Historical, technical                           USDL 00-335
  information:   (202) 691-5618                 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EST
Media contact:   (202) 691-5902                 Wednesday, November 15, 2000
Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm



PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 1990-98


	Labor productivity rose in 1998 in more than three-fourths of 119 U.S. 
manufacturing industries, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department 
of Labor reported.  More than two-thirds of the industries registering productivity 
growth also posted declines in unit labor costs.

	In 1998, the most recent year for which underlying data are available for 
manufacturing industries, labor productivity -- defined as output per hour -- 
increased in 76 percent of the manufacturing industries.  Output rose in 77 
percent of the industries, while hours rose in 45 percent of the industries.

	The share of industries with productivity increases during the 1990-98 
period was even greater.  From 1990 to 1998, labor productivity increased in 
93 percent of the manufacturing industries.  Output rose in 87 percent of the 
industries, while hours rose in 47 percent of the industries.

	The attached tables present data for manufacturing industries for which 
BLS publishes productivity series at the 3-digit level of the Standard Industrial 
Classification (SIC) Manual.  Although the analysis that follows focuses on 
industries at the 3-digit level, BLS also publishes productivity series at the 2- and 
4-digit level for these industries, as well as for service-producing and mining 
industries.  (See section on "Productivity Measurement" in the Technical Note.)


1997-98 Changes

	In 1998, labor productivity increased in 90 of the 119 manufacturing 
industries for which BLS publishes data at the 3-digit level.  (See table 1.)  Well 
over half of the gains were greater than 2.5 percent:  Double-digit productivity 
growth occurred in 10 industries; an additional 29 industries posted labor 
productivity growth in the 5.0-9.9 percent range; and 33 industries had increases 
in the 2.6-4.9 percent range.

	The five largest manufacturing industries, those with more than 500,000 
employees, all recorded growth in output per hour in 1998.  Labor productivity 
rose 7.9 percent in motor vehicles and equipment; 3.4 percent in miscellaneous 
plastics products, n.e.c.; 25.2 percent in electronic components and accessories; 
1.4 percent in commercial printing; and 23.1 percent in aircraft and parts.  The 
largest gain -- 43.6 percent -- occurred in computer and office equipment.

	Unit labor costs, the ratio of total compensation to output, fell in 65 of the 
119 industries in the manufacturing sector in 1998.  (See table 2.)  The largest 
declines were in computer and office equipment (-29.2 percent); electronic 
components and accessories (-18.5 percent); aircraft and parts (-17.5 percent); 
and industrial inorganic chemicals (-14.7 percent).  More than two-thirds of the 
manufacturing industries with increasing productivity (62 of 90) also registered 
decreasing unit labor costs.  


Long-Term Trends

	Almost all of the manufacturing industries posted productivity gains  
from 1990 to 1998.  Output per hour increased in 111 of the 119 industries.  
Productivity advanced an average of 5.0 percent per year or more in nine 
industries.  Another 54 industries experienced annual productivity growth in the 
2.5-4.9 percent range.  Computer and office equipment posted the largest average 
annual gain, 32.9 percent.  The five largest manufacturing industries all 
registered long-term growth in output per hour.  Labor productivity rose in motor 
vehicles and equipment (2.6 percent); miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 
(3.1 percent); electronic components and accessories (24.4 percent); commercial 
printing (1.0 percent); and aircraft and parts (4.5 percent).

	From 1990 to 1998, unit labor costs fell in 39 of the 119 industries in the 
manufacturing sector.  All but one of those 39 industries had increasing labor 
productivity.  The largest declines in unit labor costs were in computer and office 
equipment (-21.8 percent per year) and electronic components and accessories 
(-17.0 percent per year).

	In the early years of the period, 1990-95, output per hour increased in 106 
of the 119 industries.  (See table 3.)  In 20 industries, productivity advanced 
5.0 percent per year or more.  An additional 36 industries experienced annual 
productivity growth in the 2.5-4.9 percent range.  

	Productivity growth rates accelerated as the economic expansion 
continued.  Comparing the 1990-95 period with the 1995-98 period, productivity 
growth rates increased in 77 of the 119 industries.  In 12 industries, annual output 
per hour grew at least 5.0 percentage points faster in 1995-98 than in 1990-95.  
Another 29 industries posted annual productivity growth rates 2.0-4.9 percentage 
points above their 1990-95 rates.  All of the industries that experienced 
productivity declines in the earlier period registered productivity improvements 
in the latter period.  In fact, 10 of the 13 industries turned decreases into 
increases.  

	The number of industries reducing unit labor costs rose as the economic 
expansion continued.  (See table 4.)  The proportion of manufacturing industries 
with falling unit labor costs increased from 26 percent in the 1990-95 period to 
44 percent in the 1995-98 period.

Technical Note

Coverage

	In the goods-producing sector, the BLS industry productivity series cover 
100 percent of employment in manufacturing and 96 percent in mining; the 
construction sector is not covered.  In the service-producing sector, the BLS 
industry productivity series cover 100 percent of employment in retail trade, 
90 percent in communications and utilities, 57 percent in transportation, and 
17 percent in finance and services.  In the sectors with low coverage, a lack of 
adequate basic data and, in some cases, serious conceptual issues have prevented 
development of productivity measures.  (The coverage percentages noted here 
relate to unpublished as well as published series.  For information on the 
availability of series that do not meet BLS publication standards, see discussion 
on page 4.)


Revisions

	The data in this news release reflect revisions to series as published in 
table 42 of the Monthly Labor Review and in the news release Productivity and 
Costs: Manufacturing Industries, 1987-97, May 2000.  The revised series can be 
obtained in several ways: by visiting the Industry Productivity web site 
(http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm); by calling the Division of Industry 
Productivity Studies (202-691-5618); or by sending a request by e-mail 
(dipsweb@bls.gov).

	Industry output indexes are prepared from basic data published by various 
public and private agencies, using the greatest level of detail available.  Data 
from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, are used 
extensively in developing output statistics for manufacturing, trade, and service-
producing industries.  Data from the 1997 Economic Census of Manufactures 
were published primarily on the basis of the new North American Industry 
Classification System (NAICS); earlier censuses were published according to the 
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system.  Implementation of NAICS by 
Federal agencies will be in phases.  In order to update the productivity series for 
this news release, BLS converted the NAICS-based manufacturing data to a SIC 
basis.  BLS will continue to publish the productivity series on an SIC basis until 
all the data underlying the productivity series have been converted to a NAICS 
basis.

	All of the measures for 1998 in this news release are preliminary and 
subject to revision.


Productivity measurement

	The industry productivity measures describe the relationship between 
output and the labor time involved in its production.  They show the changes 
from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour.  
Although these measures relate output to hours of employees or all persons 
engaged in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor, 
capital, or any other factor of production.  Rather, they reflect the joint effects of 
many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of 
output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of 
production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and effort of the workforce.

	Year-to-year movements in productivity measures for some industries 
might be somewhat erratic, particularly in the smaller industries.  The annual 
changes in an industry's productivity are based on sample data, which are likely 
to differ from data generated by a census of establishments in the industry.  As a 
result, long-term trends tend to be more reliable indicators of the performance of 
an industry than are the year-to-year changes.


