Technical information:   (202) 691-6378      USDL 03-369
                http://www.bls.gov/cps/                   
                 
                                             For release:  10:00 A.M. (EDT)
Media contact:                 691-5902      Wednesday, July 9, 2003

                                     
              EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES IN 2002

   
   In 2002, 7.8 percent of families had an unemployed member, up from 6.6 per-
cent the year before, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department 
of Labor reported today.  This was the second consecutive increase in this 
proportion.  Of the nation's 74.2 million families, 82.4 percent had at least 
one employed member in 2002, down by 0.4 percentage point from 2001.
                                     
   These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are
collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample
survey of approximately 60,000 households.  Families include married-couple 
families, as well as families maintained by a man or woman with no spouse 
present.  For further information about the CPS, see the Technical Note.
                                   
Families and Unemployment

   In an average week in 2002, 5.8 million families had at least one member
who was unemployed, an increase of 962,000 families from 2001.  The propor-
tion of families with an unemployed member was higher for black families 
(13.1 percent) than for either white families (7.0 percent) or Hispanic 
families (11.2 percent).  For all three groups, the proportion of families 
with an unemployed person was higher than in 2001.  (See table 1.)
   
   In 2002, among the families with unemployment, 71.0 percent had at least
one employed member, down from 72.1 percent in 2001.  For white families with 
an unemployed member, 74.0 percent also contained someone who was employed in 
2002, compared with 71.1 percent of Hispanic families and 59.3 percent of 
black families.  Over the year, this proportion was down for each group.
   
   Overall, 82.1 percent of married-couple families with unemployment had
an employed member.  In comparison, 58.7 percent of families with some un-
employment maintained by men and 47.7 percent of such families maintained 
by women also had at least one employed member.  (See table 3).

Families and Employment
     
   In 2002, 79.0 percent of black families had at least one employed member, 
down by 0.9 percentage point from the prior year.  The proportion of white 
families (82.6 percent) and Hispanic families (86.5 percent) with an employed 
member decreased by 0.3 and 0.7 percentage point, respectively.  (See table 1.)
   

    ------------------------------------------------------------------                  
   |                       Changes in Family Data                     |
   |                                                                  |
   |    The estimates for 2001 and 2002 in this release incorporate   |
   | new population controls reflecting Census 2000 results.  Conse-  |
   | quently, the 2001 data appearing in this release may differ from |
   | those published earlier, which were based on population controls |
   | derived from the 1990 Census.  Estimates for 2001 and 2002 are   |
   | not strictly comparable with data for earlier years.  For further|
   | information, see the Technical Note.                             |
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
   
                                  - 2 -
   
   Among married-couple families, 83.5 percent had an employed person, little 
changed from 2001.  The proportion with an employed member fell from 77.7 per-
cent to 77.0 percent over the year for families maintained by women (no spouse 
present) and from 86.2 percent to 85.1 percent for those maintained by men 
(no spouse present).  (See table 2.)
   
   The proportion of married-couple families in which only the husband
worked increased over the year, while the proportion of dual-earner couples
declined.  Married-couple families in which only the wife worked increased
to 6.4 percent of all married-couple families, the highest rate since the
series began in 1994.  (See table 2.)

Families with Children
     
   Of the 35.2 million families with children under 18, the percent that had 
an employed parent fell by 0.7 percentage point to 90.7 percent, the second 
straight yearly decline.  Among families with children under 18 maintained by 
unmarried fathers, the percent with an employed parent was down by 1.2 percent-
age points in 2002 to 83.9 percent.  Families with children under 18 main-
tained by unmarried mothers had a 1.0 percentage point decline to 73.4 percent 
with an employed parent.  Among married-couple families with children under 
18, 96.7 percent had an employed member in 2002, about unchanged from the 
prior year.  (See table 4.)

Mothers
   
   The overall labor force participation rate of mothers with children
under 18, at 71.8 percent, was about unchanged over the year.  However, the
labor force participation rate for married mothers fell by 0.5 percentage
point to 69.0 percent in 2002.  This continued a trend of decreasing labor
force participation by married mothers that began in 1997.  (See table 5.)
   
