Technical Information:  (202) 691-6467     USDL 07-1790
              http://www.bls.gov/bdm/
                                          For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media Contact:               691-5902     Friday, November 16, 2007


             BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS:  FIRST QUARTER 2007

                                     
   From December 2006 to March 2007, the number of job gains from opening
and expanding private sector establishments was 7.5 million, and the number
of job losses from closing and contracting establishments was 7.1 million,
according to data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
U.S. Department of Labor.  (See table 3.)  Over this period, firms with 
1,000 or more employees accounted for the largest share of gross job gains 
(16.5 percent) and firms with 1 to 4 employees had the largest share of 
gross job losses (16.7 percent).  (See tables D and 4.)

   The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series include gross job gains
and gross job losses at the establishment level by major industry sector
and for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin 
Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level 
by employer size class.

   The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases 
and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses in the economy.  
BED statistics track these changes in employment at private business units 
from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next.  Gross 
job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing 
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units.  Gross job losses are 
the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the loss of 
jobs at closing units.  The difference between the number of gross jobs 
gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment.  
(See the Technical Note for more information.) 


    ------------------------------------------------------------------- 
   |                                                                   |
   |           Changes to Business Employment Dynamics Data            |
   |                                                                   |
   |    Beginning with the release of first quarter 2007 Business      |
   | Employment Dynamics (BED) data, state level series are included   |
   | as a regular feature of the news release.                         |
   |                                                                   |
   |    Additionally, all historical BED series back to third quarter  |
   | 1992 have been revised, for both seasonally adjusted and not sea- |
   | sonally adjusted series to incorporate updated and improved input |
   | data.  In the future, annual revisions to BED series will be pub- |
   | lished each year with the release of first quarter data.  Those   |
   | revisions will cover the last four quarters of not seasonally     |
   | adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.            |
   |                                                                   |
   |    In addition, beginning with this release, BED data have been   |
   | revised to the 2007 North American Industry Classification System |
   | (NAICS 2007).  The conversion to NAICS 2007 resulted in minor     |
   | changes to the data.  For further information on the NAICS 2007   |
   | revision and its effect on BED data, see the note on page 7 and   |
   | the U.S. Census Bureau Web site at http://www.census.gov/epcd/    |
   | naics07/index.html.                                               |
    -------------------------------------------------------------------



                                  - 2 -

Table A.  Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                  |            3 months ended           
                                  |-------------------------------------
                                  | March | June | Sept.| Dec. | March  
           Category               | 2006  | 2006 | 2006 | 2006 | 2007   
                                  |-------------------------------------
                                  |         Levels (in thousands)       
----------------------------------|-------------------------------------
                                  |       |      |      |      |        
Gross job gains...................|  7,679| 7,811| 7,473| 7,809|  7,509 
  At expanding establishments.....|  6,261| 6,292| 6,032| 6,271|  6,158 
  At opening establishments.......|  1,418| 1,519| 1,441| 1,538|  1,351 
                                  |       |      |      |      |        
Gross job losses..................|  6,905| 7,395| 7,462| 7,297|  7,071 
  At contracting establishments...|  5,633| 6,015| 6,110| 5,943|  5,796 
  At closing establishments.......|  1,272| 1,380| 1,352| 1,354|  1,275 
                                  |       |      |      |      |        
Net employment change (1).........|    774|   416|    11|   512|    438 
                                  |-------------------------------------
                                  |           Rates (percent)           
                                  |-------------------------------------
Gross job gains...................|    6.9|   6.9|   6.7|   7.0|    6.6 
  At expanding establishments.....|    5.6|   5.6|   5.4|   5.6|    5.4 
  At opening establishments.......|    1.3|   1.3|   1.3|   1.4|    1.2 
                                  |       |      |      |      |        
Gross job losses..................|    6.1|   6.5|   6.6|   6.5|    6.2 
  At contracting establishments...|    5.0|   5.3|   5.4|   5.3|    5.1 
  At closing establishments.......|    1.1|   1.2|   1.2|   1.2|    1.1 
                                  |       |      |      |      |        
Net employment change (1).........|     .8|    .4|    .1|    .5|     .4 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job
gains and total gross job losses.  See the Technical Note for further
information.



Private Sector Establishment-Level Gross Job Gains and Job Losses

   Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained 
7.5 million jobs in the first quarter of 2007, a decrease of 300,000 from 
the previous quarter.  Over this quarter, expanding establishments added 
6.2 million jobs while opening establishments added 1.4 million jobs.
                                     
   Gross job losses totaled 7.1 million, a decrease of 226,000 from the
previous quarter.  During the quarter, contracting establishments lost 
5.8 million jobs while closing establishments lost 1.3 million jobs.  
(See tables A, 1, and 3.)

   The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of
gross jobs lost yielded a net change of 438,000 jobs in the private sector
for first quarter 2007.

   From December 2006 to March 2007, gross job gains represented 6.6 per-
cent of private sector employment while gross job losses represented 
6.2 percent of private sector employment.  (See tables A and 2.)  These
gross job gain and loss statistics demonstrate that a sizable number of
jobs appear and disappear in the relatively short time frame of one
quarter.

Major Industry Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses

   Goods-producing.  Expanding and opening establishments in the goods-
producing sector accounted for 1,629,000 jobs gained, and contracting and
closing establishments accounted for 1,682,000 jobs lost.  The net loss of
53,000 jobs was the third consecutive quarter of net loss in this sector.
(See tables B and 3.)
   
   Construction.  In construction, gross job gains from December 2006 to
March 2007 increased to 850,000 and gross job losses fell to 816,000, re-
sulting in a net gain of 34,000 jobs.  This was the first net gain in this 
industry since the first quarter of 2006.


                                  - 3 -

Table B.  Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses by industry,
seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |       Gross job gains       |      Gross job losses       
                       |       (3 months ended)      |      (3 months ended)       
       Industry        |-----------------------------|-----------------------------
                       |Mar. |June |Sept.|Dec. |Mar. |Mar. |June |Sept.|Dec. |Mar. 
                       |2006 |2006 |2006 |2006 |2007 |2006 |2006 |2006 |2006 |2007 
-----------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----
                       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     
  Total private (1)....|7,679|7,811|7,473|7,809|7,509|6,905|7,395|7,462|7,297|7,071
Goods-producing........|1,737|1,692|1,572|1,636|1,629|1,572|1,667|1,739|1,719|1,682
 Natural resources     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     
   and mining..........|  283|  293|  269|  287|  279|  277|  268|  263|  266|  287
 Construction .........|  924|  838|  791|  825|  850|  757|  841|  868|  845|  816
 Manufacturing ........|  530|  561|  512|  524|  500|  538|  558|  608|  608|  579
Service-providing (1)..|5,942|6,119|5,901|6,173|5,880|5,333|5,728|5,723|5,578|5,389
 Wholesale trade.......|  315|  332|  311|  322|  314|  290|  292|  305|  303|  296
 Retail trade..........|1,056|1,062|1,030|1,081|1,087|  986|1,100|1,085|1,004|  971
 Transportation and    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     
  warehousing..........|  240|  247|  241|  269|  224|  230|  232|  224|  225|  245
 Utilities ............|   11|   15|   15|   19|   11|   11|   13|   15|   18|   11
 Information ..........|  143|  150|  148|  167|  138|  149|  144|  171|  146|  132
 Financial activities .|  429|  457|  446|  457|  421|  419|  442|  445|  444|  418
 Professional and      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     
  business services....|1,329|1,438|1,335|1,427|1,276|1,202|1,287|1,279|1,313|1,242
 Education and         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     
  health services......|  791|  787|  784|  795|  799|  662|  713|  674|  692|  655
 Leisure and           |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     
  hospitality..........|1,226|1,210|1,180|1,223|1,165|1,064|1,182|1,184|1,105|1,096
 Other services........|  298|  313|  295|  299|  292|  283|  287|  305|  291|  278
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.



   Manufacturing.  Gross job gains in manufacturing decreased to a level 
of 500,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2007 and gross job losses fell 
to 579,000, resulting in a net loss of 79,000 jobs.

   Service-providing.  In the service-providing sector, gross job gains
totaled 5,880,000 and gross job losses totaled 5,389,000 in the first
quarter of 2007, resulting in a net gain of 491,000 jobs.

   Retail trade.  Gross job gains in retail trade inched up to 1,087,000 
and gross job losses fell to 971,000, resulting in a net gain of 116,000 
jobs.  This was the second consecutive quarter that this sector had a net 
gain.

