1

Technical information: (202) 691-6378

 http://www.bls.gov/cps/

Media contact: 691-5902

USDL 07-0113

For release: 10:00 A.M. EST

Thursday, January 25, 2007

UNION MEMBERS IN 2006

In 2006, 12.0 percent of employed wage and salary workers were union members, down from 12.5

percent a year earlier, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The

number of persons belonging to a union fell by 326,000 in 2006 to 15.4 million. The union membership rate

has steadily declined from 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available.

Some highlights from the 2006 data are:

• Workers in the public sector had a union membership rate nearly five times that of private sector

employees.

• Education, training, and library occupations had the highest unionization rate among all occupations,

 at 37 percent.

• The unionization rate was higher for men than for women.

• Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic workers.

Membership by Industry and Occupation

The union membership rate for government workers (36.2 percent) was substantially higher than for

private industry workers (7.4 percent). Within the public sector, local government workers had the highest

union membership rate, 41.9 percent. This group includes several heavily unionized occupations, such as

teachers, police officers, and fire fighters. Among major private industries, transportation and utilities had the

highest union membership rate, at 23.2 percent, followed by construction (13.0 percent). Within the information industry, telecommunications had a 20.7 percent union membership rate. Financial activities had the

lowest unionization rate in 2006—1.9 percent. (See table 3.)

Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (37.3 percent) and protective

service occupations (34.7 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2006. Transportation and material

moving occupations (18.5 percent), construction and extraction occupations (17.6 percent), installation,

maintenance, and repair occupations (15.8 percent), community and social services occupations (15.6 percent), and production occupations (15.5 percent) also had higher-than-average rates. Sales and related

occupations (3.1 percent) and farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (3.5 percent) had the lowest

unionization rates. (See table 3.)
2

Demographic Characteristics of Union Members

In 2006, the union membership rate was higher for men (13.0 percent) than for women (10.9 percent).

(See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men

was about 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. This narrowing occurred because the union

membership rate for men declined more rapidly than the rate for women over the period.

Black workers were more likely to be union members (14.5 percent) than were whites (11.7 percent),

Asians (10.4 percent), or Hispanics (9.8 percent). Among age groups, union membership rates were highest

among workers 45 to 64 years old (16.0 percent) and were lowest among those ages 16 to 24 (4.4 percent). Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members, 13.1

and 6.3 percent, respectively. (See table 1.)

Union Representation of Nonmembers

About 1.5 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union on their main job in 2006,

while not being union members themselves. (See table 1.) Slightly more than half of these workers were

 employed in government. (See table 3.)

Earnings

In 2006, full-time wage and salary workers who were union members had median usual weekly earnings

of $833, compared with a median of $642 for wage and salary workers who were not represented by

unions. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective

bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by

occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating

between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee

earnings, see “Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.)

Union Membership by State

In 2006, 29 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.

average, 12.0 percent, while 20 states had higher rates and 1 state posted the same rate. All states in the

East North Central, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific divisions reported union membership rates at or above the

national average, and all states in the East South Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it.

Union membership rates were down in 30 states and the District of Columbia, up in 17 states, and

unchanged in 3 states from 2005. (See table 5 and chart 1.)

Among the five states reporting union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2006, North Carolina and

South Carolina continued to post the lowest rates (3.3 percent each). The next lowest rates were recorded

in Virginia (4.0 percent), Georgia (4.4 percent), and Texas (4.9 percent). Four states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2006—Hawaii (24.7 percent), New York (24.4 percent), Alaska (22.2

percent), and New Jersey (20.1 percent). Hawaii and New York have recorded the highest union membership rates among all states for 10 of the past 11 years.

The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.3 million) and New York (2.0 million).

Just under half (7.5 million) of the 15.4 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states (California,

2.3 million; New York, 2.0 million; Illinois, 0.9 million; Michigan, 0.8 million; New Jersey, 0.8 million; and

Pennsylvania, 0.7 million), though these states accounted for about one-third of wage and salary employment

nationally.
3

State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and union membership rate. Texas

(with the second largest number of employed wage and salary workers) had less than one-quarter as many

union members as New York (the third largest), despite having over 1.6 million more wage and salary

employees. Similarly, Florida (with the fourth largest employment level) and Minnesota (the twenty-first) had

virtually the same number of union members, even though Florida’s wage and salary employment level was

three times that of Minnesota.
Technical Note

The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current

Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information

on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey

is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the

U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national

sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership and

earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly

sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded.

