J-S39019-23

2023 PA Super 269

BRENDA BARTLETT 

Appellant

v.

MICHELLE DEMICH AND MARYJO 

ENGLEMAN

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 446 MDA 2023

Appeal from the Order Entered February 22, 2023

In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County Civil Division at No(s): 

2023-01990

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

OPINION BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED: DECEMBER 20, 2023

Brenda Bartlett appeals from the order of the trial court finding she 

failed to sustain her burden in this replevin action and finding that Rescue 

Warriors Cat Rescue owned and had the right to possess Toby the cat. We 

affirm.

Toby the cat was a foster cat placed with Bartlett by Rescue Warriors 

Cat Rescue, and he resided at Bartlett’s store, Village Pet Supplies and Gifts.

Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue is headed by Michelle Demich, and MaryJo 

Engleman assists her at the non-profit organization. 

In February 2023, Demich and Engleman removed Toby from Bartlett.

Bartlett filed a complaint in replevin seeking an order directing Demich and 

Engleman to return Toby. She also raised claims of conversion by extortion,
J-S39019-23

- 2 -

breach of a verbal contract, and unjust enrichment. In addition, she filed a 

motion for ex parte relief and writ of seizure.

The trial court issued a rule to show cause on the motion for ex parte

relief and writ of seizure. At a hearing, the parties presented witnesses and 

conducted cross-examination of witnesses. After the hearing, the trial court

issued the following findings of fact:

1. [Bartlett] is the owner of Village Pet Supplies and Gifts.

2. [Demich] is an adult individual and the head of Rescue 

Warriors Cat Rescue, a 501(c)(3) charitable organization.

3. [Englehart] is an adult individual who assists Demich at 

the Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue.

4. Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue does not have a shelter 

location but rather rescues cats and either places them with 

individuals as fosters or places them with individuals who 

adopt the cat.

5. The subject of this litigation is a male cat named Toby.

6. At some point in 2019, Toby was placed as a foster with 

Bartlett at Village Pet Supplies and Gifts.

7. The cat resided in the store at Village Pet Supplies and 

Gifts from the date of placement until February 9, 2023

when Demich and Engleman on behalf of Rescue Warriors 

Cat Rescue took back Toby and all other cats that were 

placed at Village Pet Supplies and Gifts.

8. Bartlett over the course of years has donated personal 

funds to Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue and has also raised 

funds for Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue.

9. Bartlett has paid for the food for Toby and has provided 

housing for him at her store.

10. Bartlett has employees who have also cared for Toby 

and have provided Toby with his medication.
J-S39019-23

- 3 -

11. Demich and Engleman on behalf of Rescue Warriors Cat

Rescue have paid for most of Toby’s veterinary 

appointments and for medications/treatment.

12. Demich and Engleman on behalf of Rescue Warriors Cat 

Rescue would transport Toby for veterinary appointments. 

During that time the cat would stay overnight with a 

representative of Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue for the night

preceding veterinary care and then would be returned to 

Village Pet Supply and Gifts the following day.

13. Toby is microchipped and the certificate lists Rescue

Warriors Cat Rescue as the owner.

14. All of the veterinary records for Toby list Rescue 

Warriors Cat Rescue as the owner with Demich being 

primary contact.

Order, Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, filed Feb. 22, 2023, at 1-2.

The trial court concluded that Bartlett failed to sustain her burden. It

reasoned that it “was undisputed that the cat was placed at the Village Pet 

Supply and Gifts store as a foster placement,” and “no evidence . . . would 

suggest that ownership of the subject cat lies with Bartlett.” Id. at 3. It found 

that “[t]he placement of the cats in foster care by Rescue Warrior Cat Rescue 

together with the fact that the chip registry and all veterinary records list 

Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue as the owner supports the finding that ownership 

and right of possession of Toby is with Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue.” Id.1

____________________________________________

1 Because the order determined ownership of Toby and found Bartlett did not 

sustain her burden in the replevin action, we conclude the order was a final 

order. See Pa.R.A.P. 341(a) (stating an appeal can be taken as of right from 

a final order), (b) (defining final order as, among other things, any order that 

disposes of all claims and all parties).
J-S39019-23

- 4 -

Bartlett filed a timely notice of appeal. In both her concise statement of 

errors complained of on appeal and in the statement of questions involved 

section of her appellate brief, Bartlett raises the following issues:

