For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, March 29, 2012 USDL-12-0550 

Technical information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

NOTE: With the update of multifactor productivity measures for detailed industries on Sept. 26, 2012, 

measures of output, output per hour, output per worker, value of production, implicit price deflator, and unit 

labor costs for 2008-2010 were revised for NAICS 3346 and NAICS 334. The revisions supersede the data for 

these industries published in this news release. The revised measures are available from the online data query 

tool and in the industry labor productivity tables on this website.

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 2010

Labor productivity – defined as output per hour – rose in 83 percent of the 86 detailed manufacturing 

industries studied in 2010, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was up from 30 

percent in 2009. Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output, 

declined in 73 percent of the industries in 2010 compared to only 21 percent in 2009, as productivity 

increased more rapidly than hourly compensation.

For many industries, the productivity increases in 2010 were driven by large increases in output coupled 

with declines or more modest gains in hours. Output rose in 64 of the 86 industries in 2010, and hours 

rose in 40 of the industries. The number of industries with increases in labor productivity and output was 

higher in 2010 than in any other year since 2005. (See chart 1 and table 1.) The number of industries 

with increases in hours was higher than in any year since 1997, and the number with declines in unit 

labor costs was the highest since the series began in 1987. 

Industry labor productivity measures are updated as data become available. Productivity measures for 

industries in other sectors can be accessed on the BLS Labor Productivity and Costs website at 

www.bls.gov/lpc. 

0 

20

40

60

80

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Number of Industries

Chart 1. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in productivity, output, 

and hours, 2005-2010

Increasing Productivity Increasing Output Increasing Hours
Labor productivity increased in 19 of the 21 3-digit NAICS manufacturing industries in 2010. Chart 2 

shows the range of productivity changes for all 3-digit manufacturing industries. Output increased in 16 

of these industries, and hours declined in 11. Unit labor costs fell in 20 of the 3-digit manufacturing 

industries in 2010. 

Industry productivity performance over the longer, 1987-2010 period contrasts with the performance in 

2010 and the previous year. Between 1987 and 2010, labor productivity increased in 94 percent of the 

detailed manufacturing industries, with over 85 percent of industries recording average productivity 

growth between 0.1 and 4.0 percent per year. Chart 3 below contrasts the distribution of productivity 

changes over the long term with those of the two most recent years. In 2010, large gains in industry 

productivity were more common than over the 1987-2010 period, while in 2009 large falloffs were more 

common. In 2010, 57 percent of industries posted productivity gains of 6.1 percent or more, while in 

2009, 40 percent of industries recorded productivity losses of 6.0 percent or more. 

Chart 3. Distribution of average annual percent change in output per hour, 1987-2010, 2008-2009, and 2009-2010

15.7 

15.5 

11.6 

10.0 

9.3

9.2

8.5

8.3

6.7

6.3

6.1

6.0

5.6

5.4

5.2

5.1

4.3

3.8

2.7

-1.2

-2.4

-5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 

Transportation equipment

Primary metals

Computer and electronic products

Textile product mills

Machinery

Wood products

Leather and allied products

Miscellaneous manufacturing

Furniture and related products

Nonmetallic mineral products

Chemicals

Textile mills

Electrical equipment and appliances

Plastics and rubber products

Petroleum and coal products

Fabricated metal products

Printing and related support activities

Apparel

Paper and paper products

Food

Beverages and tobacco products

Percent change

Chart 2. Percent change in output per hour in 3-digit NAICS manufacturing industries, 2009-2010

2
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship between 

industry output and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to 

period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although the labor productivity measures 

relate output to hours of all persons in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor 

or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including 

changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of 

purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of production; 

managerial skill; and the characteristics and effort of the workforce.

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various 

products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by 

deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is 

measured by physical quantities of output. For manufacturing industries, industry output reflects sectoral 

value of production, derived by adjusting shipments for changes in inventories and removing intraindustry transactions.

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual 

surveys of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with information on price 

changes primarily from BLS. 