   The unemployment rate for unmarried mothers--those who were single, widowed, 
divorced, or separated--with children under 18 increased by 1.6 pecentage 
points to 9.5 percent in 2002.  The jobless rate for married mothers increased 
by 0.7 percentage point to 4.1 percent.  (See table 5.)
   
   For mothers of children under age 1, the unemployment rate increased from 
7.7 percent in 2001 to 9.4 percent in 2002.  The rate for unmarried mothers 
of children under age 1 grew from 16.7 percent to 19.6 percent in 2002.  
(See table 6.)
   
  

Technical Note


   The estimates in this release are based on annual average data from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), a national sample survey of about 60,000
households conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the
U.S. Census Bureau.  The information relates to the labor force status of
persons 16 years old and over in the civilian noninstitutional population
during an "average" week of the year.

   The estimates for 2001 and 2002 presented in this release incorporate
the use of Census 2000-based population controls.  Sample results from the
CPS are weighted up to independent estimates of the population by sex, age,
race, and Hispanic/non-Hispanic origin.  The weights, or population controls, 
are developed using counts of the civilian noninstitutional population de-
rived from the decennial census and are updated using information from 
administrative records.  Previously published estimates of employment 
characteristics of families in 2001 were based on population controls from 
the 1990 census.  Consequently, the estimates for 2001 appearing in this 
release may differ from those previously published, and the estimates for 
2001 and 2002 are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years.  
For a discussion of the introduction of  Census 2000 population controls and 
the impact their introduction had on CPS data, see "Revisions to the Current 
Population Survey Effective in January 2003" in the February 2003 issue of 
Employment and Earnings and available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf 
on the BLS Web site.
  
   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request:  Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral 
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error.  When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there 
is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population 
values they represent.  The exact difference, or sampling error, varies 
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is mea-
sured by the standard error of the estimate.  There is about a 90-percent 
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will
differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population
value because of sampling error.  BLS analyses are generally conducted
at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.  Nonsampling
error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample
a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all
respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents 
to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and in-
formation on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.

Definitions

   The principal definitions used in this release are described below.

   Family.  A family is a group of two or more persons residing together
who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption.  The count of families is
for "primary" families only, that is, the householder and all other persons
related to and residing with the householder.  Families are classified
either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or
men without spouses.

   Householder.  The householder is the family reference person.  This is 
the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned 
or rented.  The relationship of other individuals in the household is defined
in terms of relationship to the householder.

   Married, spouse present; other marital status.  These terms denote the
marital status of individuals at the time of interview.  Married, spouse
present, refers to husbands and wives living together in the same household,
even though one may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit,
in a hospital, or for other reasons.  Other marital status includes persons 
who are never-married; married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced.  Married,
spouse absent relates to persons who are separated due to marital problems,
as well as husbands and wives who are living apart because one or the other
was employed elsewhere, on duty with the Armed Forces, or any other reasons.

   Children.  Data on children refer to own children and include sons,
daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children, of the husband, wife, or person
maintaining the family.  Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren,
other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

   Employed.  Employed persons are (a) all those who, during the survey
reference week, did any work at all as paid employees, worked in their own
business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more
as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise; and (b) all those who
did not work but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily
absent due to illness, bad weather, vacation, child-care problems, labor
disputes, or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time
off and whether or not they were seeking other jobs.

   Unemployed.  The unemployed are persons who had no employment during the
reference week, were available for work at that time, and had made specific
efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with
the reference week.  Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from
which they had been laid off need not be looking for work to be classified
as unemployed.

   Civilian labor force.  The civilian labor force comprises all persons
classified as employed or unemployed.

   Unemployment rate.  The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a
percent of the civilian labor force.

   Labor force participation rate.  The labor force participation rate is
the labor force as a percent of the population.
    
