TEXT
Table 1.  Rate changes:  Average (mean) changes(1)in wages under current and replaced state and local government collective
Table 2.  Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
Table 3.  Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under state and local government collective
Table 4.  Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under state and local government collective
Table 5.  Rate changes: Selected characteristics of settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by duration of
Table 6.  Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
Table 7.  Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local government collective
Table 8.  Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
Table 9.  Cost changes:  Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and
Table 10.  Rate changes:  Average changes in wages in state and local government collective bargaining
Table 11.  Rate changes:  Average changes in wages in state and local government

 Technical information:                            USDL:  95-91
 Joan Borum       (202) 606-6280                   For release:  10:00 A.M. EST
 Media contact:   (202) 606-5902                   Friday, March 17, 1995
 
 
 
 
                MAJOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING SETTLEMENTS IN
        STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT, SECOND HALF AND FULL YEAR 1994
 
 
 
      Major collective bargaining settlements reached in state and local
 government during the second half of 1994 provided annual changes in
 wage rates that were higher, on average, than were specified in the
 agreements they replaced, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor
 Statistics reported today.  This relationship also occurred in the first
 half of the year.  Earlier, however, beginning with the second half of
 1990 through the second half of 1993, settlements had specified lower
 wage rate changes than those called for in the agreements being
 replaced.  The Bureau's series covers bargaining units with 1,000
 workers or more and was initiated in 1984.
 
 Wage rate changes under settlements
 
      During the second half of 1994, there were 172 settlements,
 covering 648,000 state and local government workers.  They specified
 wage rate changes averaging an increase of 2.5 percent in the first year
 of the agreements and 3.0 percent annually over the life of the
 contracts.  (See table 1.)  Corresponding changes in agreements they
 replaced (which were negotiated primarily in 1992 or 1993) were 2.0 and
 2.8 percent.  (Lump-sum payments and cost-of-living adjustments are not
 included in specified wage rate changes.)
 
      Workers under second half settlements accounted for 55 percent of
 the 1.2 million workers under the 332 settlements reached during all of
 1994.  Settlements during the entire year, on average, specified a
 higher wage rate change over their term than the contracts being
 replaced--an annual increase of 3.0 percent compared with 2.8 percent.
 Over their terms, agreements reached during 1994 specified wage rate
 increases for 89 percent of all state and local government workers and
 no wage rate change for almost all the rest.  (See table 3.)
 
      Seventy percent (828,000) of the state and local government workers
 under settlements during 1994 were employed by local governments.  Their
 wage rate changes averaged an increase of 3.0 percent annually over the
 contract term compared with 3.2 percent for state government workers.
 The smaller change in local than in state settlements stems almost
 entirely from smaller increases and a greater incidence of wage freezes.
 
      Settlements in education (primarily for teachers, but also for
 administrators and service employees), covering 47 percent (558,000) of
 the workers under contracts reached in 1994, provided wage rate changes
 averaging an increase of 3.3 percent a year over the contract term.
 Settlements in general administration, covering about 32 percent
 (383,000) of the workers under settlements during 1994, provided wage
 rate changes averaging an increase of 2.6 percent annually over the
 contract term.
 
 
      State and local government settlements negotiated during 1994 had a
 longer average duration than the agreements they replaced, 22.4 months
 compared with 20.5 months.  (See table 5.)  About one-half of the
 workers under 1994 settlements had contracts for less than 2 years,
 contrasted with three-tenths covered by contracts running 3 years or
 more.
 
 
 Compensation cost changes under settlements
 
      The BLS data on negotiated changes in employers' costs for employee
 compensation relate to settlements covering 5,000 workers or more.
 Compensation cost changes include specified (guaranteed) cash and
 benefit lump-sum payments and reflect both the size and timing of
 compensation rate changes.  (Lump-sum payments and the timing are not
 taken into account in the rate measure.)  See the Explanatory Note for a
 more detailed description of the cost series.
 
      During 1994, settlements covering 5,000 workers or more called for
 compensation cost changes averaging an increase of 2.2 percent a year
 over the life of the contract.  (See table 9.)  These settlements
 applied to 52 percent (619,000) of the workers under all major
 settlements in state and local government during the period.
 Settlements in local government (for 352,000 workers) averaged an
 increase of 2.5 percent, compared with 1.9 percent under settlements in
 state government (for 267,000 workers).
 
      Changes in employer costs for cash payments to workers (including
 wages and lump-sum payments) and changes in wage costs alone both
 averaged an increase of 2.1 percent a year over the life of the
 contract.  (About 136,000 workers were under settlements that specified
 lump-sum payments.)  Changes in benefit costs averaged an increase of
 2.7 percent a year over the contract term.
 
