For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, April 19, 2018 USDL-18-0591

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

MANUFACTURING AND MINING INDUSTRIES – 2017

Labor productivity declines were widespread among manufacturing industries in 2017, with decreases in 54 of 

the 86 four-digit NAICS industries. Of the 51 industries in durable manufacturing, 34 experienced productivity 

decreases in 2017 led by a decline in the other transportation equipment industry of 11.5 percent. Nondurable 

manufacturing also experienced widespread declines in 2017 with productivity falling in 20 of 35 industries, led 

by the sugar and confectionery products industry with a decrease of 8.0 percent. Of the 4 industries in the mining 

sector, 3 had productivity gains in 2017 led by the oil and gas extraction industry with an increase of 32.6

percent. (See chart 1.) 

Chart 1. Manufacturing and mining industries with the largest change in productivity, 2017 

(NAICS 4-digit industries)

10.4

11.0

32.6 9.4

7.4

10.5

-7.0

-7.8

-6.7

-8.0

-9.2 -11.5

Agriculture, construction, 

and mining machinery 

Computer and 

peripheral equipment 

Oil and gas extraction

Cutlery and handtools 

Magnetic media 

manufacturing and 

reproducing

Apparel knitting 

mills

Pharmaceuticals and 

medicines 

Beverages 

Cement and concrete 

products 

Sugar and 

confectionery products 

Electric lighting 

equipment 

Other 

transportation 

equipment 

-30

-24

-18

-12

-6

0

6

12

18

24

-30 -24 -18 -12 -6 0 6 12 18 24

Hours Worked Percent Change

Output Percent Change

Note: Bubble size represents industry employment. 

Value in the bubble indicates percent change in 

labor productivity.
Chart 1 shows the industries with the largest changes in productivity in 2017. Change in productivity is 

approximately equal to the change in output minus the change in hours worked. In the six industries with 

declining productivity (below the diagonal line), all experienced growth in hours worked but the majority 

had declining output. Of the six industries with productivity gains (those above the diagonal line), only 

two industries had growth in both output and hours worked. 

Labor Productivity Trends in 3-Digit Industries, 2017

Manufacturing 

• Labor productivity decreased in 15 of the 21 NAICS 3-digit manufacturing industries in 2017,

as output declined in 15 industries and hours worked rose in 13. (See chart 2.)

• The beverage and tobacco products industry had the fastest productivity decline of 9.2

percent, as output fell 2.9 percent and hours worked increased 6.9 percent.

• The primary metals industry had the largest productivity gain of 3.6 percent, as output

increased and hours decreased.

Mining 

• Labor productivity rose by 32.6 percent in the oil and gas extraction industry where a

significant decline in hours worked outpaced modest growth in output. (See chart 2.)

• The mining, except oil and gas industry had productivity gains of 2.9 percent, as output

increased and hours worked decreased.

Chart 2. Productivity growth in NAICS 3-digit manufacturing and mining industries, 2017

2
Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2017 

Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output, rose in 73 of the 

86 NAICS 4-digit manufacturing industries. Of the 51 industries in durable manufacturing, 45 

experienced rising unit labor costs led by the audio and video equipment manufacturing industry with an 

increase of 16.8 percent. Nondurable manufacturing also experienced widespread increases in unit labor 

costs with 28 of the 35 industries recording an increase, led by the apparel accessories and other apparel 

manufacturing industry with a rise of 13.0 percent. Of the 4 industries in the mining sector, 3 had 

decreases in unit labor costs led by the oil and gas extraction industry with a decline of 18.6 percent. (See 

table 1.) 

Unit Labor Cost Trends in 3-Digit Industries, 2017

Manufacturing 

• Employers experience increased unit labor costs when hourly compensation growth outpaces

productivity growth. Unit labor costs increased in 19 of the 21 manufacturing industries, as

hourly compensation growth outpaced that of productivity. (See chart 3.)

Mining

• Unit labor costs declined in the oil and gas extraction industry by 18.6 percent, as

productivity and hourly compensation increased by 32.6 percent and 7.9 percent respectively.