1. The Trial Court erred as a matter of law and/or abused 

its discretion in finding that [Bartlett] did not meet her 

burden, finding, “there is no evidence before the Court 

that would suggest that the Ownership of the subject cat 

lies with Bartlett,” despite testimony that the subject 

animal resided in the near exclusive possession of 

[Bartlett] for nearly four years, along with additional 

testimony and evidence provided as Exhibits to 

[Bartlett’s] Complaint. citing Madero v. Officer Luffey, 

et. al Civ. Act. No. 2:19-cv-700 (W.D. Pa. 2020), Beard 

v. Mossman, L44 Pa. Super[.] 508, 508 (Pa. Super. Ct. 

1941).

2. The Trial Court erred as a matter of law and/or abused 

its discretion in finding veterinarian records and 

microchip records, which the veracity of was not testified 

to by the record-producer, as credible evidence of 

ownership.

3. The Trial Court erred as a matter of law in finding 

veterinarian records and micro-chip record certificates as 

determinative evidence of ownership of the subject 

animal. citing Madero v. Officer Luffey, et. al. Civ. 

Act. No. 2:19-cv-700 (W.D. Pa. 2020)[.]

4. The Trial Court erred as a matter of law and/or abused 

its discretion in not giving significant weight to the 

financial investment by [Bartlett] in [Rescue Warriors Cat 

Rescue] and to [Bartlett’s] financial investment in the 

care of the subject animal, in the Court’s February 21st, 

2023

[2] Order.

5. The Trial Court erred as a matter of law and/or abused 

its discretion in disregarding both [Demich’s and 

Engleman’s] statements that each did not have 

____________________________________________

2 The trial court’s order was dated February 21, but filed February 22, 2023.
J-S39019-23

- 5 -

[Bartlett’s] permission to enter her store and retrieve the 

subject animal, in the court’s February 21st, 2023 Order.

6. The Trial Court erred as a matter of law and/or abused is 

discretion in stating “the placement of the cats in foster 

care by Rescue Warrior Cat Rescue together with . . .” as 

a basis for its determination, despite testimony produced 

at trial distinguishing ownership of the subject animal 

from other fosters [Demich and Engleman] had placed 

with [Bartlett]. (Transcript at 7; 17-22; 27; 30-31; 40; 

41-42), in the Court’s February 21st, 2023 Order.

Bartlett’s Br. at 2-3 (answers below omitted); see also Concise Statement of 

Errors Complained of on Appeal Pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1925(b), filed Apr. 10, 

2023.

Although Bartlett includes six issues in the statement of questions 

involved section of her brief, she argues only two issues in the brief’s 

argument section—whether the court erred in reaching a final determination 

as to ownership after a hearing on the writ of seizure and whether the court 

erred in finding Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue owned Toby. 

Bartlett waived her claim that the court should not have reached a final 

determination as to ownership of Toby after the hearing on the writ of seizure. 

She did not include this issue in her Rule 1925(b) statement or the statement 

of questions involved section of her brief, and therefore waived it for appellate 

review. Failure to include an issue in a concise statement of issues raised on 

appeal results in waiver of the issue. Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii); 

Commonwealth v. Lord, 719 A.2d 306, 309 (Pa. 1998). Furthermore, this 

issue does not appear in the statement of questions involved. This Court will 
J-S39019-23

- 6 -

not consider any question “unless it is stated in the statement of questions 

involved or is fairly suggested thereby.” Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a).

Bartlett next argues that she is the true owner of Toby. She states that 

the legislature has defined the “owner” of a “domestic animal” as “a person 

owning, possessi[ng] or harboring any domestic animal” and has provided that 

the “term shall also include any person who allows a domestic animal 

habitually to remain about the premises inhabited, managed or owned by such 

person.” Bartlett’s Br. at 11 (quoting 3 Pa.C.S.A. § 2303). She maintains that 

for the past four-and-a-half years she was the person owning, possessing, or 

harboring Toby. She argues that although Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue 

provided veterinary care and medicine for Toby, this should not be a 

determinative factor. She maintains Demich and Engleman should not have 

an unfettered right to take back each animal they place in a foster home. She 

contends that to have such a right, they should have had a contract with foster 

homes, like they do with those that adopt.

