For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, January 19, 2023 USDL-23-0071 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

UNION MEMBERS — 2022 

The union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of unions—

was 10.1 percent in 2022, down from 10.3 percent in 2021, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 

today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.3 million in 2022, increased

by 273,000, or 1.9 percent, from 2021. However, the total number of wage and salary workers grew by 

5.3 million (mostly among nonunion workers), or 3.9 percent. This disproportionately large increase in 

the number of total wage and salary employment compared with the increase in the number of union 

members led to a decrease in the union membership rate. The 2022 unionization rate (10.1 percent) is 

the lowest on record. In 1983, the first year where comparable union data are available, the union 

membership rate was 20.1 percent and there were 17.7 million union workers. 

These data on union membership are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a 

monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households that obtains information on employment and 

unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For further 

information, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Highlights from the 2022 data: 

• The union membership rate of public-sector workers (33.1 percent) continued to be more than five 

times higher than the rate of private-sector workers (6.0 percent). (See table 3.) 

• The highest unionization rates were among workers in protective service occupations (34.6 percent) 

and in education, training, and library occupations (33.7 percent). (See table 3.)

• Men continued to have a higher union membership rate (10.5 percent) than women (9.6 percent). 

The gap between union membership rates for men and women has narrowed considerably since 1983 

(the earliest year for which comparable data are available), when rates for men and women were 

24.7 percent and 14.6 percent, respectively. (See table 1.) 

• Black workers remained more likely to be union members than White, Asian, or Hispanic workers. 

(See table 1.)

• Nonunion workers had median weekly earnings that were 85 percent of earnings for workers who 

were union members ($1,029 versus $1,216). (The comparisons of earnings in this news release are 

on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings 

differences.) (See table 2.)
-2- 

• Among states, Hawaii and New York had the highest union membership rates (21.9 percent and 20.7 

percent, respectively), while South Carolina and North Carolina had the lowest (1.7 percent and 2.8 

percent, respectively). (See table 5.)

Industry and Occupation of Union Members

In 2022, 7.1 million employees in the public sector belonged to unions, about the same as in the private 

sector (7.2 million). (See table 3.) 

Union membership was little changed over the year (+80,000) in the public sector, after a decline the 

prior year (-191,000). The public-sector union membership rate continued to decline in 2022; the rate 

went down by 0.8 percentage point to 33.1 percent. In 2022, the union membership rate continued to be 

highest in local government (38.8 percent), which employs many workers in heavily unionized 

occupations, such as police officers, firefighters, and teachers. 

The number of union workers employed in the private sector increased by 193,000 to 7.2 million over 

the year. The private-sector unionization rate edged down by 0.1 percentage point in 2022 to 6.0 percent. 

Industries with high unionization rates included utilities (19.6 percent), motion pictures and sound 

recording industries (17.3 percent), and transportation and warehousing (14.5 percent). Low 

unionization rates occurred in insurance (1.2 percent), finance (1.3 percent), professional and technical 

services (1.3 percent), and food services and drinking places (1.4 percent). 

Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2022 were in protective service 

occupations (34.6 percent) and in education, training, and library occupations (33.7 percent). 

Unionization rates were lowest in sales and related occupations (3.0 percent); computer and 

mathematical occupations (3.3 percent); food preparation and serving related occupations (3.6 percent); 

and management occupations (3.8 percent). 

Selected Characteristics of Union Members

In 2022, the unionization rate for women decreased by 0.3 percentage point over the year to 9.6 percent 

while the rate for men was little changed at 10.5 percent. The number of women who were union 

members, at 6.5 million, changed little over the year, while the number of men who were union 

members increased by 248,000 to 7.8 million. (See table 1.) 

Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union membership 

rate in 2022 (11.6 percent) than White workers (10.0 percent), Asian workers (8.3 percent), and 

Hispanic workers (8.8 percent). The union membership rate declined by 0.3 percentage point for White 

workers, while it increased by 0.6 percentage point for Asian workers. The union membership rates for 

Black workers and Hispanic workers were little different from 2021. 

