For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, August 18, 2020 USDL-20-1587 

Technical information: cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG YOUTH – SUMMER 2020

From April to July 2020, the number of employed youth 16 to 24 years old increased by 4.4 million to 

17.5 million, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. In July 2020, 46.7 percent of young 

people were employed, down from 56.2 percent in July 2019. (The month of July typically is the 

summertime peak in youth employment.) The unemployment rate for youth was 18.5 percent in July 

2020, down from 26.9 percent in April but still about twice as high as a year earlier. (Because this 

analysis focuses on the seasonal changes in youth employment and unemployment that occur each 

spring and summer, the data are not seasonally adjusted.) 

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on the Labor Market

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it have had a dramatic effect on the labor 

market in recent months. Employment fell and unemployment rose sharply in March and April. Despite 

3 months of improvements in the labor market, the share of the population age 16 and over employed in 

July was much lower than in February. The jobless rate and the number of unemployed people were 

considerably higher in July than in February. The changes have been widespread across all demographic 

groups, including youth. April represented the peak unemployment rate and the lowest employment 

recorded during the pandemic, both overall and among youth. Employment declines were particularly 

steep in leisure and hospitality, a sector that traditionally employs a large share of youth. 

The annual summer employment and unemployment among youth news release compares labor market 

estimates from April, when many young people are enrolled in school, to July, when typically more are 

working or seeking employment. For 2020, the comparison of April to July youth labor market data 

reflects the seasonal trend of increased youth labor force participation over the period, the employment 

losses this past spring due to the coronavirus pandemic and efforts to contain it, and the employment 

gains from the partial resumption of economic activity through July. 

More information on labor market developments and the impact of the pandemic on labor force 

estimates in recent months is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-july2020.htm . 
-2-

Labor Force 

The youth labor force—16- to 24-year-olds working or actively looking for work—grows sharply 

between April and July each year. During these months, large numbers of high school and college 

students typically search for or take summer jobs, and many graduates enter the labor market to look for 

or begin permanent employment. This summer, the youth labor force grew by 3.6 million, or 19.8 

percent, to a total of 21.5 million in July. The youth labor force, however, was 1.8 million less than in 

July 2019, reflecting the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. (See tables 1 and 2.) 

The labor force participation rate for all youth was 57.3 percent in July 2020, a decrease of 4.5 

percentage points from a year earlier. (The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the civilian 

noninstitutional population that is employed or unemployed. To be classified as unemployed, a person 

must either be looking and available for work or on temporary layoff.) This year, the July labor force 

participation rate for people age 16 to 24 was the lowest rate for July in the history of the series, which 

goes back to 1948. 

The July 2020 labor force participation rate for 16- to 24-year-old men, at 58.4 percent, was down 4.8 

percentage points over the year. Over the same period the rate for young women declined by 4.2 

percentage points to 56.2 percent. Continuing a long-standing pattern, Whites had the highest youth 

labor force participation rate in July 2020, at 59.4 percent. The rate for Blacks was 52.5 percent, for 

Asians 42.9 percent, and for Hispanics 54.4 percent. Over the year, the labor force participation rate fell 

for all race and ethnicity groups. 

Employment

In July 2020, there were 17.5 million employed 16- to 24-year-olds. Between April and July, the number 

of employed youth rose by 4.4 million, or 33.5 percent. This was the largest April to July employment 

change among youth in the history of the series, which goes back to 1948. The change, however, 

reflected both the seasonal pattern of youth finding employment at the conclusion of the school year and 

the continued resumption of economic activity in July following the deep coronavirus pandemic-related 

contraction in employment in April. Despite the April to July increase in the number of employed youth, 

there were fewer youth employed in July than in February 2020, before the pandemic crisis unfolded in 

many parts of the United States. The employment-population ratio for youth—the proportion of the 16- 

to 24-year-old civilian noninstitutional population with a job—was 46.7 percent in July 2020, a decrease 

of 9.5 percentage points from the prior year. (See tables 1 and 2.) 

Employment-population ratios in July 2020 were lower than they were a year earlier for young men 

(47.7 percent), women (45.8 percent), Whites (49.5 percent), Blacks (39.2 percent), Asians (32.0 

percent), and Hispanics (42.6 percent). For these groups, the employment-population ratios were 

between 8.7 and 10.6 percentage points lower than in July 2019. 

