IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

CHRISTINE BERKLEY, Individually and on behalf of all persons similarly

situated, etc., v. H&R BLOCK EASTERN TAX SERVICES, INC.

Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Carter County

No. C7219 Hon. Thomas J. Seeley, Jr., Circuit Judge

No. E1999-00379-COA-R9-CV - Decided May 4, 2000

This is an interlocutory appeal from the Trial Judge’s refusal to enforce an arbitration agreement

entered by the parties. Defendant has appealed. We reverse and remand with instructions to enforce

the arbitration agreement.

Tenn. R. App. P.3 Interlocutory Appeal by Permission from the Trial Court; Judgment of the

Circuit Court Reversed.

FRANKS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in whichGODDARD,P.J., and SUSANO,J., joined.

Gary C. Shockley and Alice Corker, Baker, Donelson, Bearman & Caldwell, Nashville, Tennessee

and N. Louise Ellingsworth, Daniel R. Young, and Michael D. Pospisil, Kansas City, Missouri, for

Appellant.

Gordon Ball, Knoxville, Tennessee for Appellees.

OPINION

The dispositive issue on appeal is whether the contract signed by the parties

containing an arbitration agreement is enforceable. 

In 1986, the Internal Revenue Service first allowed taxpayers to electronically file

tax returns, and defendant H&R Block (“Block”) began offering electronic filing through a program

known as “Rapid Refund” as a part of its tax preparation services. For the 1987 tax year, Block, in
-2-

conjunction with various lenders, began promoting another service known as the “Refund

Anticipation Loan” or “RAL”, which allows taxpayers to receive a loan from the lender using their

anticipated tax refund as collateral.

Block customers given the RAL option, must first complete an application. The

application is then sent via “Compuserve” in Ohio to the lender, Beneficial National Bank, in

Delaware. Once approved by the lender, within two to four days, a check is presented by Block to

the customer. In this process, the customer pays Block its usual preparation and electronic filing

fees, and if the application is approved, the customer also pays the lender a finance charge.

Plaintiff, Christine Berkley, contracted with Block in 1994, 1995, 1996 and 1997 to

assist her in preparing her federal income tax returns for those years. Having been advised by Block

that she could receive her refund much sooner if she obtained a RAL, plaintiff applied for RALs in

at least three of those years.

Plaintiff executed the standard RAL application form in 1997 for the 1996 tax year.

The application disclosed the cost of the loan and included a specific warning that “because the APR

on a RAL may be high in certain cases relative to other sources of credit, you may wish to use such

sources; e.g., credit cards, equity loans, etc., instead of a RAL.” 

Section 7 of the RAL application is an agreement to arbitrate. This provision, which

was not in the applications of prior years, is as follows:

ARBITRATION: The parties to this RAL application, the Loan Agreement on the

RAL check that I signed and any such prior agreements involving the same parties

(collectively, the “Agreements”) hereby agree that any claim or dispute (whether in

contract, tort or otherwise) in any way relating to the Agreements or relating to the

relationships of such parties including the validity or enforceability of this arbitration

provision or any part thereof, (collectively the “Claim”), shall be resolved, upon the

election of either party, by binding arbitration pursuant to this arbitration provision

and the Code of Procedure of the National Arbitration Forum in effect at the time the

Claim is filed. No class actions are permitted to this arbitration without the consent

of the parties. The parties agree that for purposes of this arbitration provision, H&R

Block, Inc., its subsidiaries, franchisees, affiliates, agents, and employees

(collectively “Block”) shall be an intended third party beneficiary of the Agreements

and a party to this arbitration provision and any transaction made pursuant to these

Agreements involving Block shall be considered a Claim and resolved pursuant to

this arbitration provision. Rules and forms of the national Arbitration Forum may

be obtained by calling (800) 474-2371 and all Claims shall be filed by certified mail

at any National Arbitration office or at Post Office Box 50191, Minneapolis,

Minnesota 55405. Any participatory arbitration hearing that I attend will take place

in the federal judicial district in which I live. This arbitration agreement is made

pursuant to a transaction involving interstate commerce, and shall be governed by the

Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. Sections 1-16. The award of the Arbitrator shall
-3-

apply relevant law and provide written, reasoned findings of fact and conclusions of

law, and shall not be subject to appeal. Judgment upon the award may be entered in

any court having jurisdiction. Nothing in this arbitration provision shall be construed

to prevent BNB’s use of offset of other contractual rights involving my income tax

refund or other amount on deposit with BNB to pay off any RAL debts nor or

hereafter owed by me to BNB or any other RAL Lender or ERO pursuant to the

Agreements. The parties hereto acknowledge that they have a right to litigate

claims in court, but they prefer to resolve such claims through arbitration and

hereby waive their rights to litigate such claims in court upon election of

arbitration by either party. The parties further agree that any Claim hereunder

shall be limited to no more than the claimant’s actual compensatory, economic

damages plus punitive damages, if any in the Arbitrator’s discretion, of no more than

3 times the claimant’srespective actual compensatory, economic damages or $50,000

whichever is lesser, and that each party shall bear the expense of their respective

attorney’s fees regardless of which party prevails.

(Bold in original.)

