IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 15-31123

LLOG EXPLORATION COMPANY, L.L.C., 

 Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

SIGNET MARITIME CORPORATION, 

 Defendant - Appellant

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Louisiana

USDC No. 2:14-CV-2791

Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and SMITH and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

Plaintiff-Appellee LLOG Exploration Company, L.L.C. (“LLOG”) filed 

suit against Defendant-Appellant Signet Maritime Corporation (“Signet”) in 

federal district court seeking a declaratory judgment that it did not owe delay 

damages under the parties’ maritime towing contract. The district court 

granted judgment in favor of LLOG and awarded attorney’s fees, costs, and 

expenses pursuant to the contract. For the following reasons, we affirm the 

declaratory judgment in favor of LLOG. Because we do not have jurisdiction 

 

* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not 

be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH 

CIR. R. 47.5.4.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

December 23, 2016

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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over the district court’s award of attorney’s fees, we dismiss Signet’s appeal of 

that issue. 

I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

LLOG is a deepwater exploration company headquartered in Covington, 

Louisiana and Signet is a marine transportation and logistics services 

company headquartered in Houston, Texas. This case involves a dispute 

arising out of a contractual towage agreement entered into by Signet and 

LLOG in 2014. LLOG made arrangements for Signet and Crowley Maritime 

Services (“Crowley”), to tow its large offshore production facility, DELTA 

HOUSE (“Delta”), to a worksite in the Gulf of Mexico. Signet was hired to 

perform the short 17-mile inshore tow of the Delta from the Kiewet Offshore 

Services shipyard in Ingleside, Texas to the Aransas Pass sea buoy. Crowley 

was hired for the longer offshore tow of the Delta from the sea buoy to the Gulf 

of Mexico where the worksite was located. 

In January 2014, in making arrangements for the inshore tow, Signet’s 

Manager for Chartering and Business Development, Jason Miura, and LLOG’s 

Offshore Construction Manager, Mark Farrow, began exchanging emails 

regarding the details of Signet’s bid for the tow project. During this time, 

LLOG was also working with Crowley to finalize the details of the offshore tow. 

In May 2014, Miura sent an email to Farrow confirming the terms of the 

parties’ agreement as follows: (1) designation of the vessels to be used for the 

tow; (2) designation of the rates for the tugs to be charged for the tow; (3) a 

requirement that LLOG provide Signet a minimum of seven days’ notice of the 

sail date for the tow; (4) a requirement that LLOG pay a minimum of four days 

tug hire after providing notice of sail date; and (5) a requirement that LLOG 

pay delay charges to Signet if the actual sail date was delayed past the date 

that LLOG nominated with seven days’ notice. 

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The potential delay charges included a “standby rate,” to be paid in 

addition to the four-day minimum tow charge, of 60% of the full charter hire 

per day until the first day of the actual tow, at which time the full charter hire 

plus surcharges would recommence pro rata until Signet’s vessels returned to 

its dock. Alternatively, a postponement fee would be assessed as a delay 

charge, which was calculated as the payment of the four-day minimum tow 

charge, with the right for LLOG to give seven days’ notice of a new, later sail 

date, subject to the regular applicable charges for the tow services actually 

rendered. 

In July 2014, LLOG accepted Signet’s February 2014 bid to provide five 

tugs for the Delta tow project, subject to the parameters of all pertinent 

documents and correspondences which, together, encompassed the contract 

(referred to herein as “the contract”) for the project.1 Prior to the 

commencement of the tow project, LLOG sent various emails to contacts 

involved and often included Signet on these correspondences. The dispute 

arose between the parties as a result of an email LLOG sent on July 15, 2014, 

to Crowley and multiple other contacts involved in the tow project, i.e. ̧ the “tow 

team,” stating in relevant part:

The tow-out window has been narrowed from August 4th to August 

17th with anticipation we will sail at the front end of the window. 

All tow related activities need to be ready for August 4th. Tabitha 

has been notified and she will be modifying the channel closure 

with the USCG accordingly. 

 

1 The pertinent documents comprising the contract included: (1) LLOG’s Request for 

Quote (“RFQ”) dated January 2014; (2) Signet’s response to LLOG’s RFQ dated February 

2014; (3) the Blanket Time Charter Agreement dated April 2014; and (4) the May 21, 2014 

email from Miura to Farrow confirming the terms of the parties’ agreement, including the 

requirement for seven days’ notice of a sail date. Absent from the contract between the 

parties was a notify “window,” which requires a party that hires vessels to give notice of a 

window of days during which the sail date could occur. 

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Although the email went to numerous contacts involved in the tow 

project, it did not go to Miura, the Signet manager with whom Farrow had 

negotiated the inshore tow project. Then on August 6, 2014, Farrow advised 

the tow team, including Crowley, that the tow window was being revised to the 

time period from August 29th to September 12th. Crowley responded 

acknowledging the new tow window and confirming that it would continue to 

maintain the terms and conditions of its own contract with LLOG. 