In July 2020, the largest percentage of employed youth worked in the leisure and hospitality industry (24 

percent), which includes food services. The leisure and hospitality industry was particularly affected by 

coronavirus pandemic-related job losses. Youth employment in this industry was down by 1.1 million, 

or 21 percent, compared to July 2019. An additional 20 percent of employed youth worked in the retail 

trade industry, and 11 percent worked in educational and health services. (See table 3.)
-3-

Unemployment

Typically, the number of unemployed young people increases between April and July, as people who 

were not in the labor force while attending school begin seeking employment. However, this year 

unemployment increased sharply in April because of the coronavirus pandemic. The number of 

unemployed youth rose from 1.7 million in February to 4.9 million in May, and declined to 4.0 million 

in July. In July 2020, there were 1.9 million more unemployed 16- to 24-year-olds than in July 2019. 

About two-thirds of the unemployed youth in July 2020 were looking for full-time work, a similar 

percentage to a year earlier. (See tables 1 and 2.) 

The youth unemployment rate spiked to 26.9 percent in April 2020 and declined to 18.5 percent in July. 

This rate is still about twice as high as in July 2019 and is the highest July rate since 2010. The July 

2020 unemployment rates for young men (18.4 percent), women (18.6 percent), Whites (16.7 percent), 

Blacks (25.4 percent), Asians (25.4 percent), and Hispanics (21.7 percent) were all substantially higher 

than in the prior summer. 
Technical Note

The estimates in this release were obtained from the 

Current Population Survey (CPS), a national sample survey 

of about 60,000 eligible households conducted monthly for 

the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census 

Bureau. The data in this release relate to the employment 

status of youth (16- to 24-year-olds) during the months of 

April-July. This period was selected as being the most 

representative time frame in which to measure the full 

summertime transition from school to work. July is the peak 

summer month of youth employment.

Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised 

population controls used in the CPS. Additional information 

about population controls is available on the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both 

sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than 

the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the 

sample estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The component of this difference that occurs 

because samples differ by chance is known as sampling 

error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of 

confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by 

no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population 

value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to 

obtain information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct 

information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of the data.

More information on the reliability of data from the 

CPS and estimating standard errors is available online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Definitions

The principal definitions used in this release are 

described briefly below.

Employed. Employed persons are all those who, during 

the survey reference week (which is generally the week 

including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all 

as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business, 

profession, or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or 

more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. 

Persons who were temporarily absent from their jobs 

because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or 

another reason also are counted as employed.

Unemployed. The unemployed are those who had no 

employment during the reference week, were available for 

work at that time, and had made specific efforts to find 

employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with 

the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled 

to a job from which they had been laid off need not have 

been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. 

Looking for full-time work refers to 35 hours or more per 

week; part-time work refers to fewer than 35 hours per 

week.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons 

classified as employed or unemployed.

Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the 

number of unemployed persons as a percent of the civilian 

labor force.

Labor force participation rate. The labor force 

participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the 

population.

Employment-population ratio. The employmentpopulation ratio is the employed as a percent of the 

population.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all 

persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are 

neither employed nor unemployed.

Industry and class of worker. This information applies 

to the job held during the reference week. Persons with two 

or more jobs are classified in the job at which they worked 

the greatest number of hours. Beginning with data for 2020, 

persons are classified using the 2017 Census industry 

classification system. The class-of-worker breakdown 

assigns workers to the following categories: Private and

government wage and salary workers, unincorporated selfemployed workers, and unpaid family workers.

Wage and salary workers. Included in this group are 

persons who receive wages, salary, commissions, tips, or 

pay in kind from a private employer or from a government 

entity.

Self-employed workers. Included in this group are those 

who work for profit or fees in their own unincorporated 

business, profession, trade, or farm. Only unincorporated 

self-employed are included in the self-employed category. 

Self-employed persons whose businesses are incorporated 

are included with private wage and salary workers.

Unpaid family workers. Included in this group are 

persons working without pay for 15 hours a week or more on 

a farm or in a business operated by a family member in their 

household.
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, April-July 2020

[Numbers in thousands. Data are not seasonally adjusted.]

