TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-03-00154-CV

City of Marshall and Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (formerly Texas

Natural Resources Conservation Commission), Appellants

v.

City of Uncertain; Caddo Lake Area Chamber of Commerce and Tourism; Greater

Caddo Lake Association; Caddo Lake Institute; John T. Echols; and

Barry L. Bennick, Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 53RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. GN2-01217, HONORABLE SUZANNE COVINGTON, JUDGE PRESIDING

O P I N I O N

This is a suit for judicial review of a Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

(the “Commission”) order granting an amendment to a water right permit submitted by the City of

Marshall (“Marshall”) without providing the opportunity for a contested-case hearing to the City of

Uncertain, the Caddo Lake Area Chamber of Commerce and Tourism, the Greater Caddo Lake

Association, the Caddo Lake Institute, John T. Echols, and Barry L. Bennick (collectively,

“appellees”). The district court reversed the Commission’s order and remanded the cause to the

Commission to provide appellees a contested-case hearing. The Commission and Marshall appeal

from the district court’s judgment. We will affirm in part and reverse and render in part.
1 Cypress Creek flows into Caddo Lake, which has been designated a “Wetland of

International Importance” by the Ramsar Bureau, an agency established by the international treaty

known as the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service has assigned the

highest priority level for acquisition and preservation to the Caddo Lake wetlands.

2 Marshall’s permit was amended in both 1957 and 1970.

3 A certificate of adjudication is essentially a water right permit that has been subjected to

a water rights adjudication proceeding. See Water Rights Adjudication Act, Tex. Water Code Ann.

§§ 11.301-.341 (West 2000 & Supp. 2003). For ease of reference, and because the principles we will

discuss apply equally to water right permits and certificates of adjudication, we will refer to

Marshall’s certification of adjudication as a permit.

4 Commission rules define “municipal use” as “[t]he use of potable water within a

community or municipality and its environs for domestic, recreational, commercial, or industrial

purposes.” 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 297.1(30) (2003). Under the 1986 permit, Marshall was

2

BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURE

Marshall is located in Harrison County, Texas, which is located partially within the

Cypress Creek Basin1and partially within the Sabine River Basin. In 1947, the Texas Board of

Water Engineers granted Marshall a water permit authorizing it to divert waterfrom CypressCreek.2

In 1986, following a water rights adjudication proceeding, the Texas Water Commission issued

Marshall a certificate of adjudication3 that authorized Marshall to divert 16,000 acre-feet of water

from Cypress Creek for municipal purposes.

In 2001, Marshall applied to the Commission for an amendment to Marshall’s permit.

Marshall sought recognition of its historical practice of providing water to its customers in that

portion of Harrison County located within the Sabine River Basin in addition to its existing

authorization to provide water to its customersin that portion of Harrison County located within the

Cypress Creek Basin (the “interbasin transfer”). Marshall also requested authorization to use water

for industrial use, in addition to its existing authorization to use water for municipal use.4
permitted to sell water for industrial use, but only after treating the water to make it potable.

Obtaining an authorization for industrial use would allow Marshall to sell untreated water to

industrial users.

5 Section 11.085 of the water code is entitled “Interbasin Transfers,” and subsection (a)

provides:

No person may take or divert any state water from a river basin in this state and

transfer such water to any other river basin without first applying for and

receiving a water right or an amendment to a permit, certified filing, or certificate

of adjudication from the commission authorizing the transfer.

Tex. Water Code Ann. § 11.085(a) (West Supp. 2003). Subsections (b) through (u) are provisions

involving penalties, notice, public meetings, fees, and other requirements. See id. § 11.085(b)-(u).

The applicable portion of subsection (v) provides:

The provisions of this section, except subsection (a), do not apply to: 

. . .

(4) a proposed transfer from a basin to a county or municipality or the

municipality’s retail service area that is partially within the basin for use in

that part of the county or municipality and the municipality’s retail service

area not within the basin.

Id. § 11.085(v)(4).

