Internet address:  http://stats.bls.gov:80/newsrels.htm
Technical information:                      USDL 97-337
   Employment          (202)606-6559
   Unemployment             606-6392
Media contact:              606-5902        For release:  10:00 A.M. EDT
                                            Tuesday, September 30, 1997


         STATE AND METROPOLITAN AREA EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT:
                                AUGUST 1997


   Most state unemployment rates showed little change in August, as 43
states recorded shifts of 0.3 percentage point or less from July, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today.
The national jobless rate, 4.9 percent, was little changed over the month.
Nonfarm payroll employment rose in 28 states in August.
   
State Unemployment (Seasonally Adjusted)

   North Dakota reported the lowest unemployment rate in the nation, 2.4
percent, followed by Nebraska (2.5 percent) and Iowa, New Hampshire, and
South Dakota (all 2.7 percent).  Eleven additional states had rates below
4.0 percent.  The District of Columbia, at 7.9 percent, recorded the
highest jobless rate, followed by Alaska, at 7.6 percent.  No other state
had a rate of 7.0 percent or greater.  Overall, 31 states had unemployment
rates below the U.S. average, while 18 states and the District of Columbia
had higher rates.  (See table 1 and chart 1.)
   
   Unemployment rates decreased over the month in 22 states, increased in
15 states and the District of Columbia, and were unchanged in 13 states.
Movements in state unemployment rates continued to be relatively small,
with the largest decrease occurring in Rhode Island (-0.6 percentage point)
and the largest increases occurring in the District of Columbia and
Mississippi (0.5 percentage point each).  Unemployment rates in Michigan
(3.7 percent), Missouri (3.5 percent), and North Dakota (2.4 percent) were
the lowest in their series (beginning in 1978), while rates in Florida,
Illinois, and Ohio equaled their recent series lows.
   
   Compared with a year earlier, jobless rates in August were lower in 42
states and the District of Columbia, higher in 6 states, and unchanged in 2
states.  New Mexico recorded the largest over-the-year decrease (-2.3
percentage points), followed by New Hampshire, South Carolina, and
Washington (-1.5 points each).  Eight other states had unemployment rate
decreases of 1.0 percentage point or more.  Over-the-year rate increases
were all less than 0.4 percentage point.
   
Nonfarm Payroll Employment (Seasonally Adjusted)

   Nonfarm payroll employment increased in 28 states in August. Oklahoma
had the highest growth rate (0.9 percent), while Texas added the most jobs
(22,400).  Employment was adversely affected in virtually every state by
strike activity in the transportation industry.

                                  - 2 -   

   California (326,800), Florida (208,900), and Texas (217,000) each added
over 200,000 jobs over the year.  Nevada had the largest percentage
increase over the year (5.3 percent), while only the District of Columbia,
Hawaii, and Wyoming showed decreases.
     
     NOTE:  Monthly payroll employment data are provided on a seasonally
adjusted basis for all states and the District of Columbia, permitting both
current and over-the-year comparisons of the data.  The state data are
intended for individual state analyses only.  Because the state data are
not designed for national aggregation, a summation could present a
misleading picture of national trends.  (See Technical Note.)

Metropolitan Area Unemployment (Not Seasonally Adjusted)

   Of the 272 areas for which August data are available, 130 had
unemployment rates below 4.0 percent, while 28 had rates of at least 7.0
percent.  The lowest jobless rates were reported in Fargo-Moorhead, N.D.-
Minn., and Madison, Wis. (both 1.5 percent), Sioux Falls, S.D. (1.6
percent), and Lincoln, Neb. (1.7 percent).  Three Texas areas along the
Mexican border recorded the highest unemployment rates:  McAllen-Edinburg-
Mission  (17.0 percent), Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito (12.1 percent),
and El Paso (11.5 percent).  Dubuque, Iowa, experienced the largest over-
the-year decrease in its unemployment rate (-2.3 percentage points),
followed by Wilmington-Newark, Del.-Md. (-2.2 points).  Forty-nine other
areas registered decreases of 1.0 percentage point or more.  Steubenville-
Weirton, Ohio-W.Va., had the largest over-the-year increase in its rate,
3.8 percentage points; Sharon, Pa., with an increase of 1.3 points, was the
only other area to record an increase as large as a full percentage point.
(See table 5.)
                         _________________________
                                     
     The State and Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment release
for September 1997 is scheduled to be issued on Wednesday, October 29, 1997.
Technical Note



   This  release  presents  labor force and unemployment  data  for  states  and
selected  metropolitan areas from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics  (LAUS)
program  (tables  1,  2, and 5).  Also presented are nonfarm payroll  employment
estimates  by  state  and major industry from the Current Employment  Statistics
(CES)  program  (tables  3  and 4).  The LAUS and  CES  are  both  Federal-State
cooperative programs.
   
Labor force and unemployment--from the LAUS program
   
   Definitions.  The labor force and unemployment data are based  on  the  same
concepts  and  definitions  as  those used for the official  national  estimates
obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of households
that is conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the Bureau of  the
Census.   The  labor  force  includes  both the  employed  and  the  unemployed.
Employed  persons  are those who did any work at all for pay or  profit  in  the
survey  reference week (the week including the 12th of the month) or  worked  15
hours  or more without pay in a family business or farm, plus those not  working
who have a job from which they were temporarily absent, whether or not paid, for
such  reasons  as  labor-management dispute, illness, or  vacation.   Unemployed
persons are those who did not work at all (in the reference week), have actively
looked for a job (sometime in the 4-week period ending with the survey reference
week),  and are currently available for work; persons on layoff expecting recall
need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed.
   
   Method of estimation.  Effective January 1996, estimates for all states,  the
District of Columbia, the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area, and New York
City  are  produced  using estimating equations based on regression  techniques.
For   all  other  sub-state  areas,  estimates  are  prepared  through  indirect
estimation  procedures.   Both  methods  utilize  data  from  several   sources,
including  the  CPS,  the CES, and state unemployment insurance  (UI)  data.   A
detailed  description of the estimation procedures is available  from  BLS  upon
request.
   
   Annual revisions.  Labor force and unemployment data shown for the prior year
reflect  adjustments  made  at  the  end of  each  year,  usually  with  January
estimates.   The  adjusted estimates reflect updated population  data  from  the
Bureau  of the Census and any revisions in the other data sources.  In addition,
data  for all states,  the District of Columbia, and the 2 large sub-state areas
noted  are adjusted annually to equal the CPS annual averages, usually effective
with  January  estimates.  The state data will not necessarily sum  to  national
totals  obtained from the CPS, since the monthly state estimates are  not  based
directly on the CPS.
   
   Seasonal  adjustment.   Seasonal adjustment of state  (and  Los  Angeles-Long
Beach  and  New  York  City)  labor force levels  are  computed  by  aggregating
independently   seasonally   adjusted  employment   and   unemployment   levels.
Unemployment  rates are then computed from these independently adjusted  levels.
Revisions of historical data for the most recent 5 years are usually made at the
beginning of each calendar year, usually coincident with January estimates.

                                  - 2 -

Employment--from the CES program
   
   Definitions.  Employment data refer to persons on establishment payrolls  who
receive pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th of the month,
except for Federal Government employment, which represents the number of persons
who  occupied  positions on the last day of the month.  Persons are  counted  at
their place of work rather than at their place of residence;  those appearing on
more than one payroll are counted on each payroll.  Industries are classified on
the  basis  of their principal product or activity in accordance with  the  1987
Standard Industrial Classification Manual.
   
   Method  of  estimation.   The employment data are  estimated  using  a  "link
relative" technique in which a ratio (link relative) of current-month employment
to  that  of  the  previous  month is computed from a sample  of  establishments
reporting  for  both months.  The estimates of employment for the current  month
are  obtained  by  multiplying the estimates for the  previous  month  by  these
ratios.
   
   Annual  revisions.  Employment estimates are adjusted annually to a  complete
count of jobs, called benchmarks, derived principally from tax reports which are
submitted  by employers who are covered under state unemployment insurance  (UI)
laws.  The benchmark information is used to adjust the monthly estimates between
the  new  benchmark  and the preceding one and also to establish  the  level  of
employment  for  the  new  benchmark  month.   Thus,  the  benchmarking  process
establishes the level of employment, and the sample is used to measure the month-
to-month changes in the level for the subsequent months.
   
   Seasonal  adjustment.  Seasonally adjusted payroll  employment  totals  for
states  are  computed  by aggregating independently adjusted  series  for  major
industry  divisions.  Revisions of historical data for the most recent  5  years
are made once a year, coincident with annual benchmark adjustments.
   
   Caution  on aggregating state data.  State estimation procedures are designed
to  produce accurate data for each individual state.  BLS independently develops
a  national employment series; state estimates are not forced to sum to national
totals  nor vice versa.  Because each state series is subject to larger sampling
and  nonsampling  errors  than  the  national  series,  summing  them  cumulates
individual  state  level  errors  and can cause significant  distortions  at  an
aggregate  level.  Due to these statistical limitations, BLS does not compile  a
"sum-of-states"  employment series, and cautions users that  such  a  series  is
subject to a relatively large and volatile error structure.
   
Reliability of the estimates
   
   The  estimates  presented  in this release are based  on  sample  survey  and
administrative data and thus are subject to sampling and other types of  errors.
Sampling  error  is  a measure of sampling variability--that is,  variation  that
occurs by chance because a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed.
Survey  data are also subject to nonsampling errors, such as those which can  be
introduced  into the data collection and processing operations.   Estimates  not
directly  derived from sample surveys are subject to additional errors resulting
from  the  special estimation processes used.  The sums of individual items  may
not  always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of rounding.  With
respect to the LAUS program, unemployment rates are computed, in most instances,
from  unrounded data rather than from data that may be displayed in the  tables;
differences, however, are generally insignificant.
   
   Labor  force and unemployment estimates.  Measures of sampling error, in  the
form of the standard errors for state annual average estimates derived from  the
CPS, are available in the annual BLS bulletin,  Geographic Profile of Employment
and Unemployment.  Error measures cannot be computed for sub-state areas because
of the special estimation processes used.  Measures of nonsampling error for CPS
data are not available, but additional information on the subject is provided in
the BLS monthly periodical, Employment and Earnings.
   
                                  - 3 -

   Employment estimates.  Measures of sampling error are not available for state
CES  data, but the relatively large size of the samples maintained by the  state
agencies  and  the  annual  adjustment of employment estimates  to  more  recent
benchmark  levels  assure  a  high degree of accuracy.   Information  on  recent
benchmark revisions for states is available upon request.
   
Additional information
   
   More  complete information on the technical procedures used to develop  these
estimates  and  additional  data appear in Employment  and  Earnings,  which  is
available  by  subscription  for  $35.00  a  year  from  the  Superintendent  of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 (telephone
202-512-2168).
   
   Estimates  of  labor  force,  employment, and unemployment  for  all  states,
metropolitan  areas, labor market areas, counties, cities with a  population  of
25,000  or  more, and other areas used in the administration of various  Federal
economic assistance programs are provided in the report, Unemployment in  States
and  Local  Areas, which is available monthly in microfiche form by subscription
from  the  U.S. Government Printing Office for $23.00 a year.  The order  number
for a subscription is 029-001-81003-2.
   
   Information  in  this  release  will be made available  to  sensory  impaired
individuals  upon request.  Voice phone: 202-606-7828; TDD phone:  202-606-5897;
TDD message referral phone:  1-800-326-2577.

