RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b) File Name: 17a0244p.06 

### UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA , Plaintiff-Appellee ,

v

.

B LAKE C HILDRESS , Defendant-Appellant

. ┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┘ No. 16-6410

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Greeneville. No. 2:12-cr-00071-1—J. Ronnie Greer, District Judge. Argued: October 3, 2017 Decided and Filed: October 30, 2017 Before: CLAY, ROGERS, a nd SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

_________________ COUNSEL
ARGUED: Laura E. Davis, FEDERAL DE FENDER SERVICES OF EASTERN TENNESSEE, INC., Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Timothy C. Harker, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Greenev ille, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Laura E. Davis, FEDERAL DEFENDER SERVICES OF EASTERN TENNESSEE, INC., Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Timothy C. Ha rker, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Greeneville, Tennessee, for Appellee. 

### >No. 16-6410 United States v. Childress Page 2

_________________ OPINION

_________________ CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant Blake Chil dress appeals the district court’s order imposing a special condition of supervised release pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3583, following his federal conviction for being a felon in possessi on of a firearm in vi olation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and state court convicti ons for incest and aggravated assault. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM

.
BACKGROUND
In 2012, Defendant pleaded guilty to being a co nvicted felon in posse ssion of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). On April 15, 2013, Defendant was sentenced to 41 months’ imprisonment and three years of supe rvised release. At the time of sentencing, Defendant had a pending incest charge in Tennessee state court relating to inappropriate sexual contact with his minor half-sister. See State v. Childress , No. E2014-02142-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 7575328, at *1–3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 25, 2015). After his fe deral sentencing, Defendant was tried and convict ed on the incest charge. Id. at *1. On appeal, the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals re versed the conviction for a Miranda violation and remanded the case for a new trial. Id. at *9, *13.

While Defendant’s new state case was pending, the Proba tion Office petitioned the district court for two mo difications to Defendant’s special cond itions of supervised release. The first was that Defendant was to ha ve “no direct or third party c ontact, by any means available to him/her with any victim(s) of a sex offense committed by the defendan t;” the second required Defendant to “submit to a psychosexual assessment at his/her own expense, as directed by the probation officer.”
In July 2016, Defendant entered into a “best in terest” plea agreement in state court to the reduced charge of aggravated assault, in violation of Tenn. Code Ann.§ 39-13-102. On August 29, 2016, the federal district court held a hear ing on the petition for modification of the Defendant’s supervised release order. At the hearing, the gove rnment introduced the opinionNo. 16-6410 United States v. Childress Page 3

from the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals, a report of interview from the victim, a child services letter, a prosecution repo rt from the Third Judicial Dist rict, and copies of Defendant’s state court convictions and the probation c onditions. These documents described numerous incidents of inappropriate sexual conduct between Defendant and hi s half-sister, only some of which formed the basis for his state court conv ictions. Defendant did not object to the first modification of his supervised release— i.e. , that he have no contact w ith any victim(s) of a sex offense committed by him—but he did object to the imposition of a psychosexual evaluation.
The government argued that the condition pertained to Defenda nt’s history and characteristics, to the need to protect the pub lic from further crimes by Defendant, and to the need to provide Defendant with needed medical care or correctional treatment. Defendant argued that a psychosexual eval uation was intrusive and unrelat ed to his federal felon in possession offense. Defendant al so argued that it was not the “lea st restrictive means” that the court could employ to achieve the sentencing purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Instead, Defendant suggested additional mental health tr eatment. The district court rejected this suggestion because it determined that a psychose xual evaluation would help the probation officer determine what risk, if any, Defendant may pose to the public, while ment al health treatment would not. The court also said that a psychosex ual evaluation is “a condition generally required of offenders convicted of a sex offense.” 1
On September 1, 2016, the district court ordered that the special conditions of Defendant’s supervised release be modified to include the two additional conditions. The court agreed that Defendant’s state a ggravated assault conviction was not “for a sexual offense,” but, applying United States v. Carter , 463 F.3d 526 (6th Cir. 2006), the court held that the determinative question was “not whether the title of the offense denotes a sexual offense but whether the defendant ‘actually committed the offense . . . in a sexual manner.’” Thus, the district court found that the psychosexual asse ssment condition was “directly related to the

