Internet: http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm 

Historical, technical USDL 08-0382 

 information: (202) 691-5618 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EDT 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 THURSDAY, MARCH 20, 2008 

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 2006 

 Labor productivity – defined as output per hour – rose in 52 percent of the 

manufacturing industries studied in 2006, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. 

Department of Labor reported today. This proportion was much smaller than the 88 

percent that recorded productivity increases in the previous year. Output, the production 

of manufactured goods, rose in 56 percent of the industries in 2006 and hours fell in 57 

percent. Unit labor costs declined in 33 percent of the industries. 

 From 1987 to 2006, labor productivity increased in all but 1 of the 86 

manufacturing industries. Output rose in 78 percent of the industries and hours fell in 79 

percent. Unit labor costs fell in 24 percent of the industries during the period. 

 This report presents data for the manufacturing industries included in the attached 

tables. Productivity data for industries in other sectors have been published in separate 

releases and can be found on the BLS Labor Productivity and Costs web site at 

http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm. Beginning with this release, productivity and related 

indexes and rates of change are available on the web site for all industries for which BLS 

maintains productivity measures. Previously, data for NAICS 5- and 6-digit 

manufacturing and trade industries were available only upon request. 

2005-2006 change 

Labor productivity increased in 2006 in 13 of the 21 3-digit manufacturing 

industries. Chart 1 shows the range of productivity changes in these industries. Strong 

output growth and a slight drop in hours resulted in the largest productivity gain, 8.7 

percent, in computer and electronic products manufacturing (NAICS 334). In contrast, a 

drop in output combined with an increase in labor hours resulted in the largest 

productivity decline, 6.4 percent, in beverages and tobacco products manufacturing 

(NAICS 312). 
2

8.7

7.1

3.6

2.8

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.2

1.4

1.3

1.1

0.2

-0.5

-0.6

-0.8

-0.9

-1.5

-1.7

-5.4

-6.4

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Computer and electronic products

Leather and allied products

Miscellaneous manufacturing

Apparel

Chemicals

Machinery

Fabricated metal products

Furniture and related products

Paper and paper products

Wood products

Printing and related support activities

Transportation equipment

Plastic and rubber products

Electrical equipment and appliances

Nonmetalic mineral products

Petroleum and coal products

Primary metals

Textile mills

Food

Textile product mills

Beverages and tobacco products

 Percent change

Chart 1. Percent change in output per hour in 3-digit NAICS manufacturing industries, 2005-2006

Labor productivity rose in 45 of the 86 4-digit manufacturing industries in 2006. 

(See table 1.) Productivity increased 3.0 percent or more in approximately one third of 

those industries. Output grew in 48 industries and hours fell in 49 industries. The 

computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing industry (NAICS 3341) posted the 

largest productivity gain, 31.7 percent, spurred by strong output growth combined with 

falling hours. The largest decline in labor productivity, 9.7 percent, occurred in textile 

and fabric finishing and fabric coating mills (NAICS 3133). As shown in chart 2, labor 

productivity declined in many more industries in 2006 than over the period from 1987 to 

2006. 

Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of 

output, fell in 28 of the 86 manufacturing industries in 2006. (See table 1.) Unit labor 

costs fell most rapidly in computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing (NAICS 

3341) and communications equipment manufacturing (NAICS 3342), the two industries 

with the largest increases in labor productivity. 

Long-term trends 

Between 1987 and 2006, labor productivity increased in 85 of the 86 

manufacturing industries. Output rose in 67 industries and hours fell in 68 industries. 

Productivity grew fastest in computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing (NAICS 

3341) and semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing (NAICS 3344), 

an average 24.1 percent per year and 16.8 percent per year, respectively. Both industries 

experienced strong growth in output combined with falling hours over the long term 

period. Productivity fell from 1987 to 2006 in just one industry, accessories and other 

apparel manufacturing (NAICS 3159). 
3

Chart 2. Distribution of annual percent change in output per hour, 

1987-2006 and 2005-2006

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

-10 or less

-9.9 to -8.0

-7.9 to -6.0

-5.9 to -4.0

-3.9 to -2.0

-1.9 to -0.1

0.0 to 1.9

2.0 to 3.9

4.0 to 5.9

6.0 to 7.9

8.0 to 9.9

10.0 or more

Percent change

Number of Industries

1987 - 2006

2005 - 2006

 Unit labor costs fell in 21 of the 86 manufacturing industries from 1987 to 2006. 