(See chart 3.)

• The mining, except oil and gas industry had an increase in unit labor costs, as hourly

compensation rose faster than productivity.

Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation in NAICS 3-digit manufacturing 

and mining industries, 2017 

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Beverages and tobacco products......

Miscellaneous manufacturing ...........

Apparel........................................

Transportation equipment................

Furniture and related products..........

Plastics and rubber products............

Electrical equipment and appliances..

Food...........................................

Computer and electronic products .....

Nonmetallic mineral products ...........

Wood products..............................

Textile product mills........................

Textile mills...................................

Fabricated metal products................

Chemicals....................................

Paper..........................................

Leather and allied products..............

Petroleum and coal products............

Primary metals..............................

Printing and related support activities.

Machinery....................................

Mining, except oil and gas................

Oil and gas extraction......................

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs Productivity Hourly Compensation

Mining

Manufacturing

3
Long-Term Trends in Labor Productivity and Unit Labor Costs 

Chart 4 displays the number of NAICS 4-digit manufacturing and mining industries with increases 

in productivity, output, and hours worked for selected time periods through 2017. 

Labor Productivity 

• Over the entire 1987-2017 period, labor productivity rose in 83 of the 90 manufacturing 

and mining industries. This was associated with output rising in 58 industries, while hours 

worked increased in only 15. 

• During the more recent 2007-2017 period, which included the Great Recession, 

productivity increased in only 43 industries. These increases are predominantly the result 

of a decline in hours worked rather than an increase in output, as hours worked fell in 72 

industries while output increased in only 15. 

Unit Labor Costs 

• During the 1987-2017 period, unit labor costs increased in 80 of the 90 manufacturing and 

mining industries. Among the NAICS 4-digit industries, unit labor costs increased in 76 of the 86 

manufacturing industries. All of the 4 mining industries saw an increase in unit labor costs. 

• From 2007 to 2017, unit labor costs increased in 80 of the 86 manufacturing industries and in 3 

of the 4 mining industries. The computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing industry was 

the only industry with declines in both labor productivity and unit labor costs, as hourly 

compensation fell faster than productivity. 

The computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing industry recorded the largest productivity gain as 

well as the largest unit labor cost decline during both the 1987-2017 and 1987-2007 periods. However, 

between 2007 and 2017, this industry saw the sharpest drop in unit labor costs while the oil and gas 

extraction industry posted the greatest productivity growth. 

Chart 4. Manufacturing and mining industries with increases in labor productivity, output, and 

hours worked

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1987 - 2017 1987 - 2007 2007 - 2017

Number of Industries

Productivity Output Hours Worked

4
Additional Information

Manufacturing industry output for 2017 is constructed with data on industrial production from the 

Federal Reserve and BLS price indexes. These measures also incorporate data from the Census Bureau’s 

2016 Annual Survey of Manufactures. 

Want to know more?

Find data at www.bls.gov/lpc for: 

• Additional industries and sectors

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of

industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation

• Additional years and long-term data

Questions? 

Additional information can be obtained by calling the BLS productivity program at (202) 691-5606 

or by sending an email to productivity@bls.gov. Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 

(800) 877-8339.

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5
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 

of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor compensation 

by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation 

per hour worked (hourly compensation) and real output per hour worked (labor productivity). When 

hourly compensation growth outpaces productivity, unit labor costs increase. Alternatively, when 

productivity growth exceeds hourly compensation, unit labor costs decrease. 

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various products 

(in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by deflating 

nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is measured by 

physical quantities of output. Industry output reflects sectoral value of production, derived by adjusting 

shipments for changes in inventories and removing intra-industry transactions. Industry output measures 

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census 

Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with data on price changes primarily from BLS. Data

from the Bureau of Economic Analysis at the U.S. Department of Commerce is used in part to construct 

intra-industry transactions. Other data sources include the Energy Information Administration at the

U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Geological Survey at the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Manufacturing industry output for 2017 is constructed with data on industrial production from the 

Federal Reserve and BLS price indexes. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an 

industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment 

Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and 

production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented 

with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry employment. Hours 

worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours 

paid of production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family 

workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National Compensation 

Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further 

disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the 

Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers 

and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

6
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a 

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 

Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary 

programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and survivors’ insurance, 

unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all 

programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from 

the BLS QCEW and the economic censuses of the Census Bureau at the U.S. Department of Commerce.

