IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs March 8, 2016

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JOSEPH ANTHONY SZOSTAK, III

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Maury County

No. 23259 Russell Parkes, Judge

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No. M2015-01634-CCA-R3-CD – Filed July 11, 2016

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Defendant, Joseph Anthony Szostak, III, appeals from the trial court’s revocation of 

probation. Defendant asserts on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in 

revoking his probation by not articulating a “willful” failure to pay costs, by failing to 

consider Defendant’s reason for not paying, and by considering prior violations not 

applicable to the current proceeding. Defendant also contends that the trial court abused 

its discretion in sentencing Defendant by not considering principles of sentencing and by 

denying Defendant’s request for an alternative sentence. After review, we affirm the 

judgment of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. KELLY 

THOMAS, JR., and CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JJ., joined.

Brandon E. White, Columbia, Tennessee (on appeal) and Claudia S. Jack, District Public 

Defender; Michelle VanDeRee, Assistant Public Defender, Columbia, Tennessee (at 

revocation hearing and on appeal), for the appellant, Joseph Anthony Szostak, III.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Meredith Devault, Assistant 

Attorney General; Brent A. Cooper, District Attorney General; and Daniel J. Runde, 

Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Facts

On September 12, 2014, Defendant pleaded nolo contendere to four counts of theft 

of property valued at $1,000 or more, but less than $10,000. Defendant was sentenced to 

three years to be suspended on probation, and ordered to pay court costs. On May 28, 
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2015, a probation violation warrant was issued alleging the Defendant had violated the 

terms of his probation by: (1) committing the new offense of theft of property over $500; 

(2) failing to make any payment of probation fees; and (3) failing to make any payment 

of restitution or court costs.

At a probation revocation hearing on July 23, 2015, Jacob Silverthorne, an 

employee of the Tennessee Department of Correction, testified that his coworker, Rob 

Call, filed a warrant for probation revocation based on Defendant’s violation of the 

following probation rules: Number 1: I will obey the laws of the United States; Number 

9: I agree to pay all required supervision fees; and Number 10: I will observe any special 

conditions imposed by the court. Mr. Silverthorne further testified that Defendant was 

arrested and charged with theft over $500 on or about May 21, 2015, and that Defendant 

had made no payments towards probation fees, restitution, or court costs. 

Ryan Dugger, a loss prevention employee at Wal-Mart, identified Defendant as 

the individual he observed removing security devices from merchandise at Wal-Mart on 

May 21, 2015. Mr. Dugger further testified that he observed Defendant filling two carts 

with merchandise and then exiting the store with the two carts without paying for 

anything other than one small item. Mr. Dugger testified that he apprehended Defendant 

outside the store and detained him until the police arrived to take Defendant into custody. 

Mr. Dugger further testified that Defendant was charged with theft, and the value of the 

items in the shopping carts totaled $2,725.28.

Defendant testified that because of medication that he had taken, he had no 

recollection of attempting to steal from Wal-Mart. Defendant further testified that he 

made a down-payment of $500 for a car, and paid $400 to insure the car. Defendant 

testified that the car had an end-price of seventeen-thousand dollars $17,000 after six 

years of payments equal to $324 per month. Actually, six years of monthly payments of 

$324, less the $500 down payment is $22,828.

At the conclusion of the probation revocation hearing, the trial court made the 

following findings: 

There’s no question he’s violated the terms. So, I find that there 

[are] both technical and substantive violations in terms of probation.

The State has carried its burden far beyond the preponderance, and thus, 

I revoke his probation. As to what to do with him since there has been a 

revocation, the Court has reviewed the Court file.

He was granted the privilege of diversion . . . he was revoked for 

noncompliance. A judgment was entered. His post plea diversion was 
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terminated. He’s been given significant time, and even in March of this 

year very coherently wrote the Court explaining when his court dates 

were . . . . 

I find that the defendant is not credible. He has made very 

conscious choices rather than doing as ordered by this court. To 

purchase a vehicle, paid over $900 down for the insurance and a down 

payment on a vehicle when he didn’t have a license first of all, and then, 

more offensive to the court, to obligate him to $300 a month for six 

years and hasn’t paid a dime towards restitution.

A $10 payment would have gone along [sic] way with the Court. 

A dollar, but to pay zero when you walk in and have the mind set I will 

negotiate the purchase of a car and then to come in and say I don’t 

remember, I don’t remember clipping off the security things, loading up 

the two [shopping carts], I find that he’s not credible. . . .

I will revoke his sentence, and it will be a full revocation.

Analysis

Defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by not articulating a 

“willful” failure to pay or an “insufficient bona fide effort” to legally acquire the 

resources to pay and that Defendant’s purchase of a vehicle was not a failure to pay but a 

means of facilitating payment. 

A trial judge may revoke probation if the court finds, by a preponderance of the 

evidence, that the defendant has violated the terms of his or her probation. T.C.A. § 40-

35-310,-311(e); State v. Kendrick, 178 S.W. 3d 734,738 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2005) (citing 

State v. Mitchell, 810 S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991)). Upon finding such a 

violation the court may “[c]ause the defendant to commence the execution of the 

judgment as originally entered, or otherwise, in accordance with §40-35-310.” T.C.A. § 

40-35-311(e)(1)(A).

