For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Friday, June 11, 2021 USDL-21-1020

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc 

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PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY

SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES – 2020

Labor productivity fell in 13 of 29 selected service-providing industries in 2020, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. In 2019 labor productivity decreased in 14 of 29 industries. The 

economic downturn in 2020 resulted in output declines in 21 industries and hours worked declines in 24 

industries. More than twice as many industries experienced decreases in 2020 compared to 2019, when 

output fell in 8 industries and hours worked fell in 10 industries. 

Chart 1. Largest changes in productivity in selected service-providing industries, 2020

13.4

17.2

19.4 13.1

16.2

7.5

-10.5

-8.8

-57.0

-44.7

-38.5

-7.9

Medical and diagnostic 

laboratories

Radio and television 

broadcasting

Line-haul railroads

Truck, trailer, and RV 

rental and leasing

Gambling industries

Cable and other 

subscription 

programming Couriers and 

messengers

Engineering services

Air transportation

Travel arrangement and 

reservation services

Amusement parks and 

arcades

Periodical 

publishers

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

Output Percent Change

Hours Worked Percent Change

Note: Bubble size represents industry employment. 

Value in the bubble indicates percent change in labor 

productivity.
Chart 1 shows the changes in output and hours worked for industries with the largest changes in 

productivity. Industries below the diagonal line exhibited declining productivity. Productivity declined 

in the couriers and messengers industry as output grew at a slower rate than hours worked. In all other 

industries shown in Chart 1 with declining productivity, output declined at a faster rate than hours 

worked. 

Industries above the diagonal line had productivity growth. In 2 of the 12 industries shown, output grew 

while hours worked declined. This was the case in radio and television broadcasting, the industry that 

recorded the second-largest growth in productivity, as well as medical and diagnostic laboratories.

Although line-haul railroads showed the greatest growth in productivity, this was the result of a decline 

in hours worked that exceeded a drop in output. 

Trends in Labor Productivity in 2020

• Labor productivity fell in 13 of 29 industries in 2020. (See chart 2.) 

• There were 3 industries where productivity fell more than 38 percent: Air transportation (-57.0 

percent), travel arrangement and reservation services (-44.7 percent), and amusement parks and 

arcades (-38.5 percent). In all 3 of those industries, output fell more than 55 percent.

• Productivity increased in 5 industries where declines in hours worked exceeded the decrease in 

output. In all of those industries, output fell more than 10 percent. 

• Hours worked fell in 24 of the 29 industries. 

• Hours worked decreased in 14 out of the 16 industries which recorded increases in productivity. 

Of these, the largest declines in hours worked were in gambling industries (-32.8 percent), 

drycleaning and laundry services (-19.5 percent), and line-haul railroads (-16.3 percent); the 

other 11 industries had hours worked declines of 11.7 percent or less. 

Chart 2. Labor productivity growth in selected service-providing industries, 2020

-57.0

-44.7

-38.5

-10.5

-8.8

-7.9

-7.2

-6.3

-5.2

-3.5

-1.8

-1.7

-0.2

0.3

0.4

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

2.1

4.5

5.0

6.1

7.5

13.1

13.4

16.2

17.2

19.4

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40

Air transportation

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Amusement parks and arcades

Couriers and messengers

Engineering services

Periodical publishers

Warehousing and storage

Automotive repair and maintenance

Natural gas distribution

Newspaper publishers

Restaurants and other eating places

Power generation and supply

General freight trucking, long-distance

Wired telecommunications carriers

Water, sewage and other systems

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Postal service

Specialized freight trucking

Commercial banking

Software publishers

General freight trucking, local

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Drycleaning and laundry services

Cable and other subscription programming

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Gambling industries

Radio and television broadcasting

Line-haul railroads

Percent Change

Productivity

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40

Percent Change

Output Hours

2
Unit labor costs increased in 21 industries in 2020. Productivity fell in 13 of the industries with a rise in 

unit labor costs. Changes in labor productivity counter the impact of changes in hourly compensation on 

unit labor costs facing employers. In all 8 industries where both unit labor costs and productivity 

increased, hourly compensation also increased and by a faster rate than productivity. 

Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2020

• The largest increases in unit labor costs were in air transportation (106.9 percent), 

amusement parks and arcades (76.4 percent), and travel arrangement and reservation 

services (73.7 percent). Productivity fell by more than 38 percent in all 3 of those industries. 

