Technical information:  (202) 691-6378    USDL 02-175
               http://www.bls.gov/cps/
                                          For release:  10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact:                691-5902    Friday, March 29, 2002


              EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES IN 2001


   Reflecting the economic downturn that began early in 2001, the proportion 
of families containing an unemployed member rose by nearly a percentage point 
to 6.6 percent between 2000 and 2001, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the 
U.S. Department of Labor reported today.  Of the nation's 72 million families, 
the share with at least one employed member fell by 0.3 percentage point to 
82.9 percent in 2001.
   
   These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are
collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample
survey of about 60,000 households.  Families include married-couple families, 
as well as families maintained by a man or a woman with no spouse present.  
For further information about the CPS, see the Technical Note.
   
Families and Unemployment
   
   In an average week in 2001, 4.8 million families had at least one member 
who was unemployed, a rise of 665,000 families from 2000.  The proportion of 
black families with an unemployed member (11.4 percent) was higher than for 
either Hispanic (9.9 percent) or white families (5.8 percent); for all three 
groups, the proportion of families with someone unemployed was higher in 2001 
than the year before.  (See table 1.)
   
   In 2001, about 3 out of 4 of both white and Hispanic families with un-
employed members also contained someone who was employed, compared with 3
out of 5 black families with unemployment.  Over the year, this proportion
edged down among both white and black families, while rising for Hispanic
families.
   
   While 82.8 percent of the married-couple families with unemployment also 
contained an employed member in 2001, the proportions were much smaller for 
families maintained by men (59.6 percent) and those maintained by women 
(51.4 percent).  Families maintained by men were, in relative terms, harder-
hit by increasing unemployment in 2001 than were married-couple families and 
families maintained by women.  The number of families maintained by men that 
contained an unemployed member rose by 31 percent in 2001 to 433,000, compared 
with increases of 17 percent for married-couple families (to 3.0 million) and 
10 percent for families maintained by women (to 1.3 million).  (See table 3.)
   
Families and Employment
   
   From 2000 to 2001, the percentage of black families with an employed
member fell by 1 percentage point to 80.0 percent and that for Hispanic
families fell by 0.6 percentage point to 86.9 percent.  The proportion of

                                  - 2 -

white families with someone employed was about unchanged in 2001 at 83.1
percent.  (See table 1.)  From 1994 (when the series began) to 2001, the
proportions of black and Hispanic families with an employed member in-
creased by 6.2 and 5.6 percentage points, respectively, compared with a
gain of 1.6 percentage points for white families.
   
   Overall, 83.9 percent of married-couple families included an employed per-
son in 2001, virtually unchanged from the previous year.  The proportion of 
families maintained by women with an employed member fell by 0.8 percentage 
point over the year to 77.7 percent; this proportion had been rising steadily 
since 1994, when the series began.  The proportion of families maintained by 
men with an employed member fell by 0.5 percentage point over the year to 
86.0 percent.  (See table 2.)
   
   The proportion of all married-couple families in which only the husband
worked edged up to 19.4 percent in 2001, and the proportion in which only
the wife worked increased by 0.4 percentage point to 5.8 percent.  The pro-
portion of all married-couple families in which both the husband and the
wife were employed declined by 0.5 percentage point over the year to 52.7
percent.  (See table 2.)
   
Families with Children
   
   The percent of families with children under 18 that had an employed
parent declined by 0.6 percentage point in 2001 to 91.4 percent.  Married-
couple families with children--which were the most likely to have an em-
ployed parent (97.1 percent)--had the smallest decline, 0.4 percentage
point.  In contrast, families with children under 18 maintained by un-
married mothers--which were the least likely to have an employed parent
(74.5 percent)--and those maintained by unmarried fathers had over-the-year
declines of 1.0 and 1.3 percentage points, respectively.  (See table 4.)
   
Mothers
   
   The unemployment rate for unmarried mothers--those who were single,
widowed, divorced, or separated--with children under 18 increased by 0.5
percentage point in 2001 to 8.0 percent; the rate for married mothers, at
3.4 percent in 2001, also increased by 0.5 percentage point over the year.
(See table 5.)
   
   The unemployment rate for mothers with children under age 1 jumped from
6.6 percent in 2000 to 7.7 percent in 2001.  The rate for unmarried mothers
with children under age 1--which was already very high--increased by 3.1
percentage points over the year to 16.8 percent.  (See table 6.)
   
