Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-20-1140 

8:30 a.m. (EDT) Friday, June 5, 2020

Technical information: 

Household data: cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

(NOTE: BLS reissued this news release on September 23, 2020, to address minor data errors 

associated with the introduction in January 2020 of a new occupation classification system. The 

corrections affected a limited number of data series presented in tables A-8, A-9, A-13, and A-14 

of this release; for the vast majority of these series, the impact was negligible. Most major series, 

including the official unemployment rate, were not affected. Estimates in the BLS online database 

were corrected for January–July 2020. For more information on these corrections, see 

www.bls.gov/bls/errata/revision-to-current-population-survey-estimates-for-January-throughJuly-2020.htm .)

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — MAY 2020

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 2.5 million in May, and the unemployment rate declined 

to 13.3 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. These improvements in the labor 

market reflected a limited resumption of economic activity that had been curtailed in March and April 

due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. In May, employment rose 

sharply in leisure and hospitality, construction, education and health services, and retail trade. By 

contrast, employment in government continued to decline sharply. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

May 2018 – May 2020

Percent

-25,000

-20,000

-15,000

-10,000

-5,000

0

5,000

May-18 Aug-18 Nov-18 Feb-19 May-19 Aug-19 Nov-19 Feb-20 May-20

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, May 2018 – May 2020

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

May-18 Aug-18 Nov-18 Feb-19 May-19 Aug-19 Nov-19 Feb-20 May-20
-2- 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note. 

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate declined by 1.4 percentage points to 13.3 percent in May, and the number of 

unemployed persons fell by 2.1 million to 21.0 million. Reflecting the effects of the coronavirus 

pandemic and efforts to contain it, the unemployment rate and the number of unemployed persons are up 

by 9.8 percentage points and 15.2 million, respectively, since February. (See table A-1. For more 

information about how the household survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus 

pandemic, see the box note on page 6.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates declined in May for adult men (11.6 

percent), adult women (13.9 percent), Whites (12.4 percent), and Hispanics (17.6 percent). The jobless 

rates for teenagers (29.9 percent), Blacks (16.8 percent), and Asians (15.0 percent) showed little change 

over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of unemployed persons who were on temporary layoff decreased by 2.7 million in May to 

15.3 million, following a sharp increase of 16.2 million in April. Among those not on temporary layoff, 

the number of permanent job losers continued to rise, increasing by 295,000 in May to 2.3 million. 

(See table A-11.) 

In May, the number of unemployed persons who were jobless less than 5 weeks decreased by 10.4 

million to 3.9 million. These individuals made up 18.5 percent of the unemployed. The number of 

unemployed persons who were jobless 5 to 14 weeks rose by 7.8 million to 14.8 million, accounting for 

about 70.8 percent of the unemployed. The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 

weeks or more), at 1.2 million, increased by 225,000 over the month and represented 5.6 percent of the 

unemployed. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate increased by 0.6 percentage point in May to 60.8 percent, following 

a decrease of 2.5 percentage points in April. Total employment, as measured by the household survey, 

rose by 3.8 million in May to 137.2 million, following a large decline in April. After an 8.7 percentagepoint decline in April, the employment-population ratio rose by 1.5 percentage points to 52.8 percent 

in May. (See table A-1.) 

In May, the number of persons who usually work full time increased by 2.2 million to 116.5 million, 

and the number who usually work part time rose by 1.6 million to 20.7 million. Part-time workers 

accounted for about two-fifths of the over-the-month employment growth. (See table A-9.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 10.6 million, changed little in 

May, but is up by 6.3 million since February. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time 

employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find 

full-time jobs. This group includes persons who usually work full time and persons who usually work 

part time. (See table A-8.) 

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 9.0 million, declined by 

954,000 in May, after increasing by 4.4 million in April. These individuals were not counted as 

unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the last 4 weeks or were 

unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) 
-3- 

Persons marginally attached to the labor force—a subset of persons not in the labor force who 

currently want a job—numbered 2.4 million in May, little different from the prior month. These 

individuals were not in the labor force, wanted and were available for work, and had looked for a job 

sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. 

Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for 

them, numbered 662,000 in May, also little changed from the previous month. (See Summary table A.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 2.5 million in May, reflecting a limited resumption of 

economic activity that had been curtailed due to the coronavirus pandemic and efforts to contain it. 

Employment fell by 1.4 million and 20.7 million, respectively, in March and April. Despite the over-themonth increase, nonfarm employment in May was 13 percent below its February level. Large 

employment increases occurred in May in leisure and hospitality, construction, education and health 

services, and retail trade. Government employment continued to decline sharply. (See table B-1. For 

more information about how the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus 

pandemic, see the box note on page 6.) 

In May, employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 1.2 million, following losses of 7.5 million 

in April and 743,000 in March. Over the month, employment in food services and drinking places rose 

by 1.4 million, accounting for about half of the gain in total nonfarm employment. May’s gain in food 

services and drinking places followed steep declines in April and March (-6.1 million combined). In 

contrast, employment in the accommodation industry fell in May (-148,000) and has declined by 1.1 

million since February. 

Construction employment increased by 464,000 in May, gaining back almost half of April’s decline 

(-995,000). Much of the gain occurred in specialty trade contractors (+325,000), with growth about 

equally split between the residential and nonresidential components. Job gains also occurred in 

construction of buildings (+105,000), largely in residential building. 

Employment increased by 424,000 in education and health services in May, after a decrease of 2.6 

million in April. Health care employment increased by 312,000 over the month, with gains in offices of 

dentists (+245,000), offices of other health practitioners (+73,000), and offices of physicians (+51,000). 

Elsewhere in health care, job losses continued in nursing and residential care facilities (-37,000) and 

hospitals (-27,000). Employment increased in the social assistance industry (+78,000), reflecting 

increases in child day care services (+44,000) and individual and family services (+29,000). 

Employment in private education rose by 33,000 over the month. 

In May, employment in retail trade rose by 368,000, after a loss of 2.3 million in April. Over-themonth job gains occurred in clothing and clothing accessories stores (+95,000), automobile dealers 

(+85,000), and general merchandise stores (+84,000). By contrast, job losses continued in electronics 

and appliance stores (-95,000) and in auto parts, accessories, and tire stores (-36,000). 

Employment increased in the other services industry in May (+272,000), following a decline of 1.3 

million in April. About two-thirds of the May increase occurred in personal and laundry services 

(+182,000). 

In May, manufacturing employment rose by 225,000, with gains about evenly split between the 

durable and nondurable goods components. In April, manufacturing employment declined by 1.3 
-4- 

million, with about two-thirds of the loss occurring in the durable goods component. Within durable 

goods, employment gains in May were led by motor vehicles and parts (+28,000), fabricated metal 

products (+25,000), and machinery (+23,000). Within nondurable goods, job gains occurred in plastics 

and rubber products (+30,000) and food manufacturing (+25,000). 

Professional and business services added 127,000 jobs in May, after shedding 2.2 million jobs in 

April. Over the month, employment rose in services to buildings and dwellings (+68,000) and temporary 

help services (+39,000), while employment declined in management of companies and enterprises 

(-22,000). 

Financial activities added 33,000 jobs over the month, following a loss of 264,000 jobs in April. In 

May, employment gains occurred in real estate and rental and leasing (+24,000) and in credit 

intermediation and related activities (+7,000). 

Wholesale trade employment was up by 21,000 in May, largely reflecting job gains in its nondurable 

goods component (+13,000). In April, wholesale trade employment declined by 383,000. 

In May, employment continued to decline in government (-585,000), following a drop of 963,000 in 

April. Employment in local government was down by 487,000 in May. Local government education 

accounted for almost two-thirds of the decrease (-310,000), reflecting school closures. Employment also 

continued to decline in state government (-84,000), particularly in state education (-63,000). 

Employment in information fell by 38,000 in May, following a decline of 272,000 in April. 

Mining continued to lose jobs in May (-20,000), with most of the decline occurring in support activities 

for mining (-16,000). Mining employment has declined by 77,000 over the past 3 months. 

Employment in transportation and warehousing decreased in May (-19,000), after an April decline of 

553,000. Air transportation lost 50,000 jobs over the month, following a loss of 79,000 jobs in April. In 

May, employment rose by 12,000 in couriers and messengers and 10,000 in transit and ground passenger 

transportation. 

In May, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls fell by 29 cents to 

$29.75, following a gain of $1.35 in April. Average hourly earnings of private-sector production and 

nonsupervisory employees decreased by 14 cents to $25.00 in May. The decreases in average hourly 

earnings largely reflect job gains among lower-paid workers; this change put downward pressure on the 

average hourly earnings estimates. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.5 hour to 34.7 

hours in May. In manufacturing, the workweek rose by 0.8 hour to 38.9 hours, and overtime increased 

by 0.3 hour to 2.4 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on 

private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.6 hour to 34.1 hours. While employees in most industries saw 

an increase in their workweeks in May, the employment changes, especially in industries with shorter 

workweeks, complicate monthly comparisons of the average weekly hours estimates. (See tables B-2 

and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for March was revised down by 492,000, from 

-881,000 to -1.4 million, and the change for April was revised down by 150,000, from -20.5 million to 
-5- 

-20.7 million. With these revisions, employment in March and April combined was 642,000 lower than 

previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and 

government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors. A 

methodological change to the establishment survey’s birth-death model contributed to the revision for 

March. For more information, see the box note on page 6.) After revisions, job losses have averaged 6.5 

million per month over the past 3 months. 

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for June is scheduled to be released on Thursday, July 2, 2020, at 8:30 

a.m. (EDT).
-6- 

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on May 2020 Establishment and Household Survey Data 

Data collection for both surveys was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In the 

establishment survey, approximately one-fifth of the data is collected at four regional data collection 

centers. Although these centers were closed, about three-quarters of the interviewers at these centers 

worked remotely to collect data by telephone. Additionally, BLS encouraged businesses to report 

electronically. The collection rate for the establishment survey in May was 69 percent, slightly lower 

than collection rates prior to the pandemic. The household survey is generally collected through inperson and telephone interviews, but personal interviews were not conducted for the safety of 

interviewers and respondents. The household survey response rate, at 67 percent, was about 15 

percentage points lower than in months prior to the pandemic. 

In the establishment survey, workers who are paid by their employer for all or any part of the pay period 

including the 12th of the month are counted as employed, even if they were not actually at their jobs. 

