For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, January 20, 2022 USDL-22-0079

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

UNION MEMBERS — 2021

In 2021, the number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions continued to decline (-241,000) to 

14.0 million, and the percent who were members of unions—the union membership rate—was 10.3 

percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The rate is down from 10.8 percent in 

2020—when the rate increased due to a disproportionately large decline in the total number of nonunion 

workers compared with the decline in the number of union members. The 2021 unionization rate is the 

same as the 2019 rate of 10.3 percent. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are 

available, the union membership rate was 20.1 percent and there were 17.7 million union workers. 

These data on union membership are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a 

monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households that obtains information on employment and 

unemployment among the nation’s civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For further 

information, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Highlights from the 2021 data:

• The union membership rate of public-sector workers (33.9 percent) continued to be more than five 

times higher than the rate of private-sector workers (6.1 percent). (See table 3.)

• The highest unionization rates were among workers in education, training, and library occupations 

(34.6 percent) and protective service occupations (33.3 percent). (See table 3.)

• Men continued to have a higher union membership rate (10.6 percent) than women (9.9 percent). 

The gap between union membership rates for men and women has narrowed considerably since 1983 

(the earliest year for which comparable data are available), when rates for men and women were 

24.7 percent and 14.6 percent, respectively. (See table 1.) 

• Black workers remained more likely to be union members than White, Asian, or Hispanic workers. 

(See table 1.)

• Nonunion workers had median weekly earnings that were 83 percent of earnings for workers who 

were union members ($975 versus $1,169). (The comparisons of earnings in this news release are on 

a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings 

differences.) (See table 2.)
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• Among states, Hawaii and New York continued to have the highest union membership rates (22.4 

percent and 22.2 percent, respectively), while South Carolina and North Carolina continued to have 

the lowest (1.7 percent and 2.6 percent, respectively). (See table 5.)

Industry and Occupation of Union Members

In 2021, 7.0 million employees in the public sector belonged to unions, the same as in the private 

sector. (See table 3.)

Union membership decreased by 191,000 over the year in the public sector. The public-sector union 

membership rate declined by 0.9 percentage point in 2021 to 33.9 percent, following an increase of 1.2 

percentage points in 2020. In 2021, the union membership rate continued to be highest in local 

government (40.2 percent), which employs many workers in heavily unionized occupations, such as 

police officers, firefighters, and teachers. 

The number of union workers employed in the private sector changed little over the year. However, the 

number of private-sector nonunion workers increased in 2021. The private-sector unionization rate 

declined by 0.2 percentage point in 2021 to 6.1 percent, slightly lower than its 2019 rate of 6.2 percent. 

Industries with high unionization rates included utilities (19.7 percent), motion pictures and sound 

recording industries (17.3 percent), and transportation and warehousing (14.7 percent). Low 

unionization rates occurred in finance (1.2 percent), professional and technical services (1.2 percent), 

food services and drinking places (1.2 percent), and insurance (1.5 percent). 

Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2021 were in education, training, and 

library occupations (34.6 percent) and protective service occupations (33.3 percent). Unionization rates 

were lowest in food preparation and serving related occupations (3.1 percent); sales and related 

occupations (3.3 percent); computer and mathematical occupations (3.7 percent); personal care and 

service occupations (3.9 percent); and farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (4.0 percent). 

Selected Characteristics of Union Members

In 2021, the number of men who were union members, at 7.5 million, changed little, while the number 

of women who were union members declined by 182,000 to 6.5 million. The unionization rate for men 

decreased by 0.4 percentage point over the year to 10.6 percent. In 2021, women’s union membership 

rate declined by 0.6 percentage point to 9.9 percent. The 2021 decreases in union membership rates for 

men and women reflect increases in the total number of nonunion workers. The rate for men is below 

the 2019 rate (10.8 percent), while the rate for women is above the 2019 rate (9.7 percent). (See table 1.) 

Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union membership 

rate in 2021 (11.5 percent) than White workers (10.3 percent), Asian workers (7.7 percent), and 

Hispanic workers (9.0 percent). The union membership rate declined by 0.4 percentage point for White 

workers, by 0.8 percentage point for Black workers, by 1.2 percentage points for Asian workers, and by 

0.8 percentage point for Hispanic workers. The 2021 rates for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are little or 

no different from 2019, while the rate for Asians is lower. 