   The labor force participation rates for mothers with children under 18
were about unchanged in 2001 for both unmarried and married mothers--78.7
percent and 69.6 percent, respectively.  However, the labor force partici-
pation rate for unmarried mothers has grown by over 11 percentage
points since 1994.  (See table 5.)
Technical Note


  The estimates in this release are based on annual average data from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), a national sample survey of about 60,000
households conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the
U.S. Census Bureau.  The information relates to the labor force status of
persons 16 years old and over in the civilian noninstitutional population
during an "average" week of the year.

  Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request.  Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

  Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error.  When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed,
there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent.  The exact difference, or sampling error,
varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is
measured by the standard error of the estimate.  There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will
differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population
value because of sampling error.  BLS analyses are generally conducted
at the 90-percent level of confidence.

  The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.  Nonsampling
error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample
a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all
respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

  For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and
information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.

Definitions

  The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below.

  Family.  A family is a group of two or more persons residing together
who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption.  The count of families is
for "primary" families only, that is, the householder and all other persons
related to and residing with the householder.  Families are classified
either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or
men without spouses.

  Householder.  The householder is the family reference person.  This is the
person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or
rented.  The relationship of other individuals in the household is defined
in terms of relationship to the householder.

  Married, spouse present; other marital status.  These terms denote the
marital status of individuals at the time of interview.  Married, spouse
present, refers to husbands and wives living together in the same household,
even though one may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit,
in a hospital, or for other reasons.  Other marital status includes persons 
who are never-married; married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced.  Married,
spouse absent relates to persons who are separated due to marital problems,
as well as husbands and wives who are living apart because one or the other
was employed elsewhere, on duty with the Armed Forces, or any other reasons.

  Children.  Data on children refer to own children and include sons,
daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children, of the husband, wife, or person
maintaining the family.  Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren,
other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.


  Table 1.  Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 
  2000-01 annual averages

  (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                      
                                                                                                      
                              Characteristic                                  2000           2001     
                                                                                                      
                                  TOTAL                                                               
                                                                                                      
  Total families........................................................     71,680         71,980    
                                                                                                      
      With employed member(s)...........................................     59,626         59,699    
            As percent of total families................................       83.2           82.9    
               Some usually work full time(1)...........................     55,683         55,599    
      With no employed member...........................................     12,054         12,281    
            As percent of total families................................       16.8           17.1    
                                                                                                      
      With unemployed member(s).........................................      4,110          4,775    
            As percent of total families................................        5.7            6.6    
        Some member(s) employed.........................................      2,973          3,441    
               As percent of families with unemployed member(s).........       72.3           72.1    
          Some usually work full time(1)................................      2,675          3,076    
                  As percent of families with unemployed member(s)......       65.1           64.4    
                                                                                                      
                                  White                                                               
                                                                                                      
  Total families........................................................     59,918         59,943    
                                                                                                      
      With employed member(s)...........................................     49,877         49,804    
            As percent of total families................................       83.2           83.1    
               Some usually work full time(1)...........................     46,639         46,429    
      With no employed member...........................................     10,042         10,140    
            As percent of total families................................       16.8           16.9    
                                                                                                      
      With unemployed member(s).........................................      3,010          3,506    
            As percent of total families................................        5.0            5.8    
        Some member(s) employed.........................................      2,276          2,629    
               As percent of families with unemployed member(s).........       75.6           75.0    
          Some usually work full time(1)................................      2,052          2,351    
                  As percent of families with unemployed member(s)......       68.2           67.1    
                                                                                                      
                                  Black                                                               
                                                                                                      
  Total families........................................................      8,600          8,737    
                                                                                                      
      With employed member(s)...........................................      6,964          6,988    
            As percent of total families................................       81.0           80.0    
               Some usually work full time(1)...........................      6,401          6,425    
      With no employed member...........................................      1,636          1,749    
            As percent of total families................................       19.0           20.0    
                                                                                                      
      With unemployed member(s).........................................        881          1,000    
            As percent of total families................................       10.2           11.4    
        Some member(s) employed.........................................        535            601    
               As percent of families with unemployed member(s).........       60.8           60.1    
          Some usually work full time(1)................................        476            538    
                  As percent of families with unemployed member(s)......       54.1           53.8    
                                                                                                      
