For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, April 28, 2015 USDL-15-0754 

Technical information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

NOTE: BLS reissued this release on June 10, 2015 to correct errors in NAICS 3121, beverages; 

312, beverages and tobacco products; 3241, petroleum and coal products; 324, petroleum and 

coal products; and 3345, electronic instruments. Corrections have been made to tables 1, 2, 

and 3; no changes were required to the text or charts of the news release.

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

 MANUFACTURING AND MINING INDUSTRIES, 2014

Labor productivity – defined as output per hour – rose in about three-quarters of detailed manufacturing 

and mining industries covered in 2014, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was higher 

than 2013, when labor productivity rose in about 60 percent of the covered industries. Output and hours 

also increased in more industries in 2014 than in the previous year. (See chart 1.) Unit labor costs, which

reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output, declined in 53 percent of manufacturing 

industries and three out of four mining industries in 2014. Almost two-thirds of industries with 

productivity increases posted declines in unit labor costs. 

Oil and gas extraction recorded the largest increase in labor productivity in 2014, followed by textile and 

fabric finishing and coating mills, and semiconductors and electronic components. The largest decline in 

productivity was in glass and glass products. (See table 1.) 

Chart 1. Number of manufacturing and mining industries with increases in labor productivity, 

output, and hours, 2013 and 2014
Labor Productivity and Unit Labor Costs, 2014

Manufacturing: Labor productivity increased in 19 of the 21 NAICS 3-digit manufacturing industries in 

2014 (see chart 2), as output increased in 19 industries and hours fell in 8 industries (see chart 3). 

Productivity rose fastest in leather and allied product manufacturing, where output increased slightly 

while hours declined. Of the 21 industries, 14 registered greater productivity growth or smaller

productivity declines than in the previous year.

Chart 4 shows the range of productivity and unit labor cost changes for all 21 3-digit manufacturing 

industries. Unit labor costs fell in 13 industries. All unit labor costs declines occurred in industries where

productivity rose. The only two industries where productivity fell, printing and related support activities 

and paper and paper products, also recorded an increase in unit labor costs. Chart 5 shows the relationship 

between changes in compensation, output, and unit labor costs. 

2014 measures available for selected industries

Labor productivity and related measures are being released through 2014 for a group of 57 

detailed manufacturing industries and four detailed mining industries. These measures are based 

on trends in production and wages. Labor productivity measures for all other detailed 

manufacturing and mining industries are being released through 2013. 

Chart 2. Percent change in productivity in 3-

digit NAICS manufacturing industries, 2014

Chart 3. Percent change in output and hours in 

3-digit NAICS manufacturing industries, 2014

2
Chart 4. Percent change in labor productivity and unit labor costs in 3-digit NAICS manufacturing

industries, 2014

Chart 5. Percent change in labor compensation, output, and unit labor costs in 3-digit NAICS

manufacturing industries, 2014 
Mining: Labor productivity increased in three of the four NAICS 4-digit mining industries covered in 

2014. Oil and gas extraction experienced the largest gain in productivity, spurred by output growth of 

13 percent. Only nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying recorded an increase in hours that was 

greater than that of output, causing productivity to decline. Productivity growth was less in 2014 than 

2013 for each of these four mining industries. 

Productivity Trends in Selected Time Periods

Chart 6 displays the number of industries with increases in productivity, output, and hours for selected 

time periods through 2013, the latest year for which data are available for all 91 NAICS 4-digit 

manufacturing and mining industries. 

During the 1987-2013 period, productivity rose in all but four manufacturing and mining industries, 

with median productivity growth of approximately 2 percent per year. Productivity growth in this 

period was associated with rising output in many manufacturing and mining industries, while hours 

increased in relatively few. In most industries, productivity advanced as output was produced with 

fewer hours.

Productivity also increased in a majority of industries between 2007 and 2013, despite the fact that the 

period encompassed a severe recession. However, only one quarter of manufacturing and mining 

industries saw increases in output, while even fewer experienced growth in hours.

In 2013, productivity rose in about 57 percent of manufacturing and mining industries. Output 

increased in about two-thirds of the industries, while hours rose in fewer than half the industries. 

Chart 6. Number of manufacturing and mining industries with increases in labor productivity, 

output, and hours, 1987-2013, 2007-2013, and 2012-2013 

4
Chart 7 shows the industries with the largest changes in productivity in 2013. Industries above the 

diagonal line had growth in output that was greater than the percent change in hours, and thus positive 

productivity growth. The largest increases in productivity in 2013 occurred in industries with large 

employment, such as oil and gas extraction and communications equipment, as well as industries with 

less employment, such as apparel knitting mills. In contrast, industries below the diagonal line 

exhibited declining productivity as hours increased or held steady and in most cases output declined. 