If a defendant’s probation is revoked, the defendant has the right to appeal. 

T.C.A. § 40-35-311(e)(2). However, a decision to revoke probation “will not be 

disturbed absent a finding of an abuse of discretion.” State v. Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553, 

554 (Tenn. 2001); See also State v. Harkins, 811 S.W.2d 79, 82 (Tenn. 1991). To find an 

abuse of discretion, there must be “no substantial evidence in the record to support the 

conclusion of the trial court that a violation of the conditions of the probation has 

occurred.” Id. Furthermore, relief can only be granted when the trial court’s logic was 
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“improper when viewed in light of the factual circumstances and relevant legal principles 

involved.” State v. Beard, 189 S.W.3d 730, 735 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2005) (Citing State v. 

Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553, 555 (Tenn. 2001)) (quoting State v. Moore, 6 S.W.3d 235, 242 

(Tenn. 1999)). Furthermore, the findings of the trial judge in probation revocation 

hearings have the weight of a jury verdict. State v. Delp, 614 S.W.2d 395, 398 (Tenn. 

Crim. App. 1980) (Citing Carver v. State, 570 S.W.2d 872, 875 (Tenn. Crim. App. 

1978)).

“In revocation proceedings for failure to pay a fine or restitution, a sentencing 

court must inquire into the reasons for the failure to pay.” State v. Dye 715 S.W.2d 36, 

40 (Tenn. 1986) (quoting Bearden v. Georgia, 461 U.S. 660, 762-3 (1983)). The court 

heard undisputed testimony that Defendant had not made any payments of fees, court 

costs, or restitution. The trial court satisfied the requirement in Dye by inquiring about 

Defendant’s decision to purchase a car instead of making any payments towards court 

costs, fees or restitution. Defendant’s assertion that the purchase of a vehicle was 

necessary to obtain employment is erroneous because Defendant purchased the vehicle 

without a driver’s license, and Defendant purchased a vehicle that required him to pay 

over $300 per month without having employment at the time of the purchase. The court 

found “both technical and substantive violations” and stated in the findings of fact that 

Defendant had made “conscious choices” to not follow the orders of the court by 

choosing to obligate himself to a monthly payment without paying anything toward fees, 

court costs, or restitution. Therefore, the trial court found Defendant to have “willfully” 

failed to make any payment, and that determination was not an abuse of discretion 

because it was based on ample evidence. 

Defendant asserts that the trial court did not rely on the alleged theft of property 

from Wal-Mart as a reason for revocation of probation, and, if it was relied upon, that the 

court failed to state the incident as a reason for revocation. Defendant correctly points 

out that the trial court must include the “evidence relied upon and reasons for revoking 

probation.” State v. Weaver, No. 03C01-9607-CR-00269, 1998 WL 19935, at * 2 (Tenn. 

Crim. App. Jan. 22, 1998) (quoting Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 489 (1972)).

The State contends the trial court did include this as a reason for revocation by 

mentioning, albeit in passing, Defendant “clipping off the security things”, and “loading 

up the two things” in the court’s oral findings. We agree with the State. The trial court 

heard testimony regarding the incident, and Defendant’s only reply was that he did not 

remember the incident due to medication he was taking. The trial court’s oral record in 

regards to Defendant’s testimony, as well as the trial court’s holding that the State carried 

its burden, indicates that the trial court did rely on the new violation of theft, and 

considered it as one of Defendant’s multiple violations. 
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Defendant asserts that the trial court erred by considering previous violations that 

resulted in his prior revocation of probation on March 26, 2015. This argument is 

misplaced because, as noted above, the court considered the new violation of theft that 

occurred on May 21, 2015, as well as the continued failure to make any payments 

towards fees, court costs, or restitution.

Defendant further asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by not 

considering the principles of sentencing, and by not considering alternatives to 

imprisonment. This argument is without merit. In a revocation of probation proceeding, 

the consideration of sentencing principles “is not necessary.” State v. Crawford, No. 

M2000-02358-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 881368, and *3 (Tenn. Crim. App., Aug. 7, 

2001), perm. app. denied (Tenn., Jan. 14, 2002) (quoting State v. Howard Luroy 

Williamson, Jr., No. 02C01-9507-CC-00201, 1996 WL 551793, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App., 

Sept. 30, 1996)). According to the trial court’s findings, as quoted above, the trial court 

reviewed the Defendant’s record when considering the sentence. The court noted that 

alternative sentencing had not worked in the past, and ordered Defendant to serve his 

original sentence—which is within the sound discretionary authority of the trial court. 

See T.C.A. § 40-35-310(a); See also State v. Hunter, 1 S.W.3d 643, 647 (Tenn. 1999). 

The trial court found Defendant to be in violation of probation for committing a 

new crime while on probation, and for willfully failing to pay any court costs, fees or 

restitution. The court considered alternative sentencing and found, based on Defendant’s 

record, that a full revocation is necessary. Upon review, we find there is substantial 

evidence to support these conclusions.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

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THOMAS T. WOODALL, PRESIDING JUDGE