7
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2017

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2016-2017

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Mining

Mining................................................................... 21 640.9 2.4 -4.7 3.3 0.8 -1.6

Oil and gas extraction................................................. 211 146.7 32.6 -18.6 3.6 -21.9 -15.7

Oil and gas extraction............................................... 2111 146.7 32.6 -18.6 3.6 -21.9 -15.7

Mining, except oil and gas............................................ 212 185.6 2.9 0.5 2.5 -0.4 3.0

Coal mining.......................................................... 2121 51.9 0.0 -0.2 6.8 6.8 6.7

Metal ore mining..................................................... 2122 38.7 6.2 1.3 -1.0 -6.8 0.3

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying........................ 2123 95.0 3.6 -0.2 2.0 -1.5 1.9

Nondurable Manufacturing

Food..................................................................... 311 1,650.3 -2.8 5.9 0.4 3.4 6.4

Animal food.......................................................... 3111 60.2 4.8 5.2 2.8 -1.9 8.1

Grain and oilseed milling........................................... 3112 61.6 1.3 1.0 3.6 2.3 4.6

Sugar and confectionery products................................. 3113 79.6 -8.0 7.5 -4.7 3.6 2.4

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty..................... 3114 175.8 -4.5 -1.1 5.7 10.6 4.5

Dairy products....................................................... 3115 145.1 -2.7 7.4 -1.1 1.6 6.2

Animal slaughtering and processing............................... 3116 517.0 -4.2 8.8 0.1 4.5 8.9

Seafood product preparation and packaging..................... 3117 40.0 4.2 2.2 -0.6 -4.6 1.6

Bakeries and tortilla products...................................... 3118 347.2 -2.3 6.9 -1.6 0.8 5.2

Other food products................................................. 3119 223.8 -4.3 8.3 -1.3 3.1 6.9

Beverages and tobacco products.................................... 312 272.8 -9.2 8.6 -2.9 6.9 5.5

Beverages............................................................ 3121 259.9 -7.8 6.4 -0.6 7.8 5.7

Tobacco.............................................................. 3122 12.9 0.4 12.8 -9.0 -9.3 2.6

Textile mills............................................................. 313 115.9 3.2 4.4 -1.9 -5.0 2.4

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills....................................... 3131 30.9 3.1 -0.5 4.5 1.4 4.0

Fabric mills........................................................... 3132 54.0 4.0 6.8 -3.8 -7.5 2.8

Textile and fabric finishing mills.................................... 3133 31.0 2.8 4.6 -3.7 -6.4 0.6

Textile product mills.................................................... 314 129.5 -3.9 4.9 -2.1 1.9 2.6

Textile furnishings mills............................................. 3141 55.6 -1.4 5.5 -3.4 -2.0 1.9

Other textile product mills.......................................... 3149 73.9 -5.2 3.6 -0.3 5.1 3.3

Apparel.................................................................. 315 136.9 -2.5 7.4 -9.8 -7.4 -3.1

Apparel knitting mills................................................ 3151 11.2 10.5 -1.7 -1.1 -10.5 -2.8

Cut and sew apparel................................................ 3152 112.1 -4.0 7.8 -10.9 -7.2 -3.9

Accessories and other apparel..................................... 3159 13.6 -2.2 13.0 -8.4 -6.3 3.5

Leather and allied products........................................... 316 33.8 -1.7 1.6 -3.1 -1.4 -1.5

Leather and hide tanning and finishing........................... 3161 5.5 -6.2 3.0 -5.6 0.7 -2.7

Footwear............................................................. 3162 13.5 4.9 -1.3 0.8 -4.0 -0.5

Other leather products.............................................. 3169 14.8 -6.2 3.6 -5.4 0.9 -2.0

