For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, August 11, 2011 USDL-11-1188

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • mfpweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING - 2009

Manufacturing sector multifactor productivity declined at a 5.7 percent annual rate in 2009, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. (See chart 1.) This was the largest annual decline in multifactor productivity since 

the series started in 1987. (See table 1.) The multifactor productivity decline in 2009 reflected a 12.5 percent 

decrease in output and a 7.2 percent decrease in combined inputs. 

Multifactor productivity measures the change in output per unit of combined inputs. Multifactor productivity is 

designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological change, efficiency improvements, 

returns to scale, reallocation of resources, and other factors, allowing for the effects of capital, labor and, in the 

case of the manufacturing sector, also intermediate inputs (energy, materials, purchased business services). 

Multifactor productivity, therefore, differs from labor productivity (output per hour worked) measures that are 

published quarterly by BLS since it includes information on capital services and intermediate inputs that are not 

available on a quarterly basis. 

Durable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased 8.0 percent in 2009, after increasing 2.2 

percent in 2008. Nondurable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity fell 3.1 percent in 2009, following a 

2.2 percent decrease in 2008. In both sectors these were the sharpest declines in multifactor productivity since the 

series began in 1987. 

Chart 1. Multifactor productivity for the manufacturing, durable manufacturing, and nondurable 

manufacturing sectors, 2000-2009 

 Annual percent change

-10.0

-8.0

-6.0

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Manufacturing Durable manufacturing Nondurable manufacturing
- 2 - 

Historical trends in manufacturing 

Multifactor productivity in manufacturing grew 1.1 percent annually between 1987 and 2009. Over the same 

period, sectoral output increased at a 1.5 percent annual rate and combined inputs grew 0.4 percent; output per 

hour (labor productivity) increased 3.3 percent. For the 2000-2007 period, multifactor productivity in 

manufacturing grew more rapidly than in previous periods, averaging 2.0 percent per year. In contrast, for the 

2007-2009 period, multifactor productivity dropped 3.0 percent and output and all inputs except capital services 

experienced steep declines. (See table A.) 

Of the 3.3 percent growth rate in labor productivity for the 1987-2009 period, 1.1 percent can be attributed to 

increases in multifactor productivity, 0.7 percent to the contribution of capital intensity, 0.1 percent to energy 

intensity, 0.9 percent to materials intensity, and 0.5 percent to purchased business services intensity. Multifactor 

productivity, the contribution of intermediate inputs, and the contribution of capital intensity may not sum to 

output per hour due to independent rounding. (See table B.)

In 2009, almost no manufacturing industries exhibited increases in multifactor productivity, output, or combined 

inputs. Of the 18 industries that comprise the manufacturing sector, only computer and electronic products 

experienced growth in multifactor productivity, and only food, beverage, and tobacco products exhibited growth 

in combined inputs. No industry had any increase in output. (See chart 2.) 

Chart 2. Percent of manufacturing industries with increases in multifactor productivity, output, and 

combined inputs, 2006-2009 

Revised measures 

Previous and revised productivity measures and related data for 2007 and 2008 for the manufacturing, durable 

manufacturing, and nondurable manufacturing sectors are displayed in table C. In 2008, multifactor productivity 

growth was revised upward, showing a slight decline of 0.1 percent rather than the 0.7 percent decrease reported 

previously. After revision, multifactor productivity for the nondurable manufacturing sector fell 2.2 percent rather 

than falling 1.6 percent. In contrast, multifactor productivity in the durable manufacturing sector was revised 

upward to 2.2 percent from 0.3 percent. The revisions in both years were due to comprehensive revisions in 

source data in the revised National Income and Products (NIPA) released on May 25, 2010 and annual revisions 

of the NIPA industry accounts released on December 14, 2010. 

The manufacturing industry measures have been revised to reflect an improved methodology for estimating the 

cost of materials. This revision is most notable in measures for apparel, leather, and allied products, and computer 

and electronic products. 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Increasing multifactor productivity Increasing output Increasing combined inputs

2006 2007 2008 2009
- 3 - 

Table A. Compound annual growth rates for productivity, sectoral output, and inputs in the 

manufacturing sector for selected periods, 1987-2009

In percent

 1987-

2009

1987-

1990

1990-

1995

1995-

2000

2000-

2007

2007-

2009

2008-

2009

Productivity

 Multifactor productivity11.1 0.3 1.2 1.8 2.0 -3.0 -5.7

 Output per hour of all persons 3.3 1.8 3.4 4.8 3.9 -0.2 0.1

 Output per unit of capital services -0.7 -0.1 0.7 0.7 -0.1 -10.4 -13.6

 

Sectoral Output 1.5 2.1 3.3 4.7 0.7 -8.6 -12.5

Inputs

 Combined inputs20.4 1.9 2.1 2.8 -1.3 -5.8 -7.2

 Hours3-1.8 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 -3.1 -8.4 -12.6

 Capital services 2.2 2.3 2.6 4.0 0.8 2.0 1.2

 Energy 0.4 1.9 1.7 5.9 -3.5 -4.1 -11.4

 Non-energy materials 1.4 1.6 3.7 5.9 -1.2 -6.5 -8.0

 Purchased business services 1.0 5.3 3.2 1.3 0.3 -8.7 -5.3

1

Output per unit of combined hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services.