By age, workers ages 45 to 54 had the highest union membership rate in 2022, at 12.6 percent. Younger 

workers—those ages 16 to 24—had the lowest union membership rate, at 4.4 percent.

In 2022, the union membership rate for full-time workers (11.0 percent) was double than that for parttime workers (5.5 percent). 
-3- 

Union Representation

In 2022, 16.0 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union, up slightly (+200,000) from

2021. The percentage of workers represented by a union was 11.3 percent in 2022, down by 0.3 

percentage point from a year ago. Workers represented by a union include both union members (14.3 

million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contract (1.7 

million). (See table 1.)

Earnings

Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of 

$1,216 in 2022, while nonunion workers had median weekly earnings of $1,029. In addition to coverage 

by a collective bargaining agreement, these earnings differences reflect a variety of influences, including 

variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, age, 

firm size, or geographic region. (See tables 2 and 4.) 

Union Membership by State

In 2022, 30 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.

average, 10.1 percent, while 19 states had rates above it and 1 state (New Hampshire) had the same rate. 

All states in both the East South Central and West South Central divisions had union membership rates 

below the national average, while all states in both the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions had rates 

above it. (See table 5 and chart 1.)

Eleven states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2022. South Carolina had the lowest rate 

(1.7 percent), followed by North Carolina (2.8 percent) and South Dakota (3.1 percent). Two states had 

union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2022: Hawaii (21.9 percent) and New York (20.7 percent). 

In 2022, 30 percent of the 14.3 million union members lived in just two states (California at 2.6 million 

and New York at 1.7 million). However, these states accounted for about 17 percent of wage and salary 

employment nationally. 
 Technical Note

 The estimates in this release are obtained from the 

Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides 

basic information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for 

the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census

Bureau from a scientifically selected national sample 

of about 60,000 eligible households. The union 

membership and earnings data are tabulated from onequarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to 

wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers 

are excluded.

 Beginning in January of each year, data reflect 

revised population controls used in the CPS. 

Additional information about population controls is 

available on the BLS website at

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.

 If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services. 

Reliability of the estimates

 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both 

sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, 

rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is 

a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the 

particular sample selected, and this variability is 

measured by the standard error of the estimate. There 

is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population 

value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are 

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. The state section of this release preserves 

the long-time practice of highlighting the state union 

membership rates and levels regardless of their 

statistical significance.

 The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all 

respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness 

of respondents to provide correct information, and 

errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

 Information about the reliability of data from the 

CPS and guidance on estimating standard errors is 

available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Union membership questions 

 Employed wage and salary workers are classified as 

union members if they answer “yes” to the following 

question: On this job, are you a member of a labor 

union or of an employee association similar to a 

union? If the response is “no” to that question, then the

interviewer asks a second question: On this job, are

you covered by a union or employee association 

contract? If the response is “yes”, then these persons, 

along with those who responded “yes” to being union 

members, are classified as represented by a union. If 

the response is “no” to both the first and second 

questions, then they are classified as nonunion.

Definitions

 The principal definitions used in this release are 

described briefly below.

 Union members. Data refer to members of a labor 

union or an employee association similar to a union.

 Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion 

of total wage and salary workers who are union 

members.

 

 Represented by unions. Data refer to both union 

members and workers who report no union affiliation 

but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee 

association contract.

 Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither 

members of a union nor represented by a union on their 

job.

 Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings 

before taxes and other deductions and include any 

overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received 

(at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). 

Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they 

usually earned per week. Since January 1994, 

respondents have been asked to identify the easiest

way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, 

biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) 

and how much they usually earn in the reported time 

period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly 

are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term "usual" 

is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent 

asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are 

instructed to define the term as more than half of the 

weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

 Median earnings. The median is the amount which 
divides a given earnings distribution into two equal 

groups, one having earnings above the median and the 

other having earnings below the median. The 

estimating procedure places each reported or 

calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide 

intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. 