   


     Table 1.  Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 2001-02 annual
     averages

     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                   
                                                                                                   
                                 Characteristic                                 2001        2002   
                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                     TOTAL                                                         
                                                                                                   
     Total families........................................................    73,306      74,169  
                                                                                                   
         With employed member(s)...........................................    60,707      61,121  
               As percent of total families................................      82.8        82.4  
                  Some usually work full time(1)...........................    56,519      56,742  
         With no employed member...........................................    12,600      13,048  
               As percent of total families................................      17.2        17.6  
                                                                                                   
         With unemployed member(s).........................................     4,847       5,809  
               As percent of total families................................       6.6         7.8  
           Some member(s) employed.........................................     3,494       4,126  
                  As percent of families with unemployed member(s).........      72.1        71.0  
             Some usually work full time(1)................................     3,122       3,668  
                     As percent of families with unemployed member(s)......      64.4        63.1  
                                                                                                   
                                     White                                                         
                                                                                                   
     Total families........................................................    60,921      61,494  
                                                                                                   
         With employed member(s)...........................................    50,505      50,785  
               As percent of total families................................      82.9        82.6  
                  Some usually work full time(1)...........................    47,060      47,193  
         With no employed member...........................................    10,416      10,709  
               As percent of total families................................      17.1        17.4  
                                                                                                   
         With unemployed member(s).........................................     3,553       4,275  
               As percent of total families................................       5.8         7.0  
           Some member(s) employed.........................................     2,661       3,164  
                  As percent of families with unemployed member(s).........      74.9        74.0  
             Some usually work full time(1)................................     2,379       2,808  
                     As percent of families with unemployed member(s)......      67.0        65.7  
                                                                                                   
                                     Black                                                         
                                                                                                   
     Total families........................................................     8,674       8,845  
                                                                                                   
         With employed member(s)...........................................     6,933       6,987  
               As percent of total families................................      79.9        79.0  
                  Some usually work full time(1)...........................     6,373       6,390  
         With no employed member...........................................     1,742       1,858  
               As percent of total families................................      20.1        21.0  
                                                                                                   
         With unemployed member(s).........................................       990       1,162  
               As percent of total families................................      11.4        13.1  
           Some member(s) employed.........................................       596         689  
                  As percent of families with unemployed member(s).........      60.2        59.3  
             Some usually work full time(1)................................       533         611  
                     As percent of families with unemployed member(s)......      53.8        52.6  
                                                                                                   
                                Hispanic origin                                                    
                                                                                                   
     Total families........................................................     8,140       8,650  
                                                                                                   
         With employed member(s)...........................................     7,100       7,485  
               As percent of total families................................      87.2        86.5  
                  Some usually work full time(1)...........................     6,692       6,989  
         With no employed member...........................................     1,040       1,165  
               As percent of total families................................      12.8        13.5  
                                                                                                   
         With unemployed member(s).........................................       809         965  
               As percent of total families................................       9.9        11.2  
           Some member(s) employed.........................................       592         686  
                  As percent of families with unemployed member(s).........      73.2        71.1  
             Some usually work full time(1)................................       537         615  
                     As percent of families with unemployed member(s)......      66.4        63.7  

       1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.
       NOTE:  Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based
     population controls.   Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
     totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included
     in both the white and black population groups. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.
       
  


     Table 2.  Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2001-02 annual averages

     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                     Number           Percent distribution 
                                 Characteristic                                                                            
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                2001        2002        2001        2002   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                            MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES                                                                        
                                                                                                                           
         Total.............................................................    55,749      56,280      100.0       100.0   
                                                                                                                           
     Member(s) employed, total.............................................    46,680      46,976       83.7        83.5   
       Husband only........................................................    10,833      11,174       19.4        19.9   
       Wife only...........................................................     3,257       3,613        5.8         6.4   
       Husband and wife....................................................    29,241      28,873       52.5        51.3   
       Other employment combinations.......................................     3,350       3,317        6.0         5.9   
     No member(s) employed.................................................     9,068       9,303       16.3        16.5   
                                                                                                                           
                        FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN(1)                                                                    
                                                                                                                           
