### Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Water Transportation Workers Summary
                        
            
                                                        
                                                                
                        
            
            
            
                            
                                                
                                                
                                                
                                                
            						
							
				                                                
                                            




            			water transportation occupations imageWater transportation workers often perform their duties in all types of weather conditions.							
						Quick Facts:     Water Transportation Workers2023     Median Pay
            						$64,930     per year
										$31.22     per hourTypical Entry-Level Education
                                    See How to Become OneWork Experience in a Related Occupation
                                    See How to Become OneOn-the-job Training
                                    See How to Become OneNumber of Jobs, 2022
                                    83,200Job Outlook, 2022-32
                                    2% (As fast as average)Employment Change, 2022-32
                                    1,500What Water Transportation Workers Do
                                                
                        
                        
Water transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water.
            
                        Work Environment
                        
Water transportation workers usually work for long periods and can be exposed to all kinds of weather.
            
                                                How to Become a Water Transportation Worker
                                                
                        
Education and training requirements vary with the type of job. There are no educational requirements for entry-level sailors and marine oilers, but other types of water transportation workers typically complete U.S. Coast Guard-approved training programs.
            
                        Pay
                        												                            																				    														The median annual wage for water transportation workers was $64,930 in May 2023.									                                					
						
            
                        Job Outlook
                        						
												Overall employment							of water transportation workers is projected to grow							 2 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
						About 8,800 openings for water transportation workers are projected each year, on average, over the decade.
            			
            			 Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
						State & Area Data
                       Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for water transportation workers.
            
            
						
                        Similar Occupations
                        
                                                    Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of water transportation workers with similar occupations.
            
            
                        More Information, Including Links to O*NET
                        
                                               
                        Learn more about water transportation workers by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
 What Water Transportation Workers Do 
            