Unit labor cost measurement

	The unit labor cost series in this release describe the cost of labor input 
required to produce one unit of output.  Unit labor costs are calculated as the 
ratio of current dollar labor compensation to constant dollar output.  The indexes 
of unit labor costs for each industry are computed by dividing an index of current 
dollar compensation by an index of constant dollar output.

	Compensation is a measure of the cost to the employer of securing the 
services of labor.  It is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments.  Payroll 
includes salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick 
leave pay, and compensation in kind.  Supplemental payments are divided into 
legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs.  The legally 
required expenditures include employers' contributions to Social Security, 
unemployment insurance taxes, and workers' compensation.  Payments for 
voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, 
such as the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans.

	The indexes of industry output used in measuring labor productivity and 
unit labor costs are, wherever possible, calculated with a Tornqvist formula.  This 
formula aggregates the growth rates of the various industry products between two 
periods using the products' shares in industry value of production, averaged over 
the two periods, as weights.

	Published productivity and unit labor cost data for 453 2-, 3-, and 4-digit 
SIC industries in the goods-producing and service-producing sectors are 
available on the Internet at http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm.  Productivity series 
for an additional 223 industries have been withheld from publication because 
they do not meet BLS publication standards.  Among the unpublished industries 
is SIC 2411, logging, which was previously published.  Data are not available for 
this industry after 1997.  Unpublished data can be requested by phoning 202-691-
5618 or by sending e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov.

	Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired 
individuals upon request.  Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral 
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Table 1.   Annual percent change in output per hour and related series:  manufacturing industries, 1990-98 and 1997-98

                                                                 Annual percent change, 1990-98    Annual percent change, 1997-98
                                                   1998         -------------------------------   --------------------------------
SIC              Industry                       Employment(1)    Output                Employee     Output              Employee
code                                            (thousands)     per hour    Output      hours      per hour   Output      hours


201    Meat products                                 495           0.7        3.1         2.3       -0.4        2.6         3.0
202    Dairy products                                141           1.4        0.4        -1.0        0.2       -0.3        -0.5
203    Preserved fruits and vegetables               229           2.5        1.8        -0.7        4.3        3.6        -0.7
204    Grain mill products                           125           2.5        2.5         0.0        8.5        8.2        -0.2
205    Bakery products                               205           1.2        1.0        -0.2        2.8        2.7        -0.1
206    Sugar and confectionery products               97           2.2        2.0        -0.3        5.2        5.7         0.4
207    Fats and oils                                  32           2.0        1.9        -0.1       15.3       11.8        -3.0
208    Beverages                                     182           2.0        2.3         0.2        1.4        3.1         1.6
209    Miscellaneous food and kindred products       178           1.7        1.4        -0.3        9.0        5.1        -3.5
211    Cigarettes                                     27           3.8       -0.2        -3.9        3.4       -3.6        -6.8

221    Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton                71           3.4        0.8        -2.5        3.1        1.2        -1.9
222    Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade               62           5.2        2.6        -2.5        3.3        0.4        -2.9
224    Narrow fabric mills                            21           2.1        0.5        -1.6        5.9        3.4        -2.4
225    Knitting mills                                159           4.2        1.4        -2.7        0.0       -8.4        -8.4
226    Textile finishing, except wool                 65           2.4        3.0         0.6        7.0        1.2        -5.4
227    Carpets and rugs                               64           1.3        1.8         0.5        2.8        5.4         2.5
228    Yarn and thread mills                          87           4.3        2.7        -1.6        2.8        1.8        -1.0
229    Miscellaneous textile goods                    55           1.2        2.3         1.1        2.0        2.6         0.6
232    Men's and boys' furnishings                   185           6.3        1.4        -4.7        9.5       -2.0       -10.5
233    Women's and misses' outerwear                 230           4.9        0.8        -4.0        1.1       -6.9        -7.9

234    Women's and children's undergarments           31           9.8        0.5        -8.5        9.6       -4.3       -12.7
235    Hats, caps, and millinery                      16           1.4        1.5         0.1       19.0       12.2        -5.7
238    Miscellaneous apparel and accessories          33           2.4       -1.5        -3.8        4.4       -2.1        -6.2
239    Miscellaneous fabricated textile products     218           2.1        3.1         1.0        0.9        0.1        -0.8
242    Sawmills and planing mills                    184           2.4        1.7        -0.7        2.5        2.5         0.0
243    Millwork, plywood, and structural members     307          -0.7        1.8         2.5        2.9        7.9         4.9
244    Wood containers                                56          -0.5        2.0         2.5        0.4        1.9         1.5
245    Wood buildings and mobile homes               100          -0.4        6.5         7.0       -1.4        7.5         9.0
249    Miscellaneous wood products                    88           2.6        3.1         0.4        7.5        5.1        -2.3
251    Household furniture                           284           2.5        2.6         0.1        4.7        8.8         3.9

252    Office furniture                               71           2.3        3.4         1.1       -3.5        6.2        10.0
253    Public building and related furniture          47           7.0       11.9         4.6       10.1       20.4         9.3
254    Partitions and fixtures                        91           3.7        6.1         2.4        5.2        8.2         2.8
259    Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures           40           2.2        3.1         0.9       20.5       21.3         0.6
261    Pulp mills                                     12          -0.9       -2.6        -1.8        4.3        2.1        -2.1
262    Paper mills                                   154           1.0       -0.9        -1.9        3.6        0.3        -3.1
263    Paperboard mills                               49           3.0        2.0        -1.0        2.7        1.5        -1.2
265    Paperboard containers and boxes               220           1.5        2.3         0.7        3.8        2.6        -1.2
267    Miscellaneous converted paper products        242           2.6        2.8         0.1        2.5        2.3        -0.2
271    Newspapers                                    443          -1.1       -1.9        -0.8        5.1        5.5         0.4

272    Periodicals                                   139           0.5        1.2         0.8       -2.6       -0.5         2.1
273    Books                                         128           0.1        0.8         0.7       -5.0       -5.3        -0.4
274    Miscellaneous publishing                       91           2.7        4.0         1.2       -0.3        3.0         3.3
275    Commercial printing                           579           1.0        1.7         0.7        1.4        2.0         0.5
276    Manifold business forms                        42          -2.4       -4.5        -2.1       -3.1       -3.9        -0.7
277    Greeting cards                                 29           0.5        1.4         1.0       13.4        8.6        -4.2
278    Blankbooks and bookbinding                     65           2.9        1.9        -1.0        8.2        5.8        -2.2
279    Printing trade services                        50           3.2        0.3        -2.8        2.8        3.1         0.3
281    Industrial inorganic chemicals                 79           4.0        2.2        -1.7       25.5       20.0        -4.4
282    Plastics materials and synthetics             158           4.4        2.9        -1.4        6.6        5.8        -0.8