 Wage rate changes under all major agreements
 
      In addition to data just presented on changes in rates and costs
 under settlements, the Bureau compiled information on wage rate changes
 for state and local government workers under all major agreements in
 force during 1994.  (See tables 10 and 11.)
 
      During 1994, wage rate changes for the 2.8 million state and local
 government workers under all major agreements averaged an increase of
 3.3 percent--1.4 percent from settlements reached in 1994 and 1.9
 percent from agreements reached earlier.  Changes from cost-of-living
 adjustments (COLAs) were negligible.  About 2.1 million workers were
 under major contracts that increased wage rates in 1994.  The increases
 averaged 4.4 percent.  Another 660,000 workers were under contracts that
 provided no wage change.  About 13,200 workers had wage decreases.
 
      Wage rate increases in 1994 stemmed from one or more of the
 following:
 1) Settlements reached in the year which provided increases in 1994
 averaging 4.3 percent for 919,500 workers; 2) contracts negotiated
 earlier that specified increases in 1994 averaging 4.4 percent for 1.2
 million workers; and 3) cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) provisions,
 which yielded average increases of 0.8 percent for 22,700 workers.
 (About 1,200 additional workers had COLA reviews which did not produce a
 wage change, largely because movements in the BLS Consumer Price Index
 were insufficient to trigger one.)
 
 
 First half 1995 bargaining activity
 
      Approximately 1.3 million state and local government workers are
 under 244 major agreements scheduled to expire or reopen between January
 and June 1995.  In addition, about 426,000 workers are under 153 major
 contracts that expired or reopened, but had not been renegotiated or
 ratified, prior to December 31, 1994.  Thus, in total, about 1.7 million
 state and local government workers may be involved in bargaining during
 the first half of 1995.  About one-half (850,000) are employed by local
 governments; and almost one-third (550,000) of all workers are in state
 and local education.
 
      In the first half of 1995, about 1.2 million workers are slated for
 wage increases averaging 4.3 percent under provisions of agreements
 reached earlier.  No workers are scheduled to have their wage rates
 reduced.  About 143,000 workers are scheduled for COLA reviews during
 the period.
 
                     EXPLANATORY NOTE ABOUT THE DATA
 
      This release covers major collective bargaining units--those with
 1,000 workers or more--in state and local government.  The collective
 bargaining units are limited to those in which: (1) A labor organization
 is recognized as the bargaining agent for a group of workers and
 settlements are embodied in signed, mutually binding collective
 bargaining agreements; and (2) at least wages are determined by
 collective bargaining.  BLS is aware of 676 such units covering 2.8
 million workers.
 
      Comparisons of major collective bargaining settlements for state
 and local governments with those for private industry should note
 differences in occupation mix, bargaining practices, and settlement
 characteristics.  Professional and other white-collar employees, for
 example, make up a much larger proportion of the workers covered by
 government than by private industry settlements.  Lump-sum payments and
 cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) clauses, on the other hand, are less
 common in government than in private industry settlements.  Also, state
 and local government bargaining frequently excludes items, such as
 pension benefits and holidays, that are prescribed by law; these items
 are typical bargaining issues in private industry.
 
 Wage and compensation changes under settlements
 
      The series on major collective bargaining settlements estimates how
 much wage and compensation rates and compensation costs will change from
 existing levels as a result of new collective bargaining agreements
 reached during specified reference periods.
 
      Compensation rates include:  Straight-time pay for time worked;
 premium pay for overtime, weekend, holiday, and shift work; paid leave;
 life, health, and sickness and accident insurance; pension and other
 retirement plans; severance pay; and legally required benefits.
 Compensation rates exclude lump-sum payments because they are not part
 of the ongoing rate structure.
 
      Compensation costs include:  The items covered by compensation
 rates plus specified cash and benefit lump-sum payments, which are
 excluded from rate data.
 
 
      Wage and compensation rate changes:  The rate change for a
 settlement is the percent difference between the average rate just prior
 to the start of a new agreement and the average rate that would exist at
 the end of the first 365 days of the new agreement (first-year measure)
 or at its expiration date (over-the-life measure).  (The over-the-life
 measure is expressed as an annual average change).  The average rate
 change for all settlements is calculated by first multiplying the rate
 change for each settlement by the number of workers under the
 settlement.  Next, the resulting products are summed, and the sum is
 divided by the total number of workers under all settlements.  The
 result is the average change for all settlements.
 