         Total.............................................................    13,037      13,215      100.0       100.0   
                                                                                                                           
     Members(s) employed, total............................................    10,131      10,169       77.7        77.0   
       Householder only....................................................     5,667       5,944       43.5        45.0   
       Householder and other member(s).....................................     2,778       2,559       21.3        19.4   
       Other member(s), not householder....................................     1,686       1,666       12.9        12.6   
     No member(s) employed.................................................     2,906       3,047       22.3        23.1   
                                                                                                                           
                         FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN(1)                                                                     
                                                                                                                           
         Total.............................................................     4,521       4,674      100.0       100.0   
                                                                                                                           
     Members(s) employed, total............................................     3,895       3,976       86.2        85.1   
       Householder only....................................................     1,875       1,939       41.5        41.5   
       Householder and other member(s).....................................     1,450       1,440       32.1        30.8   
       Other member(s), not householder....................................       570         598       12.6        12.8   
     No member(s) employed.................................................       625         698       13.8        14.9   

       1 No spouse present.
       NOTE:  Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the  introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. 
     Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.





     Table 3.  Unemployment in families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 
     2001-02 annual averages

     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                     Number           Percent distribution 
                                 Characteristic                                                                            
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                2001        2002        2001        2002   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                            MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES                                                                        
                                                                                                                           
     With unemployed member(s), total......................................     3,081       3,772      100.0       100.0   
       No member employed..................................................       531         676       17.2        17.9   
       Some member(s) employed.............................................     2,550       3,096       82.8        82.1   
         Husband unemployed................................................     1,160       1,523       37.7        40.4   
           Wife employed...................................................       736         993       23.9        26.3   
         Wife unemployed...................................................       918       1,117       29.8        29.6   
           Husband employed................................................       809         969       26.3        25.7   
         Other family member unemployed....................................     1,003       1,133       32.6        30.0   
                                                                                                                           
                        FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN(1)                                                                    
                                                                                                                           
     With unemployed member(s), total......................................     1,324       1,504      100.0       100.0   
       No member employed..................................................       643         787       48.6        52.3   
       Some member(s) employed.............................................       681         717       51.4        47.7   
         Householder unemployed............................................       593         737       44.8        49.0   
           Other member(s) employed........................................       129         147        9.7         9.8   
         Other member(s) unemployed........................................       731         767       55.2        51.0   
                                                                                                                           
                         FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN(1)                                                                     
                                                                                                                           
     With unemployed member(s), total......................................       442         533      100.0       100.0   
       No member employed..................................................       178         220       40.3        41.3   
       Some member(s) employed.............................................       264         313       59.7        58.7   
         Householder unemployed............................................       234         303       52.9        56.8   
           Other member(s) employed........................................        96         129       21.7        24.2   
         Other member(s) unemployed........................................       208         230       47.1        43.2   

       1 No spouse present.
       NOTE:  Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the  introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. 
     Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.






     Table 4.  Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,
     2001-02 annual averages

     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                     Number           Percent distribution 
                                 Characteristic                                                                            
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                2001        2002        2001        2002   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                        WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS                                                                   
                                                                                                                           
         Total.............................................................    34,823      35,240      100.0       100.0   
       Parent(s) employed..................................................    31,834      31,955       91.4        90.7   
       No parent employed..................................................     2,989       3,285        8.6         9.3   
                                                                                                                           
       Married-couple families.............................................    25,188      25,191      100.0       100.0   
         Parent(s) employed................................................    24,456      24,372       97.1        96.7   
           Mother employed.................................................    17,003      16,773       67.5        66.6   
             Both parents employed.........................................    15,878      15,439       63.0        61.3   
             Mother employed, not father...................................     1,124       1,334        4.5         5.3   
           Father employed, not mother.....................................     7,453       7,599       29.6        30.2   
         Neither parent employed...........................................       732         819        2.9         3.3   
                                                                                                                           
       Families maintained by women(1).....................................     7,725       8,053      100.0       100.0   
         Mother employed...................................................     5,751       5,910       74.4        73.4   
         Mother not employed...............................................     1,973       2,143       25.5        26.6   
                                                                                                                           