2

The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar costs.

3

Hours at work of all persons. 
- 4 - 

1

Capital services per hour multiplied by capital's share of current dollar costs. 

2

Information processing equipment and software per hour multiplied by its share of total current dollar 

 costs. 

3

Intermediate inputs per hour multiplied by intermediate inputs share of current dollar costs. 

4

Energy per hour multiplied by energy’s share of current dollar costs. 

5

Materials per hour multiplied by materials’ share of current dollar costs. 

6 Purchased business services per hour multiplied by purchased business services’ share of current dollar costs. 

7

 Output per unit of combined hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services. 

Table B. Compound annual growth rates in output per hour of all persons and contributions of capital 

intensity, intermediate inputs intensity, and multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector for 

selected periods, 1987-2009

In percent

1987-

2009

1987-

1990

1990-

1995

1995-

2000

2000-

2007

2007-

2009

2008-

2009

Manufacturing

Output per hour of all persons 3.3 1.8 3.4 4.8 3.9 -0.2 0.1

Contribution of capital intensity10.7 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 2.1 2.9

Contribution of information 

processing equipment and 

software2

0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.8

Contribution of all other 

capital services

0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.5 2.1

Contribution of intermediate 

inputs31.5 1.2 1.8 2.2 1.2 0.8 3.2

 Contribution of energy 

 intensity40.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0

 Contribution of materials 

 intensity50.9 0.4 1.1 1.8 0.6 0.7 1.7

 Contribution of purchased 

 business services intensity60.5 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.6 -0.1 1.4

Multifactor productivity71.1 0.3 1.2 1.8 2.0 -3.0 -5.7
- 5 - 

1

Output per unit of combined hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services. 

2

The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar costs. 

3

Hours at work of all persons. 

Table C. Previous and revised multifactor productivity and related measures for the 2007-2008

and 2006-2007 periods

Sector

Multifactor 

productivity1

Sectoral 

output

Inputs

Combined

inputs2 Hours3

Capital 

services Energy Materials

Purchased 

business 

services

Annual percent change, 2007-2008

Manufacturing

Previous -0.7 -4.4 -3.7 -4.0 1.1 -2.6 -5.3 -5.4

Revised -0.1 -4.4 -4.3 -4.0 2.8 3.9 -5.0 -11.9

Durable 

manufacturing

Previous 0.3 -5.7 -6.0 -4.2 0.9 1.2 -12.4 -6.7

Revised 2.2 -5.7 -7.7 -4.2 1.7 0.4 -12.6 -14.3

Nondurable 

manufacturing

Previous -1.6 -3.3 -1.8 -3.7 1.2 -5.1 -1.5 -3.7

Revised -2.2 -3.5 -1.3 -3.7 3.6 6.3 -0.9 -8.7

Annual percent change, 2006-2007

Manufacturing

Previous 5.1 2.4 -2.5 -1.7 1.2 6.0 -7.2 -0.8

Revised 0.8 2.2 1.4 -1.7 1.4 8.6 0.0 7.3

Durable 

manufacturing

Previous 4.9 3.5 -1.3 -2.1 0.8 8.6 -4.8 2.2

Revised 1.3 3.2 1.9 -2.1 1.6 12.2 0.3 10.4

Nondurable 

manufacturing

Previous 4.6 1.3 -3.2 -1.0 1.4 4.3 -6.4 -4.7

Revised 0.2 1.1 0.9 -1.0 1.3 6.2 0.2 3.3
- 6 - 

TECHNICAL NOTES 

Capital Services: Capital services are the services derived from the stock of physical assets and 

software. There are 86 asset types for fixed business equipment and software, structures, inventories, 

and land. The aggregate capital services measures are obtained by Tornqvist aggregation of the capital 

stocks for each asset type within each of the eighteen manufacturing NAICS industry groupings using 

estimated rental prices for each asset type. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate of return to all 

assets within the industry and rates of economic depreciation and revaluation for the specific asset; 

rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. Data on investments in physical assets and software are 

obtained from Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Nonfarm industry detail for land is based on IRS 

book value data. 