Paper.................................................................... 322 371.0 0.6 1.8 -0.8 -1.3 1.1

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................. 3221 99.2 1.2 0.4 -0.3 -1.5 0.1

Converted paper products.......................................... 3222 271.8 0.3 2.6 -1.0 -1.3 1.6

Printing and related support activities................................ 323 463.5 0.0 -0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

Printing and related support activities............................. 3231 463.5 0.0 -0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

Petroleum and coal products......................................... 324 114.9 0.7 1.5 0.3 -0.4 1.8

Petroleum and coal products....................................... 3241 114.9 0.7 1.5 0.3 -0.4 1.8

Chemicals............................................................... 325 837.7 -2.5 3.5 -0.9 1.6 2.6

Basic chemicals..................................................... 3251 150.8 1.1 2.6 0.5 -0.6 3.1

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers.................................. 3252 95.9 -3.3 2.3 -0.4 3.1 2.0

Agricultural chemicals............................................... 3253 35.7 7.1 -10.1 14.8 7.2 3.2

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................... 3254 295.8 -7.0 7.7 -5.2 1.9 2.1

Paints, coatings, and adhesives................................... 3255 61.7 -0.9 -0.4 4.5 5.4 4.1

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries....................... 3256 113.0 -1.0 4.4 -2.0 -1.0 2.3

Other chemical products and preparations....................... 3259 84.8 -3.0 6.2 -1.3 1.7 4.8

Plastics and rubber products......................................... 326 718.6 -3.9 6.7 -1.5 2.5 5.1

8
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2017

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2016-2017

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Plastics products.................................................... 3261 581.3 -3.7 6.7 -1.0 2.7 5.6

Rubber products..................................................... 3262 137.3 -4.9 7.3 -3.6 1.3 3.4

Durable Manufacturing

Wood products......................................................... 321 425.1 -1.7 5.0 1.0 2.8 6.1

Sawmills and wood preservation................................... 3211 97.3 -1.6 4.4 0.5 2.1 4.9

Plywood and engineered wood products......................... 3212 78.0 1.3 8.3 -0.9 -2.1 7.3

Other wood products................................................ 3219 249.8 -2.5 3.8 2.3 4.8 6.2

Nonmetallic mineral products......................................... 327 430.5 -3.9 5.1 -0.5 3.6 4.6

Clay products and refractories..................................... 3271 47.2 -2.9 5.4 1.4 4.4 6.9

Glass and glass products........................................... 3272 90.0 2.2 0.4 0.5 -1.6 0.9

Cement and concrete products.................................... 3273 198.5 -6.7 7.7 -1.8 5.3 5.7

Lime and gypsum products......................................... 3274 14.8 -3.2 4.5 -0.2 3.1 4.2

Other nonmetallic mineral products................................ 3279 80.0 -3.8 4.2 0.8 4.7 5.0

Primary metals......................................................... 331 373.9 3.6 1.2 2.0 -1.5 3.3

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................ 3311 83.8 3.2 2.2 5.2 1.9 7.6

Steel products from purchased steel.............................. 3312 56.6 3.2 -3.0 5.2 2.0 2.1

Alumina and aluminum production................................. 3313 58.1 0.0 3.1 -1.3 -1.3 1.7

Other nonferrous metal production................................ 3314 59.3 2.8 3.6 -2.4 -5.1 1.1

Foundries............................................................. 3315 116.1 4.4 1.5 0.3 -3.9 1.8

Fabricated metal products............................................. 332 1,457.0 -1.4 3.9 -1.1 0.3 2.8

Forging and stamping............................................... 3321 100.7 0.5 2.8 0.3 -0.2 3.1

Cutlery and handtools............................................... 3322 40.0 9.4 -0.5 3.4 -5.5 2.9

Architectural and structural metals................................. 3323 378.1 -3.3 8.7 -4.0 -0.7 4.3

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers........................... 3324 91.7 -0.1 0.7 -1.0 -0.9 -0.2

Hardware............................................................. 3325 25.0 -0.6 6.1 -2.4 -1.8 3.6

