Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov         USDL: 00-295
Technical information: (202) 691-5654          For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: (202) 691-5902                  Tuesday, October 17, 2000 



INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY
AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 1999

     In 1999, the productivity growth rate for manufacturing was the highest in 
the United States among the 10 countries for which comparable data were 
available, according to preliminary data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
U.S. Department of Labor.  Labor productivity in manufacturing increased by 6.2 
percent in the U.S.;  the countries with the next largest increases were the 
United Kingdom and France.  Only one country, Norway, showed no increase in 
productivity.  (See chart 1.)

     This release contains preliminary estimates for 1999, as well as revisions 
to the estimates through 1998, and are based on data available in June 2000.  
The U.S. manufacturing output series used for international comparisons differs 
from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes quarterly on U.S. productivity 
and costs.  Labor productivity for this release is computed as value added 
output per hour worked.  (See technical notes.)

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT
Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 1999

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    Unit labor costs - the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of 
output - are computed as the ratio of labor costs in nominal terms divided by 
real output.  Unit labor costs also can be expressed as the ratio of hourly 
compensation to labor productivity.  An increase in productivity represents a 
decrease in the amount of labor input used to produce a unit of output; thus, an 
increase in productivity can offset an increase in compensation per hour in its 
effects on unit labor costs.

    Unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency units, 
declined in 7 of the 13 countries compared in 1999 and rose in 5.  Unified 
Germany showed no change.  The United States experienced a decline of -1.1 
percent.  The largest declines occurred in Korea (-4.3 percent), Taiwan (-2.2 
percent), and Japan (-1.4 percent). The largest increases were in Denmark (6.0 
percent) and Norway (5.7 percent). (See table A.)

     In order to properly assess international competitiveness trends in 
manufactured products, it is essential to take into account changes in exchange 
rates.  Converted to U.S. dollars at market exchange rates, unit labor costs 
increased in Korea, Taiwan, and Japan in 1999.  Denmark and Norway still showed 
increased unit labor costs, which were smaller than in national currency units.  
All the other countries experienced declines.  (See chart 2.)

     The increase in unit labor costs in U.S. dollars in Japan, Korea, and 
Taiwan occurred because the exchange rates of their currencies strengthened 
against the U.S. dollar during 1999.  The exchange rates of all the other 
currencies weakened against the U.S. dollar.  (See table A.)

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT:
Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs (U.S. dollar basis), 
1999


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     Table A summarizes changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, 
and related variables between 1998 and 1999.  Output and unit labor cost data 
are presented for 13 economies.  Comparable productivity data are not shown for 
Korea, Taiwan, and Denmark.  (See technical notes.)  No 1999 data are available 
for the Netherlands.  For Canada, Sweden, and Belgium, output per hour rose 
because output increased more than hours.  Except for the U.K., all other 
countries with positive productivity growth experienced an increase in output 
and a decrease in hours.  The U.K. growth in productivity was the result of a 
decline in hours worked greater than the decline in output.  Norway's unchanged 
productivity was due to equal decreases in hours worked and in output.

     Unit labor costs are affected by the degree and direction of changes in 
both hourly compensation and productivity.  Of the 10 countries for which hours 
worked series are available, all except Norway showed an increase in both hourly 
compensation and labor productivity in 1999.  In Italy, Sweden, and the U.K., 
hourly compensation grew more than productivity, resulting in increases in unit 
labor costs.  In unified Germany, hourly compensation and productivity increased 
at approximately the same rates.  In the other countries, productivity growth 
was greater than the rise in hourly compensation, causing unit labor costs to 
decline.  In Norway, no change in productivity and an increase in hourly 
compensation resulted in a rise in unit labor costs.

Table A.  Manufacturing productivity and labor costs in 13 countries or areas
Percent change, 1998-99


                       Output                                           Total    Hourly   Unit labor costs
Country                 per                        Employ-   Average  compen-   compen-   National     U.S.   Exchange
or area                 hour    Output    Hours      ment     hours    sation    sation   currency   dollars   rate (1)


United States            6.2       4.3     - 1.7     - 1.6     - 0.2       3.2       5.0     - 1.1     - 1.1      ---

Canada                   2.4       6.2       3.8       2.9       0.9       5.5       1.7     - 0.7     - 0.9     - 0.1
Japan                    3.1       0.3     - 2.7     - 2.5     - 0.2     - 1.1       1.6     - 1.4      13.6      15.2
Korea (2)                 NA      21.8        NA        NA        NA      16.5        NA     - 4.3      12.6      17.7
Taiwan (2)                NA       6.4        NA        NA        NA       4.0        NA     - 2.2       1.5       3.8
Belgium                  0.7       1.8       1.1       0.0       1.1       1.5       0.4     - 0.3     - 4.4     - 4.1
Denmark                   NA     - 3.3        NA     - 2.1        NA       2.5        NA       6.0       1.6     - 4.1
France                   4.0       2.5     - 1.4       0.2     - 1.7       2.3       3.8     - 0.1     - 4.3     - 4.2

Germany (unified)        1.4       1.2     - 0.2     - 0.2       0.1       1.3       1.5       0.0     - 4.1     - 4.2
Italy                    1.7       1.0     - 0.7     - 0.3     - 0.4       2.1       2.8       1.1     - 3.4     - 4.4
Norway                   0.0     - 3.0     - 3.0     - 2.6     - 0.4       2.5       5.7       5.7       2.3     - 3.3
Sweden                   2.9       4.2       1.3       1.0       0.3       4.6       3.3       0.4     - 3.5     - 3.9
United Kingdom           4.3     - 0.2     - 4.3     - 3.2     - 1.2       0.2       4.7       0.4     - 2.0     - 2.4

(1)  Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.
(2)  Productivity not available because suitable labor input measures have not been developed by BLS.

NA=Not Available



     Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours worked of 
persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific 
contributions of labor as a single factor of production.  Rather, it reflects 
the joint effects of many influences, including new

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technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial 
skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force.

     Table B (pages 7-11) shows average annual percent changes for selected 
periods, beginning in 1979.  Annual indexes of the data are in tables 1-15 
(pages 17-31).

BOX: Notes about the measures


The measures in this news release are based on data available to BLS as of June 
2000.  Revisions for 1998 and some earlier years were made to the measures for 
several countries to incorporate data not available at the time of the April 
2000 news release.

U.S. manufacturing output measure
The output measure for the United States is the chain-weighted index of real 
gross product originating (deflated value added), introduced by the Bureau of 
Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce, in August 1996.  This 
series is based on annually changing price weights.

The U.S. output data through 1998 were published by BEA in June 2000 and 
incorporate the results of the comprehensive revision of the gross product by 
industry estimates released in June 2000.

The BLS estimate of real U.S. output for 1999 was derived by extrapolating the 
1998 number forward, using the annual growth rate of the Federal Reserve Board's 
(FRB) Industrial Production Index for Total Manufacturing.

The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from the 
manufacturing series that BLS publishes on quarterly measures of U.S. 
productivity and costs.  While both series are based on annually-changing price 
weights, the international comparisons program uses a value added output 
concept, while the quarterly U.S. manufacturing series is on a sectoral output 
basis.  For information on the differences between the value added and the 
sectoral output measures, see technical notes.

Unified Germany
Previous editions of this news release contained comparative estimates for the 
former West Germany only.  Sufficient time series data for unified Germany have 
now been published by the German Federal Statistical Office to make possible the 
estimation of comparative manufacturing productivity and unit labor cost 
measures for the whole of Germany, beginning with 1991.  Although time series 
data for the former West Germany end with 1998, comparative indexes for West 
Germany also are included in this report for historical comparison purposes.

New measures of National Accounts
Member states of the European Union are implementing the European System of 
Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95).  Some other countries are adopting the 
System of National Accounts recommended by the United Nations (SNA 93), on which 
ESA 95 is based.  Revisions to date due to these conversions to new systems are 
incorporated in this news release.

END OF BOX (Notes about the measures)

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Productivity, output, and labor input

     In the 10 countries for which hours worked data are available, nine showed 
labor productivity increases in 1999.  Productivity in Norway was unchanged. 
(See table B.)

     U.S. output per hour increased 6.2 percent in 1999, the largest increase 
among the countries compared, as well as the largest U.S. increase in over a 
decade and well above its average annual increase between 1979 and 1999.  In 
1999, U.S. output grew 4.3 percent and hours worked fell 1.7 percent, the second 
year that U.S. manufacturing hours declined. (See table B.)

     In three countries, Canada, Japan, and Italy, productivity grew in 1999 
following declines in 1998.  In France, Sweden, and the U.K., productivity 
increased more in 1999 than in 1998, whereas in unified Germany and Belgium the 
increase was less in 1999 than in 1998. (See table B.)

     Following a 0.8 percent productivity increase in 1998, Norway's 
productivity was unchanged in 1999, with a 3.0 percent decline in hours worked 
being matched by a 3.0 percent drop in output. (See table B.)

     Two other countries, the U.K. and Denmark, also recorded lower 
manufacturing output in 1999 than in 1998, following positive output growth the 
previous year.  Manufacturing output in 1999 increased in the remaining 10 
countries.  Korean output grew by 21.8 percent in 1999, after declining 7.4 
percent in 1998.  The other increases ranged from 6.4 percent (Taiwan) to only 
0.3 percent (Japan).  Japanese output had dropped 6.7 percent in 1998. (See 
table B.)

     During the 20-year period 1979-99, manufacturing output increased in all 
the countries compared, from an average of 0.4 percent per year in Norway to 8.9 
percent per year in Korea.  The number of countries where the 1999 rate of 
output growth was below the 1979-1999 yearly average is slightly higher (seven) 
than the number of countries (five) with output growth above the average for 
those same years. (See table B.)

     Total hours worked in manufacturing declined over the 20-year period 1979-
99 in all the countries for which hours data are available, except Canada.  
Canadian hours worked rose at an average rate of 0.3 percent per year during the 
1979-99 period and have been going up at a quicker rate over the last four 
years, increasing by 3.8 percent in 1999. (See table B.)

     For the other countries, the average 1979-99 declines in hours ranged from 
2.5 percent per year in the U.K. to 0.4 percent per year in the U.S.  Hours in 
1999 were down in all these countries except Belgium and Sweden, from 4.3 
percent (U.K.) to 0.2 percent (unified Germany). (See table B.)

Hourly compensation and unit labor costs

     Unit labor costs, expressed in national currency units, declined in seven 
of the countries compared in 1999, increased in five, and were unchanged in 
unified Germany.  The biggest declines occurred in Korea (-4.3 percent) and 
Taiwan (-2.2 percent);  the largest increases were in Denmark (6.0 percent) and 
Norway (5.7 percent).  Unit labor costs in Korea have now 

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declined for three consecutive years, while those in Denmark, Norway, and the 
U.K. have risen for five or more consecutive years.  U.S. unit labor costs went 
down 1.1 percent in 1999, following a small rise in 1998 and declines in 1997 
and 1996. (See tables B and 9.)

     Hourly compensation increased in 1999 in all the countries for which hours 
worked data were available.  The largest increases occurred in Norway (5.7 
percent), the U.S. (5.0 percent), and the U.K. (4.7 percent). (See table B.)

     A change in unit labor costs can be expressed as a change in hourly 
compensation divided by labor productivity.  Therefore, an increase in unit 
labor costs indicates that labor compensation is rising faster than 
productivity, while the inverse is true for declining unit labor costs.  Based 
on this relationship, table B shows that, for the pre-1990 periods of comparison 
for all countries, average annual increases in compensation in national currency 
surpassed average annual increases in labor productivity.  U.S. unit labor costs 
have declined at an average annual rate of 0.3 percent since 1990 and have gone 
down in three of the last four years.  In 1999 a 1.1 percent drop occurred 
despite a 5.0 percent increase in hourly compensation, since productivity went 
up by 6.2 percent. (See table B.)

      For the last several years, the U.S. dollar has strengthened against most 
of the currencies of the countries being compared.  During 1999, all the 
European currencies weakened against the U.S. dollar, by 2.4 to 4.4 percent.  
The Canadian dollar also lost ground to the U.S. dollar.  However, the 
currencies of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan appreciated in value during 1999, 
reversing several consecutive years of declines.  The Japanese yen rose by 15.2 
percent, the Korean won by 17.7 percent, and the Taiwanese dollar by 3.8 
percent. (See tables B and 11.)

     These movements in the currency markets had a noticeable effect on 
comparative unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars.  The strengthening of 
currencies in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan against the dollar in 1999 caused unit 
labor costs in these countries to rise when expressed in U.S. dollars, although 
they went down in terms of their own currencies.  These increases were 13.6 
percent in Japan, 12.6 percent in Korea, and 1.5 percent in Taiwan. (See table 
B.)

     On the other hand, unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars declined in 
1999 in Sweden (-3.5 percent), Italy (-3.4 percent), and the U.K. (-2.0 
percent), although going up in terms of their national currencies. (See table 
B.)


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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-99   1979-85   1985-90   1990-99   1996      1997      1998      1999
or area


Output per hour

United States          3.3       3.5       2.4       3.7       2.8       3.5       4.9       6.2

Canada                 2.1       3.3       0.7       2.1      -1.3       3.0      -0.3       2.4
Japan                  3.5       3.5       4.3       3.0       5.9       4.9      -0.8       3.1
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                3.6       6.0       2.2       2.8       2.0       6.0       0.9       0.7
Denmark                NA        2.1       0.5       NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
France                 3.4       3.0       3.4       3.6       0.5       6.6       1.1       4.0

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA        3.2       4.8       3.5       1.4
Italy                  3.0       4.6       2.3       2.2       0.2       1.9      -0.4       1.7
Netherlands            NA        4.4       2.1       NA        1.7       5.0       1.7       NA
Norway                 1.4       2.4       1.4       0.8       0.1       0.9       0.8       0.0
Sweden                 3.4       3.1       1.9       4.4       2.1       6.8       2.0       2.9
United Kingdom         3.3       4.1       4.1       2.4      -1.5       0.8       0.6       4.3


     Output

United States          2.9       2.2       2.5       3.6       2.4       5.3       4.6       4.3

Canada                 2.4       1.8       2.0       3.0       1.4       6.9       3.9       6.2
Japan                  3.0       4.7       4.8       0.8       6.1       4.1      -6.7       0.3
Korea                  8.9       8.3      12.2       7.5       6.8       6.6      -7.4      21.8
Taiwan                 6.5       8.2       7.0       5.1       4.8       6.7       3.3       6.4
Belgium                2.0       2.6       2.5       1.3       0.9       4.6       1.7       1.8
Denmark                1.2       2.9      -0.2       0.9      -4.3       2.6       2.5      -3.3
France                 1.2      -0.4       2.6       1.6      -0.3       4.9       1.6       2.5

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -1.9       3.0       4.7       1.2
Italy                  1.9       1.4       3.6       1.2      -1.4       2.5       1.8       1.0
Netherlands            NA        1.8       3.1       NA        0.5       5.3       2.2       NA
Norway                 0.4       0.6      -1.6       1.4       1.1       5.1       1.6      -3.0
Sweden                 2.6       2.2       1.4       3.5       2.1       5.8       4.3       4.2
United Kingdom         0.7      -1.2       3.4       0.5       0.4       1.3       0.3      -0.2

                                                            Continued on next page



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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-99   1979-85   1985-90   1990-99   1996      1997      1998      1999
or area


  Total hours

United States         -0.4      -1.2       0.0      -0.2      -0.3       1.7      -0.3      -1.7

Canada                 0.3      -1.5       1.3       0.9       2.8       3.8       4.2       3.8
Japan                 -0.5       1.1       0.5      -2.1       0.2      -0.8      -5.9      -2.7
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium               -1.5      -3.2       0.4      -1.5      -1.0      -1.4       0.8       1.1
Denmark                NA        0.8      -0.6       NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
France                -2.1      -3.3      -0.8      -2.0      -0.7      -1.6       0.5      -1.4