Workers who are temporarily or permanently absent from their jobs and are not being paid are not 

counted as employed, even if they are continuing to receive benefits. 

The estimation methods used in the establishment survey were the same for May as they were for April. 

However, after further research, BLS extended the modifications that were made to the April birth-death 

model back to March, which accounted for a portion of the revision to March data. For more 

information, see www.bls.gov/cps/employment-situation-covid19-faq-may-2020.pdf . 

In the household survey, individuals are classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force 

based on their answers to a series of questions about their activities during the survey reference week 

(May 10th through May 16th). Workers who indicate they were not working during the entire survey 

reference week and expect to be recalled to their jobs should be classified as unemployed on temporary 

layoff. In May, a large number of persons were classified as unemployed on temporary layoff. 

However, there was also a large number of workers who were classified as employed but absent from 

work. As was the case in March and April, household survey interviewers were instructed to classify 

employed persons absent from work due to coronavirus-related business closures as unemployed on 

temporary layoff. However, it is apparent that not all such workers were so classified. BLS and the 

Census Bureau are investigating why this misclassification error continues to occur and are taking 

additional steps to address the issue. 

If the workers who were recorded as employed but absent from work due to “other reasons” (over and 

above the number absent for other reasons in a typical May) had been classified as unemployed on 

temporary layoff, the overall unemployment rate would have been about 3 percentage points higher than 

reported (on a not seasonally adjusted basis). However, according to usual practice, the data from the 

household survey are accepted as recorded. To maintain data integrity, no ad hoc actions are taken to 

reclassify survey responses. 

More information is available at www.bls.gov/cps/employment-situation-covid19-faq-may-2020.pdf . 
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

Change from:

Apr. 2020-

May 2020

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 258,861 259,758 259,896 260,047 151

Civilian labor force........................................................... 162,782 162,913 156,481 158,227 1,746

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.9 62.7 60.2 60.8 0.6

Employed................................................................... 156,844 155,772 133,403 137,242 3,839

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.6 60.0 51.3 52.8 1.5

Unemployed............................................................... 5,938 7,140 23,078 20,985 -2,093

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.6 4.4 14.7 13.3 -1.4

Not in labor force............................................................ 96,079 96,845 103,415 101,820 -1,595

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.6 4.4 14.7 13.3 -1.4

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.4 4.0 13.0 11.6 -1.4

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.3 4.0 15.5 13.9 -1.6

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 12.6 14.3 31.9 29.9 -2.0

White.......................................................................... 3.3 4.0 14.2 12.4 -1.8

Black or African American.................................................. 6.2 6.7 16.7 16.8 0.1

Asian.......................................................................... 2.5 4.1 14.5 15.0 0.5

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.2 6.0 18.9 17.6 -1.3

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 2.9 3.5 13.1 11.6 -1.5

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.4 6.8 21.2 19.9 -1.3

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.6 4.4 17.3 15.3 -2.0

Some college or associate degree........................................ 2.8 3.7 15.0 13.3 -1.7

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.1 2.5 8.4 7.4 -1.0

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,674 3,946 20,626 18,291 -2,335

Job leavers...................................................................... 809 727 570 554 -16

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,850 1,778 1,477 1,645 168

New entrants.................................................................... 602 509 389 536 147

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,158 3,542 14,283 3,875 -10,408

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,572 1,794 7,004 14,814 7,810

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 822 808 833 1,078 245

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,298 1,164 939 1,164 225

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,375 5,765 10,887 10,633 -254

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,647 4,043 9,939 9,543 -396

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,341 1,321 697 843 146

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,415 20,601 12,355 14,394 2,039

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,475 1,426 2,281 2,394 113

Discouraged workers........................................................ 388 514 574 662 88

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 -1,373 -20,687 2,509

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 -1,356 -19,724 3,094

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 -119 -2,373 669

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -8 -54 -20

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -65 -995 464

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 -46 -1,324 225

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 -27 -907 119

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.1 -5.1 -359.2 27.7

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 -19 -417 106

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 -1,237 -17,351 2,425

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 -12.0 -382.5 21.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -12.3 -85.4 -2,285.8 367.8

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 -9.9 -553.3 -19.0

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 -0.2 -3.6 -2.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -6 -272 -38

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -18 -264 33

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 -94 -2,189 127

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -3.6 -51.4 -840.5 39.1

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 -178 -2,590 424

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.1 -134.5 -2,128.5 390.7

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 -743 -7,539 1,239

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -3 -91 -1,272 272

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2 -17 -963 -585

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 -303 -7,270 -6,517

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 -319 -6,953 -5,995

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.9 50.0 49.2 49.2

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 48.6 47.6 47.6

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.3 82.0 80.3 80.5

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.1 34.2 34.7

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $27.87 $28.69 $30.04 $29.75

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $958.73 $978.33 $1,027.37 $1,032.33

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.6 109.9 93.3 97.3

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 -1.9 -15.1 4.3

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.3 150.7 134.0 138.4

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 -1.3 -11.1 3.3

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (258 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 21.9 3.9 64.0

Manufacturing (76 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.4 26.3 3.3 70.4

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? 

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm. 

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? 

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release. 

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? 

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 

 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits? 

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work? 

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 145,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,861 259,896 260,047 258,861 259,502 259,628 259,758 259,896 260,047

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,655 155,830 157,975 162,782 164,606 164,546 162,913 156,481 158,227

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 60.0 60.7 62.9 63.4 63.4 62.7 60.2 60.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,152 133,326 137,461 156,844 158,714 158,759 155,772 133,403 137,242

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.7 51.3 52.9 60.6 61.2 61.1 60.0 51.3 52.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,503 22,504 20,514 5,938 5,892 5,787 7,140 23,078 20,985

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 14.4 13.0 3.6 3.6 3.5 4.4 14.7 13.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,207 104,066 102,072 96,079 94,896 95,082 96,845 103,415 101,820

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,500 9,761 9,422 5,037 4,904 4,962 5,509 9,916 8,962

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,197 125,707 125,782 125,197 125,513 125,575 125,639 125,707 125,782

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,532 82,820 83,963 86,412 87,088 87,008 86,123 83,139 83,900

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.1 65.9 66.8 69.0 69.4 69.3 68.5 66.1 66.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,561 71,810 74,004 83,213 83,940 83,871 82,357 71,916 73,702

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 57.1 58.8 66.5 66.9 66.8 65.6 57.2 58.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,971 11,010 9,959 3,199 3,147 3,137 3,765 11,223 10,199

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 13.3 11.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 4.4 13.5 12.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,665 42,887 41,818 38,785 38,426 38,568 39,516 42,569 41,881

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,752 117,330 117,410 116,752 117,110 117,181 117,254 117,330 117,410

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,785 80,379 81,240 83,569 84,087 84,001 83,176 80,461 81,057

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 68.5 69.2 71.6 71.8 71.7 70.9 68.6 69.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,192 70,041 72,076 80,761 81,345 81,202 79,832 69,977 71,672

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.5 59.7 61.4 69.2 69.5 69.3 68.1 59.6 61.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,594 10,338 9,164 2,808 2,743 2,799 3,344 10,483 9,385

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 12.9 11.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 4.0 13.0 11.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,967 36,951 36,170 33,184 33,023 33,180 34,078 36,870 36,352

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,664 134,189 134,265 133,664 133,988 134,053 134,119 134,189 134,265

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,122 73,010 74,011 76,370 77,518 77,538 76,790 73,343 74,327

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 54.4 55.1 57.1 57.9 57.8 57.3 54.7 55.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,591 61,516 63,457 73,631 74,774 74,888 73,415 61,487 63,540

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 45.8 47.3 55.1 55.8 55.9 54.7 45.8 47.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,532 11,494 10,554 2,739 2,744 2,651 3,375 11,855 10,787

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 15.7 14.3 3.6 3.5 3.4 4.4 16.2 14.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,542 61,179 60,254 57,294 56,470 56,514 57,329 60,847 59,938

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,419 125,991 126,072 125,419 125,770 125,841 125,915 125,991 126,072

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,263 70,790 71,316 73,439 74,512 74,501 73,840 70,913 71,558

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4 56.2 56.6 58.6 59.2 59.2 58.6 56.3 56.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,072 60,124 61,630 71,038 72,097 72,179 70,886 59,947 61,638

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 47.7 48.9 56.6 57.3 57.4 56.3 47.6 48.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,191 10,666 9,686 2,401 2,415 2,323 2,954 10,966 9,920

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 15.1 13.6 3.3 3.2 3.1 4.0 15.5 13.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,156 55,202 54,755 51,980 51,258 51,340 52,075 55,079 54,514

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,690 16,574 16,566 16,690 16,622 16,606 16,590 16,574 16,566

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,607 4,661 5,419 5,774 6,007 6,043 5,897 5,108 5,612

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 28.1 32.7 34.6 36.1 36.4 35.5 30.8 33.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,888 3,161 3,755 5,044 5,273 5,378 5,054 3,479 3,932

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.3 19.1 22.7 30.2 31.7 32.4 30.5 21.0 23.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 1,500 1,663 730 734 665 843 1,628 1,681

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 32.2 30.7 12.6 12.2 11.0 14.3 31.9 29.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,084 11,913 11,147 10,916 10,614 10,562 10,693 11,467 10,953

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,658 201,082 201,154 200,658 200,918 200,968 201,023 201,082 201,154

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,042 120,795 122,552 126,091 127,288 127,146 126,021 121,242 122,661

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 60.1 60.9 62.8 63.4 63.3 62.7 60.3 61.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,269 104,083 107,761 121,970 123,332 123,189 121,042 104,065 107,499

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.9 51.8 53.6 60.8 61.4 61.3 60.2 51.8 53.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,773 16,713 14,792 4,121 3,957 3,957 4,979 17,176 15,162

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 13.8 12.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 4.0 14.2 12.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,616 80,287 78,602 74,568 73,630 73,821 75,002 79,840 78,493

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,179 63,595 64,294 65,980 66,279 66,153 65,522 63,645 64,125

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.0 69.0 69.7 71.8 72.0 71.8 71.1 69.1 69.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,412 55,863 57,633 64,041 64,341 64,204 63,120 55,776 57,263

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.1 60.6 62.5 69.7 69.9 69.7 68.5 60.5 62.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,767 7,732 6,661 1,938 1,938 1,950 2,402 7,869 6,862