Plaintiff, in her complaint, charged Block with engaging in unfair or deceptive

conduct by, among other things, failing to disclose to her and other Block customers that it received

“kickbacks” from the “Refund Anticipation Loan” program. Plaintiff’s complaint alleged a violation

of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, T.C.A. §47-18-101 et seq; breach of Brock’s duty to deal

with her fairly and in good faith, and breach of Brock’s fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment.

Subsequently, she filed a “First Amended Complaint” dropping the claim for breach of fiduciary

duty, and adding the claim for breach of principal-agency relationship. Subsequently, she moved

to amend the complaint to particularize the factual allegations to seek injunctive relief and demand

a jury.

Subsequently, the Trial Court refused to compel arbitration, but granted an

interlocutory appeal, which this Court accepted, pursuant to Rule 9 of the Tennessee Rules of

Appellate Procedure.

The arbitration agreement states that “any claim or dispute (whether in contract, tort

or otherwise) in any way” relating to the RAL program “shall be resolved, upon the election of either

party, by binding arbitration.” Block has clearly announced its election to submit the dispute to

arbitration. 

The Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §2, provides:

A written provision in any maritime transaction or a contract evidencing a transaction

involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of

such contract or transaction, or the refusal to perform the whole or any part thereof,

or an agreement in writing to submit to arbitration an existing controversy arising out

of such a contract, transaction, or refusal, shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable,
-4-

save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.

The Supreme Court of Tennessee recently reiteratedand emphasized the applicability

of the FAA in the courts of this state in Frizzell Construction Co. Inc. v. Gatlinburg, L.L.C., 9

S.W.3d 79 (Tenn. 1999).

A contract “evidencing a transaction involving commerce” may be regulated by

Congress as part of its authority to regulate interstate commerce, and includes intrastate activities

that have a substantial relation to interstate commerce. See Frizzell Construction, 9 S.W.3d at 83

(citing United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 557059 (1995)). In this case, the Agreement containing

the arbitration provision clearly is one that involves such commerce and is therefore within the scope

of the FAA.

As the United States Supreme Court explained in Southerland Corp. v. Keating, 465

U.S. 1 (1984), the FAA not only “declared a national policy favoring arbitration,” but actually

“withdrew the power of the states to require a judicial forum for the resolution of claims which the

contracting parties agreed to resolve by arbitration.” 465 U.S. at 10. The FAA enforces arbitration

agreements according to the terms of those agreements, allowing the parties to determine the scope

of arbitration.

In Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U.S. 52 (1995), the issue was

whether punitive damages could be properly considered under the parties’ arbitration agreement.

The Court stated:

[W]e think our decisions in Allied-Bruce, Southland, and Perry, make clear that if

contracting parties agree to include claims for punitive damages within the issues to

be arbitrated, the FAA ensures that their agreement will be enforced according to its

terms even if a rule of state law would otherwise exclude such claims from

arbitration. Thus, the case before us comes down to what the contract has to say

about the arbitrability of petitioners’ claim for punitive damages.

514 U.S. at 52.

In this case, the arbitration clause provides that all issues “including the validity or

enforceability of this arbitration provision or any part thereof” shall be resolved by binding

arbitration. The United States Supreme Court has decided that parties may contract to arbitrate this

type of dispute under the FAA even if state law would prevent arbitration. See Mastrobuono at 52.

The Tennessee Supreme Court has also recognized this principle, where the parties contract to

arbitrate under the FAA. Frizzel Construction Company, Inc. v. Gatlinburg, LLC., 9 S.W.3d 79

(Tenn. 1999), (holding that some issues may be excluded by law from arbitration where the parties

agree to be bound by Tennessee law.) It follows that the parties may contract to arbitrate the

question of the validity and enforceability of the arbitration clause itself. See First Options of

Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944-45 (1995) (holding that courts should not assume that

the parties agreed to arbitrate arbitrability unless there is “clear and unmistakable” evidence that they
1As to Delaware law, the Tennessee Consumer Protection Acts states: T.C.A., §18-113(b).

Any provision in any agreement or stipulation, verbal or written, restricting jurisdiction or venue to

a forum outside this state, or requiring the application of the laws of another state with respect to any

claim arising under or relating to the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act and related acts set forth

in this title, is void as a matter of public policy. . . . 

-5-

did so.). C.f. Greentree v. Wampler, 949 So.2d 409, 415 (Ala. 1999), where the Supreme Court of

Alabama held that the issue of whether an arbitration clause is unconscionable is to be decided by

a court of law and not arbitration.

Because the contract specifically states that the parties agreedto arbitrate the question

of the validity or enforceability of the arbitration agreement, and because the choice of law clause

states that Federal law and Delaware law apply, the parties must submit the question of arbitration

to arbitration.1

The judgment of the Trial Court on this issue is reversed, and the cause remanded

with instructions to order the parties to arbitrate the validity and enforcement of the arbitration

clause. If the arbitrator finds the clause not enforceable, the Court will proceed to resolve the

disputes between the parties. If the arbitrator determines that the arbitration clause is enforceable,

then the parties will be required to arbitrate all issues covered by the arbitration agreement.

The cause is remanded, with the cost of the appeal assessed to appellee.