Chart 7. Percent changes in output and hours in 4-digit NAICS manufacturing and mining 

industries with the largest change in productivity, 2013

 

5
Additional Information

This release updates productivity measures to 2014 for all 21 NAICS 3-digit and for 57 of the 86 

NAICS 4-digit manufacturing industries. Additionally, productivity measures for all 86 NAICS 4-

digit manufacturing industries have been updated through 2013. Output estimates for 2014 are based 

on trends in industrial production from the Federal Reserve Board and on trends from the

manufacturers’ shipments, inventories, and orders (M3) survey from the U.S. Census Bureau, along 

with data on price changes from BLS. Labor compensation in 2014 is based on trends in industry 

wages from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). Data in this release for 

2013 and 2014 are preliminary and subject to revision. 

For the first time, the industries included in this news release are classified according to the 2012 

NAICS. Indexes have been rebased from 2002=100 to 2007=100 starting with this release. While

the rates of change reported by BLS in this release are rounded to one decimal place, all percent

changes are calculated using index numbers rounded to three decimal places.

Year-to-year movements in industry productivity may be erratic, particularly in smaller industries. The

annual measures based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a census of 

establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output and use of labor may reflect

cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a result, long-term productivity trends

tend to be more reliable indicators of industry performance than year-to-year changes.

Want to know more?

Find more detailed data at www.bls.gov/lpc for:

-Additional industries and sectors

-Additional data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and 

levels of industry employment, hours, nominal value of production, and labor 

compensation. 

-Additional years and long term data

Questions? 

Additional information can be obtained by calling the Division of Industry Productivity Studies (202-

691-5618) or by sending an e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. Information in this report will be made 

available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message 

referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 

Subscribe to Newsletter 

Customers can subscribe to the industry productivity program’s news releases on the BLS website at 

https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

6
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the 

labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in 

the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity 

measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not 

measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint 

effects of many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of 

capacity, energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract 

employment services; the organization of production; managerial skill; in addition to the 

characteristics and effort of the workforce.

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of 

output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor 

compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship 

between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly 

compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation 

increases and lower unit labor costs.

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various 

products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually 

derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some 

industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. Industry output reflects sectoral value of 

production, derived by adjusting shipments for changes in inventories and removing intra-industry 

transactions. Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic 

censuses and annual surveys of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with

data on price changes primarily from BLS. New with this update, data from the Bureau of 

Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, is utilized in part to construct intra-industry 

transactions. Advance industry output for 2014 is constructed with data on industrial production 

from the Federal Reserve and manufacturers’ shipments, inventories, and orders from the Census 

Bureau. Other data sources include the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of 

Energy; and the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Interior. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours reflect annual hours worked by all employed persons in an industry. 

Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment

Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total 

and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are

supplemented with CPS self- employed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry 

employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on 

the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, selfemployed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data

from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data

are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are

estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly aggregated; no 

adjustments for labor composition are made.

7
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries,

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in 

kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for 

voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of Federal old age and

survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for 

voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the 

employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2014 are constructed using 

data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).

8
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2013-2014

Industry NAICS

code

2014

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2013-2014

Output per

hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Mining

Mining................................................................... 21 866.6 3.9 11.6 7.5 8.1 -3.1

Oil and gas extraction............................................... 211 201.9 11.5 13.4 1.7 6.4 -6.1

Oil and gas extraction............................................... 2111 201.9 11.5 13.4 1.7 6.4 -6.1

Mining, except oil and gas.......................................... 212 212.0 1.2 4.7 3.5 1.4 -3.2

Coal mining.......................................................... 2121 76.7 5.4 6.7 1.2 -2.0 -8.2

Metal ore mining..................................................... 2122 44.2 0.5 1.5 1.0 -0.7 -2.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying........................ 2123 91.1 -1.3 5.5 6.9 7.7 2.1

Manufacturing

Food..................................................................... 311 1,505.9 3.0 1.9 -1.0 2.5 0.6

Grain and oilseed milling........................................... 3112 58.4 6.9 0.3 -6.1 -0.2 -0.5

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty..................... 3114 169.6 2.4 3.0 0.5 0.5 -2.4

Dairy products....................................................... 3115 133.8 5.5 3.0 -2.4 1.3 -1.6

Animal slaughtering and processing............................... 3116 480.9 -0.8 -1.4 -0.6 2.0 3.5

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing................................ 3118 311.9 4.7 3.3 -1.4 1.7 -1.5

Other food products................................................. 3119 189.4 1.5 -0.5 -1.9 6.4 6.9

Beverages and tobacco products.................................... 312 215.5 0.1 1.2 1.1 7.7 6.4

Beverages............................................................ 3121 201.9 3.2 4.8 1.6 9.2 4.2

Tobacco and tobacco products.................................... 3122 13.6 0.9 -4.8 -5.7 -2.8 2.1

Textile mills............................................................. 313 123.7 1.6 1.5 0.0 2.8 1.2

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills....................................... 3131 29.2 -2.1 0.9 3.0 3.1 2.2

Fabric mills........................................................... 3132 61.2 -1.9 2.3 4.3 3.9 1.6

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills..................... 3133 33.3 10.8 0.4 -9.4 0.6 0.2