283    Drugs                                         281           0.2        2.4         2.2       -6.5       -1.6         5.3
284    Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods             158           2.8        2.8         0.0       -0.9        0.6         1.5
285    Paints and allied products                     52           2.4        0.5        -1.8        1.2        1.7         0.5
286    Industrial organic chemicals                  136           1.2       -0.5        -1.7       -1.4       -3.2        -1.9
287    Agricultural chemicals                         53           1.4        1.0        -0.4       -2.8        0.7         3.6
289    Miscellaneous chemical products                94           2.8        2.1        -0.6        0.6        0.2        -0.3
291    Petroleum refining                             95           4.5        1.5        -2.9        4.4        1.7        -2.6
295    Asphalt paving and roofing materials           30           3.5        4.6         1.0        7.2       12.4         4.8
299    Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products      14           0.8        2.9         2.1        3.6        6.9         3.1
301    Tires and inner tubes                          80           4.4        3.7        -0.7       -2.2       -0.5         1.8

305    Hose and belting and gaskets and packing       72           1.9        4.1         2.2       -0.6        2.7         3.3
306    Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c.            111           2.5        3.5         1.0        6.2        4.3        -1.8
308    Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.       736           3.1        5.3         2.2        3.4        4.3         0.9
314    Footwear, except rubber                        36           1.2       -7.3        -8.4      -13.8      -24.3       -12.2
321    Flat glass                                     16           3.8        3.3        -0.5        6.0        0.3        -5.4
322    Glass and glassware, pressed or blown          70           3.2        1.1        -2.0        5.3        2.1        -3.1
323    Products of purchased glass                    64           3.3        4.5         1.2       -4.2       -2.1         2.2
324    Cement, hydraulic                              17           2.2        2.4         0.2        0.7        1.7         0.9
325    Structural clay products                       33           0.7        0.0        -0.7       -0.6       -4.3        -3.7
326    Pottery and related products                   39           3.3        3.6         0.4        9.8        8.7        -1.1

327    Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products        230           1.3        3.2         1.8        3.9       11.0         6.8
329    Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products     75           2.6        2.6         0.0        3.9        3.2        -0.6
331    Blast furnace and basic steel products        233           4.2        2.3        -1.8       -1.7       -3.0        -1.3
332    Iron and steel foundries                      132           1.7        2.3         0.5        0.0       -1.5        -1.4
333    Primary nonferrous metals                      39           2.5        0.5        -2.0        7.7        5.6        -1.9
335    Nonferrous rolling and drawing                171           2.7        2.9         0.2        2.4        1.9        -0.5
336    Nonferrous foundries (castings)                94           2.9        5.1         2.1        3.7        4.5         0.8
339    Miscellaneous primary metal products           30           2.6        4.3         1.6       -0.8       -1.7        -0.9
341    Metal cans and shipping containers             37           3.6       -0.4        -3.8       -3.1       -4.2        -1.2
342    Cutlery, handtools, and hardware              126           2.1        1.9        -0.2        1.8        1.0        -0.8

343    Plumbing and heating, except electric          58           3.1        3.0        -0.1        3.2        2.7        -0.5
344    Fabricated structural metal products          469           1.6        3.1         1.5        2.3        6.0         3.6
346    Metal forgings and stampings                  256           3.5        5.5         1.9        4.7        3.3        -1.4
347    Metal services, n.e.c.                        144           2.6        5.2         2.5        4.0        7.2         3.0
348    Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c.               42           1.8       -5.6        -7.2       -5.9       -9.0        -3.3
349    Miscellaneous fabricated metal products       271           1.8        3.7         1.9        5.8        7.7         1.8
351    Engines and turbines                           84           3.7        3.3        -0.4        6.4        8.2         1.7
352    Farm and garden machinery                     105           3.1        3.1         0.0        5.4        2.9        -2.4
353    Construction and related machinery            254           3.1        4.8         1.6        4.1        6.7         2.5
354    Metalworking machinery                        352           2.2        3.2         1.0        1.4        0.3        -1.1

355    Special industry machinery                    179           2.0        3.5         1.5       -3.2       -4.8        -1.7
356    General industrial machinery                  267           1.3        2.4         1.1        2.1        1.9        -0.2
357    Computer and office equipment                 382          32.9       30.7        -1.7       43.6       45.4         1.3
358    Refrigeration and service machinery           203           2.0        4.6         2.5        5.7        6.3         0.6
359    Industrial machinery, n.e.c.                  380           2.2        4.5         2.3       -1.6        0.8         2.4
361    Electric distribution equipment                83           4.2        2.0        -2.1        2.7        1.5        -1.1
362    Electrical industrial apparatus               154           5.3        4.1        -1.2       -0.8       -1.3        -0.6
363    Household appliances                          117           4.6        4.1        -0.5        9.8       11.5         1.5
364    Electric lighting and wiring equipment        185           3.3        3.3         0.0        6.5        7.3         0.8
366    Communications equipment                      280           8.2        9.0         0.7        3.4        4.1         0.7

367    Electronic components and accessories         660          24.4       26.6         1.8       25.2       25.5         0.2
369    Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 148           4.7        3.5        -1.1        4.7        3.7        -1.0
371    Motor vehicles and equipment                  995           2.6        5.5         2.8        7.9        6.0        -1.8
372    Aircraft and parts                            525           4.5        0.9        -3.5       23.1       28.4         4.3
373    Ship and boat building and repairing          167          -0.2       -1.3        -1.0       -2.6        2.7         5.4
374    Railroad equipment                             37           3.9        5.9         1.9        4.6       12.0         7.0
375    Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts               21           3.9        9.8         5.7        6.0       -3.2        -8.6
376    Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts         92           1.6       -7.0        -8.4        4.4        4.4         0.0
381    Search and navigation equipment               165           3.5       -3.2        -6.5       -0.1        1.5         1.5
382    Measuring and controlling devices             304           4.1        3.3        -0.8        3.0        3.3         0.3

384    Medical instruments and supplies              281           4.0        5.7         1.7        8.9        9.8         0.8
385    Ophthalmic goods                               35           7.2        5.0        -2.0        4.5        6.6         2.0
386    Photographic equipment & supplies              81           2.0       -0.5        -2.4        3.5       -2.9        -6.2
391    Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware           50           1.5        1.3        -0.2       -4.7       -3.4         1.3
393    Musical instruments                            16          -1.9        1.5         3.4       -0.5        1.3         1.8
394    Toys and sporting goods                       107           2.8        3.2         0.4        7.7        3.4        -4.0
395    Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies        31           2.8        1.2        -1.6       15.4       12.0        -3.0
396    Costume jewelry and notions                    22           2.0       -3.6        -5.4        5.9       -2.5        -7.9
399    Miscellaneous manufactures                    168           0.3        3.0         2.6        0.2        4.0         3.8



(1) Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs: manufacturing industries, 1990-98 and 1997-98

                                                                Annual percent change, 1990-98    Annual percent change 1997-98
                                                    1998      ---------------------------------  ---------------------------------
SIC             Industry                        Employment(1)  Total                 Unit labor   Total                Unit labor
code                                             (thousands)  compensation   Output      costs   compensation  Output      costs