Bartlett further argues the court erred when it determined the ownership 

of the cat based on microchip and veterinary records. She maintains the court 

should have considered other factors, such as that Toby resided in her place 

of business for four-and-a-half years, that she provided financial support to 

Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue, and that Demich and Engleman had returned 

Toby on prior occasions. She argues that other states have begun to adopt 

custody laws regarding animals, which she alleges use many of the factors 

she cites.
J-S39019-23

- 7 -

This is a weight of the evidence claim. We review a weight claim for an 

abuse of discretion. In re Estate of Smaling, 80 A.3d 485, 490 (Pa.Super. 

2013) (en banc). “Because the trial judge has had the opportunity to hear and 

see the evidence presented, an appellate court will give the gravest 

consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when 

reviewing a trial court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight of 

the evidence.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055 

(Pa. 2013)).

Because Bartlett did not raise it before the trial court, she has waived 

her weight of the evidence claim. Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(b)(2), (c)(2); Bensinger 

v. Univ. of Pittsburgh Med. Ctr., 98 A.3d 672, 685 (Pa.Super. 2014).

Moreover, even if she had not waived it, we would find it meritless.

Replevin is an action to regain possession of property. Int’l. Elecs. Co. 

v. N.S.T. Metal Prods. Co., 88 A.2d 40, 42 (Pa. 1952). “To be successful in 

a replevin action, the plaintiff must show not only title, but also the exclusive 

right of immediate possession of the property in question.” Ford Motor Credit 

Co. v. Caiazzo, 564 A.2d 931, 933 (Pa.Super. 1989). “‘Exclusive’ right of 

possession means only a right which excludes the defendant.” Id. The plaintiff 

“must show good title and right to possession as against the defendant, but is 

not required to set up such a title or right as against the whole world.” Id.

Following the hearing, the trial court concluded that it was “undisputed 

that the cat was placed at the Village Pet Supply and Gifts store as a foster 

placement.” Order, Discussion, filed Feb. 22, 2023, at 3. It pointed out that 
J-S39019-23

- 8 -

there was no evidence before it “that would suggest that ownership of [Toby] 

lies with Bartlett.” Id. It reasoned that “[t]he placement of the cats in foster 

care by Rescue Warrior[s] Cat Rescue together with the fact that the chip 

registry and all veterinary records list Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue as owner 

supports the finding that ownership and right of possession of Toby is with 

Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue.” Id.

In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court explained that the ruling “was 

reasoned within the context of the foster arrangement and its distinction from 

adoption or other transfer of ownership.” Trial Court Opinion, filed June 20, 

2023, at 3. It found that “[t]he microchip certification, veterinary records, 

financial obligations borne by [Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue] and [Demich and 

Engleman’s] continued involvement overcame Bartlett’s strength of title.” Id.

The court pointed out that Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue was an organization 

that engaged in the fostering of cats, and it “maintained [itself] as the owner 

of Toby through microchip certification, veterinary records, and by taking him 

to his veterinary appointments.” Id. The court found that those actions, 

“combined with paying for most of Toby’s veterinary appointments and 

medication, amount[ed] to the evidence of Rescue Warrior’s ownership as to 

Toby.” Id.

The court reasoned that fostering results in placing possession of an 

animal with another person, but that fostering is distinguished from transfer 

of ownership through adoption. Id. at 3-4. The court noted that “[i]f daily 

physical possession and routine care were solely determinative of ownership, 
J-S39019-23

- 9 -

this type of charitable arrangement would not be possible.” Id. at 4. It noted 

that Demich and Engleman visited the store multiple times a week and were 

contacted when there was an urgent need regarding Toby and concluded that 

Rescue Warriors Cat Rescue never relinquished ownership of Toby. Id.

The record supports the court’s factual findings and it did not abuse its 

discretion in finding the evidence supported a determination that Rescue 

Warriors Cat Rescue owned Toby. Bartlett was fostering Toby, but ownership 

of the cat never transferred.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 12/20/2023