The actual value is estimated through the linear 

interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

 Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive 

wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or 

piece rates. The group includes employees in both the 

private and public sectors. Union membership and 

earnings data exclude all self-employed workers, both 

those with incorporated businesses as well as those 

with unincorporated businesses.

 Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 

hours or more per week at their sole or principal job.

 Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer 

than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who 

identified themselves in the enumeration process as 

being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose 

ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of 

any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2021-2022 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2021 2022

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,393 14,012 10.3 15,802 11.6 141,673 14,285 10.1 16,002 11.3

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,083 763 4.2 954 5.3 18,811 830 4.4 984 5.2

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,311 13,249 11.2 14,849 12.6 122,863 13,456 11.0 15,018 12.2

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,360 3,041 9.4 3,449 10.7 33,030 2,965 9.0 3,343 10.1

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,260 3,326 11.4 3,740 12.8 30,955 3,460 11.2 3,848 12.4

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,851 3,521 13.1 3,880 14.4 27,753 3,502 12.6 3,904 14.1

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,210 2,696 12.1 3,028 13.6 23,130 2,799 12.1 3,097 13.4

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,629 665 8.7 751 9.8 7,995 731 9.1 826 10.3

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,739 7,523 10.6 8,416 11.9 73,672 7,771 10.5 8,551 11.6

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,069 475 5.2 571 6.3 9,481 504 5.3 583 6.1

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,670 7,047 11.4 7,845 12.7 64,192 7,267 11.3 7,968 12.4

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,145 1,713 10.0 1,916 11.2 17,370 1,654 9.5 1,827 10.5

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,503 1,763 11.4 1,967 12.7 16,350 1,895 11.6 2,085 12.8

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,716 1,799 13.1 1,962 14.3 14,313 1,819 12.7 1,989 13.9

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,290 1,417 12.6 1,595 14.1 11,931 1,497 12.5 1,621 13.6

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,015 355 8.8 405 10.1 4,228 402 9.5 446 10.5

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,654 6,490 9.9 7,386 11.3 68,001 6,515 9.6 7,451 11.0

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,013 288 3.2 383 4.2 9,330 326 3.5 401 4.3

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,641 6,202 10.9 7,003 12.4 58,671 6,189 10.5 7,050 12.0

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,216 1,328 8.7 1,533 10.1 15,660 1,311 8.4 1,516 9.7

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,757 1,563 11.4 1,774 12.9 14,605 1,565 10.7 1,764 12.1

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,135 1,721 13.1 1,918 14.6 13,441 1,683 12.5 1,915 14.2

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,919 1,279 11.7 1,433 13.1 11,199 1,302 11.6 1,475 13.2

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,613 310 8.6 346 9.6 3,767 328 8.7 380 10.1

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,921 10,774 10.3 12,142 11.6 108,230 10,792 10.0 12,111 11.2

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,408 5,882 10.6 6,571 11.9 57,186 5,947 10.4 6,530 11.4

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,513 4,892 9.9 5,572 11.3 51,044 4,846 9.5 5,581 10.9

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . 17,338 1,993 11.5 2,232 12.9 18,499 2,140 11.6 2,374 12.8

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,037 1,003 12.5 1,125 14.0 8,725 1,138 13.0 1,246 14.3

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,300 990 10.6 1,107 11.9 9,774 1,002 10.3 1,128 11.5

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,119 706 7.7 818 9.0 9,615 800 8.3 882 9.2

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,749 337 7.1 389 8.2 5,025 384 7.6 426 8.5

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,369 368 8.4 429 9.8 4,590 416 9.1 455 9.9

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . 24,738 2,221 9.0 2,551 10.3 26,386 2,335 8.8 2,652 10.0