Employment status, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity April May June July

April-July changes

Number Percent

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 37,497 37,488 37,479 37,472 -25 -0.1

Civilian labor force.................................................. 17,929 19,222 21,069 21,479 3,550 19.8

Participation rate.................................................. 47.8 51.3 56.2 57.3 9.5 19.9

Employed.......................................................... 13,112 14,352 16,553 17,507 4,395 33.5

Employment-population ratio................................. 35.0 38.3 44.2 46.7 11.7 33.4

Unemployed....................................................... 4,817 4,870 4,517 3,973 -844 -17.5

Looking for full-time work..................................... 2,484 2,803 2,924 2,651 167 6.7

Looking for part-time work.................................... 2,333 2,067 1,593 1,321 -1,012 -43.4

Unemployment rate.............................................. 26.9 25.3 21.4 18.5 -8.4 -31.2

Not in labor force.................................................... 19,568 18,266 16,410 15,993 -3,575 -18.3

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 18,830 18,824 18,818 18,813 -17 -0.1

Civilian labor force.................................................. 9,150 9,772 10,643 10,990 1,840 20.1

Participation rate.................................................. 48.6 51.9 56.6 58.4 9.8 20.2

Employed.......................................................... 6,952 7,403 8,420 8,966 2,014 29.0

Employment-population ratio................................. 36.9 39.3 44.7 47.7 10.8 29.3

Unemployed....................................................... 2,198 2,369 2,222 2,024 -174 -7.9

Looking for full-time work..................................... 1,278 1,470 1,498 1,388 110 8.6

Looking for part-time work.................................... 920 899 725 636 -284 -30.9

Unemployment rate.............................................. 24.0 24.2 20.9 18.4 -5.6 -23.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 9,680 9,052 8,175 7,823 -1,857 -19.2

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 18,667 18,664 18,661 18,659 -8 0.0

Civilian labor force.................................................. 8,779 9,449 10,426 10,489 1,710 19.5

Participation rate.................................................. 47.0 50.6 55.9 56.2 9.2 19.6

Employed.......................................................... 6,160 6,949 8,132 8,541 2,381 38.7

Employment-population ratio................................. 33.0 37.2 43.6 45.8 12.8 38.8

Unemployed....................................................... 2,619 2,501 2,294 1,949 -670 -25.6

Looking for full-time work..................................... 1,206 1,333 1,426 1,263 57 4.7

Looking for part-time work.................................... 1,414 1,168 868 686 -728 -51.5

Unemployment rate.............................................. 29.8 26.5 22.0 18.6 -11.2 -37.6

Not in labor force.................................................... 9,888 9,215 8,235 8,170 -1,718 -17.4

White

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 27,508 27,496 27,485 27,474 -34 -0.1

Civilian labor force.................................................. 13,689 14,680 16,060 16,322 2,633 19.2

Participation rate.................................................. 49.8 53.4 58.4 59.4 9.6 19.3

Employed.......................................................... 10,155 11,211 12,917 13,595 3,440 33.9

Employment-population ratio................................. 36.9 40.8 47.0 49.5 12.6 34.1

Unemployed....................................................... 3,534 3,469 3,143 2,727 -807 -22.8

Looking for full-time work..................................... 1,790 1,969 2,007 1,819 29 1.6

Looking for part-time work.................................... 1,744 1,499 1,136 908 -836 -47.9

Unemployment rate.............................................. 25.8 23.6 19.6 16.7 -9.1 -35.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 13,819 12,816 11,424 11,152 -2,667 -19.3

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 5,504 5,501 5,497 5,494 -10 -0.2

Civilian labor force.................................................. 2,406 2,609 2,839 2,884 478 19.9

Participation rate.................................................. 43.7 47.4 51.6 52.5 8.8 20.1

Employed.......................................................... 1,726 1,821 2,054 2,151 425 24.6

Employment-population ratio................................. 31.4 33.1 37.4 39.2 7.8 24.8

Unemployed....................................................... 680 788 785 733 53 7.8

Looking for full-time work..................................... 419 560 563 537 118 28.2

Looking for part-time work.................................... 261 228 222 196 -65 -24.9

Unemployment rate.............................................. 28.3 30.2 27.7 25.4 -2.9 -10.2

Not in labor force.................................................... 3,098 2,892 2,658 2,610 -488 -15.8
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, April-July 2020 — Continued

[Numbers in thousands. Data are not seasonally adjusted.]