3

The Commission determined that Marshall’s amendment was not subject to the

general notice and hearing procedures of sections 11.132 and 11.133 of the Texas Water Code for

two reasons. See Tex. Water Code Ann. §§ 11.132-.133 (West 2000). First, the Commission

determined that Marshall’s request for recognition of its practice of selling water to customers in

both the Cypress Creek Basin and the Sabine River Basin was the exact type of transfer

contemplated by the legislature when it drafted section 11.085(v)(4) of the water code. See id.

§ 11.085(v)(4) (West Supp. 2003).5 The Commission determined that under the language of section
6 Section 11.122(b) provides:

Subject to meeting all other applicable requirements of this chapter for the

approval of an application, an amendment, except an amendment to a water right

that increasesthe amount of water authorized to be diverted orthe authorized rate

of diversion, shall be authorized if the requested change will not cause adverse

impact on other water right holders or the environment on the stream of greater

magnitude than under circumstances in which the permit, certified filing, or

certificate of adjudication that is sought to be amended was fully exercised

according to its terms and conditions as they existed before the requested

amendment.

Id. § 11.122(b) (West Supp. 2003).

4

11.085(v)(4), Marshall’srequested interbasin transfer was exempted from the requirements of notice

and the opportunity for a contested-case hearing.

Second, the Commission determined that Marshall’s request for the addition of an

industrial use was an amendment covered by section 11.122(b) of the water code. See id.

§ 11.122(b) (West Supp. 2003).6 Except for an amendment that “increases the amount of water

authorized to be diverted or the authorized rate of diversion,” section 11.122(b) mandates approval

of amendments that “will not cause adverse impact on other water right holders or the environment

on the stream of greater magnitude than under circumstances in which the permit . . . that is sought

to be amended was fully exercised according to its terms and conditions as they existed before the

requested amendment.” Id. According to the Commission’s reading of section 11.122(b), the

determination of whether an amendment will have “adverse impacts on other water right holders or

the environment on the stream” is to be made by the Commission, without notice or a hearing.

Therefore, following a review of Marshall’s application, the Commission determined that approval

of Marshall’s amendment application would not result in a greater magnitude of adverse impacts.
7 The Commission determined that, under section 5.122 of the water code, it could delegate

the power to approve Marshall’s application to the executive director because, according to the

Commission, the application was uncontested and did not require an evidentiary hearing. See id.

§ 5.122(a) (West 2000).

5

Following these two determinations, the executive director of the Commission

approved Marshall’s requested amendment without published or mailed notice of the application.7

On March 25, 2002, the Commission mailed notice of the executive director’s final approval of

Marshall’s application to interested parties. On April 4, 2002, appellees filed a motion to overturn

the executive director’s decision and a motion forrehearing with theCommission. The Commission

subsequently denied both motions. Appellees then sued both the Commission and Marshall in the

district court. In granting appellees’ motion for summary judgment and in denying the

Commission’s and Marshall’s motions and cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court

concluded that the Commission erred by determining that Marshall’s amendment application could

be approved without notice or the opportunity for a contested-case hearing and by allowing the

executive director to issue the order amending Marshall’s water right permit.

The Commission and Marshall now argue in three issues that the district court erred

in determining that (1) Marshall’s application for authorization of an interbasin transfer required

notice and the opportunity for a contested-case hearing, (2) Marshall’s application for an industrial

use required notice and the opportunity for a contested-case hearing, and (3) the Commission could

not allow the executive director to issue the order amending Marshall’s permit. The Commission

separately arguesthat its actions were required bystatute and therefore do notfall within the category
8

 Because we determine that the Commission incorrectly applied sections 5.122(a) and

11.122(b) of the water code, we need not address this issue.

6

of individualized governmental determinationsthat would entitle appelleesto argue a constitutional

due process deprivation.8

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary Judgment

When both partiesmove forsummaryjudgment, each party must carry its own burden

as the movant. Guynes v. Galveston County, 861 S.W.2d 861, 862 (Tex. 1993); Jun v. Lloyds &

Other VariousInsurers, 37 S.W.3d 59, 62 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied). When the district

court grants one party’s motion and denies the other’s, the reviewing court should determine all

questions presented and render the judgment that the court below should have rendered.