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -4.9      -1.7       1.2      -0.2
Italy                 -1.0      -3.0       1.3      -1.0      -1.6       0.7       2.3      -0.7
Netherlands            NA       -2.5       1.0       NA       -1.2       0.3       0.4       NA
Norway                -1.0      -1.8      -2.9       0.6       1.0       4.1       0.8      -3.0
Sweden                -0.7      -0.8      -0.5      -0.8       0.0      -1.0       2.3       1.3
United Kingdom        -2.5      -5.1      -0.6      -1.9       1.9       0.5      -0.3      -4.3


   Employment

United States         -0.6      -1.4      -0.1      -0.3      -0.3       1.0       0.7      -1.6

Canada                 0.1      -1.3       1.2       0.5       2.3       2.7       4.8       2.9
Japan                  0.1       1.2       0.8      -1.1      -0.6      -0.1      -3.9      -2.5
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium               -1.5      -2.6      -0.3      -1.5      -1.4      -1.5       0.6       0.0
Denmark                0.0       1.0      -0.2      -0.7       0.2      -0.4       2.3      -2.1
France                -1.7      -2.3      -0.9      -1.8      -0.9      -2.1       0.2       0.2

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -2.8      -1.9       0.0      -0.2
Italy                 -1.2      -2.9       0.3      -0.8      -0.8       0.3       2.5      -0.3
Netherlands            NA       -2.2       1.2       NA       -1.1       0.7       0.6       NA
Norway                -0.9      -1.8      -2.7       0.6       1.6       4.3       0.6      -2.6
Sweden                -1.4      -1.2      -0.8      -1.9      -0.3      -1.1       2.3       1.0
United Kingdom        -2.4      -4.8      -0.8      -1.7       1.8       0.5       0.9      -3.2

                                                            Continued on next page

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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-99   1979-85   1985-90   1990-99   1996      1997      1998      1999
or area


 Average hours

United States          0.2       0.2       0.1       0.2       0.0       0.7      -1.0      -0.2

Canada                 0.1      -0.2       0.1       0.3       0.5       1.1      -0.6       0.9
Japan                 -0.5       0.0      -0.3      -1.0       0.8      -0.6      -2.1      -0.2
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                0.0      -0.6       0.7       0.0       0.4       0.1       0.2       1.1
Denmark                NA       -0.3      -0.5       NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
France                -0.4      -1.0       0.1      -0.2       0.1       0.5       0.3      -1.7

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -2.1       0.2       1.2       0.1
Italy                  0.1      -0.1       1.0      -0.2      -0.8       0.4      -0.2      -0.4
Netherlands            NA       -0.3      -0.2       NA       -0.1      -0.4      -0.2       NA
Norway                -0.1       0.0      -0.2       0.0      -0.6      -0.2       0.2      -0.4
Sweden                 0.7       0.4       0.3       1.1       0.2       0.1       0.0       0.3
United Kingdom        -0.1      -0.3       0.2      -0.2       0.1       0.0      -1.2      -1.2


Labor compensation in manufacturing 2/:  National currency basis

United States          4.2       5.8       3.9       3.3       1.0       3.7       5.0       3.2

Canada                 5.3       7.5       5.6       3.7       1.9       6.9       7.1       5.5
Japan                  3.4       5.9       5.1       0.8       1.6       1.9      -4.4      -1.1
Korea                 15.1      18.7      19.7      10.4      12.2      -2.2      -9.4      16.5
Taiwan                 9.9      15.9      10.7       5.6       4.2       5.0       4.8       4.0
Belgium                3.0       4.7       4.0       1.4       0.1       2.0       2.2       1.5
Denmark                5.0       9.0       4.6       2.6       2.9       3.7       3.3       2.5
France                 4.1       9.1       3.6       1.1       0.9       0.9       2.2       2.3

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA        0.5       0.5       1.9       1.3
Italy                  7.5      13.0       8.2       3.6       5.0       4.9       0.4       2.1
Netherlands            NA        2.3       3.1       NA        1.1       2.6       2.6       NA
Norway                 5.7       8.0       4.7       4.8       5.1       8.7       7.2       2.5
Sweden                 6.1       8.8       7.9       3.4       7.3       3.8       5.4       4.6
United Kingdom         5.0       5.9       8.1       2.8       2.7       3.6       4.7       0.2

                                                            Continued on next page


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Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-99   1979-85   1985-90   1990-99   1996      1997      1998      1999
or area


Hourly compensation 2/:  National currency basis

United States          4.7       7.2       3.9       3.4       1.3       1.9       5.3       5.0

Canada                 5.0       9.1       4.2       2.8      -0.9       3.0       2.8       1.7
Japan                  3.9       4.7       4.6       2.9       1.4       2.7       1.7       1.6
Korea                  NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Taiwan                 NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
Belgium                4.6       8.1       3.7       2.9       1.2       3.4       1.4       0.4
Denmark                NA        8.1       5.3       NA        NA        NA        NA        NA
France                 6.3      12.8       4.5       3.1       1.7       2.5       1.7       3.8

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA        5.7       2.2       0.7       1.5
Italy                  8.6      16.6       6.8       4.6       6.7       4.2      -1.9       2.8
Netherlands            NA        5.0       2.1       NA        2.3       2.3       2.2       NA
Norway                 6.8      10.0       7.8       4.2       4.1       4.4       6.3       5.7
Sweden                 6.9       9.8       8.4       4.2       7.4       4.8       3.0       3.3
United Kingdom         7.8      11.6       8.8       4.7       0.7       3.0       5.0       4.7


Unit labor costs:  National currency basis

United States          1.3       3.6       1.4      -0.3      -1.4      -1.5       0.4      -1.1

Canada                 2.8       5.6       3.5       0.7       0.4      -0.1       3.1      -0.7
Japan                  0.4       1.2       0.3       0.0      -4.3      -2.1       2.5      -1.4
Korea                  5.7       9.6       6.7       2.6       5.1      -8.3      -2.1      -4.3
Taiwan                 3.2       7.2       3.5       0.5      -0.5      -1.6       1.4      -2.2
Belgium                1.0       2.0       1.5       0.0      -0.8      -2.5       0.5      -0.3
Denmark                3.7       5.9       4.8       1.7       7.6       1.1       0.8       6.0
France                 2.8       9.5       1.0      -0.5       1.2      -3.9       0.6      -0.1

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA        2.4      -2.5      -2.7       0.0
Italy                  5.5      11.4       4.4       2.3       6.5       2.3      -1.4       1.1
Netherlands            NA        0.5       0.0       NA        0.6      -2.5       0.4       NA
Norway                 5.3       7.4       6.4       3.3       4.0       3.5       5.4       5.7
Sweden                 3.4       6.5       6.4      -0.2       5.2      -1.9       1.0       0.4
United Kingdom         4.3       7.2       4.5       2.3       2.3       2.2       4.4       0.4

                                                            Continued on next page


-11-

Table B.  Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99

Average annual rates of change 1/

Country             1979-99   1979-85   1985-90   1990-99   1996      1997      1998      1999
or area


Unit labor costs:  U.S. dollar basis

United States          1.3       3.6       1.4      -0.3      -1.4      -1.5       0.4      -1.1

Canada                 1.6       2.9       6.8      -2.0       1.1      -1.6      -3.8      -0.9
Japan                  3.7      -0.3      10.8       2.7     -17.3     -12.0      -5.3      13.6
Korea                  1.1      -0.5      10.9      -3.1       0.8     -22.3     -33.5      12.6
Taiwan                 3.8       5.4      12.0      -1.6      -4.0      -6.0     -13.0       1.5
Belgium               -0.3      -9.3      13.8      -1.3      -5.6     -15.6      -0.9      -4.4
Denmark                2.2      -5.8      16.7       0.3       3.9     -11.3      -0.6       1.6
France                 0.9      -3.3      11.7      -1.8      -1.4     -15.8      -0.5      -4.3

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -2.5     -15.4      -4.0      -4.1
Italy                  1.4      -3.0      14.6      -2.3      12.5      -7.4      -3.3      -3.4
Netherlands            NA       -7.6      12.8       NA       -4.3     -15.8      -1.2       NA
Norway                 3.0      -1.7      13.3       0.8       2.0      -5.7      -1.1       2.3
Sweden                 0.1      -5.2      14.7      -3.8      11.9     -13.9      -2.9      -3.5
United Kingdom         2.9      -1.3      11.4       1.2       1.1       7.3       5.6      -2.0


Exchange rates 3/

United States          0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0

Canada                -1.2      -2.5       3.2      -2.6       0.6      -1.5      -6.7      -0.1
Japan                  3.3      -1.5      10.5       2.7     -13.6     -10.1      -7.6      15.2
Korea                 -4.4      -9.2       3.9      -5.6      -4.0     -15.3     -32.1      17.7
Taiwan                 0.5      -1.7       8.2      -2.0      -3.5      -4.5     -14.2       3.8
Belgium               -1.3     -11.1      12.2      -1.4      -4.8     -13.5      -1.4      -4.1
Denmark               -1.4     -11.0      11.4      -1.3      -3.5     -12.2      -1.4      -4.1
France                -1.8     -11.7      10.5      -1.4      -2.5     -12.4      -1.0      -4.2

Germany (unified)      NA        NA        NA        NA       -4.8     -13.3      -1.4      -4.2
Italy                 -3.8     -12.9       9.8      -4.5       5.6      -9.5      -1.9      -4.4
Netherlands           -0.2      -8.0      12.7      -1.4      -4.9     -13.6      -1.6      -4.1
Norway                -2.1      -8.4       6.6      -2.4      -1.9      -8.8      -6.2      -3.3
Sweden                -3.2     -11.0       7.8      -3.6       6.4     -12.2      -3.9      -3.9
United Kingdom        -1.4      -7.9       6.6      -1.1      -1.1       4.9       1.2      -2.4

1/ Rates of change based on the compound          3/ Value of foreign currency relative to
 rate method.                                      the U.S. dollar.
2/ Adjusted to include employment taxes
 that are not compensation to employees           NA = Not available.
 but are labor costs to employers.



-12-

Trade-weighted unit labor costs

     Because the economies covered differ greatly in their relative importance 
to U.S. trade in manufactured goods, BLS constructs indexes of U.S. unit labor 
cost trends relative to a trade-weighted average of unit labor cost trends in 
the other economies. (See chart 3.)

PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT:
Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-99

     The construction of the indexes shown in chart 3 is a three-step process.  
First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common 
year (in this case, 1979=100).  Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is 
calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor 
economies.  Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided by the 
"competitors" index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative ratio of 
the United States to the competitors.  This process is used to calculate the 
relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and 
a U.S. dollar basis.

     In chart 3, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster 
than "competitors" costs between 1979 and 1985 on a U.S. dollar basis.  In most 
years between 1985 and 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the 
"competitors" costs or fell at a faster rate.  Since 1995, however, the strength 
of the U.S. dollar has once again caused relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise.

     The data underlying this chart are shown in table C.

- 13 -

Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor
costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-99

        Unit Labor Costs             Unit Labor Costs
        National Currency Basis      U.S. Dollar Basis
  Year    Own   Competitors'           Own   Competitors'
         Index      Index     Ratio   Index      Index     Ratio

  1979   100.0      100.0     100.0   100.0      100.0     100.0
  1980   111.4      111.4     100.0   111.4      109.7     101.5
  1981   116.5      120.6      96.6   116.5      109.7     106.2
  1982   124.2      128.8      96.4   124.2      106.1     117.1
  1983   121.6      131.0      92.8   121.6      104.9     115.9
  1984   121.0      131.8      91.8   121.0       99.7     121.3
  1985   123.4      133.3      92.5   123.4       97.8     126.1
  1986   128.9      138.8      92.9   128.9      122.2     105.5
  1987   122.8      141.0      87.1   122.8      140.2      87.6
  1988   122.5      142.4      86.0   122.5      153.0      80.1
  1989   128.0      146.0      87.6   128.0      152.6      83.8
  1990   132.4      152.0      87.1   132.4      163.8      80.8
  1991   138.0      159.3      86.7   138.0      174.5      79.1
  1992   141.3      163.7      86.3   141.3      182.6      77.4
  1993   142.2      166.3      85.5   142.2      181.0      78.6
  1994   139.2      164.1      84.8   139.2      181.5      76.7
  1995   134.0      164.2      81.6   134.0      191.4      70.0
  1996   132.1      164.2      80.4   132.1      181.8      72.7
  1997   130.1      161.8      80.4   130.1      165.8      78.5
  1998   130.6      164.3      79.5   130.6      156.4      83.5
  1999   129.2      162.9      79.3   129.2      161.3      80.1



BOX: Note on European exchange rates for 1999



On Jan. 1, 1999, 11 European countries joined the European Monetary Union (EMU).  
Currencies of EMU members are established at fixed conversion rates to the euro, 
the official currency of the EMU.  Exchange rates between the national 
currencies of EMU countries and the U.S. dollar are no longer reported; only the 
exchange rate between the euro and the U.S. dollar is available.

In this news release, 1999 exchange rates in national currencies for Belgium, 
France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated by taking the number 
of euros per U.S. dollar and then converting euros into national currencies at 
fixed conversion rates.

1 euro equals:
40.3399   Belgian Francs            1936.27  Italian Lire
6.55957   French Francs             2.20371  Netherlands Guilders
1.95583   German Marks

In 1999, 1 euro was equal to 1.0653 U.S. dollars.

END OF BOX (Note on European exchange rates for 1999)


-14-

TECHNICAL NOTES

   The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing 
labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation costs, and unit labor 
costs from three basic aggregate measures - output, total labor hours, and total 
compensation.  The hours and compensation measures refer to employees (wage and 
salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy.  For all other 
countries, the measures refer to all employed persons, including employees, 
self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers.  For all of the countries, the 
term "hours" refers to hours worked.
   In general, although some variations are present, the measures relate to 
total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial 
Classification (ISIC).  However, the measures for France refer to mining and 
manufacturing less energy-related products, and the measures for Denmark include 
mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966.
   The comparisons in this news release make use of data made available to BLS 
as of June 2000 by the statistical agencies of the individual countries.  For 
some countries, for the most recent years, these data are based on the European 
System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95) or on the United Nations revised 
System of National Accounts (SNA 93).  For other countries, data were compiled 
according to previously used systems.
   To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data series compiled 
according to different accounting systems.

   Output.  For most countries, the output measures are value added in 
manufacturing from the national accounts.  However, output for Japan prior to 
1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of industrial production.  
The national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical 
to their indexes of industrial production.
   In this release, manufacturing output data for the United States from 1977 
forward are the gross product originating (value added) measures prepared by the 
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce.  U. S. 
gross product originating is a chain-type annual-weighted series. 1/ Comparable 
manufacturing output data are not available prior to 1977.
   The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output 
series that BLS publishes on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs.  
The quarterly measures are on a sectoral output basis rather than a value added 
basis.  Sectoral output is gross output less intra-sector sales and transfers. 
2/
   A value added concept has been used for the international comparisons series 
because the data are more readily available in the countries' national accounts, 
whereas sectoral output would require a complex estimation procedure.  Also, 
although BLS has determined that sectoral output is the correct concept for U.S. 
measures of single factor productivity (output per hour), there are other 
considerations that may make value added a better concept for international 
comparisons, such as differences among countries in the extent of vertical 
integration.
   The historical real output series for many of the other countries are 
estimated using fixed price weights, with the weights updated periodically (for 
example, every 5 or 10 years).  The Japanese value added series is based upon 
one set of fixed price weights since 1970.
   Measures of real output also may differ among countries because of different 
approaches to estimating the prices of high-technology products like computers 
and, in general, of products that undergo rapid quality change.

   Labor Input. The total hours measures are developed from statistics of 
manufacturing employment and average hours.  The total hours series used for 
France (from 1970 forward), 

-15-

Norway, Sweden, and Canada are series published with the national accounts.  
Where such series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using 
employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive 
employment series, and estimates of average annual hours worked.  For the former 
West Germany after 1959 and unified Germany from 1991, BLS uses aggregate hours 
worked, which were developed by a research institute of the German Ministry of 
Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures; earlier figures are 
BLS estimates.  For the other countries, and the former West Germany before 
1959, BLS constructs its own estimates of average hours.  BLS is in the process 
of assessing the comparability of the employment and hours time series data 
available from statistical sources in Denmark, Korea, and Taiwan.