Labor Hours: The construction of the hours measures follows the methodology described in USDL 11-

0435, Multifactor Productivity Trends, 2009, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/prod3.pdf. Hours in 

manufacturing are directly aggregated and do not include the effects of labor composition. Hours data 

for the manufacturing multifactor productivity measures include hours for all persons working in the 

manufacturing sector – wage and salary workers, the self-employed and unpaid family workers. The 

primary source of hours data is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. Hours paid of 

production workers are also obtained primarily from the CES survey. The hours of these employees are 

then converted to an at-work basis by using information from the Employment Cost Index (ECI) of the 

National Compensation Survey (NCS) and the BLS Hours at Work Survey. Hours at work for 

nonproduction workers are derived using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), the CES, and 

the NCS. The hours at work of proprietors are derived from the CPS. 

Hours at work data are based on underlying hours data published in the February 3, 2011, 

USDL-11-0128, Productivity and Costs,

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/prod2_02032011.pdf. Therefore, the data do not reflect the 

benchmark revisions to the CES and other revisions to hours released on February 4, 2011. 

Intermediate Inputs: In manufacturing, intermediate inputs consist of energy, materials, and purchased 

business services, and represent a large share of production costs. Research has shown that substitution 

among inputs, including intermediate inputs, affects productivity change. Therefore, it is important to 

account for intermediate inputs in productivity measures at the level of manufacturing. In contrast, the 

more aggregate productivity measures compare "value-added" output with two classes of inputs, capital 

and labor. Because of these differences in concepts and methodology, productivity change in 

manufacturing cannot be directly compared with changes in private business or private nonfarm 

business. 

Data on intermediate inputs are obtained from BEA based on BEA annual input-output tables. 

Tornqvist indexes of each of these three input classes are derived at the 3-digit NAICS level and then 

aggregated to total manufacturing. Materials inputs are adjusted to exclude transactions between 

establishments within the same sector. 

Combined Inputs: The five input indexes (capital services, hours, energy, materials, and purchased 

business services) are combined using Tornqvist aggregation, employing weights that represent each 

component's share of total costs. Total costs are defined as the value of manufacturing sectoral output. 
- 7 - 

Capital Intensity: Capital intensity is the ratio of capital to hours worked in the production process. The 

higher the capital to hours ratio, the more capital intensive the production process is. Intermediate input 

intensities are also estimated and interpreted in a similar manner to capital intensity. 

In a production process, profit maximizing/cost-minimizing firms adjust the factor proportions of 

capital and labor if the price of one factor is less than the other factor; there would be a tendency for the 

firms to substitute the less expensive factor for the more expensive one. In the short run, changes in 

hours worked are more variable than changes in capital services. Changes in hours worked in business 

cycles can result in volatility of the capital intensity ratio over short periods of time. In the long run an 

increase in wages relative to the price of capital will induce the firm to substitute capital for labor, 

resulting in an increase in capital intensity. 

Rising labor costs are, in fact, an incentive for firms to introduce automated production 

processes. Industry estimates of capital to hours ratios can be obtained at 

http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm.

Sectoral Output: The output concept used for multifactor productivity in manufacturing is “sectoral 

output”. Sectoral output equals gross output (sales, receipts, and other operating income, plus 

commodity taxes plus changes in inventories), excluding transactions between establishments within the 

same sector. In contrast, the output concept used for private business and nonfarm business is “real value 

added”. Real value added output in private business equals gross domestic product in the economy less 

general government, government enterprises, private households (including the rental value of owneroccupied real estate), and non-profit institutions. Real value added output excludes intermediate 

transactions between businesses. 

The output index for manufacturing is computed using a chained superlative index (Tornqvist) of 

three-digit NAICS industry outputs. Industry output is measured as sectoral output, the total value of 

goods and services leaving the industry. Wherever possible, the indexes of industry output are calculated 

with a Tornqvist formula. This formula aggregates the growth rates of the various industry outputs 

between two periods, using their relative shares in industry value of production averaged over the two 

periods as weights. Industry output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data 

from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of 

Commerce, together with information on price changes, primarily from BLS. 

