For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, April 20, 2017 USDL-17-0444 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES — 2016 

In 2016, 6.5 percent of families included an unemployed person, down from 6.9 percent in 2015, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Of the nation’s 82.1 million families, 80.4 percent had at 

least one employed member in 2016. 

These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are collected as part of the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households. Data in this release are annual 

averages. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women 

or men without spouses present. Unless otherwise noted, families include those without children as well 

as those with children under age 18. For further information, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Families and Unemployment

The number of families with at least one member unemployed decreased by 314,000 to 5.3 million in 

2016. The proportion of families with an unemployed person declined by 0.4 percentage point to 6.5 

percent. Black and Hispanic families remained more likely to have an unemployed member in 2016 

(10.9 percent and 8.7 percent, respectively) than White or Asian families (5.7 percent and 5.6 percent,

respectively). This proportion is down over the year for White, Black, and Hispanic families. (See 

table 1.) 

Just over two-thirds (69.0 percent) of families with an unemployed member also had at least one family 

member who was employed in 2016, and 59.7 percent had at least one family member who was working 

full time. Both measures are up over the year. In 2016, Black families with an unemployed member

remained less likely to also have an employed family member (57.8 percent) than White (72.3 percent), 

Asian (76.9 percent), or Hispanic families (72.6 percent). (See table 1.)

In 2016, 3.1 million married-couple families had an unemployed member (5.2 percent), less than the 

corresponding percentages of families maintained by women or families maintained by men (9.8 percent 

and 9.5 percent, respectively). Among families with at least one unemployed family member, those 

maintained by women were less likely to also have an employed family member (50.1 percent) than

families maintained by men and married-couple families (58.5 percent and 80.4 percent, respectively). 

This proportion for married-couple families and families maintained by men was about the same as in 

the prior year, while it increased by 1.9 percentage points for families maintained by women. (See

tables 2 and 3.) 
- 2 - 

Families and Employment

In 2016, 80.4 percent of families had at least one employed family member, little different from the prior 

year. Over the year, the likelihood of having an employed family member was about unchanged among 

White (80.2 percent), Black (77.8 percent), Asian (88.5 percent), and Hispanic families (86.7 percent). 

(See table 1.)

In 2016, families maintained by women remained less likely to have an employed member (76.6 

percent) than families maintained by men (83.6 percent) or married-couple families (81.1 percent). 

Among married-couple families, both the husband and wife were employed in 48.0 percent of families; 

in 19.5 percent of married-couple families only the husband was employed, and in 7.1 percent only the 

wife was employed. (See table 2.) 

Families with Children

In 2016, 34.2 million families included children under age 18, about two-fifths of all families. (Children 

are sons, daughters, step-children, or adopted children living in the household who are under 18 years 

old. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related and unrelated children, and children 

not living in the household.) At least one parent was employed in 89.7 percent of families with children

in 2016. Among married-couple families with children, 96.8 percent had at least one employed parent

and 61.1 percent had both parents employed. Among families of other marital statuses with children, the 

mother was employed in 72.5 percent of those maintained by mothers, and the father was employed in 

82.6 percent of those maintained by fathers; both of these measures were up over the year. (Other 

marital status refers to persons who never married or are widowed, divorced, separated, or married but 

living apart from their spouse, as well as persons in same-sex marriages.) (See table 4.)

Parents

The labor force participation rate—the percent of the population working or looking for work—for all 

women with children under age 18 was 70.5 percent in 2016. The participation rate for married mothers 

(67.9 percent) remained lower than the rate for mothers with other marital statuses (76.0 percent). The 

unemployment rate for married mothers was also considerably lower than for mothers with other marital 

statuses—3.2 percent, compared with 7.8 percent. (See table 5.)

Mothers with younger children are less likely to be in the labor force than mothers with older children. 

In 2016, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under 6 years old was lower than the 

rate of those whose youngest child was 6 to 17 years old (64.7 percent versus 75.0 percent). The 

participation rate of mothers with infants under a year old was 58.6 percent. Among mothers with 

infants, the participation rate of married mothers was lower than the rate of mothers with other marital

statuses—57.6 percent versus 60.8 percent. The unemployment rate of mothers with infants who were 

married, at 3.0 percent, was substantially lower than the rate for mothers with other marital statuses, at 

12.2 percent. (See tables 5 and 6.) 