Textile product mills.................................................... 314 120.4 4.1 1.6 -2.4 2.7 1.0

Textile furnishings mills............................................. 3141 54.1 0.5 0.1 -0.4 2.5 2.4

Other textile product mills.......................................... 3149 66.3 7.6 3.2 -4.1 2.8 -0.4

Apparel.................................................................. 315 160.1 1.5 1.2 -0.3 -1.0 -2.1

Leather and allied products........................................... 316 30.2 18.0 3.5 -12.3 -4.0 -7.3

Wood products......................................................... 321 392.5 1.0 4.2 3.1 6.4 2.2

Sawmills and wood preservation................................... 3211 98.3 2.0 3.8 1.7 7.0 3.1

Plywood and engineered wood products......................... 3212 72.3 -5.7 1.9 8.0 7.8 5.8

Other wood products................................................ 3219 221.9 2.9 5.1 2.2 5.7 0.5

Paper and paper products............................................ 322 373.4 -1.8 -2.5 -0.7 1.5 4.1

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................. 3221 105.1 -1.7 -3.4 -1.7 1.4 4.9

Converted paper products.......................................... 3222 268.3 -1.4 -1.6 -0.2 1.6 3.3

Printing and related support activities................................ 323 482.9 -1.2 -0.3 0.9 0.8 1.2

Printing and related support activities............................. 3231 482.9 -1.2 -0.3 0.9 0.8 1.2

Petroleum and coal products......................................... 324 111.6 2.7 2.3 -0.4 1.6 -0.7

Petroleum and coal products....................................... 3241 111.6 2.7 2.3 -0.4 1.6 -0.7

Chemicals............................................................... 325 815.4 0.9 2.1 1.2 4.4 2.2

Basic chemicals..................................................... 3251 147.5 -4.1 0.3 4.5 3.9 3.6

Agricultural chemicals............................................... 3253 37.2 -4.6 0.7 5.5 4.7 4.0

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................... 3254 282.4 4.5 1.0 -3.4 6.3 5.2

Paints, coatings, and adhesives................................... 3255 60.3 -4.8 -0.2 4.9 6.4 6.6

Plastics and rubber products......................................... 326 678.6 2.5 6.9 4.3 3.7 -3.1

Plastics products.................................................... 3261 544.5 2.7 6.9 4.0 3.4 -3.3

Rubber products..................................................... 3262 134.1 1.6 7.2 5.5 4.8 -2.3

Nonmetallic mineral products......................................... 327 400.5 1.6 5.7 4.1 4.2 -1.5

Clay products and refractories..................................... 3271 47.6 4.7 1.6 -2.9 1.7 0.1

Glass and glass products........................................... 3272 91.7 -7.0 8.7 16.8 2.7 -5.5

Cement and concrete products.................................... 3273 173.8 4.3 4.4 0.1 4.1 -0.3

Lime and gypsum products......................................... 3274 14.5 3.6 9.5 5.7 13.6 3.7

Other nonmetallic mineral products................................ 3279 72.9 2.1 5.9 3.7 5.2 -0.6

9
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2013-2014 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

2014

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2013-2014

Output per

hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Primary metals......................................................... 331 404.7 1.4 4.4 3.0 2.2 -2.1

Alumina and aluminum production................................. 3313 59.8 -0.8 2.0 2.9 4.6 2.5

Foundries............................................................. 3315 127.3 3.0 9.9 6.7 2.1 -7.0

Fabricated metal products............................................. 332 1,496.9 1.3 4.0 2.6 3.2 -0.8

Forging and stamping............................................... 3321 100.7 6.8 9.1 2.1 4.8 -3.9

Cutlery and hand tools.............................................. 3322 38.8 5.0 -4.4 -9.0 2.9 7.7

Architectural and structural metals................................. 3323 373.6 0.9 3.9 3.0 5.3 1.3

Spring and wire products........................................... 3326 44.6 1.6 9.5 7.8 1.2 -7.6

Machine shops and threaded products........................... 3327 387.0 1.6 4.8 3.1 3.1 -1.6

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.................... 3328 143.3 1.6 0.7 -0.8 2.2 1.4

Other fabricated metal products................................... 3329 284.7 1.9 4.9 3.0 0.2 -4.5

Machinery............................................................... 333 1,134.6 3.7 7.0 3.1 3.2 -3.5

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery................. 3331 255.8 7.7 9.2 1.3 2.2 -6.4

Industrial machinery................................................. 3332 109.2 5.6 8.5 2.7 3.2 -4.9

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment.................. 3334 128.7 0.8 5.2 4.4 2.9 -2.1

Metalworking machinery............................................ 3335 184.0 4.5 7.3 2.7 1.9 -5.0

Computer and electronic products................................... 334 1,055.6 4.2 3.8 -0.4 0.8 -2.9

Semiconductors and electronic components..................... 3344 368.6 9.8 8.0 -1.6 2.2 -5.4