      Compensation cost changes:  The compensation cost change for a
 settlement is the percent difference between the average cost of
 compensation per work hour (including the hourly cost of lump-sum
 payments made during the term of the expiring agreement) just prior to
 the start of a new agreement and the average cost of compensation per
 hour under the settlement.  The average cost of compensation under the
 settlement is calculated in two steps, as follows:  1)  Each hourly
 compensation rate (excluding lump-sum payments) is multiplied by the
 number of hours it is to be paid during the agreement, the products are
 summed and the total is divided by the number of work hours over the
 agreement term.  The result is the cost per work hour of compensation
 excluding specified lump-sum payments.  2)  The cost per work hour of
 specified lump-sum payments is computed by dividing the total amount of
 any cash and benefit lump sums by the total number of work hours over
 the agreement term.  The sum of the results of 1) and 2) is the
 estimated average cost of compensation per work hour over the term of
 the agreement.  The percent difference between this amount and average
 cost at the end of the expiring agreement is the average cost change
 under the settlement.
 
      The average cost change under all settlements is calculated by
 multiplying the percent change in cost under each settlement by the
 number of workers under the settlement.  The results are summed, and the
 sum is divided by the total number of workers under all settlements.
 
      The following example illustrates one of the major differences
 between the compensation rate series and the compensation cost series.
 Two agreements (A and B) expire.  At expiration, compensation under each
 agreement is $10 an hour.  The agreements are replaced by new
 settlements that run for one year.  The settlement replacing agreement A
 immediately increases compensation from $10 an hour to $10.50 an hour.
 The settlement replacing agreement B leaves compensation unchanged for
 the first six months and then increases compensation from $10 an hour to
 $10.50 an hour.
 
      The rate series measures the size of each settlement by calculating
 the difference between compensation at the expiration of the old
 agreement and compensation at the expiration of the new agreement and
 computing the percent change.  Thus, it measures each settlement as
 providing a 5 percent ($.50/$10) compensation rate increase over the
 one- year term.
 
      The cost series measures the size of each settlement by comparing
 employer costs for compensation under the settlement with what they were
 under the expiring agreement just before it was renegotiated as follows:
 When each agreement expired, an employee who worked 2,000 hours over the
 year would cost the employer $20,000 (2,000 hours at $10).  Under the
 settlement replacing agreement A (with the immediate increase), the
 employer would pay for 2,000 hours at $10.50 an hour, or $21,000 for the
 year, a 5 percent increase over the $20,000.  Under the settlement
 replacing agreement B (with the delayed increase), the employer would
 pay for 1,000 hours at $10 an hour and for 1,000 hours at $10.50 an
 hour, or $20,500 for the year, a 2.5 percent increase over the $20,000.
 Thus, the cost series reflects the influence of timing of changes during
 the agreement term which is not reflected by the rate series.
 
      For a more detailed description of the compensation cost series and
 how it compares with the compensation rate series, see Alvin Bauman, "A
 
 New Measure of Compensation Cost Changes," Monthly Labor Review, August
 1990, pp. 11-18.
 
      Data on changes under settlements exclude potential increases or
 decreases that may result from COLA clauses that are based on future
 changes in the CPI unknown at the time of settlement.  The data do,
 however, include "guaranteed" COLA payments (those specified when the
 agreement was reached and scheduled to be implemented later) because
 they are not tied to subsequent price movements.  Similarly, data on
 cost changes exclude contingent lump-sum payments (such as those tied to
 future profit levels or productivity increases) but include lump-sum
 payments guaranteed by the settlement.
 
      Estimates of changes are based on the assumption that conditions
 existing at the time of settlement (e.g., composition of the labor force
 or methods of funding pensions) will remain constant over the life of
 the contract.
 
 Wage rate changes under all contracts
 
      The series on all major collective bargaining contracts estimates
 average wage rate changes during the reference period under settlements
 reached during the calendar year as well as under major agreements
 reached earlier and remaining in force during the period.
 
      The average change under all contracts in force during a period is
 computed by multiplying the percent change under each contract by the
 number of workers covered, adding the products, and dividing the sum by
 the total number of workers under all contracts.
 
      The average rate change reflects net rate increases, decreases, and
 zero changes during the reference period.  Rate increases and decreases
 stem from settlements in the calendar year that call for increases or
 decreases during the period, from agreements reached earlier with
 increases or decreases deferred to the period, and from COLA clauses.
 (Although some agreements do not incorporate wage increases and
 decreases from COLA clauses into base wage rates, such changes are
 included in the Bureau's wage rate change measure for all contracts.)
 
      Wage changes under COLA clauses are based on changes in the
 Consumer Price Index for a review period designated in the agreement.
 
