For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, August 7, 2014 USDL-14-1430

Technical Information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: MINING, WHOLESALE TRADE,

RETAIL TRADE, AND FOOD SERVICES AND DRINKING PLACES INDUSTRIES, 2013 

Labor productivity – defined as output per hour – rose 8.5 percent in mining, 2.3 percent in wholesale 

trade and 5.0 percent in retail trade, but fell 2.4 percent in food services and drinking places in 2013, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs 

required to produce a unit of output, fell in mining, in wholesale trade and in retail trade, but rose in 

food services and drinking places in 2013. 

Productivity in mining and in retail trade rose faster in 2013 than in 2012. Output increased at the same 

rate as in the previous year for mining and more rapidly for retail trade, while hours in both sectors fell

slightly after increasing in the previous year. (See chart 1 and table 1.) In wholesale trade, output and 

hours grew more rapidly in 2013 than in 2012, but the increase in hours outpaced the increase in output 

and productivity rose more slowly in 2013. The larger productivity decline in food services and drinking 

places in 2013 resulted from a slowdown in output that exceeded that of hours. 

The latest productivity measures for industries presented here and for those in other sectors are available 

on the BLS Labor Productivity and Costs website at www.bls.gov/lpc/tables.htm. 

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

Percent Change 

Productivity Output Hours

Wholesale

Trade

Mining Food Services

and Drinking 

Places

Wholesale

Trade

Retail 

Trade

Food Services

and Drinking 

Places

Chart 1. Annual percent change in labor productivity, output, and hours, 2012 and 2013

Retail 

Trade

Mining

2012 2013

Industry Productivity Hours Series Changes

Beginning with this news release, labor hours for trade and food services and drinking places 

industries represent hours worked. See Technical Note in this news release for more information.
Productivity increased in 39 of the 54 detailed 4-digit NAICS industries studied in 2013. Output grew in 

43 industries and hours increased in 34. Unit labor costs fell in 39 industries in 2013. 

In mining, labor productivity increased 8.5 percent, while output grew 8.4 percent and hours fell 

slightly. Productivity increased in all four of the detailed mining industries for which data are available. 

Output rose in three industries and hours declined in four. The largest productivity increase was in the 

oil and gas extraction industry. Unit labor costs fell in three mining industries. 

In wholesale trade, labor productivity rose 2.3 percent as output grew 4.2 percent and hours increased

1.9 percent. Productivity grew 2.8 percent in durable goods wholesalers and 1.9 percent in nondurable 

goods wholesalers. Productivity increased in 12 of the 19 detailed wholesale trade industries, while 

output rose in 16 industries and hours grew in 14. Productivity increased most rapidly in farm product 

raw materials wholesalers, electric goods wholesalers, and machinery and supplies wholesalers, as 

output rose substantially in each. Unit labor costs declined in 16 wholesale trade industries. 

In retail trade, labor productivity grew 5.0 percent, while output rose 4.6 percent and hours fell 0.4 

percent. Productivity increased in 22 of the 27 detailed retail trade industries in 2013, as output grew in 

23 industries and hours rose in 17. The largest productivity increases were in used merchandise stores; 

jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores; clothing stores; and florists. In each of these industries output 

rose and hours fell. Unit labor costs fell in 19 retail trade industries. 

In food services and drinking places, labor productivity declined 2.4 percent, as output grew 0.6 

percent and hours rose 3.0 percent. Productivity and output fell in three of the four detailed industries in 

this sector, while hours grew in three. Limited-service eating places was the only industry in this sector 

to record an increase in productivity, output, and hours. Unit labor costs rose in three of these industries. 

Chart 2 shows the range of productivity and unit labor cost changes in 2013 in the 20 largest detailed 

industries, by employment, in the wholesale trade, retail trade, and food services and drinking places 

sectors (no mining industries were among the largest). Productivity rose in 14 of these industries and 

unit labor costs fell in 10. 