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 12.2 10.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.7 12.4 10.7

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,457 53,581 54,129 55,600 56,324 56,247 55,878 53,634 54,294

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.5 55.4 55.9 57.6 58.3 58.2 57.8 55.4 56.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,957 45,735 47,194 53,930 54,807 54,692 53,878 45,563 47,195

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.9 47.3 48.8 55.9 56.7 56.6 55.7 47.1 48.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 7,846 6,935 1,670 1,517 1,555 2,000 8,071 7,099

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 14.6 12.8 3.0 2.7 2.8 3.6 15.0 13.1

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,407 3,620 4,129 4,511 4,686 4,746 4,621 3,963 4,242

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.0 29.8 34.0 36.8 38.4 39.0 38.0 32.6 34.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,900 2,485 2,934 3,999 4,184 4,294 4,043 2,727 3,041

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 20.4 24.1 32.6 34.3 35.2 33.2 22.4 25.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 1,135 1,196 513 502 452 578 1,236 1,202

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 31.3 29.0 11.4 10.7 9.5 12.5 31.2 28.3

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,984 33,267 33,294 32,984 33,184 33,211 33,238 33,267 33,294

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,547 19,425 19,815 20,567 20,790 20,946 20,596 19,487 19,858

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 58.4 59.5 62.4 62.6 63.1 62.0 58.6 59.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,335 16,248 16,530 19,302 19,549 19,730 19,208 16,240 16,523

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6 48.8 49.6 58.5 58.9 59.4 57.8 48.8 49.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,212 3,177 3,285 1,265 1,241 1,216 1,387 3,247 3,334

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 16.4 16.6 6.2 6.0 5.8 6.7 16.7 16.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,437 13,841 13,479 12,417 12,395 12,266 12,642 13,780 13,436

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,444 8,856 8,979 9,418 9,445 9,499 9,477 8,880 8,970

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 63.2 64.0 68.0 67.6 68.0 67.7 63.4 63.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,887 7,431 7,606 8,840 8,918 8,945 8,812 7,448 7,583

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 53.0 54.2 63.8 63.9 64.0 63.0 53.2 54.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 1,425 1,373 579 526 554 665 1,432 1,388

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 16.1 15.3 6.1 5.6 5.8 7.0 16.1 15.5

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,446 9,997 10,065 10,480 10,617 10,721 10,374 9,995 10,097

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 59.4 59.7 62.9 63.3 63.8 61.7 59.4 59.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,949 8,413 8,439 9,947 10,067 10,207 9,830 8,351 8,426

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.7 50.0 50.1 59.7 60.0 60.8 58.5 49.6 50.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 1,584 1,627 533 550 514 543 1,644 1,671

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 15.8 16.2 5.1 5.2 4.8 5.2 16.4 16.5

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 573 771 669 728 725 745 612 791

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.7 23.6 31.8 27.1 29.8 29.8 30.7 25.2 32.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 405 485 516 564 578 566 441 515

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 16.7 20.0 20.9 23.1 23.7 23.3 18.2 21.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 168 285 153 164 148 180 171 276

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.0 29.4 37.0 22.9 22.5 20.4 24.1 28.0 34.9

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,361 16,363 16,385 16,361 16,178 16,421 16,419 16,363 16,385

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,290 9,893 9,932 10,317 10,332 10,574 10,470 9,938 9,968

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 60.5 60.6 63.1 63.9 64.4 63.8 60.7 60.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,049 8,476 8,462 10,057 10,017 10,312 10,037 8,499 8,475

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4 51.8 51.6 61.5 61.9 62.8 61.1 51.9 51.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 1,418 1,470 260 315 262 433 1,438 1,493

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 14.3 14.8 2.5 3.0 2.5 4.1 14.5 15.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,072 6,470 6,453 6,045 5,847 5,848 5,948 6,425 6,417

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 43,370 43,975 44,053 43,370 43,742 43,820 43,895 43,975 44,053

Civilian labor force................................ 28,680 27,752 28,173 28,704 29,672 29,852 29,443 27,841 28,218

Participation rate............................... 66.1 63.1 64.0 66.2 67.8 68.1 67.1 63.3 64.1

Employed....................................... 27,608 22,625 23,321 27,507 28,397 28,531 27,672 22,579 23,241

Employment-population ratio............... 63.7 51.5 52.9 63.4 64.9 65.1 63.0 51.3 52.8

Unemployed.................................... 1,072 5,126 4,852 1,197 1,275 1,322 1,771 5,263 4,977

Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 18.5 17.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 6.0 18.9 17.6

Not in labor force................................. 14,690 16,223 15,880 14,666 14,070 13,968 14,452 16,133 15,834

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,732 15,319 15,496 15,728 16,114 16,035 15,844 15,337 15,493

Participation rate............................... 80.4 77.2 77.9 80.3 81.6 81.1 80.0 77.2 77.9

Employed....................................... 15,248 12,817 13,217 15,185 15,571 15,519 15,037 12,776 13,154

Employment-population ratio............... 77.9 64.6 66.5 77.6 78.9 78.5 75.9 64.3 66.1

Unemployed.................................... 483 2,502 2,279 543 543 516 807 2,561 2,338

Unemployment rate......................... 3.1 16.3 14.7 3.5 3.4 3.2 5.1 16.7 15.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,816 11,341 11,490 11,821 12,242 12,441 12,245 11,348 11,510

Participation rate............................... 59.6 56.4 57.0 59.7 61.2 62.1 61.0 56.4 57.1

Employed....................................... 11,381 9,090 9,350 11,341 11,701 11,834 11,507 9,060 9,326

Employment-population ratio............... 57.4 45.2 46.4 57.2 58.5 59.1 57.3 45.0 46.3

Unemployed.................................... 436 2,251 2,140 480 541 607 738 2,288 2,184

Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 19.8 18.6 4.1 4.4 4.9 6.0 20.2 19.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,132 1,092 1,187 1,154 1,316 1,377 1,354 1,157 1,216

Participation rate............................... 28.4 27.3 29.6 29.0 32.9 34.4 33.8 28.9 30.3

Employed....................................... 979 719 754 981 1,125 1,177 1,128 743 761

Employment-population ratio............... 24.6 18.0 18.8 24.6 28.1 29.4 28.2 18.6 19.0

Unemployed.................................... 153 373 433 174 191 199 225 414 454

Unemployment rate......................... 13.5 34.2 36.5 15.0 14.5 14.5 16.7 35.8 37.4

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 10,143 8,688 8,450 9,915 9,621 9,710 9,251 8,595 8,212

Participation rate.................................. 45.6 43.3 43.1 44.6 45.9 47.8 45.7 42.8 41.9

Employed.......................................... 9,692 6,872 6,887 9,383 9,090 9,160 8,626 6,774 6,577

Employment-population ratio................. 43.6 34.2 35.1 42.2 43.4 45.1 42.6 33.7 33.5

Unemployed....................................... 451 1,816 1,563 532 531 550 625 1,821 1,634

Unemployment rate............................ 4.4 20.9 18.5 5.4 5.5 5.7 6.8 21.2 19.9

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,840 33,203 33,756 35,830 36,230 36,309 35,232 33,252 33,792

Participation rate.................................. 57.5 54.5 55.0 57.5 58.7 58.3 57.4 54.6 55.0

Employed.......................................... 34,664 27,557 28,708 34,552 34,861 34,986 33,687 27,505 28,605

Employment-population ratio................. 55.6 45.2 46.8 55.4 56.5 56.2 54.9 45.1 46.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,176 5,646 5,048 1,278 1,369 1,323 1,545 5,747 5,187

Unemployment rate............................ 3.3 17.0 15.0 3.6 3.8 3.6 4.4 17.3 15.3

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 37,559 35,935 36,278 37,642 37,283 37,325 37,381 35,860 36,381

Participation rate.................................. 65.2 62.6 63.1 65.3 64.6 64.8 64.7 62.5 63.3

Employed.......................................... 36,612 30,634 31,581 36,600 36,243 36,209 36,013 30,485 31,559

Employment-population ratio................. 63.6 53.4 54.9 63.5 62.8 62.9 62.3 53.1 54.9

Unemployed....................................... 947 5,301 4,697 1,042 1,040 1,116 1,368 5,376 4,821

Unemployment rate............................ 2.5 14.8 12.9 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.7 15.0 13.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 58,145 60,075 60,269 58,217 60,176 59,894 60,487 60,127 60,442

Participation rate.................................. 73.7 71.5 71.7 73.8 73.7 73.1 73.0 71.6 71.9

Employed.......................................... 57,007 55,151 55,933 56,973 59,002 58,736 59,000 55,084 55,992

Employment-population ratio................. 72.2 65.7 66.6 72.2 72.3 71.7 71.2 65.6 66.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,137 4,924 4,336 1,244 1,174 1,158 1,487 5,043 4,450

Unemployment rate............................ 2.0 8.2 7.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.5 8.4 7.4

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

May

2019

May

2020

May

2019

May

2020

May

2019

May

2020

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,870 18,516 16,989 16,615 1,881 1,901

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,267 8,934 8,223 7,861 1,044 1,073

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.1 48.2 48.4 47.3 55.5 56.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,014 8,134 7,998 7,145 1,016 989

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 43.9 47.1 43.0 54.0 52.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 800 225 716 29 84

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 9.0 2.7 9.1 2.7 7.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,603 9,582 8,766 8,754 837 828

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,302 4,511 3,595 3,755 707 756

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,464 3,570 2,992 3,088 472 482

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.5 79.1 83.2 82.2 66.7 63.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,367 3,202 2,910 2,768 457 434

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.3 71.0 80.9 73.7 64.6 57.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 369 82 320 15 49

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 10.3 2.8 10.4 3.1 10.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 941 603 667 235 274

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,078 3,031 2,562 2,529 516 502

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,337 2,252 2,014 1,903 323 349

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.9 74.3 78.6 75.2 62.7 69.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,287 2,144 1,967 1,813 320 331

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.3 70.7 76.8 71.7 62.0 66.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 108 47 90 3 18

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 4.8 2.3 4.7 1.0 5.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 779 548 626 193 153

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,263 6,875 7,013 6,635 250 240

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,465 1,224 1,406 1,194 60 31