By age, workers ages 45 to 54 had the highest union membership rate in 2021, at 13.1 percent. Younger 

workers—those ages 16 to 24—had the lowest union membership rate, at 4.2 percent. 
-3-

In 2021, the union membership rate for full-time workers (11.1 percent) continued to be considerably 

higher than that for part-time workers (6.1 percent). 

Union Representation

In 2021, 15.8 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union, 137,000 less than in 2020. 

The percentage of workers represented by a union was 11.6 percent, down by 0.5 percentage point from 

2020 but the same as in 2019. Workers represented by a union include both union members (14.0 

million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contract (1.8 

million). (See table 1.)

Earnings

Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of 

$1,169 in 2021, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $975. In 

addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, these earnings differences reflect a variety of 

influences, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by 

occupation, industry, age, firm size, or geographic region. (See tables 2 and 4.)

Union Membership by State

In 2021, 30 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S. 

average, 10.3 percent, while 20 states had rates above it. All states in both the East South Central and 

West South Central divisions had union membership rates below the national average, while all states in 

both the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions had rates above it. (See table 5 and chart 1.)

Ten states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2021. South Carolina had the lowest rate 

(1.7 percent), followed by North Carolina (2.6 percent) and Utah (3.5 percent). Two states had union 

membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2021: Hawaii (22.4 percent) and New York (22.2 percent).

In 2021, about 30 percent of the 14.0 million union members lived in just two states (California at 2.5 

million and New York at 1.7 million). However, these states accounted for about 17 percent of wage and 

salary employment nationally.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on 2021 Union Members Data

Union membership data for 2021 continue to reflect the impact on the labor market of the coronavirus 

(COVID-19) pandemic. Comparisons with union membership measures for 2020, including metrics 

such as the union membership rate and median usual weekly earnings, should be interpreted with 

caution. The onset of the pandemic in 2020 led to an increase in the unionization rate due to a 

disproportionately large decline in the number of nonunion workers compared with the decline in the 

number of union members. The decrease in the rate in 2021 reflects a large gain in the number of 

nonunion workers and a decrease in the number of union workers. More information on labor market 

developments in recent months is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-andresponse-on-the-employment-situation-news-release.htm.
Technical Note

 The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on 

the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is 

conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the 

U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national 

sample of about 60,000 eligible households. The union 

membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter 

of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary 

workers. All self-employed workers are excluded.

 Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised 

population controls used in the CPS. Additional information 

about population controls is available on the BLS website at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.

 Information in this release will be made available to sensory 

impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-

5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies 

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability 

is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about 

a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate 

based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard 

errors from the true population value because of sampling error. 

BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of

confidence. The state section of this release preserves the longtime practice of highlighting the state union membership rates 

and levels regardless of their statistical significance.

 The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the 

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain 

information for all respondents in the sample, inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, 

and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

 Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and 

guidance on estimating standard errors is available at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Union membership questions 

 Employed wage and salary workers are classified as union 

members if they answer “yes” to the following question: On this 

job, are you a member of a labor union or of an employee 

association similar to a union? If the response is “no” to that 

question, then the interviewer asks a second question: On this 

job, are you covered by a union or employee association 

contract? If the response is “yes,” then these persons, along 

with those who responded “yes” to being union members, are 

classified as represented by a union. If the response is “no” to 

both the first and second questions, then they are classified as 

nonunion.

Definitions

 The principal definitions used in this release are described 

briefly below.

 Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an 

employee association similar to a union.

 Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of total 

wage and salary workers who are union members.

 

 Represented by unions. Data refer to both union members and 

workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are 

covered by a union or an employee association contract.

 Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members of 

a union nor represented by a union on their job.

 Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes 

and other deductions and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the 

case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were 

asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 

1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way 

for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice 

monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually 

earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis 

other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The 

term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent 

asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to 

define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during 

the past 4 or 5 months.

 Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a 

given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having 

earnings above the median and the other having earnings below 

the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or 

calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which 

are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is 

estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in 

which the median lies.

 Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, 

salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The 

group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. 

Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed 

workers, both those with incorporated businesses as well as 

those with unincorporated businesses.

 Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or 

more per week at their sole or principal job.

 Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 

hours per week at their sole or principal job.