   Leisure and hospitality.  The leisure and hospitality sector gained
1,165,000 jobs and lost 1,096,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2007, for 
a net gain of 69,000.
   
Number of Establishments Gaining and Losing Employment

   Another way to look at the dynamics of business activities is to monitor
the number and proportion of business units that are growing and declining.
In the first quarter of 2007, the number of establishments gaining jobs
exceeded the number of establishments losing jobs.  Out of 6.9 million
active private-sector establishments, a total of 1,935,000 establishments
gained jobs from December 2006 to March 2007.  (See table C.)  Of these,
1,577,000 were expanding establishments and 358,000 were opening establish-
ments.  During the quarter, 1,545,000 establishments contracted and 355,000 
establishments closed, resulting in 1,900,000 establishments losing jobs.  
Overall, the number of active private sector establishments increased by 
3,000 during the first quarter.  This change was the difference between the 
number of opening establishments and the number of closing establishments.


                                  - 4 -

Table C.  Number of private sector establishments by direction of
employment change, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                  |             3 months ended           
                                  |--------------------------------------
             Category             | March | June  | Sept. | Dec.  | March
                                  | 2006  | 2006  | 2006  | 2006  | 2007 
----------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------
Establishments gaining jobs.......| 1,950 | 1,923 | 1,891 | 1,954 | 1,935
  Expanding establishments........| 1,586 | 1,559 | 1,535 | 1,562 | 1,577
  Opening establishments..........|   364 |   364 |   356 |   392 |   358
                                  |       |       |       |       |      
Establishments losing jobs........| 1,852 | 1,899 | 1,909 | 1,892 | 1,900
  Contracting establishments......| 1,506 | 1,554 | 1,558 | 1,542 | 1,545
  Closing establishments..........|   346 |   345 |   351 |   350 |   355
                                  |       |       |       |       |      
Net establishment change (1)......|    18 |    19 |     5 |    42 |     3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 The net establishment change is the difference between the number of
opening establishments and the number of closing establishments.  See the
Technical Note for further information.



Firm-Level Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses by Size Class

   From December 2006 to March 2007, firms with 1,000 or more employees
accounted for the largest share of gross job gains (16.5 percent) and
firms with 1 - 4 employees had the largest share of gross job losses 
(16.7 percent).  (See tables D and 4.)

   In the first quarter of 2007, firms with 500 or more employees represented
21.0 percent of gross job gains and 20.7 percent of gross job losses.  (See
table D.)  From September 1992 through March 2007, firms with 500 or more
employees, on average, have accounted for 35.5 percent of quarterly net
employment growth.  (See table E.)

   Firms with 1 - 4 employees continued to have the largest shares of both
job gains at opening firms and job losses at closing firms, with 60.4 and 
60.6 percent respectively, in the first quarter of 2007.  (See table 4.)

Gross Job Gains and Losses by State

   Over the quarter, Alaska had the highest rate of gross job gains 
(10.3 percent) and gross job losses (9.5 percent).  Connecticut had the 
lowest rate of gross job gains (5.3 percent) and Hawaii and the District 
of Columbia had the lowest rates of gross job losses (5.2 percent each). 
(See table 6.)  Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 39 states and 
the District of Columbia.  In 11 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands,
gross job losses were greater than gross job gains resulting in net losses
in total employment. (See table 5.)

More Information

   Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available at the Business Employment Dynamics Web page on the BLS Web site
at http://www.bls.gov/bdm.  This information includes data on the levels
and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, the
not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not
presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job losses
by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions on firm-size
data.  Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data
can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by 
e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.


                                  - 5 -

Table D.  Three-month private sector share (1) of gross job gains and losses by firm
size, seasonally adjusted

(Percent)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |   Share of gross job gains   |   Share of gross job losses  
                       |        (3 months ended)      |        (3 months ended)      
       Firm size       |------------------------------|------------------------------
                       | Mar.| June| Sept.| Dec.|Mar. | Mar.| June| Sept.| Dec.| Mar.
                       | 2006| 2006| 2006 | 2006|2007 | 2006| 2006| 2006 | 2006| 2007
-----------------------|-----------|------------|-----|-----|-----|------|-----|-----
                       |     |     |      |     |     |     |     |      |     |     
   1  -   4 employees..| 15.9| 15.2| 15.6 | 15.8| 15.7| 16.9| 15.9| 15.8 | 15.9| 16.7
   5  -   9 employees..| 12.3| 11.9| 12.1 | 11.6| 12.3| 12.9| 12.5| 12.2 | 12.4| 12.6
  10  -  19 employees..| 12.6| 12.3| 12.3 | 11.7| 12.5| 12.9| 12.6| 12.4 | 12.4| 12.5
  20  -  49 employees..| 14.9| 14.6| 14.4 | 13.8| 14.6| 14.4| 14.4| 14.5 | 14.4| 14.4
  50  -  99 employees..|  9.2|  9.1|  9.1 |  8.7|  9.0|  8.7|  8.9|  8.9 |  8.9|  8.8
 100  - 249 employees..|  9.7|  9.8|  9.3 |  9.2|  9.4|  8.8|  9.1|  9.3 |  9.3|  9.0
 250  - 499 employees..|  5.7|  5.9|  5.8 |  5.5|  5.5|  5.1|  5.4|  5.5 |  5.8|  5.3
 500  - 999 employees..|  4.5|  4.8|  4.6 |  4.5|  4.5|  4.0|  4.4|  4.5 |  4.6|  4.1
1,000 or more employees| 15.2| 16.4| 16.8 | 19.2| 16.5| 16.3| 16.8| 16.9 | 16.3| 16.6
                       |     |     |      |     |     |     |     |      |     |     
   Total...............|100.0|100.0|100.0 |100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0 |100.0|100.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by firm size.



Table E.  Average percentage share (1) of gross job gains and losses by firm size,
third quarter 1992-first quarter 2007, seasonally adjusted

(Percent)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      |                 Firm size (number of employees)          
                      |----------------------------------------------------------
       Category       |     |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |1,000 
                      |     |    |    |     |     |     |100- |250- |500- |  or  
                      |Total| 1-4| 5-9|10-19|20-49|50-99|249  |499  |999  | more 
----------------------|-----|----|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------
Gross job gains.......|100.0|14.5|11.6|12.0 |14.3 | 9.1 | 9.8 | 5.9 | 4.8 | 18.0 
  Expanding firms.....|100.0| 7.1|10.7|12.1 |15.2 |10.1 |11.1 | 6.8 | 5.6 | 21.3 
  Opening firms.......|100.0|53.1|16.1|11.5 | 9.6 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 1.2 |  .7 |   .9 
                      |     |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |      
Gross job losses......|100.0|14.8|12.0|12.3 |14.5 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 17.2 
  Contracting firms...|100.0| 7.6|11.2|12.4 |15.4 |10.0 |10.8 | 6.6 | 5.5 | 20.5 
  Closing firms.......|100.0|50.7|15.6|11.5 |10.0 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 1.6 | 1.1 |  1.2 
                      |     |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |      
Net change............|100.0| 9.6| 6.4| 8.1 |12.2 | 9.3 |11.6 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 29.3 
                      |     |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |      
Cumulative share of   |     |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |      
 net change...........|  -  | 9.6|16.0|24.1 |36.3 |45.6 |57.2 |64.5 |70.7 |100.0 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by firm size.