Spring and wire products........................................... 3326 43.8 -3.1 9.6 -2.3 0.8 7.1

Machine shops and threaded products........................... 3327 363.0 -0.1 3.7 -0.6 -0.4 3.1

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.................... 3328 138.0 -2.2 2.0 0.3 2.6 2.4

Other fabricated metal products................................... 3329 276.7 -2.4 0.5 0.6 3.1 1.1

Machinery............................................................... 333 1,091.0 2.6 -1.2 4.6 1.9 3.3

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery................. 3331 210.4 10.4 -14.3 16.4 5.4 -0.2

Industrial machinery................................................. 3332 115.9 1.8 6.7 1.9 0.1 8.7

Commercial and service industry machinery..................... 3333 91.5 -1.0 4.9 0.1 1.1 5.0

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment.................. 3334 130.7 0.6 3.8 0.5 -0.1 4.3

Metalworking machinery............................................ 3335 182.3 -1.3 3.9 -0.2 1.1 3.7

Turbine and power transmission equipment...................... 3336 96.3 -0.3 -1.0 0.9 1.2 -0.1

Other general purpose machinery................................. 3339 263.9 0.7 0.9 2.8 2.1 3.8

Computer and electronic products................................... 334 1,049.2 -1.1 5.8 -2.0 -0.9 3.8

Computer and peripheral equipment.............................. 3341 161.6 11.0 -10.9 14.4 3.1 1.9

Communications equipment........................................ 3342 86.7 -2.2 8.6 -5.0 -2.9 3.1

Audio and video equipment........................................ 3343 19.6 -0.4 16.8 -9.1 -8.7 6.2

Semiconductors and electronic components..................... 3344 363.6 -0.7 10.4 -5.0 -4.3 4.9

Electronic instruments............................................... 3345 403.0 -3.8 5.8 -1.9 1.9 3.8

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing................. 3346 14.7 7.4 12.9 -4.6 -11.2 7.7

Electrical equipment and appliances................................. 335 395.4 -4.8 6.1 -1.3 3.7 4.7

Electric lighting equipment.......................................... 3351 52.8 -9.2 2.1 0.4 10.6 2.5

Household appliances............................................... 3352 63.1 -3.0 6.5 -1.4 1.7 5.0

Electrical equipment................................................. 3353 140.9 -6.2 8.6 -5.9 0.3 2.3

Other electrical equipment and components..................... 3359 138.6 -4.0 6.8 1.4 5.6 8.2

Transportation equipment............................................. 336 1,649.7 -4.4 7.3 -4.1 0.3 2.9

Motor vehicles....................................................... 3361 212.4 -4.1 10.3 -6.7 -2.7 2.8

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers.................................. 3362 156.0 -1.8 6.6 -0.5 1.4 6.0

Motor vehicle parts.................................................. 3363 591.7 -1.3 4.3 -1.3 0.1 2.9

Aerospace products and parts..................................... 3364 487.0 -3.1 6.6 -3.4 -0.2 3.0

Railroad rolling stock................................................ 3365 22.4 3.2 -6.7 -8.2 -11.0 -14.3

9
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2017

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2016-2017

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Ship and boat building.............................................. 3366 141.0 -6.1 2.2 -0.2 6.3 2.0

Other transportation equipment.................................... 3369 39.2 -11.5 4.9 1.6 14.8 6.5

Furniture and related products........................................ 337 421.4 -4.0 6.9 -2.9 1.2 3.9

Household and institutional furniture.............................. 3371 271.1 -4.3 6.1 -1.3 3.1 4.7

Office furniture and fixtures......................................... 3372 112.2 -1.0 6.6 -3.4 -2.4 3.0

Other furniture related products.................................... 3379 38.1 -6.1 10.3 -7.7 -1.7 1.8

Miscellaneous manufacturing......................................... 339 646.9 -1.5 8.1 -3.7 -2.2 4.1

Medical equipment and supplies................................... 3391 315.4 1.3 9.2 -4.3 -5.5 4.5

Other miscellaneous manufacturing............................... 3399 331.5 -4.2 6.7 -2.9 1.4 3.6