   Compensation (Labor Cost).  The compensation measures are from national 
accounts data.  Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally required 
insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, in addition to all 
payments made in cash or in-kind directly to employees.  For Canada, France, and 
Sweden, compensation is increased to account for other important taxes on 
payroll or employment.  For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 
1967 and 1991 to account for subsidies.  When data for the self-employed are not 
available, total compensation is estimated by assuming the same hourly 
compensation for self-employed and employees.  Real compensation for the U.S. is 
derived using the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS).

   Current Indicators.  The measures for recent years may be based on current 
indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, 
average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other 
statistics, normally used for the long-term measures, become available.

   Trade-Weighted Measures.  The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and the 
European countries were obtained by re-scaling a series of weights, developed by 
the International Monetary Fund, based on average trade flows over the 1989-91 
period.  These weights are based on aggregate trade data for total manufacturing 
and take account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third 
country" markets.  The 1989-91 weights do not include Korea and Taiwan.   BLS 
developed weights for Korea and Taiwan by using data from an earlier study from 
the International Monetary Fund and other sources.  The weight used for Germany 
is based on the trade weight of the former West Germany.
   The following weights were used for the entire period for which trade-
weighted unit labor cost measures are produced:

Country         Weight        Country        Weight

Canada          24.46         Italy            4.44
Japan           29.54         Norway           0.46
Belgium          2.06         Sweden           1.83
Denmark          0.46         United Kingdom   8.68
France           5.70         Korea            5.55
Germany         11.22         Taiwan           5.60



-16-

   Level Comparisons.  The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS 
does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor 
costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels 
of manufacturing output among countries.  Each country measures manufacturing 
output in its own currency units.  To compare outputs among countries, a common 
unit of measure is needed.  Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis 
for comparing output levels.  What is needed are purchasing power parities, 
which are the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and 
services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency.
   Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic product 
(GDP) from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).  
However, these parities are derived for expenditures made by consumers, 
business, and government for goods and services - not for value added by 
industry.  Therefore, they do not provide purchasing power parities by industry.  
The parities for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as 
manufacturing.

1/ For more information on the U. S. measure, see Sherlene K.S. Lum, Brian C. 
Moyer, and Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry 
for 1947-98," Survey of Current Business, June 2000, pp. 24-38.

2/ For information on sectoral output, see William Gullickson, "Measurement of
productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 
13-28.

- 17 -

Table 1.  Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden Kingdom

 1950    NA     26.6   NA     NA     NA     NA      22.6    13.2     NA        13.2     11.5   11.3   24.5   19.5   25.5

 1955    NA     32.7    8.7   NA     NA     NA      24.6    16.6     NA        19.7     16.1   14.4   28.5   21.3   27.5

 1960    NA     38.7   14.0   NA     NA     18.0    29.9    21.8     NA        29.2     20.2   18.6   36.7   27.3   31.2
 1961    NA     40.8   15.8   NA     NA     18.2    31.6    23.1     NA        30.6     21.8   19.6   38.0   28.7   31.2
 1962    NA     44.3   16.6   NA     NA     19.2    33.2    24.7     NA        32.8     24.1   20.4   38.0   30.9   31.9
 1963    NA     46.2   18.0   NA     NA     19.9    34.3    26.0     NA        34.1     24.8   21.2   40.0   32.7   33.6
 1964    NA     48.2   20.4   NA     NA     21.2    37.1    28.0     NA        37.1     25.0   23.1   42.2   35.5   35.8
 1965    NA     50.3   21.2   NA     NA     22.3    38.9    30.0     NA        39.3     27.9   24.7   44.7   38.2   36.9
 1966    NA     51.0   23.3   NA     NA     23.8    40.8    32.5     NA        40.9     30.3   26.3   46.6   39.8   38.1
 1967    NA     51.5   26.3   NA     NA     25.1    43.8    34.5     NA        43.4     31.8   28.3   48.3   43.2   39.9
 1968    NA     54.5   29.5   NA     NA     27.3    47.8    38.1     NA        47.0     34.3   31.8   51.3   47.2   42.7
 1969    NA     57.4   33.8   NA     NA     29.9    49.8    40.5     NA        50.4     35.6   34.9   56.1   50.9   43.7

 1970    NA     56.6   38.0   NA     NA     32.9    52.7    43.0     NA        52.0     37.9   38.1   57.8   52.2   44.7
 1971    NA     60.0   40.2   NA     NA     35.1    56.3    45.5     NA        54.0     38.5   40.4   60.1   54.5   46.8
 1972    NA     62.7   44.1   NA     NA     39.2    60.8    47.5     NA        57.4     41.7   43.6   63.6   57.2   49.5
 1973    NA     66.2   48.1   NA     NA     43.5    66.9    50.9     NA        61.1     45.2   48.3   67.6   61.4   53.0
 1974    NA     67.2   49.3   NA     NA     45.8    69.1    52.0     NA        63.2     48.1   51.9   70.6   64.0   53.9
 1975    NA     64.7   50.7   NA     NA     47.6    76.1    53.8     NA        65.9     46.5   51.2   69.7   65.0   52.8
 1976    NA     70.3   53.8   NA     NA     52.4    78.8    57.1     NA        70.6     52.9   56.8   71.9   66.0   55.0
 1977    68.3   74.9   55.9   NA     NA     55.0    80.4    60.5     NA        72.7     54.0   61.4   71.5   65.0   55.5
 1978    69.2   76.7   58.1   NA     NA     58.3    81.6    63.2     NA        75.2     57.5   65.4   72.8   66.8   56.3
 1979    70.1   75.9   62.9   NA     NA     61.4    85.6    66.2     NA        78.4     63.0   68.6   78.1   72.0   56.7

 1980    70.5   75.1   63.9   NA     NA     65.4    90.3    66.5     NA        77.2     65.9   69.2   76.7   73.1   56.1
 1981    74.1   77.8   66.0   NA     NA     70.1    91.8    68.5     NA        78.7     67.4   70.8   76.5   72.7   59.0
 1982    76.2   77.3   68.7   NA     NA     73.5    92.1    73.3     NA        78.8     68.6   72.1   79.7   75.4   62.3
 1983    80.0   82.4   69.6   NA     NA     81.0    96.6    75.0     NA        82.6     71.8   77.8   82.4   80.9   67.1
 1984    83.2   90.2   71.9   NA     NA     85.0    96.1    76.1     NA        85.4     78.4   85.4   87.4   85.2   70.7
 1985    86.0   92.4   77.3   NA     NA     87.0    96.7    79.1     NA        89.1     82.6   89.0   90.2   86.2   72.3
 1986    86.0   90.0   76.9   NA     NA     87.8    91.1    80.4     NA        89.6     83.8   90.8   89.0   87.5   74.8
 1987    92.9   90.6   81.2   NA     NA     88.9    90.6    81.8     NA        88.1     85.7   91.6   93.3   89.2   79.4
 1988    96.9   90.9   84.8   NA     NA     92.0    94.1    87.5     NA        91.5     86.7   93.7   92.1   90.5   82.3
 1989    95.7   93.7   89.5   NA     NA     96.9    99.6    91.9     NA        94.6     89.4   97.1   94.6   93.2   86.2

 1990    96.9   95.7   95.4   NA     NA     96.8    99.1    93.5     NA        99.0     92.5   98.6   96.6   94.6   88.3
 1991    97.8   95.3   99.4   NA     NA     99.1    99.6    96.9    99.0      101.9     95.2   99.6   97.5   95.5   92.2
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0   NA     NA    100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   102.1  104.5  100.5   NA     NA    102.5   104.5   100.6   101.6      100.6    102.9  101.4  100.6  107.3  104.0
 1994   107.3  109.9  101.8   NA     NA    108.4    NA     108.5   110.1      107.9    105.6  112.7  101.4  119.4  106.8
 1995   113.8  111.0  109.3   NA     NA    113.2    NA     114.5   113.2      111.2    109.3  117.7  102.0  121.9  104.8
 1996   117.0  109.5  115.8   NA     NA    115.5    NA     115.0   116.8      115.1    109.5  119.7  102.0  124.5  103.2
 1997   121.1  112.8  121.4   NA     NA    122.4    NA     122.6   122.4      121.8    111.5  125.7  103.0  133.0  104.0
 1998   127.0  112.5  120.4   NA     NA    123.6    NA     124.0   126.7      127.1    111.1  127.8  103.9  135.6  104.6
 1999   134.8  115.2  124.1   NA     NA    124.5    NA     128.9   128.5       NA      112.9   NA    103.9  139.5  109.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 18 -

Table 2.  Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden Kingdom

 1950    NA     29.0   NA     NA     NA     NA      31.8    16.2     NA        19.2     12.7   14.7   32.0   25.7   29.6

 1955    NA     34.3   10.4   NA     NA     NA      34.0    20.2     NA        28.8     18.2   18.9   37.3   28.0   32.3

 1960    NA     40.3   17.3   NA     NA     22.6    39.2    26.5     NA        38.4     23.0   24.5   46.2   33.8   35.9
 1961    NA     42.3   19.3   NA     NA     22.9    40.2    28.3     NA        39.6     24.6   24.8   47.2   35.1   35.5
 1962    NA     46.2   19.8   NA     NA     24.1    42.6    30.0     NA        41.3     26.4   25.6   47.0   37.4   35.9
 1963    NA     48.4   21.2   NA     NA     25.0    43.3    31.7     NA        42.4     27.3   26.5   49.2   39.2   37.8
 1964    NA     50.7   24.0   NA     NA     26.5    47.2    33.9     NA        46.1     27.6   28.7   52.3   42.0   40.6
 1965    NA     52.9   24.5   NA     NA     27.4    49.5    35.9     NA        48.7     29.7   30.5   54.1   44.7   41.2
 1966    NA     53.2   27.0   NA     NA     29.1    51.0    39.1     NA        50.0     32.6   32.4   56.6   46.5   41.8
 1967    NA     53.8   30.6   NA     NA     30.3    54.1    41.1     NA        51.7     34.7   34.7   58.1   49.6   43.4
 1968    NA     56.8   34.2   NA     NA     33.0    57.7    44.1     NA        56.6     37.4   38.2   60.1   53.0   46.9
 1969    NA     59.6   38.6   NA     NA     35.7    59.3    48.1     NA        60.7     38.5   41.4   64.3   56.0   48.1

 1970    NA     58.3   43.0   NA     NA     38.3    60.8    50.3     NA        62.4     40.3   44.4   65.7   57.1   48.4
 1971    NA     61.7   44.8   NA     NA     40.2    64.6    52.8     NA        63.4     39.8   46.5   67.6   59.4   49.5
 1972    NA     64.5   48.9   NA     NA     43.9    68.4    54.7     NA        66.6     42.9   49.5   70.6   60.7   51.8
 1973    NA     67.6   52.8   NA     NA     47.6    71.2    57.6     NA        70.4     47.0   53.8   74.6   64.0   56.2
 1974    NA     68.1   52.0   NA     NA     48.7    75.0    58.1     NA        71.4     48.2   56.0   76.9   65.9   55.3
 1975    NA     64.8   52.2   NA     NA     48.0    79.9    58.4     NA        72.5     45.8   54.2   75.6   65.5   54.0
 1976    NA     70.5   57.0   NA     NA     53.8    83.2    62.1     NA        79.9     52.1   60.0   76.0   65.7   56.8
 1977    67.0   75.1   59.4   NA     NA     56.1    84.1    65.2     NA        81.1     52.9   64.6   74.4   64.1   57.7
 1978    67.9   77.5   62.0   NA     NA     59.4    84.3    67.6     NA        82.8     56.2   68.2   73.9   64.2   58.2
 1979    68.4   76.3   67.5   NA     NA     62.6    88.4    70.6     NA        86.0     61.1   70.7   78.0   68.1   58.4

 1980    67.9   74.7   68.6   NA     NA     65.6    93.9    71.0     NA        83.5     64.1   71.8   77.1   68.4   55.9
 1981    71.4   76.8   70.3   NA     NA     68.7    94.3    72.1     NA        84.1     65.6   73.8   76.9   68.5   57.9
 1982    72.1   75.6   73.0   NA     NA     73.7    96.0    74.0     NA        83.7     66.6   75.9   79.4   71.5   61.7
 1983    77.8   81.7   74.0   NA     NA     79.2   102.1    75.4     NA        87.9     69.7   82.1   82.5   77.8   66.7
 1984    82.0   89.3   77.3   NA     NA     82.5   101.2    76.7     NA        90.9     76.1   88.8   87.4   83.5   70.8
 1985    84.9   92.0   82.8   NA     NA     85.7    98.4    79.2     NA        93.1     79.5   90.2   89.8   83.6   73.1
 1986    84.8   90.0   81.9   NA     NA     86.5    94.9    80.6     NA        93.0     82.6   91.5   88.7   84.5   75.8
 1987    92.1   91.4   86.7   NA     NA     88.4    92.2    82.6     NA        91.3     86.1   91.9   90.7   87.3   80.1
 1988    96.9   93.6   91.7   NA     NA     93.0    95.8    88.6     NA        94.4     90.1   94.7   90.3   88.1   85.0
 1989    95.7   94.3   95.6   NA     NA     97.5   100.2    92.9     NA        96.2     92.7   97.6   93.3   90.6   88.1

 1990    96.3   95.9  100.5   NA     NA     98.5    98.4    94.1     NA        98.8     93.6   99.1   95.1   93.1   90.0
 1991    96.6   95.1  102.5   NA     NA     99.2    99.3    96.4    94.6      101.0     95.3   99.8   96.4   94.2   93.0
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0   NA     NA    100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   103.4  105.6   98.1   NA     NA    100.9   103.6   100.5    99.6       97.6    100.9  101.4  100.9  110.2  103.8
 1994   109.7  112.2   99.5   NA     NA    109.7   114.0   108.5   108.1      104.7    106.4  112.7  102.0  127.5  108.1
 1995   115.5  112.7  107.6   NA     NA    113.3   116.9   113.9   110.9      107.3    110.2  118.1  101.6  131.5  107.0
 1996   118.7  111.8  114.9   NA     NA    116.0   111.6   114.5   112.0      109.3    109.5  119.9  101.1  134.5  105.6
 1997   123.7  116.4  119.7   NA     NA    123.1   114.9   122.7   117.6      116.0    112.0  125.4  101.9  143.8  106.5
 1998   128.4  115.3  116.2   NA     NA    124.5   115.1   124.5   123.2      122.3    111.3  127.3  102.9  146.7  105.9
 1999   136.2  119.1  119.5   NA     NA    126.8   113.7   127.2   125.0       NA      112.7   NA    102.5  151.4  109.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 19 -

Table 3.  Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden Kingdom

 1950    NA     22.6    2.2   NA     NA     NA      26.8    18.4     NA        14.5      9.6   16.8   38.2   30.9   49.8

 1955    NA     29.2    4.9   NA     NA     NA      29.4    22.9     NA        27.5     14.9   23.0   46.7   35.7   58.5

 1960    NA     34.2   10.7   NA     NA     30.7    40.8    31.0     NA        41.5     21.9   31.7   56.5   45.9   67.7
 1961    NA     35.6   12.8   NA     NA     32.1    43.0    33.3     NA        44.0     24.2   32.8   58.8   49.0   67.8
 1962    NA     40.0   13.9   NA     NA     34.6    46.7    35.7     NA        46.2     26.8   34.5   59.3   52.8   68.0
 1963    NA     42.8   15.5   NA     NA     36.2    47.3    38.4     NA        47.1     28.5   35.9   62.9   55.4   70.4
 1964    NA     46.9   18.0   NA     NA     39.5    52.9    42.0     NA        51.2     28.9   39.3   67.3   60.3   76.8
 1965    NA     51.2   18.7   NA     NA     40.8    56.3    44.1     NA        55.0     30.4   42.1   70.9   64.5   79.0
 1966    NA     54.5   21.2   NA     NA     43.2    57.5    48.1     NA        55.9     33.1   44.3   75.1   66.3   80.4
 1967    NA     55.6   25.4   NA     NA     43.7    58.1    50.4     NA        54.7     36.4   46.1   77.5   68.5   80.9
 1968    NA     58.9   29.3   NA     NA     46.7    62.6    53.2     NA        60.3     39.8   50.4   79.4   72.0   86.6
 1969    NA     63.0   34.1   NA     NA     52.2    66.0    59.6     NA        67.4     42.4   55.3   85.2   77.7   89.9