                                  - 6 -


     ------------------------------------------------------------------
    |     Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current     |
    |     Employment Statistics and Quarterly Census of Employment     |
    |                           and Wages Data                         |
    |                                                                  |
    |    The net change in employment from Business Employment         |
    | Dynamics (BED) data series will not match the net change in      |
    | employment from the monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES)  |
    | survey.  The CES estimates are based on monthly surveys from a   |
    | sample of establishments, while gross job gains and gross job    |
    | losses are based on a quarterly census of administrative records.|
    | In addition, the CES has a different coverage, excluding the     |
    | agriculture sector but including establishments not covered by   |
    | the unemployment insurance program.  The net over-the-quarter    |
    | changes derived by aggregating component series in the BED data  |
    | may be different from the net employment change estimated from   |
    | the CES seasonally adjusted total employment series.  The in-    |
    | tended use of the BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor    |
    | market flows that underlie the net changes in aggregate employ-  |
    | ment levels; data users who want to track net changes in aggre-  |
    | gate employment levels over time should refer to CES data.       |
    |                                                                  |
    |    BED data have a more limited scope than the Quarterly Census  |
    | of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data.  The data in this release,  |
    | in contrast to the QCEW data, exclude government employees,      |
    | private households (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero  |
    | employment.                                                      |
    |                                                                  |
    |    See the Technical Note for further information.               |
     ------------------------------------------------------------------ 
  
  
  
                                  - 7 -
  
  
     ------------------------------------------------------------------
    |    Industry Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data   |
    |                                                                  |
    |    In an effort to enhance the comparability of industrial       |
    | employment and wage statistics across Mexico, Canada, and the    |
    | United States, and reflect economic activities within industries |
    | more accurately, the North American Industry Classification Sys- |
    | tem (NAICS) is revised periodically.  In conjunction with its    |
    | counterparts in Mexico and Canada, the U.S. Office of Management |
    | and Budget developed NAICS 2007.                                 |
    |                                                                  |
    |    The conversion to NAICS 2007 resulted in minor revisions      |
    | reflecting content changes within the Agriculture, forestry,     |
    | fishing, and hunting sector and the Manufacturing sector; the    |
    | restructuring of the Telecommunications subsector; the elimi-    |
    | nation of the Real estate and investment trusts industry within  |
    | the Finance and insurance sector; and minor content changes      |
    | within the Professional, scientific, and technical services sec- |
    | tor.  Several industry titles and descriptions also were updated.|
    | This revision was introduced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics   |
    | (BLS) with the release of first quarter 2007 QCEW data, which is |
    | the source data used to derive the BED data.  This revision had  |
    | a minimal impact on QCEW data.  Approximately 1 percent of both  |
    | employment and establishments were reclassified into different   |
    | industries as a result of the revision.                          |
    |                                                                  |
    |    With the introduction of this revision, some industries were  |
    | directly transferred to new industries while others were split   |
    | into two or more industries, with the original industry often    |
    | retaining a portion of the establishments and employment.  Of    |
    | the 1,179 industries used by BLS under NAICS 2002, 8 industries  |
    | were directly moved to new industries created by the NAICS 2007  |
    | revision.  Involved in these direct transfers were 41,821 estab- |
    | lishments and 829,263 employees.  In addition, 13 industries     |
    | were split into 2 or more industries.  In all, 27,457 estab-     |
    | lishments and 662,125 employees changed industries via these     |
    | split transfers.  Since BED data are published at the NAICS      |
    | 2-digit sector level, the impact of this conversion is not       |
    | significant.                                                     |
    |                                                                  |
    |    All figures cited are preliminary and all employment figures  |
    | cited reflect March 2007 data.  For further information on the   |
    | NAICS 2007 revision, see the U.S. Census Bureau Web site at      |
    | http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics07/index.html.                   |
    |                                                                  |
    |    More information on the NAICS 2007 revision, including the    |
    | implementation schedules of other BLS programs, will be posted   |
    | on the BLS Web site as it becomes available.                     |
     ------------------------------------------------------------------






                                  - 8 -

Technical Note

   
   The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW), or the ES-202 program.  The BED data are compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment
insurance (UI) records.  Most employers in the U.S. are required to file
quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI
laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes.  The quarterly UI reports are sent by
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the BLS 
establishment universe sampling frame.  These reports also are used to pro-
duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu-
dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses.  Other important BLS uses 
of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. 
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.)
                                     
   In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment.  The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish-
ments.

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures

   The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter.  Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation 
procedure, and publication product.

   Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat 
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change.  It is important to 
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.  
(See table below.)  Additional information on each program can be obtained 
from the program Web sites shown in the table.

                                  - 9 -

Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           |         QCEW        |         BED          |         CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source     |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey: 
           |  strative records   |  nally-linked UI ad- |  400,000 establish-
           |  submitted by 8.9   |  ministrative records|  ments
           |  million employers  |  submitted by 6.9    |
           |                     |  million private sec-|
           |                     |  tor employers       |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage   |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
           |  age:  all employers|  ing government, pri-|  ary jobs:
           |  subject to state   |  vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
           |  and federal UI Laws|  establishments with |  ing agriculture, pri-
           |                     |  zero employment     |  vate households, and
           |                     |                      |  self-employed workers
           |                     |                      |--Other employment, in-
           |                     |                      |  cluding railroads, 
           |                     |                      |  religious organiza-
           |                     |                      |  tions, and other non-
           |                     |                      |  UI-covered jobs
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly          |--Quarterly           |--Monthly 
frequency  |  -7 months after the|  -8 months after the |  -Usually first Friday
           |   end of each quar- |   end of each quarter|   of following month
           |   ter               |                      |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI  |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI   |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file       |  and publishes each |  quarter to longitu- |  pling frame and annu-
           |  new quarter of UI  |  dinal database and  |  ally realigns (bench-
           |  data               |  directly summarizes |  marks) sample esti-    
           |                     |  gross job gains and |  mates to first quar-  
           |                     |  losses              |  ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal  |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly  |--Provides current month-
products   |  ly and annual uni- |  employer dynamics   |  ly estimates of employ-
           |  verse count of es- |  data on establish-  |  ment, hours, and earn-
           |  tablishments, em-  |  ment openings, clos-|  ings at the MSA, state,
           |  ployment, and wages|  ings, expansions,   |  and national level by
           |  at the county, MSA,|  and contractions at |  industry
           |  state, and national|  the national level  |
           |  levels by detailed |  by NAICS super-     |
           |  industry           |  sectors, at the     |
           |                     |  state private-sector|   
           |                     |  total level, and by |
           |                     |  size of firm        | 
           |                     |--Future expansions   |
           |                     |  will include data   |
           |                     |  with greater in-    |
           |                     |  dustry detail and   |
           |                     |  data at the county  |
           |                     |  and MSA level       |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal  |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses       |  -Detailed locality |  -Business cycle     |  -Principal national
           |   data              |   analysis           |   economic indicator
           |  -Periodic universe |  -Analysis of employ-|  -Official time series 
           |   counts for bench- |   er dynamics under- |   for employment change
           |   marking sample    |   lying economic ex- |   measures
           |   survey estimates  |   pansions and con-  |  -Input into other ma-
           |  -Sample frame for  |   tractions          |   jor economic indi-
           |   BLS establishment |  -Analysis of employ-|   cators
           |   surveys           |   ment expansion and |
           |                     |   contraction by size|   
           |                     |   of firm            |
           |                     |                      |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program    |--www.bls.gov/cew/   |--www.bls.gov/bdm/    |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites  |                     |                      |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                  
                                 - 10 -

Coverage                           

   Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment 
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly 
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers.  In addition to the 
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments 
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. 
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. 
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
   
   Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the 
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads, 
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
   
   Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of over 6.9 million private sector employer reports out 
of 8.9 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to 
BLS in the first quarter of 2007.  Gross job gains and gross job losses data 
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private 
households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters.  Data from Puerto Rico and the 
Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data.  As an illustration, 
the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establish-
ments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first 
quarter of 2007:


             Number of active establishments included in 
                  Business Employment Dynamics data

                                                                   Millions
                                                                       
Total establishments QCEW program....................................8.9

    Excluded:  Public sector.........................................0.3 
               Private households....................................0.6
               Zero employment.......................................1.0      
               Establishments in Puerto Rico 
                 and the Virgin Islands..............................0.1 
         
Total establishments included in Business
  Employment Dynamics data...........................................6.9

Unit of analysis
   
   Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics.  An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity.  A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments.  Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers.  The firm-level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
   
   Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process.  However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.

                                  - 11 -

Concepts and methodology

   The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level.  These changes come about in one 
of four ways.  A net increase in employment can come from either opening 
units or expanding units.  A net decrease in employment can come from either 
closing units or contracting units.  Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units.  Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units.  The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
   
   The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:                          

   Openings.  These are either units with positive third-month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third-month employment in the current quarter, following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
                                     
   Expansions.  These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
   
   Closings.  These are units with positive third-month employment in the pre-
vious quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current
quarter.
   
   Contractions.  These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.

   All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third 
month of each quarter.  Not all establishments and firms change their em-
ployment levels.  Units with no change in employment count towards estimates
of total employment, but not for levels of gross employment job gains and 
gross job losses.

   Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing 
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters.  This provides a symmetric growth rate.  The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals.  These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can.  For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.