In 2016, 92.8 percent of all men with children under age 18 participated in the labor force. The 

participation rate for married fathers, at 93.6 percent, continued to be higher than the rate of fathers with 

other marital statuses (87.7 percent). Married fathers also continued to have a lower unemployment rate 

(2.6 percent) than fathers with other marital statuses (7.0 percent). (See table 5.)
- 3 - 

In 2016, 95.6 percent of employed fathers worked full time, compared with 76.3 percent of employed 

mothers. Among employed mothers, those with young children were somewhat less likely to work full 

time than those with older children. Employed fathers were about equally likely to work full time, 

regardless of the age of their children. (See tables 5 and 6.) 
Technical Note

The estimates in this release are based on annual average 

data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS, which 

is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible 

households that provides information on the labor force status, 

demographics, and other characteristics of the nation's civilian 

noninstitutional population age 16 and over.

The data presented in this release are not strictly 

comparable with data for earlier years due to the introduction of 

updated population estimates, or controls, used in the CPS. The 

population controls are updated each year in January to reflect 

the latest information about population change. Additional 

information is available from the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. 

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request: Voice phone: (202) 

691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies 

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability 

is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about 

a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate 

based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors 

from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS 

analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the 

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain 

information for all respondents in the sample, inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and 

errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and 

guidance on estimating standard errors is available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability. 

Definitions

Definitions of the principal terms used in this release are 

presented below. 

Householder. The householder is the family reference 

person. This is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name 

the housing unit is owned or rented. The relationship of other 

individuals in the household is defined in terms of their 

relationship to the householder. The race or ethnicity of the 

family is determined by that of the householder.

Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing 

together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. The 

count of families is for "primary" families only, that is, the 

householder and all other persons related to and residing with the 

householder. Families include those without children as well as 

those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:

• Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married 

couples only.

• Families maintained by women or men are made up of 

householders residing with one or more family 

members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The 

household may or may not include a same-sex spouse 

or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).

This release presents data for two marital status categories, 

defined below. Marital status is based on a person’s status at the 

time of the survey.

Married, spouse present. Married, spouse present, includes 

persons in opposite-sex marriages living together in the same 

household, even though one may be temporarily absent on 

business, on vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or for other 

reasons.

Other marital status. Other marital status includes persons 

who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; married, 

spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages. 

Separated includes persons with legal separations, those living 

apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other persons 

permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord. 

Married, spouse absent, includes opposite-sex married persons 

living apart because either the husband or wife was employed 

and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving 

away from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another 

area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason 

except separation as defined above.

Children. Data on children refer to own children under age 

18 that live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person 

maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, nephews, 

grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children 

living in the household.

Employed. Employed persons are all those who, during the 

survey reference week, (a) did any work at all as paid employees; 

(b) worked in their own business, profession, or on their own 

farm; (c) or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an 

enterprise operated by a member of the family. Persons who 

were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, 

vacation, labor disputes, or another reason also are counted as 

employed.

Unemployed. The unemployed are persons who had no 

employment during the reference week, were available for work 

at that time, and had made specific efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference 

week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from 

which they had been laid off need not be looking for work to be 

classified as unemployed. 

Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all 

persons classified as employed or unemployed.

Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the number 

unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. The labor force participation 

rate is the labor force as a percent of the population. 

Employment-population ratio. The employment-population

ratio is the employed as a percent of the population.
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015-2016 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic 2015 2016

EMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families............................................................................................................ 81,410 82,092

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 65,360 66,023

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 80.3 80.4

With at least one family member employed full time1........................................................ 59,520 60,065

With no family member employed................................................................................. 16,050 16,069

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 19.7 19.6

White

Total families............................................................................................................ 64,663 65,083

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 51,769 52,209

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 80.1 80.2

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 47,225 47,611

With no family member employed................................................................................. 12,894 12,873

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 19.9 19.8

Black or African American

Total families............................................................................................................ 9,854 9,976

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 7,652 7,764

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 77.7 77.8

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 6,792 6,835

With no family member employed................................................................................. 2,202 2,212

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 22.3 22.2

Asian

Total families............................................................................................................ 4,538 4,707

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 4,020 4,166

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 88.6 88.5

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 3,786 3,933

With no family member employed................................................................................. 518 541

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 11.4 11.5

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families............................................................................................................ 12,602 12,900

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 10,883 11,182

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 86.4 86.7

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 9,914 10,217

With no family member employed................................................................................. 1,719 1,718

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 13.6 13.3

UNEMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families............................................................................................................ 81,410 82,092