(See chart 3.)

• Unit labor costs rose alongside a drop in productivity in 13 industries. Of the 16 industries 

where productivity went up, unit labor costs increased in half and decreased in the other half. 

There were no industries where both unit labor costs and productivity declined. 

• Hourly compensation rose in 23 of the 29 industries measured. 

Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation costs in selected service-providing 

industries, 2020

Long term productivity rose in 45 out of 58 service-providing industries. For the majority of 

industries studied, this period extends from 1987 to 2019, the latest year for which data are 

available for all 58 selected service-providing industries published on the BLS website. None of 

the rates in this section incorporate data for 2020. Chart 4 displays the number of industries with 

increases in productivity, output, and hours worked for selected time periods through 2019. 

106.9

76.4

73.7

15.0

11.8

11.1

8.2

7.3

6.5

5.1

5.0

4.6

4.5

2.9

2.6

1.7

1.6

1.1

1.0

0.6

0.1

-1.2

-2.9

-4.1

-4.9

-8.1

-10.5

-11.7

-13.5

-40 0 40 80 120

Air transportation

Amusement parks and arcades

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Warehousing and storage

Engineering services

Periodical publishers

Newspaper publishers

Couriers and messengers

Automotive repair and maintenance

Commercial banking

Natural gas distribution

Wired telecommunications carriers

Water, sewage and other systems

Software publishers

Power generation and supply

General freight trucking, long-distance

Specialized freight trucking

Restaurants and other eating places

Drycleaning and laundry services

Postal service

Accounting and bookkeeping services

General freight trucking, local

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Cable and other subscription programming

Gambling industries

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Radio and television broadcasting

Line-haul railroads

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs

-80 -40 0 40

Percent Change

Productivity Hourly Compensation

3
Trends in Long Term Productivity

• Median long term productivity growth for all 58 industries was approximately 1.4 percent 

per year. 

• Output increased over the long term in 45 industries while hours worked increased in 38 

industries. 

• Productivity increased in 43 of the 58 industries in the period from 2007 to 2019 that began 

with a severe recession. During this period, only 41 industries had increases in output and 27 

experienced growth in hours worked. 

Chart 4. Number of selected service-providing industries with increases in labor productivity, output, 

and hours worked

0

10

20

30

40

50

1987-2019* 1987-2007* 2007-2019 2018-2019

Number of Industries

Productivity Output Hours Worked

* Note: Measures for 44 industries begin in 1987 while measures for 14 additional industries begin in later years.

58

4
Additional Information

The productivity and costs measures in this release incorporate data from the Census Bureau’s Service 

Annual Survey (December 2020) and Nonemployer Statistics (May 2020). Accordingly, the labor 

productivity and output series for all industries have been revised for 2019 and earlier years.

The COVID-19 pandemic did not impact the availability of source data used to construct productivity 

measures in this release. Data source providers continued to collect and publish high quality industry 

data for 2020. Additional information can be found on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/covid19/effectsof-covid-19-pandemic-on-productivity-and-costs-statistics.htm#Industry-Productivity.

The following NAICS codes are included in Table 1 but not counted in the short-term count of 29 

selected industries because they are duplicate codes or aggregates for which full underlying coverage is 

published: 22, 221, 484, 4841, 4911, 4931, 511, 5111, 515, 5173, 54121, 722, 722511, and 722513,4,5. 

The following NAICS codes are included in Table 2 but not counted in the long-term count of 58 

selected industries because they are duplicate codes or aggregates for which full underlying coverage is 

published: 22, 221, 484, 4841, 4842, 491, 493, 4931, 511, 5111, 515, 5151, 5173, 5412, 54121, 5615, 

6215, 6221,3, 7131, 72, 721, 7211, 722, 72251, 8121, and 8123. 

Access the productivity data dashboard at www.bls.gov/lpc/lpc_by_industry_dashboard.xlsx for 

• Additional industries and sectors 

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of 

industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation 

• Additional years and long-term data

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

5
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the 

labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in 

the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity

measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not 

measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects

of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity,

energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment

services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and 

managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of 

output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor 

compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship 

between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly 

compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation 

increases and reduce unit labor costs.

