IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 15-1637

Filed January 13, 2016

IN THE INTEREST OF L.C., 

Minor Child,

K.W., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Deborah Farmer 

Minot, District Associate Judge. 

A mother appeals from a juvenile court’s permanency review order and 

denial of her motion to modify the dispositional order in a child-in-need-ofassistance proceeding. AFFIRMED. 

Rachel C.B. Antonuccio of Public Defender’s Office, Iowa City, for 

appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Bruce Kempkes, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee.

Anthony A. Haughton of Linn County Advocate, Cedar Rapids, attorney 

and guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
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MULLINS, Judge.

A mother appeals from a juvenile court’s permanency review order and 

denial of her motion to modify the dispositional order in a child-in-need-ofassistance (CINA) proceeding. She contends the father’s communications with 

his adolescent step-daughter constitute a material and substantial change in 

circumstances and that leaving the father’s younger child in his care and custody 

is not in the child’s best interests. We affirm. 

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

L.C., born in April 2012, is the second child born to the mother and the 

only child of the father, N.W. The mother and father were married in May 2009 

and separated in June 2011. The father did not learn of the mother’s pregnancy 

or L.C.’s birth until late 2012 when the State filed the CINA petition. In January 

2013, paternity testing confirmed N.W. is L.C.’s biological father. 

The mother has a history of substance abuse, mental health issues, and 

domestic violence. In January 2013, the Iowa Department of Human Services 

(DHS) removed L.C. from the mother’s care and custody due to the mother’s 

being in jail for violating a no-contact order and L.C.’s maternal grandmother’s 

report that the mother was giving Tylenol to L.C. “to make her sleep.” At the 

time, the mother and L.C. had been living with the maternal grandmother, with 

whom the child was placed after the removal. That same month, the mother 

stipulated to L.C. being adjudicated CINA.1 In February 2013, the juvenile court 

 

1 The mother stipulated to L.C.’s adjudication but disagreed with the allegation that she 

gave L.C. medicine to get her to fall asleep. 
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held a dispositional hearing placing L.C. in DHS’s care and custody for continued 

relative placement with L.C.’s maternal grandmother. 

In August 2013, based on stipulation of the parties, the juvenile court 

changed the permanency goal for L.C. to unification with her father, who had 

made substantial progress in the case and was receiving unsupervised visits with 

L.C. In January 2014, L.C. was placed in her father’s care for a trial home 

placement. In March 2014, the court returned L.C. to her father’s care and 

custody.2 While placed in her father’s care, L.C. has continued to see both of her 

paternal grandparents and her maternal grandmother on a regular basis. 

In April 2015, the mother reported to the State, DHS, and the guardian ad 

litem (GAL) lengthy, ongoing electronic conversations between the father and the 

mother’s adolescent daughter, C.S.3 The mother claimed the conversations were 

of a sexual nature, that the father was attempting to lull C.S. into a sense of 

safety and indebtedness, and that he encouraged C.S. to use illegal drugs and 

alcohol. The father agreed that some of his messages to C.S. were “not 

appropriate.” He claimed that he was trying to be a friend to her and talk to her 

like an adult. The mother filed a motion to modify prior dispositional orders and 

have L.C. removed from the father’s care and custody. The mother 

acknowledged that she was not an option for placement for L.C. due to her 

 

2 At the time of the removal, the parties were married but not living together, and there 

was no pre-existing custody order. 

3 C.S. was born in November 2000. C.S. lived with N.W., her step-father, during the 

mother’s marriage to N.W., but has not lived with him at any time during the pendency of 

this case. C.S. is not a subject of these CINA proceedings. 
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substance abuse and mental health issues but requested L.C. be placed with 

L.C.’s maternal grandmother. 

In August 2015, the juvenile court held a hearing for permanency review 

and the mother’s motion to modify prior dispositional orders. In its report to the 

court, the GAL stated, “[t]here is universal agreement that many of these text 

messages [between the father and C.S.] are clearly inappropriate generally and 

inappropriate specifically due to [their respective] ages.” However, the GAL also 

acknowledged that L.C. “continues to do well in her father’s care and there have 

been no health or safety concerns surrounding her placement.” The State, DHS, 

and the GAL all recommended L.C. remain in her father’s care and custody. 

DHS also recommended the father participate in counseling to address parenting 

skills and boundary issues, which the father agreed to and subsequently 

scheduled an appointment for counseling. Prior to the hearing, L.C.’s maternal 

grandmother told DHS that although “she thought the texts were highly 

inappropriate[,] . . . she has seen no signs that lead her to be concerned with 

[L.C.]’s well-being.” The maternal grandmother also stated she would serve as a 

placement for L.C. if the court determined that placement of L.C. with her father 

was no longer appropriate. The mother failed to appear for the hearing. 