Union membership data for 2006 are not strictly comparable

with data for 2005 and earlier years because of the introduction

in January 2006 of revised population controls used in the CPS.

The effect of the revised population controls on the union

membership estimates is unknown. However, the effect of the

new controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to decrease the

December 2005 employment level by 123,000 and the unemployment level by 8,000. The updated controls had little or

no effect on unemployment rates and other ratios. For

additional information, see “Adjustments to Household Survey

Population Estimates in January 2006” in the February 2006

issue of Employment and Earnings, available on the Internet at

http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps06adj.pdf.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory

impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200,

TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the “true” population values they

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies

depending upon the particular sample selected, and this

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that

an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6

standard errors from the “true” population value because of

sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-

percent level of confidence.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the

data.

 For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the

CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the

“Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of

Employment and Earnings.

Definitions

The principal definitions used in this release are described

briefly below.

Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or

an employee association similar to a union.

Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well

as workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are

covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes

and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case

of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked

how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994,

respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for

them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice

monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually

earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis

other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The

term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the

respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are

instructed to define the term as more than half of the weeks

worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides

a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having

earnings above the median and the other having earnings below

the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or

calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which

are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is

estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in

which the median lies.

Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,

salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The

group includes employees in both the private and public

sectors, but, for the purposes of the union membership and

earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless

of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or

more per week at their sole or principal job.

Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than

35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who

identified themselves in the enumeration process as being

Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

2005 2006

Total

employed

Members of

unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Total

employed

Members of

unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

AGE AND SEX

 Total, 16 years and over .......................................................... 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1

 16 to 24 years ........................................................................ 19,283 878 4.6 1,019 5.3 19,538 857 4.4 978 5.0

 25 years and over .................................................................. 106,606 14,808 13.9 16,204 15.2 108,699 14,502 13.3 15,883 14.6

 25 to 34 years ...................................................................... 28,450 3,044 10.7 3,368 11.8 28,805 2,899 10.1 3,195 11.1

 35 to 44 years ...................................................................... 30,654 4,211 13.7 4,579 14.9 30,526 3,997 13.1 4,356 14.3

 45 to 54 years ...................................................................... 28,714 4,731 16.5 5,158 18.0 29,401 4,710 16.0 5,131 17.5

 55 to 64 years ...................................................................... 15,158 2,496 16.5 2,732 18.0 16,095 2,568 16.0 2,832 17.6

 65 years and over ................................................................ 3,631 325 8.9 366 10.1 3,872 328 8.5 370 9.5

 Men, 16 years and over ......................................................... 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

 16 to 24 years ...................................................................... 9,860 523 5.3 603 6.1 10,130 543 5.4 608 6.0

 25 years and over ................................................................ 55,606 8,347 15.0 8,994 16.2 56,682 8,114 14.3 8,752 15.4

 25 to 34 years .................................................................... 15,559 1,754 11.3 1,915 12.3 15,677 1,650 10.5 1,793 11.4

 35 to 44 years .................................................................... 16,196 2,422 15.0 2,582 15.9 16,159 2,309 14.3 2,488 15.4

 45 to 54 years .................................................................... 14,421 2,658 18.4 2,849 19.8 14,867 2,617 17.6 2,807 18.9

 55 to 64 years .................................................................... 7,606 1,346 17.7 1,458 19.2 7,990 1,370 17.1 1,474 18.4

 65 years and over .............................................................. 1,824 167 9.1 190 10.4 1,989 167 8.4 190 9.6

 Women, 16 years and over ................................................... 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2

 16 to 24 years ...................................................................... 9,423 354 3.8 417 4.4 9,408 315 3.3 370 3.9

 25 years and over ................................................................ 51,000 6,461 12.7 7,210 14.1 52,018 6,388 12.3 7,131 13.7

 25 to 34 years .................................................................... 12,891 1,290 10.0 1,454 11.3 13,127 1,249 9.5 1,401 10.7

 35 to 44 years .................................................................... 14,457 1,790 12.4 1,997 13.8 14,368 1,687 11.7 1,867 13.0

 45 to 54 years .................................................................... 14,293 2,073 14.5 2,309 16.2 14,534 2,093 14.4 2,325 16.0