-14.0 -12.0 -10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

Special food services

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores

Drinking places (alcoholic beverages)

Full-service restaurants

Gasoline stations

Other general merchandise stores

Health and personal care stores

Limited-service eating places

Miscellaneous nondurable goods wholesalers

Grocery stores

Grocery and related products wholesalers

Sporting goods and musical instrument stores

Electronic markets and agents and brokers

Building material and supplies dealers

Commercial equipment wholesalers

Machinery and supplies wholesalers

Department stores

Automobile dealers

Electronics and appliance stores

Clothing stores

Percent change

Chart 2: Percent change in labor productivity and unit labor costs, 2012-2013

Productivity

Unit Labor Cost

2
Over the longer term (1987 to 2013), productivity performance in the wholesale trade and food services 

and drinking places sectors was more favorable than in 2013. (See table 2.) From 1987 to 2013, 

productivity increased at an average annual rate of 3.1 percent in wholesale trade and 0.4 percent in food 

services and drinking places. In the mining and retail trade sectors, however, productivity growth in the 

current year outpaced the long-term rates of -0.2 percent and 2.9 percent per year, respectively. Unit 

labor costs rose in mining, in wholesale trade and in food services and drinking places, but fell in retail 

trade from 1987 to 2013. 

Productivity increased in more mining, trade, and food services and drinking places industries over the 

longer term than in 2013, with productivity rising in 51 of the 54 detailed industries from 1987 to 2013. 

Unit labor costs fell in 17 of the detailed industries over the period. 

Chart 3 compares the distribution of average annual percent changes in labor productivity since 1987 

with the distribution of changes in 2013 for the 54 industries studied. The productivity performance of 

these industries varied more widely in 2013 than over the long term, with 13 percent of the industries 

recording declines in productivity of 2.0 percent or more and nearly 30 percent posting productivity 

gains of 6.1 percent or higher in 2013. Over the long term, in contrast, none of the industries had 

declines in productivity exceeding 2.0 percent per year on average and just over 7.0 percent registered 

productivity gains averaging 6.1 percent per year or more, while more than 46 percent of the industries 

registered average productivity gains between 0.1 and 2.0 percent per year. 

Chart 3. Distribution of annual percent changes in labor productivity, 1987-2013 and 2012-2013 

 

Revisions: The mining industries in this release incorporate data from the U.S. Geological Survey’s 

Mineral Commodity Summaries 2014 (February 2014) and the U.S. Energy Information 

Administration’s Monthly Energy Review (May 2014). These data were used to develop output 

estimates which allowed BLS to update the mining industries to 2013 earlier than usual. The trade and 

food services and drinking places measures in this release incorporate preliminary data from the Census 

Bureau’s Annual Wholesale Trade Report (March 2014), Monthly Wholesale Trade Survey (May 2014), 

Annual Retail Trade Survey (April 2014), and the Annual Revision of the Monthly Retail and Food 

Services: Sales and Inventories (May 2014), as well as data from the Census Bureau’s Nonemployer 

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Percent of 

industries

Average Annual Percent Change

1987-2013

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Annual Percent Change

2012-2013

3
Statistics (April 2014). The labor productivity and output series for all industries have been revised for 

2012 and earlier years as a result. This news release also incorporates the annual benchmark revision of 

the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey published in February 2014. For the first time, 

labor hours in this news release represent hours at work. Data on hours paid from the CES were adjusted 

using industry hours-worked to hours-paid ratios derived from National Compensation Survey (NCS) 

data. In addition, the unit labor cost measures incorporate preliminary data from the BLS Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages (June 2014). All of the measures for 2013 in this release are 

preliminary and subject to revision. 

Other: While the rates of change reported by BLS in this news release are rounded to one decimal 

place, all industry productivity percent changes are calculated using index numbers rounded to three 

decimal places. Year-to-year movements in industry productivity may be erratic, particularly in smaller 

industries. The annual measures based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a census 

of establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output and use of labor may reflect 

cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a result, long-term productivity trends 

tend to be more reliable indicators of industry performance than year-to-year changes. The industries 

included in this release are classified according to the 2007 NAICS. 

More detailed data for industries covered in this release and for additional industries are available on the 

BLS Labor Productivity and Costs website at www.bls.gov/lpc/tables.htm. Data include productivity 

and related indexes; rates of change; and levels of industry employment, hours, nominal value of 

production, and labor compensation. Additional information can be obtained by calling the Division of 

Industry Productivity Studies (202-691-5618) or by sending a request by e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. 