Linkage methodology

   Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters.  The linkage process matches esta-
blishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID).  Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID.  The rest are linked in one of three ways.  The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters.  Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used.  This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-
IDs as continuous.  The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number.  Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.

   In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with 
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership 
classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle.  Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year.  Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first 
quarter.   

                                  - 12 -

Sizing methodology
   
   The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size-
class data series.  Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred.  For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
   
   Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms' sizes over time.  Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools.  The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each 
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from 
quarter to quarter.  These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as 
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize.  For example, the large 
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that 
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine 
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined.  However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the 
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable 
change.  The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.

   The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract-
ing units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses.  Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments.  Additionally, establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates.  Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA.  Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are cal-
culated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including
the unclassified sector, which is not published separately.
   
   The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting 
units for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are seasonally
adjusted at the total private level only.  The sum of the state series for
opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be
equal to the national total private series because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of these series.
   
   The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series 
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program.  The intended use 
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie 
the net employment change statistic.  As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying 
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
   
Reliability of the data
   
   Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling 
error.  Nonsampling error, however, still exists.  Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment 
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses 
when providing information.  Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
   
   Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the 
linkage process.  This can result in overstating openings and closings while 
understating expansions and contractions.  The BLS continues to refine methods 
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
   
   The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.

                                  - 13 -

Additional statistics and other information
   
   Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.  
The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly 
and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. 
News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon 
request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover, 
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; 
telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
                                     
   The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, 
and earnings by detailed industry.  These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
                                     
   The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.

   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request.  Voice phone:  202-691-5200; TDD message referral 
number: 1-800-877-8339.
 
 

     
 
Table 1.  Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

                                                  Gross job gains                       Gross job losses
Year  3 months ended       Net      Total    Expanding      Opening      Total     Contracting      Closing
                         change (1)        establishments establishments         establishments  establishments

1992  September ........   599      7,329       5,688         1,641       6,730       5,308           1,422
      December .........   123      6,986       5,452         1,534       6,863       5,484           1,379
  
1993  March ............   288      7,117       5,404         1,713       6,829       5,364           1,465
      June .............   734      7,275       5,782         1,493       6,541       5,155           1,386
      September ........   965      7,539       5,926         1,613       6,574       5,265           1,309
      December .........   603      7,375       5,822         1,553       6,772       5,411           1,361
  
1994  March ............   559      7,381       5,800         1,581       6,822       5,401           1,421
      June .............   905      7,709       6,041         1,668       6,804       5,315           1,489
      September ........ 1,288      8,002       6,277         1,725       6,714       5,426           1,288
      December .........   460      7,535       5,978         1,557       7,075       5,642           1,433
  
1995  March ............   758      7,787       6,124         1,663       7,029       5,652           1,377
      June .............   358      7,666       6,006         1,660       7,308       5,840           1,468
      September ........   845      7,983       6,341         1,642       7,138       5,645           1,493
      December .........   378      7,830       6,140         1,690       7,452       5,929           1,523
  
1996  March ............   457      7,933       6,179         1,754       7,476       5,967           1,509
      June .............   631      8,051       6,282         1,769       7,420       5,903           1,517
      September ........   704      8,177       6,373         1,804       7,473       5,942           1,531
      December .........   816      8,206       6,396         1,810       7,390       5,875           1,515
  
1997  March ............   784      8,214       6,407         1,807       7,430       5,886           1,544
      June .............   584      8,055       6,330         1,725       7,471       5,931           1,540
      September ........   901      8,515       6,718         1,797       7,614       5,927           1,687
      December .........   708      8,617       6,697         1,920       7,909       6,024           1,885
  
1998  March ............   711      8,648       6,599         2,049       7,937       6,077           1,860
      June .............   610      8,629       6,552         2,077       8,019       6,224           1,795
      September ........   742      8,508       6,607         1,901       7,766       6,093           1,673
      December .........   768      8,475       6,737         1,738       7,707       6,025           1,682
  
1999  March ............   353      8,585       6,626         1,959       8,232       6,395           1,837
      June .............   644      8,539       6,661         1,878       7,895       6,210           1,685
      September ........   588      8,571       6,734         1,837       7,983       6,250           1,733
      December ......... 1,005      8,749       6,956         1,793       7,744       6,076           1,668
  
2000  March ............   789      8,792       6,924         1,868       8,003       6,341           1,662
      June .............   492      8,499       6,814         1,685       8,007       6,387           1,620
      September ........   296      8,506       6,728         1,778       8,210       6,483           1,727
      December .........   295      8,400       6,702         1,698       8,105       6,433           1,672
  
2001  March ............  -156      8,436       6,694         1,742       8,592       6,717           1,875
      June .............  -792      8,009       6,319         1,690       8,801       7,050           1,751
      September ........-1,184      7,608       5,917         1,691       8,792       6,991           1,801
      December .........  -960      7,591       5,932         1,659       8,551       6,858           1,693
  
2002  March ............   -39      8,049       6,259         1,790       8,088       6,424           1,664
      June .............   -38      7,890       6,164         1,726       7,928       6,290           1,638
      September ........  -171      7,608       6,015         1,593       7,779       6,248           1,531
      December .........  -198      7,522       5,960         1,562       7,720       6,171           1,549
  
2003  March ............  -420      7,423       5,901         1,522       7,843       6,306           1,537
      June .............   -96      7,415       5,944         1,471       7,511       6,040           1,471
      September ........   180      7,369       5,898         1,471       7,189       5,828           1,361
      December .........   332      7,560       6,027         1,533       7,228       5,792           1,436
  
2004  March ............   439      7,669       6,174         1,495       7,230       5,796           1,434
      June .............   636      7,771       6,251         1,520       7,135       5,651           1,484
      September ........   182      7,612       6,036         1,576       7,430       5,889           1,541
      December .........   797      7,883       6,268         1,615       7,086       5,655           1,431
  
2005  March ............   352      7,578       6,107         1,471       7,226       5,800           1,426
      June .............   590      7,796       6,248         1,548       7,206       5,789           1,417
      September ........   651      7,943       6,362         1,581       7,292       5,846           1,446
      December .........   539      7,846       6,278         1,568       7,307       5,936           1,371
  
2006  March ............   774      7,679       6,261         1,418       6,905       5,633           1,272
      June .............   416      7,811       6,292         1,519       7,395       6,015           1,380
      September ........    11      7,473       6,032         1,441       7,462       6,110           1,352
      December .........   512      7,809       6,271         1,538       7,297       5,943           1,354
  
2007  March ............   438      7,509       6,158         1,351       7,071       5,796           1,275

   1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.





Table 2.  Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment, (1) seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

                                                  Gross job gains                       Gross job losses
Year  3 months ended       Net       Total    Expanding       Opening      Total     Contracting      Closing
                         change (2)        establishments  establishments          establishments  establishments

1992  September ........   0.7        8.2         6.4           1.8         7.5         5.9             1.6
      December .........    .2        7.8         6.1           1.7         7.6         6.1             1.5
  
1993  March ............    .3        7.9         6.0           1.9         7.6         6.0             1.6
      June .............    .8        8.0         6.4           1.6         7.2         5.7             1.5
      September ........   1.1        8.3         6.5           1.8         7.2         5.8             1.4
      December .........    .6        8.0         6.3           1.7         7.4         5.9             1.5
  
1994  March ............    .7        8.0         6.3           1.7         7.3         5.8             1.5
      June .............   1.0        8.3         6.5           1.8         7.3         5.7             1.6
      September ........   1.3        8.4         6.6           1.8         7.1         5.7             1.4
      December .........    .5        7.9         6.3           1.6         7.4         5.9             1.5
  
1995  March ............    .8        8.1         6.4           1.7         7.3         5.9             1.4
      June .............    .3        7.9         6.2           1.7         7.6         6.1             1.5
      September ........    .9        8.2         6.5           1.7         7.3         5.8             1.5
      December .........    .3        8.0         6.3           1.7         7.7         6.1             1.6
  
1996  March ............    .5        8.1         6.3           1.8         7.6         6.1             1.5
      June .............    .7        8.2         6.4           1.8         7.5         6.0             1.5
      September ........    .7        8.2         6.4           1.8         7.5         6.0             1.5
      December .........    .8        8.2         6.4           1.8         7.4         5.9             1.5
  