201    Meat products                                 495         5.1          3.1         2.0      5.5          2.6         2.8
202    Dairy products                                141         2.5          0.4         2.1      2.1         -0.3         2.4
203    Preserved fruits and vegetables               229         2.8          1.8         1.1      1.2          3.6        -2.3
204    Grain mill products                           125         2.5          2.5         0.0      0.6          8.2        -7.0
205    Bakery products                               205         3.0          1.0         2.0     -0.7          2.7        -3.3
206    Sugar and confectionery products               97         2.7          2.0         0.7      2.9          5.7        -2.7
207    Fats and oils                                  32         2.4          1.9         0.5      3.2         11.8        -7.7
208    Beverages                                     182         2.8          2.3         0.5      2.8          3.1        -0.2
209    Miscellaneous food and kindred products       178         3.1          1.4         1.7      1.6          5.1        -3.3
211    Cigarettes                                     27         0.1         -0.2         0.4     -6.1         -3.6        -2.6

221    Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton                71         0.6          0.8        -0.3      0.0          1.2        -1.2
222    Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade               62         2.4          2.6        -0.2      0.0          0.4        -0.4
224    Narrow fabric mills                            21         2.7          0.5         2.2      0.0          3.4        -3.3
225    Knitting mills                                159         0.7          1.4        -0.7     -6.9         -8.4         1.6
226    Textile finishing, except wool                 65         3.4          3.0         0.4     -7.5          1.2        -8.6
227    Carpets and rugs                               64         3.4          1.8         1.6      5.4          5.4         0.1
228    Yarn and thread mills                          87         1.6          2.7        -1.1     -0.2          1.8        -2.0
229    Miscellaneous textile goods                    55         4.0          2.3         1.6      1.2          2.6        -1.4
232    Men's and boys' furnishings                   185        -0.6          1.4        -1.9     -2.3         -2.0        -0.4
233    Women's and misses' outerwear                 230        -0.5          0.8        -1.2     -5.8         -6.9         1.1

234    Women's and children's undergarments           31        -5.2          0.5        -5.7     -4.8         -4.3        -0.5
235    Hats, caps, and millinery                      16         3.6          1.5         2.1      1.9         12.2        -9.1
238    Miscellaneous apparel and accessories          33        -1.7         -1.5        -0.2     -3.9         -2.1        -1.8
239    Miscellaneous fabricated textile products     218         5.3          3.1         2.1      1.6          0.1         1.5
242    Sawmills and planing mills                    184         3.8          1.7         2.0      3.6          2.5         1.1
243    Millwork, plywood, and structural members     307         5.1          1.8         3.3      8.3          7.9         0.3
244    Wood containers                                56         6.0          2.0         3.9      5.8          1.9         3.8
245    Wood buildings and mobile homes               100        10.2          6.5         3.4     10.6          7.5         2.9
249    Miscellaneous wood products                    88         4.3          3.1         1.2      4.7          5.1        -0.3
251    Household furniture                           284         3.8          2.6         1.1      8.0          8.8        -0.7

252    Office furniture                               71         3.9          3.4         0.5      6.9          6.2         0.6
253    Public building and related furniture          47        10.0         11.9        -1.7     16.5         20.4        -3.2
254    Partitions and fixtures                        91         7.4          6.1         1.2      5.3          8.2        -2.7
259    Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures           40         4.3          3.1         1.1     17.5         21.3        -3.1
261    Pulp mills                                     12        -3.0         -2.6        -0.4      0.7          2.1        -1.3
262    Paper mills                                   154         0.7         -0.9         1.6     -2.3          0.3        -2.6
263    Paperboard mills                               49         3.7          2.0         1.7      1.3          1.5        -0.2
265    Paperboard containers and boxes               220         4.3          2.3         1.9      3.9          2.6         1.3
267    Miscellaneous converted paper products        242         4.2          2.8         1.4      2.9          2.3         0.6
271    Newspapers                                    443         2.0         -1.9         4.0      3.9          5.5        -1.5

272    Periodicals                                   139         6.7          1.2         5.4      4.2         -0.5         4.8
273    Books                                         128         5.4          0.8         4.6      3.8         -5.3         9.6
274    Miscellaneous publishing                       91         7.2          4.0         3.1     10.6          3.0         7.4
275    Commercial printing                           579         3.8          1.7         2.1      4.3          2.0         2.3
276    Manifold business forms                        42        -0.6         -4.5         4.1     -1.5         -3.9         2.5
277    Greeting cards                                 29         0.8          1.4        -0.6      6.5          8.6        -2.0
278    Blankbooks and bookbinding                     65         2.4          1.9         0.5      4.0          5.8        -1.7
279    Printing trade services                        50         0.4          0.3         0.2      1.2          3.1        -1.8
281    Industrial inorganic chemicals                 79         0.5          2.2        -1.7      2.4         20.0       -14.7
282    Plastics materials and synthetics             158         2.1          2.9        -0.8      2.9          5.8        -2.7

283    Drugs                                         281         5.5          2.4         3.1     15.5         -1.6        17.4
284    Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods             158         3.3          2.8         0.6      4.3          0.6         3.7
285    Paints and allied products                     52         3.3          0.5         2.7      0.8          1.7        -0.8
286    Industrial organic chemicals                  136         3.2         -0.5         3.8      0.2         -3.2         3.6
287    Agricultural chemicals                         53         1.1          1.0         0.1      2.9          0.7         2.2
289    Miscellaneous chemical products                94         3.2          2.1         1.0      5.1          0.2         4.9
291    Petroleum refining                             95         2.9          1.5         1.3      1.8          1.7         0.0
295    Asphalt paving and roofing materials           30         3.5          4.6        -1.0      3.8         12.4        -7.7
299    Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products      14         3.8          2.9         0.9      3.3          6.9        -3.3
301    Tires and inner tubes                          80         3.1          3.7        -0.5      5.4         -0.5         5.9

305    Hose and belting and gaskets and packing       72         5.2          4.1         1.1      4.8          2.7         2.0
306    Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c.            111         3.6          3.5         0.1      3.1          4.3        -1.2
308    Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.       736         5.7          5.3         0.4      4.6          4.3         0.2
314    Footwear, except rubber                        36        -4.8         -7.3         2.7     -8.6        -24.3        20.7
321    Flat glass                                     16         0.4          3.3        -2.8     -2.5          0.3        -2.8
322    Glass and glassware, pressed or blown          70         0.6          1.1        -0.5     -0.2          2.1        -2.2
323    Products of purchased glass                    64         5.1          4.5         0.6      2.6         -2.1         4.8
324    Cement, hydraulic                              17         3.4          2.4         0.9      4.7          1.7         2.9
325    Structural clay products                       33         1.0          0.0         1.0     -5.7         -4.3        -1.5
326    Pottery and related products                   39         3.5          3.6        -0.1      6.7          8.7        -1.8

