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File Name: 18a0494n.06

Case No. 17-4032

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

DEMOND BAKER,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF 

OHIO

BEFORE: BATCHELDER, DONALD, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

THAPAR, Circuit Judge. Demond Baker appeals his sentence following his guilty plea to 

a drug-conspiracy charge. We affirm.

I.

Demond Baker and his father, Emery Lee, sold drugs as part of a large drug-trafficking 

conspiracy. Lee managed the operation. He would buy drugs from suppliers and then have others, 

including Baker, sell or distribute those drugs, primarily heroin and cocaine. But the government 

eventually discovered the scheme and brought charges against twenty codefendants, including 

Baker, Lee, Lee’s girlfriend Rhonda Collins, and Lee’s principal supplier. 

After seeing the weight of the evidence against him, Baker pled guilty to conspiracy to 

possess with intent to distribute cocaine, cocaine base, and heroin. In his plea agreement, Baker 

and the government stipulated that he was responsible for handling between 100 and 200 grams of 
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cocaine. But at his sentencing hearing, the district court questioned the accuracy of this amount. 

After a continuance and a revised pre-sentence report, the district court found Baker responsible 

for 500 grams of cocaine. In reaching this conclusion, the district court partially relied on a phone 

call Baker made in jail. In the call, Baker said that the police failed to find $12,500 of his drug 

money during a search of his house. The evidence of this undiscovered drug money, when paired 

with the $3,680 that police did discover, led the district court to conclude that Baker was 

responsible for at least 500 grams of cocaine. Attributing 500 grams of cocaine to Baker raised 

his sentencing guidelines range above what the plea agreement recommended, so the district court 

sentenced Baker to fifty months. This court affirmed. United States v. Baker, 858 F.3d 419, 421

(6th Cir. 2017).

As it turned out, although Baker may have made the jailhouse phone call that the district 

court relied upon, there was no actual recording of it. And the government, after a search of its 

records, admitted as much. So this court vacated Baker’s original sentence and remanded for 

resentencing. United States v. Baker, 869 F.3d 401 (6th Cir. 2017) (order). On remand, the district 

court held a new sentencing hearing and relied on most of the same evidence, including the 

unrecorded phone call. The court said there was no reason to think that Baker did not make the 

phone call, even without an actual recording of it. And, once again, the court sentenced Baker to 

fifty months after finding him responsible for 500 grams of cocaine. Baker now appeals. 

II.

Baker argues that the district court erred because there was insufficient evidence 

demonstrating he was responsible for 500 grams of cocaine.1 He also contends that the district 

 

1 Baker also argues that his sentence is substantively unreasonable. But his one-sentence argument in the concluding 

lines of his brief is insufficient. So he has forfeited his substantive unreasonableness argument. McPherson v. Kelsey, 

125 F.3d 989, 995–96 (6th Cir. 1997) (“It is not sufficient for a party to mention a possible argument in the most 

skeletal way, leaving the court to put flesh on its bones.” (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted)). 
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court should not have relied upon the jailhouse phone call because it was unreliable. We affirm 

the district court in both respects.

Insufficient evidence. “We review for clear error the district court’s factual findings on 

drug quantity attributable to a defendant for sentencing purposes.” United States v. Rios, 830 F.3d 

403, 436 (6th Cir. 2016). Since the exact quantity of drugs was unknown in Baker’s case, the 

district court had to estimate the amount of drugs for which Baker was responsible. United States 

v. Jeross, 521 F.3d 562, 569–70 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that when the exact amount of drugs is 

unclear, “an estimate will suffice”). That estimate must be supported by a preponderance of the 

evidence. Id. at 570. And district courts must err on the side of caution. United States v. 

Sandridge, 385 F.3d 1032, 1037 (6th Cir. 2004). 

In estimating the amount of drugs, district courts may consider the drug quantities in which 

the defendant was directly involved and those reasonably foreseeable to him. United States v. 

Ledezma, 26 F.3d 636, 646 (6th Cir. 1994). Here, the district court’s estimate was supported by a 

preponderance of the evidence.

First, wiretap phone calls demonstrated that Baker was involved with selling 172 grams of 

cocaine. In those calls, Baker and Lee discussed specific quantities. And Baker does not dispute 

that these calls connect him to 172 grams of cocaine. 