Table 1. Civilian labor force and unemployment by state and selected areas, seasonally adjusted
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                           Unemployed                          
                                                                                                                               
                                  Civilian labor force                                                                         
                                                                                                                               
    State and Area                                                               Number                  Percent of labor force
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
                           Aug.      June      July      Aug.      Aug.      June      July      Aug.    Aug.  June  July  Aug.
                           1996      1997      1997     1997p      1996      1997      1997     1997p    1996  1997  1997 1997p
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
Alabama................   2,089.8   2,095.7   2,108.6   2,108.7    101.7      94.9      99.4     100.0    4.9   4.5   4.7   4.7
Alaska.................     317.8     321.4     322.9     324.0     24.8      22.2      23.4      24.6    7.8   6.9   7.3   7.6
Arizona................   2,251.4   2,268.2   2,282.9   2,294.2    126.9      98.9      96.6     103.6    5.6   4.4   4.2   4.5
Arkansas...............   1,238.5   1,244.6   1,247.8   1,246.9     69.7      64.4      68.7      66.7    5.6   5.2   5.5   5.4
California.............  15,631.1  15,833.8  15,874.2  15,917.8  1,104.4     993.7     987.0     992.5    7.1   6.3   6.2   6.2
  Los Angeles-Long                                                                                                             
     Beach.............   4,434.4   4,448.4   4,508.0   4,535.9    360.9     309.0     302.4     300.6    8.1   6.9   6.7   6.6
Colorado...............   2,096.9   2,151.7   2,168.6   2,166.3     88.1      74.8      67.3      68.9    4.2   3.5   3.1   3.2
Connecticut............   1,721.9   1,749.2   1,746.6   1,741.2     97.5      91.5      83.5      79.7    5.7   5.2   4.8   4.6
Delaware...............     382.6     390.9     391.2     390.8     20.7      16.9      16.9      16.3    5.4   4.3   4.3   4.2
District of Columbia...     270.5     256.6     257.2     261.9     23.3      17.2      19.0      20.8    8.6   6.7   7.4   7.9
Florida................   6,949.4   7,144.3   7,143.9   7,168.8    344.4     354.5     330.7     333.0    5.0   5.0   4.6   4.6
                                                                                                                               
Georgia................   3,769.8   3,870.3   3,870.1   3,900.1    172.3     170.4     169.0     170.3    4.6   4.4   4.4   4.4
Hawaii.................     592.6     593.4     597.5     598.9     37.8      36.5      37.5      36.3    6.4   6.2   6.3   6.1
Idaho..................     622.5     639.5     641.1     639.0     31.7      30.9      31.4      33.3    5.1   4.8   4.9   5.2
Illinois...............   6,106.3   6,121.1   6,145.0   6,143.2    323.7     271.7     288.1     271.5    5.3   4.4   4.7   4.4
Indiana................   3,061.4   3,108.5   3,121.4   3,118.7    123.5     101.8      99.8     109.5    4.0   3.3   3.2   3.5
Iowa...................   1,605.0   1,610.8   1,599.6   1,583.1     60.7      48.9      41.7      43.3    3.8   3.0   2.6   2.7
Kansas.................   1,339.2   1,380.5   1,392.5   1,392.3     61.1      52.4      54.2      51.4    4.6   3.8   3.9   3.7
Kentucky...............   1,867.2   1,920.1   1,928.7   1,923.6    103.5      99.3     102.2     101.7    5.5   5.2   5.3   5.3
Louisiana..............   2,003.2   2,004.9   2,005.7   2,014.2    137.0     125.9     127.5     121.1    6.8   6.3   6.4   6.0
Maine..................     672.0     670.0     668.4     668.6     34.4      32.1      34.1      31.5    5.1   4.8   5.1   4.7
                                                                                                                               
Maryland...............   2,798.5   2,776.0   2,775.8   2,762.4    134.0     131.3     131.1     122.6    4.8   4.7   4.7   4.4
Massachusetts..........   3,187.2   3,226.3   3,235.1   3,244.1    128.3     127.8     125.2     138.1    4.0   4.0   3.9   4.3
Michigan...............   4,811.7   4,866.3   4,863.3   4,847.5    229.9     196.7     189.8     180.2    4.8   4.0   3.9   3.7
Minnesota..............   2,613.4   2,657.5   2,668.1   2,674.9    106.7      84.5      81.9      85.9    4.1   3.2   3.1   3.2
Mississippi............   1,260.7   1,265.9   1,273.5   1,273.7     75.9      63.0      63.6      69.9    6.0   5.0   5.0   5.5
Missouri...............   2,900.8   2,857.2   2,852.7   2,855.0    131.1     110.3     102.4     101.3    4.5   3.9   3.6   3.5
Montana................     446.5     458.4     460.8     465.2     22.9      23.0      23.5      23.7    5.1   5.0   5.1   5.1
Nebraska...............     913.3     919.0     922.8     924.3     26.7      22.0      22.2      23.2    2.9   2.4   2.4   2.5
Nevada.................     850.6     896.8     901.9     902.7     47.0      40.4      40.1      39.0    5.5   4.5   4.4   4.3
New Hampshire..........     621.9     651.3     655.8     652.9     26.3      19.0      19.6      17.8    4.2   2.9   3.0   2.7
                                                                                                                               
New Jersey.............   4,136.7   4,141.9   4,158.1   4,142.5    253.6     226.7     223.2     214.3    6.1   5.5   5.4   5.2
New Mexico.............     801.7     822.1     825.3     827.6     67.0      52.9      52.6      50.7    8.4   6.4   6.4   6.1
New York...............   8,653.0   8,759.9   8,774.8   8,779.2    531.9     551.0     560.9     561.7    6.1   6.3   6.4   6.4
  New York City........   3,302.6   3,340.4   3,337.5   3,344.1    289.0     333.3     318.1     318.7    8.8  10.0   9.5   9.5
North Carolina.........   3,809.0   3,796.9   3,807.3   3,806.4    159.6     139.1     142.4     145.6    4.2   3.7   3.7   3.8
North Dakota...........     345.2     349.5     347.9     346.3     10.8       9.6       9.1       8.4    3.1   2.8   2.6   2.4
Ohio...................   5,650.3   5,734.2   5,730.8   5,748.1    272.2     239.8     240.5     243.4    4.8   4.2   4.2   4.2
Oklahoma...............   1,582.0   1,598.3   1,603.7   1,602.7     62.9      59.0      61.1      61.6    4.0   3.7   3.8   3.8
Oregon.................   1,712.0   1,696.8   1,706.0   1,738.5    101.8      86.5      90.1      95.6    5.9   5.1   5.3   5.5
Pennsylvania...........   5,909.9   5,993.0   6,008.4   6,003.4    302.3     322.5     318.2     317.1    5.1   5.4   5.3   5.3
Rhode Island...........     497.3     503.1     504.3     506.6     24.5      29.6      27.9      25.0    4.9   5.9   5.5   4.9
                                                                                                                               
South Carolina.........   1,844.1   1,904.8   1,904.7   1,911.4    113.5      96.9      87.5      90.6    6.2   5.1   4.6   4.7
South Dakota...........     390.4     391.5     391.4     391.2     12.5      10.9      10.8      10.5    3.2   2.8   2.8   2.7
Tennessee..............   2,753.2   2,758.9   2,771.1   2,758.8    137.5     145.4     152.0     141.1    5.0   5.3   5.5   5.1
Texas..................   9,755.8   9,932.8   9,941.2   9,940.4    536.3     537.4     546.8     534.8    5.5   5.4   5.5   5.4
Utah...................   1,003.2   1,047.6   1,050.3   1,054.1     35.2      33.0      31.6      32.5    3.5   3.1   3.0   3.1
Vermont................     324.4     328.9     329.3     331.1     15.0      12.4      12.5      12.7    4.6   3.8   3.8   3.8
Virginia...............   3,370.1   3,521.2   3,534.0   3,537.1    146.5     150.7     148.5     147.9    4.3   4.3   4.2   4.2
Washington.............   2,895.2   2,950.9   2,978.9   2,987.7    187.1     143.8     142.1     150.2    6.5   4.9   4.8   5.0
West Virginia..........     808.5     802.3     806.6     802.9     59.0      51.3      53.7      54.1    7.3   6.4   6.7   6.7
Wisconsin..............   2,926.2   2,921.4   2,931.6   2,933.9    101.9     104.7     110.7     105.7    3.5   3.6   3.8   3.6
Wyoming................     258.4     257.5     258.1     256.6     13.2      12.7      12.6      11.6    5.1   4.9   4.9   4.5
                                                                                                                               
Puerto Rico............   1,273.9   1,334.1   1,306.3   1,315.5    174.4     186.5     180.3     170.7   13.7  14.0  13.8  13.0

  p = preliminary.
  NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the
Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information
becomes available.
Table 2. Civilian labor force and unemployment by state, not seasonally adjusted
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                           Unemployed                          
                                                                                                                               
                                  Civilian labor force                                                                         
                                                                                                                               
         State                                                                   Number                  Percent of labor force
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
                                July               August               July               August           July       August  
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
                           1996      1997      1996     1997p      1996      1997      1996     1997p    1996  1997  1996 1997p
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                               
Alabama................   2,100.1   2,119.4   2,087.5   2,106.8    114.8     110.3     107.7     106.8    5.5   5.2   5.2   5.1
Alaska.................     330.0     336.8     325.4     331.5     21.7      20.3      19.1      18.7    6.6   6.0   5.9   5.6
Arizona................   2,270.9   2,305.2   2,259.3   2,301.7    146.9     114.7     139.8     115.4    6.5   5.0   6.2   5.0
Arkansas...............   1,257.9   1,270.1   1,251.9   1,260.7     73.9      74.0      70.3      67.9    5.9   5.8   5.6   5.4
California.............  15,787.7  16,056.8  15,796.3  16,080.5  1,203.6   1,073.5   1,101.8     985.2    7.6   6.7   7.0   6.1
Colorado...............   2,124.7   2,195.8   2,131.6   2,199.8     92.2      70.0      88.1      69.0    4.3   3.2   4.1   3.1
Connecticut............   1,775.6   1,802.2   1,755.5   1,776.1    109.7      95.9     101.8      84.7    6.2   5.3   5.8   4.8
Delaware...............     388.3     396.8     386.5     394.6     19.9      16.9      21.5      17.1    5.1   4.3   5.6   4.3
District of Columbia...     283.1     269.3     271.9     262.5     26.0      21.5      23.0      20.5    9.2   8.0   8.5   7.8
Florida................   7,046.8   7,245.1   7,002.8   7,220.0    383.4     363.8     363.2     350.0    5.4   5.0   5.2   4.8
                                                                                                                               
Georgia................   3,810.4   3,906.5   3,763.2   3,891.0    189.0     186.9     175.0     172.4    5.0   4.8   4.7   4.4
Hawaii.................     598.5     604.4     594.6     600.7     40.3      39.9      40.1      38.8    6.7   6.6   6.7   6.5
Idaho..................     631.3     652.8     628.7     644.9     28.5      28.3      28.6      30.1    4.5   4.3   4.6   4.7
Illinois...............   6,194.3   6,230.0   6,147.7   6,184.0    323.5     285.3     323.1     271.3    5.2   4.6   5.3   4.4
Indiana................   3,111.7   3,170.2   3,068.1   3,126.0    128.7     105.0     115.6     102.5    4.1   3.3   3.8   3.3
Iowa...................   1,619.9   1,619.9   1,612.7   1,591.7     55.5      37.6      55.7      39.7    3.4   2.3   3.5   2.5
Kansas.................   1,357.8   1,412.0   1,337.8   1,388.7     58.3      52.3      60.1      50.5    4.3   3.7   4.5   3.6
Kentucky...............   1,906.3   1,967.1   1,881.0   1,936.3    105.4     102.9      95.1      93.2    5.5   5.2   5.1   4.8
Louisiana..............   2,049.9   2,052.4   2,019.4   2,028.6    148.9     140.0     139.7     125.2    7.3   6.8   6.9   6.2
Maine..................     688.6     687.1     688.4     685.3     27.7      27.4      28.4      25.9    4.0   4.0   4.1   3.8
                                                                                                                               
Maryland...............   2,867.2   2,845.9   2,833.6   2,798.7    135.8     131.9     131.6     120.6    4.7   4.6   4.6   4.3
Massachusetts..........   3,240.8   3,289.1   3,233.5   3,290.7    135.8     129.4     122.5     131.9    4.2   3.9   3.8   4.0
Michigan...............   4,876.5   4,943.3   4,874.0   4,908.2    271.2     227.7     217.1     166.1    5.6   4.6   4.5   3.4
Minnesota..............   2,644.0   2,700.6   2,635.2   2,696.3    102.0      77.6      97.1      76.8    3.9   2.9   3.7   2.9
Mississippi............   1,278.4   1,289.0   1,263.4   1,276.3     82.7      69.4      82.4      76.4    6.5   5.4   6.5   6.0
Missouri...............   2,948.9   2,901.6   2,910.5   2,865.7    143.2     113.0     137.3     107.4    4.9   3.9   4.7   3.7
Montana................     457.6     471.8     453.8     472.3     21.8      21.9      19.2      20.0    4.8   4.6   4.2   4.2
Nebraska...............     930.6     940.6     920.0     930.4     29.4      24.3      24.4      21.0    3.2   2.6   2.7   2.3
Nevada.................     857.9     912.8     857.2     908.9     49.9      43.6      47.4      39.8    5.8   4.8   5.5   4.4
New Hampshire..........     635.8     667.9     632.3     662.8     24.9      18.3      25.7      17.6    3.9   2.7   4.1   2.6
                                                                                                                               