10
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2017

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2017

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Mining

Mining................................................................... 21 640.9 1.2 2.6 1.1 -0.1 3.7

Oil and gas extraction................................................. 211 146.7 2.5 2.8 1.2 -1.3 4.0

Oil and gas extraction............................................... 2111 146.7 2.5 2.8 1.2 -1.3 4.0

Mining, except oil and gas............................................ 212 185.6 1.5 1.4 0.0 -1.4 1.4

Coal mining.......................................................... 2121 51.9 1.8 0.8 -1.4 -3.1 -0.6

Metal ore mining..................................................... 2122 38.7 0.9 2.8 0.9 0.0 3.8

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying........................ 2123 95.0 1.2 2.0 0.8 -0.5 2.8

Support activities for mining1

......................................... 213 278.9

Support activities for mining1

....................................... 2131 278.9

Nondurable Manufacturing

Food..................................................................... 311 1,650.3 0.7 1.8 1.2 0.5 3.1

Animal food.......................................................... 3111 60.2 2.1 1.4 1.9 -0.2 3.3

Grain and oilseed milling........................................... 3112 61.6 1.7 1.0 1.2 -0.6 2.2

Sugar and confectionery products................................. 3113 79.6 1.0 2.0 0.4 -0.6 2.4

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty..................... 3114 175.8 1.0 1.6 1.1 0.1 2.8

Dairy products....................................................... 3115 145.1 1.3 2.2 1.1 -0.2 3.3

Animal slaughtering and processing............................... 3116 517.0 0.4 1.9 1.6 1.2 3.5

Seafood product preparation and packaging..................... 3117 40.0 1.2 2.2 0.5 -0.7 2.7

Bakeries and tortilla products...................................... 3118 347.2 0.2 1.8 0.4 0.1 2.2

Other food products................................................. 3119 223.8 0.0 2.3 2.1 2.0 4.4

Beverages and tobacco products.................................... 312 272.8 -0.4 2.4 -0.2 0.2 2.2

Beverages............................................................ 3121 259.9 0.5 1.6 1.3 0.8 2.9

Tobacco.............................................................. 3122 12.9 1.7 2.1 -3.2 -4.7 -1.1

Textile mills............................................................. 313 115.9 3.0 0.0 -2.3 -5.1 -2.3

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills....................................... 3131 30.9 3.3 -0.9 -1.3 -4.4 -2.2

Fabric mills........................................................... 3132 54.0 2.9 0.5 -2.9 -5.6 -2.4

Textile and fabric finishing mills.................................... 3133 31.0 1.8 0.9 -3.0 -4.7 -2.1

Textile product mills.................................................... 314 129.5 0.5 2.3 -1.5 -2.1 0.7

Textile furnishings mills............................................. 3141 55.6 0.5 2.2 -2.2 -2.7 -0.1

Other textile product mills.......................................... 3149 73.9 1.1 2.1 -0.4 -1.5 1.7

Apparel.................................................................. 315 136.9 -0.6 1.8 -6.8 -6.2 -5.1

Apparel knitting mills................................................ 3151 11.2 -0.5 2.0 -7.7 -7.3 -5.9

Cut and sew apparel................................................ 3152 112.1 -0.4 1.7 -6.7 -6.3 -5.1

Accessories and other apparel..................................... 3159 13.6 -2.9 2.9 -6.5 -3.7 -3.8

Leather and allied products........................................... 316 33.8 0.8 1.9 -4.1 -4.9 -2.3

Leather and hide tanning and finishing........................... 3161 5.5 0.7 0.7 -3.0 -3.7 -2.4

Footwear............................................................. 3162 13.5 1.2 2.0 -4.8 -5.9 -2.9

Other leather products.............................................. 3169 14.8 0.0 2.5 -3.8 -3.8 -1.4

Paper.................................................................... 322 371.0 1.7 1.3 -0.2 -1.9 1.1

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................. 3221 99.2 2.6 0.8 -0.5 -3.0 0.3