The two industries with the fastest productivity growth, computer and peripheral 

equipment manufacturing (NAICS 3341) and semiconductor and other electronic 

component manufacturing (NAICS 3344), also recorded the largest declines in unit labor 

costs. 
4

Technical Notes 

Labor Productivity: The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship 

between output and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes 

from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Industry 

output per hour indexes are prepared from data published by various public and private 

agencies, using the greatest level of industry detail available. 

Although the labor productivity measures relate output to hours of employees or 

all persons engaged in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor, 

capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many 

influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; 

utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, 

including contract employment services; the organization of production; managerial skill; 

and the characteristics and effort of the workforce. 

Long-term productivity trends tend to be more reliable indicators of the 

performance of an industry than are year-to-year changes. The annual changes in an 

industry’s output and use of labor may reflect cyclical changes in the economy as well as 

long-term trends. Also, annual productivity indexes are based on sample data, which are 

likely to differ from data generated by a census of establishments in the industry. 

Output: Industry output is measured as sectoral output, the total value in real terms of 

goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is most 

often derived by deflating nominal value of production. Wherever possible, the indexes 

of industry output are calculated with a Törnqvist formula. This formula aggregates the 

growth rates of the various industry outputs between two periods, using their relative 

shares in industry value of production, averaged over the two periods, as weights. 

Industry output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data 

from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes primarily from the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Labor Hours: The primary source of data on industry employment and hours is the BLS 

Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES provides monthly data on the 

number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm 

establishments, as well as data on the average weekly hours of production workers in 

those establishments. CES data are supplemented or further disaggregated for some 

industries using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW), the Bureau of the Census, or other sources. Data from the Current Population 

Survey (CPS) are also used to supplement the CES data. The industry productivity 

program estimates the average weekly hours of nonproduction workers for each industry 

using data from the CPS together with the CES data. The hours of production and 

nonproduction workers are treated as homogeneous and are directly aggregated. 

Unit Labor Costs: The unit labor costs represent the cost of labor input required to 

produce one unit of output. The indexes of unit labor costs are computed by dividing an 

index of industry labor compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor 

costs also describe the relationship between compensation per hour and real output per 
5

hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly compensation increase unit labor costs; 

increases in labor productivity offset compensation increases and lower unit labor costs. 

 Compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a measure of 

the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, 

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and 

compensation in kind. Supplemental payments include legally required expenditures and 

payments for voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of 

Federal old age and survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ 

compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically 

required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health insurance and 

pension plans. 

Other Notes: The measures in this news release incorporate revised data from the 

Census Bureau’s 2006 Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and the annual benchmark 

revision of the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey published in February 

2008. These measures replace the manufacturing series published in the news release 

Productivity and Costs by Industry: Manufacturing, 2005 (released April 19, 2007) and 

in table 51 of the Monthly Labor Review. All of the measures for 2006 in this release are 

preliminary and subject to revision. 

The industries reported on in this release are classified according to the 2002 

NAICS. Industry productivity measures will be classified according to the 2007 NAICS 

in 2009, with the publication of manufacturing industry data for 2007. 

Published industry productivity and related indexes and rates of change can be 

accessed electronically by visiting the Labor Productivity and Costs web site at 

http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm. Data on industry employment, hours, labor 

compensation, value of production, and the implicit price deflator for output for these 

industries are available upon request by calling the Division of Industry Productivity 

Studies (202-691-5618) or by sending a request by e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. While 

the index numbers and rates of change reported by BLS in this news release are rounded 

to one decimal place, all industry productivity percent changes are calculated using index 

numbers to three decimal places. 