Commissioners Court v. Agan, 940 S.W.2d 77, 81 (Tex. 1997); City of Fort Worth v. Cornyn, 86

S.W.3d 320, 322 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). The propriety of summary judgment is a

question of law; therefore, we review the trial court’s decision de novo. Texas Dep’t of Ins. v.

American Home Assurance Co., 998 S.W.2d 344, 347 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, no pet.); see

Natividad v. Alexsis, Inc., 875 S.W.2d 695, 699 (Tex. 1994). When a trial court’s order granting

summary judgment does not specify the grounds relied upon, the reviewing court must affirm

summary judgment if any of the summary judgment grounds are meritorious. FM Props. Operating

Co. v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 873 (Tex. 2000). Because appellees’ motion for summary

judgment was based on two grounds, we must affirm the judgment if either of the grounds has merit.

See id.
7

Statutory Construction

Because this appeal requires us to interpret sections 11.085(v)(4) and 11.122(b) of

the Texas Water Code, we restate the basic principles ofstatutory construction. Interpreting statutes

is a legal matter also subject to de novo review. Bragg v. Edwards Aquifer Auth., 71 S.W.3d 729,

734 (Tex. 2002); Texas Workers’Comp.Comm’n v.ContinentalCas.Co., 83 S.W.3d 901, 904 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). The overriding goal of statutory interpretation is to determine the

legislature’s intent. Continental Cas. Co. v. Downs, 81 S.W.3d 803, 805 (Tex. 2002). In order to

ascertain legislative intent, we first look to the plain and common meaning of the words used by the

legislature. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.011 (West 1998); Argonaut Ins. Co. v. Baker, 87 S.W.3d

526, 529 (Tex. 2002).

Statutes are interpreted by considering the entire statute, not just disputed provisions.

Thomas v. Cornyn, 71 S.W.3d 473, 481 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). Disputed provisions are

to be considered in context, not in isolation. Continental Cas. Co., 83 S.W.3d at 904;see Fitzgerald

v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys., 996 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. 1999). When interpreting statutes,

courts consider such things as the circumstances under which the statute was enacted, former

statutory provisions on the same or similar subjects, and the consequences of a particular

construction. Kroger Co. v. Keng, 23 S.W.3d 347, 349 (Tex. 2000). We do not give one provision

an interpretation that is inconsistent with the other provisions of the act. Id.

DISCUSSION

The district court concluded that the Commission erred in determining that Marshall’s

application could be approved without notice or the opportunity for a contested-case hearing and by
9 The approved amendment provided that Marshall could divert water “from Cypress Creek

for municipal and industrial purposes within those portions of Harrison County that are located

within the Cypress Creek Basin as well as those portions of Harrison County that are located within

the Sabine River Basin.”

8

allowing the executive director to issue the order granting Marshall’s amendment. We will address

the propriety of each of these rulings separately.

Notice and Hearing

Appellees argue that Marshall’s application for a permit amendment, which requested

both a recognition of an interbasin transfer and an authorization for an industrial use, was subject

to notice and hearing requirements. Because each requested change implicates a separate section of

the water code—sections 11.085(v)(4) and 11.122(b), respectively—we will address each issue in

turn.

The Interbasin Transfer

At issue first is whether Marshall’s request for authorization to transfer water from

the Cypress Creek Basin and to use the water in both the Cypress Creek Basin and the Sabine River

Basin triggered the notice and hearing requirements found in section 11.085 of the water code. See

Tex. Water Code Ann. § 11.085. Marshall’s application requested an amendment to its permit that

would “authorize the City to use its rights in that portion of Harrison County located within the

Sabine River Basin, in addition to its current authorization to use such water in that portion of

Harrison County located within the Cypress Creek Basin.”9

Appellees argue that this requested amendment required notice and the opportunity

for a hearing under the water code. Section 11.085(a) of the water code states that no person may
9

transfer water from one river basin to another river basin without receiving authorization. Id.