New Jersey.............   4,198.7   4,226.4   4,166.1   4,172.8    274.4     245.8     249.0     210.3    6.5   5.8   6.0   5.0
New Mexico.............     811.0     834.0     802.7     828.8     71.8      57.0      67.9      52.1    8.9   6.8   8.5   6.3
New York...............   8,854.1   8,974.7   8,767.7   8,895.6    564.5     585.7     522.0     551.3    6.4   6.5   6.0   6.2
North Carolina.........   3,888.8   3,892.9   3,853.7   3,849.8    173.6     154.8     158.1     145.1    4.5   4.0   4.1   3.8
North Dakota...........     356.2     359.8     356.7     358.0     10.4       8.7      10.4       8.1    2.9   2.4   2.9   2.3
Ohio...................   5,750.0   5,837.0   5,725.3   5,818.8    277.7     242.4     252.9     220.6    4.8   4.2   4.4   3.8
Oklahoma...............   1,599.5   1,623.3   1,584.4   1,604.5     58.5      56.0      55.1      54.0    3.7   3.5   3.5   3.4
Oregon.................   1,751.2   1,736.8   1,740.3   1,761.7     99.0      85.8      93.1      86.7    5.7   4.9   5.4   4.9
Pennsylvania...........   6,016.0   6,112.8   5,985.6   6,078.0    319.9     332.0     291.5     308.5    5.3   5.4   4.9   5.1
Rhode Island...........     499.9     508.1     503.7     513.4     22.9      26.8      23.3      24.1    4.6   5.3   4.6   4.7
                                                                                                                               
South Carolina.........   1,886.2   1,945.1   1,864.3   1,931.2    126.2     100.5     115.8      93.1    6.7   5.2   6.2   4.8
South Dakota...........     402.5     403.9     399.9     400.7     11.8      10.0      12.9      10.8    2.9   2.5   3.2   2.7
Tennessee..............   2,786.1   2,804.6   2,782.9   2,788.6    152.9     165.4     143.2     147.2    5.5   5.9   5.1   5.3
Texas..................   9,899.8  10,092.7   9,810.0   9,996.3    586.8     585.6     537.6     534.2    5.9   5.8   5.5   5.3
Utah...................   1,013.5   1,064.3   1,018.5   1,069.0     34.5      31.3      37.7      35.1    3.4   2.9   3.7   3.3
Vermont................     324.6     330.6     325.5     332.2     13.5      11.3      13.6      11.6    4.2   3.4   4.2   3.5
Virginia...............   3,448.0   3,608.7   3,408.3   3,574.1    156.0     155.5     146.0     147.6    4.5   4.3   4.3   4.1
Washington.............   2,951.7   3,026.6   2,899.5   2,992.1    182.0     135.2     163.8     127.7    6.2   4.5   5.6   4.3
West Virginia..........     821.6     821.0     816.5     810.8     56.6      51.9      55.9      50.7    6.9   6.3   6.9   6.3
Wisconsin..............   2,992.6   3,001.3   2,958.7   2,966.2    102.3     109.9      91.5      95.6    3.4   3.7   3.1   3.2
Wyoming................     263.4     263.3     261.9     260.1     12.0      11.4      11.5      10.1    4.6   4.3   4.4   3.9
                                                                                                                               
Puerto Rico............   1,307.3   1,322.5   1,272.2   1,315.1    187.7     192.2     183.0     179.9   14.4  14.5  14.4  13.7

  p = preliminary.
  NOTE: Data refer to place of  residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the
Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information
becomes available.

     ESTABLISHMENT DATA                                                                            ESTABLISHMENT DATA
     
     Table 3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by state and selected industry division, seasonally adjusted

     (In thousands)
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                                      Total(1)                      Construction                   Manufacturing         
                                                                                                                         
            State                                                                                                        
                           August   June    July   August  August   June    July   August  August   June    July   August
                            1996    1997    1997   1997p    1996    1997    1997   1997p    1996    1997    1997   1997p 
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
      Alabama............ 1,828.7 1,841.8 1,845.2 1,845.5    94.4    98.8    98.8    98.5   380.7   378.2   378.4   378.2
      Alaska.............   263.4   265.1   267.0   267.0    12.5    12.5    12.6    12.6    15.5    15.3    15.0    14.9
      Arizona............ 1,915.3 1,974.7 1,980.5 1,983.0   126.8   132.6   133.9   133.4   199.9   204.6   206.0   206.7
      Arkansas........... 1,088.3 1,099.1 1,095.6 1,097.0    47.9    49.7    49.7    50.0   252.7   252.8   250.6   250.5
      California......... 12825.6 13128.5 13143.0 13152.4   514.2   553.3   559.7   564.0 1,863.3 1,895.8 1,897.8 1,897.9
                                                                                                                         
      Colorado........... 1,909.5 1,938.9 1,940.3 1,938.1   113.1   116.2   116.3   116.2   196.4   197.1   198.4   199.8
      Connecticut........ 1,591.9 1,613.2 1,620.5 1,620.3    52.5    55.7    55.7    55.7   277.1   274.5   275.5   276.5
      Delaware...........   378.2   388.1   388.5   390.0    20.9    22.8    22.6    23.0    56.4    58.7    58.4    58.8
      District of                                                                                                        
         Columbia........   622.3   614.9   618.1   614.8     8.3     8.8     8.9     8.8    13.1    13.6    13.6    13.6
      Florida............ 6,202.7 6,399.1 6,404.6 6,411.6   323.7   335.1   335.6   336.4   492.3   493.9   494.0   493.3
                                                                                                                         
      Georgia............ 3,539.3 3,588.9 3,609.4 3,620.4   161.4   164.7   165.4   166.5   586.0   587.7   587.0   586.3
      Hawaii(2)..........   529.4   528.1   527.1   529.2    23.4    21.4    21.1    20.9    16.4    16.4    16.3    16.2
      Idaho..............   495.4   501.2   502.9   502.2    30.8    33.0    33.1    33.2    72.7    72.8    72.9    73.3
      Illinois........... 5,699.9 5,752.1 5,752.9 5,752.0   221.5   224.2   225.0   225.9   973.4   978.7   979.0   979.0
      Indiana............ 2,819.7 2,855.1 2,842.9 2,847.9   133.0   137.3   135.4   134.9   674.3   670.6   670.4   674.1
                                                                                                                         
      Iowa............... 1,381.9 1,407.2 1,404.4 1,403.5    57.7    62.0    61.9    61.3   245.2   248.9   248.7   249.3
      Kansas............. 1,226.6 1,263.4 1,266.7 1,264.6    57.3    60.3    60.6    60.7   197.2   203.8   204.4   205.3
      Kentucky........... 1,676.9 1,708.7 1,711.2 1,706.3    77.9    77.0    78.0    78.0   310.2   315.1   315.2   315.5
      Louisiana.......... 1,815.4 1,839.2 1,838.9 1,838.6   113.2   114.1   114.3   116.6   188.5   190.0   190.1   189.5
      Maine..............   539.8   548.0   549.8   551.2    23.3    24.0    24.2    24.4    87.7    87.7    87.0    88.3
                                                                                                                         
      Maryland........... 2,213.5 2,254.2 2,253.8 2,250.4   130.7   138.9   138.1   137.9   173.9   173.6   172.9   173.2
      Massachusetts...... 3,050.3 3,107.3 3,115.0 3,117.7    95.2    98.7    98.9    99.1   443.5   447.1   448.5   449.2
      Michigan........... 4,357.9 4,406.2 4,401.1 4,404.6   169.9   186.6   187.0   188.8   973.7   952.4   952.1   957.1
      Minnesota.......... 2,440.1 2,487.7 2,489.4 2,488.5    89.5    93.1    92.5    92.7   427.8   436.7   436.5   435.6
      Mississippi........ 1,097.6 1,097.7 1,099.9 1,101.6    48.5    48.4    48.9    50.3   245.9   242.2   243.2   240.4
                                                                                                                         
      Missouri........... 2,563.4 2,611.9 2,601.5 2,612.2   117.1   117.1   116.8   118.1   409.1   409.7   404.4   413.1
      Montana............   357.9   364.4   364.4   363.5    17.0    18.0    18.4    18.6    23.9    24.1    24.1    24.4
      Nebraska...........   834.6   848.7   853.2   850.4    37.2    37.8    37.8    37.9   113.9   115.0   116.6   114.8
      Nevada.............   851.2   898.3   898.8   896.7    77.2    84.5    84.5    84.5    38.6    39.9    39.9    39.9
      New Hampshire......   566.3   574.4   579.5   575.9    21.4    21.6    21.0    21.4   105.1   107.0   107.9   106.9
                                                                                                                         
      New Jersey......... 3,651.5 3,701.0 3,706.1 3,697.8   125.4   126.5   126.3   127.4   484.9   482.5   481.9   481.2
      New Mexico.........   695.5   707.8   708.2   707.9    42.6    41.8    42.2    42.4    45.8    46.7    46.8    46.9
      New York........... 7,927.7 8,001.4 8,015.0 8,018.1   258.9   262.0   263.8   267.0   922.0   917.3   919.8   919.4
      North Carolina..... 3,554.0 3,634.0 3,628.0 3,632.0   190.9   197.8   198.2   199.7   842.7   842.6   842.7   839.6
      North Dakota.......   309.4   318.0   318.0   318.3    15.2    16.9    16.9    16.6    21.5    23.0    23.0    23.3
                                                                                                                         
      Ohio............... 5,317.9 5,357.9 5,351.6 5,362.5   213.2   222.4   219.6   219.1 1,099.5 1,083.5 1,073.4 1,086.5
      Oklahoma........... 1,360.4 1,387.8 1,391.8 1,404.8    50.3    51.7    51.6    52.1   175.4   177.9   178.4   179.9
      Oregon............. 1,483.6 1,526.1 1,529.6 1,529.9    79.6    85.6    85.6    86.1   236.0   245.0   245.3   244.0
      Pennsylvania....... 5,328.8 5,420.4 5,421.7 5,415.9   203.9   218.2   215.5   215.5   929.3   933.7   932.0   933.6
      Rhode Island.......   443.2   444.3   443.9   446.2    13.5    14.2    14.5    15.0    82.0    81.1    80.0    80.7
                                                                                                                         
      South Carolina..... 1,680.3 1,706.5 1,707.9 1,707.7    94.7    98.9    98.5    98.9   363.9   360.3   359.5   358.2
      South Dakota.......   349.9   352.4   353.9   352.8    14.9    14.9    15.0    14.8    48.1    49.7    50.3    49.1
      Tennessee.......... 2,534.6 2,555.5 2,547.2 2,552.2   113.0   117.8   118.7   119.5   521.5   514.9   512.8   513.6
      Texas.............. 8,270.6 8,447.0 8,465.2 8,487.6   437.9   458.8   457.7   460.7 1,057.3 1,069.3 1,069.5 1,071.8
      Utah...............   961.4   994.7   996.8   998.0    61.5    65.1    66.3    66.5   130.0   131.8   131.4   131.6
                                                                                                                         
      Vermont............   274.4   279.3   279.0   278.2    13.0    12.1    12.2    12.4    46.0    46.5    46.8    46.5
      Virginia........... 3,141.0 3,200.8 3,212.9 3,218.7   176.8   182.5   182.4   182.8   398.2   397.0   395.6   395.2
      Washington......... 2,425.4 2,499.6 2,508.7 2,510.1   128.6   133.0   133.3   134.3   345.8   367.0   370.2   372.3
      West Virginia......   698.8   709.9   709.5   710.6    34.8    35.5    36.0    36.3    81.5    82.0    82.0    81.9
      Wisconsin.......... 2,613.4 2,651.1 2,647.6 2,650.0   109.2   113.0   112.9   112.8   602.3   603.5   602.2   605.0
      Wyoming............   223.4   220.2   221.7   221.2    14.4    13.7    14.0    14.5    10.9    10.9    10.9    10.8