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be 

used without permission. Information in this report will be made available to sensoryimpaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral 

phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, output, hours, compensation, and unit labor costs, 2005-2006

2006 Percent change, 2005-2006

NAICS Industry Employment Output Total Unit labor

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours compensation costs

Manufacturing

311 Food 1479 -1.7 1.1 2.9 1.8 0.7

3111 Animal food 49 -9.1 -1.5 8.5 1.9 3.4

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 61 -1.8 -3.6 -1.9 2.7 6.5

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 75 -1.1 -4.7 -3.5 -0.7 4.1

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 176 -3.8 -0.6 3.3 1.9 2.6

3115 Dairy products 131 0.6 1.3 0.7 -0.9 -2.2

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 506 -0.4 4.4 4.8 0.6 -3.7

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 41 9.5 4.8 -4.3 1.2 -3.5

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 280 -4.3 -2.3 2.1 3.3 5.7

3119 Other food products 160 0.2 4.8 4.7 4.9 0.1

312 Beverages and tobacco products 194 -6.4 -1.9 4.9 2.8 4.8

3121 Beverages 171 -6.9 -0.8 6.5 3.1 4.0

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 24 1.9 -3.8 -5.7 1.6 5.7

313 Textile mills 195 -1.5 -11.2 -9.8 -7.3 4.4

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 48 -2.7 -8.7 -6.2 -9.0 -0.4

3132 Fabric mills 90 3.9 -9.1 -12.5 -6.7 2.7

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 58 -9.7 -17.3 -8.4 -7.0 12.4

314 Textile product mills 161 -5.4 -8.5 -3.2 -3.6 5.3

3141 Textile furnishings mills 90 -6.7 -10.5 -4.1 -5.8 5.3

3149 Other textile product mills 71 -2.2 -4.1 -1.9 -1.3 2.9

315 Apparel 238 2.8 -3.1 -5.7 -4.0 -0.9

3151 Apparel knitting mills 35 3.1 0.0 -3.0 -8.3 -8.4

3152 Cut and sew apparel 184 3.5 -2.3 -5.6 -3.2 -0.9

3159 Accessories and other apparel 20 -9.0 -18.9 -10.8 -3.2 19.4

316 Leather and allied products 37 7.1 -2.6 -9.1 -1.7 1.0

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 4 -0.5 -27.1 -26.8 -18.8 11.4

3162 Footwear 17 9.3 1.3 -7.3 -1.5 -2.8

3169 Other leather products 15 16.6 11.1 -4.7 7.3 -3.5

321 Wood products 559 1.4 0.9 -0.5 3.1 2.1

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 118 1.8 1.3 -0.5 1.9 0.6

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 120 6.6 1.8 -4.5 2.5 0.8

3219 Other wood products 321 -0.8 0.3 1.1 3.7 3.4

322 Paper and paper products 471 2.2 0.0 -2.2 -0.6 -0.6

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 136 2.3 1.2 -1.1 -3.4 -4.6

3222 Converted paper products 334 1.6 -1.1 -2.7 1.3 2.5

323 Printing and related support activities 634 1.3 0.8 -0.5 2.2 1.4

3231 Printing and related support activities 634 1.3 0.8 -0.5 2.2 1.4

324 Petroleum and coal products 113 -0.8 0.4 1.2 3.4 3.0

3241 Petroleum and coal products 113 -0.8 0.4 1.2 3.4 3.0

325 Chemicals 866 2.5 2.0 -0.5 1.5 -0.5

3251 Basic chemicals 148 2.5 2.2 -0.3 1.3 -0.8

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 105 3.4 -0.9 -4.2 -4.8 -3.9

3253 Agricultural chemicals 38 -1.4 -3.7 -2.4 0.6 4.5

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 292 4.5 4.8 0.3 6.1 1.2

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 67 -4.4 -4.6 -0.2 2.2 7.2

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 111 6.4 6.2 -0.2 0.3 -5.5

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 105 -4.4 -3.0 1.4 -4.3 -1.2

326 Plastics and rubber products 787 0.2 -0.7 -0.9 1.0 1.7

3261 Plastics products 631 -1.3 -0.2 1.2 1.8 2.0

3262 Rubber products 156 5.2 -3.3 -8.1 -2.0 1.3
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, output, hours, compensation, and unit labor costs, 2005-2006