Labor Hours: The primary source of industry employment and hours data is the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES provides monthly data on the number of total and 

production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments as well as data on 

the average weekly hours of production workers in those establishments. CES data are supplemented

with data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to estimate employment and hours of selfemployed and unpaid family workers in each industry. Data from the CPS, together with the CES data, 

are also used to estimate the historical average weekly hours of nonproduction workers for each 

industry. CES and CPS data are supplemented or further disaggregated for some industries using data 

from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other 

sources. Hours of all persons in an industry are treated as homogeneous and are directly aggregated. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of industry labor compensation by an 

index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation per 

hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly compensation increase unit labor 

costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation increases and lower unit labor costs. 

Compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a measure of the cost to the employer 

of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, 

vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. Supplemental payments include legally required 

expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of 

Federal old age and survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. 

Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as 

the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. 

3
Revisions: The measures in this news release incorporate 2010 data and revisions to 2009 data from the 

Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) published by the Census Bureau. The measures in this release 

also incorporate the annual benchmark revision of the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey 

published in February 2012. All of the measures for 2010 in this release are preliminary and subject to 

revision. 

Additional Information: With this release, some series that were formerly provided upon request are 

now available on the BLS Labor Productivity and Costs website at www.bls.gov/lpc. These include 

annual levels of industry employment and hours, nominal values of production and labor compensation, 

and implicit price indexes for industry output. 

The industries included in this news release are classified according to the 2007 NAICS. While the rates 

of change reported by BLS in this release are rounded to one decimal place, all percent changes are 

calculated using index numbers rounded to three decimal places. 

Year-to-year movements in industry productivity may be erratic, particularly in smaller industries. The 

annual measures based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a census of 

establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output and use of labor may reflect 

cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a result, long-term productivity trends 

tend to be more reliable indicators of industry performance than year-to-year changes.

Industry productivity and related indexes; rates of change; and levels of industry employment, hours, 

nominal value of production and labor compensation can be accessed online by visiting the BLS Labor 

Productivity and Costs website at www.bls.gov/lpc. Additional information is available by calling the 

Division of Industry Productivity Studies (202-691-5618) or by sending an e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. 

Information in this report will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 

To subscribe to the industry productivity program’s news releases, customers can register on the BLS 

website at https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

4
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2009-2010

Industry NAICS

code

2010

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2009-2010

Output

per Hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Manufacturing

Food............................................................................ 311 1,476.2 -1.2 -0.4 0.8 3.1 3.5

Animal food................................................................. 3111 51.1 -5.5 -5.8 -0.3 3.9 10.3

Grain and oilseed milling.................................................. 3112 59.2 -1.7 -1.6 0.1 2.6 4.2

Sugar and confectionery products........................................ 3113 69.5 7.6 1.8 -5.4 5.7 3.8

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty........................... 3114 173.4 -4.9 -0.4 4.8 2.3 2.7

Dairy products.............................................................. 3115 132.8 1.1 1.1 0.1 4.0 2.8

Animal slaughtering and processing..................................... 3116 491.7 0.0 -0.6 -0.6 2.0 2.6

Seafood product preparation and packaging............................ 3117 38.0 -9.3 -2.6 7.4 3.5 6.3

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing....................................... 3118 295.0 0.4 0.9 0.5 1.9 1.0

Other food products........................................................ 3119 165.5 -2.0 1.8 3.8 6.3 4.5

Beverages and tobacco products........................................... 312 187.1 -2.4 0.0 2.5 0.0 -0.1

Beverages................................................................... 3121 170.6 -3.5 -0.1 3.6 0.3 0.4

Tobacco and tobacco products........................................... 3122 16.5 7.7 0.4 -6.8 -1.6 -2.0

Textile mills.................................................................... 313 128.3 6.0 9.5 3.3 0.8 -8.0

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.............................................. 3131 29.0 -1.1 7.4 8.6 -1.0 -7.9

Fabric mills.................................................................. 3132 60.1 -1.5 7.6 9.2 -0.6 -7.6