Miura and Barry Snyder, Signet’s CEO and president, contacted Farrow 

in early August and expressed that Signet had construed the July 15th email 

as LLOG’s declaration of a specific sail date of either August 4th or 14th. 

Consequently, Signet had prepared to sail for August 4th. Since LLOG was no 

longer prepared to sail on that date, Signet requested that it sail no later than 

the last day in the window “as per the postponement fee already agreed.” 

Farrow responded by stating that LLOG’s agreement with Signet did not 

require a notification window, but only seven days’ notice of a sail date. He 

explained that although he had copied some Signet employees and the tow 

team on the email referencing the tow window declared with Crowley, his doing 

so was “contractually inconsequential” to Signet, who was never given notice 

of a sail date or directed to have its own tugs ready at that time. 

The parties continued to communicate via email with respect to the 

purported tow delay and on September 3, 2014, LLOG provided Signet with 

seven days’ notice for a sail date of September 10th. Signet responded to that 

email and confirmed that its tugs would be ready for the tow on that date. That 

same day, Signet sent LLOG an invoice for a postponement fee in the amount 

of $650,496. LLOG refused payment of the invoice. The tow ultimately 

commenced on September 14th and lasted approximately twelve hours. 

Because the tow did not commence until four days after the nominated sail 

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date, LLOG paid Signet for the four-day minimum tow charges, plus the charge 

for the actual day of the inshore tow, which totaled $912,096. 

On December 10, 2014, LLOG filed a complaint for declaratory judgment 

in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana 

seeking a determination of the obligations of the parties under the contract. 

LLOG’s complaint sought a declaration that it did not owe the postponement 

fee as invoiced by Signet in the amount of $650,496. Signet filed an answer 

and counterclaim generally denying the allegations of LLOG’s complaint and 

asserting a counterclaim for “standby damages” under the contract in the total 

amount of $3,322,368—accounting for the days comprising the alleged tow 

delay from August 4th through September 9th. 

After a two-day bench trial, the district court concluded that Signet had

failed to carry its burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that 

LLOG had breached the contract. In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, 

the district court acknowledged that LLOG gave Signet seven days’ notice of a 

sail date on September 3rd, for a final sail date of September 10th. Because 

the sail actually commenced on September 14th, LLOG paid for five days of 

the tow as invoiced by Signet ($912,096), the four-day minimum tow charge

plus the actual tow, and that was all that was owed under the contract. The 

district court concluded that LLOG was entitled to declaratory judgment that 

it did not owe Signet a postponement fee or standby charges under the 

contract. It further provided that Signet was not entitled to recover under its 

counterclaim for the postponement fee or standby charges. The district court 

then ruled that LLOG was entitled as the prevailing party in the litigation to 

recover attorney’s fees, court costs, and other expenses from Signet pursuant 

to the parties’ joint stipulation regarding Paragraph 29 of the contract. The 

determination of the exact amount of attorney’s fees to be awarded to LLOG 

was bifurcated from the trial as to liability. Signet timely filed this appeal. 

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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“On appeal from a bench trial, we review findings of fact for clear error 

and legal issues de novo.” Int’l Marine, LLC v. FDT, LLC, 619 F. App’x 342, 

346 (5th Cir. 2015) (citing One Beacon Ins. Co. v. Crowley Marine Servs., Inc., 

648 F.3d 258, 262 (5th Cir. 2011)). The interpretation of maritime contract 

terms is a matter of law that this court reviews de novo. Int’l Marine, LLC v. 

Delta Towing, LLC, 704 F.3d 350, 354 (5th Cir. 2013) (citing One Beacon Ins. 

Co., 648 F.3d at 262). We “review[] for clear error the district court’s factual 

findings as to whether the parties fulfilled their duties under the contract[].” 

Ergon–W. Va., Inc. v. Dynegy Mktg. & Trade, 706 F.3d 419, 424 (5th Cir. 2013). 

III. DISCUSSION

“When interpreting maritime contracts, federal admiralty law rather 

than state law applies.” Delta Towing, LLC, 704 F.3d at 354. “A maritime 

contract . . . , whether governed by federal maritime or Louisiana law, should 

be read as a whole and its words given their plain meaning unless the provision 

is ambiguous.” Weathersby v. Conoco Oil Co., 752 F.2d 953, 955 (5th Cir. 1984). 

“Disagreement as to the meaning of a contract does not make it ambiguous, 

nor does uncertainty or lack of clarity in the language chosen by the parties.” 

Breaux v. Halliburton Energy Servs., 562 F.3d 358, 364 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting

Weir v. Fed. Asset Disposition Ass’n, 123 F.3d 281, 286 (5th Cir. 1997)). “Where 

‘the written instrument is so worded that it can be given a certain definite legal 

meaning or interpretation, then it is not ambiguous, and [the court] will 

construe the contract as a matter of law.’” Breaux, 562 F.3d at 364 (citation 

omitted).