Output: Real industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the 

various products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is 

usually derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for 

some industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. 

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and 

annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information 

Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Transportation; the U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the 

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Data from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census

Bureau are used to construct preliminary output measures for 2020 for some industries. Data from 

both the Census Bureau's Quarterly Service Survey and Monthly Retail Trade Survey are used to 

construct preliminary output measures for 2020 for some industries.

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an 

industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current

Employment Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 

number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm

establishments are supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to 

estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS 

employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on 

hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to 

hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries,

employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. 

Additional sources of employment and hours data for certain service industries include the 

Association of American Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal 

Service. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly

aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

6
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries,

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in 

kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for 

voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and

survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for 

voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the 

employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census 

Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2020 are constructed using data from 

the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).

7
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2020

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2019-2020

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 542.0 -2.3 3.2 -2.8 -0.5 0.3

Utilities.............................................................. 221 542.0 -2.3 3.2 -2.8 -0.5 0.3

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 380.8 -1.7 2.6 -2.5 -0.8 0.1

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 109.2 -5.2 5.0 -4.6 0.7 0.2

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 52.0 0.4 4.5 -0.7 -1.1 3.8

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 460.5 -57.0 106.9 -60.4 -8.0 -18.1

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 137.9 19.4 -13.5 0.0 -16.3 -13.5

Truck transportation............................................... 484 1,689.3 0.6 1.5 -5.0 -5.6 -3.6

General freight trucking........................................... 4841 1,222.5 0.7 1.2 -4.1 -4.8 -3.0

General freight trucking, local.................................... 48411 333.9 4.5 -1.2 -0.6 -4.9 -1.8

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 888.6 -0.2 1.7 -5.0 -4.8 -3.4

Specialized freight trucking....................................... 4842 466.8 1.1 1.6 -6.6 -7.6 -5.1

Postal service1

..................................................... 491 602.1 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.1 1.7

Postal service1..................................................... 4911 602.1 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.1 1.7

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 1,055.2 -10.5 7.3 11.3 24.3 19.4

Warehousing and storage........................................ 493 1,355.5 -7.2 15.0 2.3 10.2 17.6

Warehousing and storage........................................ 4931 1,355.5 -7.2 15.0 2.3 10.2 17.6

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 798.5 3.9 3.9 7.0 3.0 11.2

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 298.0 -4.8 9.9 -13.2 -8.9 -4.6

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 120.9 -3.5 8.2 -17.0 -14.0 -10.2

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 84.4 -7.9 11.1 -13.6 -6.2 -4.0

Software publishers............................................... 5112 500.5 2.1 2.9 12.7 10.4 15.9

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 258.2 10.2 -6.7 0.1 -9.2 -6.6

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 206.6 17.2 -11.7 7.1 -8.6 -5.4

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 51.6 7.5 -4.9 -4.3 -11.0 -9.0

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers.............. 5173 607.6 2.0 2.1 -1.8 -3.8 0.2

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 517311 503.0 0.3 4.6 -3.5 -3.8 0.9

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 517312 104.6 5.0 -2.9 0.7 -4.1 -2.2

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,382.9 1.2 5.1 1.2 -0.1 6.4

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 87.2 13.1 -4.1 -0.2 -11.7 -4.3

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 5412 1,148.4 0.9 0.1 -1.1 -1.9 -1.0

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 54121 1,148.4 0.9 0.1 -1.1 -1.9 -1.0

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 1,050.8 -8.8 11.8 -9.1 -0.3 1.7

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services.................. 5615 194.2 -44.7 73.7 -55.9 -20.1 -23.3

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories............................. 6215 293.6 13.4 -10.5 9.2 -3.7 -2.3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades.................................. 7131 158.6 -38.5 76.4 -61.4 -37.3 -31.9

Gambling industries............................................... 7132 86.6 16.2 -8.1 -21.9 -32.8 -28.2

Accommodation and Food Services

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 10,209.3 -4.7 4.5 -22.0 -18.1 -18.6

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 9,316.0 -1.8 1.1 -18.3 -16.8 -17.4

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 4,350.5 -8.2 5.2 -30.8 -24.6 -27.2

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 4,965.5 1.3 3.5 -7.4 -8.6 -4.2

See footnotes at end of table.