2006 Percent change, 2005-2006

NAICS Industry Employment Output Total Unit labor

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours compensation costs

327 Nonmetallic mineral products 510 -0.6 2.3 2.9 5.5 3.1

3271 Clay products and refractories 61 -2.3 -4.0 -1.7 1.0 5.2

3272 Glass and glass products 102 8.0 0.8 -6.6 1.3 0.5

3273 Cement and concrete products 248 -3.2 3.8 7.2 8.5 4.5

3274 Lime and gypsum products 19 -2.3 -1.8 0.5 5.5 7.5

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 80 -2.2 4.9 7.2 5.5 0.6

331 Primary metals 464 -0.9 -0.5 0.4 1.2 1.7

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 97 0.2 1.5 1.3 2.0 0.5

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 61 -5.2 -3.2 2.1 -4.5 -1.4

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 73 -1.7 1.2 3.0 0.0 -1.2

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 73 -5.4 -7.9 -2.6 0.2 8.8

3315 Foundries 161 2.5 1.8 -0.7 3.2 1.4

332 Fabricated metal products 1553 2.4 5.6 3.2 6.8 1.1

3321 Forging and stamping 113 3.5 6.4 2.8 4.5 -1.8

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 54 2.2 -0.9 -3.1 1.9 2.9

3323 Architectural and structural metals 412 3.9 8.2 4.1 10.5 2.2

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 94 1.0 7.1 6.0 7.7 0.6

3325 Hardware 34 -0.5 -2.1 -1.6 -1.4 0.7

3326 Spring and wire products 58 -1.9 -3.8 -2.0 1.6 5.7

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 353 0.6 5.8 5.1 8.6 2.6

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 149 -0.7 0.7 1.5 4.7 4.0

3329 Other fabricated metal products 287 4.6 7.2 2.5 4.7 -2.4

333 Machinery 1181 2.5 4.7 2.2 4.8 0.0

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 220 -0.2 7.5 7.6 10.4 2.7

3332 Industrial machinery 123 10.5 10.0 -0.5 4.9 -4.7

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 109 6.2 5.6 -0.5 2.0 -3.5

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 156 -2.8 0.4 3.3 2.2 1.7

3335 Metalworking machinery 200 0.8 0.4 -0.4 1.6 1.2

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 101 -3.0 3.9 7.1 6.5 2.5

3339 Other general purpose machinery 272 3.8 3.8 -0.1 4.6 0.7

334 Computer and electronic products 1297 8.7 8.4 -0.2 3.0 -5.0

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 196 31.7 25.1 -5.0 -10.0 -28.0

3342 Communications equipment 141 24.0 17.7 -5.1 2.7 -12.8

3343 Audio and video equipment 31 4.6 -1.1 -5.4 -2.9 -1.8

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 458 -0.3 2.3 2.7 3.3 1.0

3345 Electronic instruments 440 2.7 4.2 1.5 6.8 2.4

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 32 -3.1 -7.2 -4.3 -5.1 2.3

335 Electrical equipment and appliances 433 -0.5 0.5 1.0 2.0 1.5

3351 Electric lighting equipment 59 4.9 0.2 -4.5 1.0 0.8

3352 Household appliances 80 5.3 -1.8 -6.7 -2.4 -0.7

3353 Electrical equipment 155 -0.4 3.6 4.0 2.0 -1.5

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 139 -4.8 -0.4 4.6 4.4 4.8

336 Transportation equipment 1596 1.1 1.4 0.4 -1.1 -2.5

3361 Motor vehicles 237 10.4 2.6 -7.1 -5.2 -7.6

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 179 -2.9 3.8 6.9 6.6 2.7

3363 Motor vehicle parts 655 -0.2 -3.7 -3.4 -4.9 -1.3

3364 Aerospace products and parts 474 -5.6 -0.1 5.8 2.1 2.2

3365 Railroad rolling stock 28 7.8 15.1 6.8 10.5 -4.1

3366 Ship and boat building 156 -3.4 1.6 5.1 4.9 3.3

3369 Other transportation equipment 41 7.4 5.0 -2.2 10.4 5.1

337 Furniture and related products 557 2.3 -0.3 -2.6 1.5 1.8

3371 Household and institutional furniture 371 2.7 -2.3 -4.9 0.7 3.1

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 136 -0.3 3.9 4.2 3.5 -0.3

3379 Other furniture-related products 51 1.9 -1.2 -3.0 0.0 1.2

339 Miscellaneous manufacturing 649 3.6 3.1 -0.4 5.5 2.3

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 308 2.9 4.4 1.5 7.1 2.5

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 341 3.9 1.7 -2.2 3.7 2.0
Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, hours, compensation, and unit labor costs, 1987-2006