                             Hispanic origin                                                          
                                                                                                      
  Total families........................................................      7,581          7,766    
                                                                                                      
      With employed member(s)...........................................      6,633          6,746    
            As percent of total families................................       87.5           86.9    
               Some usually work full time(1)...........................      6,255          6,355    
      With no employed member...........................................        947          1,020    
            As percent of total families................................       12.5           13.1    
                                                                                                      
      With unemployed member(s).........................................        679            771    
            As percent of total families................................        9.0            9.9    
        Some member(s) employed.........................................        493            567    
               As percent of families with unemployed member(s).........       72.7           73.5    
          Some usually work full time(1)................................        446            514    
                  As percent of families with unemployed member(s)......       65.8           66.7    

    1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.
    NOTE:  Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data
  for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black
  population groups.  Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.





  Table 2.  Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2000-01 annual averages

  (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                
                                                                Number                  Percent distribution    
                    Characteristic                                                                              
                                                                                                                
                                                          2000           2001            2000           2001     
                                                                                                                
               MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES                                                                          
                                                                                                                
      Total.........................................     54,704         54,665          100.0          100.0    
                                                                                                                
  Member(s) employed, total.........................     45,967         45,868           84.0           83.9    
    Husband only....................................     10,500         10,598           19.2           19.4    
    Wife only.......................................      2,946          3,183            5.4            5.8    
    Husband and wife................................     29,128         28,801           53.2           52.7    
    Other employment combinations...................      3,394          3,287            6.2            6.0    
  No member(s) employed.............................      8,737          8,796           16.0           16.1    
                                                                                                                
           FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN(1)                                                                      
                                                                                                                
      Total.........................................     12,775         12,880          100.0          100.0    
                                                                                                                
  Members(s) employed, total........................     10,026         10,014           78.5           77.7    
    Householder only................................      5,581          5,623           43.7           43.7    
    Householder and other member(s).................      2,806          2,741           22.0           21.3    
    Other member(s), not householder................      1,639          1,650           12.8           12.8    
  No member(s) employed.............................      2,749          2,865           21.5           22.2    
                                                                                                                
            FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN(1)                                                                       
                                                                                                                
      Total.........................................      4,200          4,435          100.0          100.0    
                                                                                                                
  Members(s) employed, total........................      3,632          3,816           86.5           86.0    
    Householder only................................      1,761          1,854           41.9           41.8    
    Householder and other member(s).................      1,358          1,400           32.3           31.6    
    Other member(s), not householder................        514            563           12.2           12.7    
  No member(s) employed.............................        567            619           13.5           14.0    

    1 No spouse present.
    NOTE:  Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.





  Table 3.  Unemployment in families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 
  2000-01 annual averages

  (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                
                                                                 Number                 Percent distribution    
                    Characteristic                                                                              
                                                                                                                
                                                           2000           2001           2000           2001     
                                                                                                                
               MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES                                                                          
                                                                                                                
  With unemployed member(s), total..................      2,584          3,028          100.0          100.0    
    No member employed..............................        411            520           15.9           17.2    
    Some member(s) employed.........................      2,174          2,507           84.1           82.8    
      Husband unemployed............................        836          1,137           32.3           37.5    
        Wife employed...............................        531            722           20.5           23.8    
      Wife unemployed...............................        789            899           30.5           29.7    
        Husband employed............................        694            792           26.8           26.2    
      Other family member unemployed................        959            992           37.1           32.8    
                                                                                                                
           FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN(1)                                                                      
                                                                                                                
  With unemployed member(s), total..................      1,194          1,315          100.0          100.0    
    No member employed..............................        587            638           49.1           48.5    
    Some member(s) employed.........................        607            676           50.9           51.4    
      Householder unemployed........................        522            590           43.7           44.9    
        Other member(s) employed....................        102            127            8.5            9.7    
      Other member(s) unemployed....................        672            725           56.3           55.1    
                                                                                                                
            FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN(1)                                                                       
                                                                                                                
  With unemployed member(s), total..................        331            433          100.0          100.0    
    No member employed..............................        139            175           42.0           40.4    
    Some member(s) employed.........................        192            258           58.0           59.6    
      Householder unemployed........................        173            229           52.2           52.9    
        Other member(s) employed....................         67             93           20.4           21.5    
      Other member(s) unemployed....................        158            204           47.8           47.1    