1997  March ............    .9        8.2         6.4           1.8         7.3         5.8             1.5
      June .............    .6        7.9         6.2           1.7         7.3         5.8             1.5
      September ........   1.0        8.4         6.6           1.8         7.4         5.8             1.6
      December .........    .8        8.4         6.5           1.9         7.6         5.8             1.8
  
1998  March ............    .7        8.4         6.4           2.0         7.7         5.9             1.8
      June .............    .6        8.3         6.3           2.0         7.7         6.0             1.7
      September ........    .7        8.1         6.3           1.8         7.4         5.8             1.6
      December .........    .7        8.0         6.4           1.6         7.3         5.7             1.6
  
1999  March ............    .3        8.0         6.2           1.8         7.7         6.0             1.7
      June .............    .6        8.0         6.2           1.8         7.4         5.8             1.6
      September ........    .6        8.0         6.3           1.7         7.4         5.8             1.6
      December .........   1.0        8.1         6.4           1.7         7.1         5.6             1.5
  
2000  March ............    .7        8.0         6.3           1.7         7.3         5.8             1.5
      June .............    .4        7.7         6.2           1.5         7.3         5.8             1.5
      September ........    .2        7.7         6.1           1.6         7.5         5.9             1.6
      December .........    .3        7.6         6.1           1.5         7.3         5.8             1.5
  
2001  March ............   -.1        7.7         6.1           1.6         7.8         6.1             1.7
      June .............   -.8        7.2         5.7           1.5         8.0         6.4             1.6
      September ........  -1.2        6.9         5.4           1.5         8.1         6.4             1.7
      December .........   -.9        7.0         5.5           1.5         7.9         6.3             1.6
  
2002  March ............    .0        7.5         5.8           1.7         7.5         6.0             1.5
      June .............    .0        7.3         5.7           1.6         7.3         5.8             1.5
      September ........   -.1        7.1         5.6           1.5         7.2         5.8             1.4
      December .........    .0        7.1         5.6           1.5         7.1         5.7             1.4
  
2003  March ............   -.4        6.9         5.5           1.4         7.3         5.9             1.4
      June .............   -.1        7.0         5.6           1.4         7.1         5.7             1.4
      September ........    .1        6.9         5.5           1.4         6.8         5.5             1.3
      December .........    .3        7.0         5.6           1.4         6.7         5.4             1.3
  
2004  March ............    .4        7.1         5.7           1.4         6.7         5.4             1.3
      June .............    .6        7.2         5.8           1.4         6.6         5.2             1.4
      September ........    .3        7.1         5.6           1.5         6.8         5.4             1.4
      December .........    .8        7.3         5.8           1.5         6.5         5.2             1.3
  
2005  March ............    .3        6.9         5.6           1.3         6.6         5.3             1.3
      June .............    .5        7.1         5.7           1.4         6.6         5.3             1.3
      September ........    .6        7.2         5.8           1.4         6.6         5.3             1.3
      December .........    .6        7.1         5.7           1.4         6.5         5.3             1.2
  
2006  March ............    .8        6.9         5.6           1.3         6.1         5.0             1.1
      June .............    .4        6.9         5.6           1.3         6.5         5.3             1.2
      September ........    .1        6.7         5.4           1.3         6.6         5.4             1.2
      December .........    .5        7.0         5.6           1.4         6.5         5.3             1.2
  
2007  March ............    .4        6.6         5.4           1.2         6.2         5.1             1.1

   1 The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and
current employment.
   2 See footnote 1, table 1.





Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

                                                   Gross job gains and losses                  Gross job gains and losses
                                                        (in thousands)                         as a percent of employment

      Category                                          3 months ended                             3 months ended

                                            Mar.     June     Sept.    Dec.     Mar.    Mar.    June     Sept.   Dec.    Mar.
                                            2006     2006     2006     2006     2007    2006    2006     2006    2006    2007
Total private (1)

Gross job gains........................... 7,679    7,811    7,473    7,809    7,509     6.9     6.9      6.7     7.0     6.6
      At expanding establishments......... 6,261    6,292    6,032    6,271    6,158     5.6     5.6      5.4     5.6     5.4
      At opening establishments........... 1,418    1,519    1,441    1,538    1,351     1.3     1.3      1.3     1.4     1.2
Gross job losses.......................... 6,905    7,395    7,462    7,297    7,071     6.1     6.5      6.6     6.5     6.2
      At contracting establishments....... 5,633    6,015    6,110    5,943    5,796     5.0     5.3      5.4     5.3     5.1
      At closing establishments........... 1,272    1,380    1,352    1,354    1,275     1.1     1.2      1.2     1.2     1.1
Net Change................................   774      416       11      512      438      .8      .4       .1      .5      .4

Goods-producing

Gross job gains........................... 1,737    1,692    1,572    1,636    1,629     7.3     7.2      6.6     7.0     6.9
      At expanding establishments......... 1,469    1,438    1,329    1,381    1,398     6.2     6.1      5.6     5.9     5.9
      At opening establishments...........   268      254      243      255      231     1.1     1.1      1.0     1.1     1.0
Gross job losses.......................... 1,572    1,667    1,739    1,719    1,682     6.7     7.1      7.4     7.3     7.1
      At contracting establishments....... 1,320    1,390    1,463    1,452    1,421     5.6     5.9      6.2     6.2     6.0
      At closing establishments...........   252      277      276      267      261     1.1     1.2      1.2     1.1     1.1
Net Change................................   165       25     -167      -83      -53      .6      .1      -.8     -.3     -.2

Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains...........................   283      293      269      287      279    16.0    16.5     15.1    15.9    15.3
      At expanding establishments.........   241      250      230      245      241    13.6    14.1     12.9    13.6    13.2
      At opening establishments...........    42       43       39       42       38     2.4     2.4      2.2     2.3     2.1
Gross job losses..........................   277      268      263      266      287    15.6    15.1     14.8    14.7    15.6
      At contracting establishments.......   236      229      223      230      248    13.3    12.9     12.5    12.7    13.5
      At closing establishments...........    41       39       40       36       39     2.3     2.2      2.3     2.0     2.1
Net Change................................     6       25        6       21       -8      .4     1.4       .3     1.2     -.3

Construction

Gross job gains...........................   924      838      791      825      850    12.1    10.9     10.3    10.8    11.1
      At expanding establishments.........   746      679      636      663      699     9.8     8.8      8.3     8.7     9.1
      At opening establishments...........   178      159      155      162      151     2.3     2.1      2.0     2.1     2.0
Gross job losses..........................   757      841      868      845      816     9.9    10.9     11.4    11.1    10.6
      At contracting establishments.......   605      676      702      683      655     7.9     8.8      9.2     9.0     8.5
      At closing establishments...........   152      165      166      162      161     2.0     2.1      2.2     2.1     2.1
Net Change................................   167       -3      -77      -20       34     2.2      .0     -1.1     -.3      .5

Manufacturing

Gross job gains...........................   530      561      512      524      500     3.7     4.0      3.6     3.8     3.6
      At expanding establishments.........   482      509      463      473      458     3.4     3.6      3.3     3.4     3.3
      At opening establishments...........    48       52       49       51       42      .3      .4       .3      .4      .3
Gross job losses..........................   538      558      608      608      579     3.8     3.9      4.3     4.3     4.1
      At contracting establishments.......   479      485      538      539      518     3.4     3.4      3.8     3.8     3.7
      At closing establishments...........    59       73       70       69       61      .4      .5       .5      .5      .4
Net Change................................    -8        3      -96      -84      -79     -.1      .1      -.7     -.5     -.5

Service-providing (1)

Gross job gains........................... 5,942    6,119    5,901    6,173    5,880     6.7     6.9      6.6     6.9     6.5
      At expanding establishments......... 4,792    4,854    4,703    4,890    4,760     5.4     5.5      5.3     5.5     5.3
      At opening establishments........... 1,150    1,265    1,198    1,283    1,120     1.3     1.4      1.3     1.4     1.2
Gross job losses.......................... 5,333    5,728    5,723    5,578    5,389     6.1     6.4      6.4     6.2     6.0
      At contracting establishments....... 4,313    4,625    4,647    4,491    4,375     4.9     5.2      5.2     5.0     4.9
      At closing establishments........... 1,020    1,103    1,076    1,087    1,014     1.2     1.2      1.2     1.2     1.1
Net Change................................   609      391      178      595      491      .6      .5       .2      .7      .5