 1970    NA     60.6   38.8    7.0   12.7   57.6    68.0    64.1     NA        70.9     45.8   59.5   89.1   80.7   90.3
 1971    NA     64.4   40.7    8.3   15.5   60.1    69.4    68.1     NA        71.6     46.4   61.5   92.3   81.2   89.3
 1972    NA     69.5   44.4    9.5   18.9   64.7    75.3    71.3     NA        73.8     49.0   63.2   96.7   81.7   91.2
 1973    NA     76.0   50.0   12.3   22.3   70.6    79.5    76.7     NA        78.5     55.3   67.7  102.2   87.5   99.6
 1974    NA     77.6   48.7   14.3   21.0   73.4    80.7    78.2     NA        77.7     58.9   70.2  107.3   92.2   98.3
 1975    NA     71.8   46.2   16.2   22.0   67.9    78.7    76.6     NA        74.1     55.5   65.6  105.0   92.5   91.6
 1976    NA     78.1   50.2   19.9   27.0   73.0    82.5    81.1     NA        79.8     63.8   69.6  105.2   92.5   93.3
 1977    72.5   81.5   51.8   22.8   30.6   73.3    82.9    84.8     NA        81.3     66.0   73.1  103.0   87.2   95.1
 1978    76.5   86.5   53.3   27.5   37.1   74.3    82.7    86.8     NA        82.8     69.2   75.4  100.6   84.9   95.6
 1979    79.0   88.3   57.9   30.1   40.0   76.2    87.4    89.3     NA        87.1     76.4   77.3  104.7   90.3   95.4

 1980    75.8   86.0   59.9   29.9   44.0   78.2    91.3    88.7     NA        85.3     80.4   77.4  103.6   90.7   87.2
 1981    79.2   88.1   62.1   32.7   47.3   77.2    88.4    87.3     NA        84.4     78.8   77.5  101.7   88.0   81.8
 1982    74.6   78.8   64.1   34.6   48.5   80.4    89.8    88.2     NA        81.5     77.5   76.7  101.3   88.3   81.7
 1983    79.1   83.0   66.1   39.5   54.1   84.6    95.8    88.0     NA        82.7     77.8   79.1   99.9   93.9   83.4
 1984    87.6   93.3   70.4   46.0   62.2   87.2   100.3    87.0     NA        85.2     80.9   83.6  104.7  101.3   86.5
 1985    90.0   98.3   76.1   48.8   64.3   89.1   103.5    87.3     NA        88.3     83.3   86.1  108.5  102.9   89.0
 1986    88.6   99.4   74.9   57.9   74.7   89.1   103.5    87.3     NA        89.7     85.5   88.3  108.1  104.0   90.1
 1987    96.4  103.9   78.4   68.5   84.3   88.8    99.3    87.2     NA        88.0     88.7   89.5  110.7  106.6   94.4
 1988   103.2  110.1   84.6   76.7   87.7   93.3   100.8    92.2     NA        90.9     94.5   92.8  105.3  109.8  101.4
 1989   102.4  112.6   90.2   79.4   90.8   99.1   104.3    97.2     NA        94.0     98.1   96.9  101.3  110.9  105.4

 1990   101.6  108.6   96.3   86.7   90.0  101.0   102.7    99.1     NA        99.1     99.6  100.1  100.2  110.1  105.3
 1991    98.3   99.0  101.4   95.0   96.1  100.7   101.7    99.8   102.3      102.8     99.2  100.6   98.3  104.1  100.0
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   103.5  104.6   96.0  105.4  102.4   97.0    99.0    95.7    92.5       91.8     96.4   98.2  102.7  101.9  101.4
 1994   111.1  113.2   95.4  116.8  108.5  101.4   109.3   100.3    95.2       93.5    102.2  104.2  106.7  117.1  106.1
 1995   118.4  118.1  100.6  129.9  114.9  104.2   114.7   104.9    95.3       93.7    107.2  107.8  109.0  128.4  107.8
 1996   121.3  119.8  106.7  138.7  120.3  105.1   109.7   104.6    93.5       92.5    105.6  108.4  110.1  131.1  108.2
 1997   127.7  128.1  111.1  147.8  128.3  109.9   112.6   109.7    96.3       95.8    108.3  114.1  115.7  138.6  109.6
 1998   133.5  133.1  103.6  136.8  132.6  111.8   115.3   111.5   100.9      100.7    110.3  116.6  117.6  144.6  109.9
 1999   139.3  141.3  103.9  166.7  141.1  113.8   111.5   114.2   102.2       NA      111.4   NA    114.0  150.7  109.7

NA:  Not Available

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 20 -

Table 4.  Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden Kingdom

 1950    85.5   84.7   NA     NA     NA     NA     118.7   140.0     NA       109.8     83.6  148.6  156.0  158.5  195.7

 1955    94.6   89.4   55.9   NA     NA     NA     119.8   138.0     NA       139.6     92.5  159.1  164.1  167.3  213.1

 1960    92.1   88.3   76.3   NA     NA    170.7   136.5   142.3     NA       142.3    108.7  170.6  154.0  168.3  217.3
 1961    89.7   87.1   80.8   NA     NA    175.9   136.2   143.8     NA       143.9    110.9  167.1  154.8  171.0  217.4
 1962    93.4   90.3   83.4   NA     NA    180.3   140.7   144.8     NA       140.8    110.8  169.2  156.2  170.8  213.2
 1963    94.4   92.6   86.1   NA     NA    181.8   138.0   148.0     NA       138.1    114.9  169.5  157.3  169.1  209.6
 1964    96.4   97.2   88.2   NA     NA    186.5   142.6   149.7     NA       138.0    115.2  170.0  159.5  169.6  214.6
 1965   102.0  101.9   88.0   NA     NA    183.2   144.9   146.9     NA       140.0    108.8  170.4  158.4  168.8  214.3
 1966   108.6  106.8   91.0   NA     NA    181.5   140.8   148.3     NA       136.7    109.4  168.3  161.1  166.5  211.2
 1967   108.0  107.9   96.3   NA     NA    173.6   132.7   146.2     NA       125.9    114.5  162.7  160.4  158.4  203.0
 1968   109.6  108.2   99.4   NA     NA    170.9   130.9   139.7     NA       128.3    116.0  158.8  154.9  152.6  202.8
 1969   110.9  109.7  100.9   NA     NA    174.9   132.7   147.1     NA       133.8    119.2  158.5  152.0  152.5  205.6

 1970   104.4  107.1  102.3   NA     NA    174.7   129.0   149.0     NA       136.3    120.9  156.2  154.3  154.7  202.1
 1971   100.5  107.4  101.1   NA     NA    171.4   123.3   149.7     NA       132.5    120.6  152.4  153.6  149.1  190.6
 1972   105.1  110.8  100.6   NA     NA    165.2   123.8   149.9     NA       128.7    117.5  144.9  152.1  142.9  184.3
 1973   110.4  114.9  104.0   NA     NA    162.1   118.8   150.7     NA       128.4    122.4  140.2  151.2  142.5  187.8
 1974   107.9  115.5   98.7   NA     NA    160.4   116.7   150.3     NA       122.9    122.4  135.4  152.0  144.0  182.4
 1975    97.2  111.1   91.1   NA     NA    142.6   103.5   142.3     NA       112.5    119.3  128.2  150.5  142.3  173.6
 1976   101.9  111.0   93.3   NA     NA    139.4   104.7   141.9     NA       113.1    120.5  122.7  146.2  140.2  169.5
 1977   106.1  108.8   92.5   NA     NA    133.3   103.1   140.1     NA       111.8    122.2  119.1  144.1  134.2  171.2
 1978   110.6  112.8   91.6   NA     NA    127.4   101.4   137.3     NA       110.1    120.4  115.2  138.3  127.1  169.7
 1979   112.7  116.2   92.0   NA     NA    124.2   102.1   134.9     NA       111.0    121.4  112.7  134.1  125.5  168.1

 1980   107.5  114.6   93.8   NA     NA    119.7   101.1   133.3     NA       110.5    122.0  111.8  135.0  124.0  155.3
 1981   107.0  113.2   94.1   NA     NA    110.2    96.3   127.4     NA       107.1    116.8  109.4  133.0  121.0  138.6
 1982    97.9  102.0   93.3   NA     NA    109.4    97.5   120.3     NA       103.4    113.0  106.3  127.1  117.2  131.2
 1983    98.9  100.7   95.0   NA     NA    104.3    99.2   117.4     NA       100.1    108.4  101.6  121.2  116.1  124.2
 1984   105.3  103.3   97.9   NA     NA    102.6   104.4   114.2     NA        99.7    103.2   97.9  119.7  118.9  122.4
 1985   104.6  106.4   98.4   NA     NA    102.4   107.0   110.4     NA        99.1    100.8   96.7  120.2  119.4  123.1
 1986   103.0  110.5   97.3   NA     NA    101.5   113.7   108.6     NA       100.1    102.1   97.3  121.6  118.9  120.4
 1987   103.8  114.7   96.6   NA     NA    100.0   109.6   106.6     NA        99.9    103.5   97.7  118.6  119.5  118.9
 1988   106.6  121.2   99.8   NA     NA    101.5   107.2   105.4     NA        99.3    108.9   99.0  114.3  121.4  123.2
 1989   107.1  120.2  100.8   NA     NA    102.3   104.7   105.8     NA        99.3    109.7   99.8  107.1  119.0  122.3

 1990   104.8  113.5  100.9   NA     NA    104.3   103.7   105.9     NA       100.1    107.7  101.5  103.7  116.4  119.2
 1991   100.4  103.9  102.0   NA     NA    101.5   102.1   103.0   103.3      100.9    104.2  101.0  100.8  109.0  108.5
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0   NA     NA    100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   101.4  100.1   95.6   NA     NA     94.7    94.8    95.1    91.0       91.3     93.6   96.9  102.1   94.9   97.5
 1994   103.6  103.0   93.7   NA     NA     93.6    NA      92.4    86.5       86.7     96.7   92.4  105.2   98.1   99.4
 1995   104.0  106.4   92.0   NA     NA     92.0    NA      91.6    84.2       84.3     98.0   91.6  106.9  105.3  102.9
 1996   103.7  109.4   92.2   NA     NA     91.0    NA      91.0    80.1       80.4     96.5   90.5  107.9  105.3  104.8
 1997   105.5  113.5   91.5   NA     NA     89.8    NA      89.5    78.7       78.6     97.1   90.8  112.3  104.2  105.4
 1998   105.2  118.3   86.1   NA     NA     90.5    NA      89.9    79.6       79.3     99.3   91.2  113.2  106.6  105.0
 1999   103.3  122.7   83.8   NA     NA     91.5    NA      88.6    79.5       NA       98.6   NA    109.8  108.0  100.5

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 21 -

Table 5.  Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden Kingdom

 1950    84.3   77.9   NA     NA     NA     NA      84.4   113.7     NA        75.2     75.8  114.1  119.3  120.1  168.4

 1955    93.1   85.3   47.1   NA     NA     NA      86.7   113.3     NA        95.5     81.9  121.8  125.2  127.7  181.1

 1960    92.6   84.8   61.7   NA     NA    135.7   104.1   116.9     NA       108.1     95.1  129.4  122.2  135.7  188.5
 1961    90.0   84.1   66.4   NA     NA    140.1   107.0   117.7     NA       111.3     98.1  132.2  124.8  139.6  191.1
 1962    92.8   86.5   70.0   NA     NA    143.3   109.7   118.9     NA       111.8    101.2  134.7  126.3  140.9  189.4
 1963    93.5   88.5   72.8   NA     NA    144.7   109.3   121.5     NA       111.0    104.4  135.4  127.8  141.4  186.4
 1964    94.9   92.5   75.0   NA     NA    148.8   112.0   123.7     NA       111.0    104.7  137.1  128.8  143.4  189.2
 1965    99.3   96.9   76.1   NA     NA    148.7   113.9   122.5     NA       113.0    102.3  137.9  130.9  144.4  191.7
 1966   105.4  102.4   78.3   NA     NA    148.5   112.8   123.2     NA       111.8    101.7  137.0  132.8  142.7  192.2
 1967   106.7  103.3   82.8   NA     NA    143.9   107.5   122.7     NA       105.8    105.0  132.9  133.5  138.2  186.3
 1968   108.5  103.8   85.7   NA     NA    141.5   108.5   120.6     NA       106.6    106.4  132.1  132.0  136.0  184.5
 1969   110.6  105.7   88.2   NA     NA    146.3   111.4   124.1     NA       111.0    110.0  133.7  132.6  138.7  187.1

 1970   106.3  103.9   90.3   NA     NA    150.2   111.9   127.3     NA       113.6    113.6  134.3  135.6  141.2  186.7
 1971   102.2  104.4   90.7   NA     NA    149.6   107.3   128.9     NA       112.9    116.7  132.2  136.4  136.7  180.4
 1972   105.0  107.7   90.8   NA     NA    147.4   110.1   130.4     NA       110.8    114.4  127.5  136.9  134.6  176.1
 1973   110.5  112.5   94.6   NA     NA    148.4   111.6   133.2     NA       111.5    117.8  125.8  136.9  136.8  177.2
 1974   110.1  113.9   93.7   NA     NA    150.7   107.6   134.6     NA       108.9    122.1  125.4  139.5  140.0  177.8
 1975   100.6  110.9   88.5   NA     NA    141.5    98.5   131.2     NA       102.2    121.1  121.0  138.7  141.3  169.7
 1976   104.2  110.7   88.0   NA     NA    135.8    99.2   130.5     NA        99.9    122.3  116.0  138.4  141.0  164.3
 1977   108.2  108.5   87.1   NA     NA    130.5    98.5   130.0     NA       100.3    124.7  113.1  138.5  136.0  164.8
 1978   112.7  111.7   85.9   NA     NA    125.0    98.0   128.4     NA       100.0    123.1  110.5  136.1  132.3  164.2
 1979   115.6  115.7   85.7   NA     NA    121.8    98.8   126.5     NA       101.2    125.0  109.3  134.2  132.7  163.2

 1980   111.6  115.1   87.4   NA     NA    119.3    97.2   125.0     NA       102.2    125.4  107.8  134.5  132.6  155.9
 1981   111.0  114.8   88.3   NA     NA    112.4    93.8   121.0     NA       100.3    120.1  105.0  132.3  128.4  141.2
 1982   103.5  104.3   87.9   NA     NA    109.2    93.6   119.1     NA        97.4    116.4  101.0  127.5  123.4  132.5
 1983   101.8  101.6   89.3   NA     NA    106.8    93.9   116.7     NA        94.1    111.7   96.4  121.0  120.7  125.1
 1984   106.8  104.4   91.1   NA     NA    105.7    99.1   113.4     NA        93.7    106.3   94.2  119.8  121.3  122.2
 1985   106.0  106.8   91.9   NA     NA    104.0   105.2   110.3     NA        94.9    104.8   95.4  120.7  123.1  121.7
 1986   104.5  110.4   91.4   NA     NA    103.0   109.1   108.3     NA        96.4    103.5   96.5  122.0  123.1  118.9
 1987   104.7  113.7   90.4   NA     NA    100.5   107.7   105.6     NA        96.4    103.0   97.4  122.0  122.1  117.9
 1988   106.6  117.6   92.4   NA     NA    100.4   105.3   104.1     NA        96.3    104.8   98.0  116.6  124.6  119.3
 1989   107.0  119.4   94.3   NA     NA    101.7   104.1   104.7     NA        97.6    105.8   99.3  108.7  122.5  119.7