      Data for 1994 are preliminary and may be revised if additional
 information is obtained.  Final data will be available in the Spring of
 1995.
 
      Additional historical information is available from the Office of
 Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
 Washington, D.C. 20212.
 
      Data on second quarter private industry agreements, which are
 collected separately, were released on January 25, 1995.
 
      Information in this release will be made available to sensory
 impaired individuals upon request.  Voice phone:  202-606-7828, TDD
 phone:  202-606-5897, TDD Message Referral Phone Number:  1-800-326-
 2577.
             __________________________________
 
      Major state and local government collective bargaining settlement
 data for the first half of 1995 will be released in August 1995.
 
Table 1.  Rate changes:  Average (mean) changes(1)in wages under current and replaced state and local government collective
bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, six-and 12-month periods, 1990-1994
 
(in percent)
 
 
                                            1990              1991              1992              1993              1994
 
              Measure
                                       First   Second    First   Second    First   Second    First   Second    First   Second
                                       half     half     half     half     half     half     half     half    half(2)  half(3)
                                                                                                                              
 
First year change(4)
  Current settlements...............     5.0      4.8      2.6      1.8      1.4      0.9      1.1      1.2      2.9      2.5
  Replaced settlements..............     4.6      5.3      4.9      5.0      4.9      4.4      3.4      2.4      2.5      2.0
 
Annual changes over the contract
   term(5)
  Current settlements...............     5.0      4.9      2.6      2.8      2.5      1.7      2.2      2.0      3.1      3.0
  Replaced settlements..............     4.4      5.5      4.6      5.2      4.7      3.9      3.5      2.5      2.8      2.8
                                                                                                                              
 
 
                                                                          12 months ended
                                     
 
 
First year change(4)
  Current settlements...............     5.1      4.9      3.8      2.3      1.6      1.1      1.0      1.1      1.9      2.7
  Replaced settlements..............     5.1      5.0      5.1      4.9      4.9      4.6      3.8      2.9      2.4      2.0
 
Annual changes over the contract
   term(5)
  Current settlements...............     5.2      5.0      3.9      2.8      2.6      2.1      2.0      2.1      2.5      3.0
  Replaced settlements..............     5.0      5.1      5.1      4.9      4.9      4.3      3.7      3.0      2.5      2.8
 
  1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change.  Excludes lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
  2 Preliminary revised.
  3 Preliminary.
  4 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date.
  5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract.
Table 2.  Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
government collective bargaining settlements, 1994 (preliminary)
 
(in percent)
 
 
                                                                   Annual
                                                    First-year     change      Number of    Number of
                     Measure                         change(2)    over the      workers    settlements
                                                                 life of the    (000's)
                                                                contracts(3)
                                                                                                      
 
Wage changes in settlements
covering 1,000 workers or more:
 
     All state and local government...............      2.7          3.0         1,182         332
       State government...........................      3.0          3.2           354          53
       Local government...........................      2.5          3.0           828         279
 
     Government function
       General government and administration......      2.2          2.6           383          77
       Education..................................      3.1          3.3           558         187
        Primary and secondary.....................      2.9          3.2           494         170
        Colleges and universities.................      4.4          4.2            65          17
       Protective services........................      2.3          3.3           121          37
       Health services............................      3.0          3.1            49          16
       Other(4)...................................      2.1          2.5            71          15
 
Compensation changes in settlements
covering 5,000 workers or more:
 
     All state and local government...............      2.8          3.1           619          51
       State government...........................      2.8          2.9           267          16
       Local government...........................      2.8          3.3           352          35
 
     Government function
       General government and administration......      2.3          2.7           267          17
       Education..................................      3.4          3.6           232          24
        Primary and secondary.....................      3.3          3.6           199          21
        Colleges and universities ................      3.7          3.8            33           3
       Protective services........................      1.8          2.9            63           5
       Other(5)...................................      3.6          3.4            58           5
 
  1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change.  All measures exclude any cash or benefit
lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
  2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
  3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life
of the contract.
  4 Includes units in transportation and public utilities.
  5 Includes units in health services, transportion and public utilities.
NOTE:  Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 3.  Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under state and local government collective
bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more by change(1) in wages, 1994 (preliminary)
 
 
                                                              All           State          Local
                                                          government     government     government
                        Measure
 
                                                                    First-year change(2)
                                                                                                    
Number of workers (in thousands).......................      1,182            354            828
 
 
Percent of workers
  All settlements......................................       100            100            100
 