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills............................ 3133 39.2 23.7 13.7 -8.1 4.9 -7.7

Textile product mills.......................................................... 314 127.9 10.0 3.9 -5.6 3.0 -0.9

Textile furnishings mills.................................................... 3141 60.6 8.1 0.8 -6.7 -0.3 -1.1

Other textile product mills................................................. 3149 67.3 13.6 8.5 -4.5 6.3 -2.1

Apparel......................................................................... 315 178.8 3.8 0.0 -3.7 -2.4 -2.4

Apparel knitting mills....................................................... 3151 23.6 0.5 7.4 6.8 2.1 -4.9

Cut and sew apparel....................................................... 3152 142.1 3.3 -1.6 -4.7 -2.5 -1.0

Accessories and other apparel........................................... 3159 13.1 11.4 1.0 -9.3 -7.7 -8.6

Leather and allied products.................................................. 316 31.8 8.5 11.9 3.2 3.7 -7.3

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.................................. 3161 4.4 37.9 52.2 10.4 -2.0 -35.6

Footwear.................................................................... 3162 12.4 15.5 5.1 -9.1 7.5 2.3

Other leather products..................................................... 3169 15.0 -10.7 1.8 13.9 2.3 0.5

Wood products................................................................ 321 365.2 9.2 6.3 -2.7 0.0 -5.9

Sawmills and wood preservation......................................... 3211 85.4 3.2 10.7 7.3 6.6 -3.7

Plywood and engineered wood products................................ 3212 64.3 11.3 5.5 -5.2 1.4 -3.9

Other wood products....................................................... 3219 215.5 10.1 3.7 -5.8 -3.2 -6.6

Paper and paper products................................................... 322 396.6 2.7 2.5 -0.2 1.8 -0.6

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills....................................... 3221 112.3 6.7 2.9 -3.6 0.9 -1.9

Converted paper products................................................. 3222 284.3 0.8 2.1 1.3 2.5 0.4

Printing and related support activities...................................... 323 525.1 4.3 -0.3 -4.4 -4.6 -4.4

Printing and related support activities.................................... 3231 525.1 4.3 -0.3 -4.4 -4.6 -4.4

Petroleum and coal products................................................ 324 114.3 5.2 4.0 -1.1 0.9 -3.0

Petroleum and coal products.............................................. 3241 114.3 5.2 4.0 -1.1 0.9 -3.0

Chemicals..................................................................... 325 795.7 6.1 6.4 0.3 2.9 -3.3

Basic chemicals............................................................ 3251 143.0 19.4 19.3 -0.1 6.0 -11.1

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................ 3252 89.7 18.6 18.9 0.2 4.0 -12.5

Agricultural chemicals...................................................... 3253 36.8 3.4 -1.2 -4.4 4.7 5.9

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.......................................... 3254 277.9 -8.2 -8.3 -0.1 1.7 10.9

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.......................................... 3255 57.1 9.4 9.2 -0.2 0.8 -7.7

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries.............................. 3256 105.0 -0.2 2.3 2.5 -4.1 -6.3

Other chemical products and preparations.............................. 3259 86.2 13.0 15.5 2.2 8.6 -6.0

Plastics and rubber products................................................ 326 627.2 5.4 9.2 3.6 4.4 -4.3

Plastics products........................................................... 3261 503.8 4.9 8.6 3.5 3.7 -4.5

Rubber products............................................................ 3262 123.4 8.0 12.0 3.7 7.4 -4.1

Nonmetallic mineral products................................................ 327 387.0 6.3 3.2 -2.9 -0.5 -3.6

Clay products and refractories............................................ 3271 50.9 5.6 14.1 8.1 5.2 -7.8

Glass and glass products................................................. 3272 83.4 7.1 3.2 -3.6 0.0 -3.1

5
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2009-2010 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

2010

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2009-2010

Output

per Hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Cement and concrete products........................................... 3273 171.9 3.9 -0.4 -4.2 -2.5 -2.0