8
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2020

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2019-2020

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,093.8 -6.3 6.5 -10.0 -3.9 -4.1

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 253.9 6.1 1.0 -14.6 -19.5 -13.7

1 For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, average annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.

9
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2019

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2019

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 549.4 2.2 1.5 1.4 -0.7 2.9

Utilities.............................................................. 221 549.4 2.2 1.5 1.4 -0.7 2.9

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 386.0 2.9 0.8 1.9 -0.9 2.7

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 110.1 1.2 3.0 0.3 -0.9 3.3

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 53.3 -1.7 4.8 0.7 2.4 5.5

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 494.4 3.0 1.0 2.8 -0.2 3.8

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 158.8 3.4 -0.4 1.7 -1.7 1.3

Truck transportation1

.............................................. 484 1,763.5 0.8 1.0 2.2 1.4 3.3

General freight trucking1.......................................... 4841 1,271.5 1.3 1.1 2.5 1.3 3.6

General freight trucking, local1................................... 48411 341.2 2.8 0.1 4.0 1.2 4.1

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 930.3 1.3 0.6 2.4 1.0 3.0

Specialized freight trucking2

...................................... 4842 492.0 1.0 1.8 2.2 1.2 4.1

Used household and office goods moving...................... 48421 100.9 -0.8 2.8 -0.3 0.5 2.5

Other specialized trucking, local2................................ 48422 246.8 0.6 2.2 2.2 1.7 4.5

Other specialized trucking, long-distance2

...................... 48423 144.3 1.9 1.2 3.6 1.7 4.8

Postal service3

..................................................... 491 607.2 0.0 3.2 -0.7 -0.6 2.5

Postal service3

..................................................... 4911 607.2 0.0 3.2 -0.7 -0.6 2.5

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 883.6 -2.3 3.5 0.7 3.1 4.2

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 493 1,238.8 1.3 0.5 5.7 4.4 6.2

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 4931 1,238.8 1.3 0.5 5.7 4.4 6.2

General warehousing and storage1

............................. 49311 1,106.8 2.3 -0.2 7.0 4.6 6.8

Refrigerated warehousing and storage1

........................ 49312 67.2 0.5 1.1 3.6 3.0 4.7

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 795.8 4.3 1.3 4.0 -0.3 5.3

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 329.8 0.2 3.9 -2.8 -2.9 1.0

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 145.1 -0.5 3.8 -4.3 -3.9 -0.6

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 90.2 -0.1 4.4 -1.8 -1.7 2.6

Book publishers................................................... 51113 59.8 -0.1 4.5 -1.1 -1.0 3.3

Software publishers............................................... 5112 466.0 10.7 -5.2 17.5 6.1 11.3

Motion picture and video exhibition............................. 51213 149.0 1.1 2.4 1.5 0.4 4.0

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 278.0 3.0 1.4 3.0 0.0 4.4

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 222.0 2.2 1.4 1.9 -0.3 3.4

Radio broadcasting................................................ 51511 84.9 3.6 1.2 2.4 -1.2 3.6

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 56.0 4.9 2.5 6.2 1.2 8.9

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers.............. 5173 631.4 6.6 -2.6 5.7 -0.9 2.9

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 517311 523.7 3.8 -0.2 2.4 -1.4 2.2

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 517312 107.7 12.0 -6.7 17.6 5.0 9.7

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,392.8 2.8 2.2 2.7 -0.1 4.9

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental.............................................. 532111 128.4 2.0 1.7 3.0 1.0 4.8

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 91.4 2.2 1.1 3.2 1.0 4.4

Video tape and disc rental....................................... 532282 7.3 5.6 -0.8 -3.6 -8.7 -4.4

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services4

......................... 5412 1,186.3 2.0 1.7 2.7 0.7 4.4

Accounting and bookkeeping services4

......................... 54121 1,186.3 2.0 1.7 2.7 0.7 4.4

Offices of certified public accountants4

......................... 541211 505.4 2.1 2.0 3.1 1.1 5.2

Tax preparation services......................................... 541213 137.7 0.6 2.4 1.9 1.4 4.4

Other accounting services4....................................... 541219 366.2 3.3 -0.4 3.4 0.1 2.9

Architectural services............................................. 54131 216.0 1.5 1.8 2.7 1.2 4.5

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 1,047.4 1.0 2.8 2.7 1.7 5.6

Advertising agencies.............................................. 54181 227.6 2.0 1.8 2.6 0.6 4.5

See footnotes at end of table.