 55 to 64 years .................................................................... 7,552 1,150 15.2 1,274 16.9 8,106 1,198 14.8 1,358 16.8

 65 years and over .............................................................. 1,806 158 8.8 176 9.8 1,883 160 8.5 180 9.5

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX

 White, 16 years and over ........................................................ 102,967 12,520 12.2 13,755 13.4 104,668 12,259 11.7 13,424 12.8

 Men ....................................................................................... 54,462 7,275 13.4 7,858 14.4 55,459 7,115 12.8 7,668 13.8

 Women ................................................................................. 48,505 5,245 10.8 5,897 12.2 49,209 5,144 10.5 5,756 11.7

 Black or African American, 16 years and over ....................... 14,459 2,178 15.1 2,391 16.5 14,878 2,163 14.5 2,391 16.1

 Men ....................................................................................... 6,603 1,062 16.1 1,166 17.7 6,788 1,056 15.6 1,158 17.1

 Women ................................................................................. 7,857 1,115 14.2 1,225 15.6 8,090 1,107 13.7 1,233 15.2

 Asian, 16 years and over ........................................................ 5,479 614 11.2 666 12.2 5,703 592 10.4 657 11.5

 Men ....................................................................................... 2,881 314 10.9 337 11.7 3,015 286 9.5 316 10.5

 Women ................................................................................. 2,598 299 11.5 329 12.7 2,688 306 11.4 340 12.7

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over ...................... 17,191 1,793 10.4 1,981 11.5 18,121 1,770 9.8 1,935 10.7

 Men ....................................................................................... 10,324 1,093 10.6 1,185 11.5 10,842 1,064 9.8 1,144 10.6

 Women ................................................................................. 6,866 700 10.2 796 11.6 7,279 706 9.7 791 10.9

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS 3

 Full-time workers .................................................................... 103,560 14,207 13.7 15,551 15.0 106,106 13,938 13.1 15,244 14.4

 Part-time workers ................................................................... 22,052 1,441 6.5 1,630 7.4 21,863 1,382 6.3 1,573 7.2

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose

jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours

usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time

status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple

jobholders.

 NOTE: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls

used in the household survey. Estimates for the above race groups (white,

black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are

not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by

ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and

part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of

whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics

Characteristic

2005 2006

Total

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by

unions 2

Nonunion Total

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by

unions 2

Nonunion

AGE AND SEX

 Total, 16 years and over .............................................. $651 $801 $795 $622 $671 $833 $827 $642

 16 to 24 years ............................................................ 397 502 502 392 409 526 523 404

 25 years and over ...................................................... 696 820 815 669 718 850 845 691

 25 to 34 years .......................................................... 610 735 729 595 621 773 766 606

 35 to 44 years .......................................................... 731 844 837 708 748 853 849 728

 45 to 54 years .......................................................... 748 854 851 722 773 888 884 750

 55 to 64 years .......................................................... 742 852 851 716 765 882 883 741

 65 years and over .................................................... 569 679 683 551 583 675 667 573

 Men, 16 years and over ............................................. 722 857 855 692 743 887 885 717

 16 to 24 years .......................................................... 409 513 511 403 418 526 521 413

 25 years and over .................................................... 771 876 876 749 797 904 902 771

 25 to 34 years ........................................................ 644 763 760 624 661 831 822 640

 35 to 44 years ........................................................ 822 921 918 800 836 918 914 816

 45 to 54 years ........................................................ 853 911 912 831 897 936 939 883

 55 to 64 years ........................................................ 855 888 895 840 902 928 930 893

 65 years and over .................................................. 644 758 768 625 658 650 653 659

 Women, 16 years and over ....................................... 585 731 726 559 600 758 753 579

 16 to 24 years .......................................................... 381 484 487 377 395 527 529 391

 25 years and over .................................................... 612 743 738 593 627 768 763 607

 25 to 34 years ........................................................ 573 693 682 548 583 727 716 565

 35 to 44 years ........................................................ 621 740 735 603 645 759 755 626

 45 to 54 years ........................................................ 644 760 758 619 659 807 798 628

 55 to 64 years ........................................................ 639 795 785 610 658 819 822 627

 65 years and over .................................................. 492 610 599 480 510 690 678 495