Lime and gypsum products............................................... 3274 13.8 9.5 0.1 -8.6 -0.7 -0.7

Other nonmetallic mineral products...................................... 3279 67.0 13.7 8.3 -4.8 1.1 -6.6

Primary metals................................................................ 331 365.8 15.5 23.2 6.6 9.3 -11.3

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production........................... 3311 87.1 20.3 28.9 7.2 11.4 -13.6

Steel products from purchased steel..................................... 3312 52.7 29.3 42.6 10.3 13.3 -20.5

Alumina and aluminum production....................................... 3313 55.3 7.5 16.3 8.2 4.6 -10.1

Other nonferrous metal production....................................... 3314 58.9 9.2 17.2 7.3 8.1 -7.8

Foundries................................................................... 3315 111.8 13.1 16.9 3.4 8.4 -7.3

Fabricated metal products................................................... 332 1,316.4 5.1 6.6 1.4 2.8 -3.6

Forging and stamping...................................................... 3321 89.7 9.1 15.1 5.5 5.4 -8.4

Cutlery and hand tools..................................................... 3322 41.5 15.4 10.6 -4.2 -1.4 -10.9

Architectural and structural metals....................................... 3323 326.6 2.3 -3.8 -5.9 -4.2 -0.4

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.................................. 3324 85.7 8.2 5.0 -3.0 1.4 -3.4

Hardware.................................................................... 3325 23.9 9.7 10.3 0.6 1.2 -8.3

Spring and wire products.................................................. 3326 42.4 8.2 9.3 1.0 7.1 -2.1

Machine shops and threaded products.................................. 3327 329.3 7.5 14.7 6.7 8.0 -5.8

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals........................... 3328 122.8 7.8 15.1 6.7 5.2 -8.6

Other fabricated metal products.......................................... 3329 254.5 1.1 5.1 4.0 3.5 -1.5

Machinery...................................................................... 333 1,007.5 9.3 11.8 2.3 3.6 -7.4

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery........................ 3331 208.5 11.3 15.6 3.9 0.9 -12.7

Industrial machinery........................................................ 3332 101.9 20.5 26.9 5.3 3.3 -18.6

Commercial and service industry machinery............................ 3333 91.8 4.4 1.9 -2.4 2.2 0.3

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment......................... 3334 125.6 5.6 5.4 -0.2 2.5 -2.8

Metalworking machinery................................................... 3335 158.0 8.6 15.8 6.6 7.0 -7.5

Turbine and power transmission equipment............................. 3336 92.0 11.4 10.0 -1.3 5.4 -4.2

Other general purpose machinery........................................ 3339 229.7 6.4 7.9 1.4 4.1 -3.5

Computer and electronic products.......................................... 334 1,104.0 11.6 8.1 -3.1 3.9 -3.9

Computer and peripheral equipment..................................... 3341 157.9 -18.3 -22.5 -5.1 -15.1 9.5

Communications equipment............................................... 3342 117.9 8.8 2.3 -5.9 1.9 -0.4

Audio and video equipment............................................... 3343 20.1 7.1 -7.7 -13.8 -24.0 -17.6

Semiconductors and electronic components............................ 3344 373.5 32.8 32.1 -0.5 9.2 -17.3

Electronic instruments..................................................... 3345 409.1 9.4 6.4 -2.7 5.3 -1.1

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction....................... 3346 25.5 10.7 -1.3 -10.8 -2.3 -1.0

Electrical equipment and appliances........................................ 335 361.9 5.6 5.3 -0.3 2.3 -2.9

Electric lighting equipment................................................ 3351 45.6 1.6 -0.1 -1.7 -0.1 0.0

Household appliances..................................................... 3352 59.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.6 -0.7

Electrical equipment....................................................... 3353 137.0 -3.8 -2.7 1.2 0.7 3.5

Other electrical equipment and components............................ 3359 119.4 17.8 15.6 -1.9 5.4 -8.8

Transportation equipment.................................................... 336 1,348.0 15.7 17.8 1.8 2.1 -13.3