 1990   105.4  113.2   95.8   NA     NA    102.5   104.3   105.4     NA       100.3    106.4  101.1  105.4  118.3  116.9
 1991   101.8  104.1   98.9   NA     NA    101.5   102.4   103.6   108.1      101.8    104.1  100.7  101.9  110.5  107.5
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0   NA     NA    100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   100.1   99.1   97.9   NA     NA     96.1    95.5    95.2    92.9       94.0     95.5   96.9  101.8   92.4   97.7
 1994   101.3  100.9   95.9   NA     NA     92.5    95.8    92.4    88.1       89.3     96.0   92.4  104.7   91.8   98.2
 1995   102.5  104.8   93.5   NA     NA     91.9    98.1    92.1    86.0       87.3     97.2   91.3  107.2   97.7  100.7
 1996   102.2  107.2   92.9   NA     NA     90.6    98.3    91.3    83.5       84.6     96.4   90.3  108.9   97.4  102.5
 1997   103.2  110.1   92.8   NA     NA     89.3    97.9    89.4    81.9       82.6     96.7   91.0  113.6   96.4  102.9
 1998   104.0  115.4   89.2   NA     NA     89.8   100.2    89.6    81.9       82.4     99.1   91.5  114.3   98.6  103.8
 1999   102.3  118.7   87.0   NA     NA     89.8    98.1    89.8    81.7       NA       98.8   NA    111.3   99.6  100.5

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 22 -

Table 6.  Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden Kingdom

 1950   101.4  108.8   NA     NA     NA     NA     140.7   123.1     NA       146.0    110.2  130.3  130.8  131.9  116.2

 1955   101.5  104.8  118.7   NA     NA     NA     138.2   121.8     NA       146.1    113.0  130.6  131.1  131.0  117.7

 1960    99.5  104.1  123.5   NA     NA    125.8   131.2   121.8     NA       131.7    114.3  131.9  126.0  124.0  115.3
 1961    99.6  103.6  121.6   NA     NA    125.5   127.3   122.2     NA       129.4    113.1  126.5  124.1  122.5  113.7
 1962   100.6  104.4  119.2   NA     NA    125.8   128.3   121.8     NA       126.0    109.5  125.6  123.7  121.2  112.6
 1963   100.9  104.7  118.2   NA     NA    125.7   126.3   121.8     NA       124.4    110.0  125.2  123.1  119.6  112.5
 1964   101.6  105.1  117.6   NA     NA    125.3   127.4   121.0     NA       124.3    110.0  124.0  123.9  118.2  113.4
 1965   102.7  105.1  115.6   NA     NA    123.2   127.2   119.9     NA       123.9    106.4  123.6  121.0  116.9  111.8
 1966   103.0  104.4  116.2   NA     NA    122.2   124.8   120.4     NA       122.3    107.6  122.9  121.3  116.7  109.8
 1967   101.2  104.4  116.3   NA     NA    120.7   123.4   119.2     NA       119.0    109.1  122.4  120.2  114.7  109.0
 1968   101.0  104.2  116.0   NA     NA    120.7   120.6   115.9     NA       120.4    109.1  120.2  117.3  112.2  109.9
 1969   100.2  103.8  114.4   NA     NA    119.5   119.1   118.6     NA       120.6    108.3  118.5  114.6  110.0  109.9

 1970    98.2  103.2  113.3   NA     NA    116.3   115.3   117.1     NA       119.9    106.4  116.4  113.8  109.5  108.2
 1971    98.4  102.8  111.4   NA     NA    114.6   114.9   116.1     NA       117.3    103.4  115.3  112.6  109.0  105.6
 1972   100.0  102.9  110.8   NA     NA    112.0   112.4   115.0     NA       116.2    102.7  113.6  111.0  106.2  104.7
 1973    99.9  102.1  109.9   NA     NA    109.3   106.4   113.2     NA       115.2    103.9  111.4  110.4  104.2  106.0
 1974    98.0  101.4  105.3   NA     NA    106.4   108.5   111.7     NA       112.9    100.3  108.0  108.9  102.9  102.6
 1975    96.6  100.2  103.0   NA     NA    100.7   105.1   108.4     NA       110.1     98.5  106.0  108.5  100.7  102.3
 1976    97.7  100.3  106.0   NA     NA    102.6   105.6   108.7     NA       113.2     98.5  105.8  105.7   99.5  103.2
 1977    98.1  100.2  106.2   NA     NA    102.1   104.6   107.8     NA       111.5     98.0  105.3  104.0   98.7  103.8
 1978    98.1  101.0  106.7   NA     NA    101.9   103.4   106.9     NA       110.1     97.8  104.3  101.6   96.1  103.4
 1979    97.5  100.5  107.3   NA     NA    102.0   103.3   106.6     NA       109.7     97.1  103.1   99.9   94.6  103.0

 1980    96.3   99.5  107.3   NA     NA    100.4   104.0   106.7     NA       108.1     97.3  103.7  100.4   93.6   99.6
 1981    96.4   98.6  106.5   NA     NA     98.1   102.7   105.3     NA       106.8     97.3  104.2  100.6   94.2   98.1
 1982    94.6   97.8  106.2   NA     NA    100.2   104.2   101.0     NA       106.2     97.1  105.3   99.7   94.9   99.1
 1983    97.2   99.1  106.4   NA     NA     97.7   105.6   100.6     NA       106.4     97.1  105.4  100.1   96.2   99.4
 1984    98.6   99.0  107.4   NA     NA     97.1   105.3   100.8     NA       106.4     97.1  104.0   99.9   98.0  100.2
 1985    98.7   99.6  107.1   NA     NA     98.5   101.8   100.1     NA       104.5     96.2  101.3   99.6   96.9  101.1
 1986    98.6  100.0  106.5   NA     NA     98.6   104.2   100.3     NA       103.9     98.6  100.8   99.7   96.5  101.3
 1987    99.1  100.9  106.8   NA     NA     99.4   101.8   100.9     NA       103.6    100.4  100.3   97.2   97.9  100.8
 1988   100.0  103.0  108.0   NA     NA    101.1   101.8   101.3     NA       103.2    104.0  101.1   98.0   97.5  103.2
 1989   100.0  100.7  106.8   NA     NA    100.6   100.6   101.1     NA       101.7    103.7  100.5   98.6   97.2  102.2

 1990    99.4  100.2  105.3   NA     NA    101.8    99.4   100.6     NA        99.8    101.2  100.5   98.4   98.5  101.9
 1991    98.7   99.8  103.2   NA     NA    100.0    99.7    99.4    95.5       99.1    100.1  100.2   98.9   98.7  100.9
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0   NA     NA    100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   101.3  101.1   97.7   NA     NA     98.5    99.2    99.9    98.0       97.0     98.0  100.0  100.3  102.8   99.8
 1994   102.2  102.0   97.7   NA     NA    101.2    NA     100.0    98.2       97.1    100.7  100.0  100.5  106.8  101.3
 1995   101.5  101.5   98.4   NA     NA    100.1    NA      99.5    98.0       96.5    100.8  100.3   99.7  107.8  102.2
 1996   101.5  102.1   99.2   NA     NA    100.5    NA      99.6    95.9       95.0    100.0  100.2   99.1  108.1  102.3
 1997   102.2  103.2   98.6   NA     NA    100.6    NA     100.1    96.0       95.2    100.4   99.8   98.9  108.2  102.4
 1998   101.2  102.5   96.5   NA     NA    100.8    NA     100.4    97.2       96.2    100.2   99.6   99.1  108.2  101.2
 1999   101.0  103.4   96.3   NA     NA    101.9    NA      98.7    97.3       NA       99.8   NA     98.7  108.5  100.0

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 23 -

Table 7.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada*Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden*Kingdom*

 1950     8.7    5.4   NA     NA     NA     NA       2.5     1.6     NA         3.4       .8    3.1    2.2    1.9    1.6

 1955    11.7    7.7    3.1   NA     NA     NA       3.4     2.8     NA         5.0      1.2    4.5    3.4    2.9    2.3

 1960    14.9    9.9    4.3   NA     NA      5.4     4.6     4.3     NA         8.1      1.6    6.4    4.7    4.1    3.1
 1961    15.3   10.2    5.0   NA     NA      5.7     5.2     4.7     NA         9.1      1.8    7.3    5.2    4.5    3.3
 1962    15.9   10.6    5.7   NA     NA      6.2     5.6     5.2     NA        10.3      2.1    7.8    5.7    5.0    3.4
 1963    16.4   11.0    6.4   NA     NA      6.8     6.1     5.7     NA        11.0      2.5    8.6    6.1    5.5    3.6
 1964    17.0   11.5    7.2   NA     NA      7.7     6.6     6.2     NA        11.9      2.6    9.9    6.5    6.0    3.8
 1965    17.4   12.2    8.1   NA     NA      8.5     7.4     6.7     NA        13.1      2.8   11.1    7.2    6.6    4.2
 1966    18.2   13.1    9.0   NA     NA      9.4     8.4     7.1     NA        14.2      3.0   12.5    7.8    7.3    4.5
 1967    19.2   13.7   10.0   NA     NA     10.3     9.4     7.6     NA        15.0      3.3   13.8    8.7    8.1    4.7
 1968    20.7   14.7   11.7   NA     NA     11.0    10.3     8.6     NA        16.1      3.5   15.4    9.6    8.8    5.0
 1969    22.2   15.9   13.8   NA     NA     12.1    11.6     9.2     NA        17.6      3.9   17.4   10.6    9.6    5.5

 1970    23.7   17.0   16.5   NA     NA     13.7    13.3    10.3     NA        20.7      4.7   20.2   11.8   10.7    6.3
 1971    25.2   18.1   19.0   NA     NA     15.9    15.2    11.6     NA        23.2      5.4   23.1   13.5   12.1    7.2
 1972    26.5   19.4   21.9   NA     NA     18.8    16.9    12.8     NA        25.6      6.1   26.5   15.1   13.5    8.3
 1973    28.5   21.1   26.8   NA     NA     22.3    20.5    14.7     NA        29.0      7.2   31.6   17.0   15.2    9.5
 1974    31.6   24.6   35.1   NA     NA     27.4    24.8    17.4     NA        33.0      9.3   37.7   19.9   17.9   11.4
 1975    35.5   28.2   40.9   NA     NA     33.1    29.6    21.3     NA        36.4     11.8   43.1   23.8   21.9   15.1
 1976    38.4   32.4   44.0   NA     NA     38.3    33.0    24.4     NA        39.1     14.6   48.1   27.5   25.7   17.6
 1977    41.8   36.0   48.6   NA     NA     41.4    36.5    27.7     NA        42.8     17.3   52.5   30.9   28.1   19.8
 1978    45.2   38.7   51.8   NA     NA     44.4    40.2    31.2     NA        45.9     20.0   56.8   34.1   31.1   23.1
 1979    49.6   42.6   55.1   NA     NA     47.2    45.0    35.4     NA        49.3     24.2   61.1   35.8   33.5   27.5

 1980    55.6   47.4   58.6   NA     NA     52.5    49.6    40.8     NA        53.6     28.4   64.4   39.0   37.3   33.2
 1981    61.1   53.7   62.7   NA     NA     57.3    54.6    47.2     NA        57.0     34.3   67.4   43.3   41.2   38.5
 1982    67.0   60.9   65.8   NA     NA     59.9    59.5    56.1     NA        60.4     40.4   71.5   48.2   44.2   42.4
 1983    68.8   65.2   67.6   NA     NA     65.7    63.6    61.9     NA        63.1     47.2   74.9   52.9   49.0   45.5
 1984    71.2   68.9   69.7   NA     NA     71.4    67.2    67.2     NA        66.0     54.1   77.7   57.9   53.2   49.1
 1985    75.1   71.8   72.5   NA     NA     75.3    71.7    72.8     NA        70.0     60.8   81.8   63.4   58.6   53.1
 1986    78.5   72.8   76.1   NA     NA     77.3    73.2    75.8     NA        72.8     63.3   85.0   69.1   63.4   57.6
 1987    80.7   74.6   77.9   NA     NA     79.7    80.1    78.6     NA        76.0     66.8   87.8   78.5   67.6   64.8
 1988    84.0   77.4   79.2   NA     NA     81.1    82.9    81.6     NA        79.1     69.3   87.7   83.3   71.8   67.7
 1989    86.6   82.5   84.2   NA     NA     85.9    87.7    86.0     NA        83.2     75.9   88.5   87.2   79.4   72.9

 1990    90.8   88.3   90.7   NA     NA     90.1    92.7    90.6     NA        89.4     84.4   90.8   92.3   87.8   80.9
 1991    95.6   95.0   95.9   NA     NA     97.3    95.9    96.2    92.1       95.1     93.6   95.2   97.5   95.5   90.5
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0   NA     NA    100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   102.7  102.0  104.6   NA     NA    104.8   104.6   103.0   106.1      105.9    107.5  103.7  101.5   97.2  104.3
 1994   105.6  103.7  106.7   NA     NA    106.1    NA     105.6   112.3      111.7    107.8  108.2  104.4   99.8  106.5
 1995   107.9  106.0  109.5   NA     NA    109.2    NA     108.4   118.5      117.7    112.8  110.6  109.2  106.3  107.4
 1996   109.3  105.1  110.9   NA     NA    110.4    NA     110.2   125.2      123.7    120.3  113.2  113.6  114.2  108.2
 1997   111.4  108.2  113.9   NA     NA    114.2    NA     113.0   128.0      126.6    125.4  115.8  118.7  119.7  111.4
 1998   117.3  111.2  115.8   NA     NA    115.8    NA     114.9   128.9      127.6    123.0  118.3  126.2  123.3  117.0
 1999   123.2  113.0  117.7   NA     NA    116.3    NA     119.3   130.8       NA      126.5   NA    133.4  127.4  122.6

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 24 -

Table 8.  Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada*Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden*Kingdom*

 1950     8.7    6.0   NA     NA     NA     NA       2.2     2.4     NA         1.3      1.7    1.4    1.9    2.1    2.5

 1955    11.7    9.4    1.1   NA     NA     NA       3.0     4.3     NA         1.9      2.4    2.1    2.9    3.3    3.6

 1960    14.9   12.4    1.5   NA     NA      3.5     4.0     4.6     NA         3.0      3.2    3.0    4.1    4.6    4.9
 1961    15.3   12.2    1.8   NA     NA      3.7     4.5     5.1     NA         3.5      3.5    3.5    4.5    5.0    5.2
 1962    15.9   12.0    2.0   NA     NA      4.0     4.9     5.6     NA         4.0      4.1    3.8    4.9    5.6    5.5
 1963    16.4   12.3    2.3   NA     NA      4.4     5.4     6.1     NA         4.3      4.9    4.2    5.3    6.2    5.7
 1964    17.0   12.9    2.5   NA     NA      5.0     5.8     6.6     NA         4.7      5.2    4.8    5.6    6.8    6.1
 1965    17.4   13.6    2.8   NA     NA      5.5     6.4     7.2     NA         5.1      5.5    5.4    6.2    7.5    6.6
 1966    18.2   14.6    3.1   NA     NA      6.1     7.3     7.6     NA         5.5      5.9    6.1    6.8    8.2    7.2
 1967    19.2   15.4    3.5   NA     NA      6.7     8.1     8.2     NA         5.9      6.5    6.7    7.6    9.1    7.3
 1968    20.7   16.5    4.1   NA     NA      7.1     8.3     9.2     NA         6.3      7.0    7.5    8.4    9.9    6.8
 1969    22.2   17.8    4.9   NA     NA      7.7     9.3     9.4     NA         7.0      7.6    8.5    9.2   10.8    7.4