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO

ETHNICITY, AND SEX

 White, 16 years and over ............................................ 672 830 824 641 690 859 854 659

 Men ........................................................................... 743 884 884 714 761 909 907 735

 Women ..................................................................... 596 749 743 576 609 777 772 588

 Black or African American, 16 years and over ........... 520 656 653 500 554 707 694 520

 Men ........................................................................... 559 689 682 523 591 745 734 557

 Women ..................................................................... 499 632 630 478 519 665 656 502

 Asian, 16 years and over ............................................ 753 809 805 744 784 834 840 774

 Men ........................................................................... 825 819 817 827 882 838 852 888

 Women ..................................................................... 665 789 785 643 699 828 824 681

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over .......... 471 673 661 449 486 686 681 469

 Men ........................................................................... 489 713 704 473 505 732 724 490

 Women ..................................................................... 429 609 606 414 440 607 614 420

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee

association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee

association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union

affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee

association contract.

 NOTE: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population

controls used in the household survey. Estimates for the above race

groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to

totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition,

persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of

any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as race. 

Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.

Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not

their businesses are incorporated.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and industry

2005 2006

Total

employed

Members of

unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Total

employed

Members of

unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations ............... 42,226 5,639 13.4 6,385 15.1 43,105 5,522 12.8 6,288 14.6

 Management, business, and financial operations

 occupations ....................................................................... 15,955 793 5.0 939 5.9 16,471 802 4.9 964 5.9

 Management occupations ................................................ 10,921 485 4.4 585 5.4 11,260 478 4.2 595 5.3

 Business and financial operations occupations ................ 5,034 308 6.1 354 7.0 5,210 324 6.2 369 7.1

 Professional and related occupations ................................... 26,271 4,845 18.4 5,447 20.7 26,635 4,721 17.7 5,324 20.0

 Computer and mathematical occupations ........................ 3,067 142 4.6 172 5.6 3,069 133 4.3 172 5.6

 Architecture and engineering occupations ....................... 2,593 221 8.5 259 10.0 2,669 197 7.4 236 8.9

 Life, physical, and social science occupations ................. 1,305 125 9.6 140 10.7 1,315 130 9.9 155 11.8

 Community and social services occupations .................... 2,100 346 16.5 376 17.9 2,099 327 15.6 356 17.0

 Legal occupations ............................................................. 1,261 71 5.6 83 6.6 1,282 68 5.3 73 5.7

 Education, training, and library occupations ..................... 7,813 3,006 38.5 3,354 42.9 7,888 2,942 37.3 3,287 41.7

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

 occupations ................................................................... 1,957 152 7.8 171 8.8 1,930 124 6.4 140 7.2

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ........... 6,175 782 12.7 892 14.4 6,383 800 12.5 904 14.2

Service occupations ................................................................. 21,074 2,446 11.6 2,659 12.6 21,569 2,460 11.4 2,658 12.3

 Healthcare support occupations ........................................... 2,971 286 9.6 317 10.7 2,999 312 10.4 340 11.3

 Protective service occupations ............................................. 2,843 1,051 37.0 1,109 39.0 2,919 1,012 34.7 1,067 36.6

 Food preparation and serving related occupations .............. 7,361 316 4.3 362 4.9 7,478 321 4.3 353 4.7

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

 occupations ....................................................................... 4,525 504 11.1 553 12.2 4,703 507 10.8 561 11.9

 Personal care and service occupations ................................ 3,373 288 8.5 317 9.4 3,471 307 8.9 337 9.7

Sales and office occupations .................................................... 32,541 2,385 7.3 2,671 8.2 32,986 2,319 7.0 2,573 7.8

 Sales and related occupations ............................................. 13,630 451 3.3 519 3.8 13,883 430 3.1 489 3.5

 Office and administrative support occupations ..................... 18,911 1,934 10.2 2,152 11.4 19,103 1,889 9.9 2,084 10.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

 occupations ........................................................................... 12,907 2,129 16.5 2,238 17.3 13,366 2,138 16.0 2,248 16.8

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................... 898 35 3.9 38 4.3 880 31 3.5 33 3.7

 Construction and extraction occupations .............................. 7,296 1,283 17.6 1,348 18.5 7,617 1,337 17.6 1,396 18.3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............... 4,713 811 17.2 851 18.1 4,870 771 15.8 820 16.8