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,938 1,282 9.2 1,468 10.5 14,669 1,336 9.1 1,506 10.3

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,799 939 8.7 1,083 10.0 11,717 999 8.5 1,146 9.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3

Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,316 12,654 11.1 14,275 12.5 118,869 13,021 11.0 14,552 12.2

Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,877 1,336 6.1 1,502 6.9 22,628 1,247 5.5 1,432 6.3

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal

job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected

characteristics, 2021-2022 annual averages

Characteristic

2021 2022

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $998 $1,169 $1,158 $975 $1,059 $1,216 $1,203 $1,029

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 757 744 617 691 795 798 685

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,057 1,192 1,180 1,030 1,123 1,242 1,233 1,100

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 1,049 1,038 916 992 1,115 1,104 979

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,131 1,264 1,252 1,107 1,181 1,329 1,320 1,161

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,154 1,266 1,257 1,136 1,194 1,350 1,327 1,167

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,132 1,224 1,224 1,111 1,154 1,225 1,223 1,144

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994 1,083 1,093 980 1,031 1,157 1,179 1,010

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,097 1,227 1,217 1,069 1,154 1,273 1,266 1,137

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 771 750 640 713 801 805 707

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,160 1,253 1,245 1,146 1,219 1,314 1,305 1,201

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 1,105 1,093 959 1,040 1,147 1,144 1,023

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,241 1,363 1,354 1,221 1,297 1,409 1,397 1,270

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,295 1,339 1,337 1,281 1,336 1,405 1,378 1,324

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,256 1,268 1,265 1,254 1,294 1,303 1,301 1,293

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,129 1,148 1,150 1,124 1,196 1,234 1,264 1,179

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912 1,104 1,086 884 958 1,146 1,135 932

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 745 739 599 656 778 779 649

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954 1,126 1,115 930 1,002 1,160 1,151 979

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881 1,008 1,003 862 938 1,069 1,049 923

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992 1,168 1,151 967 1,065 1,202 1,192 1,036

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,012 1,180 1,162 981 1,058 1,262 1,238 1,018

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976 1,157 1,164 953 1,007 1,146 1,145 987

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 1,012 1,016 846 874 968 973 857

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,018 1,199 1,182 996 1,085 1,246 1,234 1,056

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,125 1,257 1,248 1,097 1,172 1,301 1,294 1,156

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925 1,121 1,101 899 973 1,169 1,156 946

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 998 987 775 878 1,022 1,010 849

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 1,006 992 802 921 1,089 1,065 893

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 988 980 752 835 969 958 812

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,328 1,267 1,256 1,334 1,401 1,402 1,408 1,400

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,453 1,307 1,326 1,459 1,559 1,493 1,504 1,566

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,141 1,248 1,218 1,132 1,234 1,337 1,344 1,220

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 1,032 1,001 755 823 1,087 1,084 804

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 1,091 1,048 799 887 1,133 1,133 858

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 949 924 699 761 1,008 993 740

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2021-2022 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2021 2022

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,870 6,241 11.0 7,177 12.6 59,979 6,268 10.5 7,202 12.0

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,850 1,021 4.5 1,244 5.4 24,013 933 3.9 1,168 4.9

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,730 645 4.4 786 5.3 15,693 603 3.8 747 4.8

Business and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,120 376 4.6 458 5.6 8,319 329 4.0 421 5.1

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 34,020 5,220 15.3 5,933 17.4 35,966 5,335 14.8 6,034 16.8

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . 5,465 202 3.7 260 4.8 5,948 195 3.3 248 4.2

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . 3,083 181 5.9 215 7.0 3,335 200 6.0 231 6.9

Life, physical, and social science

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,535 153 10.0 190 12.4 1,679 152 9.1 180 10.7

Community and social service occupations. . . . 2,630 384 14.6 426 16.2 2,749 436 15.9 495 18.0