    1 No spouse present.
    NOTE:  Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.





  Table 4.  Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,
  2000-01 annual averages

  (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                
                                                                Number                  Percent distribution    
                    Characteristic                                                                              
                                                                                                                
                                                          2000           2001            2000           2001     
                                                                                                                
           WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS                                                                     
                                                                                                                
      Total.........................................     34,340         34,365          100.0          100.0    
    Parent(s) employed..............................     31,601         31,412           92.0           91.4    
    No parent employed..............................      2,739          2,953            8.0            8.6    
                                                                                                                
    Married-couple families.........................     24,915         24,810          100.0          100.0    
      Parent(s) employed............................     24,282         24,092           97.5           97.1    
        Mother employed.............................     17,012         16,782           68.3           67.6    
          Both parents employed.....................     15,996         15,676           64.2           63.2    
          Mother employed, not father...............      1,016          1,105            4.1            4.5    
        Father employed, not mother.................      7,270          7,311           29.2           29.5    
      Neither parent employed.......................        633            718            2.5            2.9    
                                                                                                                
    Families maintained by women(1).................      7,613          7,665          100.0          100.0    
      Mother employed...............................      5,751          5,710           75.5           74.5    
      Mother not employed...........................      1,862          1,955           24.5           25.5    
                                                                                                                
    Families maintained by men(1)...................      1,812          1,890          100.0          100.0    
      Father employed...............................      1,568          1,610           86.5           85.2    
      Father not employed...........................        244            280           13.5           14.8    
                                                                                                                
           WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS,                                                                     
                     NONE YOUNGER                                                                               
                                                                                                                
      Total.........................................     19,382         19,608          100.0          100.0    
    Parent(s) employed..............................     17,892         18,026           92.3           91.9    
    No parent employed..............................      1,490          1,580            7.7            8.1    
                                                                                                                
    Married-couple families.........................     13,628         13,743          100.0          100.0    
      Parent(s) employed............................     13,248         13,339           97.2           97.1    
        Mother employed.............................     10,247         10,196           75.2           74.2    
          Both parents employed.....................      9,575          9,488           70.3           69.0    
          Mother employed, not father...............        672            707            4.9            5.1    
        Father employed, not mother.................      3,001          3,144           22.0           22.9    
      Neither parent employed.......................        380            403            2.8            2.9    
                                                                                                                
    Families maintained by women(1).................      4,668          4,750          100.0          100.0    
      Mother employed...............................      3,715          3,743           79.6           78.8    
      Mother not employed...........................        954          1,006           20.4           21.2    
                                                                                                                
    Families maintained by men(1)...................      1,086          1,114          100.0          100.0    
      Father employed...............................        929            944           85.6           84.7    
      Father not employed...........................        157            171           14.4           15.4    

                                                                                                                
           WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS                                                                      
                                                                                                                
      Total.........................................     14,958         14,758          100.0          100.0    
    Parent(s) employed..............................     13,708         13,386           91.6           90.7    
    No parent employed..............................      1,249          1,373            8.4            9.3    
                                                                                                                
    Married-couple families.........................     11,287         11,067          100.0          100.0    
      Parent(s) employed............................     11,034         10,753           97.8           97.2    
        Mother employed.............................      6,765          6,586           59.9           59.5    
          Both parents employed.....................      6,421          6,188           56.9           55.9    
          Mother employed, not father...............        344            398            3.0            3.6    
        Father employed, not mother.................      4,269          4,167           37.8           37.7    
      Neither parent employed.......................        254            314            2.2            2.8    
                                                                                                                
    Families maintained by women(1).................      2,945          2,916          100.0          100.0    
      Mother employed...............................      2,036          1,967           69.1           67.5    
      Mother not employed...........................        909            949           30.9           32.5    
                                                                                                                
    Families maintained by men(1)...................        726            775          100.0          100.0    
      Father employed...............................        639            666           88.0           85.9    
      Father not employed...........................         87            110           12.0           14.2    

    1 No spouse present.
    NOTE:  Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children.  Not included are nieces,
  nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.  Detail may not sum to totals due to
  rounding.