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified 

themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, 

Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as 

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2020-2021 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2020 2021

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,174 14,253 10.8 15,939 12.1 136,393 14,012 10.3 15,802 11.6

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,744 741 4.4 865 5.2 18,083 763 4.2 954 5.3

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,430 13,512 11.7 15,074 13.1 118,311 13,249 11.2 14,849 12.6

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,444 3,071 9.8 3,455 11.0 32,360 3,041 9.4 3,449 10.7

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,473 3,475 12.2 3,836 13.5 29,260 3,326 11.4 3,740 12.8

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,364 3,469 13.2 3,868 14.7 26,851 3,521 13.1 3,880 14.4

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,838 2,842 13.0 3,175 14.5 22,210 2,696 12.1 3,028 13.6

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,311 656 9.0 740 10.1 7,629 665 8.7 751 9.8

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,711 7,582 11.0 8,432 12.3 70,739 7,523 10.6 8,416 11.9

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,463 433 5.1 488 5.8 9,069 475 5.2 571 6.3

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,249 7,149 11.9 7,944 13.2 61,670 7,047 11.4 7,845 12.7

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,648 1,662 10.0 1,865 11.2 17,145 1,713 10.0 1,916 11.2

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,073 1,836 12.2 2,016 13.4 15,503 1,763 11.4 1,967 12.7

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,591 1,847 13.6 2,035 15.0 13,716 1,799 13.1 1,962 14.3

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,125 1,473 13.2 1,649 14.8 11,290 1,417 12.6 1,595 14.1

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,812 331 8.7 379 10.0 4,015 355 8.8 405 10.1

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,462 6,672 10.5 7,507 11.8 65,654 6,490 9.9 7,386 11.3

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,281 308 3.7 377 4.6 9,013 288 3.2 383 4.2

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,181 6,363 11.5 7,129 12.9 56,641 6,202 10.9 7,003 12.4

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,796 1,409 9.5 1,590 10.7 15,216 1,328 8.7 1,533 10.1

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,401 1,639 12.2 1,820 13.6 13,757 1,563 11.4 1,774 12.9

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,773 1,622 12.7 1,833 14.3 13,135 1,721 13.1 1,918 14.6

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,713 1,370 12.8 1,526 14.2 10,919 1,279 11.7 1,433 13.1

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,499 324 9.3 360 10.3 3,613 310 8.6 346 9.6

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,142 10,944 10.7 12,221 12.0 104,921 10,774 10.3 12,142 11.6

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,042 5,950 11.0 6,597 12.2 55,408 5,882 10.6 6,571 11.9

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,100 4,994 10.4 5,624 11.7 49,513 4,892 9.9 5,572 11.3

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . 16,726 2,055 12.3 2,321 13.9 17,338 1,993 11.5 2,232 12.9

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,704 990 12.9 1,123 14.6 8,037 1,003 12.5 1,125 14.0

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,022 1,065 11.8 1,198 13.3 9,300 990 10.6 1,107 11.9

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,573 766 8.9 855 10.0 9,119 706 7.7 818 9.0

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,551 375 8.2 421 9.3 4,749 337 7.1 389 8.2

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,021 392 9.7 434 10.8 4,369 368 8.4 429 9.8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . 23,562 2,315 9.8 2,586 11.0 24,738 2,221 9.0 2,551 10.3

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,270 1,336 10.1 1,485 11.2 13,938 1,282 9.2 1,468 10.5

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,291 980 9.5 1,101 10.7 10,799 939 8.7 1,083 10.0

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3

Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,387 12,987 11.8 14,486 13.1 114,316 12,654 11.1 14,275 12.5

Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,616 1,247 5.8 1,430 6.6 21,877 1,336 6.1 1,502 6.9

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal

job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected

characteristics, 2020-2021 annual averages

Characteristic

2020 2021

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $984 $1,144 $1,138 $958 $998 $1,169 $1,158 $975

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 717 711 601 623 757 744 617

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,029 1,160 1,155 1,007 1,057 1,192 1,180 1,030

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 1,008 1,003 888 931 1,049 1,038 916

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,106 1,241 1,232 1,073 1,131 1,264 1,252 1,107

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,129 1,243 1,234 1,102 1,154 1,266 1,257 1,136

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,096 1,167 1,168 1,072 1,132 1,224 1,224 1,111

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999 1,112 1,097 987 994 1,083 1,093 980

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,082 1,216 1,210 1,051 1,097 1,227 1,217 1,069

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 723 724 615 650 771 750 640

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,144 1,240 1,234 1,129 1,160 1,253 1,245 1,146

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952 1,072 1,070 934 972 1,105 1,093 959