Wholesale trade

Gross job gains...........................   315      332      311      322      314     5.4     5.7      5.3     5.4     5.3
      At expanding establishments.........   261      270      253      262      256     4.5     4.6      4.3     4.4     4.3
      At opening establishments...........    54       62       58       60       58      .9     1.1      1.0     1.0     1.0
Gross job losses..........................   290      292      305      303      296     4.9     4.9      5.1     5.1     5.0
      At contracting establishments.......   224      226      238      236      230     3.8     3.8      4.0     4.0     3.9
      At closing establishments...........    66       66       67       67       66     1.1     1.1      1.1     1.1     1.1
Net Change................................    25       40        6       19       18      .5      .8       .2      .3      .3

Retail trade

Gross job gains........................... 1,056    1,062    1,030    1,081    1,087     6.8     6.9      6.7     7.0     7.0
      At expanding establishments.........   901      876      850      898      941     5.8     5.7      5.5     5.8     6.1
      At opening establishments...........   155      186      180      183      146     1.0     1.2      1.2     1.2      .9
Gross job losses..........................   986    1,100    1,085    1,004      971     6.3     7.1      7.0     6.5     6.2
      At contracting establishments.......   840      942      923      857      827     5.4     6.1      6.0     5.5     5.3
      At closing establishments...........   146      158      162      147      144      .9     1.0      1.0     1.0      .9
Net Change................................    70      -38      -55       77      116      .5     -.2      -.3      .5      .8

Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains...........................   240      247      241     269      224      5.8     5.8      5.7     6.3     5.2
      At expanding establishments.........   204      207      207     231      192      4.9     4.9      4.9     5.4     4.5
      At opening establishments...........    36       40       34      38       32       .9      .9       .8      .9      .7
Gross job losses..........................   230      232      224     225      245      5.4     5.5      5.3     5.2     5.7
      At contracting establishments.......   195      191      186     185      211      4.6     4.5      4.4     4.3     4.9
      At closing establishments...........    35       41       38      40       34       .8     1.0       .9      .9      .8
Net Change................................    10       15       17      44      -21       .4      .3       .4     1.1     -.5

Utilities

Gross job gains...........................    11       15       15      19       11      2.0     2.8      2.8     3.5     2.0
      At expanding establishments.........    10       13       14      13       10      1.8     2.4      2.6     2.4     1.8
      At opening establishments...........     1        2        1       6        1       .2      .4       .2     1.1      .2
Gross job losses..........................    11       13       15      18       11      2.0     2.4      2.8     3.3     2.0
      At contracting establishments.......     9       11       13      13       10      1.6     2.0      2.4     2.4     1.8
     At closing establishments............     2        2        2       5        1       .4      .4       .4      .9      .2
Net Change................................     0        2        0       1        0       .0      .4       .0      .2      .0

Information

Gross job gains...........................   143      150      148     167      138      4.7     5.0      4.8     5.5     4.6
      At expanding establishments.........   122      124      123     138      118      4.0     4.1      4.0     4.5     3.9
      At opening establishments...........    21       26       25      29       20       .7      .9       .8     1.0      .7
Gross job losses..........................   149      144      171     146      132      4.9     4.7      5.6     4.7     4.4
      At contracting establishments.......   121      116      142     114      108      4.0     3.8      4.7     3.7     3.6
      At closing establishments...........    28       28       29      32       24       .9      .9       .9     1.0      .8
Net Change................................    -6        6      -23      21        6      -.2      .3      -.8      .8      .2

Financial activities

Gross job gains...........................   429      457      446     457      421     5.3      5.6      5.5     5.5     5.1
      At expanding establishments.........   342      353      350     347      335     4.2      4.3      4.3     4.2     4.1
      At opening establishments...........    87      104       96     110       86     1.1      1.3      1.2     1.3     1.0
Gross job losses..........................   419      442      445     444      418     5.2      5.4      5.4     5.4     5.1
      At contracting establishments.......   324      342      343     338      320     4.0      4.2      4.2     4.1     3.9
      At closing establishments...........    95      100      102     106       98     1.2      1.2      1.2     1.3     1.2
Net Change................................    10       15        1      13        3      .1       .2       .1      .1      .0

Professional and business services

Gross job gains........................... 1,329    1,438    1,335   1,427    1,276     7.7      8.3      7.6     8.1     7.2
      At expanding establishments......... 1,088    1,164    1,093   1,149    1,064     6.3      6.7      6.2     6.5     6.0
      At opening establishments...........   241      274      242     278      212     1.4      1.6      1.4     1.6     1.2
Gross job losses.......................... 1,202    1,287    1,279   1,313    1,242     6.9      7.3      7.3     7.4     7.0
      At contracting establishments.......   969    1,006    1,029   1,057      996     5.6      5.7      5.9     6.0     5.6
      At closing establishments...........   233      281      250     256      246     1.3      1.6      1.4     1.4     1.4
Net Change................................   127      151      56      114       34      .8      1.0       .3      .7      .2

Education and health services

Gross job gains...........................   791      787      784     795      799     4.7      4.7      4.6     4.7     4.6
      At expanding establishments.........   670      659      665     666      678     4.0      3.9      3.9     3.9     3.9
      At opening establishments...........   121      128      119     129      121      .7       .8       .7      .8      .7
Gross job losses..........................   662      713      674     692      655     3.9      4.2      4.0     4.1     3.8
      At contracting establishments.......   544      595      561     558      540     3.2      3.5      3.3     3.3     3.1
      At closing establishments...........   118      118      113     134      115      .7       .7       .7      .8      .7
Net Change................................   129       74      110     103      144      .8       .5       .6      .6      .8

Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains........................... 1,226    1,210    1,180   1,223    1,165     9.4      9.3      9.1     9.3     8.8
      At expanding establishments.........   938      925      896     932      903     7.2      7.1      6.9     7.1     6.8
      At opening establishments...........   288      285      284     291      262     2.2      2.2      2.2     2.2     2.0
Gross job losses.......................... 1,064    1,182    1,184   1,105    1,096     8.2      9.0      9.0     8.4     8.3
      At contracting establishments.......   855      958      959     892      902     6.6      7.3      7.3     6.8     6.8
      At closing establishments...........   209      224      225     213      194     1.6      1.7      1.7     1.6     1.5
Net Change................................   162       28       -4     118       69     1.2       .3       .1      .9      .5

Other services

Gross job gains...........................   298      313      295     299      292     7.8      8.1      7.7     7.8     7.6
      At expanding establishments.........   240      248      235     238      239     6.3      6.4      6.1     6.2     6.2
      At opening establishments...........    58       65       60      61       53     1.5      1.7      1.6     1.6     1.4
Gross job losses..........................   283      287      305     291      278     7.4      7.4      7.9     7.5     7.2
      At contracting establishments.......   220      225      240     228      217     5.8      5.8      6.2     5.9     5.6
      At closing establishments...........    63       62       65      63       61     1.6      1.6      1.7     1.6     1.6
Net Change................................    15       26      -10       8       14      .4       .7      -.2      .3      .4

   1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.





Table 4.  Private sector Percentage share (1) of gross job gains and losses ,seasonally adjusted

(Percent)
                                                       3 months ended

                             March        June         Sept.       Dec.            March
                             2006         2006         2006        2006            2007

Total Private
Gross job gains   	     100.0	  100.0	       100.0	    100.0	   100.0
   Expanding firms           100.0	  100.0	       100.0	    100.0	   100.0
   Opening firms             100.0	  100.0	       100.0	    100.0	   100.0
Gross job losses      	     100.0	  100.0	       100.0	    100.0	   100.0
   Contracting firms         100.0	  100.0	       100.0	    100.0	   100.0
   Closing firms	     100.0	  100.0	       100.0	    100.0	   100.0

Firm size 1 - 4 employees
Gross job gains               15.9    	   15.2    	15.6   	     15.8    	    15.7
   Expanding firms             7.4     	    7.2          7.5          7.2   	     7.4
   Opening firms              58.8    	   57.0    	58.6   	     60.6   	    60.4
Gross job losses              16.9    	   15.9    	15.8   	     15.9   	    16.7
   Contracting firms           8.4    	    8.0          7.8   	      8.0   	     8.2
   Closing firms              59.6   	   58.2    	58.8   	     58.5   	    60.6
  
