1

It is the policy of this Court to refer to child victims by initials instead of by name.

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JERRY RAY CHANDLER

 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hickman County

No. 98-5041CR-I Cornelia A. Clark, Judge

No. M1999-00543-CCA-R3-CD - Decided April 27, 2000

The Defendant, Jerry Ray Chandler, was found guilty by a Hickman County jury of the

offense of rape. He was sentenced to twelve years incarceration, which is the maximum sentence

for a Range I standard offender for the offense of rape, a Class B felony. He was also assessed a

twenty-five thousand dollar fine. In this appeal as of right, the Defendant asserts that both his

sentence and fine are excessive. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

T.R.A.P. 3; Judgment of the Trial Court Affirmed

JUDGE DAVID H.WELLES delivered the opinion of the court, in which JUDGE JOSEPH M.TIPTON and

SENIOR. JUDGE L.T. LAFFERTY joined.

John D. Henderson, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jerry Ray Chandler.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, Clinton J. Morgan, Assistant Attorney General,

Ron Davis, District Attorney General, Judson Phippils, Assistant District Attorney General, for the

appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

The proof at trial established that in August 1997, the thirteen-year-old victim in this case,

J.R.,1

 went to the Defendant's house to play basketball with his two sons. About 9:00 or 9:30 that

evening, the two boys left the area, leaving the victim alone with the Defendant in a storage building.

The Defendant asked J.R. if she "wanted to have some fun," but J.R. told him, "no." He began

pressuring her to have sexual intercourse with him, but she resisted. He then pushed her down and

penetrated her vagina with his penis for five or ten minutes, as she continued to resist. Afterwards,

he told her that he would "get" her if she told anybody. She knew the Defendant well, as she visited

his home often to play with his sons, and her parents and his parents had been close friends at one

time.
-2-

Several months later, in January 1998, J.R. made a phone call to the Defendant at the request

of Larry Holman, a police detective. The conversation was tape recorded, but the recording was of

poor quality, making it very difficult to hear the Defendant's side of the conversation. However,

both the victim and Det. Holman testified that the Defendant asked J.R. not to tell anyone about the

incident because he “had a lot of things going on with his life” and did not need any more trouble.

At the sentencing hearing, J.R. testified that since the rape, she has become withdrawn from

her friends, and she does not know who to trust. She does not like to be in crowds because she is

afraid people are talking about her. She saw a psychologist for a period of time, and now she

receives counseling once a week. She said that she trusted the Defendant prior to this incident. She

visited his house on many occasions to play basketball with his sons. Her mother had not objected

to her visiting the Defendant's home.

J.R.'s mother testified at the sentencing hearing. She said that her daughter has always been

a "good girl," that she would never hurt anyone, and that she has been a good student. She stated

that her daughter often visited the Defendant's home with her permission. Since the rape, J.R. does

not want to leave the house at all. She has become withdrawn, she has avoided her friends, she has

nightmares, and she does not trust anyone.

The Defendant's sister, Dorothy Jean Potter, testified for the defense. She said that at the

time of the offense, her brother lived with their mother and older brother in Wrigley, Tennessee. He

was married once and he has two sons, but he and their mother were divorced when the boys were

small. The Defendant went to a "special school," and he did not attend school for long. To her

knowledge, the Defendant has never worked. She said that he once received supplemental security

income (SSI) benefits due to his mental condition. She characterized the Defendant as "a little

slow," but said "he's just like a normal person to me."

After stating that she had considered all the testimony, the presentence report, the principles

of sentencing and arguments of counsel, the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct, and

all evidence and information presented about enhancement and mitigating factors, the trial judge

found no mitigating factors and five enhancement factors. The statutory enhancement factors found

by the trial judge are as follows: 

(1) The defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior

in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range;

. . .

(4) The victim of the offense was particularly vulnerable because of age or physical

or mental disability . . . ;

. . .

(6) The personal injuries inflicted upon or the amount of damage to property

sustained by or taken from the victim was particularly great;

. . .

(15) The defendant abused a position of public or private trust, or used a special skill

in a manner that significantly facilitated the commission or the fulfillment of the

offense; 
-3-

. . . [and]

(21) The defendant, who was provided with court-appointed counsel, willfully failed

to pay the administrative fee assessed pursuant to § 40-14-103(b)(1).