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,205 1,344 1,337 1,178 1,241 1,363 1,354 1,221

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,260 1,325 1,320 1,248 1,295 1,339 1,337 1,281

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,228 1,250 1,250 1,222 1,256 1,268 1,265 1,254

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,115 1,140 1,117 1,114 1,129 1,148 1,150 1,124

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 1,067 1,057 862 912 1,104 1,086 884

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 711 698 583 605 745 739 599

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 1,082 1,074 905 954 1,126 1,115 930

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852 957 949 836 881 1,008 1,003 862

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978 1,140 1,135 945 992 1,168 1,151 967

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 1,151 1,139 947 1,012 1,180 1,162 981

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 1,079 1,082 931 976 1,157 1,164 953

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897 1,086 1,078 877 867 1,012 1,016 846

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,003 1,165 1,157 978 1,018 1,199 1,182 996

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,110 1,243 1,237 1,080 1,125 1,257 1,248 1,097

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905 1,085 1,070 877 925 1,121 1,101 899

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 965 971 766 801 998 987 775

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 1,020 1,022 798 825 1,006 992 802

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 917 923 742 776 988 980 752

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,310 1,240 1,247 1,326 1,328 1,267 1,256 1,334

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,447 1,247 1,237 1,477 1,453 1,307 1,326 1,459

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,143 1,233 1,256 1,124 1,141 1,248 1,218 1,132

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 1,016 1,011 730 777 1,032 1,001 755

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 1,076 1,064 770 820 1,091 1,048 799

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 955 947 684 718 949 924 699

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2020-2021 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2020 2021

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,873 6,311 11.3 7,265 13.0 56,870 6,241 11.0 7,177 12.6

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,134 962 4.3 1,194 5.4 22,850 1,021 4.5 1,244 5.4

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,350 611 4.3 761 5.3 14,730 645 4.4 786 5.3

Business and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,785 351 4.5 433 5.6 8,120 376 4.6 458 5.6

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 33,738 5,349 15.9 6,070 18.0 34,020 5,220 15.3 5,933 17.4

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . 5,312 202 3.8 269 5.1 5,465 202 3.7 260 4.8

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . 3,039 190 6.2 229 7.5 3,083 181 5.9 215 7.0

Life, physical, and social science

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,539 148 9.6 185 12.0 1,535 153 10.0 190 12.4

Community and social service occupations. . . . 2,576 402 15.6 452 17.5 2,630 384 14.6 426 16.2

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,526 105 6.9 121 7.9 1,518 89 5.8 103 6.8

Education, training, and library occupations. . . 8,639 3,104 35.9 3,440 39.8 8,672 3,004 34.6 3,353 38.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,103 131 6.2 151 7.2 2,113 149 7.1 170 8.1

Healthcare practitioners and technical

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,004 1,069 11.9 1,224 13.6 9,005 1,057 11.7 1,217 13.5

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,486 2,170 10.6 2,404 11.7 21,708 2,094 9.6 2,314 10.7

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,641 373 8.0 434 9.4 4,644 384 8.3 438 9.4

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,006 1,101 36.6 1,165 38.8 2,917 970 33.3 1,036 35.5

Food preparation and serving related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,429 219 3.4 268 4.2 7,178 222 3.1 254 3.5

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,104 394 9.6 435 10.6 4,458 420 9.4 472 10.6

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . 2,306 82 3.6 102 4.4 2,511 97 3.9 113 4.5

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,111 1,733 6.4 1,937 7.1 27,651 1,702 6.2 1,991 7.2

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,117 387 3.2 441 3.6 12,366 406 3.3 491 4.0

Office and administrative support occupations. . . 14,994 1,346 9.0 1,496 10.0 15,285 1,296 8.5 1,500 9.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,433 1,750 15.3 1,871 16.4 11,911 1,777 14.9 1,923 16.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . 926 24 2.6 27 2.9 931 37 4.0 43 4.7

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . 6,243 1,105 17.7 1,167 18.7 6,528 1,119 17.1 1,198 18.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,264 620 14.5 676 15.8 4,451 621 14.0 681 15.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,270 2,290 13.3 2,463 14.3 18,253 2,198 12.0 2,398 13.1

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,324 870 11.9 943 12.9 7,647 827 10.8 912 11.9

Transportation and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,946 1,420 14.3 1,520 15.3 10,605 1,371 12.9 1,486 14.0