			Water transportation occupationsCaptains and mates supervise other workers.			
Water transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water. The vessels travel to and from foreign ports across the ocean and to domestic ports along the coasts, across the Great Lakes, and along the country’s many inland waterways.
Duties
Water transportation workers typically do the following:
Operate and maintain nonmilitary vessels
Follow their vessel’s strict chain of command
Ensure the safety of all people and cargo on boardThese workers, sometimes called *merchant mariners*, work on a variety of ships.
Some operate large deep-sea container ships to transport manufactured goods and refrigerated cargos around the world.
Others work on bulk carriers that move heavy commodities, such as coal or iron ore, across the oceans and over the Great Lakes.
Still others work on both large and small tankers that carry oil and other liquid products around the country and the world. Others work on supply ships that transport equipment and supplies to offshore oil and gas platforms.
Workers on tugboats help barges and other boats maneuver in small harbors and at sea.
Salvage vessels that offer emergency services also employ merchant mariners.
Cruise ships also employ water transportation workers, and some merchant mariners work on ferries to transport passengers along shorter distances.
A typical deep-sea merchant ship, large coastal ship, or Great Lakes merchant ship employs a captain and a chief engineer, along with three mates, three assistant engineers, and a number of sailors and marine oilers. Smaller vessels that operate in harbors or rivers may have a smaller crew. The specific complement of mariners is dependent on U.S. Coast Guard regulations.
Also, there are other workers on ships, such as cooks, electricians, and general maintenance and repair workers.
The following are examples of types of water transportation workers:
***Captains***, sometimes called *masters*, have overall command of a vessel. They have the final responsibility for the safety of the crew, cargo, and passengers. Captains typically do the following:
Steer and operate vessels
Direct crew members
Ensure that proper safety procedures are followed
Purchase equipment and supplies and arrange for any necessary maintenance and repair Oversee the loading and unloading of cargo or passengers
Keep logs and other records that track the ship’s movements and activities
Interact with passengers on cruise ships***Mates***, or *deck officers*, direct the operation of a vessel while the captain is off duty. Large ships have three officers, called first, second, and third mates. The first mate has the highest authority and takes command of the ship if the captain is incapacitated. Usually, the first mate is in charge of the cargo and/or passengers, the second mate is in charge of navigation, and the third mate is in charge of safety. On smaller vessels, there may be only one mate who handles all of the responsibilities. Deck officers typically do the following:
Alternate watches with the captain and other officers
Supervise and coordinate the activities of the deck crew
Assist with docking the ship
Monitor the ship’s position, using charts and other navigational aides
Determine the speed and direction of the vessel
Inspect the cargo hold during loading, to ensure that the cargo is stowed according to specifications
Make announcements to passengers when needed***Pilots*** guide ships in harbors, on rivers, and on other confined waterways. They are not part of a ship’s crew but go aboard a ship to guide it through a particular waterway that they are familiar with. They work in places where a high degree of familiarity with local tides, currents, and hazards is needed. Some, called *harbor pilots*, work for ports and help many ships that come into the harbor during the day. When coming into a commercial port, a captain will often have to turn control of the vessel over to a pilot, who can safely guide it into the harbor. Pilots typically do the following:
Board an unfamiliar ship from a small boat in the open water, often using a ladder
Confer with a ship’s captain about the vessel’s destination and any special requirements it has
Establish a positive working relationship with a vessel’s captain and deck officers
Receive mooring instructions from shore dispatchers***Sailors***, or *deckhands*, operate and maintain the vessel and deck equipment. They make up the deck crew and keep all parts of a ship, other than areas related to the engine and motor, in good working order. New deckhands are called *ordinary seamen* and do the least complicated tasks. Experienced deckhands are called *able seamen* and usually make up most of a crew. Some large ships have a *boatswain,* who is the chief of the deck crew. Sailors typically do the following:
Stand watch, looking for other vessels or obstructions in their ship’s path and for navigational aids, such as buoys and lighthouses
Steer the ship under the guidance of an officer and measure water depth in shallow water
Do routine maintenance, such as painting the deck and chipping away rust
Keep the inside of the ship clean
Handle mooring lines when docking or departing
Tie barges together when they are being towed
Load and unload cargo
Help passengers when needed***Ship engineers*** operate and maintain a vessel’s propulsion system, which includes the engine, boilers, generators, pumps, and other machinery. Large vessels usually carry a *chief engineer*, who has command of the engine room and its crew, and a first, second, and third assistant engineer. The assistant engineer oversees the engine and related machinery when the chief engineer is off duty. Small ships might have only one engineer. Engineers typically do the following:
Maintain a ships’ mechanical and electrical equipment and systems
Start the engine and regulate the vessel’s speed, following the captain’s orders
Record information in an engineering log
Keep an inventory of mechanical parts and supplies
Do routine maintenance checks throughout the day
Calculate refueling requirements***Marine oilers*** work in the engine room, helping the engineers keep the propulsion system in working order. They are the engine room equivalent of sailors. New oilers usually are called *wipers,* or *pumpmen****,*** on vessels handling liquid cargo. With experience, a wiper can become a Qualified Member of the Engine Department (QMED). Marine oilers typically do the following:
Lubricate gears, shafts, bearings, and other parts of the engine or motor
Read pressure and temperature gauges and record data
Perform daily and periodic maintenance on engine room machinery
Help engineers with repairs to machinery
Connect hoses, operate pumps, and clean tanks
Assist the deck crew with loading or unloading of cargo, if necessary***Motorboat operators*** run small, motor-driven boats that carry only a few passengers. They provide a variety of services, such as fishing charters, tours, and harbor patrols. Motorboat operators typically do the following:
Check and change the oil and other fluids on their boat
Pick up passengers and help them board the boat
Act as a tour guide, if necessary
 Work Environment
			Water transportation occupationsLong periods away from home are a reality for some workers.			

	    
				
	
	    	    		Water transportation workers held about 83,200 jobs in 2022. Employment in the detailed occupations that make up water transportation workers was distributed as follows:
    	    	
    	Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels
                39,600Sailors and marine oilers
                30,700Ship engineers
                9,300Motorboat operators
                3,600The largest employers of water transportation workers were as follows:
        Support activities for water transportation
                25%Inland water transportation
                20Deep sea, coastal, and great lakes water transportation
                15Scenic and sightseeing transportation, water
                9Federal government, excluding postal service
                6Water transportation workers usually work for long periods and can be exposed to all kinds of weather. Many people decide that life at sea is not for them because of difficult conditions onboard ships and long periods away from home.
However, companies try to provide pleasant living conditions aboard their vessels. Most vessels are air-conditioned and include comfortable living quarters. Many also include entertainment systems with satellite TV and Internet connections, and meals may be provided.
Work Schedules
Workers on deep-sea ships can spend months at a time away from home.
Workers on supply ships have shorter trips, usually lasting for a few hours or days.
Tugboats and barges travel along the coasts and on inland waterways, and crews are usually away for 2 to 3 weeks at a time.
Those who work on the Great Lakes have longer trips, around 2 months, but often do not work in the winter, when the lakes freeze.
Crews on all vessels often work for long periods, 7 days a week, while aboard.
Ferry workers and motorboat operators usually are away only for a few hours at a time and return home each night. Many ferry and motorboat operators service ships for vacation destinations and have seasonal schedules.
 How to Become a Water Transportation Worker