§ 11.085(a). Subsections (b) through (u) are provisions involving penalties, notice, public meetings,

fees, and other requirements. See id. § 11.085(b)-(u). Subsection (v) provides that “the provisions

of this section, except subsection (a)”—in other words, the provisions of subsections (b) through

(u)—do not apply to:

(4) a proposed transfer from a basin to a county or municipality or the

municipality’s retail service area that is partially within the basin for use in that

part of the county or municipality and the municipality’s retail service area not

within the basin.

Id. § 11.085(v)(4).

All parties agree that under certain circumstances—specifically, the exemptionslaid

out in subsection (v)—an application for an amendment authorizing an interbasin transfer may be

granted without adhering to the notice and public hearing requirements. Appellees argue, however,

that Marshall’s request for an interbasin transfer authorization in this case was subject to notice and

hearing requirementsfortwo reasons. First, appellees argue that because Marshall’s application also

sought an authorization forindustrial use in addition to an interbasin transfer, Marshall’s amendment

cannot properly be disposed of under the language ofsection 11.085(v)(4). Because we believe that

Marshall’s application can, and should, be bifurcated into two parts—the interbasin transfer and the

industrial use—and because each part implicates a separate section of the water code, we will

address Marshall’s request for an industrial use in our discussion of section 11.122(b) below.

Appellees’second argument isthat the exception found in section 11.085(v)(4) does

not apply to Marshall because Marshall desires to sell water outside of its “retail service area.”
10 For example, appellees point specifically to Marshall’s proposed sale of water to a power

plant located in Harrison County outside of Marshall’s city limits and located in the Sabine River

Basin rather than the Cypress Creek Basin.

10

Appellees argue that, because Marshallsought to sell water outside ofits city limits, Marshall cannot

qualify for the section 11.085(v)(4) exception because Marshall requests a transfer not within its

retail service area.

Although “retail service area” is not defined in the water code, nothing in the code

suggests that a municipality’s retail service area must be restricted to its city limits. Appellees

further contend, however, that because there is no showing that the entirety of Harrison County is

within Marshall’sretailservice area, Marshallshould not be allowed to use the section 11.085(v)(4)

exception as a way to gain access to new customers outside of its city limits.10 What this argument

overlooks, however, is that the amendment request was designed to recognize Marshall’s historical

practice of selling water in both the Cypress Creek Basin and the Sabine River Basin. Acceptance

of appellees’ argument that a municipality’s retail service area must be the same both before and

after an amendment would vitiate the underlying purpose of section 11.085(v)(4), which is to

streamline the approval process and forego unnecessary hearings where a municipality seeks

authorization for interbasin transfers within the municipality’s retail service area. Therefore, without

evidence in the record that this amendment was outside of Marshall’s retail service area, we agree

with the Commission that section 11.085(v)(4) applies.

Because section 11.085(v)(4) applies, Marshall’s application for an interbasin transfer

authorization is not subject to the notice and hearing requirements found in subsections (b) through
11 All parties agree that if an exception in section 11.085(v) applies, then an amendment is

not subject to the general notice and hearing requirements found elsewhere in the water code. See

Tex. Water Code Ann. §§ 11.132-.134 (West 2000 & Supp. 2003).

11

(u) of section 11.085. See Tex. Water Code Ann. § 11.085(b)-(u).11 We therefore sustain the point

of error and hold that, because the interbasin transfer was not subject to notice and hearing

requirements, the district court erred in granting appellees’ revised motion for summary judgment

in this regard. Next, we turn to the issue of whether the request for an industrial use requires notice

and the opportunity for a hearing.

Addition of an Industrial Use

Appellees contend thatsection 11.122(b) of the water code requires compliance with

the notice and hearing provisions found in sections 11.132 through 11.134. See id. §§ 11.122(b),

.132-.134 (West 2000&Supp. 2003). The Commission and Marshall respond that section 11.122(b)

mandates approval of Marshall’s amendment, and therefore notice and hearing are unnecessary.