Our review of the record evidence and the applicable law indicates that

the district court did not clearly err in holding that LLOG did not breach the 

terms of its contract resulting in an obligation to pay delay damages to Signet. 

As acknowledged by the district court, the contract between LLOG and Signet 

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was not ambiguous and undisputedly required that LLOG provide seven days’ 

notice of a sail date to Signet. The July 15th email from LLOG to Crowley and 

the tow team cannot reasonably be interpreted as LLOG’s seven days’ notice 

of a sail date to Signet for several reasons. First, the email is addressed from 

LLOG to the “tow team.” Noticeably absent from the recipient list on the email 

was Miura, the Signet representative with whom LLOG generated and 

confirmed the terms of the inshore tow contract governing the parties’ 

agreement, including the existence of LLOG’s obligation to provide seven days’ 

notice of the sail date. Second, the subsequent emails disseminated by Miura 

after the July 15th email indicate that he did not believe that a sail date notice 

had been given at that point, and that he was waiting on a final date to be 

nominated by LLOG in the future.2 Additionally, Signet failed to produce 

evidence at trial that it had actually prepared its tug vessels in anticipation of 

sailing on August 4th. Third, the email referenced a “tow-out window,” a 

contractual provision agreed upon only by LLOG and Crowley, not LLOG and 

Signet. Further, as indicated by LLOG and conceded by Signet’s president 

Snyder, the phrase “all tow related activities” referenced in the July 15th email 

could be interpreted to mean a variety of activities related to the ultimate tow, 

and not the tow itself. Moreover, the July 15th email does not contain the 

terms “notice” or “seven days’ notice” or even the phrase “sail date.” That such 

phrasing was essential is bolstered by LLOG’s subsequent September 3rd 

email to Signet providing actual seven days’ sail date notice, to which Signet

promptly responded acknowledging the notice and confirming that its tugs 

would be ready to sail on September 10th. 

 

2 For example, an email dated July 18th from Miura to Wesley Winchester, another 

Signet manager stated: “We have [requested] the final tug spread to be nominated when 

LLOG nominates their final sail away.” Miura sent a subsequent email on July 28th 

similarly indicating that he was waiting on LLOG to nominate a final sail date. 

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Although Signet claims to have interpreted the July 15th email as

providing seven days’ notice of a sail date, Signet’s argument in support of its 

position is unpersuasive given the plain, unambiguous wording of the parties’

contract as well as the plain and unambiguous wording of the email itself.3 

Weathersby, 752 F.2d at 955–56 (providing that “whether governed by federal 

maritime or Louisiana law, [a maritime contract] should be read as a whole 

and its words given their plain meaning unless the provision is ambiguous.”). 

Accordingly, we uphold the district court’s declaratory judgment concluding 

that LLOG did not breach the terms of the contract and consequently, had no 

obligation to pay Signet delay damages. Ergon–W. Va., Inc., 706 F.3d at 424. 

Finally, as noted by the district court, the parties stipulated in the 

contract that the prevailing party would be entitled to attorney’s fees, court 

costs, and expenses. However, in its award of fees and costs to LLOG, the 

district court did not set a set a specific amount. This court held in S. Travel 

Club, Inc. v. Carnival Air Lines, Inc., 986 F.2d 125, 131 (5th Cir. 1993), “that 

an order awarding attorney’s fees or costs is not reviewable on appeal until the 

award is reduced to a sum certain.” See also Thornton v. GMC, 136 F.3d 450, 

453 (5th Cir. 1998) (“Normally, an unquantified award of attorney’s fees does 

not constitute a final appealable order pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.”). 

Because the award of attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses to LLOG has not been 

reduced to a sum certain by the district court, we dismiss Signet’s appeal of 

that issue for lack of jurisdiction. See South Travel Club, Inc., 986 F.2d at 131 

(order which had not reduced sanctions to a sum certain not an “appealable 

final decision”); Sch. Bd. v. Honeywell, Inc., 293 F. App’x 252, 254 (5th Cir. 

2008) (where district court did not quantify the amount of an award of 

 

3 This conclusion applies to Signet’s argument below that the email constituted notice 

of an August 4th sail date, as well as its argument on appeal that the email constituted notice

of an August 4th sail date or an August 17th sail date, at the latest. 

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attorney’s fees and litigation costs, this Court lacked jurisdiction over the 

appeal) (citing Travelers Ins. Co. v. Liljeberg Enters., 38 F.3d 1404, 1413 n.18 

(5th Cir. 1994)).

IV. CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons we affirm the district court’s declaratory 

judgment in favor of LLOG. Because we do not have jurisdiction to review the 

district court’s award of attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses, we dismiss 

without prejudice Signet’s appeal of that issue. 

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