Production, transportation, and material moving

 occupations ........................................................................... 17,142 3,086 18.0 3,271 19.1 17,211 2,920 17.0 3,094 18.0

 Production occupations ........................................................ 9,007 1,539 17.1 1,617 17.9 8,964 1,392 15.5 1,468 16.4

 Transportation and material moving occupations ................. 8,135 1,547 19.0 1,655 20.3 8,247 1,528 18.5 1,626 19.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and industry

2005 2006

Total

employed

Members of

unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Total

employed

Members of

unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

INDUSTRY

Private sector ............................................................................ 105,508 8,255 7.8 8,962 8.5 107,846 7,981 7.4 8,688 8.1

 Agriculture and related industries ........................................... 1,021 28 2.7 30 3.0 1,059 25 2.3 27 2.6

 Nonagricultural industries ....................................................... 104,487 8,227 7.9 8,931 8.5 106,786 7,957 7.5 8,660 8.1

 Mining .................................................................................. 600 48 8.0 57 9.5 632 48 7.5 56 8.8

 Construction ........................................................................ 8,053 1,057 13.1 1,111 13.8 8,444 1,097 13.0 1,146 13.6

 Manufacturing ...................................................................... 15,518 2,017 13.0 2,127 13.7 15,643 1,827 11.7 1,949 12.5

 Durable goods ................................................................. 9,845 1,310 13.3 1,382 14.0 10,072 1,190 11.8 1,263 12.5

 Nondurable goods ........................................................... 5,673 707 12.5 746 13.1 5,571 637 11.4 686 12.3

 Wholesale and retail trade ................................................... 18,989 1,021 5.4 1,122 5.9 19,245 957 5.0 1,023 5.3

 Wholesale trade ............................................................... 4,017 236 5.9 259 6.4 4,100 201 4.9 215 5.2

 Retail trade ...................................................................... 14,973 785 5.2 864 5.8 15,145 756 5.0 808 5.3

 Transportation and utilities .................................................. 5,212 1,252 24.0 1,309 25.1 5,299 1,227 23.2 1,287 24.3

 Transportation and warehousing ..................................... 4,379 1,024 23.4 1,071 24.4 4,459 991 22.2 1,042 23.4

 Utilities ............................................................................. 833 228 27.4 239 28.6 840 237 28.2 245 29.1

 Information 3 ........................................................................ 2,934 398 13.6 422 14.4 3,105 372 12.0 404 13.0

 Publishing, except Internet .............................................. 765 68 8.8 74 9.7 833 58 7.0 63 7.5

 Motion pictures and sound recording .............................. 277 42 15.0 43 15.5 296 30 10.3 32 10.6

 Broadcasting, except Internet .......................................... 534 46 8.6 48 9.0 522 31 5.9 40 7.6

 Telecommunications ........................................................ 1,096 234 21.4 248 22.6 1,183 245 20.7 261 22.1

 Financial activities ............................................................... 8,619 195 2.3 238 2.8 8,841 168 1.9 206 2.3

 Finance and insurance .................................................... 6,304 102 1.6 132 2.1 6,503 92 1.4 123 1.9

 Finance ....................................................................... 4,114 59 1.4 77 1.9 4,308 52 1.2 73 1.7

 Insurance .................................................................... 2,190 44 2.0 54 2.5 2,195 40 1.8 50 2.3

 Real estate and rental and leasing .................................. 2,315 92 4.0 107 4.6 2,338 77 3.3 82 3.5

 Professional and business services .................................... 10,951 292 2.7 341 3.1 11,398 274 2.4 329 2.9

 Professional and technical services ................................ 6,468 98 1.5 120 1.9 6,601 90 1.4 116 1.8

 Management, administrative, and waste services ........... 4,483 194 4.3 221 4.9 4,798 184 3.8 213 4.4

 Education and health services ............................................. 17,357 1,434 8.3 1,632 9.4 17,853 1,483 8.3 1,694 9.5

 Educational services ........................................................ 3,312 435 13.1 511 15.4 3,540 478 13.5 562 15.9

 Health care and social assistance ................................... 14,045 999 7.1 1,121 8.0 14,313 1,005 7.0 1,132 7.9

 Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... 10,658 333 3.1 377 3.5 10,638 326 3.1 370 3.5

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................. 1,869 118 6.3 134 7.2 1,781 112 6.3 126 7.1