Section 11.122(b) provides:

Subject to meeting all other applicable requirements of this chapter for the approval

of an application, an amendment, except an amendment to a waterright that increases

the amount of water authorized to be diverted or the authorized rate of diversion,

shall be authorized if the requested change will not cause adverse impact on other

water right holders or the environment on the stream of greater magnitude than under

circumstances in which the permit, certified filing, or certificate of adjudication that

is sought to be amended was fully exercised according to its terms and conditions as

they existed before the requested amendment.

Id. § 11.122(b).
12 Section 11.133 provides:

At the time and place stated in the notice, the commission shall hold a hearing

on the application. Any person may appear at the hearing in person or by

attorney or may enter his appearance in writing. Any person who appears may

present objection to the issuance of the permit. The commission may receive

evidence, orally or by affidavit, in support of or in opposition to the issuance

of the permit, and it may hear arguments.

Id. § 11.133.

12

The appellees’ argument focuses on the very first phrase in the statute: “Subject to

meeting all other applicable requirements of this chapter for the approval of an application. . . .” See

id. Specifically, appellees argue that sections 11.132, 11.133, and 11.134 are “applicable” sections

that must be satisfied. See id. §§ 11.132-.134. Section 11.132 lists the notice procedure and

requirements,section 11.133 describesthe hearing,12 and section 11.134 providesthe requisite proof

that must be presented in a contested-case hearing before the Commission may grant an application.

See id. Appellees argue that because the requirements for an application are set out specifically, the

Commission erred in not granting the request for a contested-case hearing.

The Commission’s view of section 11.122(b) differs. The Commission’s focus is

directed primarily to the language that mandates that the Commission “shall” authorize the

amendment. In the Commission’s view, if the amendment application does not request an increase

in the amount of water to be diverted or an increase in the rate of diversion of water, then the

Commission is required by the language of the statute to grant the amendment.

Appellees rejoin by pointing to the language of the statute that requires that the

amendment be authorized only “ifthe requested change will not cause adverse impact on other water
13

right holders or the environment on the stream of greater magnitude than under circumstances in

which the permit . . . that is sought to be amended was fully exercised according to its terms and

conditions asthey existed before the requested amendment.” Id. § 11.122(b)(emphasis added). The

appellees argue that this determination can be made only after the opportunity to present evidence

at a contested-case hearing.

The Commission respondsthat where, as here, it must view the amendment under an

assumption of maximum permitted use, as opposed to actual use, it would be impossible for

appellees to meet their burden of proof at a contested-case hearing. Thus, the Commission argues

that a contested-case hearing is unnecessary under the facts and circumstances presented here.

Consequently, the Commission argues it acted correctly in handling this case in summary fashion

without a hearing.

Finally, the Commission argues that in the first clause of the statute, the key word is

“applicable.” The Commission contends that the notice and hearing requirements of sections 11.132

and 11.133 are no longer “applicable” because, according to the Commission, it is bound to grant

the amendment under the facts of this case. This final linchpin of the Commission’s argument,

however, is missing from the statute. We have been unable to find any authority for the proposition

that upon initial submission of an application, the Commission could dispense with the notice and

contested-case hearing requirements of the statute based upon a preemptive decision that the

application will eventually be approved. Indeed, evidence presented at a contested-case hearing and

an examination of whether one party or the other has shouldered its burden of proof are the exact

foundational requirements that allow the Commission to make a reasoned decision regarding the
13 The legislature has clearly and expressly stated that notice and hearing are not required in

other portions of the water code. See, e.g., Tex. Water Code Ann. § 5.501(b) (West 2000)

(Commission may issue emergency order “without notice or hearing”); id. § 5.513(b) (West 2000)

(providing hearing to affirm, modify or set aside emergency order “adopted without notice or

hearing”); id. §11.131 (West 2000) (entitled “Examination and Denial of Application Without

Hearing”); id. § 11.1311 (West 2000)(entitled “Approval ofCertain Applications Without Hearing”

and concerning reissuance of abandoned, voluntarily cancelled, or forfeited permits for reservoir

projects); id. § 11.176(c) (West 2000) (permit, certified filing, or certificate of adjudication for a

term shall expire according to itsterms “without notice or hearing”);see also id. § 11.085(v) (notice

and hearing provisions of subsections (b) through (u) do not apply to certain interbasin transfers).