Electronic instruments............................................... 3345 390.5 8.2 5.9 -2.1 -0.7 -6.3

Electrical equipment and appliances................................. 335 376.7 3.2 1.6 -1.6 1.5 -0.1

Electric lighting equipment.......................................... 3351 46.8 4.4 1.0 -3.2 1.5 0.6

Household appliances............................................... 3352 59.6 9.4 7.1 -2.0 2.1 -4.7

Electrical equipment................................................. 3353 144.6 1.1 0.3 -0.9 0.1 -0.1

Other electrical equipment and components..................... 3359 125.7 2.9 1.2 -1.7 2.5 1.3

Transportation equipment............................................. 336 1,576.5 2.4 5.9 3.4 4.5 -1.3

Motor vehicles....................................................... 3361 199.5 -3.3 8.5 12.3 7.8 -0.7

Motor vehicle parts.................................................. 3363 539.2 1.9 6.1 4.0 6.7 0.6

Aerospace products and parts..................................... 3364 496.3 3.3 2.1 -1.2 1.9 -0.2

Ship and boat building.............................................. 3366 139.8 6.7 11.4 4.4 3.6 -7.0

Other transportation equipment.................................... 3369 34.2 5.4 8.8 3.2 -2.0 -9.9

Furniture and related products........................................ 337 402.8 1.4 7.0 5.5 4.6 -2.2

Household and institutional furniture.............................. 3371 259.7 2.8 11.4 8.4 5.9 -4.9

Miscellaneous manufacturing......................................... 339 640.9 3.3 4.5 1.1 3.7 -0.8

Medical equipment and supplies................................... 3391 318.4 4.2 6.2 1.9 4.7 -1.3

10
Table 2. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2012-2013

Industry NAICS

code

2013

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2012-2013

Output per

hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Mining

Mining................................................................... 21 827.3 9.0 8.7 -0.3 2.5 -5.6

Oil and gas extraction............................................... 211 195.6 14.0 11.2 -2.4 2.7 -7.6

Oil and gas extraction............................................... 2111 195.6 14.0 11.2 -2.4 2.7 -7.6

Mining, except oil and gas.......................................... 212 209.9 6.4 0.6 -5.5 -3.0 -3.6

Coal mining.......................................................... 2121 78.1 7.7 -3.0 -9.9 -8.3 -5.4

Metal ore mining..................................................... 2122 44.5 8.3 1.4 -6.4 0.7 -0.7

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying........................ 2123 87.3 4.8 4.5 -0.3 1.8 -2.6

Support activities for mining........................................ 213 421.8 -1.8 1.3 3.2 5.3 3.9

Support activities for mining........................................ 2131 421.8 -1.8 1.3 3.2 5.3 3.9

Manufacturing

Food..................................................................... 311 1,522.9 1.7 1.7 0.0 2.1 0.4

Animal food.......................................................... 3111 59.2 0.9 1.7 0.8 3.0 1.2

Grain and oilseed milling........................................... 3112 60.3 3.9 3.2 -0.7 0.9 -2.2

Sugar and confectionery products................................. 3113 73.2 -1.5 4.9 6.6 3.9 -1.0

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty..................... 3114 170.5 7.1 2.3 -4.4 0.4 -1.9

Dairy products....................................................... 3115 135.0 0.7 -0.4 -1.1 1.5 1.9

Animal slaughtering and processing............................... 3116 483.4 1.6 1.4 -0.1 2.5 1.0

Seafood product preparation and packaging..................... 3117 38.8 7.4 5.2 -2.1 2.1 -2.9

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing................................ 3118 318.4 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.1 -0.6

Other food products................................................. 3119 184.1 -0.8 2.1 3.0 5.3 3.1

Beverages and tobacco products.................................... 312 204.9 -7.6 1.7 10.1 6.4 4.6

Beverages............................................................ 3121 190.7 -7.8 2.0 10.7 8.2 6.0

Tobacco and tobacco products.................................... 3122 14.2 -1.3 0.7 2.0 -4.5 -5.1

Textile mills............................................................. 313 123.6 8.2 3.5 -4.3 3.6 0.1

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills....................................... 3131 28.2 7.8 5.1 -2.4 4.4 -0.7

Fabric mills........................................................... 3132 58.2 6.6 1.8 -4.5 4.2 2.3

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills..................... 3133 37.2 10.6 4.4 -5.6 2.1 -2.2

Textile product mills.................................................... 314 128.1 6.5 2.8 -3.4 3.1 0.2

Textile furnishings mills............................................. 3141 56.2 3.7 1.6 -2.1 3.5 1.9

Other textile product mills.......................................... 3149 71.9 9.6 4.6 -4.5 2.7 -1.8

Apparel.................................................................. 315 163.0 -0.7 -3.2 -2.6 -1.9 1.4

Apparel knitting mills................................................ 3151 16.3 30.5 6.5 -18.4 -2.9 -8.8

Cut and sew apparel................................................ 3152 136.8 -4.6 -4.9 -0.4 -2.3 2.8