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 17.8 20.0 18.0 23.9 12.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,425 1,079 1,369 1,056 56 22

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 15.7 19.5 15.9 22.3 9.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 145 36 137 4 8

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 11.9 2.6 11.5 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,798 5,651 5,607 5,441 190 209

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,227 4,099 3,819 3,696 408 403

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,001 1,887 1,812 1,677 189 210

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.3 46.0 47.4 45.4 46.4 52.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,935 1,710 1,752 1,508 183 201

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.8 41.7 45.9 40.8 44.8 50.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 178 60 169 7 9

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 9.4 3.3 10.1 3.4 4.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,226 2,212 2,007 2,019 219 193

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,312 232,888 103,735 104,870 127,577 128,018

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,517 147,156 77,350 75,234 74,166 71,923

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.5 63.2 74.6 71.7 58.1 56.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,537 128,043 74,764 66,250 71,773 61,793

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 55.0 72.1 63.2 56.3 48.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,980 19,113 2,586 8,984 2,394 10,129

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 13.0 3.3 11.9 3.2 14.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,795 85,732 26,384 29,637 53,410 56,095

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2020 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

May

2019

May

2020

May

2019

May

2020

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 30,764 29,761 228,097 230,286

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,326 6,064 156,328 151,910

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.6 20.4 68.5 66.0

Employed............................................................................. 5,929 4,976 151,223 132,485

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 19.3 16.7 66.3 57.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 397 1,088 5,106 19,426

Unemployment rate............................................................... 6.3 17.9 3.3 12.8

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,438 23,696 71,769 78,376

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,707 2,738 77,968 75,633

Participation rate..................................................................... 36.1 36.8 82.8 80.5

Employed............................................................................. 2,514 2,249 75,323 66,766

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 33.6 30.2 80.0 71.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 193 489 2,645 8,866

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.1 17.8 3.4 11.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,781 4,709 16,141 18,313

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,371 2,245 69,079 67,264

Participation rate..................................................................... 29.6 31.5 71.5 69.2

Employed............................................................................. 2,238 1,790 66,819 57,888

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 28.0 25.1 69.1 59.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 133 455 2,260 9,375

Unemployment rate............................................................... 5.6 20.3 3.3 13.9

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,633 4,891 27,596 29,943

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,248 1,081 9,282 9,014

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.2 7.1 24.9 23.0

Employed............................................................................. 1,177 937 9,080 7,830

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.7 6.2 24.3 20.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 71 145 202 1,184

Unemployment rate............................................................... 5.7 13.4 2.2 13.1

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,024 14,096 28,032 30,120

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

May

2019

May

2020

May

2019

May

2020

May

2019

May

2020

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 43,408 42,496 20,918 20,354 22,490 22,142

Civilian labor force.................................................. 28,473 26,622 16,347 15,276 12,126 11,346

Participation rate.................................................. 65.6 62.6 78.1 75.1 53.9 51.2

Employed.......................................................... 27,678 22,434 15,976 13,178 11,702 9,256

Employment-population ratio................................. 63.8 52.8 76.4 64.7 52.0 41.8

Unemployed....................................................... 795 4,188 371 2,098 424 2,090

Unemployment rate............................................ 2.8 15.7 2.3 13.7 3.5 18.4

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,935 15,874 4,571 5,078 10,364 10,796

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 215,453 217,551 104,279 105,428 111,174 112,123

Civilian labor force.................................................. 134,182 131,353 70,186 68,688 63,996 62,665

Participation rate.................................................. 62.3 60.4 67.3 65.2 57.6 55.9

Employed.......................................................... 129,474 115,027 67,586 60,826 61,889 54,201

Employment-population ratio................................. 60.1 52.9 64.8 57.7 55.7 48.3

Unemployed....................................................... 4,707 16,326 2,600 7,861 2,107 8,465

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.5 12.4 3.7 11.4 3.3 13.5

Not in labor force.................................................... 81,271 86,198 34,094 36,740 47,178 49,458

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,476 2,303 2,365 2,423 2,404 2,467 2,399 2,424 2,341

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,744 1,585 1,568 1,713 1,741 1,831 1,715 1,694 1,569

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 706 693 764 694 647 645 660 701 738

Unpaid family workers........................... 25 25 33 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 154,677 131,023 135,096 154,486 156,345 156,281 153,358 131,053 134,966

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 145,859 123,485 127,046 145,718 147,483 147,353 144,507 123,400 126,943

Government..................................... 20,992 19,543 19,951 20,776 21,475 21,039 21,143 19,208 19,763

Private industries............................... 124,867 103,942 107,095 124,904 125,960 126,192 123,360 104,148 107,164

Private households.......................... 807 492 498 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 124,060 103,450 106,597 124,090 125,152 125,397 122,642 103,663 106,660

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,786 7,514 8,008 8,724 8,801 8,889 8,806 7,546 7,944

Unpaid family workers........................... 31 23 41 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,160 10,684 10,429 4,375 4,182 4,318 5,765 10,887 10,633

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,490 9,843 9,369 2,647 2,655 2,776 4,043 9,939 9,543

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,383 728 892 1,341 1,294 1,317 1,321 697 843

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,672 13,149 14,669 21,415 22,154 22,175 20,601 12,355 14,394

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,070 10,524 10,286 4,269 4,091 4,225 5,681 10,730 10,485

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,423 9,694 9,237 2,569 2,580 2,719 3,965 9,780 9,408

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,379 723 888 1,334 1,308 1,313 1,312 695 836

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,321 12,779 14,289 21,075 21,787 21,770 20,236 11,970 14,009

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,152 133,326 137,461 156,844 158,714 158,759 155,772 133,403 137,242

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,888 3,161 3,755 5,044 5,273 5,378 5,054 3,479 3,932

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,601 1,101 1,284 1,711 1,949 1,972 1,800 1,302 1,420

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,287 2,060 2,471 3,308 3,311 3,401 3,269 2,154 2,495

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,264 130,165 133,706 151,799 153,441 153,381 150,719 129,924 133,310

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,288 9,951 10,596 14,309 14,214 14,278 13,428 10,023 10,608

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,975 120,214 123,109 137,468 139,215 139,188 137,392 119,906 122,691

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,933 87,910 90,147 100,662 101,487 101,426 100,313 87,769 89,943

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,703 30,456 31,356 35,628 36,129 36,123 35,501 30,453 31,299

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,080 29,658 30,163 32,989 33,412 33,402 33,168 29,607 30,088

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,150 27,796 28,628 32,045 31,945 31,901 31,644 27,709 28,555

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,042 32,304 32,963 36,806 37,728 37,762 37,079 32,137 32,748

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,561 71,810 74,004 83,213 83,940 83,871 82,357 71,916 73,702

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,370 1,769 1,928 2,452 2,596 2,669 2,525 1,939 2,030

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 566 609 843 860 891 817 632 659

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,571 1,203 1,319 1,604 1,733 1,784 1,715 1,277 1,355

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,192 70,041 72,076 80,761 81,345 81,202 79,832 69,977 71,672

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,313 5,183 5,475 7,291 7,307 7,272 6,818 5,222 5,445

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,879 64,858 66,601 73,507 74,057 73,982 73,159 64,758 66,271

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,919 47,282 48,647 53,720 53,840 53,770 53,374 47,236 48,488

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,225 16,390 16,869 19,170 19,145 19,175 19,002 16,396 16,822

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,837 16,090 16,408 17,760 17,884 17,874 17,790 16,049 16,335

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,856 14,803 15,370 16,790 16,810 16,720 16,582 14,792 15,330

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,960 17,575 17,954 19,787 20,217 20,213 19,785 17,522 17,783

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,591 61,516 63,457 73,631 74,774 74,888 73,415 61,487 63,540

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,518 1,392 1,827 2,592 2,677 2,709 2,529 1,541 1,902

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 536 675 868 1,089 1,081 983 670 761

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,716 856 1,152 1,704 1,578 1,616 1,554 877 1,140

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,072 60,124 61,630 71,038 72,097 72,179 70,886 59,947 61,638

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,976 4,768 5,122 7,018 6,907 7,006 6,610 4,801 5,163

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,097 55,356 56,508 63,962 65,158 65,206 64,232 55,147 56,420

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,014 40,627 41,499 46,942 47,647 47,657 46,939 40,533 41,455

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,477 14,066 14,487 16,458 16,984 16,949 16,499 14,058 14,478

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,242 13,568 13,755 15,229 15,528 15,528 15,378 13,558 13,753

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,294 12,993 13,257 15,255 15,135 15,180 15,062 12,917 13,225

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,082 14,729 15,009 17,019 17,510 17,549 17,293 14,615 14,964

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,041 41,843 43,039 45,805 46,257 46,067 45,920 41,683 42,822

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,167 32,034 33,079 36,017 36,869 36,597 36,353 31,860 32,978

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,680 7,908 7,768 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,059 113,656 116,620 129,830 131,099 131,109 129,298 114,322 116,523

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,093 19,670 20,841 26,974 27,529 27,726 26,553 19,106 20,741

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,857 5,360 5,509 7,937 8,152 8,070 7,268 5,451 5,598

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.7 4.1 4.1

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,061 6,410 6,249 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,493 8,207 8,772 9,417 9,448 9,534 9,466 8,247 8,681

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,938 23,078 20,985 3.6 3.6 3.5 4.4 14.7 13.3

16 to 19 years..................................... 730 1,628 1,681 12.6 12.2 11.0 14.3 31.9 29.9

16 to 17 years.................................. 278 496 613 14.0 11.8 9.8 16.4 27.6 30.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 447 1,126 1,058 11.9 12.5 12.0 12.8 34.3 29.8

20 years and over................................ 5,208 21,449 19,305 3.3 3.3 3.2 4.0 14.2 12.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,076 3,466 3,207 7.0 6.6 6.4 8.7 25.7 23.2

25 years and over.............................. 4,104 18,008 16,107 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.5 13.1 11.6

25 to 54 years............................... 3,055 12,909 11,708 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.6 12.8 11.5

25 to 34 years............................. 1,304 5,176 4,857 3.5 3.7 3.7 4.1 14.5 13.4

35 to 44 years............................. 909 3,849 3,414 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.4 11.5 10.2

45 to 54 years............................. 843 3,884 3,436 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.2 12.3 10.7

55 years and over........................... 1,037 5,071 4,398 2.7 2.6 2.6 3.3 13.6 11.8