Firm size 5 - 9 employees
Gross job gains               12.3    	   11.9         12.1         11.6      	    12.3
   Expanding firms            11.5    	   11.1         11.3         10.8  	    11.5
   Opening firms              16.8    	   16.6         16.6         15.8           16.6
Gross job losses              12.9    	   12.5         12.2         12.4           12.6
   Contracting firms          12.3    	   11.8         11.5         11.7           11.9
   Closing firms              16.1    	   16.3         16.0         16.1           15.9
  
Firm size 10 - 19 employees
Gross job gains               12.6         12.3         12.3         11.7           12.5
   Expanding firms            12.9         12.4         12.5         12.0           12.8
   Opening firms              11.1         11.4         11.0         10.3           10.8
Gross job losses              12.9         12.6         12.4         12.4           12.5
   Contracting firms          13.4         13.0         12.7         12.8           12.9
   Closing firms              10.6         10.7         10.6         10.6           10.3
  
Firm size 20 - 49 employees
Gross job gains               14.9    	   14.6         14.4         13.8           14.6
   Expanding firms            16.2    	   15.8         15.6         14.9           15.9
   Opening firms               7.9          8.6          8.3          7.9            7.7
Gross job losses              14.4         14.4         14.5         14.4           14.4
   Contracting firms          15.7         15.6         15.7         15.6           15.7
   Closing firms               7.9          8.3          8.1          8.0            7.5
  
Firm size 50 - 99 employees
Gross job gains                9.2          9.1          9.1          8.7            9.0
   Expanding firms            10.5         10.3         10.2          9.8           10.2
   Opening firms               2.7          3.2          3.1          3.0            2.5
Gross job losses               8.7          8.9          8.9          8.9            8.8
   Contracting firms           9.8          9.9          9.9         10.0           10.0
   Closing firms               3.0          3.3          3.1          3.1            2.9
  
Firm size 100 - 249 employees
Gross job gains                9.7          9.8          9.3          9.2     	     9.4
   Expanding firms            11.3         11.3         10.8         10.6           11.0
   Opening firms               1.4          1.7          1.5          1.5            1.0
Gross job losses               8.8          9.1          9.3          9.3            9.0
   Contracting firms          10.2         10.4         10.7         10.6           10.5
   Closing firms               1.8          2.1          2.0          1.9            1.7
  
Firm size 250 - 499 employees
Gross job gains                5.7          5.9          5.8          5.5            5.5
   Expanding firms             6.7          6.9          6.8          6.4            6.4
   Opening firms                .5           .4           .4           .5             .3
Gross job losses               5.1          5.4          5.5          5.8            5.3
   Contracting firms           6.0          6.2          6.4          6.8            6.3
   Closing firms                .6           .7           .7           .6             .5
  
Firm size 500 - 999 employees
Gross job gains                4.5          4.8          4.6          4.5            4.5
   Expanding firms             5.4          5.6          5.4          5.4            5.3
   Opening firms                .3           .2           .4           .2             .2
Gross job losses               4.0          4.4          4.5          4.6            4.1
   Contracting firms           4.7          5.2          5.3          5.3            4.8
   Closing firms                .2           .3           .2           .4             .3
  
Firm size 1000 or more employees
Gross job gains               15.2         16.4         16.8         19.2           16.5
   Expanding firms            18.1         19.4         19.9         22.9           19.5
   Opening firms                .5           .9           .1           .2             .5
Gross job losses              16.3         16.8         16.9         16.3           16.6
   Contracting firms          19.5         19.9         20.0         19.2           19.7
   Closing firms                .2           .1           .5           .8             .3
  
1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.





Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

                                          Gross job gains                                         Gross job losses
State                                    (3 months ended)                                         (3 months ended)
                         March        June       Sept.       Dec.       March      March       June        Sept.      Dec.       March
                         2006         2006       2006        2006       2007       2006        2006        2006       2006       2007

United States (1)..... 7,679,000    7,811,000  7,473,000   7,809,000  7,509,000  6,905,000   7,395,000   7,462,000  7,297,000  7,071,000

Alabama...............   103,596      100,840    100,446     106,892    112,765     93,285     100,349     103,700    104,477     89,364
Alaska................    26,202       28,861     22,123      25,702     24,244     22,112      23,040      26,742     26,432     22,400
Arizona...............   172,977      170,647    174,546     161,693    156,804    128,109     154,963     152,200    165,067    153,133
Arkansas..............    63,662       59,654     58,160      62,275     60,704     53,032      60,404      63,784     58,778     52,796
California............   935,087      955,811    910,172     982,478    947,540    914,176     926,329     927,374    907,888    912,613
Colorado..............   137,903      149,241    142,546     150,220    146,688    127,514     132,280     142,570    138,889    131,774
Connecticut...........    79,072       87,841     81,794      85,126     75,957     75,076      80,456      82,496     77,497     81,107
Delaware..............    25,605       28,310     23,470      26,159     29,733     24,123      26,663      27,718     23,392     28,414
District of Columbia..    25,795       29,069     27,044      25,599     28,423     23,511      26,424      25,381     26,443     23,213
Florida...............   487,572      526,449    508,541     501,285    464,050    413,474     495,061     493,363    522,827    451,580

Georgia...............   252,674      257,404    247,388     263,872    249,091    222,660     233,395     251,362    252,232    227,479
Hawaii................    27,726       29,136     28,211      27,446     27,483     25,165      24,918      26,129     26,250     26,630
Idaho.................    47,870       46,245     45,061      47,395     48,396     38,960      42,628      41,378     40,019     40,735
Illinois..............   282,837      306,757    278,177     293,431    281,177    265,446     263,652     288,515    281,099    268,855
Indiana...............   153,735      149,946    148,107     153,325    145,342    139,656     151,845     154,760    148,985    140,603
Iowa..................    78,930       79,031     75,093      79,518     72,577     70,936      73,192      74,910     73,886     73,448
Kansas................    70,596       72,012     78,985      85,024     78,808     62,938      72,548      74,864     68,067     67,661
Kentucky..............   100,762       88,851     92,740     106,958    101,623     83,028      94,323      96,675     90,552     95,549
Louisiana.............   151,997      123,125    120,127     123,095    121,990    108,712     112,380     108,558    104,159     99,462
Maine.................    35,790       40,612     35,951      40,832     37,283     37,017      37,701      39,975     37,567     37,189

Maryland..............   142,555      136,710    131,708     136,491    130,873    124,678     136,422     136,408    130,083    125,994
Massachusetts.........   158,389      181,498    167,647     166,346    154,124    157,177     158,219     169,849    163,458    157,024
Michigan..............   217,382      246,077    226,583     229,109    216,604    240,704     237,059     255,227    261,024    234,035
Minnesota.............   150,980      155,378    138,439     146,430    140,915    139,748     150,512     165,270    147,210    133,393
Mississippi...........    69,320       63,581     68,823      67,302     60,198     57,864      66,289      62,884     58,428     62,486
Missouri..............   147,042      150,269    137,786     151,637    148,426    133,236     143,796     142,506    144,042    133,861
Montana...............    32,383       30,383     27,503      32,922     32,066     26,344      27,899      29,606     26,893     26,215
Nebraska..............    45,650       45,693     47,050      47,973     44,773     40,465      45,424      44,754     45,236     41,131
Nevada................    83,071       79,576     73,442      80,115     79,439     65,159      72,527      76,814     77,068     70,468
New Hampshire.........    39,074       41,230     37,381      39,715     36,043     36,571      39,132      40,708     37,503     37,188

New Jersey............   220,345      238,571    217,626     226,397    200,823    201,996     228,241     230,836    221,251    216,208
New Mexico............    50,814       56,728     46,361      49,483     45,658     40,539      46,459      46,285     45,992     39,391
New York..............   453,399      497,341    451,199     491,296    439,880    450,140     450,660     454,776    436,426    450,887
North Carolina........   230,967      230,531    228,819     271,718    238,694    195,552     216,862     222,867    209,905    203,669
North Dakota..........    21,355       19,942     19,561      19,077     19,613     17,434      19,436      17,615     18,029     17,877
Ohio..................   276,942      280,652    266,494     273,486    259,261    268,183     279,071     286,805    285,789    260,711
Oklahoma..............    86,999       86,252     85,999      87,109     85,616     72,308      86,973      80,220     80,850     73,657
Oregon................   107,378      103,093    103,167     107,374    104,745     95,893      97,275      94,670     97,684     96,037
Pennsylvania..........   294,436      292,189    281,640     286,900    282,273    266,079     277,751     278,525    278,568    266,506
Rhode Island..........    25,198       29,960     28,749      28,621     25,073     25,959      25,774      28,340     28,374     27,137