       Families maintained by men(1).......................................     1,911       1,995      100.0       100.0   
         Father employed...................................................     1,627       1,673       85.1        83.9   
         Father not employed...............................................       284         323       14.9        16.2   
                                                                                                                           
                        WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS,                                                                   
                                  NONE YOUNGER                                                                             
                                                                                                                           
         Total.............................................................    19,774      20,042      100.0       100.0   
       Parent(s) employed..................................................    18,179      18,313       91.9        91.4   
       No parent employed..................................................     1,594       1,728        8.1         8.6   
                                                                                                                           
       Married-couple families.............................................    13,882      13,891      100.0       100.0   
         Parent(s) employed................................................    13,472      13,459       97.0        96.9   
           Mother employed.................................................    10,295      10,230       74.2        73.6   
             Both parents employed.........................................     9,577       9,386       69.0        67.6   
             Mother employed, not father...................................       718         844        5.2         6.1   
           Father employed, not mother.....................................     3,177       3,229       22.9        23.2   
         Neither parent employed...........................................       409         432        2.9         3.1   
                                                                                                                           
       Families maintained by women(1).....................................     4,779       4,959      100.0       100.0   
         Mother employed...................................................     3,765       3,856       78.8        77.8   
         Mother not employed...............................................     1,013       1,102       21.2        22.2   
                                                                                                                           
       Families maintained by men(1).......................................     1,113       1,193      100.0       100.0   
         Father employed...................................................       942         998       84.6        83.7   
         Father not employed...............................................       172         194       15.5        16.3   
                                                                                                                           
                        WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS                                                                    
                                                                                                                           
         Total.............................................................    15,049      15,197      100.0       100.0   
       Parent(s) employed..................................................    13,655      13,641       90.7        89.8   
       No parent employed..................................................     1,394       1,557        9.3        10.2   
                                                                                                                           
       Married-couple families.............................................    11,306      11,300      100.0       100.0   
         Parent(s) employed................................................    10,984      10,913       97.2        96.6   
           Mother employed.................................................     6,707       6,543       59.3        57.9   
             Both parents employed.........................................     6,301       6,053       55.7        53.6   
             Mother employed, not father...................................       406         490        3.6         4.3   
           Father employed, not mother.....................................     4,276       4,370       37.8        38.7   
         Neither parent employed...........................................       322         388        2.8         3.4   
                                                                                                                           
       Families maintained by women(1).....................................     2,946       3,094      100.0       100.0   
         Mother employed...................................................     1,986       2,054       67.4        66.4   
         Mother not employed...............................................       960       1,040       32.6        33.6   
                                                                                                                           
       Families maintained by men(1).......................................       797         803      100.0       100.0   
         Father employed...................................................       685         674       85.9        83.9   
         Father not employed...............................................       112         129       14.1        16.1   

       1 No spouse present.
       NOTE:  Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the  introduction of Census 2000-based population controls.  Own
     children include sons, daughters, step-children and adopted children.  Not included are nieces, nephews,
     grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.  Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.
       
  

     Table 5.  Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children
     under 18, 2001-02 annual averages

     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
                                                               2001                             2002              
                   Characteristic                                                                                 
                                                                                                                  
                                                    Total       Men       Women      Total       Men       Women  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
          WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS                                                                        
                                                                                                                  
         Civilian noninstitutional population...   64,100     28,076     36,024     64,399     28,137     36,263  
           Civilian labor force.................   52,489     26,551     25,938     52,566     26,529     26,036  
               Participation rate...............     81.9       94.6       72.0       81.6       94.3       71.8  
             Employed...........................   50,455     25,750     24,704     50,022     25,474     24,549  
                 Employment-population ratio....     78.7       91.7       68.6       77.7       90.5       67.7  
               Full-time workers(1).............   43,424     24,964     18,460     42,884     24,644     18,240  
               Part-time workers(2).............    7,031        787      6,244      7,138        829      6,308  
             Unemployed.........................    2,034        801      1,233      2,543      1,056      1,488  
               Unemployment rate................      3.9        3.0        4.8        4.8        4.0        5.7  
                                                                                                                  