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 5,615 5,301

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 6.9 6.5

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 3,831 3,656

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 68.2 69.0

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 3,302 3,162

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 58.8 59.7

White

Total families............................................................................................................ 64,663 65,083

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 3,908 3,711

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 6.0 5.7

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 2,784 2,684

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 71.2 72.3

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 2,408 2,343

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 61.6 63.1

Black or African American

Total families............................................................................................................ 9,854 9,976

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 1,184 1,086

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 12.0 10.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015-2016 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic 2015 2016

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 666 628

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 56.3 57.8

Some family member employed full time1................................................................... 558 524

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 47.2 48.2

Asian

Total families............................................................................................................ 4,538 4,707

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 260 265

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 5.7 5.6

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 213 204

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 82.1 76.9

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 191 185

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 73.6 69.8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families............................................................................................................ 12,602 12,900

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 1,220 1,117

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 9.7 8.7

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 864 811

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 70.8 72.6

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 740 702

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 60.7 62.9

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

NOTE: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is

owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not

presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2015-2016 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2015 2016 2015 2016

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES1

Total........................................................................................ 59,217 59,747 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 48,205 48,440 81.4 81.1

Husband only........................................................................ 11,726 11,649 19.8 19.5

Wife only.............................................................................. 4,209 4,253 7.1 7.1

Husband and wife................................................................... 28,434 28,693 48.0 48.0

Other employment combinations.................................................. 3,837 3,845 6.5 6.4

With no family member employed................................................... 11,012 11,307 18.6 18.9

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN2

Total........................................................................................ 15,693 15,669 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 11,765 12,001 75.0 76.6

Householder only.................................................................... 6,451 6,502 41.1 41.5

Householder and other member(s)................................................ 3,181 3,293 20.3 21.0

Other member(s), not householder................................................ 2,133 2,205 13.6 14.1

With no family member employed................................................... 3,928 3,668 25.0 23.4

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN2

Total........................................................................................ 6,499 6,676 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 5,389 5,582 82.9 83.6

Householder only.................................................................... 2,517 2,577 38.7 38.6

Householder and other member(s)................................................ 1,932 2,050 29.7 30.7

Other member(s), not householder................................................ 940 955 14.5 14.3

With no family member employed................................................... 1,110 1,094 17.1 16.4

1 Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

2 No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Unemployment in families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type,

2015-2016 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2015 2016 2015 2016

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES1

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 3,292 3,122 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 2,653 2,511 80.6 80.4

No family member employed......................................................... 639 612 19.4 19.6

Unemployment of family members

Husband unemployed2

................................................................ 1,194 1,149 36.3 36.8

Wife employed....................................................................... 739 702 22.5 22.5

Wife unemployed, husband employed or not in labor force...................... 947 913 28.8 29.2

Husband employed.................................................................. 786 775 23.9 24.8

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 1,151 1,060 35.0 34.0

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN3

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 1,666 1,543 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 804 774 48.2 50.1

No family member employed......................................................... 862 770 51.8 49.9

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed............................................................. 770 710 46.2 46.0

Other member(s) employed........................................................ 181 174 10.8 11.3

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 896 833 53.8 54.0

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN3

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 657 635 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 375 372 57.0 58.5

No family member employed......................................................... 282 264 43.0 41.5

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed............................................................. 378 354 57.5 55.6

Other member(s) employed........................................................ 158 153 24.1 24.0

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 280 282 42.5 44.4

1 Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

2 Total families with unemployed husbands, including those with unemployed wives.

3 No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2015-2016 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2015 2016 2015 2016

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Total families.............................................................................. 34,363 34,206 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 30,672 30,671 89.3 89.7

No parent employed................................................................... 3,692 3,534 10.7 10.3

Married-couple families1

Total...................................................................................... 23,401 23,125 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 22,631 22,379 96.7 96.8

Mother employed................................................................. 15,420 15,377 65.9 66.5

Both parents employed........................................................ 14,174 14,123 60.6 61.1

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 1,246 1,254 5.3 5.4

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 7,211 7,001 30.8 30.3

Neither parent employed........................................................... 771 746 3.3 3.2

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 8,505 8,538 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 6,024 6,191 70.8 72.5

Mother not employed................................................................ 2,481 2,347 29.2 27.5

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 2,457 2,544 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 2,017 2,102 82.1 82.6

Father not employed................................................................ 440 442 17.9 17.4

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Total families.............................................................................. 19,774 19,774 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 17,762 17,814 89.8 90.1