Motor vehicles.............................................................. 3361 153.1 26.1 39.9 11.0 10.3 -21.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers......................................... 3362 109.0 5.5 17.3 11.2 6.4 -9.3

Motor vehicle parts......................................................... 3363 424.8 17.1 27.4 8.8 4.0 -18.4

Aerospace products and parts............................................ 3364 481.4 7.5 2.6 -4.5 0.3 -2.3

Railroad rolling stock....................................................... 3365 19.0 11.0 -7.1 -16.3 0.0 7.6

Ship and boat building..................................................... 3366 126.6 3.9 -0.6 -4.4 -2.3 -1.7

Other transportation equipment........................................... 3369 34.1 2.6 -12.1 -14.3 -10.1 2.3

Furniture and related products.............................................. 337 385.4 6.7 -1.6 -7.9 -4.6 -3.0

Household and institutional furniture..................................... 3371 246.9 10.5 0.1 -9.4 -5.1 -5.2

Office furniture and fixtures............................................... 3372 101.5 0.9 -4.4 -5.3 -3.8 0.6

Other furniture-related products.......................................... 3379 37.0 2.9 -1.9 -4.6 -3.8 -2.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing................................................ 339 620.3 8.3 4.0 -4.0 3.6 -0.3

Medical equipment and supplies......................................... 3391 312.7 6.5 2.6 -3.6 4.1 1.4

Other miscellaneous manufacturing...................................... 3399 307.6 10.7 5.9 -4.4 3.0 -2.7

6
Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-2010

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2010

Output

per Hour Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Manufacturing

Food.............................................................................................. 311 1.1 1.3 0.2 3.0 1.7

Animal food................................................................................... 3111 2.6 1.8 -0.7 3.2 1.3

Grain and oilseed milling.................................................................... 3112 2.1 1.3 -0.8 2.2 0.9

Sugar and confectionery products.......................................................... 3113 1.0 -0.4 -1.4 1.9 2.2

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty............................................. 3114 1.1 1.1 0.0 2.9 1.8

Dairy products................................................................................ 3115 1.8 1.1 -0.7 3.2 2.2

Animal slaughtering and processing........................................................ 3116 1.0 2.1 1.1 3.5 1.4

Seafood product preparation and packaging.............................................. 3117 1.1 0.2 -0.9 2.5 2.3

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing......................................................... 3118 0.5 0.2 -0.3 2.1 1.8

Other food products.......................................................................... 3119 0.5 1.9 1.4 4.2 2.2

Beverages and tobacco products............................................................. 312 0.9 -0.3 -1.2 1.2 1.6

Beverages..................................................................................... 3121 2.1 1.4 -0.7 1.8 0.4

Tobacco and tobacco products............................................................. 3122 1.4 -3.2 -4.6 -1.0 2.2

Textile mills...................................................................................... 313 3.5 -2.8 -6.1 -3.2 -0.4

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................................ 3131 3.2 -2.4 -5.4 -3.1 -0.7

Fabric mills.................................................................................... 3132 4.6 -2.7 -6.9 -3.2 -0.5

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills.............................................. 3133 1.4 -3.6 -5.0 -3.2 0.5

Textile product mills............................................................................. 314 0.9 -1.9 -2.8 0.1 2.0

Textile furnishings mills...................................................................... 3141 0.5 -2.6 -3.0 -0.7 1.9

Other textile product mills................................................................... 3149 2.1 -0.6 -2.6 1.2 1.7

Apparel........................................................................................... 315 -1.1 -8.1 -7.1 -6.0 2.3

Apparel knitting mills......................................................................... 3151 -0.1 -7.2 -7.1 -6.4 0.9

Cut and sew apparel......................................................................... 3152 -1.3 -8.4 -7.2 -6.0 2.5

Accessories and other apparel.............................................................. 3159 -2.0 -7.2 -5.2 -4.7 2.6

Leather and allied products.................................................................... 316 2.0 -4.6 -6.5 -3.2 1.5