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,199 11,223 10,199 3.7 3.6 3.6 4.4 13.5 12.2

16 to 19 years..................................... 391 739 814 13.8 13.5 11.2 14.3 27.6 28.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 156 168 254 15.6 14.4 10.8 14.8 21.0 27.8

18 to 19 years.................................. 235 567 555 12.8 12.9 12.0 13.4 30.8 29.1

20 years and over................................ 2,808 10,483 9,385 3.4 3.3 3.3 4.0 13.0 11.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 657 1,601 1,576 8.3 6.8 6.7 9.1 23.5 22.4

25 years and over.............................. 2,128 8,886 7,814 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.5 12.1 10.5

25 to 54 years............................... 1,608 6,477 5,773 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.5 12.1 10.6

25 to 34 years............................. 680 2,711 2,512 3.4 3.9 3.9 4.2 14.2 13.0

35 to 44 years............................. 478 1,870 1,709 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.2 10.4 9.5

45 to 54 years............................. 450 1,896 1,552 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.1 11.4 9.2

55 years and over........................... 520 2,409 2,040 2.6 2.6 2.7 3.4 12.1 10.3

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,739 11,855 10,787 3.6 3.5 3.4 4.4 16.2 14.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 338 889 867 11.5 11.0 10.8 14.3 36.6 31.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 123 328 358 12.4 9.6 8.9 17.8 32.9 32.0

18 to 19 years.................................. 212 558 503 11.1 12.1 12.0 12.1 38.9 30.6

20 years and over................................ 2,401 10,966 9,920 3.3 3.2 3.1 4.0 15.5 13.9

20 to 24 years.................................. 419 1,865 1,631 5.6 6.5 6.1 8.3 28.0 24.0

25 years and over.............................. 1,976 9,122 8,293 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.5 14.2 12.8

25 to 54 years............................... 1,448 6,432 5,934 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.6 13.7 12.5

25 to 34 years............................. 624 2,464 2,346 3.7 3.5 3.4 4.0 14.9 13.9

35 to 44 years............................. 431 1,979 1,705 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.6 12.7 11.0

45 to 54 years............................. 393 1,988 1,884 2.5 2.5 2.6 3.3 13.3 12.5

55 years and over........................... 537 2,671 2,358 3.1 2.4 2.4 3.3 15.5 13.6

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 813 4,457 3,858 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.3 9.7 8.3

Married women, spouse present1................. 873 4,811 4,292 2.4 2.1 2.2 3.0 13.1 11.5

Women who maintain families2.................... 483 1,495 1,461 4.7 5.4 4.1 5.3 15.9 15.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,780 16,885 15,897 3.6 3.5 3.5 4.1 12.9 12.0

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,173 6,194 5,090 4.2 4.1 3.7 6.1 24.5 19.7

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,281 20,384 17,834 2,674 2,665 2,723 3,946 20,626 18,291

On temporary layoff.............................. 594 17,878 15,034 865 742 801 1,848 18,063 15,343

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 1,687 2,506 2,801 1,810 1,923 1,922 2,099 2,563 2,948

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,229 1,951 2,206 1,300 1,289 1,279 1,456 2,000 2,295

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 458 555 595 510 634 644 643 563 653

Job leavers........................................... 774 520 513 809 836 777 727 570 554

Reentrants............................................ 1,891 1,329 1,674 1,850 1,838 1,803 1,778 1,477 1,645

New entrants......................................... 557 271 492 602 557 505 509 389 536

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 41.5 90.6 86.9 45.1 45.2 46.9 56.7 89.4 87.0

On temporary layoff.............................. 10.8 79.4 73.3 14.6 12.6 13.8 26.5 78.3 73.0

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 30.7 11.1 13.7 30.5 32.6 33.1 30.2 11.1 14.0

Job leavers........................................... 14.1 2.3 2.5 13.6 14.2 13.4 10.5 2.5 2.6

Reentrants............................................ 34.4 5.9 8.2 31.2 31.2 31.0 25.5 6.4 7.8

New entrants......................................... 10.1 1.2 2.4 10.1 9.4 8.7 7.3 1.7 2.5

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.4 13.1 11.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.4 13.2 11.6

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

Reentrants............................................ 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,082 13,880 3,835 2,158 2,059 2,013 3,542 14,283 3,875

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,261 6,728 14,401 1,572 1,755 1,803 1,794 7,004 14,814

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,159 1,897 2,278 2,120 2,053 1,927 1,971 1,772 2,242

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 888 968 1,146 822 887 825 808 833 1,078

27 weeks and over............................... 1,271 929 1,132 1,298 1,166 1,102 1,164 939 1,164

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 24.8 7.7 10.9 24.1 21.9 20.9 17.1 6.1 9.9

Median duration, in weeks......................... 9.7 4.0 8.0 9.1 9.3 9.1 7.0 2.0 7.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 37.8 61.7 18.7 36.9 35.1 35.1 48.5 61.9 18.5

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 22.9 29.9 70.2 26.9 29.9 31.4 24.5 30.4 70.8

15 weeks and over.................................. 39.2 8.4 11.1 36.2 35.0 33.6 27.0 7.7 10.7

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 16.1 4.3 5.6 14.0 15.1 14.4 11.1 3.6 5.2

27 weeks and over............................... 23.1 4.1 5.5 22.2 19.9 19.2 15.9 4.1 5.6

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

May

2019

May

2020

May

2019

May

2020

May

2019

May

2020

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 157,152 137,461 5,503 20,514 3.4 13.0

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 63,594 62,374 1,086 4,440 1.7 6.6

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 26,534 26,598 398 1,437 1.5 5.1

Professional and related occupations.......................... 37,060 35,776 688 3,003 1.8 7.7

Service occupations................................................ 27,390 19,086 1,140 5,881 4.0 23.6

Sales and office occupations...................................... 32,997 26,904 1,316 4,356 3.8 13.9

Sales and related occupations.................................. 15,429 12,434 582 2,412 3.6 16.2

Office and administrative support occupations............... 17,568 14,471 735 1,943 4.0 11.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,355 12,363 560 1,876 3.8 13.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,330 1,119 93 101 6.6 8.3

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,123 6,872 314 1,232 3.7 15.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,901 4,372 152 543 3.0 11.0

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 18,816 16,733 803 3,446 4.1 17.1

Production occupations.......................................... 8,660 6,850 276 1,228 3.1 15.2

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 10,156 9,883 527 2,217 4.9 18.3

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

May

2019

May

2020

May

2019

May

2020

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 5,503 20,514 3.4 13.0

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,204 17,399 3.3 14.0

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 35 64 5.0 8.4

Construction.......................................................................... 294 1,187 3.2 12.7

Manufacturing........................................................................ 369 1,782 2.3 11.6

Durable goods..................................................................... 215 1,243 2.2 13.1

Nondurable goods................................................................ 154 539 2.5 9.3

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 822 2,895 4.2 15.1

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 299 1,018 4.1 14.2

Information............................................................................ 77 259 3.0 10.9

Financial activities................................................................... 162 559 1.7 5.7

Professional and business services............................................... 600 1,578 3.4 9.0

Education and health services..................................................... 609 2,458 2.4 10.1

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 745 4,434 5.0 35.9

Other services........................................................................ 194 1,165 2.9 18.4

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 99 105 5.4 6.5

Government workers................................................................... 445 1,603 2.1 7.4

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 198 915 2.0 9.4

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.4

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.4 13.1 11.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.4 13.2 11.6

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.4 14.4 13.0 3.6 3.6 3.5 4.4 14.7 13.3

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.6 14.8 13.3 3.9 3.8 3.8 4.7 15.1 13.6

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.2 15.6 14.2 4.5 4.4 4.4 5.2 16.0 14.6

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 6.7 22.4 20.7 7.2 6.9 7.0 8.7 22.8 21.2

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

May

2019

May

2020

May

2019

May

2020

May

2019

May

2020

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 96,207 102,072 38,665 41,818 57,542 60,254

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,500 9,422 2,762 4,535 2,738 4,886

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,395 2,292 732 1,242 663 1,050

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 338 598 210 341 127 257

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,058 1,694 522 901 536 793

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,857 5,509 3,774 2,703 4,083 2,807

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.0 4.0 4.5 3.7 5.5 4.4

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,414 3,121 2,328 1,687 2,086 1,434

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,990 1,262 690 418 1,299 843

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 325 285 204 193 121 92

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,061 805 503 390 558 415

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Change

from:

Apr.2020 -

May2020p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,109 150,073 130,411 133,342 150,577 151,090 130,403 132,912 2,509

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,253 127,009 108,267 111,864 128,026 128,362 108,638 111,732 3,094

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,089 20,738 18,554 19,418 21,050 21,086 18,713 19,382 669

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 696 641 631 743 706 652 632 -20

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.1 52.9 46.6 49.0 49.5 54.5 49.7 50.1 0.4

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690.7 643.2 594.8 581.8 693.3 651.2 602.2 582.3 -19.9

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.3 155.0 151.4 146.6 147.8 156.4 153.9 147.0 -6.9

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.2 184.7 175.5 181.3 192.4 187.7 177.1 179.8 2.7

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.8 49.3 41.5 46.3 51.9 49.3 41.6 46.6 5.0

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.6 40.9 40.8 39.1 42.3 41.0 40.9 39.1 -1.8

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.8 94.5 93.2 95.9 98.2 97.4 94.6 94.1 -0.5

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349.2 303.5 267.9 253.9 353.1 307.1 271.2 255.5 -15.7

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,540 7,295 6,486 7,110 7,478 7,574 6,579 7,043 464

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,647.1 1,636.1 1,439.2 1,564.7 1,650.4 1,677.9 1,461.5 1,566.4 104.9

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811.4 814.6 706.1 782.3 811.7 837.5 716.9 782.5 65.6

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835.7 821.5 733.1 782.4 838.7 840.4 744.6 783.9 39.3

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,106.8 1,007.5 977.3 1,055.9 1,074.3 1,083.4 993.5 1,027.2 33.7

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,785.9 4,650.9 4,069.4 4,489.3 4,753.1 4,813.0 4,124.1 4,449.4 325.3

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,102.6 2,034.9 1,778.5 1,988.1 2,083.4 2,105.4 1,803.8 1,964.2 160.4