1 Moreover, the government conceded at oral argument that it would not conduct a penile plethysmography test—the part of the evaluation that Defendant seems to find most intrusive—without seeking an additional order from the district court. And this Court has previously held that a special condition that included the mere possibility of penile plethysmography is not ripe for appellate review unless and until a defendant is required to undergo the procedure. United States v. Lee , 502 F.3d 447, 450 (6th Cir. 2007).No. 16-6410 United States v. Childress Page 4

defendant’s criminal history.” Moreover, Defenda nt acknowledged at the hearing that the same prosecution report formed the basis for his earlier incest conviction and his aggravated assault conviction. Therefore, because Defendant had “been convicted of aggravated assault which was committed in a sexual manner,” his history and characteristics were “reasonably related to this special condition.”
Defendant filed a timely appeal of the district court’s order.

DISCUSSION

I. Standard of Review
We review the district court’s imposition of a special condition of supervised release only for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Hundley , 625 F. App’x 274, 276 (6th Cir. 2015) (citing Carter , 463 F.3d at 528). An abuse of discretion occurs when this court has a “definite and firm conviction that the [district] court . . . committed a clear error of judgment in the conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the rele vant factors or where it improperly applie[d] the law or use[d] an err oneous legal standard.” Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

II. Analysis
“We review the imposition of a special condition of supervised release along two dimensions.” Carter , 463 F.3d at 528. The first dimension is procedural: “The [district] court, at the time of sentencing, [must] stat e in open court the reasons for it s imposition of the particular sentence, including its rationale for mandating sp ecial conditions of supervised release.” Id. at 528–29 (internal citations and quotation marks om itted). Defendant does not challenge the procedural aspect of the impos ition of the special condition.
Defendant’s challenge focuses on the second, su bstantive dimension in which we review the district court’s imposition of th e special conditions of supervised release. This Court has said that “where a condition of superv ised release is reasonably relate d to the dual goals of probation, the rehabilitation of the defe ndant and the protection of th e public, it must be upheld.” United States v. Bortels , 962 F.2d 558, 560 (6th Cir. 1992). We la ter recognized, howev er, that “[t]hisNo. 16-6410 United States v. Childress Page 5

statement was an oversimplification, as the statut ory requirements are actually more detailed.” Carter , 463 F.3d at 529. First, the condition must be “reasonably related to” several sentencing factors. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(1). These factor s include “the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant” and “the need for the sentence imposed . . . to afford adequate deterrence to cr iminal conduct; . . . to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and . . . to pr ovide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correcti onal treatment in the most effective manner[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B)-(D). S econd, the condition must “involve[] no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably neces sary for” several sentencing purposes. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(2). These purposes are “to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct; . . . to protect the public from further cr imes of the defendant; and . . . to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correc tional treatment in the most effective manner.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2 )(B)-(D). Finally, th e condition must be “consistent with any pertinen t policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(3). “Because they are written in the conjunctive, a condition must satisfy all three requirements . . . . However, a conditio n need not satisfy every single factor and purpose within each of the first two requirements.” Carter , 463 F.3d at 529–30.
Defendant does not argue that the special c ondition is inconsistent with the Sentencing Commission policy statements. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(3). Nor does he argue—in any depth— that the condition involves a greate r deprivation of liber ty than is reasonabl y necessary for the relevant sentencing purposes. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(2). Thus, Defendant’s argument seems to be that the special condition was not reasonabl y related to an enumerated sentencing factor. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(1). Specifically, he challeng es the district court’s conclusion that the special condition of psychosexual assessment wa s reasonably related to “the history and characteristics of the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 35 53(a)(1). Defendant advances two arguments to support his position: first, he argues that it was impr oper for the district court to base the special condition on his conviction for aggravated assault; and second, he argues that even if the courtNo. 16-6410 United States v. Childress Page 6

could rely on a conviction for aggravated a ssault, the evidence su pporting his particular conviction was unreliable. De fendant is wrong on both accounts. 2