 Accommodation and food services .................................. 8,790 215 2.4 243 2.8 8,857 214 2.4 244 2.8

 Accommodation ........................................................... 1,459 122 8.3 130 8.9 1,422 131 9.2 141 9.9

 Food services and drinking places .............................. 7,331 93 1.3 113 1.5 7,436 83 1.1 103 1.4

 Other services 3 ................................................................... 5,596 181 3.2 194 3.5 5,689 177 3.1 198 3.5

 Other services, except private households ...................... 4,799 175 3.7 188 3.9 4,873 172 3.5 191 3.9

Public sector ............................................................................. 20,381 7,430 36.5 8,262 40.5 20,392 7,378 36.2 8,172 40.1

 Federal goverment ............................................................... 3,427 954 27.8 1,134 33.1 3,381 960 28.4 1,139 33.7

 State government ................................................................. 5,874 1,838 31.3 2,056 35.0 6,102 1,843 30.2 2,049 33.6

 Local government ................................................................. 11,080 4,638 41.9 5,071 45.8 10,908 4,575 41.9 4,984 45.7

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose

jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

 NOTE: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls

used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulland part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of

whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry

Occupation and industry

2005 2006

Total

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by

unions 2

Nonunion Total

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by

unions 2

Nonunion

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... $937 $942 $937 $937 $967 $966 $962 $968 

 Management, business, and financial operations

 occupations ............................................................................... 997 1,015 1,029 995 1,045 1,042 1,060 1,044

 Management occupations ........................................................ 1,083 1,137 1,146 1,076 1,127 1,144 1,154 1,125

 Business and financial operations occupations ........................ 871 854 866 872 930 950 947 928

 Professional and related occupations ........................................... 902 932 924 894 928 956 948 921

 Computer and mathematical occupations ................................ 1,132 1,009 1,029 1,141 1,166 1,057 1,103 1,170

 Architecture and engineering occupations ............................... 1,105 1,133 1,133 1,101 1,155 1,148 1,157 1,155

 Life, physical, and social science occupations ......................... 965 978 1,011 959 984 1,114 1,086 977

 Community and social services occupations ............................ 725 880 865 693 740 886 872 707

 Legal occupations ..................................................................... 1,052 1,147 1,155 1,042 1,144 1,422 1,415 1,136

 Education, training, and library occupations ............................. 798 913 898 710 819 929 917 725

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

 occupations ........................................................................... 819 983 925 808 841 968 964 823

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ................... 878 932 932 867 905 995 979 889

Service occupations ......................................................................... 413 643 629 392 422 638 629 404

 Healthcare support occupations ................................................... 410 466 462 405 423 484 481 417

 Protective service occupations ..................................................... 678 896 886 568 693 918 913 585

 Food preparation and serving related occupations ...................... 356 439 442 350 371 484 482 366

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

 occupations ............................................................................... 394 528 518 378 406 524 520 393

 Personal care and service occupations ........................................ 409 558 549 397 407 530 529 397

Sales and office occupations ............................................................ 575 681 675 562 589 706 697 578

 Sales and related occupations ..................................................... 622 623 625 622 628 671 656 627

 Office and administrative support occupations ............................. 550 689 682 528 572 713 705 549

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

 occupations ................................................................................... 623 910 903 585 653 934 925 608

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ................................... 372 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 369 387 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 383

 Construction and extraction occupations ...................................... 604 913 903 554 619 941 933 582

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ....................... 705 915 913 666 742 931 922 709

Production, transportation, and material moving

 occupations ................................................................................... 540 709 704 510 557 741 733 519

 Production occupations ................................................................ 538 698 693 511 559 730 723 525

 Transportation and material moving occupations ......................... 543 721 717 508 556 752 743 512

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry—Continued

Occupation and industry

2005 2006

Total

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by

unions 2

Nonunion Total

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by

unions 2

Nonunion

INDUSTRY

Private sector .................................................................................... $625 $757 $752 $615 $645 $792 $785 $631 

 Agriculture and related industries ................................................... 402 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 402 422 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 420

 Nonagricultural industries ............................................................... 629 758 753 617 648 793 786 634

 Mining .......................................................................................... 885 3 ( ) 989 870 912 3 ( ) 1,044 899

 Construction ................................................................................ 619 933 926 590 642 969 956 610