Employment status, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity April May June July

April-July changes

Number Percent

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 2,207 2,218 2,247 2,234 27 1.2

Civilian labor force.................................................. 746 808 931 958 212 28.4

Participation rate.................................................. 33.8 36.4 41.4 42.9 9.1 26.9

Employed.......................................................... 548 541 667 715 167 30.5

Employment-population ratio................................. 24.8 24.4 29.7 32.0 7.2 29.0

Unemployed....................................................... 198 267 264 243 45 22.7

Looking for full-time work..................................... 89 112 146 138 49 55.1

Looking for part-time work.................................... 109 155 118 106 -3 -2.8

Unemployment rate.............................................. 26.5 33.0 28.4 25.4 -1.1 -4.2

Not in labor force.................................................... 1,461 1,410 1,316 1,277 -184 -12.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 8,779 8,789 8,800 8,810 31 0.4

Civilian labor force.................................................. 4,188 4,498 4,926 4,789 601 14.4

Participation rate.................................................. 47.7 51.2 56.0 54.4 6.7 14.0

Employed.......................................................... 2,983 3,166 3,717 3,752 769 25.8

Employment-population ratio................................. 34.0 36.0 42.2 42.6 8.6 25.3

Unemployed....................................................... 1,205 1,332 1,209 1,037 -168 -13.9

Looking for full-time work..................................... 703 825 813 726 23 3.3

Looking for part-time work.................................... 502 507 397 311 -191 -38.0

Unemployment rate.............................................. 28.8 29.6 24.5 21.7 -7.1 -24.7

Not in labor force.................................................... 4,591 4,291 3,874 4,021 -570 -12.4

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all

races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, July 2017-2020

[Numbers in thousands. Data are not seasonally adjusted.]

Employment status, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

July

2017

July

2018

July

2019

July

2020

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 38,152 37,997 37,729 37,472

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 23,107 23,016 23,311 21,479

Participation rate..................................................................... 60.6 60.6 61.8 57.3

Employed............................................................................. 20,890 20,897 21,196 17,507

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 54.8 55.0 56.2 46.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 2,217 2,119 2,115 3,973

Looking for full-time work........................................................ 1,607 1,458 1,447 2,651

Looking for part-time work....................................................... 610 660 668 1,321

Unemployment rate................................................................. 9.6 9.2 9.1 18.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 15,045 14,981 14,417 15,993

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 19,219 19,128 18,964 18,813

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 11,983 11,695 11,977 10,990

Participation rate..................................................................... 62.3 61.1 63.2 58.4

Employed............................................................................. 10,773 10,550 10,857 8,966

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 56.1 55.2 57.3 47.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 1,210 1,145 1,120 2,024

Looking for full-time work........................................................ 944 828 803 1,388

Looking for part-time work....................................................... 266 317 317 636

Unemployment rate................................................................. 10.1 9.8 9.4 18.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 7,236 7,433 6,987 7,823

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 18,932 18,869 18,765 18,659

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 11,124 11,321 11,334 10,489

Participation rate..................................................................... 58.8 60.0 60.4 56.2

Employed............................................................................. 10,117 10,347 10,339 8,541

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 53.4 54.8 55.1 45.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 1,007 974 995 1,949

Looking for full-time work........................................................ 663 630 645 1,263

Looking for part-time work....................................................... 344 344 350 686

Unemployment rate................................................................. 9.1 8.6 8.8 18.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 7,808 7,548 7,430 8,170

White

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 28,038 27,866 27,658 27,474

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 17,423 17,509 17,716 16,322

Participation rate..................................................................... 62.1 62.8 64.1 59.4

Employed............................................................................. 16,031 16,174 16,295 13,595

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 57.2 58.0 58.9 49.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 1,392 1,335 1,421 2,727

Looking for full-time work........................................................ 974 863 938 1,819

Looking for part-time work....................................................... 418 471 483 908