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.................................................... 3161 1.5 -3.7 -5.1 -3.4 0.3

Footwear...................................................................................... 3162 2.7 -5.8 -8.3 -4.2 1.7

Other leather products....................................................................... 3169 0.3 -4.0 -4.3 -1.7 2.5

Wood products.................................................................................. 321 1.5 -0.9 -2.3 1.1 2.0

Sawmills and wood preservation........................................................... 3211 2.7 -0.1 -2.7 0.6 0.8

Plywood and engineered wood products.................................................. 3212 1.0 -1.3 -2.3 0.5 1.8

Other wood products......................................................................... 3219 1.1 -1.1 -2.1 1.5 2.7

Paper and paper products..................................................................... 322 1.9 -0.2 -2.0 1.2 1.3

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.......................................................... 3221 3.0 -0.4 -3.3 0.4 0.8

Converted paper products................................................................... 3222 1.3 0.0 -1.3 1.8 1.8

Printing and related support activities......................................................... 323 1.3 -0.6 -1.9 0.6 1.3

Printing and related support activities...................................................... 3231 1.3 -0.6 -1.9 0.6 1.3

Petroleum and coal products.................................................................. 324 2.7 1.2 -1.5 3.7 2.5

Petroleum and coal products................................................................ 3241 2.7 1.2 -1.5 3.7 2.5

Chemicals........................................................................................ 325 1.6 0.7 -0.9 3.0 2.3

Basic chemicals.............................................................................. 3251 2.6 0.3 -2.2 1.8 1.5

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................................... 3252 2.5 0.5 -2.0 1.7 1.2

Agricultural chemicals........................................................................ 3253 2.7 0.5 -2.1 1.8 1.3

Pharmaceuticals and medicines............................................................ 3254 0.0 2.0 2.1 6.0 3.9

Paints, coatings, and adhesives............................................................ 3255 1.0 -0.8 -1.8 1.9 2.7

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries................................................ 3256 2.6 1.7 -0.9 2.3 0.6

Other chemical products and preparations................................................ 3259 2.5 0.2 -2.3 1.4 1.2

Plastics and rubber products.................................................................. 326 2.0 1.1 -0.9 2.3 1.1

Plastics products............................................................................. 3261 1.9 1.4 -0.5 2.7 1.3

Rubber products.............................................................................. 3262 2.4 0.1 -2.2 1.0 0.8

Nonmetallic mineral products.................................................................. 327 1.0 -0.4 -1.4 1.3 1.7

Clay products and refractories.............................................................. 3271 0.7 -1.9 -2.6 -0.7 1.2

Glass and glass products.................................................................... 3272 2.3 -0.1 -2.3 0.6 0.7

7
Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-

2010 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2010

Output

per Hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Cement and concrete products............................................................. 3273 0.1 -0.5 -0.5 2.0 2.5

Lime and gypsum products.................................................................. 3274 1.0 -1.1 -2.1 1.7 2.9

Other nonmetallic mineral products........................................................ 3279 1.8 0.7 -1.0 2.0 1.3

Primary metals.................................................................................. 331 2.5 -0.2 -2.6 0.6 0.8

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production............................................. 3311 4.5 1.5 -2.8 0.2 -1.4

Steel products from purchased steel....................................................... 3312 -0.6 -1.7 -1.1 1.3 3.0

Alumina and aluminum production......................................................... 3313 2.5 -0.3 -2.8 0.4 0.8

Other nonferrous metal production......................................................... 3314 1.0 -1.4 -2.4 1.9 3.3

Foundries...................................................................................... 3315 2.4 -0.6 -2.9 0.4 1.0

Fabricated metal products..................................................................... 332 1.3 0.5 -0.9 2.2 1.7

Forging and stamping........................................................................ 3321 2.7 0.9 -1.8 1.6 0.7

Cutlery and hand tools....................................................................... 3322 2.2 -0.6 -2.7 0.4 1.0

Architectural and structural metals......................................................... 3323 0.7 0.3 -0.4 2.8 2.4