Average annual percent change, 1987-2006

NAICS Industry Output Total Unit labor

code per hour Output Hours compensation costs

Manufacturing

311 Food 1.3 1.7 0.3 3.1 1.4

3111 Animal food 3.1 2.3 -0.8 3.2 0.9

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 2.5 1.3 -1.2 2.2 0.8

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 2.1 0.9 -1.2 2.2 1.3

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 1.7 1.5 -0.2 2.9 1.4

3115 Dairy products 1.5 1.0 -0.5 2.9 1.9

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 1.0 2.5 1.5 3.5 1.0

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 2.7 1.3 -1.4 3.1 1.8

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 0.5 0.6 0.2 2.5 1.9

3119 Other food products 0.9 2.3 1.3 4.8 2.5

312 Beverages and tobacco products 1.0 0.2 -0.8 1.7 1.5

3121 Beverages 2.0 1.7 -0.3 2.1 0.4

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 1.5 -2.1 -3.5 0.3 2.5

313 Textile mills 3.8 -1.5 -5.2 -1.9 -0.4

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 4.0 -0.6 -4.4 -1.8 -1.2

3132 Fabric mills 5.0 -1.5 -6.1 -1.7 -0.2

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 1.7 -2.2 -3.9 -2.5 -0.3

314 Textile product mills 1.4 0.2 -1.1 1.3 1.0

3141 Textile furnishings mills 1.3 0.0 -1.3 0.3 0.2

3149 Other textile product mills 1.7 0.7 -1.0 2.5 1.8

315 Apparel 2.5 -4.8 -7.1 -4.9 -0.1

3151 Apparel knitting mills 2.6 -3.7 -6.1 -5.0 -1.4

3152 Cut and sew apparel 2.8 -5.0 -7.5 -5.0 -0.1

3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.9 -5.5 -3.6 -3.3 2.3

316 Leather and allied products 3.3 -3.8 -6.9 -2.8 1.0

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 1.2 -4.9 -6.1 -2.3 2.7

3162 Footwear 2.2 -6.5 -8.5 -4.4 2.2

3169 Other leather products 3.4 -1.3 -4.6 -0.9 0.4

321 Wood products 1.4 1.2 -0.2 3.5 2.2

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 2.7 1.3 -1.4 2.1 0.8

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 0.9 1.6 0.7 3.7 2.1

3219 Other wood products 1.0 1.0 0.0 4.0 2.9

322 Paper and paper products 2.1 0.5 -1.6 1.7 1.2

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 3.3 0.3 -2.9 0.7 0.4

3222 Converted paper products 1.4 0.6 -0.8 2.5 1.9

323 Printing and related support activities 1.1 0.3 -0.8 1.8 1.5

3231 Printing and related support activities 1.1 0.3 -0.8 1.8 1.5

324 Petroleum and coal products 2.9 1.3 -1.6 4.1 2.8

3241 Petroleum and coal products 2.9 1.3 -1.6 4.1 2.8

325 Chemicals 2.5 1.9 -0.6 3.2 1.3

3251 Basic chemicals 3.1 0.6 -2.4 2.2 1.6

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 3.0 1.3 -1.7 1.6 0.3

3253 Agricultural chemicals 2.6 1.2 -1.4 1.7 0.5

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 1.5 4.2 2.7 6.4 2.1

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 1.4 0.3 -1.1 2.5 2.2

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 3.5 2.9 -0.6 2.8 -0.1

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 2.4 0.4 -1.9 1.3 0.9

326 Plastics and rubber products 2.6 2.6 -0.1 3.5 0.9

3261 Plastics products 2.5 3.0 0.4 4.1 1.1

3262 Rubber products 2.7 1.1 -1.6 1.9 0.8
Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, hours, compensation, and unit labor costs, 1987-2006