                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                             Transportation and public                 Trade                Finance, insurance, and real 
                                     utilities                                                         estate            
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                           August   June    July   August  August   June    July   August  August   June    July   August
                            1996    1997    1997   1997p    1996    1997    1997   1997p    1996    1997    1997   1997p 
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
      Alabama............    89.9    90.0    90.3    88.5   420.9   422.8   423.7   423.5    82.0    83.9    84.0    84.2
      Alaska.............    22.9    23.5    23.4    23.5    55.0    55.7    56.2    56.4    11.7    11.8    11.9    11.9
      Arizona............    93.3    95.2    96.0    93.6   470.5   484.8   486.9   487.3   116.6   123.0   123.8   124.4
      Arkansas...........    64.8    65.8    65.5    64.2   248.4   250.4   250.9   251.5    43.4    44.1    43.9    43.8
      California.........   644.4   660.5   659.7   635.9 2,976.2 3,025.1 3,026.7 3,028.7   734.7   734.3   735.8   735.3
                                                                                                                         
      Colorado...........   120.5   116.6   115.3   112.6   468.9   474.3   474.8   475.9   119.0   120.7   121.2   121.4
      Connecticut........    73.0    76.0    76.1    73.4   348.5   352.4   353.4   355.2   130.3   129.9   130.1   130.3
      Delaware...........    15.9    15.9    16.4    16.2    83.8    85.6    85.6    85.5    44.3    46.9    47.0    47.3
      District of                                                                                                        
         Columbia........    19.0    18.5    18.2    18.3    49.4    48.8    49.1    48.9    28.3    27.7    27.7    27.8
      Florida............   314.8   324.0   324.1   316.5 1,614.3 1,660.1 1,659.8 1,666.8   395.7   407.2   408.5   409.8
                                                                                                                         
      Georgia............   222.2   228.1   230.7   225.9   905.6   912.0   916.4   923.0   180.4   187.6   188.4   189.7
      Hawaii(2)..........    41.1    40.8    41.2    40.6   134.7   134.5   133.8   134.0    36.6    35.8    35.7    35.8
      Idaho..............    23.2    23.7    23.7    23.5   125.8   127.5   126.5   126.4    25.3    25.5    25.7    25.9
      Illinois...........   331.2   342.3   341.4   327.0 1,305.5 1,304.1 1,300.9 1,298.3   385.5   390.7   390.8   391.3
      Indiana............   138.4   140.1   138.7   136.5   683.6   689.5   688.9   687.8   135.1   138.1   138.6   138.6
                                                                                                                         
      Iowa...............    63.2    65.0    65.6    63.1   345.6   342.1   342.3   343.6    77.7    78.6    78.7    79.0
      Kansas.............    70.1    72.7    71.9    70.4   303.9   310.6   312.0   312.9    58.6    60.2    60.3    60.6
      Kentucky...........    93.8    96.4    97.5    88.5   402.7   412.9   409.7   410.9    67.9    69.2    69.4    69.5
      Louisiana..........   108.9   109.5   110.2   108.7   423.2   431.4   432.0   431.9    83.3    83.7    83.8    84.1
      Maine..............    22.2    22.5    22.6    21.8   136.0   138.1   139.2   139.2    26.7    26.9    27.4    27.5
                                                                                                                         
      Maryland...........   107.6   108.2   108.2   104.2   530.7   537.1   537.6   538.1   128.8   127.9   127.2   128.1
      Massachusetts......   128.1   132.0   131.9   127.1   704.1   707.3   708.6   712.1   210.1   216.5   217.4   218.2
      Michigan...........   168.6   169.2   169.6   165.3 1,025.2 1,043.3 1,045.9 1,047.0   201.4   202.8   202.7   202.8
      Minnesota..........   119.8   123.2   122.8   119.1   593.3   601.9   601.3   602.3   142.6   145.1   145.4   145.9
      Mississippi........    52.8    51.7    52.0    50.3   233.7   230.4   231.3   232.4    41.0    41.6    41.4    40.5
                                                                                                                         
      Missouri...........   161.3   162.6   161.5   159.6   613.0   615.7   613.8   612.7   150.6   156.5   157.8   157.0
      Montana............    20.6    20.3    20.1    19.7    97.1    98.6    98.6    98.3    16.0    16.7    16.6    16.8
      Nebraska...........    50.6    52.9    52.9    52.8   206.9   208.3   208.7   208.6    52.7    55.0    55.2    55.1
      Nevada.............    42.6    44.4    44.7    43.4   172.4   181.1   182.2   182.0    37.9    39.2    39.5    39.6
      New Hampshire......    20.0    19.8    20.2    20.0   146.3   149.3   151.9   150.4    28.1    28.4    28.6    28.4
                                                                                                                         
      New Jersey.........   255.6   257.6   257.1   247.1   857.3   872.7   873.2   873.6   231.7   235.5   236.0   236.6
      New Mexico.........    31.8    31.3    31.3    30.4   164.1   168.2   168.2   168.5    31.6    32.0    32.0    31.9
      New York...........   402.6   406.4   406.9   393.9 1,623.9 1,635.7 1,639.2 1,643.3   721.9   725.0   724.7   725.4
      North Carolina.....   167.4   173.1   173.2   166.8   808.4   818.9   817.0   812.8   154.3   160.2   161.1   161.4
      North Dakota.......    18.3    18.5    18.5    18.5    80.0    81.4    80.9    81.0    14.5    15.1    15.2    15.3
                                                                                                                         
      Ohio...............   231.8   233.6   233.4   225.9 1,298.8 1,320.6 1,318.4 1,319.1   277.9   281.4   281.2   282.0
      Oklahoma...........    76.5    78.7    79.0    78.5   319.0   324.8   324.6   326.9    67.7    69.2    69.2    69.5
      Oregon.............    73.0    73.3    73.0    70.1   367.7   376.0   377.5   376.8    90.9    94.6    94.8    95.1
      Pennsylvania.......   272.9   272.0   272.5   261.1 1,211.2 1,232.2 1,233.2 1,236.6   310.4   312.5   312.5   312.8
      Rhode Island.......    15.0    15.0    15.2    14.5   100.0    99.3   100.2   100.2    25.4    25.9    26.0    26.0
                                                                                                                         
      South Carolina.....    73.9    74.4    74.7    72.7   399.2   407.3   407.9   409.3    72.7    74.2    74.0    74.3
      South Dakota.......    16.5    15.9    15.9    15.3    88.0    88.2    87.6    88.8    19.9    20.9    21.0    21.1
      Tennessee..........   142.5   141.1   141.3   136.9   597.2   603.7   602.9   605.0   118.0   119.5   119.7   119.9
      Texas..............   489.9   496.8   500.4   489.9 1,995.2 2,034.6 2,040.5 2,044.6   445.2   453.4   454.1   455.4
      Utah...............    54.4    56.5    56.8    54.9   232.6   240.2   241.1   242.0    50.6    52.0    52.3    52.3
                                                                                                                         
      Vermont............    12.1    12.5    12.4    11.8    64.4    66.9    66.6    66.2    12.2    12.6    12.6    12.6
      Virginia...........   162.3   166.8   167.7   164.2   716.7   729.5   733.8   737.1   162.2   166.7   166.5   167.0
      Washington.........   123.8   125.5   125.6   122.9   594.7   605.1   607.2   608.5   124.2   126.2   126.2   126.6
      West Virginia......    39.1    38.7    38.4    37.8   160.5   163.9   164.0   163.2    26.9    27.4    27.4    27.6
      Wisconsin..........   121.1   122.3   122.2   117.9   593.8   603.6   603.0   604.0   138.6   142.1   142.2   142.6
      Wyoming............    13.9    13.7    13.8    13.8    52.3    51.5    52.5    52.7     7.9     7.9     8.0     8.0






                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                      Services                       Government          
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                           August   June    July   August  August   June    July   August
                            1996    1997    1997   1997p    1996    1997    1997   1997p 
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
      Alabama............   408.6   415.3   418.6   419.4   341.6   342.8   341.3   343.2
      Alaska.............    62.8    64.5    64.8    64.9    73.1    72.5    73.4    73.1
      Arizona............   568.6   594.4   598.8   597.3   325.0   325.2   319.9   325.1
      Arkansas...........   247.2   250.9   250.0   251.0   180.4   181.9   181.6   182.6
      California......... 3,945.7 4,082.1 4,097.9 4,113.9 2,118.1 2,148.2 2,136.0 2,147.5
                                                                                         
      Colorado...........   570.0   588.0   587.5   586.8   308.2   312.7   313.5   312.2
      Connecticut........   486.1   497.7   499.8   500.8   223.7   226.3   229.1   227.6
      Delaware...........   103.4   105.0   105.3   105.9    53.4    53.1    53.1    53.2
      District of                                                                        
         Columbia........   264.6   266.8   268.3   267.0   239.5   230.6   232.2   230.3
      Florida............ 2,134.0 2,228.2 2,237.7 2,243.8   921.0   943.4   937.6   937.8
                                                                                         
      Georgia............   908.7   931.4   940.0   947.9   567.1   569.5   573.6   573.1
      Hawaii(2)..........   166.7   167.9   168.5   168.8   110.5   111.3   110.5   112.9
      Idaho..............   116.0   117.4   118.8   118.1    98.5    98.1    99.1    98.8
      Illinois........... 1,650.4 1,686.5 1,691.7 1,699.7   820.0   813.9   812.4   819.2
      Indiana............   658.8   673.8   675.6   674.6   390.1   399.2   388.9   394.9
                                                                                         
      Iowa...............   359.7   375.2   374.0   374.4   230.7   233.3   231.0   230.6
      Kansas.............   301.7   311.8   312.6   312.2   230.0   236.2   237.1   234.8
      Kentucky...........   411.3   422.5   424.8   427.8   290.1   293.5   294.7   294.2
      Louisiana..........   487.9   492.5   495.2   494.2   360.5   365.9   360.8   360.8
      Maine..............   150.7   155.3   156.2   156.8    93.1    93.4    93.1    93.1
                                                                                         
      Maryland...........   720.1   741.4   742.2   742.9   420.6   425.9   426.4   424.9
      Massachusetts...... 1,067.9 1,102.0 1,106.2 1,108.2   400.2   402.5   402.3   402.6
      Michigan........... 1,174.2 1,200.2 1,201.7 1,206.0   637.4   644.4   635.4   630.6
      Minnesota..........   676.6   694.9   694.4   696.5   382.6   384.8   388.5   388.6
      Mississippi........   250.2   251.1   250.0   256.1   220.2   226.9   227.8   226.4
                                                                                         
      Missouri...........   709.9   729.3   725.9   730.1   397.5   416.2   416.6   416.9
      Montana............   101.6   105.0   104.6   104.5    76.2    76.3    76.3    75.5
      Nebraska...........   219.9   227.3   228.4   228.8   152.2   151.3   152.5   151.3
      Nevada.............   367.4   385.1   385.5   386.0   100.2   109.1   107.3   106.2
      New Hampshire......   165.8   166.5   166.6   165.7    79.0    81.3    82.8    82.6
                                                                                         
      New Jersey......... 1,128.4 1,158.1 1,164.5 1,166.6   566.2   566.1   565.1   563.3
      New Mexico.........   192.1   196.4   196.7   197.8   172.3   176.2   175.8   174.8
      New York........... 2,618.8 2,675.2 2,680.9 2,689.6 1,374.9 1,374.9 1,374.8 1,374.7
      North Carolina.....   828.3   858.4   861.3   867.7   558.3   579.0   570.5   580.0
      North Dakota.......    85.0    87.7    88.3    88.4    70.8    71.0    70.9    70.9
                                                                                         
      Ohio............... 1,424.7 1,443.9 1,446.7 1,448.2   758.2   758.9   765.3   768.1
      Oklahoma...........   367.8   381.0   381.7   387.3   272.0   273.2   275.6   279.0
      Oregon.............   390.2   400.6   404.5   407.3   244.3   249.2   247.1   248.6
      Pennsylvania....... 1,659.2 1,711.1 1,708.9 1,709.0   722.2   720.8   726.9   727.2
      Rhode Island.......   147.0   147.1   147.3   148.4    60.1    61.5    60.5    61.2
                                                                                         