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,542 7,080 6.3 8,018 7.2 115,767 7,030 6.1 8,055 7.0

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,281 21 1.7 25 1.9 1,308 37 2.9 41 3.1

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,260 7,059 6.4 7,994 7.3 114,459 6,993 6.1 8,014 7.0

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 656 37 5.6 43 6.6 561 32 5.7 34 6.0

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,829 993 12.7 1,050 13.4 8,157 1,024 12.6 1,112 13.6

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,887 1,181 8.5 1,289 9.3 14,134 1,082 7.7 1,203 8.5

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,705 754 8.7 821 9.4 8,986 668 7.4 749 8.3

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,182 427 8.2 468 9.0 5,148 414 8.0 453 8.8

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,407 787 4.5 874 5.0 18,070 769 4.3 880 4.9

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,116 133 4.3 146 4.7 3,117 116 3.7 140 4.5

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,292 655 4.6 728 5.1 14,953 653 4.4 740 5.0

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,441 1,135 17.6 1,213 18.8 7,057 1,086 15.4 1,183 16.8

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,377 916 17.0 979 18.2 6,055 889 14.7 974 16.1

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,064 219 20.6 234 22.0 1,002 197 19.7 209 20.9

Information3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,160 200 9.3 222 10.3 2,274 226 10.0 253 11.1

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 8 2.4 9 2.6 311 17 5.6 22 7.2

Motion pictures and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 40 14.0 43 15.1 352 61 17.3 64 18.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2020-2021 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2020 2021

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Broadcasting (except internet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 30 7.6 35 8.7 368 33 8.9 39 10.7

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 111 14.3 122 15.7 843 100 11.9 109 13.0

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,107 169 1.9 244 2.7 9,101 206 2.3 278 3.1

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,977 96 1.4 152 2.2 6,896 91 1.3 135 2.0

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,492 53 1.2 92 2.0 4,387 53 1.2 77 1.8

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,484 43 1.7 60 2.4 2,510 38 1.5 58 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . 2,131 74 3.5 93 4.3 2,205 114 5.2 143 6.5

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,938 323 2.2 442 3.0 15,374 334 2.2 451 2.9

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . 10,153 132 1.3 208 2.1 10,506 128 1.2 204 1.9

Management, administrative, and waste

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,785 191 4.0 233 4.9 4,868 206 4.2 247 5.1

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,365 1,876 8.4 2,174 9.7 22,891 1,807 7.9 2,109 9.2

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,507 607 13.5 697 15.5 4,694 607 12.9 712 15.2

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . 17,858 1,269 7.1 1,478 8.3 18,197 1,200 6.6 1,397 7.7

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,127 223 2.2 280 2.8 11,208 252 2.2 304 2.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . 1,810 86 4.8 106 5.9 2,004 96 4.8 111 5.5

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . 8,317 137 1.6 174 2.1 9,203 156 1.7 192 2.1

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 52 5.7 59 6.5 979 58 5.9 63 6.4

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . 7,401 85 1.2 114 1.5 8,225 98 1.2 129 1.6

Other services3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,344 134 2.5 162 3.0 5,632 176 3.1 208 3.7

Other services, except private households.. . 4,669 130 2.8 159 3.4 4,987 158 3.2 190 3.8

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,632 7,173 34.8 7,921 38.4 20,626 6,982 33.9 7,747 37.6

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,892 1,014 26.0 1,167 30.0 3,820 951 24.9 1,108 29.0

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,980 2,085 29.9 2,350 33.7 6,866 2,033 29.6 2,273 33.1

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,760 4,074 41.7 4,404 45.1 9,940 3,999 40.2 4,367 43.9

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well

as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data,

occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Data for

2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system,

derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry, 2020-2021 annual averages

Occupation and industry

2020 2021

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . $1,356 $1,313 $1,294 $1,366 $1,390 $1,360 $1,345 $1,400

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,461 1,386 1,378 1,468 1,482 1,450 1,430 1,487

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,541 1,445 1,440 1,546 1,546 1,545 1,535 1,547

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . 1,363 1,253 1,254 1,369 1,382 1,301 1,267 1,391

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,270 1,294 1,271 1,269 1,335 1,346 1,330 1,337

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,633 1,461 1,424 1,649 1,660 1,463 1,474 1,673

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,575 1,723 1,652 1,568 1,641 1,770 1,745 1,633

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 1,336 1,378 1,417 1,327 1,407 1,336 1,348 1,416