Information in this report will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 

Customers can subscribe to the industry productivity program’s news releases on the BLS website at 

https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

4
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship between industry 

output and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the 

amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

to hours of all persons in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor or any other 

factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including changes in 

technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of purchased services 

inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of production; managerial skill; and the 

characteristics and effort of the workforce.

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various products 

or services (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived 

by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is 

measured by physical quantities of output. Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data

from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of 

Commerce, together with information on price changes primarily from BLS. Other data sources include 

the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; and the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. 

Department of Interior. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours reflect annual hours worked by all employed persons in an industry. Data on

industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and nonsupervisory 

worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented with CPS selfemployed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are 

derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on average weekly hours paid of nonsupervisory 

workers, CPS data on hours of supervisory, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hoursworked to hours-paid based on data from the BLS National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some 

industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS 

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours 

worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly aggregated; no 

adjustments for labor composition are made. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. The 

unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal labor compensation by an index of 

real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation per hour and 

real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly compensation increase unit labor costs; 

increases in labor productivity offset hourly compensation increases and lower unit labor costs. 

Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a measure 

of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, commissions, 

dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. Supplemental payments 

include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required 

portion consists primarily of Federal old age and survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and 

workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required 

by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry 

compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from the BLS QCEW and the economic 

censuses of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 

5
Table 1. Percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2012-2013

Industry NAICS

code

2013

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2012-2013

Labor

productivity Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Mining Industries

Mining................................................................... 21 831.4 8.5 8.4 -0.1 2.5 -5.4

Oil and gas extraction............................................... 211 199.8 11.2 11.1 -0.1 2.7 -7.5

Oil and gas extraction............................................ 2111 199.8 11.2 11.1 -0.1 2.7 -7.5

Mining, except oil and gas.......................................... 212 211.4 4.7 -0.2 -4.6 -3.0 -2.9

Coal mining........................................................ 2121 79.4 5.6 -3.2 -8.3 -8.3 -5.3

Metal ore mining.................................................. 2122 44.7 6.9 0.5 -5.9 0.7 0.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying..................... 2123 87.3 3.4 3.3 -0.1 1.6 -1.6

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade........................................................ 42 5,906.9 2.3 4.2 1.9 2.1 -2.0

Durable goods....................................................... 423 2,948.6 2.8 4.6 1.8 1.7 -2.8

Motor vehicles and parts......................................... 4231 330.7 -0.4 3.0 3.3 1.3 -1.6

Furniture and furnishings......................................... 4232 102.2 -0.1 5.7 5.8 1.8 -3.7

Lumber and construction supplies.............................. 4233 196.1 -1.6 5.3 7.0 10.8 5.2

Commercial equipment........................................... 4234 632.1 3.2 3.4 0.3 0.5 -2.8

Metals and minerals.............................................. 4235 123.0 -0.6 1.1 1.7 -2.6 -3.7

Electric goods..................................................... 4236 324.0 8.3 5.9 -2.3 0.3 -5.2

Hardware and plumbing.......................................... 4237 232.7 -0.1 5.1 5.2 4.7 -0.4

Machinery and supplies.......................................... 4238 680.6 6.6 10.2 3.4 3.5 -6.1

Miscellaneous durable goods.................................... 4239 327.2 0.7 -2.0 -2.7 -2.7 -0.8

Nondurable goods................................................... 424 2,059.1 1.9 3.7 1.8 1.8 -1.9

Paper and paper products....................................... 4241 122.3 1.1 2.7 1.6 0.5 -2.1

Druggists’ goods.................................................. 4242 189.4 2.3 1.6 -0.6 1.2 -0.4

Apparel and piece goods........................................ 4243 152.7 -4.6 -0.2 4.6 -5.5 -5.3

Grocery and related products.................................... 4244 753.8 1.7 3.1 1.3 3.1 0.0

Farm product raw materials...................................... 4245 79.7 18.6 10.1 -7.2 3.7 -5.7

Chemicals.......................................................... 4246 130.2 5.2 3.5 -1.6 0.4 -3.0

Petroleum.......................................................... 4247 98.1 0.8 6.3 5.5 4.0 -2.2