      South Carolina.....   376.0   386.4   387.4   388.6   298.1   303.2   304.1   303.9
      South Dakota.......    90.3    90.9    91.5    91.4    69.9    69.4    70.1    69.8
      Tennessee..........   658.9   663.4   665.9   670.1   378.8   390.5   381.3   382.5
      Texas.............. 2,234.6 2,298.6 2,308.3 2,324.9 1,453.8 1,472.5 1,471.0 1,477.2
      Utah...............   258.0   271.7   273.0   274.7   166.4   169.5   167.9   168.1
                                                                                         
      Vermont............    80.9    82.6    82.8    83.0    45.2    45.5    45.1    45.2
      Virginia...........   915.6   947.1   953.8   957.0   598.5   600.1   602.1   604.5
      Washington.........   653.9   677.3   680.2   684.1   451.0   461.9   462.5   457.8
      West Virginia......   192.1   196.5   198.2   199.1   138.3   141.1   139.1   140.5
      Wisconsin..........   658.8   677.0   680.5   682.1   387.1   387.1   382.1   383.1
      Wyoming............    48.3    48.0    48.7    48.7    59.6    59.0    58.0    56.9

       1 Includes mining, not shown separately.
       2 Mining is combined with construction.
       p = preliminary.
      NOTE:   Data are counts of jobs by place of work.  Data have been adjusted to
     reflect March 1996 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. 
     Estimates subsequent to the current benchmark month are provisional and will be
     revised when new information becomes available.
                                                                                                     
     ESTABLISHMENT DATA                                                                               ESTABLISHMENT DATA
     
     Table 4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by state and selected industry division, not seasonally adjusted

     (In thousands)
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                                      Total(1)                      Construction                   Manufacturing         
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
            State               July           August           July           August           July           August    
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                            1996    1997    1996   1997p    1996    1997    1996   1997p    1996    1997    1996   1997p 
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
      Alabama............ 1,818.4 1,837.9 1,818.0 1,834.7    94.3   100.0    96.0   100.1   379.4   374.6   381.2   378.5
      Alaska.............   283.7   285.5   283.0   285.1    15.3    15.3    16.2    16.0    24.8    24.0    22.5    21.3
      Arizona............ 1,852.4 1,937.5 1,881.3 1,948.3   127.4   134.2   128.3   135.1   199.6   206.6   200.5   207.6
      Arkansas........... 1,075.7 1,086.8 1,086.7 1,093.4    49.3    51.7    50.0    52.0   253.3   251.0   253.9   251.7
      California......... 12749.5 13105.1 12788.5 13113.8   523.2   573.6   536.3   584.8 1,872.6 1,909.2 1,892.5 1,928.7
                                                                                                                         
      Colorado........... 1,894.8 1,937.9 1,906.8 1,935.4   117.9   122.1   119.0   122.0   196.5   198.9   196.9   200.3
      Connecticut........ 1,580.9 1,613.4 1,579.2 1,607.8    56.7    59.7    57.1    60.3   272.3   271.8   274.3   273.8
      Delaware...........   383.0   392.7   381.5   393.3    21.7    23.6    22.0    24.0    58.9    58.8    56.9    59.2
      District of                                                                                                        
         Columbia........   633.3   628.4   618.0   610.1     8.5     9.1     8.6     9.1    13.1    13.6    13.1    13.6
      Florida............ 6,093.5 6,307.7 6,095.6 6,301.8   324.9   335.7   325.0   337.7   487.9   490.2   489.8   490.9
                                                                                                                         
      Georgia............ 3,588.5 3,602.9 3,536.5 3,616.8   171.0   169.0   164.8   169.7   583.5   585.6   586.9   587.4
      Hawaii(2)..........   525.1   524.5   525.0   524.0    23.8    21.3    24.0    21.2    16.9    16.6    16.7    16.4
      Idaho..............   496.2   504.2   500.3   503.6    33.6    35.1    34.4    35.5    73.5    74.1    73.9    74.2
      Illinois........... 5,700.0 5,761.1 5,705.3 5,757.6   239.6   241.9   239.4   243.7   972.7   979.2   974.9   980.6
      Indiana............ 2,774.3 2,817.4 2,796.7 2,823.4   143.4   146.1   143.3   145.2   663.9   668.4   676.4   676.1
                                                                                                                         
      Iowa............... 1,369.8 1,395.0 1,375.2 1,393.6    65.5    69.1    65.1    68.7   245.7   249.9   246.5   250.3
      Kansas............. 1,208.9 1,252.7 1,215.2 1,250.6    61.8    64.5    61.4    64.2   197.1   204.9   197.6   205.3
      Kentucky........... 1,667.3 1,707.8 1,679.7 1,706.0    82.1    82.5    82.5    82.5   309.3   315.1   311.4   316.1
      Louisiana.......... 1,805.2 1,831.5 1,808.4 1,827.1   112.7   114.1   114.6   116.8   189.4   189.9   190.0   189.9
      Maine..............   542.6   553.6   548.7   560.0    25.1    26.3    25.8    26.8    85.9    85.5    89.7    90.3
                                                                                                                         
      Maryland........... 2,224.0 2,263.9 2,211.6 2,248.4   136.4   143.5   136.6   143.7   175.0   173.5   175.1   174.3
      Massachusetts...... 3,034.9 3,106.2 3,040.9 3,108.6   102.0   106.2   103.5   107.7   439.9   444.3   443.5   449.1
      Michigan........... 4,284.7 4,356.9 4,334.4 4,381.8   185.1   203.1   185.5   204.4   942.9   935.1   972.9   956.5
      Minnesota.......... 2,434.7 2,487.8 2,438.8 2,487.8   102.4   106.2   103.6   107.4   434.3   441.7   436.7   444.5
      Mississippi........ 1,085.8 1,091.5 1,093.1 1,097.6    51.2    50.9    49.7    51.6   244.7   241.4   246.0   240.5
                                                                                                                         
      Missouri........... 2,549.6 2,596.3 2,558.6 2,598.2   122.9   124.2   124.3   124.8   409.2   403.5   409.5   412.9
      Montana............   359.5   365.9   363.7   367.9    18.4    20.2    19.3    21.0    24.2    24.4    24.6    24.8
      Nebraska...........   829.3   849.7   833.4   849.6    39.8    40.7    40.1    40.9   113.4   116.0   114.1   115.3
      Nevada.............   844.2   896.1   851.9   897.3    75.8    85.4    79.2    86.5    38.8    40.2    38.9    40.3
      New Hampshire......   564.3   576.7   566.1   575.5    22.9    22.6    23.0    23.0   102.7   105.8   105.3   107.1
                                                                                                                         
      New Jersey......... 3,669.8 3,731.1 3,669.8 3,718.5   131.4   133.1   133.1   135.4   482.2   479.1   487.0   483.5
      New Mexico.........   693.8   705.9   695.6   706.3    43.9    43.3    43.9    43.6    45.5    46.5    47.1    47.9
      New York........... 7,921.5 8,014.7 7,915.2 8,005.1   275.2   281.9   279.5   287.6   923.2   918.2   926.5   924.0
      North Carolina..... 3,505.1 3,587.6 3,534.2 3,603.1   195.6   203.4   195.6   204.1   842.6   839.8   847.2   842.2
      North Dakota.......   309.7   318.0   310.5   318.4    18.5    20.0    18.4    19.9    21.2    23.0    21.4    23.1
                                                                                                                         
      Ohio............... 5,292.3 5,338.6 5,309.1 5,352.3   231.7   236.8   231.8   237.6 1,091.6 1,068.5 1,100.1 1,087.2
      Oklahoma........... 1,344.3 1,385.9 1,356.3 1,396.5    51.1    53.0    51.8    53.6   175.0   178.3   176.5   180.1
      Oregon............. 1,472.7 1,524.5 1,487.3 1,533.3    82.7    89.3    84.9    91.4   240.1   252.0   246.9   254.9
      Pennsylvania....... 5,296.4 5,399.5 5,308.8 5,396.0   219.9   231.7   221.8   233.6   928.9   931.6   935.1   939.4
      Rhode Island.......   436.3   440.2   444.0   447.1    15.6    16.1    15.0    16.5    75.6    75.0    82.4    81.2
                                                                                                                         
      South Carolina..... 1,671.5 1,701.2 1,675.5 1,703.4    96.1    99.9    95.7   100.0   363.2   357.8   363.7   358.1
      South Dakota.......   352.8   356.6   353.7   355.2    16.9    17.1    17.1    17.1    48.1    50.8    48.3    49.6
      Tennessee.......... 2,512.6 2,537.0 2,534.0 2,551.0   117.0   122.8   116.7   123.2   514.9   509.9   521.0   513.0
      Texas.............. 8,241.1 8,453.0 8,277.2 8,472.3   443.9   463.6   446.3   465.3 1,057.8 1,070.4 1,061.8 1,074.4
      Utah...............   951.4   990.8   960.0   997.4    63.6    69.3    65.2    71.1   129.6   131.3   130.3   132.4
                                                                                                                         
      Vermont............   269.4   273.9   271.3   274.5    14.2    13.4    14.9    13.8    45.8    46.6    46.3    46.9
      Virginia........... 3,129.3 3,210.1 3,136.5 3,207.3   183.1   189.2   183.5   189.7   397.6   395.2   398.6   396.2
      Washington......... 2,415.8 2,501.8 2,426.5 2,505.0   134.3   140.0   138.7   144.0   345.7   371.7   351.0   376.8
      West Virginia......   704.1   716.4   701.5   710.6    37.6    39.0    37.9    39.5    82.1    82.1    82.0    82.3
      Wisconsin.......... 2,615.1 2,660.7 2,623.1 2,660.3   116.7   122.5   118.2   121.8   609.9   610.9   613.8   616.4
      Wyoming............   226.9   225.6   229.4   226.7    15.5    15.8    16.3    16.4    11.1    11.0    11.1    10.9
                                                                                                                         
      Puerto Rico........ 1,041.8   971.6   954.2   945.1    54.0    56.6    54.9    56.9   151.9   147.6   152.1   149.0






                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                             Transportation and public                 Trade                Finance, insurance, and real 
                                     utilities                                                         estate            
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                                July           August           July           August           July           August    
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                            1996    1997    1996   1997p    1996    1997    1996   1997p    1996    1997    1996   1997p 
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
      Alabama............    90.5    90.6    90.1    88.7   421.2   423.6   421.0   423.8    82.4    84.7    82.5    84.7
      Alaska.............    24.6    25.4    25.0    25.6    59.3    59.9    59.2    60.0    12.2    12.2    12.1    12.3
      Arizona............    92.4    96.4    93.5    93.8   458.8   479.0   462.7   480.8   115.6   123.6   116.3   124.5
      Arkansas...........    64.7    65.5    65.2    64.5   249.2   251.9   251.4   253.1    43.8    44.4    43.8    44.2
      California.........   648.0   665.6   649.5   641.6 2,973.3 3,024.1 2,980.8 3,028.7   734.0   737.4   735.7   737.8
                                                                                                                         
      Colorado...........   121.1   115.6   121.3   113.3   462.1   475.9   470.1   477.1   119.5   121.8   119.5   121.9
      Connecticut........    71.7    74.7    71.2    71.6   348.5   354.2   349.1   355.7   131.6   131.1   131.3   131.2
      Delaware...........    15.5    16.1    15.5    15.8    86.6    88.7    86.6    88.4    44.3    47.4    44.6    47.6
      District of                                                                                                        
         Columbia........    19.3    18.5    19.3    18.6    49.2    49.2    49.1    48.5    28.2    27.7    28.3    27.8
      Florida............   313.2   323.5   313.9   315.6 1,583.3 1,635.7 1,590.4 1,642.6   395.8   409.7   396.2   410.2
                                                                                                                         