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,518 89 5.8 103 6.8 1,547 80 5.1 102 6.6

Education, training, and library occupations. . . 8,672 3,004 34.6 3,353 38.7 8,976 3,027 33.7 3,347 37.3

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,113 149 7.1 170 8.1 2,352 187 8.0 215 9.2

Healthcare practitioners and technical

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,005 1,057 11.7 1,217 13.5 9,381 1,058 11.3 1,216 13.0

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,708 2,094 9.6 2,314 10.7 22,968 2,293 10.0 2,502 10.9

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,644 384 8.3 438 9.4 4,777 395 8.3 442 9.3

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,917 970 33.3 1,036 35.5 3,071 1,062 34.6 1,126 36.7

Food preparation and serving related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,178 222 3.1 254 3.5 7,749 279 3.6 316 4.1

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,458 420 9.4 472 10.6 4,595 438 9.5 484 10.5

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . 2,511 97 3.9 113 4.5 2,776 118 4.3 133 4.8

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,651 1,702 6.2 1,991 7.2 27,804 1,674 6.0 1,924 6.9

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,366 406 3.3 491 4.0 12,183 361 3.0 434 3.6

Office and administrative support occupations. . . 15,285 1,296 8.5 1,500 9.8 15,621 1,313 8.4 1,490 9.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,911 1,777 14.9 1,923 16.1 12,180 1,736 14.3 1,864 15.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . 931 37 4.0 43 4.7 910 39 4.3 43 4.7

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . 6,528 1,119 17.1 1,198 18.4 6,831 1,120 16.4 1,190 17.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,451 621 14.0 681 15.3 4,439 577 13.0 631 14.2

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,253 2,198 12.0 2,398 13.1 18,742 2,315 12.4 2,510 13.4

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,647 827 10.8 912 11.9 7,898 903 11.4 966 12.2

Transportation and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,605 1,371 12.9 1,486 14.0 10,844 1,412 13.0 1,544 14.2

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,767 7,030 6.1 8,055 7.0 120,356 7,223 6.0 8,167 6.8

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,308 37 2.9 41 3.1 1,252 48 3.9 54 4.3

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,459 6,993 6.1 8,014 7.0 119,103 7,175 6.0 8,113 6.8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 561 32 5.7 34 6.0 556 36 6.5 43 7.7

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,157 1,024 12.6 1,112 13.6 8,671 1,019 11.7 1,076 12.4

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,134 1,082 7.7 1,203 8.5 14,577 1,139 7.8 1,254 8.6

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,986 668 7.4 749 8.3 9,305 741 8.0 825 8.9

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,148 414 8.0 453 8.8 5,272 398 7.5 429 8.1

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,070 769 4.3 880 4.9 17,868 742 4.2 861 4.8

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,117 116 3.7 140 4.5 2,879 94 3.3 112 3.9

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,953 653 4.4 740 5.0 14,988 648 4.3 749 5.0

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,057 1,086 15.4 1,183 16.8 7,564 1,148 15.2 1,220 16.1

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,055 889 14.7 974 16.1 6,596 958 14.5 1,020 15.5

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002 197 19.7 209 20.9 968 190 19.6 200 20.7

Information3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,274 226 10.0 253 11.1 2,361 198 8.4 216 9.1

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 17 5.6 22 7.2 398 19 4.8 24 6.0

Motion pictures and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 61 17.3 64 18.3 429 74 17.3 76 17.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2021-2022 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2021 2022

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Broadcasting (except internet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 33 8.9 39 10.7 308 35 11.3 35 11.5

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 100 11.9 109 13.0 771 64 8.3 72 9.3

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,101 206 2.3 278 3.1 9,335 169 1.8 237 2.5

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,896 91 1.3 135 2.0 7,117 90 1.3 136 1.9

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,387 53 1.2 77 1.8 4,523 59 1.3 89 2.0