10
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2019

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2019

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Photography studios, portrait..................................... 541921 52.3 1.4 1.2 1.6 0.2 2.8

Veterinary services5

............................................... 54194 418.7 -1.2 4.7 1.5 2.7 6.2

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search6

................ 56131 299.8 4.2 0.0 5.1 0.9 5.2

Travel arrangement and reservation services4

................. 5615 248.1 7.1 -2.0 5.1 -1.8 3.0

Travel agencies.................................................... 56151 107.3 7.4 -2.1 6.1 -1.2 3.9

Janitorial services................................................. 56172 1,374.1 2.6 0.9 4.1 1.5 5.0

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories6

............................ 6215 298.7 2.1 0.6 5.0 2.9 5.7

Medical laboratories6

.............................................. 621511 211.5 2.0 0.5 5.0 2.9 5.5

Diagnostic imaging centers6

..................................... 621512 87.2 2.2 0.9 5.1 2.8 6.0

Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse

hospitals7........................................................ 6221,3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades8

................................. 7131 228.0 0.7 4.6 0.4 -0.3 5.1

Amusement and theme parks.................................... 71311 195.4 0.1 4.1 1.8 1.7 5.9

Gambling industries4.............................................. 7132 124.9 2.2 2.0 1.7 -0.4 3.8

Golf courses and country clubs2................................. 71391 386.5 -1.1 4.2 -0.1 1.0 4.1

Fitness and recreational sports centers2

........................ 71394 707.4 3.7 -0.2 4.3 0.6 4.1

Bowling centers.................................................... 71395 71.8 0.6 2.6 -0.8 -1.4 1.8

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services.............................. 72 14,407.4 0.8 2.7 2.4 1.6 5.1

Accommodation................................................... 721 2,116.0 1.9 1.9 2.7 0.8 4.6

Traveler accommodation......................................... 7211 2,024.2 1.9 1.8 2.8 0.8 4.7

Hotels and motels, except casino hotels........................ 72111 1,698.2 1.3 2.6 2.1 0.8 4.7

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 12,291.4 0.5 3.0 2.2 1.7 5.3

Special food services............................................. 7223 873.8 1.0 1.7 2.4 1.3 4.1

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages........................... 7224 417.2 -0.5 3.3 -0.1 0.4 3.2

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 11,000.4 0.5 3.2 2.4 1.8 5.6

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 5,573.4 0.7 3.5 2.4 1.7 5.9

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 5,427.0 0.4 2.8 2.4 2.0 5.3

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,163.3 1.2 2.1 1.6 0.4 3.7

Reupholstery and furniture repair................................ 81142 22.4 -1.5 4.3 -3.0 -1.5 1.2

Personal care services........................................... 8121 1,314.9 2.2 1.7 3.5 1.2 5.2

Hair, nail, and skin care services................................ 81211 1,079.3 2.1 1.7 3.1 1.0 4.9

Funeral homes and funeral services............................ 81221 112.3 -0.4 4.1 -0.5 -0.1 3.5

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 305.9 1.9 1.6 1.0 -0.8 2.6

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners....................... 81231 42.9 2.2 2.2 0.3 -1.9 2.5

Drycleaning and laundry services (except coin-operated). . .. 81232 129.2 0.7 2.2 -1.3 -2.0 0.9

Linen and uniform supply......................................... 81233 133.8 2.1 1.0 3.1 0.9 4.1

Photofinishing...................................................... 81292 9.1 2.0 2.4 -4.8 -6.7 -2.6

1 For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, average annual percent changes are for 1992-2019.

2 For NAICS industries 4842, 48422, 48423, 71391, and 71394, average annual percent changes are for 2002-2019.

3 For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, average annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.

4 For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, average annual percent changes are for 1997-2019.

5 For NAICS industry 54194, average annual percent changes are for 2004-2019.

6 For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994-2019.

7 For NAICS industry 6221,3, average annual percent changes are for 1993-2018. Employment is for 2018.

8 For NAICS industry 7131, average annual percent changes are for 2007-2019.

5,001.7 0.3 3.2 1.8 1.5 5.1

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