      Georgia............   226.3   231.1   223.0   227.2   916.5   915.9   905.3   922.0   182.3   189.3   181.4   190.6
      Hawaii(2)..........    40.8    41.2    40.9    40.4   134.6   134.3   134.7   134.0    36.7    35.9    36.9    35.9
      Idaho..............    23.0    23.6    23.3    23.6   127.3   128.0   127.8   127.9    25.4    25.9    25.6    26.0
      Illinois...........   329.7   339.7   328.7   324.4 1,308.2 1,304.9 1,311.8 1,304.5   388.4   394.7   389.0   394.8
      Indiana............   140.4   140.2   139.7   137.7   684.1   689.7   685.2   689.5   136.9   140.7   136.8   140.3
                                                                                                                         
      Iowa...............    63.3    65.9    63.6    63.4   344.2   344.6   351.0   346.9    78.6    79.8    78.6    79.8
      Kansas.............    69.8    71.9    70.0    70.1   303.5   312.0   305.5   312.7    59.3    61.0    59.4    61.1
      Kentucky...........    94.7    98.1    94.7    88.7   402.5   411.5   404.7   413.6    68.8    70.0    68.9    70.0
      Louisiana..........   108.5   110.4   109.1   109.0   422.5   431.7   424.0   432.2    83.5    84.1    83.8    84.3
      Maine..............    22.6    22.9    22.6    22.2   143.8   146.9   144.6   147.8    27.0    27.8    27.1    27.9
                                                                                                                         
      Maryland...........   106.8   107.8   107.2   103.9   538.2   545.1   537.1   544.5   129.8   128.5   129.8   129.1
      Massachusetts......   125.2   128.8   125.4   124.4   706.5   714.6   709.9   718.1   211.2   219.1   211.9   220.2
      Michigan...........   169.9   170.5   170.7   167.4 1,027.7 1,053.6 1,032.8 1,054.7   204.9   206.4   204.9   206.3
      Minnesota..........   118.3   121.6   118.2   117.6   593.6   603.6   598.5   607.4   143.6   146.8   143.9   147.2
      Mississippi........    53.0    52.5    52.9    50.9   234.6   231.6   234.9   233.6    41.6    41.8    41.5    41.0
                                                                                                                         
      Missouri...........   159.2   160.9   160.5   158.6   614.3   616.7   619.5   617.1   151.9   159.8   152.2   158.8
      Montana............    20.6    20.1    20.6    19.8   100.0   101.1   101.1   101.5    16.2    16.9    16.3    17.0
      Nebraska...........    50.5    52.8    50.7    52.7   207.3   208.5   209.7   209.2    53.5    55.5    53.2    55.4
      Nevada.............    42.6    44.8    42.8    43.6   170.8   181.9   173.0   182.7    38.0    39.6    38.0    39.7
      New Hampshire......    19.5    19.8    19.3    19.3   150.3   155.3   150.3   154.5    28.9    29.1    28.4    28.7
                                                                                                                         
      New Jersey.........   250.9   252.9   251.0   242.6   864.1   881.5   865.7   881.9   234.8   239.6   234.6   239.5
      New Mexico.........    30.4    30.3    31.0    29.6   165.9   169.6   166.8   170.6    32.0    32.4    31.9    32.3
      New York...........   397.9   402.1   397.4   388.6 1,626.5 1,644.1 1,628.7 1,648.1   729.8   733.2   730.0   733.5
      North Carolina.....   167.6   173.4   169.4   167.6   817.3   818.2   815.3   814.8   155.9   163.2   156.7   163.2
      North Dakota.......    18.2    18.3    18.2    18.4    80.7    81.6    80.9    81.9    14.6    15.3    14.6    15.4
                                                                                                                         
      Ohio...............   233.3   234.9   233.8   227.8 1,305.1 1,326.5 1,309.5 1,329.5   280.7   284.3   280.6   284.6
      Oklahoma...........    77.1    79.9    77.0    79.0   318.4   326.5   322.0   329.0    68.0    69.8    68.2    70.1
      Oregon.............    72.9    72.8    73.1    70.2   369.2   380.2   373.5   382.6    91.4    95.7    91.8    96.0
      Pennsylvania.......   265.8   266.2   266.2   254.6 1,208.3 1,233.8 1,213.9 1,239.8   313.7   317.2   314.7   317.2
      Rhode Island.......    14.9    15.1    14.8    14.3   101.3   102.1   102.3   102.6    25.6    26.2    25.5    26.1
                                                                                                                         
      South Carolina.....    74.6    75.3    74.5    73.3   402.1   413.0   404.8   415.0    73.6    75.3    73.8    75.4
      South Dakota.......    16.3    15.8    16.4    15.2    89.7    89.6    91.0    91.0    20.1    21.3    20.1    21.3
      Tennessee..........   143.3   141.9   143.4   137.7   594.2   605.7   601.5   609.2   118.4   120.6   118.8   120.7
      Texas..............   489.5   500.4   492.4   490.4 1,994.5 2,043.6 2,004.0 2,052.9   448.3   456.8   448.5   457.7
      Utah...............    54.6    56.8    54.7    55.1   232.7   241.7   234.9   244.1    50.5    52.3    50.8    52.3
                                                                                                                         
      Vermont............    12.0    12.4    12.0    11.9    65.6    67.2    66.0    67.3    12.3    12.8    12.4    12.8
      Virginia...........   161.9   168.5   163.3   164.8   716.9   737.7   720.3   738.5   163.7   168.4   164.4   168.7
      Washington.........   124.3   126.7   125.4   124.3   598.8   611.6   603.1   615.1   124.9   127.1   125.5   127.8
      West Virginia......    39.0    38.7    39.4    38.1   161.3   165.3   162.5   164.9    27.3    27.7    27.2    27.7
      Wisconsin..........   118.5   119.8   118.8   115.6   602.5   610.7   603.0   613.2   139.4   143.5   139.7   143.8
      Wyoming............    14.1    14.0    14.2    14.0    55.6    55.6    56.0    55.8     8.2     8.1     8.1     8.1
                                                                                                                         
      Puerto Rico........    24.1    22.6    23.6    22.3   186.9   191.8   190.4   193.2    44.7    45.5    44.5    45.2






                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                      Services                       Government          
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                July           August           July           August    
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                            1996    1997    1996   1997p    1996    1997    1996   1997p 
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
      Alabama............   406.6   418.1   408.9   419.8   333.3   336.2   327.7   329.1
      Alaska.............    67.3    69.0    66.9    69.2    69.8    69.6    70.7    70.5
      Arizona............   560.6   594.6   562.8   590.7   283.3   287.9   302.6   300.6
      Arkansas...........   247.4   252.5   250.1   254.0   164.5   166.3   168.7   170.4
      California......... 3,935.4 4,106.1 3,953.9 4,122.1 2,033.2 2,059.3 2,010.2 2,040.5
                                                                                         
      Colorado...........   573.8   594.5   576.8   593.8   290.2   295.6   289.5   293.5
      Connecticut........   488.4   504.3   487.7   502.8   210.9   216.7   207.7   211.5
      Delaware...........   104.3   106.4   104.2   106.8    51.6    51.6    51.6    51.4
      District of                                                                        
         Columbia........   263.6   266.4   261.3   263.5   251.3   243.8   238.2   228.9
      Florida............ 2,116.6 2,224.3 2,117.6 2,225.8   864.6   881.3   855.8   871.8
                                                                                         
      Georgia............   945.2   949.4   916.9   958.3   555.8   554.7   550.3   553.6
      Hawaii(2)..........   166.3   169.2   166.1   168.1   106.0   106.0   105.7   108.0
      Idaho..............   118.2   121.1   119.5   120.9    91.9    93.2    92.5    92.3
      Illinois........... 1,668.6 1,712.0 1,673.9 1,723.5   780.0   776.7   774.8   774.1
      Indiana............   654.0   672.2   657.4   673.3   345.1   353.5   351.3   354.6
                                                                                         
      Iowa...............   355.5   370.5   356.4   370.9   214.7   212.9   211.7   211.3
      Kansas.............   303.8   313.9   304.5   313.4   205.7   216.6   208.9   216.0
      Kentucky...........   412.1   428.2   417.1   431.7   274.7   280.4   277.3   281.3
      Louisiana..........   488.3   495.2   489.7   493.2   350.8   353.6   347.3   348.9
      Maine..............   156.9   162.8   158.3   164.4    81.2    81.3    80.5    80.5
                                                                                         
      Maryland...........   730.1   754.1   727.4   750.3   406.5   410.2   397.2   401.4
      Massachusetts...... 1,070.4 1,111.4 1,070.8 1,111.1   378.4   380.5   374.6   376.7
      Michigan........... 1,166.3 1,204.1 1,184.7 1,216.9   579.8   576.9   574.8   568.2
      Minnesota..........   677.9   699.3   681.7   702.1   356.1   360.1   347.7   353.2
      Mississippi........   250.0   253.7   248.1   253.8   205.4   214.3   214.6   220.9
                                                                                         
      Missouri...........   716.6   736.8   720.7   738.1   370.5   389.5   366.9   383.1
      Montana............   105.1   107.9   105.7   107.9    69.2    69.4    70.3    70.3
      Nebraska...........   220.6   229.2   220.7   229.7   142.9   145.8   143.6   145.2
      Nevada.............   367.1   387.9   370.4   389.1    96.0   100.8    94.4   100.0
      New Hampshire......   168.8   169.6   169.5   169.5    70.7    74.0    69.7    72.9
                                                                                         
      New Jersey......... 1,147.0 1,189.0 1,149.2 1,188.8   557.4   553.8   547.2   544.7
      New Mexico.........   194.5   199.5   194.6   199.4   166.0   168.9   165.0   167.5
      New York........... 2,616.9 2,685.3 2,616.6 2,687.3 1,347.0 1,344.6 1,331.4 1,330.7
      North Carolina.....   825.3   869.1   834.0   875.5   497.0   516.5   512.2   531.7
      North Dakota.......    85.7    88.7    85.9    88.7    66.5    66.6    66.8    66.5
                                                                                         
      Ohio............... 1,434.1 1,459.7 1,438.5 1,462.0   701.7   714.0   700.7   709.7
      Oklahoma...........   365.7   385.6   370.6   388.6   256.8   260.8   258.1   264.2
      Oregon.............   387.5   404.9   392.4   409.7   226.9   227.6   222.7   226.5
      Pennsylvania....... 1,658.4 1,712.3 1,658.1 1,707.3   681.4   686.2   678.9   683.6
      Rhode Island.......   146.5   147.7   147.0   148.4    56.6    57.8    56.8    57.8
                                                                                         
      South Carolina.....   380.0   392.4   379.7   392.5   280.1   285.7   281.5   287.3
      South Dakota.......    93.2    94.1    93.6    93.7    66.1    65.3    64.8    64.7
      Tennessee..........   662.4   672.4   665.4   676.6   357.7   359.0   362.5   365.9
      Texas.............. 2,250.4 2,333.7 2,261.5 2,338.8 1,399.3 1,420.5 1,405.0 1,429.0
      Utah...............   257.2   274.1   261.1   277.4   155.2   157.3   155.0   157.0
                                                                                         
      Vermont............    81.4    83.4    81.8    83.9    37.5    37.5    37.3    37.3
      Virginia...........   921.8   963.3   927.5   966.6   573.7   576.8   568.2   571.9
      Washington.........   653.2   682.2   661.1   688.9   431.1   438.9   418.1   424.4
      West Virginia......   193.1   198.6   193.7   199.3   137.9   140.4   133.0   134.3
      Wisconsin..........   664.4   690.7   668.6   692.3   360.9   359.6   358.0   354.4
      Wyoming............    54.1    54.3    54.0    54.1    52.0    50.7    53.0    51.1
                                                                                         
      Puerto Rico........   176.5   176.4   177.4   177.5   402.6   330.1   310.2   300.0

       1 Includes mining, not shown separately.
       2 Mining is combined with construction.
       p = preliminary.
      NOTE:   Data are counts of jobs by place of work.  Data have been adjusted to
     reflect March 1996 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. 
     Estimates subsequent to the current benchmark month are provisional and will be
     revised when new information becomes available.
Table 5. Unemployment rates by state and selected metropolitan areas, not seasonally adjusted
                                                                                                              
                                                                                                              
                                                                     July                    August           
                       State and area                                                                         
                                                                                                              
                                                                1996      1997        1996           1997p    
                                                                                                              
                                                                                                              
                                                                                                              