We find persuasive that the legislature clearly stated its intent to waive the notice and hearing

requirements in other portions of the water code, but chose not to include comparable language in

section 11.122(b). See id. § 11.122(b).

14

requested application. The Commission has failed to cite, and we have been unable to find, any

authority for the proposition that the contested-case hearing provisions of section 11.133 are

applicable to all new permit applications but are somehow inapplicable to applications for

amendments under section 11.122(b).13

This record is devoid of any evidence that water right holders or the environment on

the stream will not be affected. The Commission has apparently made this determination on its own

without the benefit of any evidentiary record. Therefore, we overrule the Commission’s points in

this regard and affirm the district court’s conclusion that section 11.122(b) entitles appellees to an

evidentiary hearing on Marshall’s request for an industrial use.

Power of the Executive Director to Act

Finally, the district court ruled that the Commission could not allow the executive

director to issue the order amending Marshall’s permit. The Commission determined that, under

section 5.122 of the water code, it could delegate the power to approve Marshall’s application to the
14 It is undisputed that subsection (a)(3)(B) does not apply. Therefore, the Commission was

empowered to delegate authority to the executive director under section 5.122 only if subsection

(a)(3)(A) has been satisfied. See id. § 5.122(a).

15

executive director because, according to the Commission, the application was uncontested and did

not require an evidentiary hearing. See Tex. Water Code Ann. § 5.122(a) (West 2000). Section

5.122(a) provides:

(a) The commission by rule or order may delegate to the executive director the

commission’s authority to act on an application or other request to issue, renew,

reopen, transfer, amend, extend, withdraw, revoke, terminate, or modify a

permit, license, certificate, registration, or other authorization or approval if:

(1) required notice of the application or request for the authorization or

approval has been given;

(2) the holder of or applicant for the authorization or approval agreesin writing

to the action to be taken by the executive director; and

(3) the application or request:

(A) is uncontested and does not require an evidentiary hearing; or

(B) has become uncontested because all parties have agreed in writing to

the action to be taken by the executive director.

Id. § 5.122(a) (emphasis added).

At issue is whether subsection (a)(3)(A) has been satisfied.14 This subsection states

that the Commission can delegate power to the executive director to approve an application only if

the application “is uncontested and does not require an evidentiary hearing.” Id. § 5.122(a)(3)(A)

(emphasis added). Because Marshall’s application for an amendment required an evidentiary hearing

asto the addition of an industrial use, the conditions of subsection (a)(3)(A) have not been satisfied.
16

We therefore hold that the district court was correct in ruling that the Commission erred by allowing

the executive director to issue the order amending Marshall’s permit.

CONCLUSION

We have determined that the district court was correct in determining that Marshall’s

application for an industrial use required notice and the opportunity for a contested-case hearing

under section 11.122(b) of the water code. The district court was also correct in determining that

the Commission could not allow the executive director to issue the order amending Marshall’s

permit. However, because we have determined that section 11.085(v)(4) applies, notice and the

opportunityfor a hearing do not applyto Marshall’sinterbasin transferrequest. We therefore reverse

that portion of the district court’s judgment that Marshall’s interbasin transfer request required notice

and the opportunity for a contested-case hearing and render judgment that, without the necessity for

notice and hearing, the executive director was empowered to amend the permit providing for the

interbasin transfer. We affirm the district court’s judgment in all other respects.

 

Mack Kidd, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Kidd and Puryear

Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Rendered in Part

Filed: October 16, 2003