327    Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products        230         4.9          3.2         1.7      9.0         11.0        -1.8
329    Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products     75         3.3          2.6         0.6      4.6          3.2         1.4
331    Blast furnace and basic steel products        233         1.2          2.3        -1.1      1.2         -3.0         4.3
332    Iron and steel foundries                      132         2.5          2.3         0.2      1.2         -1.5         2.8
333    Primary nonferrous metals                      39         0.6          0.5         0.1     -1.5          5.6        -6.8
335    Nonferrous rolling and drawing                171         3.5          2.9         0.5      1.9          1.9        -0.1
336    Nonferrous foundries (castings)                94         5.4          5.1         0.3      4.6          4.5         0.1
339    Miscellaneous primary metal products           30         3.9          4.3        -0.3      5.6         -1.7         7.5
341    Metal cans and shipping containers             37        -1.3         -0.4        -0.9      1.3         -4.2         5.7
342    Cutlery, handtools, and hardware              126         2.9          1.9         0.9      2.1          1.0         1.1

343    Plumbing and heating, except electric          58         4.2          3.0         1.1      2.0          2.7        -0.7
344    Fabricated structural metal products          469         4.5          3.1         1.3      7.1          6.0         1.0
346    Metal forgings and stampings                  256         3.6          5.5        -1.8     -1.8          3.3        -4.9
347    Metal services, n.e.c.                        144         5.7          5.2         0.5      6.0          7.2        -1.0
348    Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c.               42        -6.6         -5.6        -1.1    -10.7         -9.0        -1.9
349    Miscellaneous fabricated metal products       271         4.7          3.7         0.9      6.6          7.7        -1.0
351    Engines and turbines                           84         0.9          3.3        -2.4      1.6          8.2        -6.1
352    Farm and garden machinery                     105         4.0          3.1         0.9      1.1          2.9        -1.8
353    Construction and related machinery            254         4.0          4.8        -0.7      2.9          6.7        -3.6
354    Metalworking machinery                        352         4.5          3.2         1.2      2.1          0.3         1.8

355    Special industry machinery                    179         4.4          3.5         0.9      4.6         -4.8         9.9
356    General industrial machinery                  267         3.9          2.4         1.5      4.1          1.9         2.2
357    Computer and office equipment                 382         2.2         30.7       -21.8      3.0         45.4       -29.2
358    Refrigeration and service machinery           203         4.2          4.6        -0.4      2.0          6.3        -4.1
359    Industrial machinery, n.e.c.                  380         5.4          4.5         0.8      4.4          0.8         3.6
361    Electric distribution equipment                83         2.4          2.0         0.4      3.5          1.5         2.0
362    Electrical industrial apparatus               154         3.7          4.1        -0.3      1.9         -1.3         3.2
363    Household appliances                          117         3.8          4.1        -0.2      5.2         11.5        -5.7
364    Electric lighting and wiring equipment        185         2.9          3.3        -0.4      1.9          7.3        -5.1
366    Communications equipment                      280         5.5          9.0        -3.2      1.8          4.1        -2.2

367    Electronic components and accessories         660         5.1         26.6       -17.0      2.3         25.5       -18.5
369    Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 148         1.8          3.5        -1.6      0.8          3.7        -2.7
371    Motor vehicles and equipment                  995         4.7          5.5        -0.8      3.1          6.0        -2.7
372    Aircraft and parts                            525        -0.5          0.9        -1.4      5.9         28.4       -17.5
373    Ship and boat building and repairing          167        -0.8         -1.3         0.5      0.4          2.7        -2.1
374    Railroad equipment                             37         4.5          5.9        -1.4      9.2         12.0        -2.5
375    Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts               21        13.7          9.8         3.5     -1.9         -3.2         1.3
376    Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts         92        -7.1         -7.0        -0.2      3.8          4.4        -0.5
381    Search and navigation equipment               165        -2.6         -3.2         0.6      8.7          1.5         7.2
382    Measuring and controlling devices             304         3.1          3.3        -0.3      5.5          3.3         2.1

384    Medical instruments and supplies              281         6.8          5.7         1.0     10.6          9.8         0.7
385    Ophthalmic goods                               35         4.2          5.0        -0.8      6.7          6.6         0.1
386    Photographic equipment & supplies              81         0.4         -0.5         0.9     -3.6         -2.9        -0.6
391    Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware           50         1.8          1.3         0.5      3.0         -3.4         6.7
393    Musical instruments                            16         7.4          1.5         5.9     18.4          1.3        16.9
394    Toys and sporting goods                       107         4.6          3.2         1.3      4.8          3.4         1.4
395    Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies        31         2.1          1.2         0.8      1.9         12.0        -9.0
396    Costume jewelry and notions                    22        -0.9         -3.6         2.8     -1.2         -2.5         1.3
399    Miscellaneous manufactures                    168         4.5          3.0         1.5      4.6          4.0         0.6



(1) Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.
Table 3.   Annual percent change in output per hour and related series:  manufacturing industries, 1990-95 and 1995-98

                                                                 Annual percent change, 1990-95    Annual percent change, 1995-98
                                                    1998        -------------------------------   --------------------------------
SIC            Industry                          Employment(1)   Output                Employee    Output                Employee
code                                             (thousands)    per hour    Output       hours    per hour    Output       hours
 

201    Meat products                                 495           1.1        3.6         2.6        0.1        2.1         1.9
202    Dairy products                                141           1.7        1.0        -0.6        0.9       -0.6        -1.6
203    Preserved fruits and vegetables               229           2.7        2.3        -0.3        2.2        0.8        -1.4
204    Grain mill products                           125           1.8        2.1         0.3        3.7        3.2        -0.5
205    Bakery products                               205           1.0        0.9        -0.1        1.6        1.1        -0.5
206    Sugar and confectionery products               97           1.0        1.0         0.1        4.4        3.6        -0.8
207    Fats and oils                                  32           0.4        0.4         0.1        4.8        4.4        -0.4
208    Beverages                                     182           2.7        1.8        -0.8        1.0        2.9         2.0
209    Miscellaneous food and kindred products       178           0.7        0.9         0.2        3.2        2.1        -1.0
211    Cigarettes                                     27           4.8        1.0        -3.6        2.1       -2.2        -4.2

221    Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton                71           5.4        3.2        -2.1        0.3       -3.0        -3.3
222    Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade               62           5.5        3.5        -1.9        4.8        1.2        -3.4
224    Narrow fabric mills                            21           4.3        3.2        -1.0       -1.3       -3.9        -2.6
225    Knitting mills                                159           5.2        4.6        -0.6        2.7       -3.7        -6.3
226    Textile finishing, except wool                 65          -1.2        1.8         3.0        8.6        5.1        -3.3
227    Carpets and rugs                               64           0.6        1.2         0.6        2.4        2.7         0.3
228    Yarn and thread mills                          87           4.5        3.3        -1.2        3.9        1.6        -2.2
229    Miscellaneous textile goods                    55           2.5        3.2         0.6       -0.9        0.9         1.9
232    Men's and boys' furnishings                   185           3.9        2.2        -1.6       10.6        0.0        -9.6
233    Women's and misses' outerwear                 230           5.4        2.5        -2.8        4.1       -2.0        -5.9