               Married, spouse present                                                                            
                                                                                                                  
         Civilian noninstitutional population...   51,981     25,796     26,185     51,947     25,781     26,166  
           Civilian labor force.................   42,712     24,512     18,201     42,492     24,425     18,067  
               Participation rate...............     82.2       95.0       69.5       81.8       94.7       69.0  
             Employed...........................   41,431     23,849     17,581     40,867     23,533     17,334  
                 Employment-population ratio....     79.7       92.5       67.1       78.7       91.3       66.2  
               Full-time workers(1).............   35,772     23,169     12,603     35,180     22,825     12,356  
               Part-time workers(2).............    5,659        680      4,979      5,687        708      4,979  
             Unemployed.........................    1,282        662        619      1,625        893        733  
               Unemployment rate................      3.0        2.7        3.4        3.8        3.7        4.1  
                                                                                                                  
               Other marital status(3)                                                                            
                                                                                                                  
         Civilian noninstitutional population...   12,119      2,280      9,839     12,452      2,355     10,096  
           Civilian labor force.................    9,777      2,039      7,737     10,073      2,103      7,970  
               Participation rate...............     80.7       89.4       78.6       80.9       89.3       78.9  
             Employed...........................    9,024      1,902      7,123      9,155      1,941      7,215  
                 Employment-population ratio....     74.5       83.4       72.4       73.5       82.4       71.5  
               Full-time workers(1).............    7,652      1,795      5,857      7,704      1,820      5,885  
               Part-time workers(2).............    1,372        107      1,265      1,451        122      1,329  
             Unemployed.........................      752        138        614        918        163        755  
               Unemployment rate................      7.7        6.8        7.9        9.1        7.8        9.5  
                                                                                                                  
          WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS,                                                                        
                    NONE YOUNGER                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
         Civilian noninstitutional population...   35,523     15,486     20,038     35,829     15,580     20,250  
           Civilian labor force.................   30,182     14,489     15,693     30,371     14,541     15,830  
               Participation rate...............     85.0       93.6       78.3       84.8       93.3       78.2  
             Employed...........................   29,174     14,096     15,078     29,122     14,023     15,099  
                 Employment-population ratio....     82.1       91.0       75.2       81.3       90.0       74.6  
               Full-time workers(1).............   25,382     13,689     11,693     25,225     13,586     11,638  
               Part-time workers(2).............    3,792        407      3,385      3,898        437      3,461  
             Unemployed.........................    1,008        393        615      1,249        518        731  
               Unemployment rate................      3.3        2.7        3.9        4.1        3.6        4.6  
                                                                                                                  
           WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS                                                                        
                                                                                                                  
         Civilian noninstitutional population...   28,577     12,590     15,986     28,570     12,557     16,013  
           Civilian labor force.................   22,307     12,062     10,245     22,194     11,988     10,206  
               Participation rate...............     78.1       95.8       64.1       77.7       95.5       63.7  
             Employed...........................   21,280     11,654      9,626     20,900     11,450      9,450  
                 Employment-population ratio....     74.5       92.6       60.2       73.2       91.2       59.0  
               Full-time workers(1).............   18,041     11,274      6,767     17,660     11,058      6,602  
               Part-time workers(2).............    3,239        380      2,859      3,240        392      2,848  
             Unemployed.........................    1,026        408        619      1,294        538        757  
               Unemployment rate................      4.6        3.4        6.0        5.8        4.5        7.4  
                                                                                                                  
         WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS                                                                      
                                                                                                                  
         Civilian noninstitutional population...  149,643     73,857     75,786    151,715     74,993     76,722  
           Civilian labor force.................   90,171     49,249     40,922     90,971     49,644     41,327  
               Participation rate...............     60.3       66.7       54.0       60.0       66.2       53.9  
             Employed...........................   85,421     46,371     39,050     85,187     46,154     39,034  
                 Employment-population ratio....     57.1       62.8       51.5       56.1       61.5       50.9  
               Full-time workers(1).............   69,074     39,596     29,478     68,574     39,319     29,254  
               Part-time workers(2).............   16,347      6,776      9,572     16,614      6,834      9,779  
             Unemployed.........................    4,750      2,878      1,872      5,784      3,491      2,293  
               Unemployment rate................      5.3        5.8        4.6        6.4        7.0        5.5  

       1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.
       2 Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs.
       3 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.
       NOTE:  See NOTE, table 4.