Alcoholic beverages.............................................. 4248 182.3 -7.4 -0.1 7.9 5.9 6.0

Miscellaneous nondurable goods............................... 4249 350.6 0.9 3.4 2.5 1.4 -2.0

Electronic markets and agents and brokers...................... 425 899.2 2.2 4.6 2.4 4.1 -0.6

Electronic markets and agents and brokers.................... 4251 899.2 2.2 4.6 2.4 4.1 -0.6

Retail Trade

Retail trade............................................................. 44-45 15,876.9 5.0 4.6 -0.4 1.8 -2.7

Motor vehicle and parts dealers................................... 441 1,858.2 7.2 8.9 1.6 5.0 -3.6

Automobile dealers............................................... 4411 1,173.8 9.3 10.1 0.8 5.5 -4.2

Other motor vehicle dealers..................................... 4412 137.1 7.7 8.9 1.1 4.6 -4.0

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores........................ 4413 547.3 -5.4 -1.8 3.7 3.7 5.6

Furniture and home furnishings stores............................ 442 482.3 4.4 5.8 1.4 3.2 -2.4

Furniture stores................................................... 4421 227.1 3.6 2.2 -1.3 2.9 0.7

Home furnishings stores......................................... 4422 255.2 5.3 10.0 4.5 3.7 -5.7

Electronics and appliance stores.................................. 443 503.6 9.9 9.0 -0.8 -6.1 -13.9

Electronics and appliance stores................................ 4431 503.6 9.9 9.0 -0.8 -6.1 -13.9

Building material and garden supply stores...................... 444 1,254.8 2.7 3.8 1.1 4.5 0.7

Building material and supplies dealers......................... 4441 1,094.3 2.4 2.6 0.2 4.5 1.9

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores............. 4442 160.5 2.5 10.3 7.6 4.3 -5.4

Food and beverage stores......................................... 445 3,012.3 1.6 1.8 0.3 0.7 -1.1

Grocery stores.................................................... 4451 2,600.8 1.1 1.5 0.5 1.2 -0.3

Specialty food stores............................................. 4452 246.3 7.5 3.7 -3.5 -3.1 -6.6

Beer, wine and liquor stores..................................... 4453 165.2 1.9 4.7 2.8 -1.5 -6.0

Health and personal care stores................................... 446 1,056.7 0.4 1.8 1.4 2.4 0.6

Health and personal care stores................................ 4461 1,056.7 0.4 1.8 1.4 2.4 0.6

6
Table 1. Percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2012-2013 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

2013

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2012-2013

Labor

productivity Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Gasoline stations.................................................... 447 878.1 -1.2 1.2 2.4 1.4 0.2

Gasoline stations.................................................. 4471 878.1 -1.2 1.2 2.4 1.4 0.2

Clothing and clothing accessories stores......................... 448 1,480.3 8.0 2.2 -5.3 0.4 -1.8

Clothing stores.................................................... 4481 1,103.6 10.3 1.3 -8.1 0.9 -0.5

Shoe stores........................................................ 4482 199.9 -6.6 -0.7 6.3 0.9 1.7

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores................... 4483 176.8 12.2 9.6 -2.3 -1.3 -10.0

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores................. 451 678.8 2.4 4.4 2.0 2.8 -1.6

Sporting goods and musical instrument stores................ 4511 561.0 2.0 6.2 4.1 6.9 0.7

Book, periodical, and music stores.............................. 4512 117.8 4.1 -3.2 -7.0 -12.8 -9.9

General merchandise stores....................................... 452 3,073.4 4.8 1.3 -3.4 0.3 -0.9

Department stores................................................ 4521 1,344.7 8.0 -3.8 -10.9 -12.5 -9.1

Other general merchandise stores.............................. 4529 1,728.7 -0.1 3.2 3.3 11.1 7.6

Miscellaneous store retailers....................................... 453 940.4 6.7 4.4 -2.2 -2.2 -6.3

Florists............................................................. 4531 81.8 10.1 3.6 -5.9 0.4 -3.1

Office supplies, stationery and gift stores...................... 4532 312.4 8.6 6.6 -1.8 -1.9 -8.0

Used merchandise stores........................................ 4533 209.1 17.5 10.2 -6.2 -4.7 -13.6