234    Women's and children's undergarments           31           9.6        3.8        -5.2       10.1       -4.9       -13.7
235    Hats, caps, and millinery                      16          -1.1        3.2         4.4        5.7       -1.2        -6.5
238    Miscellaneous apparel and accessories          33           5.2        1.0        -4.0       -2.0       -5.5        -3.5
239    Miscellaneous fabricated textile products     218           1.8        3.6         1.8        2.6        2.4        -0.3
242    Sawmills and planing mills                    184           2.0        1.0        -1.0        3.0        3.0        -0.1
243    Millwork, plywood, and structural members     307          -1.1        0.6         1.7       -0.1        3.8         3.9
244    Wood containers                                56          -0.9        1.4         2.3        0.3        3.1         2.8
245    Wood buildings and mobile homes               100          -1.2        5.9         7.2        0.9        7.6         6.6
249    Miscellaneous wood products                    88           1.4        2.1         0.7        4.7        4.7         0.0

251    Household furniture                           284           2.3        1.7        -0.5        2.9        4.1         1.1
252    Office furniture                               71           1.3        0.0        -1.3        4.0        9.4         5.1
253    Public building and related furniture          47           7.7       13.7         5.6        5.8        9.0         3.0
254    Partitions and fixtures                        91           1.1        3.4         2.2        8.1       10.9         2.6
259    Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures           40           1.2        1.5         0.3        3.8        5.8         1.9
261    Pulp mills                                     12           2.5        1.1        -1.4       -6.2       -8.6        -2.5
262    Paper mills                                   154           3.0        1.2        -1.8       -2.3       -4.3        -2.1
263    Paperboard mills                               49           3.5        2.9        -0.5        2.2        0.3        -1.9
265    Paperboard containers and boxes               220           0.7        1.8         1.0        2.8        3.1         0.2
267    Miscellaneous converted paper products        242           2.2        2.4         0.1        3.3        3.5         0.2

271    Newspapers                                    443          -2.7       -3.9        -1.2        1.6        1.5        -0.2
272    Periodicals                                   139          -1.3       -1.2         0.2        3.6        5.4         1.8
273    Books                                         128           1.0        1.8         0.8       -1.5       -0.9         0.6
274    Miscellaneous publishing                       91           0.6        1.2         0.6        6.4        8.8         2.2
275    Commercial printing                           579           0.9        1.5         0.6        1.1        2.1         1.0
276    Manifold business forms                        42          -3.7       -5.8        -2.1       -0.2       -2.4        -2.1
277    Greeting cards                                 29          -1.7       -1.1         0.5        4.2        5.9         1.7
278    Blankbooks and bookbinding                     65           1.8        1.6        -0.2        4.7        2.4        -2.2
279    Printing trade services                        50           3.3        0.0        -3.2        3.0        0.8        -2.2
281    Industrial inorganic chemicals                 79           0.5       -1.5        -2.0       10.0        8.7        -1.2

282    Plastics materials and synthetics             158           4.9        2.8        -2.0        3.6        3.1        -0.5
283    Drugs                                         281           0.9        2.9         1.9       -1.1        1.6         2.7
284    Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods             158           2.7        1.9        -0.8        2.9        4.1         1.2
285    Paints and allied products                     52           2.1        0.3        -1.8        2.9        1.0        -1.9
286    Industrial organic chemicals                  136          -0.6       -1.7        -1.2        4.1        1.5        -2.5
287    Agricultural chemicals                         53           0.7       -0.1        -0.8        2.6        2.9         0.3
289    Miscellaneous chemical products                94           2.1        0.9        -1.1        3.9        4.2         0.3
291    Petroleum refining                             95           3.9        1.2        -2.7        5.6        2.2        -3.2
295    Asphalt paving and roofing materials           30           2.6        2.0        -0.6        5.2        9.0         3.6
299    Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products      14          -1.6        0.9         2.6        4.8        6.2         1.3

301    Tires and inner tubes                          80           4.9        4.4        -0.5        3.5        2.5        -0.9
305    Hose and belting and gaskets and packing       72           1.7        4.0         2.3        2.2        4.2         2.0
306    Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c.            111           2.2        3.6         1.4        3.1        3.3         0.2
308    Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.       736           2.7        5.6         2.7        3.6        5.0         1.3
314    Footwear, except rubber                        36           3.0       -3.6        -6.4       -1.6      -13.1       -11.7
321    Flat glass                                     16           3.3        1.7        -1.6        4.6        6.0         1.3
322    Glass and glassware, pressed or blown          70           2.0        0.2        -1.8        5.3        2.7        -2.4
323    Products of purchased glass                    64           2.8        4.0         1.3        4.2        5.3         1.1
324    Cement, hydraulic                              17           2.0        2.1         0.1        2.6        3.0         0.4
325    Structural clay products                       33           0.6        0.0        -0.5        0.8        0.0        -0.8

326    Pottery and related products                   39           2.1        4.1         1.9        5.3        2.9        -2.2
327    Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products        230           0.4        0.6         0.2        2.8        7.6         4.7
329    Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products     75           2.5        2.2        -0.2        2.8        3.2         0.4
331    Blast furnace and basic steel products        233           5.4        3.1        -2.2        2.2        1.1        -1.1
332    Iron and steel foundries                      132           1.2        1.9         0.7        2.6        2.8         0.2
333    Primary nonferrous metals                      39           1.7       -1.3        -2.9        4.0        3.5        -0.5
335    Nonferrous rolling and drawing                171           1.4        1.3         0.0        5.1        5.7         0.6
336    Nonferrous foundries (castings)                94           2.5        4.1         1.5        3.6        6.8         3.0
339    Miscellaneous primary metal products           30           6.0        7.6         1.5       -2.8       -1.0         1.9
341    Metal cans and shipping containers             37           4.2       -0.6        -4.6        2.6        0.0        -2.5

342    Cutlery, handtools, and hardware              126           2.7        2.6        -0.1        1.2        0.8        -0.4
343    Plumbing and heating, except electric          58           1.2        0.8        -0.5        6.3        6.9         0.5
344    Fabricated structural metal products          469           1.4        1.8         0.4        2.1        5.4         3.2
346    Metal forgings and stampings                  256           2.7        6.0         3.2        4.8        4.7        -0.1
347    Metal services, n.e.c.                        144           4.1        5.7         1.6        0.2        4.3         4.0
348    Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c.               42           1.3       -6.1        -7.4        2.6       -4.6        -7.0
349    Miscellaneous fabricated metal products       271           1.8        3.4         1.6        1.8        4.1         2.3
351    Engines and turbines                           84           2.9        3.1         0.3        5.2        3.7        -1.4
352    Farm and garden machinery                     105           2.9        2.1        -0.8        3.3        4.6         1.2
353    Construction and related machinery            254           2.7        2.7         0.1        3.9        8.2         4.1

354    Metalworking machinery                        352           2.6        3.7         1.1        1.6        2.2         0.7
355    Special industry machinery                    179           4.2        6.3         2.0       -1.6       -1.0         0.7
356    General industrial machinery                  267           1.4        2.4         0.9        1.0        2.5         1.4
357    Computer and office equipment                 382          27.7       22.6        -4.0       42.1       45.5         2.4
358    Refrigeration and service machinery           203           1.7        5.3         3.6        2.5        3.3         0.8
359    Industrial machinery, n.e.c.                  380           5.3        6.7         1.4       -2.8        1.0         3.9
361    Electric distribution equipment                83           6.1        2.9        -3.0        1.1        0.5        -0.6
362    Electrical industrial apparatus               154           7.0        5.5        -1.4        2.5        1.7        -0.8
363    Household appliances                          117           3.8        3.8         0.0        6.0        4.6        -1.4
364    Electric lighting and wiring equipment        185           2.6        2.0        -0.6        4.4        5.4         1.0