Unemployment rate................................................................. 8.0 7.6 8.0 16.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 10,615 10,357 9,942 11,152

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 5,749 5,668 5,561 5,494

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,214 3,203 3,243 2,884

Participation rate..................................................................... 55.9 56.5 58.3 52.5

Employed............................................................................. 2,694 2,675 2,771 2,151

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 46.9 47.2 49.8 39.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 520 528 472 733

Looking for full-time work........................................................ 412 438 374 537

Looking for part-time work....................................................... 108 90 98 196

Unemployment rate................................................................. 16.2 16.5 14.6 25.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 2,535 2,465 2,318 2,610
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, July 2017-2020 — Continued

[Numbers in thousands. Data are not seasonally adjusted.]

Employment status, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

July

2017

July

2018

July

2019

July

2020

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 2,208 2,302 2,387 2,234

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,047 997 1,065 958

Participation rate..................................................................... 47.4 43.3 44.6 42.9

Employed............................................................................. 944 913 978 715

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 42.7 39.7 41.0 32.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 103 84 87 243

Looking for full-time work........................................................ 70 59 37 138

Looking for part-time work....................................................... 33 25 50 106

Unemployment rate................................................................. 9.9 8.4 8.2 25.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 1,162 1,305 1,322 1,277

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 8,535 8,687 8,750 8,810

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 4,835 5,035 5,059 4,789

Participation rate..................................................................... 56.6 58.0 57.8 54.4

Employed............................................................................. 4,347 4,492 4,485 3,752

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 50.9 51.7 51.3 42.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 488 543 574 1,037

Looking for full-time work........................................................ 353 362 384 726

Looking for part-time work....................................................... 135 181 190 311

Unemployment rate................................................................. 10.1 10.8 11.3 21.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 3,700 3,652 3,691 4,021

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all

races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
Table 3. Employed persons 16 to 24 years of age by industry, class of worker, race, and Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, July 2019-2020

[Numbers in thousands. Data are not seasonally adjusted.]

Industry and class of worker

Total White Black or African

American Asian Hispanic or Latinoethnicity

July

2019

July

2020

July

2019

July

2020

July

2019

July

2020

July

2019

July

2020

July

2019

July

2020

Total employed.................................. 21,196 17,507 16,295 13,595 2,771 2,151 978 715 4,485 3,752

Agriculture and related industries.......... 322 298 290 278 3 1 9 1 66 58

Nonagricultural industries................... 20,874 17,209 16,005 13,317 2,768 2,151 969 713 4,419 3,694

Private wage and salary workers1

....... 19,008 15,693 14,568 12,172 2,542 1,970 897 662 4,104 3,383

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas

extraction.............................. 66 46 52 24 7 8 0 14 15 14

Construction............................. 1,135 933 955 813 83 56 13 12 308 264

Manufacturing........................... 1,451 1,189 1,159 972 157 135 53 53 298 244

Durable goods........................ 972 727 770 604 113 72 41 39 183 136

Nondurable goods.................... 480 462 389 368 44 64 12 14 115 107

Wholesale trade......................... 266 230 200 179 53 36 9 5 62 16

Retail trade.............................. 3,647 3,558 2,708 2,711 583 439 140 167 809 846

Transportation and utilities............. 663 673 435 482 145 95 40 45 169 209

Information............................... 277 117 204 96 34 13 31 0 41 28

Financial activities...................... 728 642 556 470 92 100 46 43 173 121

Professional and business services... 1,706 1,352 1,327 1,092 182 116 131 80 361 248

Education and health services........ 2,844 1,905 2,108 1,460 447 282 144 73 557 326

Leisure and hospitality................. 5,282 4,180 4,083 3,186 661 621 247 92 1,189 906

Other services........................... 941 871 781 687 97 67 44 77 123 161

Government wage and salary

workers................................... 1,466 1,145 1,119 853 193 129 53 49 239 226

Federal................................... 219 215 162 113 35 52 6 8 44 19

State...................................... 507 406 381 309 62 51 30 17 59 94

Local...................................... 740 524 575 431 96 26 17 24 136 114

Self-employed, unincorporated, and

unpaid family workers.................. 401 371 318 292 34 51 18 3 76 85

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all

races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.