Other miscellaneous store retailers............................. 4539 337.1 0.9 1.8 0.9 -1.7 -3.5

Nonstore retailers.................................................... 454 658.0 7.8 11.5 3.4 4.3 -6.5

Electronic shopping and mail-order houses.................... 4541 343.5 8.4 13.2 4.5 4.4 -7.8

Vending machine operators...................................... 4542 45.8 -0.9 3.8 4.7 -0.3 -3.9

Direct selling establishments.................................... 4543 268.7 3.5 4.9 1.3 4.7 -0.2

Food Services and Drinking Places

Food services and drinking places................................ 722 10,570.2 -2.4 0.6 3.0 4.1 3.5

Full-service restaurants.......................................... 7221 4,958.7 -3.8 -0.3 3.6 5.2 5.5

Limited-service eating places.................................... 7222 4,515.5 0.9 4.2 3.3 3.7 -0.4

Special food services............................................. 7223 726.4 -9.3 -10.5 -1.3 1.4 13.3

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages........................... 7224 369.6 -5.3 -2.5 3.0 0.3 2.9

7
Table 2. Average annual percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-2013

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2013

Labor

productivity Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Mining Industries

Mining...................................................................................... 21 -0.2 0.7 0.9 5.4 4.6

Oil and gas extraction.................................................................. 211 0.5 0.7 0.2 5.7 5.0

Oil and gas extraction............................................................... 2111 0.5 0.7 0.2 5.7 5.0

Mining, except oil and gas............................................................. 212 1.4 0.2 -1.2 2.1 1.9

Coal mining........................................................................... 2121 1.5 -0.6 -2.0 0.8 1.4

Metal ore mining..................................................................... 2122 0.4 1.0 0.6 5.0 4.0

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying........................................ 2123 1.4 0.4 -1.0 2.5 2.1

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade........................................................................... 42 3.1 3.4 0.3 4.1 0.7

Durable goods.......................................................................... 423 5.0 4.9 0.0 3.9 -1.0

Motor vehicles and parts............................................................ 4231 3.9 3.5 -0.4 3.2 -0.3

Furniture and furnishings............................................................ 4232 1.9 1.3 -0.6 3.6 2.2

Lumber and construction supplies................................................. 4233 1.7 1.7 0.0 2.7 0.9

Commercial equipment.............................................................. 4234 13.2 13.3 0.1 4.3 -8.0

Metals and minerals................................................................. 4235 -0.6 -0.6 0.0 3.5 4.1

Electric goods........................................................................ 4236 8.1 7.4 -0.7 4.0 -3.2

Hardware and plumbing............................................................. 4237 1.7 2.1 0.4 4.1 2.0

Machinery and supplies............................................................. 4238 2.7 2.6 -0.1 4.0 1.4

Miscellaneous durable goods....................................................... 4239 1.0 1.8 0.8 4.4 2.6

Nondurable goods...................................................................... 424 1.4 1.5 0.1 4.1 2.6

Paper and paper products.......................................................... 4241 1.5 0.7 -0.8 2.7 2.0

Druggists’ goods..................................................................... 4242 3.7 4.8 1.1 8.0 3.0

Apparel and piece goods........................................................... 4243 2.2 1.8 -0.4 3.3 1.4

Grocery and related products...................................................... 4244 1.1 1.8 0.6 4.1 2.3

Farm product raw materials......................................................... 4245 1.5 -0.4 -1.9 4.0 4.4

Chemicals............................................................................ 4246 0.8 1.1 0.3 4.1 2.9

Petroleum............................................................................. 4247 2.1 0.3 -1.8 2.7 2.4

Alcoholic beverages................................................................. 4248 -0.2 1.8 2.0 5.0 3.1

Miscellaneous nondurable goods.................................................. 4249 0.4 0.0 -0.4 3.0 3.0

Electronic markets and agents and brokers......................................... 425 1.4 3.8 2.4 4.7 0.9

Electronic markets and agents and brokers...................................... 4251 1.4 3.8 2.4 4.7 0.9

Retail Trade

Retail trade................................................................................ 44-45 2.9 3.3 0.4 3.2 -0.1

Motor vehicle and parts dealers...................................................... 441 2.1 2.7 0.6 3.4 0.6