No parent employed................................................................... 2,012 1,960 10.2 9.9

Married-couple families1

Total...................................................................................... 13,306 13,105 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 12,842 12,649 96.5 96.5

Mother employed................................................................. 9,363 9,284 70.4 70.8

Both parents employed........................................................ 8,565 8,483 64.4 64.7

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 798 801 6.0 6.1

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 3,479 3,365 26.1 25.7

Neither parent employed........................................................... 464 456 3.5 3.5

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 5,080 5,189 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 3,790 3,955 74.6 76.2

Mother not employed................................................................ 1,290 1,234 25.4 23.8

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 1,388 1,481 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 1,130 1,211 81.4 81.8

Father not employed................................................................ 258 270 18.6 18.2

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Total families.............................................................................. 14,589 14,432 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 12,910 12,857 88.5 89.1

No parent employed................................................................... 1,680 1,575 11.5 10.9

Married-couple families1

Total...................................................................................... 10,096 10,020 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 9,789 9,730 97.0 97.1

Mother employed................................................................. 6,057 6,093 60.0 60.8

Both parents employed........................................................ 5,609 5,640 55.6 56.3

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 448 453 4.4 4.5

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 3,732 3,637 37.0 36.3

Neither parent employed........................................................... 307 290 3.0 2.9

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 3,425 3,349 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 2,234 2,236 65.2 66.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2015-2016 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2015 2016 2015 2016

Mother not employed................................................................ 1,191 1,113 34.8 33.2

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 1,069 1,063 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 887 891 83.0 83.8

Father not employed................................................................ 182 172 17.0 16.2

1 Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

2 No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January

data.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children

under 18, 2015-2016 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2015 2016

Total Men Women Total Men Women

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 65,564 29,095 36,469 65,055 28,992 36,063

Civilian labor force.................................................. 52,476 26,978 25,498 52,321 26,902 25,419

Participation rate.................................................. 80.0 92.7 69.9 80.4 92.8 70.5

Employed.......................................................... 50,238 26,079 24,159 50,240 26,039 24,201

Full-time workers1.............................................. 43,250 24,880 18,370 43,352 24,896 18,456

Part-time workers2

............................................. 6,989 1,199 5,790 6,887 1,143 5,744

Employment-population ratio.................................... 76.6 89.6 66.2 77.2 89.8 67.1

Unemployed....................................................... 2,238 899 1,339 2,082 864 1,218

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.3 3.3 5.3 4.0 3.2 4.8

Married, spouse present3

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 49,822 25,122 24,700 49,472 25,007 24,465

Civilian labor force.................................................. 40,226 23,532 16,694 40,016 23,409 16,607

Participation rate.................................................. 80.7 93.7 67.6 80.9 93.6 67.9

Employed.......................................................... 39,026 22,889 16,137 38,866 22,791 16,075

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 34,148 21,958 12,190 34,112 21,899 12,214

Part-time workers2

............................................. 4,877 931 3,947 4,754 892 3,861

Employment-population ratio.................................... 78.3 91.1 65.3 78.6 91.1 65.7

Unemployed....................................................... 1,200 643 557 1,150 618 532

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.0 2.7 3.3 2.9 2.6 3.2

Other marital status4

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 15,742 3,973 11,769 15,583 3,985 11,598

Civilian labor force.................................................. 12,250 3,446 8,804 12,305 3,494 8,811

Participation rate.................................................. 77.8 86.7 74.8 79.0 87.7 76.0

Employed.......................................................... 11,213 3,190 8,022 11,374 3,248 8,125

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 9,101 2,922 6,179 9,240 2,997 6,243

Part-time workers2............................................. 2,111 268 1,843 2,134 251 1,883

Employment-population ratio.................................... 71.2 80.3 68.2 73.0 81.5 70.1

Unemployed....................................................... 1,038 256 782 931 246 686

Unemployment rate............................................ 8.5 7.4 8.9 7.6 7.0 7.8

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 36,616 16,171 20,445 36,491 16,152 20,338

Civilian labor force.................................................. 30,057 14,840 15,218 30,088 14,836 15,252

Participation rate.................................................. 82.1 91.8 74.4 82.5 91.9 75.0

Employed.......................................................... 28,923 14,392 14,531 28,998 14,393 14,605

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 25,073 13,785 11,288 25,166 13,785 11,381

Part-time workers2............................................. 3,850 607 3,243 3,831 607 3,224

Employment-population ratio.................................... 79.0 89.0 71.1 79.5 89.1 71.8