     Table 6.  Employment status of mothers with own children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest child, and marital status,
     2001-02 annual averages

     (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                           Civilian labor force                             
                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                            
                                                 Civilian                                        Employed                     Unemployed    
                  Characteristic                noninstitu-               Percent                                                           
                                                  tional                    of                                                             
                                                population      Total     popula-            Percent  Full-time Part-time             Percent 
                                                                           tion     Total      of      workers   workers    Number    of labor
                                                                                             popula-    (-1)      (-2)                 force  
                                                                                              tion                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                       2001                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                            
                  TOTAL MOTHERS                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                            
         With own children under 3 years old.      9,352        5,613      60.0     5,227      55.9     3,591     1,636       387       6.9 
           2 years...........................      2,844        1,868      65.7     1,751      61.6     1,218       533       117       6.3 
           1 year............................      3,405        2,050      60.2     1,911      56.1     1,308       603       140       6.8 
           Under 1 year......................      3,103        1,695      54.6     1,565      50.4     1,065       500       130       7.7 
                                                                                                                                            
             Married, spouse present                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                            
         With own children under 3 years old.      7,079        4,058      57.3     3,884      54.9     2,601     1,282       175       4.3 
           2 years...........................      2,120        1,310      61.8     1,258      59.3       839       419        53       4.0 
           1 year............................      2,589        1,479      57.1     1,416      54.7       940       475        63       4.3 
           Under 1 year......................      2,370        1,269      53.5     1,210      51.1       822       388        59       4.6 
                                                                                                                                            
             Other marital status(3)                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                            
         With own children under 3 years old.      2,269        1,555      68.5     1,343      59.2       989       352       212      13.6 
           2 years...........................        723          558      77.2       493      68.2       379       114        65      11.6 
           1 year............................        814          571      70.1       495      60.8       367       127        76      13.3 
           Under 1 year......................        732          426      58.2       355      48.5       243       111        71      16.7 
                                                                                                                                            
                       2002                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                            
                  TOTAL MOTHERS                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                            
         With own children under 3 years old.      9,350        5,632      60.2     5,181      55.4     3,513     1,667       451       8.0 
           2 years...........................      2,949        1,895      64.3     1,758      59.6     1,234       524       137       7.2 
           1 year............................      3,310        2,003      60.5     1,852      56.0     1,241       610       151       7.5 
           Under 1 year......................      3,091        1,734      56.1     1,571      50.8     1,038       533       163       9.4 
                                                                                                                                            
             Married, spouse present                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                            
         With own children under 3 years old.      7,073        4,071      57.6     3,869      54.7     2,572     1,297       203       5.0 
           2 years...........................      2,201        1,333      60.6     1,274      57.9       870       404        59       4.4 
           1 year............................      2,509        1,446      57.6     1,379      55.0       902       477        67       4.6 
           Under 1 year......................      2,363        1,292      54.7     1,216      51.5       800       416        77       6.0 
                                                                                                                                            
             Other marital status(3)                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                            
         With own children under 3 years old.      2,278        1,562      68.6     1,313      57.6       941       372       248      15.9 
           2 years...........................        748          562      75.1       484      64.7       364       120        77      13.7 
           1 year............................        802          557      69.5       473      59.0       340       134        84      15.1 
           Under 1 year......................        728          443      60.9       356      48.9       237       118        87      19.6 

       1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.
       2 Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs.
       3 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.
       NOTE:  See NOTE, table 4.