Converted paper products.......................................... 3222 271.8 1.4 1.6 0.1 -1.3 1.8

Printing and related support activities................................ 323 463.5 1.2 1.2 -0.6 -1.8 0.6

Printing and related support activities............................. 3231 463.5 1.2 1.2 -0.6 -1.8 0.6

Petroleum and coal products......................................... 324 114.9 2.3 2.4 1.2 -1.1 3.7

Petroleum and coal products....................................... 3241 114.9 2.3 2.4 1.2 -1.1 3.7

Chemicals............................................................... 325 837.7 1.3 2.0 0.8 -0.5 2.9

Basic chemicals..................................................... 3251 150.8 2.3 1.4 0.7 -1.5 2.2

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers.................................. 3252 95.9 1.9 1.8 0.4 -1.5 2.3

Agricultural chemicals............................................... 3253 35.7 2.4 1.2 1.1 -1.2 2.3

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................... 3254 295.8 -0.4 3.7 1.2 1.6 5.0

Paints, coatings, and adhesives................................... 3255 61.7 0.8 2.2 0.1 -0.7 2.3

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries....................... 3256 113.0 1.4 1.1 1.1 -0.3 2.2

See footnotes at end of table.

0.3

0.3 4.1

4.1 1.6

1.6

1.3

1.3

5.8

5.8

11
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2017

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2017

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Other chemical products and preparations....................... 3259 84.8 1.8 1.2 -0.1 -1.8 1.2

Plastics and rubber products......................................... 326 718.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 -0.2 2.7

Plastics products.................................................... 3261 581.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 0.1 3.1

Rubber products..................................................... 3262 137.3 1.4 1.3 0.1 -1.3 1.4

Durable Manufacturing

Wood products......................................................... 321 425.1 1.0 2.0 -0.1 -1.1 1.9

Sawmills and wood preservation................................... 3211 97.3 2.0 1.1 0.3 -1.6 1.4

Plywood and engineered wood products......................... 3212 78.0 0.8 1.8 0.0 -0.8 1.8

Other wood products................................................ 3219 249.8 0.7 2.4 -0.2 -0.9 2.2

Nonmetallic mineral products......................................... 327 430.5 0.8 1.8 0.1 -0.6 1.9

Clay products and refractories..................................... 3271 47.2 0.9 1.5 -1.5 -2.3 0.0

Glass and glass products........................................... 3272 90.0 2.2 0.7 0.5 -1.7 1.2

Cement and concrete products.................................... 3273 198.5 -0.2 2.3 0.1 0.3 2.4

Lime and gypsum products......................................... 3274 14.8 1.4 2.9 -0.4 -1.8 2.4

Other nonmetallic mineral products................................ 3279 80.0 0.9 1.8 0.8 -0.1 2.6

Primary metals......................................................... 331 373.9 2.5 0.4 0.5 -1.9 1.0

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................ 3311 83.8 3.6 -0.6 1.1 -2.4 0.5

Steel products from purchased steel.............................. 3312 56.6 0.4 2.0 -0.3 -0.6 1.8

Alumina and aluminum production................................. 3313 58.1 2.3 0.9 0.3 -1.9 1.3

Other nonferrous metal production................................ 3314 59.3 2.1 1.7 0.1 -1.9 1.8

Foundries............................................................. 3315 116.1 1.8 1.1 -0.4 -2.1 0.7

Fabricated metal products............................................. 332 1,457.0 0.8 1.8 0.6 -0.2 2.4

Forging and stamping............................................... 3321 100.7 1.9 0.8 1.0 -0.9 1.8

Cutlery and handtools............................................... 3322 40.0 1.5 1.4 -0.9 -2.4 0.5

Architectural and structural metals................................. 3323 378.1 0.5 2.3 0.7 0.3 3.0

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers........................... 3324 91.7 0.6 1.4 0.2 -0.4 1.6

Hardware............................................................. 3325 25.0 0.6 1.5 -2.3 -2.9 -0.8

Spring and wire products........................................... 3326 43.8 1.7 1.6 -0.2 -1.9 1.4