			Water transportation occupationsSailors and marine oilers typically receive training on the job.			
Education and training requirements vary by the type of job. There are no educational requirements for entry-level sailors and marine oilers, but other types of water transportation workers typically complete U.S. Coast Guard-approved training programs. Most water transportation jobs require the Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) from the Transportation Security Administration and a Merchant Mariner Credential (MMC), plus any related endorsements, from the U.S. Coast Guard.
Education
Sailors and marine oilers usually do not need formal education. Other types of water transportation workers often complete U.S. Coast Guard-approved training programs to help them obtain their required credentials.
Employers may prefer to hire workers who have earned a bachelor’s degree from a merchant marine academy. The academy programs offer a bachelor’s degree and a Merchant Mariner Credential (MMC) with an endorsement as a third mate or third assistant engineer. Graduates of these programs also can choose to receive a commission as an ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve, Merchant Marine Reserve, or U.S. Coast Guard Reserve.
Training
Ordinary seamen, wipers, and other entry-level mariners get on-the-job training for 6 months to a year. The length of training depends on the size and type of ship and waterway they work on. For example, workers on deep-sea vessels need more complex training than those whose ships travel on a river.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
All mariners working on ships with U.S. flags must have a Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) from the Transportation Security Administration. This credential states that a person is a U.S. citizen or permanent resident and has passed a security screening. The TWIC must be renewed every 5 years.
Mariners who work on ships traveling on the open ocean require the Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STWC) endorsement. Regional U.S. Coast Guard offices provide this training, and it includes topics such as first aid and lifeboat safety. The STWC training must be completed every 5 years. Mariners who work on inland waterways and the Great Lakes are excluded from the STWC endorsement.
Most mariners also must have a Merchant Mariner Credential (MMC), which they can apply for at a U.S. Coast Guard regional examination center. Entry-level employees, such as ordinary seamen or wipers, do not have to pass a written exam. However, some have to pass physical, hearing, and vision tests, and all must undergo a drug screening, in order to get their MMC. They also have to take a class on shipboard safety. The MMC must also be renewed every 5 years. More information on MMCs and related endorsements is available from the U.S. Coast Guard National Maritime Center.
Pilots are licensed by the state in which they work. The U.S. Coast Guard licenses pilots on the Great Lakes. The requirements for these licenses vary, depending on where a pilot works.
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
Water transportation workers typically progress from lower level positions to higher level ones, making work experience an important requirement for many jobs. A ship engineer, for example, might need experience as a marine oiler, and mates may have previously worked as sailors. In some cases, workers gain the needed hands-on experience as part of their education program.
Advancement
After obtaining their MMC, crewmembers can apply for endorsements that may allow them to move into more advanced positions.
Wipers can get an endorsement to become a Qualified Member of the Engine Department (QMED) after 6 months of experience by passing a written test.
It takes 3 years of experience and the passing of a written test for an ordinary seaman to become an unlimited able seaman. However, several able seaman endorsements below the level of unlimited are available after 6 months to 1 year of experience, depending on the type of ship the seamen work on.
Able seamen can advance to become third mates after at least 3 years of experience in the deck department. This experience must be on a ship similar to the type they hope to serve on as an officer. They also must take several training courses and pass written and onboard exams to receive the third-mate’s endorsement on their MMC. The difficulty of these requirements increases with the complexity and size of the vessel. Similarly, QMEDs can receive an endorsement as a third assistant engineer after 3 years of experience in the engine room and upon completion of a number of training and testing requirements. Experience and testing requirements increase with the size and complexity of the ship.
Officers who graduate from a maritime academy receive an MMC with an endorsement of a third mate or third assistant engineer, depending on the department in which they are trained.
To move up each step of the occupation ladder, from third mate/third assistant engineer, to second mate, to first mate, and then to captain or chief engineer, requires 365 days of experience at the previous level. A second mate or second assistant engineer who wants to move to first mate/first assistant engineer also must complete a 12-week training course and pass an exam.
Important Qualities
***Customer-service skills*.** Many motorboat operators interact with passengers and must ensure that the passengers have a pleasant experience.
***Hand-eye coordination.*** Officers and pilots who steer ships have to operate various controls while staying aware of their surroundings.
***Hearing ability*.** Mariners must pass a hearing test to get an MMC.
***Manual dexterity*.** Crewmembers need good balance to maneuver through tight spaces and on wet or uneven surfaces.
***Mechanical skills*.** Members of the engine department keep complex machines working properly.
***Physical strength*.** Sailors on freight ships load and unload cargo. While away at sea, most workers have to do some heavy lifting.
***Visual ability*.** Mariners must pass a vision test to get an MMC.
 Pay

			



	
 
                                                     
            
    
                Water Transportation WorkersMedian annual wages, May 2023Water transportation workers$64,930  Total, all occupations$48,060  Transportation and material moving occupations$40,050Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
 

	
	



		
	
	
	
The median annual wage for water transportation workers was $64,930 in May 2023. 