See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114. The trial judge stated that she gave great weight to factor (6) and

less weight to factors (4) and (15). She then imposed the maximum sentence of twelve years. She

also stated that the amount of the fine assessed by the jury was appropriate in this case. The

Defendant now asserts that the both his sentence and fine are excessive.

When an accused challenges the length, range, or manner of service of a sentence, this Court

has a duty to conduct a de novo review of the sentence with a presumption that the determinations

made by the trial court are correct. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). This presumption is

“conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing

principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn.

1991). 

When conducting a de novo review of a sentence, this Court must consider: (a) the evidence,

if any, received at the trial and sentencing hearing; (b) the presentence report; (c) the principles of

sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (d) the nature and characteristics of the

criminal conduct involved; (e) any statutory mitigating or enhancement factors; (f) any statement

made by the defendant regarding sentencing; and (g) the potential or lack of potential for

rehabilitation or treatment. See State v. Thomas, 755 S.W.2d 838, 844 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988);

Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102, -103, -210.

If our review reflects that the trial court followed the statutory sentencing procedure, that the

court imposed a lawful sentence after having given due consideration and proper weight to the

factors and principles set out under the sentencing law, and that the trial court’s findings of fact are

adequately supported by the record, then we may not modify the sentence even if we would have

preferred a different result. See State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

The presumptive sentence for rape, a Class B felony, is the minimum sentence in the range

if there are no enhancement or mitigating factors. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c). If there are

enhancement factors but no mitigating factors, the court may set the sentence above the minimum

but still within the range. See id. § 40-35-210(d). If there are enhancement and mitigating factors,

the court must start at the minimum sentence, enhance the sentence as appropriate for the

enhancement factors, and then reduce the sentence as appropriate for the mitigating factors. See id.

§ 40-35-210(e). In this case, the trial court found no mitigating factors and five enhancement factors,

and then enhanced the sentence from the minimum sentence of eight years to the maximum sentence

of twelve years. See id. § 40-35-112(a)(2).

On appeal, the Defendant sets forth no mitigating factors, and he challenges the application

of only two enhancement factors: factors (15) and (21). Factor (21) allows enhancement when a

defendant, who was provided with court-appointed counsel, willfully fails to pay the administrative

fee. See id. § 40-35-114(21). At the sentencing hearing, the trial judge found that a $50.00
-4-

administrative fee was assessed against the Defendant and that the fee had not been paid. The

Defendant argues that the failure to pay the fee was not willful because he was indigent, he was

incarcerated at the time of the assessment of the fee, his bail was set at $100,000.00, and he could

not afford to pay his bail in order to get out of jail. However, the evidence also showed that at the

time of his arrest, the Defendant was receiving supplemental social security income benefits. We

conclude that the record supports the factual determination that the Defendant had the ability to pay

the $50.00 fee from his SSI benefits. Because he failed to pay the fee, the application of factor (21)

was appropriate. 

Factor (15) allows enhancement of a sentence when a defendant abuses a position of public

or private trust. See id. § 40-35-114(15). With respect to this factor, the trial judge found the

following:

I think that factor fifteen may apply as to a position of private trust, although I don't

give it as much weight. Mr. Chandler was not in a family or father figure roll

specifically to [J.R.] but, in fact, they were neighbors, they lived very nearby, the

children played together. A level of trust had been developed by [J.R.] and her

mother that she was willing to place her daughter regularly under the supervision of

Mr. Chandler at his home and allow her unlimited access there, and I think that

access ultimately did facilitate the commission of this offense.

We believe the evidence supports this determination. Although the Defendant was not in an obvious

position of trust, such as a parent, babysitter, teacher, or coach, he nevertheless occupied a position

of private trust. As noted by the trial court, the victim often visited the Defendant's residence. The

Defendant would sometimes pick her up and drive her home. She played with the Defendant's sons.

Both the victim and her mother trusted the Defendant. The victim's mother had no objections to the

victim spending time with the Defendant and allowed her to visit often. We reject the Defendant's

contention that he was merely a "casual visitor" with whom the victim had no trusting relationship.

See State v. Kissinger, 922 S.W.2d 482, 488-89 (Tenn. 1996) (holding defendant was merely a

casual visitor in the victim's house and did not occupy a position of private trust where no proof

suggested that he visited frequently or that the victim or other children were placed in his care).