In September 2015, the juvenile court denied the mother’s motion for 

modification.4 In regards to the messages between the father and C.S., the 

juvenile court thoroughly addressed the seriousness of the communications the 

 

4 The juvenile court also amended a previous order granting concurrent jurisdiction to 

provide that the Circuit Court for the State of Illinois, where the father had lived with L.C. 

for over one year, would have jurisdiction for dissolution and custody orders. 
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father had had with C.S. and determined the communications were a “material 

change” but that “the evidence fail[ed] to establish any direct or indirect harm to 

[L.C.].” It found, “[b]y all reports, [the father] has been an exemplary parent to 

[L.C.] in every way,” and “[t]o [his] credit, he has admitted his behavior, taken 

responsibility, and demonstrated his willingness and ability to seek out 

counseling services to address this issue.” The court found the father’s behavior 

did not create an unacceptable level of risk to L.C., though there was “certainly 

potential for direct or indirect risk in the future.” Ultimately, the court found it was 

not in L.C.’s best interests to remove her from her father’s custody. The court 

ordered a higher level of supervision of the child’s placement with her father, the 

CINA case remain open for at least one additional year, and the father to 

participate in counseling and education regarding appropriate interactions and 

boundaries with adolescent girls. The mother appeals. 

II. Standard of Review

We review CINA proceedings de novo. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 

(Iowa 2014). “In reviewing the proceedings, we are not bound by the juvenile 

court’s fact findings; however, we do give them weight.” Id. “Our primary 

concern is the children’s best interests.” Id. CINA determinations must be based 

on clear and convincing evidence. Iowa Code § 232.96(2). Evidence is clear 

and convincing when there is no serious or substantial doubt as to the 

correctness of the conclusions of law drawn from the evidence. In re D.W., 791 

N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010). 
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III. Analysis

The juvenile court may modify a dispositional order upon good cause if the 

court finds any of the following circumstances exist:

(a) The purposes of the order have been accomplished and the 

child is no longer in need of supervision, care, or treatment. 

(b) The purposes of the order cannot reasonably be accomplished. 

(c) The efforts made to effect the purposes of the order have been 

unsuccessful and other options to effect the purposes of the order 

are not available. 

(d) The purposes of the order have been sufficiently accomplished 

and the continuation of supervision, care, or treatment is unjustified 

or unwarranted.

Iowa Code § 232.103(4) (2011). If the court finds there is good cause, the court 

must take a second step in the analysis before it may transfer custody. 

A transfer of custody shall not be ordered unless the court finds there is 

clear and convincing evidence, “(1) the child cannot be protected from physical 

abuse without transfer of custody; or (2) the child cannot be protected from some 

harm which would justify the adjudication of the child as a child in need of 

assistance and an adequate placement is available.” Iowa Code 

§ 232.102(5)(a). Further, the court “must make a determination that continuation 

of the child in the child’s home would be contrary to the welfare of the child, and 

identify the reasonable efforts that have been made.” Iowa Code 

§ 232.102(5)(b). Finally, in order to modify custody or placement, there must 

also be a material and substantial change of circumstances. In re R.F., 471 

N.W.2d 821, 824 (Iowa 1991). 

The mother argues the father’s communications with her older daughter, 

C.S., constitute a material and substantial change in circumstances such that 
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L.C. should be removed from the father’s care and custody and placed with 

L.C.’s maternal grandmother. 

We agree with the juvenile court that the father’s communications with 

C.S. are very disturbing. However, we also recognize, as the juvenile court did, 

that the record before us does not reveal any actual evidence of sexual abuse

committed by the father against either C.S. or L.C. See In re D.D., 653 N.W.2d 

359, 362 (Iowa 2002) (adjudicating a younger brother CINA after the father 

committed a specific instance of physical sexual contact against an older sister 

and her friend); see In re E.B.L., 501 N.W.2d 547, 548 (Iowa 1993) (adjudicating 

all siblings CINA after the father allegedly sexually abused the oldest daughter); 

see In re A.B., 492 N.W.2d 446, 447 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992) (ordering that a CINA 

petition be filed for all children after reported allegations of sexual and physical 

abuse of one child). In this case, there has been no direct threat or allegation of 

harm to L.C. None of L.C.’s caregivers or caseworkers reported any concerns 

that would indicate abuse or neglect by the father. And the State, DHS, and 

L.C.’s GAL all recommended L.C. remain in her father’s care and custody. For 

these reasons, we agree with the juvenile court that it is not in L.C.’s best 

interests to remove her from her father’s care and custody at this time. 

Therefore, upon our de novo review, we affirm the juvenile court’s 

permanency review order and denial of the mother’s motion for modification of 

prior dispositional orders. 

AFFIRMED.