Automobile dealers.................................................................. 4411 2.2 2.8 0.6 3.4 0.5

Other motor vehicle dealers........................................................ 4412 2.8 3.3 0.6 4.2 0.9

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores........................................... 4413 1.0 1.7 0.7 3.2 1.4

Furniture and home furnishings stores............................................... 442 4.0 3.5 -0.5 2.4 -1.1

Furniture stores...................................................................... 4421 3.4 2.8 -0.5 2.2 -0.7

Home furnishings stores............................................................ 4422 4.9 4.4 -0.5 2.6 -1.7

Electronics and appliance stores..................................................... 443 12.4 13.5 0.9 3.7 -8.6

Electronics and appliance stores................................................... 4431 12.4 13.5 0.9 3.7 -8.6

Building material and garden supply stores......................................... 444 2.6 3.2 0.6 3.2 -0.1

Building material and supplies dealers............................................ 4441 2.3 3.1 0.8 3.3 0.2

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores................................ 4442 4.4 4.1 -0.3 2.1 -2.0

Food and beverage stores............................................................ 445 0.4 0.3 -0.1 2.8 2.5

Grocery stores....................................................................... 4451 0.2 0.2 0.0 3.0 2.7

Specialty food stores................................................................ 4452 0.4 -0.2 -0.6 1.4 1.6

Beer, wine and liquor stores........................................................ 4453 2.1 1.1 -0.9 1.9 0.8

Health and personal care stores...................................................... 446 2.0 3.2 1.1 4.7 1.4

Health and personal care stores................................................... 4461 2.0 3.2 1.1 4.7 1.4

8
Table 2. Average annual percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data,

1987-2013 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2013

Labor

productivity Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Gasoline stations....................................................................... 447 1.6 1.0 -0.6 2.2 1.2

Gasoline stations.................................................................... 4471 1.6 1.0 -0.6 2.2 1.2

Clothing and clothing accessories stores............................................ 448 4.3 4.0 -0.3 2.6 -1.3

Clothing stores....................................................................... 4481 4.6 4.4 -0.1 2.8 -1.6

Shoe stores........................................................................... 4482 3.0 2.2 -0.8 1.7 -0.5

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores...................................... 4483 3.9 3.2 -0.7 2.7 -0.5

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores.................................... 451 4.0 3.9 0.0 3.0 -0.9

Sporting goods and musical instrument stores................................... 4511 4.6 5.2 0.5 3.6 -1.5

Book, periodical, and music stores................................................ 4512 2.4 0.5 -1.9 1.1 0.6

General merchandise stores.......................................................... 452 3.2 4.6 1.4 3.5 -1.1

Department stores................................................................... 4521 0.8 1.1 0.4 1.7 0.5

Other general merchandise stores................................................. 4529 5.6 8.2 2.5 5.4 -2.5

Miscellaneous store retailers.......................................................... 453 3.5 3.4 -0.2 2.0 -1.4

Florists................................................................................ 4531 2.7 -0.4 -3.0 -0.3 0.1

Office supplies, stationery and gift stores......................................... 4532 5.8 4.8 -0.9 1.6 -3.1

Used merchandise stores........................................................... 4533 4.6 6.0 1.4 3.7 -2.2

Other miscellaneous store retailers................................................ 4539 1.4 2.3 1.0 2.2 -0.2

Nonstore retailers....................................................................... 454 8.5 8.9 0.3 3.8 -4.6

Electronic shopping and mail-order houses....................................... 4541 10.6 14.6 3.6 7.7 -6.1

Vending machine operators......................................................... 4542 0.9 -1.9 -2.8 0.3 2.3

Direct selling establishments....................................................... 4543 3.0 1.2 -1.7 1.1 -0.2

Food Services and Drinking Places

Food services and drinking places................................................... 722 0.4 2.0 1.6 5.1 3.1

Full-service restaurants............................................................. 7221 0.4 2.0 1.6 6.0 3.8

Limited-service eating places....................................................... 7222 0.5 2.3 1.8 4.9 2.6

Special food services................................................................ 7223 0.9 1.9 1.0 3.7 1.8

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages.............................................. 7224 -0.3 -0.7 -0.4 2.5 3.3

9