     No wage change....................................        29             20             33
     Decreases(3)......................................       (4)              0            (4)
     Increases.........................................        71             80             67
      Under 3 percent..................................        15             10             17
      3 and under 4 percent............................        19             27             16
      4 and under 5 percent............................        25             33             21
      5 percent and over ..............................        11              9             12
 
 
Changes (in percent):
  Mean change..........................................       2.7            3.0            2.5
  Median change........................................       3.0            3.1            2.7
     Mean increase.....................................       3.8            3.8            3.8
     Median increase...................................       4.0            4.0            3.9
 
 
                                                                     Annual change over
                                                                    life of contracts(5)
                                                                                                    
Number of workers (in thousands).......................      1,182            354            828
 
 
Percent of workers
  All settlements......................................       100            100            100
 
     No wage change....................................        11              7             13
     Decreases(3)......................................       (4)              0            (4)
     Increases.........................................        89             93             87
        Under 3 percent................................        33             25             36
        3 and under 4 percent..........................        23             26             23
        4 and under 5 percent..........................        22             32             17
        5 percent and over.............................        11             11             11
 
 
Changes (in percent):
  Mean change..........................................       3.0            3.2            3.0
  Median change........................................       3.1            3.3            3.0
     Mean increase.....................................       3.4            3.4            3.4
     Median increase...................................       3.2            3.3            3.2
 
  1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change.  Mean and median
increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase.  Data exclude lump-sum payments and
potential changes from COLA clauses.
  2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
  3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality.
  4 Less than 0.5 percent.
  5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the
life of the contract.
NOTE:  Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 4.  Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under state and local government collective
bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more by change(1) in compensation, 1994
(preliminary)
 
 
                             Measure                                     First-year change(2)
                                                                                                    
 
  Total number of workers (in thousands).........................                  619
 
Percent of workers
 
  All settlements................................................                 100
 
     No change...................................................                  21
     Decreases...................................................                   0
     Increases...................................................                  79
        Under 2 percent..........................................                  14
        2 and under 3 percent....................................                   8
        3 and under 4 percent....................................                  38
        4 percent and over.......................................                  19
 
  Changes (in percent):
    Mean change..................................................                 2.8
    Median change................................................                 3.2
       Mean increase.............................................                 3.5
       Median increase...........................................                 3.7
 
 
 
 
                                                                          Annual change over
                                                                         life of contracts(3)
                                                                                                    
 
  Total number of workers (in thousands).........................                  619
 
Percent of workers
 
  All settlements................................................                 100
 
     No change...................................................                   3
     Decreases...................................................                   0
     Increases...................................................                  97
        Under 2 percent..........................................                  20
        2 and under 3 percent....................................                  19
        3 and under 4 percent....................................                  41
        4 percent and over.......................................                  17
 
  Changes (in percent):
    Mean change..................................................                 3.1
    Median change................................................                 3.1
       Mean increase.............................................                 3.2
       Median increase...........................................                 3.1
 
  1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change.  Mean and median
increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase.  Data exclude any cash or benefit
lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
  2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
  3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the
life of the contract.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 5.  Rate changes: Selected characteristics of settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by duration of
contract, 1994 (preliminary)
 
 
                                                                       Contract duration
 
 
                Measure                                         More than             More than
                                             All     12 months   12 and    24 months   24 and    36 months  More than
                                          contracts   or less   less than             less than             36 months
                                                                24 months             36 months
                                                                                                                     
Number of settlements...................      332        118         43         68         11         65         27
 
Number of workers (in thousands)........    1,182        474        120        182         44        232        131
 
Average contract duration (months)......     22.4       11.7       14.2       24.0       26.9       36.0       41.3
 
Percent change in wages:(1)
 
  Annualized over the contract term.....      3.0        3.2        4.1        2.6        3.2        3.0        2.3
 
Occurring in:
  First contract year(2)................      2.7        3.0        3.9        2.1        2.8        2.5        1.3
  Second contract year(3)...............      2.4         NA        0.6        3.0        3.0        3.5        1.0
  Third contract year(4)................      3.3         NA         NA         NA        1.3        3.1        4.4
 
  1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change.  Excludes lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA
clauses.
  2 Data are not annualized.
  3 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 12 months.  Data are not annualized.
  4 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 24 months.  Data are not annualized.
  NOTE:  "NA" indicates not applicable.  Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal
totals.
Table 6.  Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
government collective bargaining settlements, last half of 1994 (preliminary)
 
(in percent)
 
 
                                                                   Annual
                                                    First-year     change      Number of    Number of
                     Measure                         change(2)    over the      workers    settlements
                                                                 life of the    (000's)
                                                                contracts(3)
                                                                                                      