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,683.3 2,616.0 2,290.9 2,501.2 2,669.7 2,707.6 2,320.3 2,485.2 164.9

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,810 12,747 11,427 11,677 12,829 12,806 11,482 11,707 225

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,052 8,013 7,109 7,234 8,056 8,031 7,124 7,243 119

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.1 405.7 372.0 376.0 407.1 409.9 373.4 376.4 3.0

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.8 417.8 376.7 399.9 419.8 425.1 376.4 396.8 20.4

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.8 372.5 341.3 332.5 387.4 371.9 342.5 333.1 -9.4

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,492.2 1,472.0 1,363.5 1,388.8 1,492.0 1,475.0 1,365.3 1,390.1 24.8

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,127.7 1,104.0 1,018.6 1,042.5 1,128.2 1,105.4 1,021.2 1,043.8 22.6

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,070.7 1,096.6 1,083.8 1,078.7 1,074.8 1,097.9 1,086.9 1,081.9 -5.0

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 160.7 169.0 169.8 169.8 161.8 169.4 170.2 170.3 0.1

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.6 84.6 83.0 81.1 83.3 84.4 83.2 81.3 -1.9

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.4 377.8 373.4 369.5 375.3 377.5 374.3 370.9 -3.4

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420.1 432.2 425.2 425.1 421.4 433.3 426.2 426.2 0.0

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 33.0 32.4 33.2 33.0 33.3 33.0 33.2 0.2

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 402.6 402.1 383.0 367.5 404.7 404.0 384.6 369.3 -15.3

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,734.2 1,741.7 1,335.2 1,360.3 1,736.1 1,737.9 1,337.3 1,363.3 26.0

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002.8 1,000.0 635.9 661.3 1,002.8 993.6 634.4 662.1 27.7

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.1 385.2 309.0 330.0 387.7 385.8 309.6 330.5 20.9

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618.3 615.1 525.7 557.4 617.7 617.7 527.1 558.1 31.0

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,758 4,734 4,318 4,443 4,773 4,775 4,358 4,464 106

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,619.4 1,625.0 1,526.7 1,558.2 1,636.3 1,649.3 1,555.5 1,580.4 24.9

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.4 104.9 85.3 88.9 110.0 105.2 85.5 88.4 2.9

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.2 108.6 86.1 98.1 114.0 109.6 86.5 98.2 11.7

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.3 103.5 63.4 76.4 111.7 103.8 63.5 76.3 12.8

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366.6 362.8 355.1 355.4 365.7 363.4 354.9 354.8 -0.1

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 424.0 411.5 335.3 352.9 425.6 413.2 337.1 353.5 16.4

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.0 110.3 105.3 106.5 115.7 113.8 106.4 105.3 -1.1

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849.1 849.0 829.3 832.3 848.6 849.7 831.4 833.8 2.4

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735.8 744.4 671.3 702.2 734.6 745.3 671.4 701.2 29.8

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310.8 313.7 260.5 272.3 311.2 321.3 265.9 272.3 6.4

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,164 106,271 89,713 92,446 106,976 107,276 89,925 92,350 2,425

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,554 27,399 24,283 24,790 27,667 27,723 24,498 24,866 368

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,900.7 5,895.9 5,523.3 5,560.7 5,897.7 5,922.2 5,539.7 5,561.1 21.4

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,196.3 3,208.4 3,012.9 3,021.9 3,199.1 3,218.2 3,020.4 3,024.5 4.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,176.1 2,158.4 2,015.5 2,038.6 2,169.0 2,173.9 2,021.8 2,034.4 12.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Change

from:

Apr.2020 -

May2020p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528.3 529.1 494.9 500.2 529.6 530.1 497.5 502.2 4.7

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,540.7 15,365.1 13,190.7 13,640.3 15,618.8 15,586.6 13,300.8 13,668.6 367.8

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,033.9 2,042.9 1,685.6 1,752.4 2,030.5 2,052.8 1,688.5 1,746.3 57.8

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,299.8 1,296.2 1,020.5 1,108.2 1,300.6 1,299.6 1,023.7 1,108.4 84.7

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170.0 161.0 121.3 134.7 163.9 165.3 119.9 128.8 8.9

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 564.1 585.7 543.8 509.5 566.0 587.9 544.9 509.1 -35.8

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 468.2 456.0 246.9 287.9 473.2 458.5 252.5 292.9 40.4

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 472.5 468.1 430.7 335.5 478.1 471.4 434.3 339.6 -94.7

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,352.2 1,329.5 1,321.1 1,398.4 1,287.5 1,320.8 1,271.3 1,327.1 55.8

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,058.5 3,046.2 3,025.7 3,087.0 3,070.8 3,078.6 3,049.3 3,092.8 43.5

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,043.5 1,050.7 946.2 925.9 1,049.2 1,056.8 953.2 931.6 -21.6

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940.5 930.4 890.9 895.0 940.8 942.5 897.7 894.2 -3.5

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,261.7 1,224.7 483.8 578.1 1,303.0 1,265.4 500.1 594.9 94.8

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530.7 517.0 331.3 367.3 548.0 534.1 342.7 378.9 36.2

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,974.2 2,978.6 2,794.2 2,891.9 3,031.4 3,055.3 2,860.6 2,944.6 84.0

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,036.8 1,041.4 771.5 817.4 1,077.1 1,081.8 802.0 849.1 47.1

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 1,937.4 1,937.2 2,022.7 2,074.5 1,954.3 1,973.5 2,058.6 2,095.5 36.9

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844.1 781.7 535.6 601.6 839.6 804.1 543.8 598.3 54.5

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560.7 539.3 498.7 519.3 566.7 546.3 506.8 527.4 20.6

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,564.7 5,592.8 5,029.7 5,050.8 5,601.6 5,668.2 5,114.9 5,095.9 -19.0

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501.2 510.7 433.3 384.7 500.1 512.1 433.5 383.2 -50.3

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.0 159.2 154.9 152.9 177.3 159.4 155.3 153.2 -2.1

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.1 62.0 57.8 57.5 65.8 64.3 59.0 56.8 -2.2

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,533.7 1,499.4 1,417.0 1,429.1 1,532.4 1,522.6 1,432.8 1,431.6 -1.2

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.6 515.3 333.4 346.9 499.8 501.8 319.1 329.2 10.1

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.7 51.3 50.5 51.1 51.5 51.4 50.5 51.1 0.6

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 38.3 27.9 11.8 18.7 35.8 35.4 13.0 17.2 4.2

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 749.8 751.8 670.0 669.9 751.7 754.6 672.0 673.3 1.3

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753.6 808.8 786.8 816.2 801.1 850.0 853.6 865.7 12.1

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,173.7 1,206.4 1,114.2 1,123.8 1,186.1 1,216.6 1,126.1 1,134.6 8.5

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548.2 545.4 539.3 537.9 549.0 545.9 542.3 540.0 -2.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,842 2,874 2,613 2,570 2,853 2,888 2,616 2,578 -38

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 752.2 768.0 741.9 737.0 757.9 771.4 746.7 742.0 -4.7

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.2 441.8 230.8 219.9 440.1 451.4 226.1 215.4 -10.7

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265.7 260.0 245.8 239.3 267.5 259.5 246.2 240.3 -5.9

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.4 698.4 694.0 683.5 716.3 697.1 695.5 687.7 -7.8

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.5 348.8 344.9 340.2 336.1 349.5 343.4 339.8 -3.6

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.2 356.9 355.3 350.1 335.0 359.2 357.8 353.1 -4.7

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,707 8,780 8,518 8,573 8,727 8,827 8,563 8,596 33

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,393.2 6,472.7 6,415.0 6,429.7 6,411.8 6,484.0 6,440.3 6,448.7 8.4

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 19.8 19.6 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.6 19.7 19.7 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,638.6 2,674.9 2,637.6 2,650.5 2,646.1 2,680.0 2,647.5 2,654.8 7.3

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,772.5 1,783.6 1,771.4 1,775.7 1,774.8 1,784.0 1,775.0 1,776.1 1.1

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,389.7 1,391.5 1,383.8 1,387.7 1,391.0 1,391.6 1,387.1 1,388.3 1.2

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 568.9 583.9 570.4 574.2 571.9 588.8 576.3 576.9 0.6

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 297.2 307.4 295.8 300.6 299.3 307.2 296.2 301.8 5.6

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 956.6 966.9 961.3 961.1 961.7 971.2 966.8 967.6 0.8

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,778.2 2,811.3 2,796.5 2,798.4 2,784.2 2,813.2 2,806.3 2,806.6 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,313.8 2,307.6 2,102.5 2,143.7 2,315.0 2,342.8 2,123.0 2,147.1 24.1

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,707.3 1,722.7 1,627.5 1,638.6 1,712.3 1,743.6 1,640.2 1,643.6 3.4

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583.4 561.6 452.2 482.1 579.5 575.7 459.6 480.4 20.8

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Change

from:

Apr.2020 -

May2020p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 23.1 23.3 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.5 23.2 23.1 -0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,239 21,173 19,222 19,384 21,253 21,456 19,267 19,394 127

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,442.6 9,717.2 9,199.4 9,133.1 9,502.2 9,698.5 9,159.0 9,198.8 39.8

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,143.9 1,154.8 1,088.6 1,094.6 1,147.4 1,160.3 1,094.3 1,097.5 3.2

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 977.5 1,143.4 1,056.4 939.1 1,023.9 1,042.8 972.1 985.3 13.2

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,508.8 1,519.5 1,449.2 1,465.7 1,509.8 1,537.8 1,460.2 1,467.1 6.9

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.3 142.6 125.9 126.5 143.3 144.0 126.6 126.4 -0.2

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,191.3 2,225.2 2,163.2 2,153.3 2,193.4 2,249.8 2,170.8 2,158.1 -12.7

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,513.1 1,539.2 1,468.0 1,479.1 1,518.5 1,557.9 1,478.1 1,485.1 7.0

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721.4 746.7 726.6 732.3 722.2 750.9 730.9 734.1 3.2

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 492.9 487.4 448.9 448.0 491.8 489.9 449.9 448.4 -1.5

Other professional and technical services. . . 749.4 758.4 672.6 694.5 751.9 765.1 676.1 696.8 20.7

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,418.4 2,432.3 2,339.6 2,328.8 2,420.6 2,445.1 2,353.8 2,332.0 -21.8