            United States...................................     5.6       5.0         5.1            4.8     
                                                                                                              
Alabama.....................................................     5.5       5.2         5.2            5.1     
  Birmingham................................................     3.2       3.3         3.3            3.6     
  Huntsville................................................     5.1       4.4         3.3            2.8     
  Mobile....................................................     5.4       4.8         5.3            4.9     
  Montgomery................................................     4.0       4.1         4.2            4.2     
  Tuscaloosa................................................     3.9       3.4         3.7            3.5     
                                                                                                              
Alaska......................................................     6.6       6.0         5.9            5.6     
  Anchorage.................................................     5.0       4.7         4.4            4.6     
                                                                                                              
Arizona.....................................................     6.5       5.0         6.2            5.0     
  Phoenix-Mesa..............................................     4.2       3.0         4.1            3.0     
  Tucson....................................................     4.1       3.4         3.9            3.3     
                                                                                                              
Arkansas....................................................     5.9       5.8         5.6            5.4     
  Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers............................     3.5       3.5         2.9            3.3     
  Fort Smith(1).............................................     5.1       5.3         4.8            5.1     
  Little Rock-North Little Rock.............................     4.2       4.4         4.2            4.2     
  Pine Bluff................................................     8.5       9.0         8.5            8.4     
                                                                                                              
California..................................................     7.6       6.7         7.0            6.1     
  Bakersfield...............................................    11.4      10.7        10.7            9.8     
  Fresno....................................................    11.7      12.1         9.9           10.2     
  Los Angeles-Long Beach....................................     9.2       7.6         8.5            7.0     
  Modesto...................................................    13.0      12.3        10.4            9.7     
  Oakland...................................................     5.4       4.9         5.0            4.6     
  Orange County.............................................     4.5       3.7         4.2            3.4     
  Riverside-San Bernardino..................................     8.8       8.1         8.1            7.7     
  Sacramento................................................     6.3       5.7         5.6            5.2     
  Salinas...................................................     7.8       7.2         7.1            6.5     
  San Diego.................................................     5.8       4.7         5.4            4.4     
  San Francisco.............................................     4.5       3.8         4.1            3.6     
  San Jose..................................................     3.8       3.3         3.6            3.0     
  Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc..........................     5.1       4.6         5.2            4.3     
  Santa Rosa................................................     4.7       4.2         4.2            3.9     
  Stockton-Lodi.............................................    10.6      10.1         8.7            8.6     
  Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa....................................     7.3       6.5         6.8            5.9     
  Ventura...................................................     8.0       7.6         8.1            7.5     
                                                                                                              
Colorado....................................................     4.3       3.2         4.1            3.1     
  Boulder-Longmont..........................................     4.0       2.9         3.8            2.9     
  Colorado Springs..........................................     4.9       3.8         4.6            3.6     
  Denver....................................................     3.9       2.8         3.8            2.8     
                                                                                                              
Connecticut.................................................     6.2       5.3         5.8            4.8     
  Bridgeport................................................     7.4       6.3         6.8            5.7     
  Danbury...................................................     4.4       3.9         4.1            3.5     
  Hartford..................................................     6.6       5.6         6.2            5.0     
  New Haven-Meriden.........................................     6.5       5.5         6.1            4.9     
  New London-Norwich........................................     5.8       5.5         5.7            5.0     
  Stamford-Norwalk..........................................     3.9       3.3         3.6            3.0     
  Waterbury.................................................     7.0       6.0         6.2            5.2     
                                                                                                              
Delaware....................................................     5.1       4.3         5.6            4.3     
  Dover.....................................................     5.3       4.7         5.1            4.8     
  Wilmington-Newark(1)......................................     6.1       4.8         7.0            4.8     
                                                                                                              
District of Columbia........................................     9.2       8.0         8.5            7.8     
  Washington(1).............................................     3.9       3.5         3.8            3.4     
                                                                                                              
Florida.....................................................     5.4       5.0         5.2            4.8     
  Daytona Beach.............................................     4.1       3.7         3.9            3.5     
  Fort Lauderdale...........................................     5.3       4.7         5.1            4.7     
  Fort Myers-Cape Coral.....................................     4.0       3.5         3.7            3.4     
  Gainesville...............................................     2.9       2.9         2.6            2.7     
  Jacksonville..............................................     4.0       3.7         3.6            3.4     
  Lakeland-Winter Haven.....................................     8.9       8.4         8.6            8.4     
  Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay.............................     5.3       4.5         5.0            4.2     
  Miami.....................................................     7.4       7.2         7.1            6.8     
  Orlando...................................................     3.9       3.6         3.7            3.4     
  Pensacola.................................................     3.8       4.1         3.3            3.5     
  Sarasota-Bradenton........................................     3.5       3.0         3.3            2.8     
  Tallahassee...............................................     3.2       3.1         3.1            3.0     
  Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater...........................     4.0       3.6         3.8            3.4     
  West Palm Beach-Boca Raton................................     7.6       7.1         7.6            7.2     
Georgia.....................................................     5.0       4.8         4.7            4.4     
  Albany....................................................     6.9       6.7         6.4            6.6     
  Athens....................................................     3.5       3.3         3.2            3.2     
  Atlanta...................................................     3.9       3.8         3.8            3.6     
  Augusta-Aiken(1)..........................................     7.3       6.8         7.0            6.4     
  Columbus(1)...............................................     5.4       5.3         5.1            4.9     
  Macon.....................................................     4.9       4.8         4.7            4.8     
  Savannah..................................................     5.5       5.0         4.8            4.5     
                                                                                                              
Hawaii......................................................     6.7       6.6         6.7            6.5     
  Honolulu..................................................     5.6       5.4         5.6            5.3     
                                                                                                              
Idaho.......................................................     4.5       4.3         4.6            4.7     
  Boise City................................................     3.7       3.5         3.5            3.4     
                                                                                                              
Illinois....................................................     5.2       4.6         5.3            4.4     
  Bloomington-Normal........................................     3.0       2.5         2.9            2.5     
  Champaign-Urbana..........................................     3.1       3.3         3.1            2.8     
  Chicago...................................................     5.0       4.3         5.1            4.2     
  Davenport-Moline-Rock Island(1)...........................     4.1       3.2         4.1            3.2     
  Decatur...................................................     8.3       7.2         8.9            6.9     
  Kankakee..................................................     5.5       5.2         5.5            4.8     
  Peoria-Pekin..............................................     6.1       4.1         6.0            4.2     
  Rockford..................................................     4.5       5.9         4.2            4.1     
  Springfield...............................................     4.5       4.1         4.4            4.0     
                                                                                                              
Indiana.....................................................     4.1       3.3         3.8            3.3     
  Bloomington...............................................     3.3       2.2         2.7            2.6     
  Elkhart-Goshen............................................     4.0       3.0         3.5            3.1     
  Evansville-Henderson(1)...................................     4.2       4.8         4.1            4.0     
  Fort Wayne................................................     3.5       2.9         3.2            2.8     
  Gary......................................................     5.0       3.8         4.9            3.9     
  Indianapolis..............................................     3.3       2.6         3.0            2.6     
  Kokomo....................................................     3.5       3.1         3.4            3.3     
  Lafayette.................................................     2.8       2.2         2.6            2.5     
  Muncie....................................................     4.9       3.8         4.7            4.5     
  South Bend................................................     4.4       2.9         3.8            3.2     
  Terre Haute...............................................     6.0       5.1         5.9            5.3     
                                                                                                              
Iowa........................................................     3.4       2.3         3.5            2.5     
  Cedar Rapids..............................................     2.7       1.8         2.8            1.9     
  Des Moines................................................     2.8       1.8         2.9            2.0     
  Dubuque...................................................     5.4       2.6         5.2            2.9     
  Iowa City.................................................     2.9       2.1         3.1            2.3     
  Sioux City(1).............................................     3.4       2.8         3.3            2.7     
  Waterloo-Cedar Falls......................................     4.3       3.0         4.7            3.2     
                                                                                                              
Kansas......................................................     4.3       3.7         4.5            3.6     
  Lawrence..................................................     5.3       4.6         5.3            4.4     
  Topeka....................................................     4.7       4.5         5.3            4.9     
  Wichita...................................................     4.3       3.5         4.3            3.3     
                                                                                                              
Kentucky....................................................     5.5       5.2         5.1            4.8     
  Lexington.................................................     2.5       2.5         2.5            2.7     
  Louisville(1).............................................     4.7       4.3         4.1            3.7     
  Owensboro.................................................     4.9       6.4         5.2            5.2     
                                                                                                              
Louisiana...................................................     7.3       6.8         6.9            6.2     
  Alexandria................................................     8.0       7.6         7.5            6.4     
  Baton Rouge...............................................     6.6       6.2         6.2            5.4     
  Houma.....................................................     4.6       3.9         4.3            3.4     
  Lafayette.................................................     6.2       5.5         6.0            5.2     
  Lake Charles..............................................     6.3       7.2         6.1            6.0     
  Monroe....................................................     7.0       7.2         6.7            6.6     
  New Orleans...............................................     6.9       6.3         6.8            5.6     
  Shreveport-Bossier City...................................     7.6       7.3         7.3            7.8     
                                                                                                              
Maine.......................................................     4.0       4.0         4.1            3.8     
  Lewiston-Auburn...........................................     5.4       5.0         5.6            4.2     
  Portland..................................................     2.2       2.2         2.4            2.3     
                                                                                                              
Maryland....................................................     4.7       4.6         4.6            4.3     
  Baltimore.................................................     5.4       5.4         5.3            5.0     
                                                                                                              
Massachusetts...............................................     4.2       3.9         3.8            4.0     
  Barnstable-Yarmouth.......................................     3.2       3.3         2.9            3.4     
  Boston(1).................................................     3.7       3.4         3.4            3.5     
Massachusetts--Continued                                                                                      
  Brockton..................................................     5.5       4.9         4.9            5.0     
  Fitchburg-Leominster......................................     5.7       5.4         5.2            5.5     
  Lawrence(1)...............................................     5.6       5.0         5.8            5.1     
  Lowell(1).................................................     4.3       4.0         4.0            4.5     
  New Bedford...............................................     8.1       7.5         6.8            7.0     
  Pittsfield................................................     4.7       4.3         4.1            4.5     
  Springfield...............................................     4.3       4.1         3.9            4.4     
  Worcester(1)..............................................     4.0       3.6         3.7            3.7     
                                                                                                              
Michigan....................................................     5.6       4.6         4.5            3.4     
  Ann Arbor.................................................     3.5       3.1         2.9            2.1     
  Benton Harbor.............................................     6.5       4.6         6.0            4.1     
  Detroit...................................................     5.7       4.9         4.3            3.3     
  Flint.....................................................     7.8       6.7         6.1            4.8     
  Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland.............................     4.8       3.5         4.0            2.9     
  Jackson...................................................     5.5       4.1         4.9            3.8     
  Kalamazoo-Battle Creek....................................     4.9       4.1         4.1            3.1     
  Lansing-East Lansing......................................     4.0       3.0         3.5            2.6     
  Saginaw-Bay City-Midland..................................     4.8       4.0         4.3            3.3     
                                                                                                              
Minnesota...................................................     3.9       2.9         3.7            2.9     
  Duluth-Superior(1)........................................     5.3       4.3         5.2            4.3     
  Minneapolis-St.Paul(1)....................................     3.1       2.3         3.0            2.4     
  Rochester.................................................     2.9       1.9         2.7            1.9     
  St. Cloud.................................................     4.9       3.1         4.4            3.3     
                                                                                                              
Mississippi.................................................     6.5       5.4         6.5            6.0     
  Jackson...................................................     3.9       3.4         3.9            3.6     
                                                                                                              
Missouri....................................................     4.9       3.9         4.7            3.7     
  Kansas City(1)............................................     4.5       3.4         4.4            3.4     
  St. Louis LMA(1)..........................................     4.8       4.3         4.7            3.8     
  Springfield...............................................     3.4       2.7         3.5            3.0     
                                                                                                              
Montana.....................................................     4.8       4.6         4.2            4.2     
                                                                                                              
Nebraska....................................................     3.2       2.6         2.7            2.3     
  Lincoln...................................................     3.1       2.1         2.4            1.7     
  Omaha(1)..................................................     3.1       2.7         2.8            2.5     
                                                                                                              