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,003 1,166 1,148 966 1,065 1,342 1,333 1,010

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,540 1,464 1,515 1,541 1,586 1,728 1,591 1,586

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,096 1,244 1,224 982 1,138 1,273 1,256 1,025

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,179 1,349 1,341 1,169 1,229 1,434 1,532 1,215

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . 1,227 1,376 1,381 1,200 1,273 1,402 1,389 1,259

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 931 911 599 644 929 909 619

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 689 682 600 637 705 711 629

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 1,263 1,258 806 998 1,278 1,263 846

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . 530 613 607 524 573 652 645 570

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 709 711 589 623 732 731 612

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 710 617 616 618 622 687 617

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 947 944 797 826 933 929 817

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 860 897 879 887 808 839 890

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 965 956 764 806 961 951 791

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905 1,227 1,215 844 919 1,262 1,237 872

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 – – 583 623 – – 615

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906 1,237 1,221 830 904 1,262 1,227 837

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . 984 1,235 1,219 933 1,017 1,287 1,273 983

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 954 938 720 774 968 954 746

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 923 911 753 809 957 944 789

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . 719 979 967 691 738 976 961 713

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959 1,089 1,084 948 973 1,098 1,080 965

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 – – 638 675 – – 673

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 1,090 1,086 954 978 1,100 1,082 969

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,444 – – 1,449 1,317 – – 1,315

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961 1,254 1,234 920 966 1,344 1,322 922

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,008 1,016 1,012 1,008 1,033 1,016 1,015 1,036

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,049 1,076 1,081 1,043 1,061 1,041 1,051 1,062

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946 914 900 953 995 981 976 998

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 791 780 768 790 776 773 791

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980 1,116 1,062 973 1,003 910 876 1,014

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 731 728 721 744 763 766 742

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 1,215 1,197 912 973 1,199 1,170 934

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 1,138 1,117 849 914 1,147 1,120 883

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,405 1,533 1,535 1,343 1,390 1,482 1,425 1,369

Information4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,356 1,403 1,390 1,348 1,378 1,568 1,527 1,370

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,431 – – 1,439 1,271 – – 1,332

Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . 1,149 – – 1,053 1,325 1,884 1,885 1,230

Broadcasting (except internet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,118 – – 1,077 1,213 – – 1,199

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,321 1,388 1,350 1,306 1,367 1,302 1,297 1,374

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,187 1,012 1,112 1,194 1,233 1,017 1,019 1,239

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266 1,003 1,125 1,270 1,317 1,012 1,037 1,328

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,337 1,108 1,138 1,340 1,367 1,022 1,072 1,372

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,171 – 1,077 1,173 1,209 – 1,003 1,222

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,001 1,081 1,105 999 1,000 1,027 995 1,001

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,220 960 993 1,228 1,241 1,023 1,017 1,249

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,487 1,394 1,362 1,492 1,515 1,527 1,365 1,518

Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . $726 $781 $770 $724 $742 $766 $767 $740

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry, 2020-2021 annual averages — Continued

Occupation and industry

2020 2021

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 1,129 1,130 949 982 1,140 1,134 966

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,059 1,171 1,166 1,026 1,110 1,143 1,133 1,105

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937 1,079 1,094 923 953 1,139 1,134 939

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 741 772 620 650 752 756 645

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 850 892 845 824 904 864 818

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 723 723 589 618 725 735 615

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 – 813 643 691 735 752 683

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 690 660 580 609 709 725 607

Other services4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 1,174 1,143 812 858 1,200 1,166 847

Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . 852 1,178 1,148 838 894 1,258 1,206 885

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,100 1,186 1,173 1,022 1,133 1,237 1,229 1,055

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,326 1,223 1,226 1,374 1,319 1,209 1,219 1,372

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,051 1,157 1,151 979 1,088 1,231 1,224 1,007

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,054 1,196 1,174 939 1,102 1,246 1,235 969

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

4

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well

as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data,

occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Data for

2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system,

derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet

publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2020-2021 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

State

2020 2021

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,896 151 8.0 164 8.7 1,938 115 5.9 133 6.9

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 49 17.7 55 19.5 293 46 15.8 50 17.2

Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,909 155 5.3 207 7.1 3,116 167 5.4 208 6.7

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,158 55 4.7 69 5.9 1,167 46 3.9 51 4.4

California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,069 2,441 16.2 2,655 17.6 15,497 2,468 15.9 2,757 17.8

Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,470 182 7.4 202 8.2 2,538 165 6.5 192 7.5

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,533 262 17.1 282 18.4 1,524 223 14.6 248 16.3

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 41 9.7 44 10.3 435 42 9.7 44 10.2

District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 30 8.6 33 9.5 350 31 8.9 35 9.9

Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,155 524 6.4 644 7.9 8,667 448 5.2 529 6.1

Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,173 194 4.6 271 6.5 4,404 211 4.8 256 5.8

Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 120 23.7 130 25.7 541 121 22.4 131 24.1

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 41 5.6 47 6.4 767 36 4.7 42 5.5

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,178 739 14.3 788 15.2 5,397 752 13.9 818 15.2

Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,838 235 8.3 270 9.5 2,844 256 9.0 290 10.2

Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,401 93 6.6 128 9.1 1,428 93 6.5 118 8.3

Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,282 114 8.9 144 11.2 1,300 120 9.2 148 11.4

Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,694 127 7.5 160 9.4 1,740 126 7.2 170 9.8

Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,682 99 5.9 113 6.7 1,722 81 4.7 98 5.7

Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 82 14.7 93 16.7 563 70 12.4 83 14.7

Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,690 351 13.1 380 14.1 2,689 295 11.0 332 12.3

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,982 357 12.0 383 12.8 3,181 402 12.6 433 13.6

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,974 604 15.2 661 16.6 4,047 540 13.3 620 15.3

Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,515 398 15.8 427 17.0 2,608 416 16.0 446 17.1

Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,034 74 7.1 86 8.3 1,080 59 5.5 74 6.9

Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,525 238 9.4 254 10.1 2,615 235 9.0 266 10.2

Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 50 12.0 54 13.0 438 49 11.2 56 12.9

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890 85 9.6 94 10.5 896 61 6.8 72 8.0

Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,208 161 13.4 186 15.4 1,249 153 12.2 176 14.1

New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 62 9.8 70 11.1 643 65 10.1 73 11.3

New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,719 600 16.1 660 17.8 3,762 608 16.2 672 17.9

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 53 7.1 64 8.6 770 58 7.5 70 9.1

New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,552 1,661 22.0 1,784 23.6 7,770 1,729 22.2 1,869 24.1

North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,128 129 3.1 161 3.9 4,225 108 2.6 142 3.4

North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 21 6.2 25 7.4 349 19 5.4 24 6.9

Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,815 637 13.2 686 14.2 4,966 596 12.0 647 13.0

Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,501 90 6.0 114 7.6 1,546 87 5.6 105 6.8

Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,694 275 16.2 293 17.3 1,784 318 17.8 336 18.8

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,307 717 13.5 775 14.6 5,380 693 12.9 732 13.6

Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 81 17.8 87 19.1 474 75 15.7 83 17.4

South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,036 59 2.9 77 3.8 2,070 34 1.7 42 2.0

South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 17 4.3 21 5.5 393 16 4.0 20 5.0

Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,678 117 4.4 137 5.1 2,820 145 5.2 166 5.9

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,607 563 4.9 693 6.0 12,057 454 3.8 571 4.7

Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,403 51 3.7 75 5.4 1,465 51 3.5 96 6.5

Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 31 11.8 36 13.8 262 32 12.3 37 14.2

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,703 164 4.4 201 5.4 3,685 176 4.8 240 6.5

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,201 557 17.4 596 18.6 3,308 629 19.0 661 20.0

West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 71 10.7 75 11.3 693 66 9.6 73 10.5

Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,592 227 8.7 264 10.2 2,705 215 7.9 251 9.3

Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 18 7.6 22 9.3 234 13 5.7 16 6.9

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated

businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
TEXAS

N.M.

CALIF.

MONT.

NEV.

ARIZ.

ORE.

S.D.

WYO.

COLO. KAN. MO.

N.D.

NEB.

UTAH

GA.

ILL.

MINN.

LA.

IDAHO

FLA.

PA.

WIS.

N.Y.

OKLA.

N.C.

KY.

ALA.

VA.

ARK.

WASH.

IOWA

MISS.

IND.

OHIO

S.C.

MICH.

TENN.

W.VA.

V

MD.

HAWAII

ALASKA

Pacific

Mountain

West

North Central

East

North Central

New Englan

Middle

Atlantic

East

South Central

West

South Central

hart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2021 an

(U.S. rate = 10.3 percent)

Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2021 annu

(U.S. rate = 10.3 percent)