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,510 38 1.5 58 2.3 2,594 30 1.2 48 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . 2,205 114 5.2 143 6.5 2,219 80 3.6 100 4.5

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . 15,374 334 2.2 451 2.9 16,572 373 2.2 467 2.8

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . 10,506 128 1.2 204 1.9 11,182 143 1.3 202 1.8

Management, administrative, and waste

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,868 206 4.2 247 5.1 5,390 230 4.3 265 4.9

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,891 1,807 7.9 2,109 9.2 23,643 1,841 7.8 2,140 9.0

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,694 607 12.9 712 15.2 4,897 606 12.4 704 14.4

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . 18,197 1,200 6.6 1,397 7.7 18,747 1,235 6.6 1,436 7.7

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,208 252 2.2 304 2.7 12,026 342 2.8 406 3.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . 2,004 96 4.8 111 5.5 2,281 144 6.3 173 7.6

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . 9,203 156 1.7 192 2.1 9,745 198 2.0 233 2.4

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979 58 5.9 63 6.4 1,174 81 6.9 85 7.3

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . 8,225 98 1.2 129 1.6 8,571 117 1.4 148 1.7

Other services3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,632 176 3.1 208 3.7 5,932 168 2.8 194 3.3

Other services, except private households.. . 4,987 158 3.2 190 3.8 5,267 165 3.1 186 3.5

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,626 6,982 33.9 7,747 37.6 21,318 7,062 33.1 7,835 36.8

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,820 951 24.9 1,108 29.0 3,989 972 24.4 1,124 28.2

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,866 2,033 29.6 2,273 33.1 7,157 2,142 29.9 2,372 33.1

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,940 3,999 40.2 4,367 43.9 10,171 3,948 38.8 4,339 42.7

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well

as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry, 2021-2022 annual averages

Occupation and industry

2021 2022

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . $1,390 $1,360 $1,345 $1,400 $1,465 $1,406 $1,388 $1,477

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,482 1,450 1,430 1,487 1,569 1,503 1,487 1,573

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,546 1,545 1,535 1,547 1,658 1,639 1,598 1,662

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . 1,382 1,301 1,267 1,391 1,464 1,346 1,339 1,470

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,335 1,346 1,330 1,337 1,392 1,388 1,369 1,398

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,660 1,463 1,474 1,673 1,789 1,531 1,513 1,819

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,641 1,770 1,745 1,633 1,735 1,750 1,740 1,734

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 1,407 1,336 1,348 1,416 1,463 1,494 1,444 1,468

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,065 1,342 1,333 1,010 1,128 1,304 1,296 1,080

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,586 1,728 1,591 1,586 1,763 1,882 1,893 1,750

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,138 1,273 1,256 1,025 1,148 1,332 1,304 1,050

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,229 1,434 1,532 1,215 1,273 1,509 1,480 1,257

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . 1,273 1,402 1,389 1,259 1,354 1,450 1,434 1,342

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 929 909 619 697 994 986 673

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 705 711 629 685 778 789 676

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998 1,278 1,263 846 1,024 1,329 1,304 875

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . 573 652 645 570 622 725 724 620

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 732 731 612 671 787 784 654

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 622 687 617 686 747 765 683

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 933 929 817 880 973 963 871

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 808 839 890 941 883 888 944

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 961 951 791 847 995 974 829

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 1,262 1,237 872 965 1,295 1,280 910

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 – – 615 645 – – 643

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 1,262 1,227 837 943 1,288 1,275 890

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . 1,017 1,287 1,273 983 1,043 1,346 1,322 1,007

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 968 954 746 821 1,052 1,041 797

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 957 944 789 862 1,046 1,052 829

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . 738 976 961 713 796 1,058 1,032 770

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973 1,098 1,080 965 1,026 1,153 1,145 1,018

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 – – 673 709 – – 710

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978 1,100 1,082 969 1,032 1,155 1,147 1,021