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,378.0 9,023.9 7,682.6 7,922.0 9,329.7 9,312.3 7,754.2 7,863.5 109.3

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,928.1 8,564.4 7,234.8 7,469.4 8,879.9 8,845.9 7,303.4 7,412.1 108.7

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 526.6 525.4 489.2 492.4 525.7 529.5 490.5 491.7 1.2

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.1 163.8 152.8 150.3 163.6 164.4 153.3 151.0 -2.3

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,606.3 3,471.3 2,581.6 2,668.2 3,630.7 3,593.6 2,642.1 2,683.4 41.3

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,925.3 2,780.6 1,993.2 2,072.9 2,947.2 2,888.4 2,047.9 2,087.0 39.1

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868.1 861.2 751.9 747.6 882.4 866.0 756.9 757.8 0.9

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.1 210.9 174.8 170.8 218.4 212.1 174.7 169.3 -5.4

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 956.5 958.4 885.0 886.6 956.9 966.2 890.2 885.7 -4.5

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,246.3 2,035.1 1,911.0 2,056.2 2,167.0 2,173.6 1,908.5 1,976.9 68.4

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340.1 338.3 288.5 297.3 335.1 340.5 287.2 296.3 9.1

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449.9 459.5 447.8 452.6 449.8 466.4 450.8 451.4 0.6

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,121 24,518 21,985 22,281 24,076 24,408 21,818 22,242 424

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,771.1 3,924.3 3,494.1 3,386.7 3,743.4 3,784.8 3,323.4 3,356.8 33.4

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,349.8 20,593.9 18,490.7 18,894.6 20,332.1 20,623.2 18,494.7 18,885.4 390.7

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,202.0 16,380.7 14,908.6 15,226.9 16,217.2 16,417.1 14,936.6 15,249.0 312.4

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,666.3 7,749.7 6,520.8 6,906.6 7,664.1 7,766.1 6,529.7 6,905.4 375.7

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,660.7 2,690.6 2,427.0 2,481.6 2,663.8 2,695.9 2,432.5 2,483.8 51.3

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968.3 941.0 434.1 679.4 968.5 942.8 434.7 679.5 244.8

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 966.5 966.6 752.4 829.1 963.4 970.9 754.4 827.5 73.1

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958.6 979.2 895.7 905.3 958.3 977.9 895.0 905.8 10.8

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 280.4 287.4 257.1 257.4 281.5 287.8 258.0 258.4 0.4

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,518.7 1,565.5 1,460.9 1,460.4 1,516.1 1,570.7 1,460.7 1,457.7 -3.0

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.1 319.4 293.6 293.4 312.4 320.1 294.4 292.7 -1.7

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,167.7 5,262.6 5,131.9 5,094.2 5,181.6 5,265.8 5,138.7 5,112.0 -26.7

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,368.0 3,368.4 3,255.9 3,226.1 3,371.5 3,385.2 3,268.2 3,231.6 -36.6

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,593.8 1,579.7 1,534.3 1,519.1 1,597.1 1,588.4 1,540.9 1,522.9 -18.0

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 646.7 651.3 621.7 612.2 646.2 653.2 623.4 612.6 -10.8

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963.7 971.7 941.0 935.7 964.2 977.0 944.6 936.3 -8.3

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 163.8 165.7 158.9 159.1 164.0 166.6 159.3 159.8 0.5

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,147.8 4,213.2 3,582.1 3,667.7 4,114.9 4,206.1 3,558.1 3,636.4 78.3

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,604.2 2,691.3 2,460.1 2,492.2 2,595.5 2,695.9 2,453.9 2,483.3 29.4

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 182.6 185.6 176.2 178.5 182.9 185.6 177.1 179.3 2.2

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 324.2 318.7 257.6 261.1 323.2 321.2 258.9 261.2 2.3

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,036.8 1,017.6 688.2 735.9 1,013.3 1,003.4 668.2 712.6 44.4

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,788 15,714 8,520 9,978 16,519 16,124 8,585 9,824 1,239

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,499.2 2,233.9 1,125.8 1,207.4 2,418.7 2,420.3 1,154.7 1,172.2 17.5

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 552.6 463.0 275.2 282.5 518.1 489.7 270.4 265.6 -4.8

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.0 163.0 124.5 125.9 171.3 173.5 126.4 122.3 -4.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Change

from:

Apr.2020 -

May2020p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,768.6 1,607.9 726.1 799.0 1,729.3 1,757.1 757.9 784.3 26.4

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,288.6 13,480.5 7,394.2 8,771.0 14,100.3 13,703.9 7,429.8 8,652.2 1,222.4

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,086.2 1,965.5 1,129.8 1,033.4 2,075.7 2,034.0 1,178.5 1,030.3 -148.2

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 12,202.4 11,515.0 6,264.4 7,737.6 12,024.6 11,669.9 6,251.3 7,621.9 1,370.6

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,913 5,813 4,572 4,870 5,881 5,850 4,578 4,850 272

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,354.5 1,358.7 1,139.5 1,222.4 1,344.9 1,361.9 1,136.1 1,213.3 77.2

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,545.0 1,461.4 691.5 881.1 1,526.6 1,475.0 689.9 872.2 182.3

Membership associations and organizations. . . 3,013.7 2,992.8 2,740.7 2,766.7 3,009.4 3,013.3 2,751.9 2,764.6 12.7

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,856 23,064 22,144 21,478 22,551 22,728 21,765 21,180 -585

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,826.0 2,866.0 2,874.0 2,870.0 2,826.0 2,886.0 2,887.0 2,873.0 -14.0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,219.2 2,271.0 2,279.0 2,268.7 2,218.7 2,285.7 2,285.8 2,270.5 -15.3

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607.2 595.0 595.2 601.0 607.4 600.5 601.3 602.1 0.8

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,159.0 5,309.0 5,142.0 4,898.0 5,158.0 5,162.0 4,995.0 4,911.0 -84.0

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,468.6 2,603.9 2,441.4 2,212.2 2,474.2 2,451.2 2,286.9 2,223.6 -63.3

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,689.9 2,705.4 2,701.0 2,685.8 2,683.6 2,710.6 2,707.6 2,686.9 -20.7

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,871.0 14,889.0 14,128.0 13,710.0 14,567.0 14,680.0 13,883.0 13,396.0 -487.0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,301.8 8,356.8 7,916.7 7,590.1 7,992.7 8,041.6 7,592.7 7,282.8 -309.9

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,569.3 6,532.1 6,211.7 6,120.3 6,574.3 6,638.4 6,289.8 6,112.9 -176.9

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.4 34.1 34.2 34.7

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.3 40.1 38.2 39.0

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.3 45.2 43.0 43.0

Construction....................................................................... 39.1 39.1 37.9 38.9

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.6 40.4 38.1 38.9

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.0 40.7 38.0 39.0

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.9 39.8 38.2 38.8

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.3 32.9 33.4 33.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.3 34.1 33.8 34.3

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 38.8 37.7 38.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.7 30.6 30.5 31.3

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.6 37.9 37.1 37.7

Utilities........................................................................... 42.1 42.2 42.4 42.2

Information......................................................................... 36.4 36.3 36.5 36.6

Financial activities................................................................ 37.6 37.6 37.7 37.8

Professional and business services............................................ 36.2 36.0 35.9 36.4

Education and health services.................................................. 33.0 32.9 32.6 32.9

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.9 24.1 24.2 25.7

Other services..................................................................... 31.9 31.5 32.3 32.7

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.3 3.0 2.1 2.4

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.3 2.9 1.7 2.1

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 3.3 2.8 3.0

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Total private............................................... $27.87 $28.69 $30.04 $29.75 $958.73 $978.33 $1,027.37 $1,032.33

Goods-producing....................................... 28.89 29.64 30.24 30.09 1,164.27 1,188.56 1,155.17 1,173.51

Mining and logging.................................. 33.47 34.75 35.15 35.10 1,549.66 1,570.70 1,511.45 1,509.30

Construction.......................................... 30.70 31.33 31.37 31.46 1,200.37 1,225.00 1,188.92 1,223.79

Manufacturing........................................ 27.57 28.35 29.28 28.96 1,119.34 1,145.34 1,115.57 1,126.54

Durable goods.................................... 29.03 29.75 30.78 30.39 1,190.23 1,210.83 1,169.64 1,185.21

Nondurable goods................................ 25.04 25.96 26.83 26.62 999.10 1,033.21 1,024.91 1,032.86

Private service-providing.............................. 27.63 28.46 30.00 29.66 920.08 936.33 1,002.00 1,002.51

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 24.13 24.75 25.67 25.45 827.66 843.98 867.65 872.94

Wholesale trade.................................. 31.30 31.82 32.56 32.62 1,217.57 1,234.62 1,227.51 1,239.56

Retail trade........................................ 19.55 20.30 21.10 20.88 600.19 621.18 643.55 653.54

Transportation and warehousing............... 24.78 25.15 25.75 25.67 956.51 953.19 955.33 967.76

Utilities............................................. 41.81 42.53 43.14 42.95 1,760.20 1,794.77 1,829.14 1,812.49

Information........................................... 42.00 43.19 43.68 43.46 1,528.80 1,567.80 1,594.32 1,590.64

Financial activities................................... 35.82 36.81 37.33 37.81 1,346.83 1,384.06 1,407.34 1,429.22

Professional and business services.............. 33.52 34.45 35.78 35.45 1,213.42 1,240.20 1,284.50 1,290.38

Education and health services..................... 27.43 27.94 28.29 28.43 905.19 919.23 922.25 935.35

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 16.51 16.86 17.95 17.39 427.61 406.33 434.39 446.92

Other services....................................... 25.16 25.69 27.47 26.95 802.60 809.24 887.28 881.27

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2020 -

May

2020p

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2020 -

May

2020p

Total private..................................... 110.6 109.9 93.3 97.3 4.3 147.3 150.7 134.0 138.4 3.3

Goods-producing............................. 96.6 96.3 81.4 86.1 5.8 126.2 129.1 111.3 117.1 5.2

Mining and logging........................ 108.1 100.3 88.1 85.4 -3.1 145.3 139.9 124.3 120.3 -3.2

Construction................................ 100.8 102.1 86.0 94.4 9.8 134.4 139.0 117.2 129.1 10.2

Manufacturing.............................. 93.7 93.1 78.7 81.9 4.1 120.1 122.7 107.2 110.3 2.9