Multifactor Productivity: The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the 

relationship between output in real terms and the inputs involved in its production. Manufacturing 

multifactor productivity measures exclude intermediate inputs between manufacturing establishments 

from both output and inputs. They do not measure the specific contributions of labor, capital, or 

intermediate inputs. Rather, they are designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth of 

technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources due to shifts in 

factor inputs across industries, and other factors. The multifactor productivity indexes are derived by 

dividing an output index by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital services, energy, nonenergy materials, and purchased business services. 
- 8 - 

Other information: Comprehensive tables containing more detailed data than that which is published in 

this press release are available upon request at 202-691-5606 or at 

http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. More detailed information on methods, limitations, and data 

sources of capital and labor are provided in BLS Bulletin 2178 (September 1983), Trends in Multifactor 

Productivity, 1948-81 and on the BLS Multifactor Productivity website under the title “Technical 

Information About the BLS Multifactor Productivity Measures” for Major Sectors and 18 NAICS 3-

digit Manufacturing Industries at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprtech.pdf. Methods for measuring 

manufacturing multifactor productivity are discussed in "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. 

manufacturing” in the July 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. See 

http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprgul95.pdf. 
- 9 - 

Table 1. Manufacturing sector: productivity and related measures for the 1987-2009 period 

Annual percent change from previous year

Year

Productivity Inputs

Output

Output per per unit Purchased Combined 

hour of all of capital Multifactor Sectoral Capital business units of all

persons services Productivity1 Output Hours2 Services Energy Materials services Inputs3

1988 2.1 3.3 2.0 5.2 3.0 1.8 4.1 1.0 8.7 3.1

1989 1.0 -0.7 -0.5 1.6 0.6 2.4 -0.3 2.1 5.8 2.1

1990 2.2 -3.0 -0.7 -0.3 -2.5 2.7 1.9 1.7 1.5 0.4

1991 2.6 -3.9 -0.4 -1.7 -4.2 2.3 -0.3 -0.5 -0.8 -1.3

1992 3.8 1.0 -0.6 3.3 -0.5 2.2 -1.0 8.6 7.5 4.0

1993 2.6 1.5 2.6 3.9 1.3 2.4 3.4 0.8 0.8 1.3

1994 3.5 3.3 2.6 5.9 2.3 2.5 3.6 4.3 3.9 3.3

1995 4.5 1.7 1.8 5.2 0.7 3.5 2.9 5.4 4.9 3.4

1996 3.6 -0.6 0.3 3.4 -0.2 4.1 -2.7 9.0 -0.3 3.1

1997 5.4 2.8 2.7 7.3 1.8 4.5 -2.0 8.0 4.1 4.5

1998 5.6 0.7 1.3 5.3 -0.3 4.6 3.8 8.4 3.4 4.0

1999 4.9 0.4 1.2 4.2 -0.7 3.8 23.3 6.2 0.9 3.0

2000 4.4 0.2 3.6 3.1 -1.3 2.9 9.1 -1.9 -1.3 -0.5

2001 1.9 -6.2 -1.1 -4.8 -6.5 1.6 9.3 -6.3 -1.7 -3.7

2002 7.3 -1.3 3.2 -0.3 -7.1 1.0 -22.6 1.0 -3.2 -3.4

2003 6.2 0.6 3.6 1.0 -4.9 0.4 -10.7 -1.7 -0.6 -2.4

2004 2.3 2.1 3.7 1.7 -0.5 -0.3 -6.3 -0.8 -6.4 -1.9

2005 4.7 3.0 1.4 3.6 -1.1 0.6 10.1 1.5 8.9 2.1

2006 0.9 0.8 2.4 1.6 0.7 0.8 -7.8 -1.8 -1.6 -0.8

2007 3.9 0.7 0.8 2.2 -1.7 1.4 8.6 0.0 7.3 1.4

2008 -0.4 -7.0 -0.1 -4.4 -4.0 2.8 3.9 -5.0 -11.9 -4.3

2009 0.1 -13.6 -5.7 -12.5 -12.6 1.2 -11.4 -8.0 -5.3 -7.2

1

Output per unit of combined hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services. 

2

Hours at work of all persons. 

3

Combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services, chained superlative index. 

Source: Output data are from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, and modified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Labor. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Capital measures are based on data supplied by the 

Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in this release. 
- 10 - 

Table 2. Manufacturing sector: indexes of productivity and related measures, 1987-2009 

Indexes 2005=100

Productivity Inputs

Output

Output per per unit Purchased Combined 

Year hour of all of capital Multifactor Sectoral Capital business units of all

persons services Productivity1 Output Hours2 Services Energy Materials services Inputs3