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,317 – – 1,315 1,504 – – 1,488

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966 1,344 1,322 922 1,007 1,319 1,306 976

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,033 1,016 1,015 1,036 1,102 1,116 1,126 1,098

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,061 1,041 1,051 1,062 1,133 1,112 1,125 1,133

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 981 976 998 1,048 1,124 1,127 1,038

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 776 773 791 859 812 823 861

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,003 910 876 1,014 1,057 1,012 993 1,063

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 763 766 742 814 780 797 815

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973 1,199 1,170 934 995 1,261 1,246 958

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914 1,147 1,120 883 943 1,203 1,178 909

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,390 1,482 1,425 1,369 1,501 1,531 1,530 1,492

Information4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,378 1,568 1,527 1,370 1,501 1,610 1,587 1,492

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,271 – – 1,332 1,495 – – 1,517

Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . 1,325 1,884 1,885 1,230 1,388 2,276 2,277 1,300

Broadcasting (except internet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,213 – – 1,199 1,479 – – 1,475

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,367 1,302 1,297 1,374 1,418 1,690 1,611 1,397

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,233 1,017 1,019 1,239 1,326 1,337 1,271 1,327

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,317 1,012 1,037 1,328 1,377 1,667 1,348 1,378

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,367 1,022 1,072 1,372 1,451 1,835 1,663 1,450

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,209 – 1,003 1,222 1,274 – – 1,275

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 1,027 995 1,001 1,088 1,160 1,228 1,082

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,241 1,023 1,017 1,249 1,353 1,091 1,112 1,362

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,515 1,527 1,365 1,518 1,641 1,531 1,529 1,644

Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . 742 766 767 740 796 842 835 794

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry, 2021-2022 annual averages — Continued

Occupation and industry

2021 2022

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $982 $1,140 $1,134 $966 $1,032 $1,157 $1,149 $1,018

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,110 1,143 1,133 1,105 1,152 1,197 1,180 1,146

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953 1,139 1,134 939 1,004 1,141 1,134 995

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 752 756 645 707 788 813 703

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 904 864 818 886 808 844 889

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 725 735 615 678 781 803 675

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 735 752 683 731 764 786 726

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 709 725 607 668 791 812 665

Other services4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 1,200 1,166 847 910 1,239 1,231 899

Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . 894 1,258 1,206 885 938 1,249 1,243 923

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,133 1,237 1,229 1,055 1,168 1,271 1,260 1,121

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,319 1,209 1,219 1,372 1,394 1,269 1,279 1,452

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,088 1,231 1,224 1,007 1,138 1,250 1,237 1,084

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,102 1,246 1,235 969 1,136 1,291 1,270 1,019

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

4

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well

as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Dash indicates no data or data that do not

meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2021-2022 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

State

2021 2022

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,938 115 5.9 133 6.9 2,066 149 7.2 173 8.4

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 46 15.8 50 17.2 298 48 16.0 52 17.3

Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,116 167 5.4 208 6.7 3,061 169 5.5 189 6.2

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,167 46 3.9 51 4.4 1,204 59 4.9 68 5.7

California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,497 2,468 15.9 2,757 17.8 16,240 2,617 16.1 2,856 17.6

Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,538 165 6.5 192 7.5 2,672 178 6.7 201 7.5

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,524 223 14.6 248 16.3 1,658 236 14.2 256 15.4

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 42 9.7 44 10.2 442 38 8.5 42 9.4

District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 31 8.9 35 9.9 331 30 9.1 34 10.4

Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,667 448 5.2 529 6.1 9,100 414 4.5 511 5.6

Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,404 211 4.8 256 5.8 4,521 200 4.4 244 5.4

Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 121 22.4 131 24.1 572 125 21.9 134 23.4

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 36 4.7 42 5.5 825 39 4.7 49 5.9

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,397 752 13.9 818 15.2 5,611 735 13.1 789 14.1

Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,844 256 9.0 290 10.2 3,023 223 7.4 260 8.6

Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,428 93 6.5 118 8.3 1,506 105 7.0 132 8.7

Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,300 120 9.2 148 11.4 1,318 129 9.8 160 12.1

Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,740 126 7.2 170 9.8 1,791 141 7.9 185 10.3

Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,722 81 4.7 98 5.7 1,801 76 4.2 94 5.2

Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 70 12.4 83 14.7 527 48 9.2 61 11.5

Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,689 295 11.0 332 12.3 2,816 327 11.6 372 13.2

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,181 402 12.6 433 13.6 3,241 413 12.7 447 13.8

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,047 540 13.3 620 15.3 4,212 589 14.0 644 15.3

Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,608 416 16.0 446 17.1 2,697 382 14.2 411 15.2

Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,080 59 5.5 74 6.9 1,102 62 5.6 79 7.2

Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,615 235 9.0 266 10.2 2,681 257 9.6 284 10.6

Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 49 11.2 56 12.9 466 52 11.2 57 12.3

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896 61 6.8 72 8.0 923 60 6.5 74 8.1

Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,249 153 12.2 176 14.1 1,287 146 11.3 164 12.8

New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 65 10.1 73 11.3 687 70 10.1 77 11.2

New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,762 608 16.2 672 17.9 4,161 619 14.9 666 16.0

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 58 7.5 70 9.1 806 71 8.8 86 10.6

New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,770 1,729 22.2 1,869 24.1 8,124 1,679 20.7 1,795 22.1

North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,225 108 2.6 142 3.4 4,409 125 2.8 173 3.9

North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 19 5.4 24 6.9 365 23 6.4 28 7.6

Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,966 596 12.0 647 13.0 4,989 641 12.8 699 14.0

Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,546 87 5.6 105 6.8 1,587 88 5.5 113 7.1

Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,784 318 17.8 336 18.8 1,810 281 15.5 305 16.9

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,380 693 12.9 732 13.6 5,628 715 12.7 767 13.6

Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 75 15.7 83 17.4 505 81 16.1 89 17.7

South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,070 34 1.7 42 2.0 2,050 35 1.7 40 2.0

South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 16 4.0 20 5.0 412 13 3.1 17 4.2

Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,820 145 5.2 166 5.9 2,931 163 5.5 184 6.3

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,057 454 3.8 571 4.7 12,496 518 4.1 643 5.1

Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,465 51 3.5 96 6.5 1,540 60 3.9 133 8.7

Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 32 12.3 37 14.2 284 34 12.1 38 13.4

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,685 176 4.8 240 6.5 3,906 146 3.7 175 4.5

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,308 629 19.0 661 20.0 3,413 615 18.0 653 19.1

West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 66 9.6 73 10.5 689 64 9.2 69 10.0

Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,705 215 7.9 251 9.3 2,648 187 7.1 212 8.0

Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 13 5.7 16 6.9 243 14 5.6 18 7.3

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated

businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
TEXAS

N.M.

CALIF.

MONT.

NEV.

ARIZ.

ORE.

S.D.

WYO.

COLO. KAN. MO.

N.D.

NEB.

UTAH

GA.

ILL.

MINN.

LA.

IDAHO

FLA.

PA.

WIS.

N.Y.

OKLA.

N.C.

KY.

ALA.

VA.

ARK.

WASH.

IOWA

MISS.

IND.

OHIO

S.C.

MICH.

TENN.

MAINE

W.VA.

VT. N.H.

20.0% or more

15.0% to 19.9%

10.0% to 14.9%

5.0% to 9.9%

4.9% or less

MD.

DEL.

MASS.

N.J.

CONN. R.I.

D.C.

HAWAII

ALASKA

Pacific

Mountain

West

North Central

East

North Central

New England

Middle

Atlantic

South

Atlantic

East

South Central

West

South Central

Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2022 annual averages

(U.S. rate = 10.1 percent)