Accessories and other apparel..................................... 3159 9.9 -3.3 -1.9 1.5 2.9 4.9

Leather and allied products........................................... 316 34.1 4.3 -2.4 -6.4 2.4 4.9

Leather and hide tanning and finishing........................... 3161 5.0 25.2 9.9 -12.2 1.4 -7.7

Footwear............................................................. 3162 13.9 -12.7 -12.7 0.0 3.7 18.8

Other leather products.............................................. 3169 15.2 10.4 -0.4 -9.9 1.1 1.6

Wood products......................................................... 321 375.7 -1.1 4.5 5.6 7.2 2.6

Sawmills and wood preservation................................... 3211 93.3 -3.4 3.3 6.9 7.6 4.1

Plywood and engineered wood products......................... 3212 68.0 2.8 7.3 4.3 11.3 3.8

Other wood products................................................ 3219 214.4 -0.4 4.9 5.4 5.5 0.6

Paper and paper products............................................ 322 380.2 0.9 1.4 0.4 2.0 0.6

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................. 3221 108.8 -0.1 0.4 0.5 1.5 1.1

Converted paper products.......................................... 3222 271.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 2.3 1.5

Printing and related support activities................................ 323 473.9 1.7 0.6 -1.2 0.2 -0.3

Printing and related support activities............................. 3231 473.9 1.7 0.6 -1.2 0.2 -0.3

Petroleum and coal products......................................... 324 110.7 6.0 2.8 -3.0 3.4 0.6

Petroleum and coal products....................................... 3241 110.7 6.0 2.8 -3.0 3.4 0.6

Chemicals............................................................... 325 797.3 -1.1 0.2 1.3 3.3 3.1

Basic chemicals..................................................... 3251 142.6 2.5 2.1 -0.5 0.5 -1.5

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers.................................. 3252 92.3 -1.1 -0.8 0.2 1.5 2.4

11
Table 2. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2012-2013 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

2013

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2012-2013

Output per

hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Agricultural chemicals............................................... 3253 38.8 3.4 16.1 12.2 7.1 -7.8

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................... 3254 276.7 -6.1 -4.2 2.1 7.1 11.7

Paints, coatings, and adhesives................................... 3255 58.5 -4.2 4.4 9.0 4.2 -0.2

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries....................... 3256 104.9 3.4 -1.4 -4.6 2.9 4.4

Other chemical products and preparations....................... 3259 83.5 -3.8 -3.4 0.3 -3.4 0.1

Plastics and rubber products......................................... 326 660.9 -0.6 1.6 2.3 3.3 1.7

Plastics products.................................................... 3261 530.0 -0.5 2.6 3.2 3.1 0.5

Rubber products..................................................... 3262 130.9 -1.5 -2.5 -1.1 4.0 6.6

Nonmetallic mineral products......................................... 327 391.4 3.9 3.6 -0.3 4.0 0.4

Clay products and refractories..................................... 3271 46.5 11.4 1.4 -9.0 2.5 1.1

Glass and glass products........................................... 3272 89.1 1.2 0.1 -1.1 2.3 2.1

Cement and concrete products.................................... 3273 169.8 3.5 3.2 -0.2 3.9 0.6

Lime and gypsum products......................................... 3274 13.9 6.6 4.0 -2.4 7.3 3.2

Other nonmetallic mineral products................................ 3279 72.1 1.6 9.3 7.5 6.7 -2.3

Primary metals......................................................... 331 399.7 5.6 3.6 -1.8 0.5 -3.0

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production.................... 3311 92.7 7.3 3.5 -3.5 0.1 -3.3

Steel products from purchased steel.............................. 3312 60.3 -0.9 -0.2 0.7 -1.3 -1.1

Alumina and aluminum production................................. 3313 58.5 10.0 7.1 -2.7 5.2 -1.8

Other nonferrous metal production................................ 3314 62.5 3.1 4.1 1.0 -1.2 -5.1

Foundries............................................................. 3315 125.7 3.4 0.4 -2.8 0.2 -0.3

Fabricated metal products............................................. 332 1,462.8 -1.5 0.8 2.4 2.8 2.0

Forging and stamping............................................... 3321 98.9 1.7 1.1 -0.6 2.1 0.9

Cutlery and hand tools.............................................. 3322 42.2 -1.8 -2.3 -0.5 -0.4 2.0

Architectural and structural metals................................. 3323 353.6 -0.5 2.4 3.0 5.0 2.5

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers........................... 3324 97.8 -3.9 -0.6 3.5 3.3 3.9

Hardware............................................................. 3325 23.6 6.7 6.7 0.0 6.5 -0.1

Spring and wire products........................................... 3326 43.1 -8.9 -4.3 5.0 -0.5 4.0

Machine shops and threaded products........................... 3327 380.3 0.0 1.3 1.3 2.9 1.5

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.................... 3328 142.0 -3.1 1.3 4.6 2.2 0.9

Other fabricated metal products................................... 3329 281.3 -3.2 -0.6 2.8 1.1 1.6