Average annual percent change, 1987-2006

NAICS Industry Output Total Unit labor

code per hour Output Hours compensation costs

327 Nonmetallic mineral products 1.4 1.4 0.0 2.9 1.4

3271 Clay products and refractories 1.3 -0.5 -1.8 0.9 1.3

3272 Glass and glass products 2.5 0.8 -1.7 1.4 0.6

3273 Cement and concrete products 0.5 2.1 1.6 4.2 2.1

3274 Lime and gypsum products 1.5 0.6 -0.8 3.3 2.6

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 1.8 1.7 -0.1 3.1 1.4

331 Primary metals 2.7 0.8 -1.8 1.1 0.3

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 5.0 1.9 -2.9 0.1 -1.8

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 0.4 -0.1 -0.5 1.2 1.3

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 2.8 0.7 -2.0 1.3 0.6

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 0.9 -1.2 -2.1 1.6 2.7

3315 Foundries 2.6 1.2 -1.3 1.8 0.6

332 Fabricated metal products 1.7 1.7 0.0 2.9 1.2

3321 Forging and stamping 3.1 2.2 -0.9 2.1 -0.1

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 1.6 -0.2 -1.8 1.6 1.8

3323 Architectural and structural metals 1.3 2.2 0.9 3.8 1.6

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.6 -0.1 -0.7 1.7 1.7

3325 Hardware 2.1 -1.1 -3.1 -0.4 0.7

3326 Spring and wire products 2.9 1.2 -1.6 2.3 1.1

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 2.2 3.5 1.2 4.5 0.9

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 3.1 3.5 0.4 3.6 0.1

3329 Other fabricated metal products 1.4 0.6 -0.7 1.8 1.2

333 Machinery 2.7 2.0 -0.7 2.2 0.2

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 2.9 3.3 0.4 2.9 -0.5

3332 Industrial machinery 3.1 2.3 -0.8 2.6 0.3

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 1.8 0.0 -1.8 0.5 0.5

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 2.5 2.2 -0.2 2.6 0.3

3335 Metalworking machinery 2.2 0.8 -1.4 1.7 0.9

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 2.5 2.2 -0.3 1.4 -0.8

3339 Other general purpose machinery 2.9 2.0 -0.9 2.9 0.9

334 Computer and electronic products 12.5 10.3 -2.0 1.0 -8.4

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 24.1 19.4 -3.7 -2.6 -18.5

3342 Communications equipment 8.2 5.4 -2.6 0.5 -4.6

3343 Audio and video equipment 7.4 3.7 -3.4 1.8 -1.9

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 16.8 16.3 -0.4 1.9 -12.4

3345 Electronic instruments 4.1 1.8 -2.2 1.6 -0.2

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 2.5 2.1 -0.4 1.3 -0.8

335 Electrical equipment and appliances 2.9 0.6 -2.2 1.3 0.7

3351 Electric lighting equipment 2.2 0.3 -1.8 1.6 1.3

3352 Household appliances 4.6 1.8 -2.7 0.8 -1.0

3353 Electrical equipment 2.9 0.3 -2.6 1.3 1.0

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 2.0 0.3 -1.7 1.5 1.2

336 Transportation equipment 3.0 1.9 -1.1 1.5 -0.4

3361 Motor vehicles 4.2 2.6 -1.5 1.9 -0.7

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 1.4 3.0 1.6 5.1 2.0

3363 Motor vehicle parts 3.2 3.3 0.1 2.2 -1.1

3364 Aerospace products and parts 1.6 -1.2 -2.7 0.0 1.1

3365 Railroad rolling stock 5.3 6.0 0.7 3.4 -2.5

3366 Ship and boat building 1.5 1.0 -0.5 2.2 1.1

3369 Other transportation equipment 5.3 5.5 0.2 4.7 -0.8

337 Furniture and related products 2.2 1.7 -0.5 2.9 1.3

3371 Household and institutional furniture 2.0 1.4 -0.6 3.0 1.6

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 2.4 1.8 -0.6 2.7 0.9

3379 Other furniture-related products 2.2 2.6 0.4 3.6 0.9

339 Miscellaneous manufacturing 3.3 3.3 0.0 4.6 1.3

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 3.7 4.8 1.1 5.7 0.8

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 2.8 1.9 -0.8 3.6 1.6