 Manufacturing .............................................................................. 676 722 719 667 702 755 753 692

 Durable goods ......................................................................... 704 751 747 695 729 785 780 719

 Nondurable goods ................................................................... 624 676 672 618 650 694 697 640

 Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................... 566 615 610 562 578 637 632 575

 Wholesale trade ....................................................................... 692 678 676 694 725 780 778 720

 Retail trade .............................................................................. 515 590 585 513 520 583 582 518

 Transportation and utilities .......................................................... 726 864 860 676 739 876 876 697

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................. 688 829 827 640 700 831 828 661

 Utilities ..................................................................................... 941 960 954 931 978 1,041 1,051 939

 Information 4 ................................................................................ 832 931 925 810 871 998 990 841

 Publishing, except Internet ...................................................... 755 860 867 740 848 3 ( ) 950 830

 Motion pictures and sound recording ...................................... 751 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 691 813 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 748

 Broadcasting, except Internet .................................................. 749 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 738 737 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 722

 Telecommunications ................................................................ 927 937 935 923 947 986 982 928

 Financial activities ....................................................................... 741 698 696 743 757 674 691 759

 Finance and insurance ............................................................ 765 692 696 767 794 657 674 799

 Finance ............................................................................... 765 650 667 768 811 3 ( ) 673 817

 Insurance ............................................................................ 764 3 ( ) 729 766 767 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 769

 Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... 653 711 696 649 663 701 700 660

 Professional and business services ............................................ 739 663 673 743 749 744 752 749

 Professional and technical services ........................................ 961 770 858 963 996 940 966 996

 Management, administrative, and waste services ................... 488 586 578 485 504 653 643 499

 Education and health services ..................................................... 627 731 736 617 648 751 745 635

 Educational services ................................................................ 737 818 809 718 750 816 806 737

 Health care and social assistance ........................................... 607 684 692 601 620 703 700 614

 Leisure and hospitality ................................................................. 409 513 510 405 417 538 533 412

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... 521 652 618 515 545 617 604 537

 Accommodation and food services .......................................... 388 487 486 384 399 515 515 395

 Accommodation ................................................................... 455 515 510 438 490 567 570 481

 Food services and drinking places ...................................... 372 400 406 372 382 480 481 381

 Other services 4 ........................................................................... 535 694 698 524 568 816 794 550

 Other services, except private households .............................. 579 698 701 572 597 824 800 588

Public sector ..................................................................................... 758 850 842 692 773 871 865 717

 Federal goverment ....................................................................... 882 873 879 887 919 896 900 938

 State government ......................................................................... 733 802 798 684 746 835 824 699

 Local government ......................................................................... 738 858 844 633 754 876 868 656

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but

whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.

4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

 NOTE: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population

controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal

job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers

regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state

(Numbers in thousands)

State

2005 2006

Total

employed

Members of

unions 1

Represented

by unions 2

Total

employed

Members of

unions 1

Represented

by unions 2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

 Alabama ..................................................................... 1,909 195 10.2 223 11.7 1,930 170 8.8 194 10.0

 Alaska ......................................................................... 275 63 22.8 66 24.1 280 62 22.2 67 23.8

 Arizona ....................................................................... 2,366 145 6.1 181 7.7 2,584 197 7.6 250 9.7

 Arkansas ..................................................................... 1,138 54 4.8 68 6.0 1,130 58 5.1 67 6.0

 California .................................................................... 14,687 2,424 16.5 2,610 17.8 14,501 2,273 15.7 2,444 16.9

 Colorado ..................................................................... 2,052 170 8.3 193 9.4 2,154 165 7.7 186 8.6

 Connecticut ................................................................. 1,550 247 15.9 263 17.0 1,591 247 15.6 263 16.5

 Delaware .................................................................... 386 46 11.8 50 12.9 396 43 10.8 45 11.4

 District of Columbia .................................................... 259 29 11.3 33 12.8 246 25 10.3 30 12.2

 Florida ......................................................................... 7,389 401 5.4 532 7.2 7,676 397 5.2 497 6.5

 Georgia ....................................................................... 3,765 190 5.0 226 6.0 3,974 176 4.4 230 5.8

 Hawaii ......................................................................... 545 141 25.8 145 26.7 562 139 24.7 146 25.9

 Idaho ........................................................................... 606 31 5.2 38 6.3 620 37 6.0 45 7.2