Nevada......................................................     5.8       4.8         5.5            4.4     
  Las Vegas(1)..............................................     6.1       4.9         5.8            4.4     
  Reno......................................................     4.7       3.8         4.5            3.7     
                                                                                                              
New Hampshire...............................................     3.9       2.7         4.1            2.6     
  Manchester................................................     3.5       2.5         3.7            2.5     
  Nashua....................................................     4.0       2.6         4.4            2.7     
  Portsmouth-Rochester(1)...................................     3.9       2.9         3.3            2.3     
                                                                                                              
New Jersey..................................................     6.5       5.8         6.0            5.0     
  Atlantic-Cape May.........................................     7.7       7.2         7.0            6.1     
  Bergen-Passaic............................................     6.9       6.0         6.2            5.2     
  Jersey City...............................................    10.0       8.7         9.0            7.5     
  Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon..............................     5.0       4.4         4.7            3.9     
  Monmouth-Ocean............................................     5.8       5.2         5.2            4.5     
  Newark....................................................     6.6       5.9         6.1            5.2     
  Trenton...................................................     6.2       5.4         5.8            4.8     
  Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton..............................     9.7       8.8         8.9            7.2     
                                                                                                              
New Mexico..................................................     8.9       6.8         8.5            6.3     
  Albuquerque...............................................     6.5       5.0         6.3            4.8     
  Las Cruces................................................    10.3       8.6         9.4            7.4     
  Santa Fe..................................................     5.3       4.0         5.2            3.9     
                                                                                                              
New York....................................................     6.4       6.5         6.0            6.2     
  Albany-Schenectady-Troy...................................     4.6       3.9         4.1            3.8     
  Binghamton................................................     4.3       3.8         3.8            3.6     
  Buffalo-Niagara Falls.....................................     5.3       5.5         4.9            5.2     
  Dutchess County...........................................     4.3       3.9         3.8            3.6     
  Elmira....................................................     4.3       4.8         3.9            4.1     
  Glens Falls...............................................     5.1       4.7         4.7            4.4     
  Nassau-Suffolk............................................     4.6       4.3         4.3            4.1     
  New York..................................................     8.4       8.9         7.9            8.5     
  New York City.............................................     9.1       9.9         8.7            9.5     
  Newburgh(1)...............................................     4.5       4.5         4.0            4.3     
  Rochester.................................................     4.0       4.0         3.7            3.7     
New York--Continued                                                                                           
  Syracuse..................................................     4.5       4.3         4.0            4.0     
  Utica-Rome................................................     5.1       4.8         4.5            4.5     
                                                                                                              
North Carolina..............................................     4.5       4.0         4.1            3.8     
  Asheville.................................................     2.8       2.6         3.0            2.7     
  Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill(1)...........................     3.9       3.5         3.7            3.3     
  Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point.......................     3.5       3.2         3.2            3.1     
  Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill................................     2.4       2.1         2.4            2.2     
                                                                                                              
North Dakota................................................     2.9       2.4         2.9            2.3     
  Bismarck..................................................     2.3       2.1         2.5            2.1     
  Fargo-Moorhead(1).........................................     2.3       1.8         2.2            1.5     
  Grand Forks(1)............................................     4.2       3.9         3.9            3.5     
                                                                                                              
Ohio........................................................     4.8       4.2         4.4            3.8     
  Akron.....................................................     4.1       3.7         3.9            3.4     
  Canton-Massillon..........................................     5.0       4.0         4.5            3.8     
  Cincinnati(1).............................................     4.2       3.3         4.0            3.3     
  Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria...................................     5.2       4.1         4.7            3.8     
  Columbus..................................................     3.0       2.5         2.9            2.5     
  Dayton-Springfield........................................     4.6       3.8         4.3            3.6     
  Hamilton-Middletown.......................................     3.9       3.1         3.9            3.0     
  Lima......................................................     6.5       4.9         5.9            4.5     
  Mansfield.................................................     6.2       5.2         5.7            5.1     
  Steubenville-Weirton......................................     5.7      10.3         5.6            9.4     
  Toledo....................................................     4.9       6.0         4.3            4.1     
  Youngstown-Warren.........................................     5.7       5.4         5.6            5.0     
                                                                                                              
Oklahoma....................................................     3.7       3.5         3.5            3.4     
  Enid......................................................     3.2       2.9         3.0            2.8     
  Lawton....................................................     4.1       4.3         4.0            4.0     
  Oklahoma City.............................................     3.0       2.8         2.8            2.9     
  Tulsa.....................................................     2.9       2.9         2.9            2.9     
                                                                                                              
Oregon......................................................     5.7       4.9         5.4            4.9     
  Eugene-Springfield........................................     5.3       4.8         5.2            4.7     
  Medford-Ashland...........................................     8.4       7.0         7.6            6.6     
  Portland-Vancouver(1).....................................     4.7       3.9         4.4            4.0     
  Salem.....................................................     5.6       5.0         5.0            4.6     
                                                                                                              
Pennsylvania................................................     5.3       5.4         4.9            5.1     
  Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton................................     5.5       5.4         5.0            5.1     
  Altoona...................................................     5.8       5.7         4.7            5.0     
  Erie......................................................     5.9       5.8         5.3            5.4     
  Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle...............................     3.4       3.5         2.9            3.3     
  Johnstown.................................................     7.4       7.6         6.6            6.8     
  Lancaster.................................................     3.5       3.2         3.0            3.2     
  Philadelphia(1)...........................................     5.5       5.3         5.2            5.0     
  Pittsburgh................................................     5.0       5.1         4.7            4.8     
  Reading...................................................     4.2       4.8         3.8            4.1     
  Scranton-Wilkes-Barre-Hazelton............................     7.1       7.8         6.3            7.0     
  Sharon....................................................     4.2       5.7         3.6            4.9     
  State College.............................................     3.0       3.3         2.6            2.8     
  Williamsport..............................................     6.1       5.9         5.4            5.2     
  York......................................................     4.5       4.4         4.2            4.0     
                                                                                                              
Rhode Island................................................     4.6       5.3         4.6            4.7     
  Providence-Fall River-Warwick(1)..........................     5.2       5.7         4.9            5.0     
                                                                                                              
South Carolina..............................................     6.7       5.2         6.2            4.8     
  Charleston-North Charleston...............................     6.2       4.5         6.0            4.6     
  Columbia..................................................     4.0       2.8         3.7            2.9     
  Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson...........................     5.2       3.7         4.6            3.5     
                                                                                                              
South Dakota................................................     2.9       2.5         3.2            2.7     
  Rapid City................................................     2.5       2.2         2.8            2.2     
  Sioux Falls...............................................     1.8       1.5         2.0            1.6     
                                                                                                              
Tennessee...................................................     5.5       5.9         5.1            5.3     
  Chattanooga(1)............................................     4.7       5.1         4.5            5.1     
  Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol(1).........................     5.3       6.1         4.7            5.3     
  Knoxville.................................................     4.1       4.1         3.7            3.8     
  Memphis(1)................................................     4.3       4.6         4.5            4.8     
  Nashville.................................................     3.3       3.7         3.7            3.8     
                                                                                                              
Texas.......................................................     5.9       5.8         5.5            5.3     
  Abilene...................................................     5.0       4.4         4.8            4.0     
Texas--Contiuned                                                                                              
  Amarillo..................................................     4.0       4.0         3.8            3.7     
  Austin-San Marcos.........................................     3.2       3.3         2.9            3.2     
  Beaumont-Port Arthur......................................     9.9       8.4         9.2            7.7     
  Brazoria..................................................     7.1       8.1         6.8            7.6     
  Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito..........................    15.0      14.2        11.8           12.1     
  Bryan-College Station.....................................     2.7       2.5         2.5            2.3     
  Corpus Christi............................................     8.8       8.3         8.4            7.4     
  Dallas....................................................     4.1       4.0         3.9            3.8     
  El Paso...................................................    12.1      11.8        11.7           11.5     
  Fort Worth-Arlington......................................     4.1       3.9         3.7            3.7     
  Galveston-Texas City......................................     8.6       8.7         8.2            8.0     
  Houston...................................................     5.5       5.4         5.2            5.0     
  Killeen-Temple............................................     4.8       5.5         4.7            5.2     
  Laredo....................................................    12.8      11.0        11.6            9.6     
  Longview-Marshall.........................................     8.0       8.1         7.6            7.6     
  Lubbock...................................................     4.8       5.0         3.9            3.9     
  McAllen-Edinburg-Mission..................................    18.5      18.4        18.1           17.0     
  Odessa-Midland............................................     6.2       5.7         5.7            5.1     
  San Angelo................................................     3.5       6.0         3.3            3.5     
  San Antonio...............................................     5.1       4.6         4.4            4.3     
  Sherman-Denison...........................................     5.0       5.2         4.2            4.8     
  Texarkana(1)..............................................     7.4       7.6         7.3            7.3     
  Tyler.....................................................     7.0       6.4         6.7            6.3     
  Victoria..................................................     5.2       5.5         4.7            5.0     
  Waco......................................................     5.1       5.4         4.5            5.0     
  Wichita Falls.............................................     6.4       5.5         4.5            4.4     
                                                                                                              
Utah........................................................     3.4       2.9         3.7            3.3     
  Provo-Orem................................................     3.0       2.5         3.3            2.7     
  Salt Lake City-Odgen......................................     3.1       2.8         3.5            3.2     
                                                                                                              
Vermont.....................................................     4.2       3.4         4.2            3.5     
  Burlington................................................     3.1       2.5         3.1            2.5     
                                                                                                              
Virginia....................................................     4.5       4.3         4.3            4.1     
  Charlottesville...........................................     2.5       2.1         2.5            2.2     
  Danville..................................................     8.4       9.0         7.3            6.6     
  Lynchburg.................................................     3.6       3.7         3.6            4.0     
  Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News(1)....................     5.0       5.4         4.7            5.2     
  Richmond-Petersburg.......................................     3.7       3.6         3.9            3.7     
  Roanoke...................................................     2.9       3.4         2.8            3.5     
                                                                                                              
Washington..................................................     6.2       4.5         5.6            4.3     
  Seattle-Bellevue-Everett..................................     4.9       3.3         4.4            3.1     
  Spokane...................................................     5.4       4.1         4.9            3.9     
  Tacoma....................................................     6.2       4.5         5.5            4.2     
                                                                                                              
West Virginia...............................................     6.9       6.3         6.9            6.3     
  Charleston................................................     4.8       4.4         4.9            4.6     
  Huntington-Ashland(1).....................................     6.4       6.3         6.6            5.9     
  Parkersburg-Marietta(1)...................................     5.8       4.7         5.5            4.8     
  Wheeling(1)...............................................     5.0       5.7         4.5            5.1     
                                                                                                              
Wisconsin...................................................     3.4       3.7         3.1            3.2     
  Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah...................................     2.6       2.9         2.4            2.6     
  Eau Claire................................................     3.3       3.2         3.0            2.9     
  Green Bay.................................................     2.9       3.2         2.7            2.9     
  Janesville-Beloit.........................................     4.5       5.3         3.5            3.7     
  Kenosha...................................................     4.7       6.2         3.4            3.4     
  La Crosse(1)..............................................     2.7       2.8         2.6            2.6     
  Madison...................................................     1.5       1.7         1.4            1.5     
  Milwaukee-Waukesha........................................     3.5       4.0         3.6            3.6     
  Racine....................................................     4.6       5.4         4.0            4.2     
  Sheboygan.................................................     2.9       2.8         2.9            2.4     
  Wausau....................................................     3.4       3.2         3.0            3.0     
                                                                                                              
Wyoming.....................................................     4.6       4.3         4.4            3.9     
  Casper....................................................     6.0       5.5         5.9            4.9     
                                                                                                              
Puerto Rico.................................................    14.4      14.5        14.4           13.7     
  Caguas....................................................    13.5      13.5        13.5           12.8     
  Mayaguez..................................................    15.9      19.6        17.5           16.4     
  Ponce.....................................................    18.5      18.7        19.6           17.9     
  San Juan-Bayamon..........................................    11.5      11.3        11.5           11.0     

  1 Includes interstate portion of area located in adjacent state.
  p = preliminary, except for the national figures.
  NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey
similar to the Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark
and population information becomes available.