Wage changes in settlements
covering 1,000 workers or more:
 
     All State and local government...............      2.5          3.0           648         172
       State government...........................      2.4          2.6            98          19
       Local government...........................      2.5          3.0           550         153
 
       Government function
         General government and administration....      1.7          2.4           141          36
         Education................................      3.1          3.3           341          96
          Primary and secondary...................      3.1          3.3           324          93
          Colleges and universities...............      3.8          3.7            17           3
         Protective services......................      1.4          3.1            77          19
         Health services..........................      2.3          2.7            29          10
         Other(4).................................      2.5          2.6            59          11
 
Compensation changes in settlements
covering 5,000 workers or more:
 
     All State and local government...............      2.6          3.0           352          32
       State government...........................      2.4          2.0            69           6
       Local government...........................      2.7          3.2           283          26
 
       Government function
         General government and administration....      1.9          2.5            89           9
         Education................................      3.3          3.5           170          16
         Other(5).................................      2.0          2.6            93           7
 
  1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change.  All measures exclude any cash or benefit
lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
  2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
  3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life
of the contract.
  4 Includes units in transportation and public utilities.
  5 Includes units in protective services, health services, transportation and public utilities.
NOTE:  Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 7.  Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local government collective
bargaining settlements, by year and 6-month periods
 
(in percent)
 
 
                                                 Annual averages                        Six-month averages
 
 
                 Measure                                                     1992              1993            1994(2)
 
                                             1992     1993    1994(2)
                                                                        First   Second    First   Second    First   Second
                                                                        half     half     half     half    half(3)  half(2)
                                                                                                                           
Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000
workers or more:
  First year(4)
    All state and local government........    1.1      1.1      2.7      1.4      0.9      1.1      1.2      2.9      2.5
      State government....................    0.5      1.3      3.0      0.8      0.2      1.4      1.1      3.2      2.4
      Local government....................    1.7      1.0      2.5      1.8      1.6      0.8      1.3      2.5      2.5
  Annual average over the life of the
contract(5)
    All state and local government........    2.1      2.1      3.0      2.5      1.7      2.1      2.0      3.1      3.0
      State government....................    2.0      2.4      3.2      2.8      1.4      2.8      1.6      3.4      2.6
      Local government....................    2.1      1.9      3.0      2.3      1.9      1.7      2.1      2.9      3.0
 
  1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change.  All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and
potential changes from COLA clauses.
  2 Preliminary.
  3 Preliminary revised.
  4 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date.
  5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract.
Table 8.  Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
government collective bargaining settlements during 12-month periods
 
(in percent)
 
 
                                                            Twelve months ended
 
 
                 Measure                          1992              1993              1994
 
 
                                             June     Dec.     June     Dec.    June(2)  Dec.(3)
                                                                                                
Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000
workers or more:
First year(4)
All State and local government............    1.6      1.1      1.0      1.1      1.9      2.7
  State government........................    1.0      0.5      0.9      1.3      2.3      3.0
  Local government........................    2.0      1.7      1.1      1.0      1.7      2.5
   Annual average over the life of the
  contract(5)
   All State and local government.........    2.6      2.1      2.0      2.1      2.5      3.0
     State government.....................    2.9      2.0      2.2      2.4      2.6      3.2
     Local government.....................    2.4      2.1      1.7      1.9      2.4      3.0
 
  Compensation changes in settlements
covering 5,000 workers or more:
First year(4)
All State and local government............    1.0      0.6      0.8      0.9      1.5      2.8
    State government......................    0.8      0.2      0.8      1.2      2.1      2.8
    Local government......................    1.6      1.4      0.8      0.7      1.1      2.8
     Annual over life of contract(5)
   All State and local government.........    2.6      1.9      1.7      1.8      2.2      3.1
     State government.....................    2.8      2.0      2.1      2.1      2.4      2.9
     Local government.....................    2.1      1.5      1.2      1.6      2.0      3.3
 
  1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change.
  2 Preliminary revised.
  3 Preliminary.
  4 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months
 of the contract effective date.
  5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual
 rate over the life of the contract.
 