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.................................................... 3324 0.9 -0.3 -1.2 1.5 1.8

Hardware...................................................................................... 3325 0.9 -3.3 -4.2 -1.7 1.7

Spring and wire products.................................................................... 3326 2.7 -0.1 -2.7 1.2 1.3

Machine shops and threaded products.................................................... 3327 2.0 2.3 0.3 3.6 1.3

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals............................................. 3328 2.7 2.3 -0.4 2.7 0.4

Other fabricated metal products............................................................ 3329 1.2 0.0 -1.2 1.5 1.6

Machinery........................................................................................ 333 2.4 1.1 -1.3 1.7 0.7

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.......................................... 3331 2.8 2.8 0.0 2.7 -0.1

Industrial machinery.......................................................................... 3332 2.5 0.9 -1.6 1.8 0.9

Commercial and service industry machinery.............................................. 3333 1.4 -0.7 -2.1 0.5 1.2

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment........................................... 3334 2.3 1.0 -1.3 1.9 1.0

Metalworking machinery..................................................................... 3335 1.9 -0.4 -2.2 0.7 1.1

Turbine and power transmission equipment............................................... 3336 1.7 0.8 -0.9 1.2 0.4

Other general purpose machinery.......................................................... 3339 2.6 1.1 -1.5 2.4 1.3

Computer and electronic products............................................................ 334 11.2 8.3 -2.6 0.8 -6.9

Computer and peripheral equipment....................................................... 3341 20.9 15.9 -4.2 -3.8 -17.0

Communications equipment................................................................. 3342 5.4 2.3 -2.9 0.3 -2.0

Audio and video equipment................................................................. 3343 2.1 -2.7 -4.7 -1.9 0.8

Semiconductors and electronic components.............................................. 3344 16.5 14.2 -1.9 1.2 -11.4

Electronic instruments....................................................................... 3345 4.0 1.8 -2.1 2.1 0.2

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction......................................... 3346 3.2 1.3 -1.8 0.0 -1.2

Electrical equipment and appliances.......................................................... 335 2.4 -0.4 -2.7 0.9 1.2

Electric lighting equipment................................................................... 3351 1.9 -0.8 -2.6 0.9 1.7

Household appliances....................................................................... 3352 3.5 -0.1 -3.5 -0.8 -0.7

Electrical equipment.......................................................................... 3353 2.0 -0.6 -2.5 0.8 1.4

Other electrical equipment and components.............................................. 3359 2.2 -0.2 -2.4 1.6 1.8

Transportation equipment...................................................................... 336 3.1 1.1 -2.0 0.7 -0.4

Motor vehicles................................................................................ 3361 3.9 0.9 -2.9 -0.3 -1.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers........................................................... 3362 1.0 0.2 -0.8 2.6 2.4

Motor vehicle parts........................................................................... 3363 3.4 1.7 -1.6 0.0 -1.7

Aerospace products and parts.............................................................. 3364 2.0 -0.3 -2.3 0.7 1.1

Railroad rolling stock......................................................................... 3365 5.3 3.7 -1.5 3.2 -0.5

Ship and boat building....................................................................... 3366 2.5 0.6 -1.8 2.4 1.8

Other transportation equipment............................................................. 3369 6.1 5.5 -0.5 4.3 -1.2

Furniture and related products................................................................. 337 1.5 -0.9 -2.4 0.8 1.7

Household and institutional furniture....................................................... 3371 1.6 -1.2 -2.8 0.5 1.8

Office furniture and fixtures.................................................................. 3372 1.1 -0.9 -1.9 1.1 2.0

Other furniture-related products............................................................. 3379 2.0 1.0 -1.0 1.8 0.8

Miscellaneous manufacturing.................................................................. 339 3.1 2.5 -0.6 3.9 1.4

Medical equipment and supplies............................................................ 3391 3.6 4.6 1.0 5.5 0.9

Other miscellaneous manufacturing........................................................ 3399 2.4 0.6 -1.8 2.4 1.8

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