HOUSEHOLD DATA

ANNUAL AVERAGES

45. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage

by occupation and industry

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2011

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Total at or below prevailing

Federal minimum

wage

Number

Percent of

hourly-paid

workers

Total wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,926 2,152 1,677 3,828 5.2

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,524 106 89 194 1.3

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,300 37 11 48 1.1

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,543 28 9 38 1.5

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,756 9 2 10 0.6

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,224 69 78 146 1.3

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 1 3 4 0.5

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 0 2 3 0.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 2 0 2 0.5

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 0 4 4 0.5

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 1 1 3 0.8

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,426 32 38 70 2.9

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 14 10 23 3.0

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,749 18 19 38 0.8

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,800 1,580 742 2,322 13.0

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700 46 52 98 3.6

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,028 39 22 62 3.0

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,710 1,231 422 1,653 24.6

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,618 100 111 211 5.8

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,745 164 135 298 10.9

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,987 239 617 856 4.3

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,813 159 441 599 7.7

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,174 80 177 257 2.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,221 48 48 96 1.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 18 24 41 6.1

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,332 15 13 28 0.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,214 15 11 27 0.8

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,394 179 181 360 2.9

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,485 47 53 100 1.5

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,909 132 128 260 4.4

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,525 2,048 1,577 3,625 5.6

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 21 20 41 5.3

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,750 2,027 1,557 3,584 5.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 1 2 3 0.6

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,304 26 15 41 1.0

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,556 44 47 92 1.1

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,264 23 18 42 0.8

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,292 21 29 50 1.5

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,423 206 463 669 5.4

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,689 10 17 27 1.6

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,734 196 446 641 6.0

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,069 24 22 46 1.5

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,587 23 22 45 1.7

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 1 0 1 0.2

Information1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,273 18 18 36 2.8

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 2 5 7 3.5

Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 12 9 21 12.4

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming. . . . 272 3 0 3 1.0

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 1 3 4 0.8

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,228 15 25 40 1.2

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,342 5 13 18 0.8

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,558 3 9 12 0.8

See footnotes at end of table.

1
HOUSEHOLD DATA

ANNUAL AVERAGES

45. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage

by occupation and industry — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2011

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Total at or below prevailing

Federal minimum

wage

Number

Percent of

hourly-paid

workers

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 1 4 6 0.7

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 10 11 22 2.5

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,857 72 85 157 2.7

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,451 17 16 33 1.3

Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,406 55 69 124 3.6

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,636 170 185 356 2.8

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511 34 28 62 4.1

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,125 136 158 294 2.6

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,943 1,353 610 1,963 22.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,434 87 60 147 10.3

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,509 1,266 550 1,816 24.2

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,004 63 48 111 11.1

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,505 1,203 502 1,705 26.2

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,970 97 86 182 6.1

Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,458 72 61 133 5.4

Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 25 24 50 9.7

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,401 104 100 203 2.2

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,770 8 12 20 1.1

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,604 28 37 64 2.5

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,026 69 50 119 2.4

1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour in 2011. Data are for wage and salary workers; all self-employed workers are excluded, both those with

incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data refer to a person’s earnings on the sole or principal job, and pertain only to workers who are paid

hourly rates. Salaried workers and other non-hourly workers are not included. Hourly earnings for hourly-paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.

The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are exceptions to the

minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, some survey respondents reported hourly earnings below the minimum wage even though they earned the minimum wage or

higher. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010

Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational

Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Occupational data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

2