Table 9.  Cost changes:  Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and
components annualized over the life of the contract(2) in state and local government
collective
bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, by 6-month periods, and during
12-month periods
 
(in percent)
 
 
                                               1992            1993            1994
 
                  Item
                                          First   Second  First   Second  First   Second
                                           half    half    half    half  half(3) half(4)
                                                                                        
 
 
     All state and local government
         Compensation ..................    1.2     0.5     1.0     0.9     2.2     2.2
         Cash payments (5)..............    1.3     0.7     1.1     1.0     2.4     1.9
          Wages.........................    1.2     0.7     0.9     1.0     2.4     1.8
         Benefits.......................    1.1     0.4     0.9     0.8     1.8     3.4
 
 
                                                       Twelve months ended
 
 
                                           June    Dec.    June    Dec.  June(3) Dec.(4)
                                                                                        
 
 
     All state and local government
         Compensation...................    1.8     0.8     0.8     1.0     1.4     2.2
         Cash payments(5)...............    1.3     1.0     0.9     1.0     1.6     2.1
          Wages.........................    1.2     0.9     0.8     1.0     1.5     2.1
         Benefits.......................    1.8     0.7     0.7     0.8     1.2     2.7
      With contingent pay provisions(6)
         Compensation...................    -       0.9     0.9     -       -       1.2
         Cash payments(5)...............    -       1.0     1.0     -       -       1.5
          Wages.........................    -       1.0     1.0     -       -       0.7
         Benefits.......................    -       0.8     0.8     -       -       0.6
      Without contingent pay
       provisions(7)
         Compensation...................    1.8     0.8     0.8     1.0     1.4     2.3
         Cash payments(5)...............    1.3     0.9     0.9     1.0     1.6     2.1
          Wages.........................    1.2     0.9     0.8     1.0     1.5     2.1
         Benefits.......................    1.8     0.7     0.7     0.8     1.2     2.8
 
 
      State government
         Compensation...................    2.1     0.9     1.0     1.2     1.6     1.9
         Cash payments(5)...............    1.3     0.9     1.1     1.3     1.8     2.1
          Wages.........................    1.2     0.9     1.1     1.2     1.7     2.1
         Benefits.......................    1.9     0.7     0.8     0.9     1.3     1.7
 
 
      Local government
         Compensation...................    1.3     0.8     0.6     0.8     1.3     2.5
         Cash payments(5)...............    1.2     1.1     0.7     0.9     1.4     2.1
          Wages.........................    1.2     1.0     0.6     0.8     1.4     2.1
         Benefits.......................    1.4     0.7     0.5     0.7     1.1     3.5
 
  1 Includes net increases, decreases, and no change.  Excludes potential changes from
contingent pay provisions.
  2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual
(compound) rate over the life of the contract.
  3 Preliminary revised.
  4 Preliminary.
  5 Cash payments include wages and lump-sum payments.
  6 Contingent pay provisions include COLA clauses and/or contingent lump-sum payment
clauses.  Data exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions.
  7 Data exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions.
NOTE:  "-" indicate no observations.
Table 10.  Rate changes:  Average changes in wages in state and local government collective bargaining
agreements covering 1,000 workers or more, by year and six-month periods
 
(in percent)
 
 
                                        Annual averages                    Six-month averages
 
 
               Item                                               1992            1993            1994
 
                                      1992    1993  1994(1)
                                                             First   Second  First   Second  First   Second
                                                              half    half    half    half  half(2) half(1)
                                                                                                           
 
  Average wage rate changes (3)....    1.9     2.8     3.3     0.7     1.1     1.1     1.6     1.0     2.3
 
    Source:
    Current settlements............    0.8     1.6     1.4     0.3     0.5     0.6     1.0     0.2     1.2
       Prior settlements...........    1.1     1.1     1.9     0.5     0.6     0.6     0.6     0.8     1.1
       COLA provisions.............   (4)     (4)     (4)     (4)     (4)     (4)     (4)     (4)     (4)
 
     Government function
       General government and
   administration..................    1.9     2.8     3.2     0.9     1.0     1.4     1.4     1.0     2.2
       Education...................    2.0     2.5     3.1     0.5     1.5     0.6     1.8     0.7     2.4
         Primary and secondary.....    2.1     2.3     3.1     0.5     1.6     0.5     1.8     0.7     2.5
         Colleges and universities.    1.1     3.3     3.2     0.2     1.0     1.3     2.0     1.0     2.1
       Protective services.........    1.2     2.9     4.2     0.7     0.5     1.3     1.6     1.4     2.8
       Health services.............    1.9     3.7     3.8     1.0     0.9     1.8     1.9     1.7     2.1
       Transportation..............    3.4     2.5     2.9     1.6     1.8     1.4     1.1     0.8     2.1
       Other.......................    0.7     3.1     3.7     0.2     0.5     1.3     1.8     1.0     2.7
 
  Average wage rate increase(5)....    4.6     4.1     4.4     3.7     3.8     4.1     3.4     3.7     3.7
 