 1970    23.7   19.7    5.8   NA     NA      8.9    10.7     9.9     NA         8.9      9.2    9.8   10.3   12.1    8.6
 1971    25.2   21.7    6.9   NA     NA     10.5    12.4    11.1     NA        10.4     10.8   11.6   11.9   13.8   10.0
 1972    26.5   23.7    9.2   NA     NA     13.7    14.7    13.4     NA        12.6     12.8   14.5   14.2   16.5   11.8
 1973    28.5   25.5   12.5   NA     NA     18.5    20.5    17.5     NA        17.1     15.1   20.0   18.4   20.3   13.2
 1974    31.6   30.3   15.3   NA     NA     22.6    24.6    19.2     NA        19.9     17.7   24.7   22.4   23.5   15.1
 1975    35.5   33.5   17.5   NA     NA     29.0    31.1    26.3     NA        23.1     22.3   30.1   28.4   30.8   19.0
 1976    38.4   39.8   18.8   NA     NA     31.9    32.9    27.0     NA        24.3     21.7   32.0   31.3   34.3   17.9
 1977    41.8   41.0   23.0   NA     NA     37.1    36.7    29.8     NA        28.8     24.2   37.6   36.0   36.7   19.6
 1978    45.2   41.0   31.5   NA     NA     45.4    44.1    36.7     NA        35.8     29.0   46.2   40.4   40.2   25.1
 1979    49.6   43.9   32.0   NA     NA     51.7    51.6    44.0     NA        42.0     35.9   53.5   43.9   45.6   33.0

 1980    55.6   49.0   32.8   NA     NA     57.7    53.2    51.1     NA        46.1     40.8   57.0   49.0   51.4   43.7
 1981    61.1   54.1   36.1   NA     NA     49.5    46.2    46.0     NA        39.3     37.1   47.4   46.9   47.4   44.1
 1982    67.0   59.6   33.5   NA     NA     42.1    43.0    45.1     NA        38.8     36.8   47.1   46.4   41.0   42.0
 1983    68.8   63.9   36.1   NA     NA     41.3    42.0    43.0     NA        38.6     38.2   46.1   45.0   37.2   39.0
 1984    71.2   64.3   37.2   NA     NA     39.7    39.2    40.7     NA        36.3     37.9   42.6   44.1   37.5   37.2
 1985    75.1   63.5   38.5   NA     NA     40.8    40.9    42.9     NA        37.2     39.2   43.3   45.8   39.7   39.0
 1986    78.5   63.3   57.3   NA     NA     55.6    54.6    57.9     NA        52.4     52.3   61.1   58.1   51.8   47.8
 1987    80.7   68.0   68.3   NA     NA     68.6    70.6    69.2     NA        66.0     63.5   76.2   72.3   62.1   60.2
 1988    84.0   76.0   78.4   NA     NA     70.9    74.3    72.5     NA        70.4     65.5   78.0   79.3   68.2   68.3
 1989    86.6   84.1   77.3   NA     NA     70.1    72.3    71.4     NA        69.1     68.1   73.4   78.4   71.6   67.7

 1990    90.8   91.5   79.3   NA     NA     86.6    90.4    88.0     NA        86.4     86.8   87.7   91.7   86.4   81.7
 1991    95.6  100.1   90.3   NA     NA     91.5    90.5    90.2    86.6       89.4     92.9   89.4   93.3   91.9   90.5
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0   NA     NA    100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   102.7   95.5  119.3   NA     NA     97.4    97.4    96.2   100.2      100.0     84.2   98.1   88.8   72.6   88.7
 1994   105.6   91.7  132.4   NA     NA    102.1    NA     100.8   108.1      107.6     82.4  104.6   92.0   75.4   92.3
 1995   107.9   93.3  147.7   NA     NA    119.1    NA     115.1   129.2      128.3     85.3  121.2  107.1   86.8   95.9
 1996   109.3   93.1  129.3   NA     NA    114.6    NA     114.1   129.9      128.4     96.1  118.0  109.3   99.1   95.6
 1997   111.4   94.4  119.3   NA     NA    102.5    NA     102.5   115.3      114.0     90.7  104.3  104.1   91.2  103.3
 1998   117.3   90.6  112.1   NA     NA    102.5    NA     103.1   114.4      113.3     87.3  104.9  103.8   90.3  109.8
 1999   123.2   91.9  131.2   NA     NA     98.7    NA     102.6   111.3       NA       85.8   NA    106.2   89.7  112.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 25 -

Table 9.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada*Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden*Kingdom*

 1950    NA     20.3   NA     NA     NA     NA      11.0    12.2     NA        25.5      7.3   27.5    9.0    9.5    6.3

 1955    NA     23.5   36.1   NA     NA     NA      13.8    17.0     NA        25.4      7.5   31.3   11.8   13.8    8.3

 1960    NA     25.6   30.9   NA     NA     30.1    15.4    19.5     NA        27.8      7.9   34.4   12.9   15.0    9.8
 1961    NA     25.0   31.8   NA     NA     31.5    16.3    20.3     NA        29.7      8.1   37.1   13.6   15.6   10.5
 1962    NA     23.9   34.6   NA     NA     32.1    17.0    21.1     NA        31.5      8.6   38.2   15.0   16.2   10.8
 1963    NA     23.8   35.7   NA     NA     34.2    17.9    21.8     NA        32.2      9.9   40.4   15.2   16.9   10.7
 1964    NA     23.8   35.4   NA     NA     36.3    17.9    22.0     NA        32.1     10.5   42.9   15.4   16.9   10.7
 1965    NA     24.2   38.3   NA     NA     38.3    18.9    22.3     NA        33.3     10.1   45.1   16.0   17.4   11.4
 1966    NA     25.6   38.5   NA     NA     39.6    20.5    21.8     NA        34.7      9.9   47.3   16.8   18.3   11.9
 1967    NA     26.7   38.1   NA     NA     40.9    21.4    22.1     NA        34.5     10.4   48.8   18.1   18.7   11.7
 1968    NA     26.9   39.6   NA     NA     40.3    21.6    22.6     NA        34.3     10.2   48.4   18.8   18.6   11.7
 1969    NA     27.6   41.0   NA     NA     40.4    23.4    22.7     NA        35.0     10.9   50.0   19.0   18.8   12.5

 1970    NA     30.1   43.3    8.3   23.3   41.7    25.2    24.0     NA        39.8     12.4   52.9   20.4   20.6   14.1
 1971    NA     30.2   47.3    8.8   24.4   45.2    27.1    25.5     NA        42.9     14.1   57.1   22.5   22.2   15.4
 1972    NA     31.0   49.6    9.7   24.4   47.9    27.8    26.9     NA        44.7     14.6   60.8   23.7   23.6   16.8
 1973    NA     32.0   55.7   11.6   28.2   51.2    30.6    28.8     NA        47.5     15.8   65.3   25.1   24.8   17.9
 1974    NA     36.6   71.1   14.2   42.7   59.9    35.9    33.5     NA        52.1     19.4   72.7   28.2   27.9   21.1
 1975    NA     43.6   80.6   16.3   43.4   69.5    38.9    39.5     NA        55.2     25.4   84.3   34.2   33.7   28.7
 1976    NA     46.2   81.9   20.7   44.6   73.1    41.8    42.7     NA        55.4     27.7   84.8   38.3   38.9   31.9
 1977    61.2   48.1   86.8   24.4   46.4   75.3    45.4    45.8     NA        58.8     32.1   85.5   43.2   43.3   35.7
 1978    65.3   50.5   89.1   29.3   46.5   76.1    49.3    49.4     NA        61.1     34.7   86.8   46.8   46.6   41.1
 1979    70.8   56.0   87.5   35.9   52.8   76.8    52.5    53.5     NA        62.9     38.4   89.0   45.8   46.6   48.5

 1980    78.8   63.2   91.7   45.1   61.1   80.3    55.0    61.3     NA        69.4     43.1   93.0   50.8   51.0   59.1
 1981    82.4   69.0   95.1   52.1   70.9   81.7    59.5    69.0     NA        72.4     50.9   95.1   56.6   56.6   65.3
 1982    87.9   78.8   95.8   55.6   75.5   81.5    64.6    76.5     NA        76.7     58.9   99.2   60.5   58.7   68.1
 1983    86.0   79.0   97.2   59.6   73.9   81.1    65.8    82.6     NA        76.4     65.7   96.2   64.2   60.6   67.8
 1984    85.6   76.3   96.8   61.9   76.8   84.0    69.9    88.2     NA        77.3     68.9   90.9   66.3   62.4   69.4
 1985    87.3   77.7   93.8   62.1   80.0   86.5    74.2    92.0     NA        78.6     73.5   91.8   70.2   68.0   73.5
 1986    91.2   81.0   99.0   62.1   82.1   88.0    80.4    94.3     NA        81.2     75.6   93.7   77.7   72.4   76.9
 1987    86.9   82.4   96.0   66.9   82.1   89.7    88.4    96.1     NA        86.3     78.0   95.9   84.1   75.8   81.6
 1988    86.7   85.2   93.4   76.1   84.4   88.1    88.2    93.3     NA        86.5     79.9   93.6   90.4   79.4   82.2
 1989    90.5   88.0   94.0   81.5   88.3   88.7    88.1    93.6     NA        87.9     84.9   91.1   92.2   85.1   84.6

 1990    93.7   92.3   95.0   85.9   95.1   93.0    93.6    96.8     NA        90.3     91.3   92.1   95.6   92.8   91.6
 1991    97.7   99.7   96.5   95.0   96.4   98.1    96.3    99.3    93.1       93.3     98.4   95.5  100.0  100.0   98.2
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   100.6   97.6  104.1  103.8  100.9  102.3   100.1   102.4   104.5      105.3    104.4  102.3  100.9   90.6  100.3
 1994    98.5   94.3  104.9  108.2  101.9   97.9    93.0    97.3   102.0      103.6    102.1   96.0  102.9   83.6   99.7
 1995    94.8   95.5  100.1  120.4  102.1   96.4    93.8    94.7   104.7      105.9    103.2   94.0  107.1   87.2  102.5
 1996    93.5   95.9   95.8  126.5  101.6   95.6   100.9    95.9   107.2      107.5    109.9   94.6  111.4   91.7  104.8
 1997    92.0   95.9   93.8  116.1  100.0   93.3   102.0    92.2   104.6      103.9    112.4   92.2  115.2   90.0  107.1
 1998    92.4   98.8   96.2  113.6  101.4   93.7   102.8    92.7   101.8      100.4    110.8   92.5  121.5   90.9  111.9
 1999    91.4   98.1   94.9  108.7   99.1   93.4   108.9    92.6   101.8       NA      112.0   NA    128.5   91.3  112.3

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 26 -

Table 10.  Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada*Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden*Kingdom*

 1950    NA     22.5   NA     NA     NA     NA       9.6    18.5     NA         9.5     14.4   12.7    7.8   10.7   10.0

 1955    NA     28.8   12.7   NA     NA     NA      12.0    25.7     NA         9.4     14.8   14.5   10.2   15.5   13.2

 1960    NA     32.0   10.9   NA     NA     19.4    13.5    21.1     NA        10.4     15.6   16.0   11.3   16.9   15.6
 1961    NA     29.8   11.2   NA     NA     20.3    14.3    21.9     NA        11.6     16.0   18.0   11.9   17.6   16.7
 1962    NA     27.0   12.1   NA     NA     20.7    14.9    22.8     NA        12.3     17.1   18.7   13.0   18.3   17.1
 1963    NA     26.7   12.5   NA     NA     22.0    15.7    23.5     NA        12.6     19.7   19.8   13.2   18.9   17.0
 1964    NA     26.7   12.4   NA     NA     23.5    15.6    23.7     NA        12.6     20.7   20.9   13.3   19.2   16.9
 1965    NA     27.1   13.4   NA     NA     24.8    16.5    24.0     NA        13.0     19.9   22.0   13.9   19.6   18.0
 1966    NA     28.7   13.5   NA     NA     25.6    17.9    23.5     NA        13.6     19.5   23.0   14.6   20.6   18.9
 1967    NA     29.9   13.3   NA     NA     26.5    18.5    23.7     NA        13.5     20.5   23.8   15.7   21.1   18.3
 1968    NA     30.2   13.9   NA     NA     25.9    17.4    24.2     NA        13.4     20.3   23.5   16.4   20.9   15.9
 1969    NA     31.0   14.5   NA     NA     25.9    18.8    23.1     NA        13.9     21.3   24.3   16.5   21.1   16.9

 1970    NA     34.8   15.3   21.0   14.7   27.0    20.3    23.0     NA        17.1     24.4   25.7   17.8   23.1   19.2
 1971    NA     36.1   17.3   19.9   15.3   29.9    22.1    24.5     NA        19.3     28.1   28.8   19.9   25.3   21.3
 1972    NA     37.8   20.8   19.5   15.4   35.0    24.1    28.2     NA        21.9     30.8   33.3   22.3   28.9   23.8
 1973    NA     38.6   26.1   22.8   18.6   42.4    30.7    34.4     NA        28.0     33.5   41.3   27.2   33.1   24.8
 1974    NA     45.2   30.9   27.6   28.3   49.5    35.6    36.9     NA        31.5     36.8   47.6   31.7   36.7   28.0
 1975    NA     51.8   34.5   26.4   28.7   60.9    40.9    48.8     NA        35.1     47.9   58.7   40.7   47.4   36.1
 1976    NA     56.6   35.0   33.6   29.6   60.9    41.8    47.3     NA        34.4     41.1   56.5   43.6   52.0   32.6
 1977    61.2   54.7   41.1   39.5   30.8   67.6    45.7    49.3     NA        39.6     44.8   61.3   50.4   56.4   35.3
 1978    65.3   53.5   54.2   47.5   31.6   77.8    54.1    58.1     NA        47.6     50.4   70.7   55.5   60.1   44.6
 1979    70.8   57.8   50.9   58.2   36.9   84.2    60.3    66.5     NA        53.6     57.0   78.0   56.2   63.3   58.2

 1980    78.8   65.3   51.3   58.3   42.7   88.3    58.9    76.8     NA        59.6     62.0   82.3   63.9   70.3   77.8
 1981    82.4   69.5   54.6   60.0   48.4   70.6    50.4    67.1     NA        49.9     55.1   66.9   61.3   65.1   74.8
 1982    87.9   77.2   48.8   59.6   48.5   57.2    46.7    61.6     NA        49.3     53.6   65.3   58.2   54.4   67.4
 1983    86.0   77.5   51.8   60.3   46.4   51.0    43.4    57.4     NA        46.7     53.3   59.3   54.7   46.0   58.2
 1984    85.6   71.2   51.7   60.1   48.8   46.8    40.8    53.5     NA        42.4     48.4   49.8   50.5   44.0   52.5
 1985    87.3   68.7   49.9   56.5   50.4   46.9    42.3    54.2     NA        41.7     47.5   48.7   50.8   46.0   54.0
 1986    91.2   70.4   74.5   55.1   54.6   63.4    60.0    72.1     NA        58.5     62.4   67.3   65.3   59.2   63.9
 1987    86.9   75.1   84.2   63.5   65.1   77.2    77.9    84.6     NA        74.9     74.1   83.2   77.5   69.6   75.7
 1988    86.7   83.6   92.4   81.3   74.2   77.0    79.0    82.9     NA        76.9     75.6   83.2   86.1   75.4   82.9
 1989    90.5   89.8   86.3   94.8   84.1   72.3    72.6    77.6     NA        73.0     76.2   75.5   82.9   76.8   78.5

 1990    93.7   95.6   83.1   94.9   88.9   89.5    91.3    94.1     NA        87.3     93.8   88.9   95.0   91.3   92.5
 1991    97.7  105.1   90.9  101.1   90.6   92.3    90.8    93.1    87.5       87.8     97.6   89.8   95.7   96.3   98.2
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   100.6   91.4  118.8  101.1   96.1   95.1    93.2    95.6    98.6       99.4     81.8   96.8   88.3   67.7   85.3
 1994    98.5   83.4  130.1  105.2   96.9   94.2    88.3    92.9    98.2       99.8     78.1   92.8   90.7   63.1   86.5
 1995    94.8   84.1  135.1  122.3   96.9  105.2   101.1   100.6   114.1      115.5     78.0  103.0  105.0   71.2   91.6
 1996    93.5   85.0  111.7  123.3   93.0   99.3   105.0    99.2   111.3      111.6     87.8   98.6  107.1   79.7   92.6
 1997    92.0   83.6   98.3   95.8   87.4   83.7    93.1    83.6    94.1       93.5     81.3   83.0  101.1   68.6   99.3
 1998    92.4   80.5   93.1   63.7   76.0   83.0    92.6    83.2    90.3       89.1     78.6   82.0  100.0   66.6  105.0
 1999    91.4   79.8  105.7   71.7   77.2   79.3    94.1    79.6    86.6       NA       75.9   NA    102.2   64.3  102.8