Machinery............................................................... 333 1,114.6 -4.2 -4.9 -0.7 2.0 7.2

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery................. 3331 252.4 -9.6 -9.6 -0.1 0.6 11.3

Industrial machinery................................................. 3332 108.1 -1.1 0.0 1.1 3.4 3.4

Commercial and service industry machinery..................... 3333 86.9 1.4 -2.1 -3.4 1.9 4.0

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment.................. 3334 127.6 3.6 0.5 -3.1 1.9 1.4

Metalworking machinery............................................ 3335 183.8 0.9 -1.1 -2.0 2.0 3.1

Turbine and power transmission equipment...................... 3336 98.5 -12.3 -9.6 3.0 -3.0 7.3

Other general purpose machinery................................. 3339 257.3 -2.0 -2.4 -0.5 4.3 6.9

Computer and electronic products................................... 334 1,071.2 -1.9 -4.1 -2.2 -1.2 3.0

Computer and peripheral equipment.............................. 3341 158.8 -6.5 -4.1 2.6 -20.2 -16.8

Communications equipment........................................ 3342 101.1 24.3 11.3 -10.4 14.0 2.4

Audio and video equipment........................................ 3343 19.4 7.0 4.8 -2.1 1.8 -2.8

Semiconductors and electronic components..................... 3344 376.7 -6.8 -9.9 -3.3 1.0 12.1

Electronic instruments............................................... 3345 395.8 -3.8 -3.9 -0.2 -3.7 0.2

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction................ 3346 19.4 -0.2 -11.2 -11.0 -4.7 7.4

Electrical equipment and appliances................................. 335 377.7 -2.2 -0.1 2.2 1.7 1.8

Electric lighting equipment.......................................... 3351 48.0 -1.8 -0.1 1.7 -1.3 -1.2

Household appliances............................................... 3352 57.7 3.1 3.5 0.3 1.3 -2.1

Electrical equipment................................................. 3353 145.1 -2.4 -1.5 1.0 1.9 3.4

Other electrical equipment and components..................... 3359 126.9 -4.9 -0.4 4.7 2.6 3.0

Transportation equipment............................................. 336 1,516.2 1.8 4.2 2.4 4.9 0.7

Motor vehicles....................................................... 3361 181.7 1.6 6.5 4.8 7.3 0.8

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers.................................. 3362 135.5 4.1 8.3 4.1 9.1 0.7

Motor vehicle parts.................................................. 3363 511.5 0.3 5.0 4.7 7.0 1.9

Aerospace products and parts..................................... 3364 498.0 3.8 2.3 -1.5 3.9 1.6

Railroad rolling stock................................................ 3365 25.1 6.1 14.1 7.6 0.6 -11.8

12
Table 2. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2012-2013 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

2013

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2012-2013

Output per

hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Ship and boat building.............................................. 3366 132.1 0.5 4.5 4.1 1.0 -3.4

Other transportation equipment.................................... 3369 32.3 -1.6 -4.4 -2.9 -6.3 -1.9

Furniture and related products........................................ 337 386.5 1.0 3.4 2.4 5.1 1.6

Household and institutional furniture.............................. 3371 246.1 3.0 5.0 2.0 6.9 1.8

Office furniture and fixtures......................................... 3372 105.2 -0.8 1.2 2.0 2.3 1.0

Other furniture-related products.................................... 3379 35.2 -3.3 3.4 6.9 5.4 1.9

Miscellaneous manufacturing......................................... 339 635.9 1.7 2.9 1.2 4.0 1.1

Medical equipment and supplies................................... 3391 316.6 3.1 2.5 -0.6 3.5 0.9

Other miscellaneous manufacturing............................... 3399 319.3 0.3 3.5 3.1 4.9 1.4

13
Table 3. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-2013

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2013

Output per

hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Mining

Mining...................................................................................... 21 -0.2 0.7 0.9 5.2 4.5

Oil and gas extraction.................................................................. 211 0.6 0.6 0.1 5.6 5.0

Oil and gas extraction.................................................................. 2111 0.6 0.6 0.1 5.6 5.0

Mining, except oil and gas............................................................. 212 1.4 0.2 -1.2 2.0 1.8

Coal mining............................................................................. 2121 1.6 -0.6 -2.1 0.8 1.3

Metal ore mining........................................................................ 2122 0.4 1.0 0.6 4.8 3.7

onmetallic mineral mining and quarrying............................................. 2123 1.4 0.4 -0.9 2.4 2.0

Support activities for mining........................................................... 213 2.3 5.5 3.1 8.3 2.6

Support activities for mining........................................................... 2131 2.3 5.5 3.1 8.3 2.6

Manufacturing

Food........................................................................................ 311 1.2 1.5 0.2 2.9 1.4

Animal food............................................................................. 3111 2.1 1.8 -0.4 3.1 1.3

Grain and oilseed milling.............................................................. 3112 2.0 1.4 -0.6 2.1 0.7