Thus, the trial court properly enhanced the Defendant's sentence based on the existence of this factor.

The State urges us on appeal to find that the trial judge erred by not applying enhancement

factor (7), that the offense was committed to gratify the defendant's desire for pleasure or excitement.

See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(7). In considering this factor, the trial court stated, "I am not

convinced in this case that sufficient proof has been offered as to that element." We find no error.

We first note that our supreme court has rejected the argument that all rapes are motivated by the

desire for pleasure or excitement. See State v. Adams. 864 S.W.2d 31, 34-35 (Tenn. 1993). Our

supreme court has observed that some rapes are not committed for pleasure at all and that the desire

for pleasure cannot be presumed by the act of rape. See id. at 35. The Tennessee Supreme Court

has further instructed us that 

[e]nhancement factor (7), unlike most of the other sentencing factors, calls into

question a defendant's reasons for committing a crime. Human motivation is a
-5-

tangled web, always complex and multifaceted. To prove defendant's motives will

always be a difficult task. But the legislature, in its wisdom, has placed that

obligation on the state when the state seeks an enhanced sentence.

State v. Kissinger, 922 S.W.2d 482, 491 (Tenn. 1996).

The trial judge found that the state failed to meet its burden of proving the existence of the

“pleasure or excitement” enhancement factor. We decline to disturb that finding.

Having found that the trial court applied five enhancement factors after considering the

appropriate sentencing principles, we affirm the twelve year sentence imposed on the Defendant for

the offense of rape. 

The Defendant next argues that the fine imposed by the trial court is excessive. The jury

assessed a fine of $25,000.00 against the Defendant, which is the maximum fine authorized for a

Class B felony. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-111(b)(2). At the sentencing hearing, the Defendant

argued that the amount of the fine was "too high" because he was indigent and had no means with

which to pay the fine. He noted that his only income came from supplemental security income

disability benefits. The trial judge stated that the "amount of the fine is appropriate in this case," and

she imposed a $25,000.00 fine. She did acknowledge that "because of incarceration, it may not get

paid." On appeal, the Defendant argues that he should be excused from the obligation of paying a

fine in any amount in this case because (1) he has been declared an indigent person by the trial court,

(2) he is not entitled to release from prison on bail due to his rape conviction, (3) he presently has

no assets other than family help, and he has a debt of bank notes, and (4) he is facing a sentence of

twelve years. Essentially, the Defendant claims he should not be required to pay a fine because he

does not have the wherewithal to do so.

In State v. Bryant, 805 S.W.2d 762 (Tenn. 1991), the Tennessee Supreme Court recognized

the authority of the appellate courts to review fines imposed by the trial court. See id. at 766-67.

When an offense is punishable by a fine in excess of $50.00, it is the obligation of the jury to set a

fine, if any, within the ranges provided by the legislature. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-301(b). The

trial court, in imposing the sentence, shall then impose a fine in an amount not to exceed the fine

fixed by the jury. See id. The trial court's imposition of a fine is to be based upon the factors

provided by the 1989 Sentencing Act, which includes the defendant's ability to pay the fine. See

State v. Marshall, 870 S.W.2d 532, 542 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993); Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-

207(a)(7). However, the defendant's ability to pay, while a factor to consider, "is not necessarily a

controlling one." Marshall, 870 S.W.2d at 542; see also State v. Alvarado, 961 S.W.2d 136, 153

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). As we stated in Marshall,

We recognize that an oppressive fine can disrupt future rehabilitation and prevent a

defendant from becoming a productive member of society. Such results are not

usually compatible with the purposes and principles of the 1989 Sentencing Act.

However, a significant fine is not automatically precluded just because it works a

substantial hardship on a defendant -- it may be punitive in the same fashion

incarceration may be punitive.
-6-

Marshall, 870 S.W.2d at 542. 

We realize that the Defendant is indigent and that the fine may work a substantial hardship

on him. Notwithstanding, we conclude that the fine imposed is appropriate and "justly deserved in

relation to the seriousness of the offense." Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(1). The Defendant was

convicted of raping a young girl who was thirteen years old at the time of the offense. The trial court

appropriately applied five enhancement factors when sentencing the Defendant. We approve the

imposition of the maximum fine.

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Judge David H. Welles

Judge Joseph M. Tipton

Senior Judge L.T. Lafferty