1. The district court properly relied on the circumstances of Defendant’s conviction to justify imposing a special condi tion of psychosexual evaluation. Defendant argues that because aggravated assault is not, on its face, a sex offense, his conviction for aggravated assault was an insu fficient basis on which to conclude that a psychosexual evaluation was “reasonably related” to “the history and characteristics of the defendant” as required by § 3553(a)(1), through § 3583(d)(1). As the district court noted, however, the lesson of Carter is clear: “the question is not whether the title of the offense denotes a sexual offense but whether the defendant ‘actually committed the offense . . . in a sexual manner.’” In Carter , the defendant appealed the imposition of a special supervisedreleased condition mandating sex-offender trea tment on the ground that it was not reasonably related to his immediate conviction of being a felon in possession of a firearm or his prior convictions for sex offenses comm itted seventeen years earlier. The court vacated the special condition because the defendant’s current conviction was not a sex offense, his prior rape and assault with intent to commit rape convictions were too remote in time, and it was unclear whether the defendant’s recent stalking charge was sexual in nature. The court remanded the case to the district court to determine whether the defendant’s stalking conviction was sexual in nature, which would provide an independent basis for imposing the special condition.
In this case, Defendant was tried in state court and found guilty of incest. Although that conviction was ultimately overturned, Defendant later pleaded guilty to aggravated assault

2 Defendant appears at times to make a third argume nt that a psychosexual evaluation is not reasonably related to his federal conviction of being a felon in possession of a firearm. But it need not be. A district court may impose a special condition based on any of several sentencing factors. In this case, the court did not base its imposition of the special condition on the “nature and circum stances of the offense,” but on the “the history and characteristics of the defendant,” which is permissible under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) and squarely permitted by Carter

. See also United States v. Evans , 727 F.3d 730, 735 (7th Cir. 2013) (“[S]ex-offender treatment is reasonably related to the factors in Section 3553(a), even if the offens e of conviction is not a sex offense, so long as the sexual offenses are recent enough in the defendant’s history that the goals of rehabilitation and protecting the public justify an order for treatment.”); United States v. T.M. , 330 F.3d 1235, 1240 (9th Cir. 2003) (“[S]upervised release conditions need not relate to the offense for which [a defe ndant] was convicted as long as they satisfy any of the conditions set forth [in Section 3553(a)]”). Thus, Defendant does not make too much of this argument and neither should we.No. 16-6410 United States v. Childress Page 7

“based on the same conduct” that led to the in cest conviction, namely, that Defendant engaged in sexual acts with his minor half-sister on two di fferent occasions, first in 2002 and again in fall 2011. Thus, the conviction was clearl y sexual in nature, and the di strict court did not abuse its discretion in finding that imposing a psychosexua l assessment was reasonably related to “the history and characteristics of the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a)(1), 3583(d)(1).
Defendant next argues that the district co urt abused its discreti on by relying on a state court conviction for which the factual basis wa s unclear. The argument seems to be this: Defendant pleaded guilty to violating Tennessee’ s aggravated assault statute—Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-102 (2011)—and was awarded a Class C fel ony. For Defendant to have been awarded a Class C felony in compliance with § 39-13-102(a)(1 )(A)(i), (iii), or (iv) (the only sections potentially applicable to Defendant ), the assault must have resulted in serious bodily injury, have involved a deadly weapon, or have involved stran gulation. Because the reco rd does not indicate that any of these circumstances occurred, two possi bilities logically follow: either (1) the plea was based on some conduct other than that whic h formed the basis of Defendant’s incest conviction and therefore the court “could not know if Mr. Childress’ aggravated assault conviction was actually committed in a sexual manner” or (2) the el ements of aggravated assault

were not met and the federal court ought not to ratify the state cour t’s mistake by using it as a basis for imposing a special condition.

Since the record is clear th at the same conduct formed the basis for the incest and aggravated assault convictions, 3 Defendant’s arguments ultimately boil down to one—the procedural defectiveness of his plea. But Defe ndant has not challenged his plea. Moreover, the validity of his plea has no bearing on the propriety of the district court’ s decision to impose the special condition. A sentencing court’s consideration of a defenda nt’s history and characteristics is not limited to prior criminal convictions. For example, in United States v. Perkins , 207 F. App’x 559 (6th Cir. 2006), the defendant pleaded guilty to the illegal po ssession of a firearm by a convicted felon and was sentenced to 110 months ’ imprisonment. The court also imposed sexoffender treatment as a condition of supervised release. Citing the de fendant’s history of

3 Indeed, at the district court hearin g, Defense counsel specifically agr eed that “the same prosecut[orial] report was relied upon for the aggravated assault that was also the basis for the original state charges.”No. 16-6410 United States v. Childress Page 8

“aggressive behavior toward wome n which this type of counseling could help ameliorate,” this Court upheld the imposition of the sex-offender tr eatment even though the instant conviction was not for a sex-related offense. Id. at 561–62. Among the prior conduc t considered by the court were arrests for assault earlie r in the defendant’s life that never resulted in conviction

. Id. at 562.