South Carolina........   112,697      112,410    124,764     109,561    113,532     97,125     110,062     103,809     97,192     98,842
South Dakota..........    22,210       21,897     21,559      22,548     21,003     20,193      19,443      20,198     19,873     19,153
Tennessee.............   146,716      149,007    143,225     156,388    148,938    127,034     152,368     143,136    157,013    144,012
Texas.................   556,703      555,610    545,573     566,668    542,825    451,599     508,951     480,295    476,908    461,745
Utah..................    83,821       78,264     77,218      79,960     80,804     63,988      65,772      68,620     64,989     62,978
Vermont...............    17,022       19,375     16,515      18,861     16,966     18,312      17,694      18,832     18,099     18,899
Virginia..............   194,262      196,604    181,450     193,009    192,908    168,421     193,525     196,437    181,525    174,760
Washington............   177,761      187,676    176,707     184,842    190,639    158,900     161,486     170,405    166,948    154,634
West Virginia.........    43,348       38,485     37,841      40,697     38,687     35,457      39,828      40,489     36,849     37,621
Wisconsin.............   142,738      151,415    143,515     146,759    144,613    135,231     143,378     146,137    143,350    141,179

Wyoming...............    23,117       19,438     20,984      22,692     22,362     16,596      18,839      19,491     16,482     18,199
Puerto Rico...........    48,421       46,809     50,294      56,039     43,159     54,363      55,110      56,054     47,988     55,059
Virgin Islands........     2,492        2,243      2,727       2,358      2,091      1,899       2,287       2,766      1,980      2,501

   1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
   NOTE:  Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.





Table 6.  Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally
adjusted

                     Gross job gains as a percent of employment    Gross job losses as a percent of employment
      State                       (3 months ended)                               (3 months ended)

                       March    June    Sept.    Dec.    March      March     June       Sept.    Dec.   March
                       2006     2006    2006     2006     2007       2006     2006       2006     2006    2007

United States (1).....  6.9      6.9     6.7      7.0      6.6        6.1      6.5        6.6      6.5     6.2
 
Alabama...............  6.6      6.4     6.4      6.8      7.1        5.9      6.3        6.6      6.7     5.7
Alaska................ 11.5     12.3     9.4     11.0     10.3        9.7      9.9        1.5     11.4     9.5
Arizona...............  7.9      7.7     7.8      7.2      7.0        5.8      6.9        6.7      7.3     6.8
Arkansas..............  6.5      6.1     5.9      6.4      6.2        5.5      6.1        6.6      6.0     5.4
California............  7.2      7.4     7.1      7.6      7.3        7.1      7.1        7.2      7.0     7.0
Colorado..............  7.3      7.9     7.5      7.9      7.6        6.8      7.0        7.5      7.3     6.8
Connecticut...........  5.6      6.2     5.7      6.0      5.3        5.3      5.6        5.8      5.4     5.7
Delaware..............  7.0      7.7     6.5      7.2      8.1        6.6      7.3        7.6      6.4     7.7
District of Columbia..  5.9      6.7     6.2      5.9      6.4        5.4      6.1        5.8      6.0     5.2
Florida...............  7.2      7.7     7.4      7.3      6.7        6.0      7.2        7.1      7.5     6.6

Georgia...............  7.5      7.6     7.3      7.8      7.3        6.7      7.0        7.4      7.4     6.7
Hawaii................  5.6      5.8     5.6      5.4      5.5        5.1      4.9        5.1      5.2     5.2
Idaho.................  9.1      8.7     8.5      8.7      8.8        7.5      8.0        7.7      7.4     7.4
Illinois..............  5.7      6.1     5.5      5.8      5.5        5.3      5.2        5.8      5.6     5.4
Indiana...............  6.2      5.9     5.9      6.1      5.8        5.6      6.0        6.2      6.0     5.6
Iowa..................  6.4      6.4     6.1      6.4      5.8        5.7      6.0        6.1      5.9     5.9
Kansas................  6.6      6.7     7.3      7.8      7.1        5.8      6.7        6.9      6.2     6.1
Kentucky..............  6.8      6.0     6.3      7.2      6.8        5.6      6.3        6.6      6.1     6.4
Louisiana............. 10.5      8.4     8.1      8.2      8.0        7.6      7.7        7.4      7.0     6.5
Maine.................  7.2      8.1     7.2      8.2      7.4        7.5      7.5        8.1      7.5     7.4

Maryland..............  6.9      6.6     6.3      6.6      6.3        6.0      6.6        6.5      6.3     6.1
Massachusetts.........  5.7      6.6     6.1      6.0      5.6        5.7      5.7        6.1      5.8     5.6
Michigan..............  6.0      6.7     6.2      6.4      6.1        6.6      6.5        7.0      7.2     6.5
Minnesota.............  6.6      6.7     6.1      6.4      6.1        6.0      6.6        7.2      6.4     5.8
Mississippi...........  7.9      7.1     7.7      7.5      6.7        6.5      7.4        7.0      6.5     7.0
Missouri..............  6.5      6.7     6.1      6.6      6.5        5.9      6.4        6.3      6.3     5.8
Montana...............  9.4      8.7     7.9      9.4      9.0        7.7      8.1        8.5      7.7     7.4
Nebraska..............  6.1      6.1     6.3      6.4      6.0        5.4      6.0        6.0      6.0     5.4
Nevada................  7.5      7.1     6.5      7.1      6.9        5.8      6.5        6.8      6.8     6.2
New Hampshire.........  7.3      7.6     6.9      7.3      6.6        6.7      7.2        7.5      6.9     6.8

New Jersey............  6.6      7.1     6.5      6.8      6.0        6.0      6.8        6.9      6.6     6.4
New Mexico............  8.3      9.1     7.3      7.9      7.1        6.6      7.5        7.3      7.3     6.2
New York..............  6.5      7.1     6.5      7.0      6.2        6.4      6.4        6.5      6.2     6.3
North Carolina........  7.1      7.0     7.0      8.1      7.1        6.1      6.6        6.8      6.3     6.1
North Dakota..........  7.9      7.3     7.2      7.0      7.0        6.5      7.2        6.5      6.6     6.5
Ohio..................  6.0      6.1     5.8      6.0      5.7        5.8      6.1        6.2      6.3     5.7
Oklahoma..............  7.3      7.2     7.2      7.2      7.0        6.1      7.3        6.7      6.8     6.1
Oregon................  7.5      7.2     7.2      7.4      7.1        6.8      6.8        6.6      6.8     6.5
Pennsylvania..........  6.0      5.9     5.7      5.8      5.7        5.4      5.7        5.7      5.7     5.4
Rhode Island..........  6.0      7.2     6.9      6.8      5.9        6.2      6.2        6.8      6.7     6.4

South Carolina........  7.5      7.4     8.2      7.1      7.3        6.4      7.3        6.8      6.2     6.3
South Dakota..........  7.1      7.0     6.9      7.1      6.5        6.5      6.2        6.5      6.2     5.9
Tennessee.............  6.4      6.3     6.1      6.7      6.4        5.5      6.5        6.1      6.7     6.1
Texas.................  6.9      6.8     6.6      6.8      6.4        5.6      6.2        5.8      5.7     5.5
Utah..................  8.7      8.1     7.8      8.0      8.0        6.7      6.7        7.0      6.5     6.2
Vermont...............  6.8      7.7     6.6      7.6      6.8        7.3      7.0        7.5      7.3     7.6
Virginia..............  6.6      6.6     6.1      6.5      6.5        5.6      6.4        6.6      6.1     5.9
Washington............  7.8      8.1     7.6      7.9      8.0        6.9      7.0        7.4      7.1     6.5
West Virginia.........  7.7      6.8     6.7      7.2      6.8        6.3      7.0        7.1      6.5     6.6
WWisconsin............  6.0      6.4     6.0      6.2      6.0        5.7      6.0        6.1      6.0     5.9

Wyoming............... 11.3      9.4    10.1     10.7     10.2        8.1      9.1        9.4      7.8     8.4
Puerto Rico...........  6.4      6.2     6.7      7.5      5.8        7.2      7.3        7.5      6.4     7.4
Virgin Islands........  7.6      6.8     8.3      7.1      6.4        5.8      7.0        8.4      6.0     7.6

   NOTE:  Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.