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 27 -

Table 11.  Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar)
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden Kingdom

 1950   100.0  110.5   35.2   NA     NA     NA      87.5   151.3     NA        37.2    197.3   46.2   87.1  112.6  158.6

 1955   100.0  122.5   35.2   NA     NA     NA      87.4   151.2     NA        37.1    197.1   46.1   87.0  112.6  158.0

 1960   100.0  124.6   35.2   NA     NA     64.5    87.6   107.9     NA        37.4    198.4   46.6   87.1  112.7  159.0
 1961   100.0  119.4   35.1   NA     NA     64.5    87.4   107.9     NA        38.9    198.4   48.5   87.0  112.7  158.6
 1962   100.0  113.1   35.1   NA     NA     64.6    87.5   108.0     NA        39.1    198.5   48.8   87.1  113.0  159.0
 1963   100.0  112.0   35.1   NA     NA     64.5    87.4   108.0     NA        39.2    198.2   48.8   86.9  112.3  158.5
 1964   100.0  112.0   35.0   NA     NA     64.6    87.3   108.0     NA        39.3    197.3   48.8   86.8  113.1  158.1
 1965   100.0  112.1   35.1   NA     NA     64.8    87.3   108.0     NA        39.1    197.2   48.8   86.9  112.9  158.3
 1966   100.0  112.2   35.0   NA     NA     64.5    87.4   107.7     NA        39.1    197.3   48.6   86.9  112.8  158.1
 1967   100.0  112.0   35.0   NA     NA     64.7    86.5   107.6     NA        39.2    197.4   48.8   86.9  112.9  155.7
 1968   100.0  112.2   35.2   NA     NA     64.4    80.7   106.9     NA        39.1    197.7   48.6   87.0  112.7  135.5
 1969   100.0  112.2   35.4   NA     NA     64.1    80.3   102.2     NA        39.8    196.4   48.5   87.0  112.7  135.3

 1970   100.0  115.8   35.4  252.7   62.9   64.7    80.5    95.7     NA        42.8    196.5   48.6   86.9  112.3  135.6
 1971   100.0  119.7   36.5  226.0   62.9   66.2    81.6    96.1     NA        44.9    199.3   50.4   88.3  114.1  138.4
 1972   100.0  122.0   41.8  199.7   62.9   73.0    86.8   104.9     NA        49.0    211.1   54.8   94.3  122.5  141.6
 1973   100.0  120.8   46.8  197.0   65.8   82.8   100.2   119.3     NA        59.0    211.8   63.3  108.2  133.8  138.8
 1974   100.0  123.6   43.5  194.0   66.2   82.7    99.3   110.1     NA        60.5    189.4   65.5  112.6  131.4  132.5
 1975   100.0  118.8   42.7  162.1   66.2   87.6   105.3   123.6     NA        63.6    188.9   69.7  119.2  140.6  125.8
 1976   100.0  122.6   42.8  162.1   66.2   83.3    99.9   110.9     NA        62.1    148.4   66.6  113.9  133.7  102.2
 1977   100.0  113.7   47.3  162.1   66.2   89.7   100.6   107.7     NA        67.3    139.6   71.7  116.8  130.4   98.8
 1978   100.0  106.0   60.8  162.1   67.9  102.3   109.6   117.6     NA        77.9    145.2   81.4  118.6  129.0  108.6
 1979   100.0  103.2   58.1  162.1   69.8  109.6   114.8   124.4     NA        85.2    148.3   87.7  122.7  135.9  120.2

 1980   100.0  103.4   55.9  129.2   69.8  110.0   107.1   125.3     NA        85.9    143.9   88.5  125.8  137.7  131.7
 1981   100.0  100.8   57.5  115.2   68.3   86.4    84.6    97.3     NA        69.0    108.2   70.4  108.2  115.0  114.6
 1982   100.0   97.9   50.9  107.2   64.3   70.2    72.4    80.5     NA        64.3     91.0   65.8   96.2   92.7   99.0
 1983   100.0   98.1   53.4  101.1   62.8   62.9    66.0    69.5     NA        61.2     81.1   61.6   85.1   75.9   85.8
 1984   100.0   93.3   53.4   97.1   63.5   55.7    58.3    60.6     NA        54.9     70.2   54.8   76.2   70.4   75.7
 1985   100.0   88.5   53.2   91.0   63.1   54.2    57.0    58.9     NA        53.1     64.5   53.0   72.3   67.7   73.5
 1986   100.0   87.0   75.3   88.7   66.5   72.0    74.6    76.4     NA        72.0     82.6   71.8   84.0   81.7   83.1
 1987   100.0   91.1   87.7   95.0   79.2   86.1    88.2    88.0     NA        86.9     95.0   86.8   92.2   91.8   92.8
 1988   100.0   98.2   98.9  106.8   87.9   87.4    89.6    88.8     NA        88.9     94.6   88.9   95.2   94.9  100.8
 1989   100.0  102.1   91.8  116.4   95.3   81.6    82.5    83.0     NA        83.0     89.8   82.9   89.9   90.2   92.7

 1990   100.0  103.6   87.4  110.4   93.5   96.2    97.5    97.2     NA        96.6    102.8   96.6   99.4   98.4  101.0
 1991   100.0  105.5   94.2  106.5   94.0   94.0    94.3    93.7    94.0       94.0     99.3   93.9   95.7   96.3  100.1
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   100.0   93.7  114.1   97.4   95.2   93.0    93.1    93.4    94.4       94.4     78.3   94.6   87.5   74.7   85.0
 1994   100.0   88.4  124.1   97.2   95.1   96.2    95.0    95.4    96.3       96.3     76.5   96.7   88.1   75.5   86.7
 1995   100.0   88.1  134.9  101.5   95.0  109.1   107.8   106.2   109.1      109.1     75.6  109.6   98.1   81.6   89.4
 1996   100.0   88.6  116.5   97.5   91.6  103.8   104.1   103.5   103.8      103.8     79.9  104.3   96.2   86.8   88.4
 1997   100.0   87.3  104.7   82.5   87.4   89.8    91.3    90.7    90.0       90.0     72.3   90.1   87.7   76.2   92.7
 1998   100.0   81.5   96.8   56.0   75.0   88.5    90.1    89.7    88.8       88.8     70.9   88.7   82.3   73.3   93.8
 1999   100.0   81.3  111.5   65.9   77.8   84.9    86.4    86.0    85.1       85.1     67.8   85.0   79.6   70.4   91.6

NA:  Not Available

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 28 -

Table 12.  Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada*Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden*Kingdom*

 1950     8.8    5.9   NA     NA     NA     NA       3.5     2.0     NA         4.9       .9    4.0    2.9    2.4    1.9

 1955    11.8    8.1    3.7   NA     NA     NA       4.7     3.4     NA         7.3      1.4    5.9    4.4    3.9    2.7

 1960    14.8   10.3    5.3   NA     NA      6.8     6.0     5.2     NA        10.7      1.8    8.4    6.0    5.1    3.5
 1961    15.2   10.6    6.1   NA     NA      7.2     6.6     5.7     NA        11.8      2.0    9.2    6.4    5.5    3.7
 1962    16.0   11.0    6.8   NA     NA      7.8     7.2     6.3     NA        13.0      2.3    9.8    7.0    6.1    3.9
 1963    16.5   11.5    7.6   NA     NA      8.6     7.8     6.9     NA        13.7      2.7   10.7    7.5    6.6    4.0
 1964    17.3   12.1    8.5   NA     NA      9.6     8.5     7.4     NA        14.8      2.9   12.3    8.0    7.1    4.4
 1965    17.9   12.8    9.4   NA     NA     10.5     9.4     8.0     NA        16.2      3.0   13.8    8.7    7.8    4.7
 1966    18.8   13.6   10.4   NA     NA     11.5    10.4     8.5     NA        17.4      3.2   15.3    9.5    8.5    5.0
 1967    19.4   14.4   11.7   NA     NA     12.4    11.6     9.1     NA        17.8      3.6   16.9   10.5    9.2    5.1
 1968    20.9   15.3   13.5   NA     NA     13.3    12.5    10.0     NA        19.4      3.8   18.5   11.3    9.8    5.5
 1969    22.2   16.5   15.8   NA     NA     14.4    13.8    10.9     NA        21.3      4.2   20.7   12.2   10.5    6.0

 1970    23.3   17.6   18.6   NA     NA     16.0    15.3    12.1     NA        24.8      5.0   23.5   13.4   11.8    6.8
 1971    24.8   18.6   21.2   NA     NA     18.2    17.5    13.5     NA        27.2      5.6   26.6   15.2   13.2    7.6
 1972    26.5   20.0   24.3   NA     NA     21.0    19.0    14.7     NA        29.8      6.2   30.1   16.7   14.3    8.7
 1973    28.5   21.6   29.4   NA     NA     24.3    21.8    16.6     NA        33.4      7.4   35.2   18.7   15.8   10.0
 1974    31.0   24.9   37.0   NA     NA     29.2    26.9    19.5     NA        37.2      9.4   40.7   21.7   18.4   11.7
 1975    34.3   28.3   42.1   NA     NA     33.3    31.1    23.1     NA        40.0     11.6   45.7   25.8   22.1   15.5
 1976    37.6   32.5   46.7   NA     NA     39.3    34.8    26.5     NA        44.3     14.4   50.9   29.1   25.5   18.1
 1977    41.0   36.1   51.6   NA     NA     42.3    38.2    29.9     NA        47.7     17.0   55.3   32.1   27.7   20.6
 1978    44.3   39.1   55.2   NA     NA     45.2    41.6    33.4     NA        50.6     19.5   59.2   34.6   29.9   23.9
 1979    48.4   42.8   59.1   NA     NA     48.1    46.5    37.7     NA        54.1     23.5   62.9   35.8   31.7   28.3

 1980    53.5   47.2   62.9   NA     NA     52.7    51.6    43.5     NA        57.9     27.6   66.7   39.1   34.9   33.0
 1981    58.8   52.9   66.8   NA     NA     56.1    56.1    49.8     NA        60.9     33.4   70.2   43.6   38.8   37.8
 1982    63.3   59.6   69.9   NA     NA     60.0    62.0    56.7     NA        64.1     39.3   75.3   48.1   42.0   42.0
 1983    66.9   64.6   71.9   NA     NA     64.2    67.2    62.3     NA        67.2     45.8   78.9   53.0   47.2   45.2
 1984    70.2   68.2   74.8   NA     NA     69.3    70.8    67.7     NA        70.3     52.5   80.7   57.9   52.1   49.2
 1985    74.1   71.5   77.6   NA     NA     74.1    73.0    72.9     NA        73.1     58.5   82.9   63.1   56.8   53.7
 1986    77.4   72.9   81.1   NA     NA     76.2    76.3    76.1     NA        75.6     62.4   85.7   68.9   61.2   58.3
 1987    80.0   75.3   83.3   NA     NA     79.2    81.5    79.4     NA        78.8     67.1   88.1   76.3   66.2   65.3
 1988    84.0   79.7   85.6   NA     NA     81.9    84.4    82.7     NA        81.7     72.0   88.6   81.7   70.0   69.9
 1989    86.7   83.0   89.9   NA     NA     86.4    88.2    86.9     NA        84.6     78.7   89.0   86.0   77.1   74.5

 1990    90.2   88.5   95.5   NA     NA     91.7    92.1    91.1     NA        89.2     85.4   91.2   90.9   86.4   82.5
 1991    94.3   94.8   98.9   NA     NA     97.3    95.6    95.7    88.0       94.3     93.7   95.4   96.4   94.2   91.3
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0   NA     NA    100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   104.1  103.0  102.1   NA     NA    103.2   103.8   102.9   104.0      102.8    105.4  103.7  101.8   99.9  104.1
 1994   108.0  105.8  104.3   NA     NA    107.4   106.0   105.6   110.2      108.5    108.6  108.2  105.0  106.6  107.8
 1995   109.5  107.7  107.7   NA     NA    109.2   109.7   107.9   116.0      113.6    113.7  110.9  108.8  114.7  109.7
 1996   110.9  107.2  110.1   NA     NA    111.0   112.6   109.8   120.0      117.6    120.4  113.4  112.6  123.4  110.7
 1997   113.9  111.6  112.3   NA     NA    114.8   117.2   113.1   122.9      120.5    125.9  115.6  117.4  129.5  114.1
 1998   118.7  114.0  111.8   NA     NA    116.7   118.3   115.4   125.3      122.8    123.3  117.8  125.0  133.4  118.4
 1999   124.4  116.9  113.3   NA     NA    118.4   123.9   117.8   127.2       NA      126.3   NA    131.6  138.2  122.6

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 29 -

Table 13.  Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden Kingdom

 1950    46.8   37.0   NA     NA     NA     NA      28.6    19.8     NA        11.7     18.5   17.1   26.3   25.2   26.6

 1955    56.5   46.5   18.2   NA     NA     NA      31.9    26.7     NA        15.9     21.5   21.2   29.4   30.5   29.0

 1960    65.2   54.6   23.2   NA     NA     24.5    38.7    30.1     NA        23.6     24.7   26.4   36.3   35.3   34.1
 1961    66.5   55.5   25.6   NA     NA     25.7    41.7    32.2     NA        25.8     26.6   29.8   38.7   37.9   35.2
 1962    68.3   57.0   27.4   NA     NA     27.2    42.5    34.0     NA        28.4     29.8   31.0   40.3   40.3   35.5
 1963    69.5   58.3   28.4   NA     NA     29.4    43.9    35.4     NA        29.4     32.8   33.1   42.0   43.3   36.4
 1964    71.4   59.7   30.8   NA     NA     31.9    45.7    37.2     NA        31.1     33.1   36.2   42.5   45.7   37.6
 1965    71.8   61.7   32.2   NA     NA     34.0    47.7    39.4     NA        33.1     34.0   39.0   45.0   48.0   39.2
 1966    73.0   63.8   33.8   NA     NA     36.1    50.8    40.6     NA        34.7     35.4   41.4   47.6   49.4   40.8
 1967    74.7   64.9   36.4   NA     NA     38.3    53.0    42.5     NA        36.1     38.2   44.3   50.9   52.5   41.8
 1968    77.2   66.6   40.2   NA     NA     39.9    54.0    46.3     NA        38.3     40.3   47.5   54.2   56.0   42.9
 1969    78.5   68.9   45.3   NA     NA     42.1    58.7    47.5     NA        41.0     43.0   50.2   58.0   58.8   44.2

 1970    79.5   71.5   50.0   NA     NA     46.1    62.9    50.9     NA        46.7     49.8   55.6   58.3   61.7   47.8
 1971    80.8   73.9   54.4   NA     NA     51.1    68.3    54.1     NA        49.8     54.7   59.1   62.8   64.0   49.7
 1972    82.3   75.7   59.7   NA     NA     57.3    71.0    56.2     NA        52.3     58.0   62.9   65.3   67.4   53.5
 1973    83.4   76.7   65.4   NA     NA     63.6    78.8    60.0     NA        55.4     61.9   69.4   68.5   69.7   55.8
 1974    83.4   80.2   69.5   NA     NA     69.4    82.8    62.7     NA        58.9     67.7   75.6   73.4   74.7   57.8
 1975    85.6   83.3   72.5   NA     NA     74.4    90.0    68.4     NA        61.3     72.9   78.5   78.6   83.5   62.0
 1976    87.8   88.8   71.4   NA     NA     78.9    92.1    71.5     NA        63.1     77.7   80.5   83.2   88.3   61.8
 1977    89.6   91.2   72.8   NA     NA     79.5    91.8    74.2     NA        66.7     77.1   82.3   85.6   86.0   60.1
 1978    90.6   89.9   74.5   NA     NA     81.6    91.9    76.5     NA        69.9     78.9   85.6   87.4   88.8   64.4
 1979    90.9   90.6   76.4   NA     NA     83.1    93.7    78.4     NA        72.2     82.6   88.2   87.6   89.8   67.4