    Source:(6)
    Current settlements............    5.1     4.0     4.3     3.6     4.0     5.6     3.2     4.1     4.1
       Prior settlements...........    4.3     3.8     4.4     3.8     3.7     3.2     4.0     3.6     3.3
       COLA provisions.............    2.7     1.6     0.8     1.9     1.9     1.3     0.9     0.7     0.6
 
  Number of workers receiving wage
   increases (in thousands)(7)..... 1,125.3 1,849.4 2,126.6   559.5   811.6   799.6 1,280.9   754.6 1,771.2
 
    Source:
    Current settlements............   441.7 1,119.0   919.5   209.3   372.5   300.4   891.3   148.2   820.1
       Prior settlements...........   676.2   803.9 1,212.5   339.2   428.5   494.1   376.0   594.3   952.8
       COLA provisions.............    22.6    24.0    22.7    17.4    15.1    18.8    17.3    20.6     3.5
 
  Number of workers not receiving a
   wage increase (in thousands)(8). 1,544.3   880.0   660.2 2,110.1 1,858.0 1,929.8 1,448.5 2,032.3 1,015.7
 
  1 Preliminary.
  2 Preliminary revised.
  3 Includes increases, decreases, and zero change in wages stemming from current settlements, settlements
reached in a prior period, and COLA clauses.  Because of rounding and compounding, sums of individual items
may not equal totals.
  4 More than 0 and less than 0.05 percent.
  5 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources is a wage rate
increase.
  6 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from each source is a wage rate
increase.
  7 The employment total does not equal the sum of employment for each source, because some workers receive
wage changes from more than one source.
  8 Less than two percent of these workers received wage decreases and the remainder received zero change.
Table 11.  Rate changes:  Average changes in wages in state and local government
collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more during 12-month periods
 
(in percent)
 
 
                                                       Twelve months ended
 
 
                  Item                         1992            1993            1994
 
 
                                          First   Second  First   Second  First   Second
                                           half    half    half    half  half(1) half(2)
                                                                                        
 
 
  Average wage rate changes (3).........    2.3     1.9     2.3     2.8     2.6     3.3
 
 
      Source:
        Current settlements.............    0.7     0.8     1.1     1.6     1.3     1.4
        Prior settlements...............    1.6     1.1     1.2     1.1     1.3     1.9
        COLA provisions.................   (4)     (4)     (4)     (4)     (4)     (4)
 
 
 
     Government function
       General government and
administration..........................    2.3     1.9     2.6     2.8     2.4     3.2
       Education........................    2.4     2.0     2.2     2.5     2.6     3.1
         Primary and secondary..........    2.5     2.1     2.1     2.3     2.5     3.1
         Colleges and universities......    1.9     1.1     2.3     3.3     3.2     3.2
       Protective services..............    2.3     1.2     1.7     2.9     3.0     4.2
       Health services..................    2.3     1.9     2.6     3.7     3.5     3.8
       Transportation...................    2.9     3.4     3.2     2.5     1.9     2.9
       Other............................    2.2     0.7     2.0     3.1     2.7     3.7
 
 
  Average wage rate increase(5).........    4.6     4.6     4.8     4.1     3.8     4.4
 
 
      Source:(6)
        Current settlements.............    3.3     5.1     4.8     4.0     3.4     4.3
        Prior settlements...............    4.9     4.3     4.3     3.8     3.9     4.4
        COLA provisions.................    2.4     2.7     2.1     1.6     1.2     0.8
 
  Number of workers receiving wage
      increases (in thousands)(7)....... 1,357.5 1,125.3 1,345.9 1,849.4 1,858.1 2,126.6
 
 
      Source:
        Current settlements.............   572.8   441.7   660.6 1,119.0 1,016.1   919.5
        Prior settlements...............   877.1   676.2   750.5   803.9   941.2 1,212.5
        COLA provisions.................    37.4    22.6    25.3    24.0    24.7    22.7
 
  Number of workers not receiving a wage
      increase (in thousands)(8)........ 1,266.6 1,544.3 1,323.9   880.0   871.4   660.2
 
  1 Preliminary revised.
  2 Preliminary.
  3 Includes increases, decreases, and zero change in wages stemming from current
settlements, agreements reached in a prior period, and COLA clauses.  Because of
rounding and compounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
  4 More than 0 and less than 0.05 percent.
  5 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from all
sources is an increase.
  6 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from each
source is an increase.
  7 The employment total does not equal the sum of employment for each source, because
some workers receive wage changes from more than one source.
  8 Less than two percent of these workers received wage decreases and the remainder
received zero change.