 Illinois .......................................................................... 5,473 927 16.9 965 17.6 5,684 931 16.4 979 17.2

 Indiana ........................................................................ 2,789 346 12.4 368 13.2 2,787 334 12.0 362 13.0

 Iowa ............................................................................ 1,369 157 11.5 185 13.5 1,424 161 11.3 199 14.0

 Kansas ........................................................................ 1,210 85 7.0 115 9.5 1,236 99 8.0 115 9.3

 Kentucky ..................................................................... 1,696 164 9.7 184 10.8 1,752 172 9.8 196 11.2

 Louisiana .................................................................... 1,778 114 6.4 132 7.4 1,676 107 6.4 121 7.2

 Maine .......................................................................... 582 69 11.9 79 13.6 584 69 11.9 79 13.5

 Maryland ..................................................................... 2,530 337 13.3 379 15.0 2,614 342 13.1 386 14.8

 Massachusetts ............................................................ 2,886 402 13.9 431 14.9 2,859 414 14.5 438 15.3

 Michigan ..................................................................... 4,288 880 20.5 916 21.4 4,299 842 19.6 879 20.4

 Minnesota ................................................................... 2,494 392 15.7 410 16.4 2,479 395 16.0 416 16.8

 Mississippi .................................................................. 1,089 77 7.1 105 9.7 1,065 60 5.6 78 7.3

 Missouri ...................................................................... 2,532 290 11.5 319 12.6 2,610 284 10.9 310 11.9

 Montana ...................................................................... 391 42 10.7 48 12.2 397 48 12.2 52 13.1

 Nebraska .................................................................... 830 69 8.3 79 9.5 831 66 7.9 79 9.5

 Nevada ....................................................................... 1,051 145 13.8 158 15.1 1,124 167 14.8 191 17.0

 New Hampshire .......................................................... 627 65 10.4 72 11.5 620 63 10.1 70 11.3

 New Jersey ................................................................. 3,868 791 20.5 838 21.7 3,827 770 20.1 825 21.6

 New Mexico ................................................................ 777 63 8.1 83 10.7 796 62 7.8 92 11.5

 New York .................................................................... 8,008 2,090 26.1 2,201 27.5 8,115 1,981 24.4 2,060 25.4

 North Carolina ............................................................ 3,631 107 2.9 143 3.9 3,810 126 3.3 155 4.1

 North Dakota .............................................................. 289 21 7.3 26 9.2 300 20 6.8 24 8.0

 Ohio ............................................................................ 5,039 804 16.0 866 17.2 5,170 734 14.2 801 15.5

 Oklahoma ................................................................... 1,432 77 5.4 91 6.4 1,453 93 6.4 112 7.7

 Oregon ........................................................................ 1,470 213 14.5 231 15.7 1,527 211 13.8 225 14.7

 Pennsylvania .............................................................. 5,456 753 13.8 818 15.0 5,457 745 13.6 802 14.7

 Rhode Island .............................................................. 494 79 15.9 83 16.8 498 76 15.3 79 16.0

 South Carolina ............................................................ 1,739 40 2.3 58 3.3 1,775 59 3.3 74 4.2

 South Dakota .............................................................. 350 21 5.9 29 8.2 351 21 5.9 25 7.2

 Tennessee .................................................................. 2,368 128 5.4 156 6.6 2,550 153 6.0 174 6.8

 Texas .......................................................................... 9,485 506 5.3 590 6.2 9,751 476 4.9 576 5.9

 Utah ............................................................................ 1,035 51 4.9 63 6.1 1,121 61 5.4 69 6.1

 Vermont ...................................................................... 287 31 10.8 37 13.0 305 34 11.0 39 12.9

 Virginia ........................................................................ 3,406 165 4.8 211 6.2 3,446 139 4.0 179 5.2

 Washington ................................................................. 2,746 523 19.1 559 20.4 2,772 549 19.8 583 21.0

 West Virginia .............................................................. 688 99 14.4 107 15.5 710 101 14.2 110 15.5

 Wisconsin ................................................................... 2,551 410 16.1 438 17.2 2,587 386 14.9 415 16.1

 Wyoming ..................................................................... 228 18 7.9 22 9.5 235 19 8.3 24 10.0

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but

whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

 NOTE: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population

controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal

job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers

regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.