Sugar and confectionery products.................................................... 3113 1.4 0.5 -0.8 2.1 1.6

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty....................................... 3114 1.4 1.2 -0.3 2.7 1.5

Dairy products.......................................................................... 3115 1.8 1.5 -0.4 3.1 1.6

Animal slaughtering and processing.................................................. 3116 1.0 1.9 0.9 3.3 1.4

Seafood product preparation and packaging........................................ 3117 0.9 0.0 -0.9 2.8 2.8

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing................................................... 3118 0.4 0.3 -0.1 2.0 1.7

Other food products.................................................................... 3119 0.4 2.0 1.5 4.1 2.1

Beverages and tobacco products....................................................... 312 0.5 0.0 -0.5 1.6 1.6

Beverages............................................................................... 3121 1.4 1.5 0.1 2.3 0.7

Tobacco and tobacco products....................................................... 3122 2.1 -2.7 -4.7 -1.2 1.6

Textile mills................................................................................ 313 3.4 -2.2 -5.5 -2.7 -0.5

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.......................................................... 3131 3.3 -1.9 -5.0 -2.6 -0.8

Fabric mills.............................................................................. 3132 3.9 -2.5 -6.2 -2.7 -0.2

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills........................................ 3133 1.4 -3.1 -4.5 -2.6 0.5

Textile product mills....................................................................... 314 0.9 -1.8 -2.7 0.4 2.2

Textile furnishings mills................................................................ 3141 0.6 -2.5 -3.1 -0.5 2.0

Other textile product mills............................................................. 3149 1.8 -0.6 -2.4 1.5 2.1

Apparel..................................................................................... 315 -0.7 -7.1 -6.4 -5.5 1.7

Apparel knitting mills................................................................... 3151 0.6 -6.7 -7.3 -6.2 0.6

Cut and sew apparel................................................................... 3152 -0.8 -7.1 -6.4 -5.5 1.7

Accessories and other apparel........................................................ 3159 -1.5 -6.8 -5.4 -4.4 2.6

Leather and allied products.............................................................. 316 1.1 -4.1 -5.1 -2.9 1.3

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.............................................. 3161 0.9 -2.9 -3.7 -2.9 0.0

Footwear................................................................................ 3162 1.6 -5.1 -6.6 -3.5 1.7

Other leather products................................................................. 3169 -0.5 -3.9 -3.5 -2.0 2.0

Wood products............................................................................ 321 1.5 -0.1 -1.6 1.3 1.5

Sawmills and wood preservation..................................................... 3211 1.9 0.0 -1.9 0.9 0.9

Plywood and engineered wood products............................................ 3212 1.4 -0.1 -1.5 1.2 1.3

Other wood products................................................................... 3219 1.1 -0.4 -1.6 1.6 2.1

Paper and paper products............................................................... 322 2.3 0.2 -2.0 1.2 1.0

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.................................................... 3221 2.8 -0.4 -3.1 0.5 0.8

Converted paper products............................................................. 3222 1.7 0.3 -1.4 1.8 1.5

Printing and related support activities................................................... 323 1.4 -0.6 -2.0 0.5 1.1

Printing and related support activities................................................ 3231 1.4 -0.6 -2.0 0.5 1.1

Petroleum and coal products............................................................ 324 2.3 1.2 -1.1 3.8 2.6

Petroleum and coal products.......................................................... 3241 2.3 1.2 -1.1 3.8 2.6

Chemicals.................................................................................. 325 1.7 1.1 -0.7 2.9 1.8

Basic chemicals........................................................................ 3251 2.7 0.8 -1.9 2.1 1.3

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers..................................................... 3252 2.6 0.7 -1.8 2.0 1.3

14
Table 3. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-

2013 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2013

Output per

hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Agricultural chemicals.................................................................. 3253 2.4 1.5 -0.9 2.5 1.0

Pharmaceuticals and medicines...................................................... 3254 -0.3 1.6 1.9 5.3 3.7

Paints, coatings, and adhesives...................................................... 3255 0.8 -0.4 -1.2 2.1 2.5

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries.......................................... 3256 2.2 1.6 -0.6 2.4 0.8

Other chemical products and preparations.......................................... 3259 2.3 0.1 -2.1 0.9 0.8

Plastics and rubber products............................................................ 326 2.0 1.4 -0.6 2.5 1.1

Plastics products....................................................................... 3261 1.9 1.7 -0.2 2.9 1.2

Rubber products........................................................................ 3262 2.2 0.4 -1.8 1.2 0.8

Nonmetallic mineral products............................................................ 327 1.3 0.1 -1.2 1.5 1.4

Clay products and refractories........................................................ 3271 0.9 -1.6 -2.4 -0.3 1.3

Glass and glass products.............................................................. 3272 2.6 0.5 -2.1 0.9 0.4

Cement and concrete products....................................................... 3273 0.3 -0.1 -0.4 1.9 2.0

Lime and gypsum products............................................................ 3274 1.2 -0.6 -1.8 2.1 2.8