366    Communications equipment                      280           7.1        7.3         0.2       10.2       11.9         1.6
367    Electronic components and accessories         660          24.7       25.0         0.3       23.9       29.2         4.3
369    Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 148           4.7        3.9        -0.8        4.6        2.8        -1.7
371    Motor vehicles and equipment                  995           0.8        5.5         4.6        5.6        5.5        -0.1
372    Aircraft and parts                            525           1.7       -7.2        -8.8        9.2       16.0         6.2
373    Ship and boat building and repairing          167          -1.1       -3.8        -2.7        1.2        3.1         1.9
374    Railroad equipment                             37           1.2        5.0         3.8        8.5        7.4        -1.1
375    Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts               21           5.1       14.4         8.8        2.0        2.7         0.6
376    Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts         92           0.8      -11.2       -11.9        3.0        0.5        -2.4
381    Search and navigation equipment               165           5.8       -5.5       -10.7       -0.2        0.8         1.0

382    Measuring and controlling devices             304           6.6        4.3        -2.1        0.2        1.7         1.5
384    Medical instruments and supplies              281           2.4        3.8         1.4        6.6        8.9         2.1
385    Ophthalmic goods                               35           6.7        3.5        -3.0        8.2        7.7        -0.4
386    Photographic equipment & supplies              81           3.7        0.8        -2.8       -0.9       -2.6        -1.7
391    Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware           50           0.2       -0.4        -0.6        3.7        4.1         0.4
393    Musical instruments                            16          -2.2        1.1         3.3       -1.3        2.2         3.6
394    Toys and sporting goods                       107           1.0        3.7         2.7        5.9        2.4        -3.3
395    Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies        31           2.7        1.0        -1.7        3.0        1.6        -1.4
396    Costume jewelry and notions                    22           6.4        0.6        -5.4       -5.1      -10.2        -5.4
399    Miscellaneous manufactures                    168           0.3        2.1         1.8        0.4        4.5         4.1



(1)  Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.
Table 4. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs: manufacturing industries, 1990-95 and 1995-98

                                                               Annual percent change, 1990-95    Annual percent change, 1995-98
                                                    1998      -------------------------------   ----------------------------------
SIC            Industry                         Employment(1)   Total                Unit labor   Total                Unit labor
code                                            (thousands)   compensation   Output      costs  compensation   Output      costs


201    Meat products                                 495         5.0          3.6         1.3      5.3          2.1         3.2
202    Dairy products                                141         2.6          1.0         1.5      2.3         -0.6         2.9
203    Preserved fruits and vegetables               229         3.3          2.3         0.9      2.1          0.8         1.3
204    Grain mill products                           125         2.9          2.1         0.8      1.9          3.2        -1.3
205    Bakery products                               205         3.5          0.9         2.5      2.3          1.1         1.2
206    Sugar and confectionery products               97         2.6          1.0         1.6      2.9          3.6        -0.6
207    Fats and oils                                  32         1.0          0.4         0.5      4.8          4.4         0.4
208    Beverages                                     182         1.9          1.8         0.0      4.3          2.9         1.3
209    Miscellaneous food and kindred products       178         3.0          0.9         2.0      3.4          2.1         1.2
211    Cigarettes                                     27         0.2          1.0        -0.7      0.0         -2.2         2.2

221    Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton                71         2.6          3.2        -0.5     -2.8         -3.0         0.2
222    Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade               62         2.7          3.5        -0.7      1.8          1.2         0.6
224    Narrow fabric mills                            21         4.9          3.2         1.6     -0.8         -3.9         3.3
225    Knitting mills                                159         2.8          4.6        -1.7     -2.7         -3.7         1.0
226    Textile finishing, except wool                 65         5.5          1.8         3.7      0.1          5.1        -4.8
227    Carpets and rugs                               64         4.7          1.2         3.4      1.4          2.7        -1.3
228    Yarn and thread mills                          87         1.4          3.3        -1.8      1.9          1.6         0.3
229    Miscellaneous textile goods                    55         6.2          3.2         3.0      0.4          0.9        -0.5
232    Men's and boys' furnishings                   185         1.1          2.2        -1.1     -3.3          0.0        -3.3
233    Women's and misses' outerwear                 230         2.1          2.5        -0.4     -4.6         -2.0        -2.6

234    Women's and children's undergarments           31        -1.0          3.8        -4.6    -11.9         -4.9        -7.4
235    Hats, caps, and millinery                      16         6.2          3.2         2.9     -0.5         -1.2         0.7
238    Miscellaneous apparel and accessories          33        -0.5          1.0        -1.5     -3.6         -5.5         2.0
239    Miscellaneous fabricated textile products     218         5.8          3.6         2.1      4.5          2.4         2.1
242    Sawmills and planing mills                    184         3.8          1.0         2.8      3.8          3.0         0.8
243    Millwork, plywood, and structural members     307         4.7          0.6         4.1      5.9          3.8         2.0
244    Wood containers                                56         6.3          1.4         4.9      5.5          3.1         2.3
245    Wood buildings and mobile homes               100         8.8          5.9         2.7     12.5          7.6         4.6
249    Miscellaneous wood products                    88         3.4          2.1         1.3      5.8          4.7         1.1

251    Household furniture                           284         3.1          1.7         1.4      4.8          4.1         0.7
252    Office furniture                               71         1.8          0.0         1.8      7.5          9.4        -1.7
253    Public building and related furniture          47        12.3         13.7        -1.3      6.3          9.0        -2.5
254    Partitions and fixtures                        91         4.7          3.4         1.3     12.1         10.9         1.1
259    Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures           40         4.0          1.5         2.5      4.7          5.8        -1.1
261    Pulp mills                                     12         0.7          1.1        -0.4     -8.9         -8.6        -0.4
262    Paper mills                                   154         2.0          1.2         0.8     -1.5         -4.3         2.9
263    Paperboard mills                               49         4.9          2.9         1.9      1.7          0.3         1.4
265    Paperboard containers and boxes               220         4.4          1.8         2.6      4.0          3.1         0.9
267    Miscellaneous converted paper products        242         3.5          2.4         1.1      5.5          3.5         1.9

271    Newspapers                                    443         1.2         -3.9         5.3      3.3          1.5         1.8
272    Periodicals                                   139         4.1         -1.2         5.4     11.1          5.4         5.4
273    Books                                         128         5.4          1.8         3.6      5.5         -0.9         6.4
274    Miscellaneous publishing                       91         1.9          1.2         0.6     16.8          8.8         7.4
275    Commercial printing                           579         3.3          1.5         1.8      4.6          2.1         2.4
276    Manifold business forms                        42        -1.5         -5.8         4.5      0.9         -2.4         3.4
277    Greeting cards                                 29        -0.9         -1.1         0.2      3.8          5.9        -2.0
278    Blankbooks and bookbinding                     65         2.6          1.6         1.0      2.0          2.4        -0.4
279    Printing trade services                        50         0.7          0.0         0.7      0.1          0.8        -0.7
281    Industrial inorganic chemicals                 79        -0.7         -1.5         0.9      2.4          8.7        -5.8