 1980    91.7   91.7   75.4   NA     NA     86.7    92.1    79.5     NA        74.6     80.0   87.4   86.0   87.5   69.0
 1981    92.1   92.0   77.0   NA     NA     87.8    90.7    81.2     NA        74.6     81.5   85.7   84.1   86.2   72.0
 1982    95.4   94.1   78.6   NA     NA     84.5    89.7    86.2     NA        75.0     82.6   85.8   84.1   85.0   72.4
 1983    94.1   95.2   79.2   NA     NA     86.1    89.7    86.9     NA        76.0     83.7   87.4   85.1   84.3   74.4
 1984    93.6   96.4   79.8   NA     NA     88.0    89.2    87.7     NA        77.7     86.8   87.8   87.7   85.1   76.3
 1985    95.5   96.6   81.4   NA     NA     88.5    90.9    89.6     NA        80.7     89.8   90.4   90.8   87.2   77.8
 1986    98.1   94.1   85.0   NA     NA     89.7    89.6    90.9     NA        84.1     88.2   93.9   92.4   90.3   81.5
 1987    97.6   92.3   86.9   NA     NA     91.0    94.1    91.5     NA        87.7     89.0   97.4   96.4   92.3   88.1
 1988    97.9   92.1   87.8   NA     NA     91.5    93.2    92.6     NA        90.3     87.9   96.6   96.0   94.0   87.7
 1989    96.8   93.4   91.1   NA     NA     94.1    94.1    94.1     NA        92.3     90.3   96.3   96.1   98.1   87.7

 1990    96.6   94.7   95.3   NA     NA     95.4    96.9    96.0     NA        96.6     94.6   96.5   97.7   97.4   88.9
 1991    98.1   96.3   97.6   NA     NA     99.7    98.0    98.8    96.8       99.1     98.7   98.1   99.8   97.2   93.9
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0   NA     NA    100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   100.2  100.2  103.2   NA     NA    102.0   103.3   100.9   101.6      102.1    103.2  101.1   99.2   95.1  102.7
 1994   100.8  101.6  104.7   NA     NA    100.9    NA     101.7   104.6      104.8     99.6  102.7  100.7   95.6  102.3
 1995   100.4  101.7  107.4   NA     NA    102.3    NA     102.7   108.5      108.7     98.9  103.1  102.7   97.3   99.7
 1996    99.0   99.2  108.8   NA     NA    101.4    NA     102.4   113.1      112.8    101.5  103.6  105.6  103.4   98.1
 1997    98.8  100.6  109.7   NA     NA    103.2    NA     103.7   113.5      113.3    103.9  103.7  107.5  106.5   98.0
 1998   102.6  102.5  110.9   NA     NA    103.6    NA     104.8   113.3      113.3    100.2  104.0  111.8  107.9   99.5
 1999   105.5  102.4  113.0   NA     NA    102.9    NA     108.2   114.2       NA      101.5   NA    115.5  106.8  102.6

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 30 -

Table 14.  Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden Kingdom

 1950    47.4   40.3   NA     NA     NA     NA      40.2    24.4     NA        17.2     20.4   22.3   34.4   33.3   30.9

 1955    57.4   48.7   21.6   NA     NA     NA      44.0    32.5     NA        23.3     24.3   27.7   38.6   39.9   34.2

 1960    64.9   56.8   28.6   NA     NA     30.8    50.8    36.6     NA        31.0     28.2   34.8   45.8   43.8   39.3
 1961    66.2   57.5   31.1   NA     NA     32.2    53.1    39.3     NA        33.4     30.0   37.6   48.0   46.4   40.1
 1962    68.8   59.4   32.6   NA     NA     34.2    54.5    41.4     NA        35.8     32.6   39.0   49.9   48.9   39.9
 1963    70.1   61.0   33.6   NA     NA     37.0    55.4    43.1     NA        36.5     36.1   41.4   51.7   51.8   40.9
 1964    72.6   62.7   36.2   NA     NA     40.0    58.3    45.0     NA        38.7     36.4   44.9   52.6   54.0   42.6
 1965    73.7   64.9   37.2   NA     NA     41.9    60.7    47.2     NA        41.0     36.1   48.2   54.5   56.1   43.9
 1966    75.2   66.6   39.2   NA     NA     44.1    63.4    48.8     NA        42.4     38.1   50.8   57.8   57.6   44.9
 1967    75.6   67.8   42.3   NA     NA     46.2    65.4    50.7     NA        42.9     41.7   54.2   61.2   60.2   45.6
 1968    77.9   69.4   46.6   NA     NA     48.2    65.1    53.7     NA        46.1     43.9   57.1   63.6   62.8   47.2
 1969    78.7   71.5   51.8   NA     NA     50.3    69.9    56.3     NA        49.5     46.6   59.5   66.5   64.6   48.6

 1970    78.0   73.7   56.6   NA     NA     53.7    72.5    59.6     NA        56.0     53.0   64.7   66.3   67.6   51.7
 1971    79.5   76.0   60.7   NA     NA     58.5    78.5    62.9     NA        58.4     56.6   68.1   70.8   69.8   52.5
 1972    82.3   77.9   66.1   NA     NA     64.2    79.8    64.7     NA        60.7     59.6   71.5   72.5   71.6   56.0
 1973    83.3   78.3   71.9   NA     NA     69.5    83.9    67.9     NA        63.8     64.3   77.3   75.6   72.6   59.1
 1974    81.7   81.4   73.2   NA     NA     73.9    89.8    70.0     NA        66.5     67.9   81.7   80.0   76.8   59.3
 1975    82.7   83.4   74.6   NA     NA     74.9    94.6    74.1     NA        67.4     71.8   83.2   85.3   84.1   63.4
 1976    85.8   89.1   75.7   NA     NA     80.9    97.2    77.7     NA        71.5     76.5   85.2   87.9   87.8   63.7
 1977    87.9   91.4   77.3   NA     NA     81.2    96.0    79.9     NA        74.3     75.6   86.7   89.0   84.9   62.4
 1978    88.9   90.8   79.4   NA     NA     83.2    95.0    81.8     NA        76.9     77.2   89.2   88.8   85.3   66.6
 1979    88.6   91.1   82.0   NA     NA     84.7    96.8    83.6     NA        79.2     80.2   90.9   87.5   84.9   69.4

 1980    88.3   91.2   80.9   NA     NA     87.0    95.7    84.8     NA        80.7     77.9   90.6   86.3   81.9   68.7
 1981    88.8   90.8   82.0   NA     NA     86.1    93.2    85.6     NA        79.7     79.3   89.3   84.6   81.2   70.6
 1982    90.2   92.0   83.5   NA     NA     84.7    93.5    87.1     NA        79.7     80.2   90.4   83.8   80.6   71.8
 1983    91.5   94.3   84.3   NA     NA     84.1    94.7    87.4     NA        80.9     81.3   92.2   85.3   81.1   73.9
 1984    92.3   95.4   85.7   NA     NA     85.4    93.9    88.4     NA        82.7     84.2   91.3   87.7   83.4   76.4
 1985    94.2   96.2   87.2   NA     NA     87.1    92.5    89.7     NA        84.3     86.4   91.6   90.4   84.5   78.7
 1986    96.7   94.2   90.5   NA     NA     88.4    93.3    91.2     NA        87.3     87.0   94.6   92.1   87.1   82.6
 1987    96.7   93.2   92.8   NA     NA     90.5    95.8    92.3     NA        90.9     89.4   97.7   93.7   90.3   88.8
 1988    98.0   94.9   94.8   NA     NA     92.5    94.9    93.7     NA        93.2     91.3   97.6   94.1   91.6   90.6
 1989    96.9   94.1   97.4   NA     NA     94.7    94.6    95.1     NA        93.9     93.7   96.8   94.7   95.3   89.6

 1990    96.0   94.9  100.3   NA     NA     97.0    96.3    96.5     NA        96.4     95.8   96.9   96.2   95.8   90.6
 1991    96.8   96.1  100.6   NA     NA     99.7    97.6    98.3    92.5       98.2     98.8   98.3   98.7   95.9   94.7
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0   NA     NA    100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   101.5  101.2  100.8   NA     NA    100.5   102.5   100.8    99.6       99.1    101.1  101.1   99.5   97.7  102.5
 1994   103.0  103.6  102.3   NA     NA    102.1   102.6   101.8   102.7      101.7    100.3  102.7  101.2  102.1  103.6
 1995   101.9  103.3  105.7   NA     NA    102.3   104.0   102.2   106.3      104.9     99.7  103.5  102.4  104.9  101.9
 1996   100.5  101.3  107.9   NA     NA    101.9   104.6   102.0   108.4      107.2    101.5  103.8  104.6  111.8  100.4
 1997   100.9  103.8  108.2   NA     NA    103.7   106.5   103.8   109.0      107.9    104.4  103.5  106.4  115.2  100.3
 1998   103.8  105.0  107.0   NA     NA    104.4   105.6   105.1   110.1      109.0    100.4  103.6  110.8  116.8  100.7
 1999   106.6  105.9  108.8   NA     NA    104.8   107.9   106.8   111.1       NA      101.3   NA    114.0  115.9  102.6

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.
- 31 -

Table 15.  Labor compensation in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999
(Indexes:  1992=100)

        United                                                     Germany Former West        Nether-              United
Year    States Canada*Japan  Korea  Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified)  Germany   Italy  lands  Norway Sweden*Kingdom*

 1950     7.4    4.6   NA     NA     NA     NA       2.9     2.2     NA         3.7       .7    4.6    3.4    2.9    3.1

 1955    11.0    6.9    1.8   NA     NA     NA       4.1     3.9     NA         7.0      1.1    7.2    5.5    4.9    4.9

 1960    13.7    8.8    3.3   NA     NA      9.2     6.3     6.1     NA        11.6      1.7   10.9    7.3    6.9    6.7
 1961    13.7    8.9    4.1   NA     NA     10.1     7.0     6.8     NA        13.1      2.0   12.2    8.0    7.7    7.1
 1962    14.8    9.6    4.8   NA     NA     11.1     7.9     7.5     NA        14.5      2.3   13.2    8.9    8.5    7.3
 1963    15.4   10.2    5.5   NA     NA     12.4     8.5     8.4     NA        15.2      2.8   14.5    9.5    9.3    7.5
 1964    16.4   11.2    6.4   NA     NA     14.3     9.5     9.2     NA        16.4      3.0   16.9   10.3   10.2    8.2
 1965    17.8   12.4    7.1   NA     NA     15.6    10.7     9.8     NA        18.3      3.1   19.0   11.4   11.2    9.0
 1966    19.8   13.9    8.1   NA     NA     17.1    11.8    10.5     NA        19.4      3.3   21.0   12.6   12.1    9.6
 1967    20.7   14.8    9.7   NA     NA     17.9    12.5    11.1     NA        18.9      3.8   22.5   14.0   12.8    9.5
 1968    22.6   15.9   11.6   NA     NA     18.8    13.5    12.0     NA        20.7      4.1   24.4   14.9   13.4   10.2
 1969    24.6   17.4   14.0   NA     NA     21.1    15.4    13.5     NA        23.6      4.6   27.7   16.2   14.6   11.3

 1970    24.8   18.2   16.8     .6    3.0   24.0    17.1    15.4     NA        28.2      5.7   31.5   18.2   16.6   12.8
 1971    25.3   19.4   19.2     .7    3.8   27.2    18.8    17.4     NA        30.7      6.5   35.2   20.8   18.0   13.7
 1972    27.8   21.5   22.0     .9    4.6   31.0    20.9    19.2     NA        33.0      7.1   38.4   22.9   19.3   15.3
 1973    31.5   24.3   27.8    1.4    6.3   36.1    24.3    22.1     NA        37.3      8.8   44.2   25.7   21.7   17.8
 1974    34.2   28.4   34.6    2.0    9.0   43.9    28.9    26.2     NA        40.5     11.4   51.0   30.3   25.7   20.8
 1975    34.5   31.3   37.2    2.6    9.5   47.2    30.6    30.3     NA        40.9     14.1   55.3   35.9   31.2   26.3
 1976    39.2   36.0   41.1    4.1   12.1   53.4    34.5    34.6     NA        44.2     17.7   59.1   40.2   36.0   29.7
 1977    44.4   39.2   44.9    5.6   14.2   55.2    37.7    38.8     NA        47.8     21.2   62.5   44.5   37.7   34.0
 1978    50.0   43.7   47.4    8.1   17.3   56.5    40.8    42.9     NA        50.6     24.0   65.5   47.1   39.6   39.3
 1979    55.9   49.5   50.7   10.8   21.2   58.6    45.9    47.7     NA        54.8     29.4   68.8   48.0   42.1   46.2

 1980    59.7   54.3   54.9   13.5   26.9   62.8    50.2    54.4     NA        59.2     34.6   72.0   52.6   46.3   51.5
 1981    65.3   60.8   59.0   17.0   33.6   63.1    52.6    60.2     NA        61.0     40.1   73.8   57.6   49.8   53.4
 1982    65.6   62.1   61.4   19.2   36.6   65.5    58.0    67.5     NA        62.5     45.7   76.1   61.3   51.8   55.7
 1983    68.1   65.6   64.2   23.6   40.0   68.6    63.1    72.7     NA        63.2     51.1   76.1   64.1   56.9   56.5
 1984    75.0   71.2   68.2   28.5   47.8   73.2    70.2    76.8     NA        65.9     55.8   76.1   69.4   63.2   60.1
 1985    78.5   76.3   71.3   30.3   51.4   77.1    76.8    80.4     NA        69.4     61.2   79.0   76.2   70.0   65.4
 1986    80.8   80.5   74.1   35.9   61.4   78.5    83.2    82.4     NA        72.9     64.6   82.7   84.0   75.3   69.3
 1987    83.8   85.6   75.3   45.8   69.2   79.7    87.7    83.8     NA        76.0     69.2   85.8   93.0   80.8   77.0
 1988    89.5   93.8   79.1   58.4   74.0   82.3    88.9    86.1     NA        78.6     75.4   86.8   95.2   87.2   83.4
 1989    92.8   99.1   84.8   64.7   80.2   87.9    91.8    91.0     NA        82.6     83.3   88.3   93.4   94.5   89.2

 1990    95.1  100.2   91.5   74.5   85.6   94.0    96.1    96.0     NA        89.5     90.9   92.2   95.7  102.2   96.5
 1991    96.0   98.7   97.9   90.2   92.6   98.8    98.0    99.1    95.2       96.0     97.5   96.1   98.3  104.1   98.2
 1992   100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0   100.0   100.0   100.0      100.0    100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
 1993   104.2  102.1  100.0  109.4  103.4   99.2    99.1    98.0    96.6       96.6    100.6  100.5  103.6   92.3  101.7
 1994   109.4  106.8  100.0  126.4  110.6   99.3   101.6    97.6    97.1       96.8    104.3  100.0  109.9   97.9  105.9
 1995   112.2  112.8  100.7  156.5  117.2  100.4   107.6    99.4    99.8       99.2    110.6  101.3  116.6  112.0  110.4
 1996   113.4  114.9  102.3  175.5  122.2  100.5   110.7   100.3   100.3       99.4    116.1  102.5  122.6  120.2  113.4
 1997   117.5  122.8  104.2  171.6  128.3  102.5   114.8   101.1   100.7       99.5    121.7  105.1  133.3  124.8  117.4
 1998   123.4  131.5   99.7  155.5  134.5  104.8   118.6   103.4   102.7      101.2    122.2  107.9  142.9  131.5  122.9
 1999   127.3  138.7   98.6  181.2  139.9  106.3   121.5   105.8   104.0       NA      124.7   NA    146.5  137.6  123.2

NA:  Not Available

Note:  The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy
and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries.

* Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor
   costs to employers.

Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.