The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $35,880, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $133,910.

			
                    	Median annual wages for water transportation workers in May 2023 were as follows:
        Ship engineers
		$94,270Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels
		88,730Sailors and marine oilers
		48,400Motorboat operators
		46,420In May 2023, the median annual wages for water transportation workers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:	
        Deep sea, coastal, and great lakes water transportation
                $77,620Support activities for water transportation
                73,850Inland water transportation
                68,960Federal government, excluding postal service
                54,970Scenic and sightseeing transportation, water
                48,200Workers on deep-sea ships can spend months at a time away from home.
Workers on supply ships have shorter trips, usually lasting for a few hours to a month.
Tugboats and barges travel along the coasts and on inland waterways and crews are usually away for 2 to 3 weeks at a time.
Those who work on the Great Lakes have longer trips, around 2 months, but often do not work in the winter, when the lakes freeze.
Crews on all vessels often work long hours, 7 days a week.
Ferry workers and motorboat operators usually are away only for a few hours at a time and return home each night. Many ferry and motorboat operators service ships for vacation destinations and have seasonal schedules.
 Job Outlook

   
        
    
          
        
    
                Water Transportation WorkersPercent change in employment, projected 2022-32Transportation and material moving occupations5%  Total, all occupations3%  Water transportation workers2%Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
            
            
			 
	
	
	

			Overall employment				of water transportation workers is projected to grow				 2 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
			
			About 8,800 openings for water transportation workers are projected each year, on average, over the decade.
			
			 Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
			Employment
	
			
Fluctuations in the demand for bulk commodities, such as iron ore and grain, is a key factor influencing employment of water transportation workers. When demand for these commodities is high, the need for these workers increases; when demand slows, so does the need for workers.
			

                        Employment projections data for     water transportation workers, 2022-32
                Occupational Title
                        SOC Code
                        Employment, 2022
                        Projected Employment, 2032
                        Change, 2022-32
                        Employment by IndustryPercent
                        NumericSOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program**Water transportation workers**
			53-5000
			83,200
			84,800
			2
			1,500
			Get data**Sailors and marine oilers**
			53-5011
			30,700
			31,300
			2
			600
			Get data**Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels**
			53-5021
			39,600
			40,300
			2
			700
			Get data**Motorboat operators**
			53-5022
			3,600
			3,700
			3
			100
			Get data**Ship engineers**
			53-5031
			9,300
			9,400
			1
			100
			Get data
 State & Area Data **Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)** The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OES data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels
					Motorboat operators
					Sailors and marine oilers
					Ship engineers **Projections Central** Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved. **CareerOneStop** CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.
 Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of water transportation workers. Occupation
                Job Duties
                ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
                2023     MEDIAN PAY**Fishing and Hunting Workers**
            Fishing and hunting workers catch and trap various types of animal life.
            No formal educational credential
            The annual wage is not available.**Heavy and Tractor-trailer Truck Drivers**
            Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers transport goods from one location to another.
            Postsecondary nondegree award
            $54,320**Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians**
            Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in construction, farming, and other industries.
            High school diploma or equivalent
            $61,000**Material Moving Machine Operators**
            Material moving machine operators use equipment to transport objects.
            See How to Become One
            $44,750**Railroad Workers**
            Railroad workers ensure that passenger and freight trains operate safely. They may drive trains, coordinate the activities of the trains, or control signals and switches in the rail yard.
            High school diploma or equivalent
            $73,580**Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators**
            Stationary engineers and boiler operators control stationary engines, boilers, or other mechanical equipment.
            High school diploma or equivalent
            $67,640**Hand Laborers and Material Movers**
            Hand laborers and material movers manually move freight, stock, or other materials.
            See How to Become One
            $36,770**Airline and Commercial Pilots**
            Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft.
            See How to Become One
            $171,210
 Contacts for More Information
								
For more information about water transportation workers, including employment and training information, visit
Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
For more information about licensing requirements and other credentials, visit
National Maritime Center, U.S. Coast Guard
Transportation Security Administration, U.S. Department of Homeland Security
For information about jobs on barges, tugboats, and towboats traveling on inland and coastal waterways, visit
Lake Carriers’ Association
Passenger Vessel Association
The American Waterways Operators
CareerOneStop
For a career video on captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels, visit
Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water Vessels

                                                
                                                        
                                                                                                    O*NET
                                        Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water VesselsMotorboat OperatorsSailors and Marine OilersShip Engineers
 Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.  Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Water Transportation Workers, 
        	 at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/water-transportation-occupations.htm (visited *May 21, 2024*).
 **Last Modified Date:**
                        Wednesday, April 17, 2024


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