Unemployed....................................................... 1,134 448 687 1,090 444 646

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.8 3.0 4.5 3.6 3.0 4.2

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 28,948 12,924 16,024 28,565 12,840 15,724

Civilian labor force.................................................. 22,419 12,138 10,281 22,233 12,066 10,167

Participation rate.................................................. 77.4 93.9 64.2 77.8 94.0 64.7

Employed.......................................................... 21,315 11,687 9,628 21,242 11,646 9,596

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 18,177 11,095 7,082 18,186 11,110 7,076

Part-time workers2

............................................. 3,139 592 2,547 3,056 536 2,520

Employment-population ratio.................................... 73.6 90.4 60.1 74.4 90.7 61.0

Unemployed....................................................... 1,104 451 652 992 420 572

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.9 3.7 6.3 4.5 3.5 5.6

WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 185,237 92,006 93,231 188,482 93,505 94,978

Civilian labor force.................................................. 104,654 56,643 48,011 106,866 57,852 49,014

Participation rate.................................................. 56.5 61.6 51.5 56.7 61.9 51.6

Employed.......................................................... 98,595 53,052 45,544 101,196 54,529 46,667

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children

under 18, 2015-2016 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2015 2016

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Full-time workers1.............................................. 78,243 44,471 33,772 80,408 45,671 34,738

Part-time workers2............................................. 20,353 8,581 11,772 20,788 8,858 11,930

Employment-population ratio.................................... 53.2 57.7 48.9 53.7 58.3 49.1

Unemployed....................................................... 6,058 3,591 2,468 5,670 3,323 2,346

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.8 6.3 5.1 5.3 5.7 4.8

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

2 Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.

3 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

4

Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January

data.
Table 6. Employment status of mothers with own children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest

child and marital status, 2015-2016 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2015 2016

With own children under 3 years old With own children under 3 years old

Total 2 years 1 year Under 1

year

Total 2 years 1 year Under 1

year

TOTAL MOTHERS

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 9,308 2,920 3,254 3,134 9,158 2,850 3,322 2,985

Civilian labor force..................................... 5,714 1,869 2,024 1,821 5,662 1,858 2,055 1,749

Participation rate.................................... 61.4 64.0 62.2 58.1 61.8 65.2 61.9 58.6

Employed............................................. 5,336 1,741 1,897 1,698 5,343 1,764 1,933 1,645

Full-time workers1

................................ 3,882 1,280 1,370 1,232 3,870 1,312 1,392 1,165

Part-time workers2

................................ 1,455 462 526 466 1,473 452 540 480

Employment-population ratio...................... 57.3 59.6 58.3 54.2 58.3 61.9 58.2 55.1

Unemployed.......................................... 377 127 128 123 319 94 123 103

Unemployment rate.............................. 6.6 6.8 6.3 6.7 5.6 5.0 6.0 5.9

Married, spouse present3

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 6,341 1,974 2,252 2,114 6,335 1,964 2,302 2,069

Civilian labor force..................................... 3,772 1,198 1,356 1,218 3,768 1,210 1,367 1,191

Participation rate.................................... 59.5 60.7 60.2 57.6 59.5 61.6 59.4 57.6

Employed............................................. 3,628 1,149 1,300 1,179 3,648 1,171 1,321 1,156

Full-time workers1................................ 2,698 864 961 873 2,691 876 966 849

Part-time workers2

................................ 931 285 339 306 957 294 356 307

Employment-population ratio...................... 57.2 58.2 57.7 55.8 57.6 59.6 57.4 55.9

Unemployed.......................................... 144 49 55 39 120 39 46 35

Unemployment rate.............................. 3.8 4.1 4.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.0

Other marital status4

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 2,967 946 1,001 1,020 2,823 886 1,020 917

Civilian labor force..................................... 1,942 670 669 603 1,894 648 689 557

Participation rate.................................... 65.4 70.9 66.8 59.1 67.1 73.1 67.5 60.8

Employed............................................. 1,708 592 596 519 1,695 594 612 489

Full-time workers1................................ 1,184 415 409 359 1,179 436 427 316

Part-time workers2

................................ 524 177 187 160 516 158 185 173

Employment-population ratio...................... 57.6 62.6 59.5 50.9 60.0 67.0 60.0 53.4

Unemployed.......................................... 234 78 72 84 199 54 77 68

Unemployment rate.............................. 12.0 11.6 10.8 13.9 10.5 8.4 11.2 12.2

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

2 Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.

3 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

4

Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January

data.