Second, Baker was either involved with selling at least an additional 328 grams or that 

amount was reasonably foreseeable to him based on his role in the conspiracy. In reaching this 

estimated amount, Baker’s co-conspirators did him no favors. His father’s girlfriend, Rhonda 

Collins, told the government that Baker got his drugs from Lee. Lee, in turn, said that Baker 

handled “large quantities” of cocaine. And the intercepted phone calls indicated that Lee and 

Baker sold drugs together. 
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With Baker’s role in the conspiracy established, the district court then considered the 

quantities of cocaine that had moved through the conspiracy. Lee was found responsible for five 

kilograms of cocaine, and Lee’s principal supplier was responsible for seven kilograms. Because 

Baker was one of three people who distributed Lee’s drugs, and Lee and Baker worked together

“day in and day [out],” the district court concluded it was reasonable to assume Baker knew of and 

handled a significant portion of the five kilograms of cocaine. United States v. Mariscal, 326 F. 

App’x 359, 362 (6th Cir. 2009) (upholding the district court’s use of the drug quantities that the 

defendant’s co-conspirators admitted being responsible for to estimate the drug quantity for which 

the defendant was responsible); see United States v. Swanberg, 370 F.3d 622, 625 (6th Cir. 2004)

(“[T]estimonial evidence from a coconspirator may be sufficient to determine the amount of drugs 

for which another coconspirator should be held accountable.”). Additionally, a confidential source 

recounted that Lee said he gave “his son” one kilogram of cocaine in August 2014. Even though 

Lee had two step-sons who were also involved in the conspiracy, the district court determined that 

the statement was likely about Baker because Lee used Baker’s nickname. Plus, Baker spent more

time with Lee than the step-sons did. 

In response to this evidence, Baker makes a broad argument that the evidence linking him 

to 500 grams of cocaine was insufficient. He notes, for instance, that Lee and Collins do not 

mention a specific quantity of drugs. But sentencing courts are not required to calculate the amount 

with mathematical certainty; rather, the court must make a reasonable estimate. United States v. 

Hernandez, 227 F.3d 686, 699 (6th Cir. 2000). And the district court’s estimate was based not just 

on the co-conspirators’ statements. The district court properly considered them alongside the 

confidential source’s statement and the quantity of cocaine for which Baker’s co-conspirators were 

responsible. See United States v. Cohen, 515 F. App’x 405, 412–13 (6th Cir. 2013) (finding co-
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defendants’ proffer statements to be sufficiently reliable because they were corroborated by other 

evidence). 

Baker also contends that he should not be held responsible for the drug quantities of his 

co-conspirators because he was only involved in the multi-year conspiracy for four months. But 

the district court took this into account by finding a drug quantity of 500 grams—only a small 

fraction of the five kilograms for which Lee was held responsible. Further, this court has held that 

district courts may consider conduct that occurred outside the time period of the conspiracy to 

which a defendant pled guilty. United States v. Miller, 910 F.2d 1321, 1327 (6th Cir. 1990). In 

Miller, the defendant pled guilty to conspiring to distribute cocaine over a three-month period, but

this court concluded that his sales of cocaine over a twenty-month period were properly included 

as relevant conduct. Id. Therefore, the evidence that Lee gave Baker one kilogram of cocaine 

outside of the four-month period is relevant conduct that the district court could consider in 

reaching its estimate of 500 grams. United States v. Brown, 332 F.3d 363, 375 (6th Cir. 2003) 

(“We . . . review the determination that the conduct in question was relevant conduct de novo.”). 

With evidence pointing to a kilogram of cocaine and a broader conspiracy of at least five 

kilograms, the district court did not err by approximating that Baker was responsible for, at the 

very least, 500 grams. Hernandez, 227 F.3d at 699 (“District courts may approximate the quantity 

of drugs for sentencing purposes based upon circumstantial evidence as long as they err on the 

side of caution.”). 

Jailhouse phone call. Second, Baker says that the jailhouse phone call is unreliable 

because there is no evidence of a recording. But the standard for reliability is a “relatively low 

hurdle.” United States v. Stout, 599 F.3d 549, 558 (6th Cir. 2010). And while a recording may 

make evidence more reliable, it does not follow that the lack of a recording makes that same 
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evidence automatically unreliable. Cf. United States v. Bates, 315 F. App’x 591, 594 (6th Cir. 

2009) (holding that hearsay that “may not rise to the level” of reliability of other evidence can still 

be reliable). Unrecorded statements may still be reliable. And, in any event, any error in relying 

on the phone call was harmless because the district court had sufficient evidence without the phone 

call to conclude that Baker was responsible for at least 500 grams of cocaine.

We affirm.