1987 51.0 95.9 76.9 62.9 123.2 65.6 83.8 63.8 71.0 81.7

1988 52.1 99.1 78.5 66.1 126.9 66.8 87.3 64.4 77.2 84.2

1989 52.6 98.4 78.1 67.2 127.7 68.3 87.0 65.8 81.7 86.0

1990 53.8 95.4 77.5 67.0 124.5 70.2 88.6 66.9 82.9 86.4

1991 55.2 91.7 77.2 65.8 119.3 71.8 88.4 66.6 82.3 85.2

1992 57.3 92.7 76.8 68.0 118.7 73.4 87.5 72.3 88.4 88.6

1993 58.8 94.1 78.7 70.7 120.3 75.1 90.4 72.9 89.1 89.7

1994 60.8 97.2 80.8 74.9 123.1 77.0 93.7 76.0 92.6 92.7

1995 63.6 98.8 82.2 78.8 123.9 79.7 96.4 80.2 97.1 95.8

1996 65.9 98.2 82.4 81.5 123.6 83.0 93.8 87.4 96.8 98.8

1997 69.5 100.9 84.7 87.4 125.8 86.7 91.9 94.4 100.8 103.3

1998 73.4 101.6 85.8 92.1 125.5 90.7 95.4 102.4 104.2 107.3

1999 77.0 102.0 86.8 95.9 124.7 94.1 117.7 108.7 105.2 110.5

2000 80.4 102.1 89.9 98.9 123.1 96.8 128.4 106.7 103.8 110.0

2001 81.9 95.7 88.9 94.2 115.0 98.4 140.3 100.0 102.0 105.9

2002 87.9 94.5 91.8 93.9 106.9 99.3 108.6 101.0 98.7 102.3

2003 93.3 95.1 95.1 94.9 101.6 99.7 97.0 99.3 98.1 99.8

2004 95.5 97.1 98.6 96.5 101.1 99.4 90.8 98.5 91.8 97.9

2005 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2006 100.9 100.8 102.4 101.6 100.7 100.8 92.2 98.2 98.4 99.2

2007 104.9 101.6 103.2 103.8 99.0 102.2 100.1 98.3 105.6 100.6

2008 104.5 94.5 103.1 99.2 95.0 105.1 104.0 93.4 93.0 96.3

2009 104.5 81.6 97.2 86.8 83.0 106.4 92.2 85.9 88.1 89.3

1

Output per unit of combined hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services. 

2

Hours at work of all persons. 

3

Combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services, chained superlative index. 

Source: Output data are from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, and modified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Labor. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Capital measures are based on data supplied by the 

Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in this release 
- 11 - 

Table 3. Multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing industries in selected periods, 1987-2009 

Compound annual growth rates 

1987-

2009

1987-

1990

1990-

1995 

1995-

2000 

2000-

2007 

2007-

2009 

2008-

2009

Manufacturing 1.1 0.3 1.2 1.8 2.0 -3.0 -5.7

Nondurable manufacturing 0.1 -0.5 0.7 -0.2 1.0 -2.7 -3.1

Food, beverage, and tobacco products -0.2 -1.6 1.4 -1.7 0.8 -2.2 -1.4

Textile mills and textile product mills 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.5 1.7 -2.3 -8.7

Apparel, leather, and allied products 2.1 0.0 2.9 0.6 4.4 -0.8 -8.7

Paper products 0.1 -0.2 -0.1 0.5 0.7 -2.2 -1.3

Printing and related support activities 0.3 1.0 -0.2 -0.5 1.3 -1.3 -4.1

Petroleum and coal products 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.3 2.0 -1.7

Chemical products -0.4 -0.9 -0.7 -0.5 1.9 -6.4 -4.6

Plastics and rubber products 0.3 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.5 -4.3 -3.6

Durable manufacturing 1.8 0.9 1.5 3.3 2.8 -3.0 -8.0

Wood products -0.5 1.0 -1.3 -0.3 0.9 -6.1 -12.8

Nonmetallic mineral products -0.2 0.2 0.8 0.1 -0.7 -2.5 -4.5

Primary metals 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.3 -0.4 -1.3 -3.7

Fabricated metal products -0.4 -0.1 1.0 -0.2 0.6 -8.4 -15.6

Machinery -0.3 1.0 -1.9 -1.2 1.2 -1.6 -2.9

Computer and electronic products 9.7 5.5 9.3 14.4 9.8 5.1 2.4

Electrical equipment, appliances, and components -0.9 -2.4 -2.4 -2.6 1.4 1.4 -1.0

Transportation equipment -0.2 -1.6 -0.5 0.5 1.7 -5.0 -11.6

Furniture and related products -0.4 -0.7 0.6 0.6 1.1 -9.7 -12.2

Miscellaneous manufacturing 1.6 2.6 -0.1 2.4 2.2 0.4 -0.9

Note: Multifactor productivity measures by industry do not sum up to aggregate manufacturing measures because industry measures exclude 

transactions only within the specific industry while the aggregate manufacturing measures also exclude transactions between all manufacturing 

industries.