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on the

renunciation defense. It is an affirmative defense to prosecution for criminal solicitation that the

defendant countermanded his solicitation under circumstances manifesting a voluntary and

complete renunciation of his criminal objective. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 15.04(b) (West 1994).

Appellant urges that Hammonds’s testimony that appellant “started back-peddling” during their

last telephone conversation raised the renunciation defense.

Appellant’s trial request was that the court give the renunciation instruction “with

regard to the extraneous offense,” that is, with regard to the solicitation of Hammonds. But

appellant was on trial for soliciting Prier. Hammonds’s testimony did not raise an issue as to

whether appellant countermanded his solicitation of Prier. Issue five is overruled.

Jury Argument

Prosecutor Amy Casner concluded her opening argument at the guilt stage by

saying that the police and prosecutors had done all they could, that the jury was the “last link in

the chain,” and that “the evidence tells you he’s guilty.” She then added, “And if you acquit that

man, you are signing those two women’s death warrants.” Appellant objected that this was an

“improper and inflammatory argument that has nothing to do with the rendition of the evidence.”

The objection was overruled and the prosecutor repeated, “Ladies and gentlemen, you will be

signing the death warrants of those two young women if you acquit this man because the evidence
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tells you he’s guilty.” Appellant requested a “running objection, ” which was granted, and

Casner’s argument ended.

Prosecutor Bill Mange returned to this theme is his closing argument at the guilt

stage: “Well, in this case they have tried to put Amy Wright on trial. They have tried to put Reda

Sue Prier on trial. . . . This trial is about . . . Apparajan Ganesan, who is trying to kill these two

women, and if he walks away with a not guilty, they are dead. Count on it.” Appellant objected

that this was an “inflammatory statement . . . that’s meant entirely to inflame the jury . . . .” The

court did not rule on the objection, but admonished the prosecutor to “refrain from — you’ve

already have that said once — from the inflammatory statements.” After further argument,

however, Mange concluded by saying, “I have said all I have to say. Lives are depending on you.

All I ask is that you look at the evidence and do the right thing. The evidence is all there is.”

Appellant objected, “That is totally improper argument. Lives are depending on this, there’s no

evidence that that’s the truth.” This objection was sustained and the jury was instructed to

disregard. Appellant’s motion for mistrial was overruled.

In order to preserve error regarding the State’s jury argument, a defendant must

object to the argument and pursue the objection to an adverse ruling. Cockrell v. State, 933

S.W.2d 73, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Under Cockrell, appellant failed to preserve any error

with regard to Mange’s “they are dead” argument.

As has often been said, proper jury argument is limited to: (1) summation of the

evidence; (2) reasonable deductions from the evidence; (3) an answer to the argument of opposing

counsel; and (4) a plea for law enforcement. Wilson v. State, 938 S.W.2d 57, 59 (Tex. Crim.
13

App. 1996); Alejandro v. State, 493 S.W.2d 230, 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973). Appellant argues

that the complained-of arguments “invited the jury to speculate on matters outside the record” and

were “calculated to have a prejudicial effect” on him. The State responds that the challenged

arguments were reasonable deductions from the evidence and legitimate pleas for law

enforcement. The State reminds us that “a prosecutor may strike hard blows but not foul ones. ”

Harris v. State, 996 S.W.2d 232, 237 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

Evidence that appellant had twice solicited his wife’s murder, and had on the

second occasion also solicited the murder of her attorney, reasonably supports an argument that

appellant would again solicit the murders if given the chance. The prosecutors could legitimately

urge the jury to convict appellant both to punish his past criminal conduct and to prevent such

misconduct in the future. The prosecutors exceeded the scope of proper jury argument, however,

by telling the jurors that they would be condemning two women to death if they were to find

appellant not guilty. Such an inflammatory assertion cannot be characterized as a mere deduction

from the evidence or plea for law enforcement.

The court sustained appellant’s objection to Mange’s statement that lives depended

on the jury returning a guilty verdict and instructed the jury to disregard it. In most cases, such

an instruction will cure jury argument error. Shannon v. State, 942 S.W.2d 591, 597 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1996). While the efficacy of the court’s instruction may have been reduced by the court

having permitted Casner’s earlier, more inflammatory remarks to go uncorrected, we conclude

that the court’s instruction was sufficient to cure the error in Mange’s argument.
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Casner’s argument presents a more difficult question. Not only was her “death

warrant” remark more extreme than Mange’s, the court erroneously overruled appellant’s

objection and permitted the remark to be repeated. Not every improper jury argument requires

reversal, however. McKay v. State, 707 S.W.2d 23, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). Reversible

error is presented when jury argument: (1) violates a mandatory statute; (2) injects new and

harmful facts into the case; or (3) is manifestly improper, harmful, and prejudicial to the rights

of the accused. Wilson, 938 S.W.2d at 59; McKay, 707 S.W.2d at 38. Casner’s remark did not

violate a mandatory statute or inject new facts into the case. While the question is a close one,

we conclude that Casner’s argument was not so manifestly improper or prejudicial under the

circumstances as to warrant reversal. Issue four is overruled.

The district court prepared separate judgments on each count of the indictment.

We reverse the judgment of conviction on count one and render a judgment of acquittal. The

judgment of conviction on count two is affirmed.

 

Mack Kidd, Justice

Before Justices Kidd, Yeakel and Powers*

Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Rendered in Part

Filed: February 28, 2001

Publish
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* Before John E. Powers, Senior Justice (retired), Third Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.

See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1998).