  Table 5.  Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children
  under 18, 2000-01 annual averages
  
  (Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                               
                                                                                                               
                                                            2000                             2001              
                Characteristic                                                                                 
                                                                                                               
                                                 Total       Men       Women      Total       Men       Women  
                                                                                                               
       WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS                                                                        
                                                                                                               
      Civilian noninstitutional population...   63,267     27,673     35,595     63,185     27,641     35,543  
        Civilian labor force.................   51,944     26,202     25,742     51,775     26,142     25,633  
            Participation rate...............     82.1       94.7       72.3       81.9       94.6       72.1  
          Employed...........................   50,259     25,622     24,637     49,773     25,358     24,415  
              Employment-population ratio....     79.4       92.6       69.2       78.8       91.7       68.7  
            Full-time workers(1).............   43,365     24,922     18,443     42,815     24,586     18,229  
            Part-time workers(2).............    6,894        699      6,195      6,958        773      6,186  
          Unemployed.........................    1,685        581      1,104      2,002        784      1,218  
            Unemployment rate................      3.2        2.2        4.3        3.9        3.0        4.8  
                                                                                                               
            Married, spouse present                                                                            
                                                                                                               
      Civilian noninstitutional population...   51,415     25,540     25,874     51,175     25,390     25,785  
        Civilian labor force.................   42,361     24,290     18,072     42,083     24,129     17,954  
            Participation rate...............     82.4       95.1       69.8       82.2       95.0       69.6  
          Employed...........................   41,357     23,816     17,541     40,828     23,481     17,347  
              Employment-population ratio....     80.4       93.2       67.8       79.8       92.5       67.3  
            Full-time workers(1).............   35,793     23,212     12,581     35,232     22,813     12,419  
            Part-time workers(2).............    5,564        604      4,960      5,597        668      4,928  
          Unemployed.........................    1,004        474        531      1,255        648        607  
            Unemployment rate................      2.4        2.0        2.9        3.0        2.7        3.4  
                                                                                                               
            Other marital status(3)                                                                            
                                                                                                               
      Civilian noninstitutional population...   11,853      2,132      9,720     12,010      2,252      9,758  
        Civilian labor force.................    9,583      1,913      7,670      9,693      2,013      7,679  
            Participation rate...............     80.8       89.7       78.9       80.7       89.4       78.7  
          Employed...........................    8,902      1,806      7,096      8,945      1,877      7,068  
              Employment-population ratio....     75.1       84.7       73.0       74.5       83.3       72.4  
            Full-time workers(1).............    7,572      1,710      5,862      7,584      1,773      5,811  
            Part-time workers(2).............    1,330         96      1,234      1,361        105      1,257  
          Unemployed.........................      681        107        574        747        136        611  
            Unemployment rate................      7.1        5.6        7.5        7.7        6.8        8.0  
                                                                                                               
       WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS,                                                                        
                 NONE YOUNGER                                                                                  
                                                                                                               
      Civilian noninstitutional population...   34,737     15,165     19,572     35,191     15,341     19,850  
        Civilian labor force.................   29,576     14,178     15,398     29,908     14,358     15,550  
            Participation rate...............     85.1       93.5       78.7       85.0       93.6       78.3  
          Employed...........................   28,744     13,877     14,868     28,912     13,970     14,942  
              Employment-population ratio....     82.7       91.5       76.0       82.2       91.1       75.3  
            Full-time workers(1).............   25,042     13,513     11,529     25,148     13,568     11,580  
            Part-time workers(2).............    3,703        364      3,339      3,764        402      3,362  
          Unemployed.........................      832        302        530        995        387        608  
            Unemployment rate................      2.8        2.1        3.4        3.3        2.7        3.9  
                                                                                                               
        WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS                                                                        
                                                                                                               
      Civilian noninstitutional population...   28,530     12,508     16,022     27,993     12,301     15,693  
        Civilian labor force.................   22,368     12,024     10,344     21,867     11,784     10,083  
            Participation rate...............     78.4       96.1       64.6       78.1       95.8       64.3  
          Employed...........................   21,515     11,745      9,770     20,861     11,388      9,473  
              Employment-population ratio....     75.4       93.9       61.0       74.5       92.6       60.4  
            Full-time workers(1).............   18,323     11,410      6,914     17,667     11,017      6,649  
            Part-time workers(2).............    3,191        335      2,856      3,194        370      2,824  
          Unemployed.........................      853        279        574      1,006        396        610  
            Unemployment rate................      3.8        2.3        5.6        4.6        3.4        6.0  
                                                                                                               
      WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS                                                                      
                                                                                                               
      Civilian noninstitutional population...  145,199     71,825     73,374    147,196     72,733     74,464  
        Civilian labor force.................   88,014     48,140     39,874     88,948     48,510     40,438  
            Participation rate...............     60.6       67.0       54.3       60.4       66.7       54.3  
          Employed...........................   84,058     45,781     38,278     84,227     45,650     38,577  
              Employment-population ratio....     57.9       63.7       52.2       57.2       62.8       51.8  
            Full-time workers(1).............   68,046     39,136     28,910     67,977     38,898     29,079  
            Part-time workers(2).............   16,012      6,645      9,367     16,250      6,752      9,498  
          Unemployed.........................    3,956      2,359      1,596      4,721      2,860      1,861  
            Unemployment rate................      4.5        4.9        4.0        5.3        5.9        4.6  

    1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.
    2 Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs.
    3 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.
    NOTE:  See NOTE, table 4.






Table 6.  Employment status of mothers with own children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest child, and marital 
status, 2000-01 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                   
                                                                               Civilian labor force                             
                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                
                                    Civilian                                         Employed                     Unemployed    
         Characteristic             noninsti-                Percent                                                             
                                    tutional                   of                                                                
                                    population      Total    popula-             Percent  Full-time Part-time            Percent 
                                                              tion      Total      of      workers   workers    Number   of labor
                                                                                 popula-     (1)       (2)                force  
                                                                                  tion                                              
                                                                                                                                
              2000                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                
         TOTAL MOTHERS                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                
With own children under 3 years old.   9,356        5,653      60.4     5,311      56.8     3,614     1,697       342       6.0 
  2 years...........................   2,803        1,807      64.5     1,712      61.1     1,193       519        95       5.3 
  1 year............................   3,300        2,069      62.7     1,939      58.8     1,310       629       130       6.3 
  Under 1 year......................   3,253        1,777      54.6     1,660      51.0     1,112       548       117       6.6 
                                                                                                                                
    Married, spouse present                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                
With own children under 3 years old.   7,056        4,090      58.0     3,940      55.8     2,613     1,327       150       3.7 
  2 years...........................   2,096        1,276      60.9     1,233      58.9       823       411        42       3.3 
  1 year............................   2,499        1,503      60.1     1,448      57.9       953       495        55       3.6
  Under 1 year......................   2,461        1,312      53.3     1,259      51.1       837       421        53       4.1
                                                                                                                                
    Other marital status(3)                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                
With own children under 3 years old.   2,300        1,563      67.9     1,371      59.6     1,002       370       191      12.2 
  2 years...........................     707          531      75.1       478      67.6       370       108        53       9.9 
  1 year............................     801          566      70.7       491      61.3       357       134        75      13.2 
  Under 1 year......................     792          465      58.8       402      50.7       275       127        64      13.7 
                                                                                                                                
              2001                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                
         TOTAL MOTHERS                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                
With own children under 3 years old.   9,177        5,526      60.2     5,142      56.0     3,527     1,616       383       6.9 
  2 years...........................   2,787        1,834      65.8     1,719      61.7     1,194       525       115       6.3 
  1 year............................   3,344        2,020      60.4     1,881      56.2     1,285       597       139       6.9 
  Under 1 year......................   3,046        1,672      54.9     1,542      50.6     1,048       494       129       7.7 
                                                                                                                                
    Married, spouse present                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                
With own children under 3 years old.   6,921        3,979      57.5     3,808      55.0     2,546     1,263       171       4.3 
  2 years...........................   2,069        1,280      61.9     1,229      59.4       818       411        51       4.0 
  1 year............................   2,533        1,450      57.2     1,389      54.8       920       469        62       4.3 
  Under 1 year......................   2,319        1,249      53.9     1,190      51.3       808       383        58       4.6 
                                                                                                                                
    Other marital status(3)                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                
With own children under 3 years old.   2,256        1,546      68.5     1,335      59.2       982       354       213      13.8 
  2 years...........................     718          553      77.0       490      68.2       378       114        65      11.8 
  1 year............................     812          570      70.2       493      60.7       365       129        77      13.5 
  Under 1 year......................     726          423      58.3       352      48.5       239       111        71      16.8 

  1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.
  2 Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs.
  3 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.
  NOTE:  See NOTE, table 4.