Machine shops and threaded products........................... 3327 363.0 1.4 1.4 2.0 0.6 3.5

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.................... 3328 138.0 1.7 1.1 1.8 0.1 2.9

Other fabricated metal products................................... 3329 276.7 0.4 2.0 -0.1 -0.5 1.9

Machinery............................................................... 333 1,091.0 1.7 1.0 1.0 -0.7 2.0

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery................. 3331 210.4 1.7 0.8 1.6 0.0 2.5

Industrial machinery................................................. 3332 115.9 1.3 1.3 0.6 -0.7 1.9

Commercial and service industry machinery..................... 3333 91.5 1.6 0.9 -0.1 -1.7 0.8

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment.................. 3334 130.7 1.6 1.1 0.9 -0.7 2.0

Metalworking machinery............................................ 3335 182.3 1.6 1.1 0.3 -1.2 1.4

Turbine and power transmission equipment...................... 3336 96.3 1.3 0.5 1.0 -0.3 1.5

Other general purpose machinery................................. 3339 263.9 1.8 1.6 1.2 -0.5 2.8

Computer and electronic products................................... 334 1,049.2 8.4 -5.0 6.1 -2.1 0.9

Computer and peripheral equipment.............................. 3341 161.6 14.9 -13.8 11.5 -3.0 -3.9

Communications equipment........................................ 3342 86.7 5.1 -0.7 1.6 -3.3 0.9

Audio and video equipment........................................ 3343 19.6 2.0 1.6 -1.8 -3.7 -0.2

Semiconductors and electronic components..................... 3344 363.6 11.9 -7.9 10.1 -1.6 1.4

Electronic instruments............................................... 3345 403.0 2.8 0.6 1.2 -1.6 1.7

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing................. 3346 14.7 1.2 1.1 -2.1 -3.3 -1.1

Electrical equipment and appliances................................. 335 395.4 1.6 1.3 0.0 -1.6 1.3

Electric lighting equipment.......................................... 3351 52.8 1.1 1.3 -0.2 -1.4 1.0

Household appliances............................................... 3352 63.1 2.8 -0.3 0.3 -2.4 0.1

Electrical equipment................................................. 3353 140.9 1.2 1.7 -0.7 -1.9 0.9

Other electrical equipment and components..................... 3359 138.6 1.3 1.8 0.3 -1.1 2.1

Transportation equipment............................................. 336 1,649.7 2.3 0.1 1.6 -0.8 1.7

Motor vehicles....................................................... 3361 212.4 2.9 -0.1 1.8 -1.0 1.7

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers.................................. 3362 156.0 1.1 2.2 1.6 0.5 3.9

Motor vehicle parts.................................................. 3363 591.7 2.8 -1.2 2.7 -0.1 1.5

See footnotes at end of table.

12
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2017

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2017

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Aerospace products and parts..................................... 3364 487.0 2.0 1.1 0.3 -1.7 1.3

Railroad rolling stock................................................ 3365 22.4 3.6 -1.0 3.7 0.1 2.7

Ship and boat building.............................................. 3366 141.0 1.5 1.8 0.7 -0.8 2.5

Other transportation equipment.................................... 3369 39.2 3.1 -0.7 3.4 0.2 2.7

Furniture and related products........................................ 337 421.4 1.3 1.7 -0.1 -1.4 1.5

Household and institutional furniture.............................. 3371 271.1 1.1 1.8 -0.5 -1.6 1.3

Office furniture and fixtures......................................... 3372 112.2 1.3 1.8 0.1 -1.2 1.9

Other furniture related products.................................... 3379 38.1 1.9 0.9 1.0 -0.8 1.9

Miscellaneous manufacturing......................................... 339 646.9 1.7 1.5 1.5 -0.2 3.0

Medical equipment and supplies................................... 3391 315.4 2.1 1.2 3.1 0.9 4.3

Other miscellaneous manufacturing............................... 3399 331.5 1.2 1.7 0.2 -1.0 1.9

1 For NAICS industry 2131 average annual percent changes are for 1987-2016. Employment is for 2016.

13