282    Plastics materials and synthetics             158         3.3          2.8         0.5      0.1          3.1        -2.9
283    Drugs                                         281         5.7          2.9         2.7      5.3          1.6         3.7
284    Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods             158         2.3          1.9         0.3      5.1          4.1         0.9
285    Paints and allied products                     52         4.4          0.3         4.1      1.4          1.0         0.4
286    Industrial organic chemicals                  136         3.5         -1.7         5.3      2.8          1.5         1.3
287    Agricultural chemicals                         53         2.0         -0.1         2.1     -0.4          2.9        -3.2
289    Miscellaneous chemical products                94         2.5          0.9         1.6      4.3          4.2         0.1
291    Petroleum refining                             95         4.0          1.2         2.8      1.1          2.2        -1.0
295    Asphalt paving and roofing materials           30         2.8          2.0         0.8      4.6          9.0        -4.0
299    Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products      14         4.2          0.9         3.3      3.2          6.2        -2.8

301    Tires and inner tubes                          80         4.4          4.4         0.0      1.1          2.5        -1.4
305    Hose and belting and gaskets and packing       72         4.7          4.0         0.6      6.1          4.2         1.8
306    Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c.            111         4.0          3.6         0.4      3.0          3.3        -0.3
308    Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.       736         5.9          5.6         0.3      5.4          5.0         0.4
314    Footwear, except rubber                        36        -3.1         -3.6         0.5     -7.5        -13.1         6.4
321    Flat glass                                     16         0.0          1.7        -1.7      1.1          6.0        -4.6
322    Glass and glassware, pressed or blown          70         1.0          0.2         0.9     -0.1          2.7        -2.8
323    Products of purchased glass                    64         5.6          4.0         1.5      4.3          5.3        -0.9
324    Cement, hydraulic                              17         2.4          2.1         0.2      5.0          3.0         2.0
325    Structural clay products                       33         1.6          0.0         1.6      0.1          0.0         0.1

326    Pottery and related products                   39         4.9          4.1         0.8      1.1          2.9        -1.8
327    Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products        230         3.1          0.6         2.5      7.9          7.6         0.4
329    Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products     75         3.2          2.2         0.9      3.4          3.2         0.2
331    Blast furnace and basic steel products        233         1.6          3.1        -1.4      0.5          1.1        -0.6
332    Iron and steel foundries                      132         2.2          1.9         0.3      2.9          2.8         0.1
333    Primary nonferrous metals                      39         0.1         -1.3         1.4      1.5          3.5        -2.0
335    Nonferrous rolling and drawing                171         2.7          1.3         1.3      4.8          5.7        -0.8
336    Nonferrous foundries (castings)                94         4.7          4.1         0.6      6.4          6.8        -0.3
339    Miscellaneous primary metal products           30         2.0          7.6        -5.2      7.3         -1.0         8.4
341    Metal cans and shipping containers             37        -1.8         -0.6        -1.2     -0.4          0.0        -0.4

342    Cutlery, handtools, and hardware              126         3.3          2.6         0.7      2.1          0.8         1.3
343    Plumbing and heating, except electric          58         3.4          0.8         2.6      5.5          6.9        -1.3
344    Fabricated structural metal products          469         2.3          1.8         0.5      8.4          5.4         2.8
346    Metal forgings and stampings                  256         4.0          6.0        -1.9      2.9          4.7        -1.7
347    Metal services, n.e.c.                        144         5.2          5.7        -0.5      6.4          4.3         2.0
348    Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c.               42        -7.6         -6.1        -1.6     -5.0         -4.6        -0.4
349    Miscellaneous fabricated metal products       271         4.6          3.4         1.1      4.8          4.1         0.6
351    Engines and turbines                           84         1.9          3.1        -1.2     -0.8          3.7        -4.3
352    Farm and garden machinery                     105         3.0          2.1         0.9      5.6          4.6         0.9
353    Construction and related machinery            254         1.9          2.7        -0.8      7.6          8.2        -0.6

354    Metalworking machinery                        352         4.2          3.7         0.5      4.8          2.2         2.6
355    Special industry machinery                    179         5.9          6.3        -0.4      2.0         -1.0         3.0
356    General industrial machinery                  267         3.5          2.4         1.1      4.7          2.5         2.2
357    Computer and office equipment                 382        -0.1         22.6       -18.5      6.1         45.5       -27.1
358    Refrigeration and service machinery           203         4.5          5.3        -0.8      3.5          3.3         0.2
359    Industrial machinery, n.e.c.                  380         6.7          6.7         0.0      3.3          1.0         2.3
361    Electric distribution equipment                83         4.2          2.9         1.3     -0.4          0.5        -0.9
362    Electrical industrial apparatus               154         4.4          5.5        -1.0      2.6          1.7         0.8
363    Household appliances                          117         4.1          3.8         0.3      3.5          4.6        -1.1
364    Electric lighting and wiring equipment        185         2.7          2.0         0.7      3.2          5.4        -2.1

366    Communications equipment                      280         2.8          7.3        -4.2     10.2         11.9        -1.6
367    Electronic components and accessories         660         5.4         25.0       -15.7      4.4         29.2       -19.2
369    Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 148         1.8          3.9        -2.0      1.9          2.8        -0.9
371    Motor vehicles and equipment                  995         6.3          5.5         0.8      2.0          5.5        -3.4
372    Aircraft and parts                            525        -4.7         -7.2         2.8      6.8         16.0        -7.9
373    Ship and boat building and repairing          167        -1.2         -3.8         2.7      0.0          3.1        -3.0
374    Railroad equipment                             37         3.7          5.0        -1.2      5.6          7.4        -1.6
375    Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts               21        20.7         14.4         5.5      3.0          2.7         0.4
376    Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts         92       -10.5        -11.2         0.8     -1.3          0.5        -1.8
381    Search and navigation equipment               165        -4.6         -5.5         0.9      0.8          0.8         0.0

382    Measuring and controlling devices             304         2.5          4.3        -1.7      4.0          1.7         2.2
384    Medical instruments and supplies              281         6.2          3.8         2.2      7.9          8.9        -0.9
385    Ophthalmic goods                               35         2.6          3.5        -0.8      6.8          7.7        -0.8
386    Photographic equipment & supplies              81        -0.3          0.8        -1.1      1.6         -2.6         4.4
391    Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware           50        -0.4         -0.4         0.0      5.5          4.1         1.4
393    Musical instruments                            16         5.4          1.1         4.3     10.9          2.2         8.5
394    Toys and sporting goods                       107         5.4          3.7         1.7      3.1          2.4         0.7
395    Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies        31         4.0          1.0         2.9     -1.0          1.6        -2.5
396    Costume jewelry and notions                    22         2.2          0.6         1.6     -5.8        -10.2         4.9
399    Miscellaneous manufactures                    168         4.1          2.1         2.0      5.1          4.5         0.5



(1)  Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.