Other nonmetallic mineral products.................................................. 3279 1.7 1.1 -0.5 2.5 1.4

Primary metals............................................................................ 331 2.9 0.9 -2.0 1.1 0.2

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production....................................... 3311 4.0 1.5 -2.4 0.7 -0.8

Steel products from purchased steel................................................. 3312 0.5 0.3 -0.3 2.2 1.9

Alumina and aluminum production................................................... 3313 3.0 0.6 -2.3 1.2 0.5

Other nonferrous metal production................................................... 3314 2.4 0.4 -2.0 2.2 1.8

Foundries................................................................................ 3315 2.1 -0.1 -2.1 0.7 0.8

Fabricated metal products............................................................... 332 1.2 1.0 -0.2 2.5 1.5

Forging and stamping.................................................................. 3321 2.7 1.6 -1.1 2.0 0.5

Cutlery and hand tools................................................................. 3322 1.2 -1.0 -2.2 0.3 1.4

Architectural and structural metals................................................... 3323 0.6 0.7 0.2 2.9 2.2

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.............................................. 3324 0.9 0.7 -0.2 2.1 1.4

Hardware................................................................................ 3325 1.1 -2.6 -3.6 -1.5 1.1

Spring and wire products.............................................................. 3326 2.2 -0.2 -2.4 1.1 1.3

Machine shops and threaded products.............................................. 3327 1.9 2.7 0.9 4.0 1.2

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals....................................... 3328 2.2 2.4 0.2 3.1 0.6

Other fabricated metal products...................................................... 3329 0.8 0.2 -0.6 2.0 1.7

Machinery.................................................................................. 333 2.4 1.6 -0.7 2.3 0.6

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.................................... 3331 2.5 3.2 0.7 3.5 0.4

Industrial machinery.................................................................... 3332 1.9 0.8 -1.1 1.7 0.9

Commercial and service industry machinery........................................ 3333 2.1 -0.2 -2.2 0.9 1.1

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment..................................... 3334 2.3 1.2 -1.0 2.2 0.9

Metalworking machinery............................................................... 3335 2.0 0.6 -1.4 1.3 0.7

Turbine and power transmission equipment......................................... 3336 1.9 1.8 -0.1 1.8 0.0

Other general purpose machinery.................................................... 3339 2.4 1.6 -0.8 3.0 1.3

Computer and electronic products...................................................... 334 10.6 8.0 -2.4 0.8 -6.6

Computer and peripheral equipment................................................. 3341 18.1 13.5 -3.9 -3.6 -15.0

Communications equipment........................................................... 3342 6.4 3.0 -3.2 1.3 -1.6

Audio and video equipment........................................................... 3343 3.0 -1.4 -4.3 -0.5 1.0

Semiconductors and electronic components........................................ 3344 15.0 13.1 -1.6 1.0 -10.7

Electronic instruments................................................................. 3345 3.6 1.6 -1.9 1.8 0.1

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction................................... 3346 0.8 -2.0 -2.8 -1.1 0.9

Electrical equipment and appliances.................................................... 335 2.2 0.0 -2.2 1.0 1.0

Electric lighting equipment............................................................. 3351 1.7 -0.5 -2.2 0.9 1.5

Household appliances................................................................. 3352 3.3 0.0 -3.2 -0.8 -0.8

Electrical equipment.................................................................... 3353 1.7 -0.4 -2.0 1.0 1.4

Other electrical equipment and components........................................ 3359 2.0 0.2 -1.7 1.8 1.6

Transportation equipment................................................................ 336 3.1 1.9 -1.2 1.4 -0.5

Motor vehicles.......................................................................... 3361 3.8 1.8 -1.9 0.9 -0.9

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers..................................................... 3362 1.5 1.5 0.1 3.5 1.9

Motor vehicle parts..................................................................... 3363 3.3 2.7 -0.6 0.9 -1.7

Aerospace products and parts........................................................ 3364 2.7 0.8 -1.9 1.3 0.5

15
Table 3. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-

2013 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2013

Output per

hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Railroad rolling stock................................................................... 3365 5.7 5.7 0.1 3.7 -1.9

Ship and boat building................................................................. 3366 2.0 0.9 -1.0 2.6 1.7

Other transportation equipment....................................................... 3369 4.0 3.7 -0.3 3.0 -0.7

Furniture and related products........................................................... 337 1.7 -0.2 -1.9 1.2 1.4

Household and institutional furniture................................................. 3371 1.4 -0.9 -2.2 0.8 1.7

Office furniture and fixtures............................................................ 3372 1.6 0.2 -1.3 1.6 1.3

Other furniture-related products....................................................... 3379 2.5 1.4 -1.0 1.9 0.4

Miscellaneous manufacturing............................................................ 339 2.5 2.1 -0.4 3.5 1.4

Medical equipment and supplies...................................................... 3391 3.1 4.0 0.8 5.0 0.9

Other miscellaneous manufacturing.................................................. 3399 1.6 0.3 -1.3 2.0 1.7

16