Durable goods........................... 93.0 92.0 76.2 79.5 4.3 119.9 121.6 104.2 107.3 3.0

Nondurable goods...................... 95.1 94.9 83.1 86.5 4.1 120.8 125.0 113.1 116.8 3.3

Private service-providing.................... 114.7 113.6 96.7 100.5 3.9 154.0 157.2 141.0 144.9 2.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 103.5 103.2 90.4 93.1 3.0 134.7 137.7 125.1 127.7 2.1

Wholesale trade......................... 101.2 101.4 92.1 93.2 1.2 132.5 134.9 125.5 127.2 1.4

Retail trade.............................. 97.4 96.8 82.4 86.9 5.5 125.8 129.9 114.9 119.9 4.4

Transportation and warehousing...... 124.2 123.4 109.0 110.4 1.3 156.6 157.9 142.8 144.2 1.0

Utilities.................................... 100.0 99.7 99.5 98.6 -0.9 138.1 140.1 141.8 139.9 -1.3

Information................................. 94.8 95.7 87.2 86.2 -1.1 141.8 147.2 135.6 133.3 -1.7

Financial activities......................... 107.5 108.7 105.8 106.5 0.7 150.2 156.1 154.0 157.0 1.9

Professional and business services..... 120.6 121.1 108.5 110.7 2.0 163.7 168.9 157.1 158.9 1.1

Education and health services........... 129.7 131.1 116.1 119.5 2.9 171.2 176.2 158.1 163.4 3.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 122.1 110.9 59.3 72.0 21.4 162.6 150.8 85.8 101.1 17.8

Other services............................. 108.2 106.2 85.3 91.4 7.2 149.2 149.6 128.4 135.1 5.2

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Total nonfarm............................................. 75,094 75,519 64,222 65,365 49.9 50.0 49.2 49.2

Total private............................................ 62,082 62,378 51,685 53,189 48.5 48.6 47.6 47.6

Goods-producing.................................... 4,698 4,745 4,206 4,340 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.4

Mining and logging............................... 95 95 93 93 12.8 13.5 14.3 14.7

Construction....................................... 969 988 892 941 13.0 13.0 13.6 13.4

Manufacturing..................................... 3,634 3,662 3,221 3,306 28.3 28.6 28.1 28.2

Durable goods.................................. 1,931 1,949 1,720 1,736 24.0 24.3 24.1 24.0

Nondurable goods............................. 1,703 1,713 1,501 1,570 35.7 35.9 34.4 35.2

Private service-providing........................... 57,384 57,633 47,479 48,849 53.6 53.7 52.8 52.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,078 11,088 9,368 9,550 40.0 40.0 38.2 38.4

Wholesale trade................................ 1,774.8 1,784.7 1,635.6 1,654.3 30.1 30.1 29.5 29.7

Retail trade..................................... 7,753.9 7,712.6 6,347.3 6,526.8 49.6 49.5 47.7 47.8

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,417.5 1,458.7 1,253.2 1,236.5 25.3 25.7 24.5 24.3

Utilities........................................... 131.7 132.4 132.3 132.3 24.0 24.3 24.4 24.5

Information......................................... 1,130 1,147 1,045 1,028 39.6 39.7 39.9 39.9

Financial activities................................ 4,947 4,993 4,859 4,849 56.7 56.6 56.7 56.4

Professional and business services............ 9,683 9,849 8,731 8,774 45.6 45.9 45.3 45.2

Education and health services.................. 18,614 18,870 16,720 17,071 77.3 77.3 76.6 76.8

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,788 8,575 4,492 5,119 53.2 53.2 52.3 52.1

Other services..................................... 3,144 3,111 2,264 2,458 53.5 53.2 49.5 50.7

Government............................................. 13,012 13,141 12,537 12,176 57.7 57.8 57.6 57.5

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Total private............................................................................... 105,399 105,303 87,268 89,984

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,084 15,076 13,055 13,592

Mining and logging.................................................................. 548 506 460 442

Construction.......................................................................... 5,566 5,640 4,772 5,173

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,970 8,930 7,823 7,977

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,545 5,510 4,698 4,773

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,425 3,420 3,125 3,204

Private service-providing.............................................................. 90,315 90,227 74,213 76,392

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,416 23,422 20,532 20,836

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,739.7 4,738.9 4,388.5 4,400.7

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,343.7 13,297.4 11,300.1 11,607.5

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,892.7 4,949.6 4,409.6 4,395.4

Utilities.............................................................................. 440.0 436.0 433.5 432.1

Information............................................................................ 2,296 2,316 2,073 2,034

Financial activities................................................................... 6,757 6,823 6,558 6,550

Professional and business services............................................... 17,302 17,366 15,300 15,433

Education and health services..................................................... 21,148 21,397 19,062 19,439

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,526 14,093 7,020 8,194

Other services........................................................................ 4,870 4,810 3,668 3,906

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.6 33.4 33.5 34.1

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.1 40.8 38.6 39.6

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.9 45.1 43.1 43.7

Construction....................................................................... 39.7 39.6 38.2 39.5

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.5 41.3 38.5 39.4

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.8 41.5 38.2 39.4

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.0 41.0 39.0 39.5

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.4 32.1 32.6 33.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.8 33.9 33.6 34.3

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.7 38.4 37.1 37.7

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.2 30.5 30.5 31.4

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.9 37.9 37.1 38.0

Utilities........................................................................... 42.4 42.6 42.2 41.6

Information......................................................................... 35.4 35.3 35.6 35.9

Financial activities................................................................ 36.9 36.7 36.9 37.1

Professional and business services............................................ 35.4 35.4 35.2 35.7

Education and health services.................................................. 32.2 32.2 31.8 32.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.6 22.8 22.2 24.1

Other services..................................................................... 30.8 30.5 31.2 31.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.2 3.9 2.8 3.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.2 3.9 2.5 3.0

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.3 3.9 3.2 3.6

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Total private............................................... $23.42 $24.10 $25.14 $25.00 $786.91 $804.94 $842.19 $852.50

Goods-producing....................................... 24.67 25.24 25.23 25.38 1,013.94 1,029.79 973.88 1,005.05

Mining and logging.................................. 29.95 30.91 31.17 30.67 1,404.66 1,394.04 1,343.43 1,340.28

Construction.......................................... 28.49 29.02 28.63 28.98 1,131.05 1,149.19 1,093.67 1,144.71

Manufacturing........................................ 22.04 22.60 22.78 22.71 914.66 933.38 877.03 894.77

Durable goods.................................... 22.95 23.58 23.62 23.64 959.31 978.57 902.28 931.42

Nondurable goods................................ 20.53 21.00 21.54 21.33 841.73 861.00 840.06 842.54

Private service-providing.............................. 23.16 23.86 25.12 24.92 750.38 765.91 818.91 824.85

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 20.68 20.97 21.65 21.70 698.98 710.88 727.44 744.31

Wholesale trade.................................. 26.06 26.38 26.98 27.10 1,008.52 1,012.99 1,000.96 1,021.67

Retail trade........................................ 16.63 17.01 17.63 17.96 502.23 518.81 537.72 563.94

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.53 22.61 23.00 22.80 853.89 856.92 853.30 866.40

Utilities............................................. 37.03 37.77 38.00 37.65 1,570.07 1,609.00 1,603.60 1,566.24

Information........................................... 33.62 34.78 35.64 35.29 1,190.15 1,227.73 1,268.78 1,266.91

Financial activities................................... 27.56 28.32 28.75 29.12 1,016.96 1,039.34 1,060.88 1,080.35

Professional and business services.............. 27.63 28.52 29.79 29.64 978.10 1,009.61 1,048.61 1,058.15

Education and health services..................... 24.13 24.85 25.24 25.35 776.99 800.17 802.63 813.74

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.43 14.60 14.63 14.43 354.98 332.88 324.79 347.76

Other services....................................... 21.35 21.92 23.20 22.68 657.58 668.56 723.84 721.22

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2020 -

May

2020p

May

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

May

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2020 -

May

2020p

Total private..................................... 118.0 117.2 97.4 102.2 4.9 184.7 188.8 163.7 170.9 4.4

Goods-producing............................. 94.7 94.0 77.0 82.3 6.9 143.1 145.3 119.0 127.8 7.4

Mining and logging........................ 136.6 121.3 105.4 102.6 -2.7 237.9 218.0 191.0 183.1 -4.1

Construction................................ 110.6 111.8 91.3 102.3 12.0 170.2 175.2 141.1 160.1 13.5

Manufacturing.............................. 85.5 84.7 69.1 72.1 4.3 123.2 125.1 103.0 107.2 4.1

Durable goods........................... 87.1 85.9 67.4 70.7 4.9 124.8 126.5 99.4 104.3 4.9

Nondurable goods...................... 82.7 82.6 71.8 74.6 3.9 120.0 122.6 109.3 112.4 2.8

Private service-providing.................... 124.7 123.4 103.1 107.7 4.5 198.1 202.0 177.6 184.1 3.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 110.7 111.0 96.5 99.9 3.5 163.6 166.4 149.3 155.0 3.8

Wholesale trade......................... 108.9 108.0 96.6 98.5 2.0 167.4 168.2 153.9 157.5 2.3

Retail trade.............................. 102.0 102.6 87.2 92.2 5.7 145.3 149.6 131.8 141.9 7.7

Transportation and warehousing...... 140.3 142.0 123.8 126.4 2.1 201.3 204.3 181.3 183.4 1.2

Utilities.................................... 95.4 95.0 93.6 91.9 -1.8 147.5 149.8 148.4 144.5 -2.6

Information................................. 92.8 93.3 84.2 83.3 -1.1 154.4 160.7 148.6 145.6 -2.0

Financial activities......................... 117.3 117.9 113.9 114.4 0.4 199.0 205.3 201.5 204.9 1.7

Professional and business services..... 136.9 137.5 120.4 123.2 2.3 225.0 233.1 213.3 217.1 1.8

Education and health services........... 145.2 146.9 129.2 133.0 2.9 231.2 240.9 215.3 222.6 3.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 130.9 117.7 57.1 72.3 26.6 214.5 195.1 94.8 118.5 25.0

Other services............................. 105.2 102.9 80.3 87.1 8.5 163.6 164.3 135.7 144.0 6.1

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.