Other circuits have reached this same conclusion. In United States v. Prochner , 417 F.3d 54 (1st Cir. 2005), the defendant wa s convicted of credit card fraud and he appealed the district court’s imposition of a special condition requiring th at he be evaluated for participation in a sex offender treatment program. The First Circu it upheld the special condition even though the defendant had never been convicted of any sex-rela ted offense. There, the record contained “no direct evidence that Prochner ha[d] engaged in inappropriate conduct with minors,” but the evidence showed that he had worked in va rious programs with young boys and that he had written journal entries indicating th at he “may have had, or, at mi nimum, desired to have, sexual relationships with adolescent males.” Id. at 63–64. Given that evid ence, the court found that “[t]he condition . . . was reasonably related bo th to the need, while Prochner was still under supervision, to protect the public from future potential crimes by Prochner (who had already committed a serious crime, albeit of a different kind) and the need to provide Prochner with whatever treatment he might need.” Id. at 64. And in United States v. Prendergast , 979 F.2d 1289, 1293 (8th Cir. 1992), the Eighth Circuit affi rmed a special condition requiring treatment for gambling, based on “evidence that [a] defendant ha[d] a gambling habit which does need to be addressed,” although nothing in the record indicated any prior cr iminal convictions related to gambling. See also United States v. Weatherton , 567 F.3d 149, 154 (5th Cir. 2009) (under plain error review, sex offender conditions could be predicated on a 1979 rape conviction and a 2007 warrant charging the de fendant with rape).
In the instant case, the district court di d not base its decision on the lone fact of conviction. Instead, the court reviewed multiple pieces of evidence, including a statement signed by the victim, the state appellate opinion and its r ecitation of facts elicited at trial, a prosecution report, and the state judgments of conviction. On that basis, th e district court concluded that Defendant’s “history and characteristics” warran ted imposing a sex-offende r evaluation. This Court cannot draw a “definite and fi rm conviction that the [district] court . . . committed a clearNo. 16-6410 United States v. Childress Page 9

error of judgment in the conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the relevant factors” or that “it improperly applie[d] the law or use[d] an erroneous legal standard.” Hundley , 625 F. App’x at 276.

2. The evidence of Defendant’s misconduct wa s sufficiently reliable for the district court to justify imposing the special condition. Defendant next argues that even if the distri ct court could base th e special condition on the evidence surrounding his ince st and aggravated assault c onvictions, such evidence was insufficiently reliable to justify requiring a psychosexual evaluation. Specifically, Defendant emphasizes that the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals was required to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, and ye t it nevertheless concluded that the evidence of Defendant’s guilt “could hardly be said to be overwhelming.” Childress , 2015 WL 7575328, at *10. But Defendant fails to reco gnize this statement’s procedur al context. The court was discussing whether the admission of Defendant ’s unconstitutionally obtained incriminating statement constituted harmless error, and it concl uded that, without the statement, the evidence of Defendant’s guilt was not so overwhelming as to render the statement inconsequential to the verdict.
Next, Defendant argues that “the information is all varying levels of hearsay[.]” But Defendant concedes in the next sentence that the evidence rules do not apply at sentencing proceedings, and Defendant did not contest the veraci ty or reliability of that evidence at the time of hearing. In short, the gove rnment presented evidence indicat ing that Defendant engaged in sexual misconduct with his minor half-sister and, ab sent any contradictory evidence, the district court reasonably concluded that Defendant had, in fact, committed sexual misconduct. Therefore, the court was within its discretion to impose a speci al condition requiring Defendant to undergo a psychosexual assessment.

CONCLUSION

The district court did not abuse its discretion by requi ring Defendant to undergo a psychosexual evaluation as a special condition of his supervised rele ase. We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s order.