Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-20-0815 

8:30 a.m. (EDT) Friday, May 8, 2020

Technical information: 

Household data: cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

(NOTE: BLS reissued this news release on September 23, 2020, to address minor data errors 

associated with the introduction in January 2020 of a new occupation classification system. The 

corrections affected a limited number of data series presented in tables A-8, A-9, A-13, and A-14 

of this release; for the vast majority of these series, the impact was negligible. Most major series, 

including the official unemployment rate, were not affected. Estimates in the BLS online database 

were corrected for January–July 2020. For more information on these corrections, see 

www.bls.gov/bls/errata/revision-to-current-population-survey-estimates-for-January-throughJuly-2020.htm .) 

(NOTE: On May 11, 2020, BLS corrected errors in national estimates for seasonally adjusted all 

employees in professional and technical services, professional and business services, private

service-providing, service-providing, total private, and total nonfarm. Tables affected are 

Summary table B, B-1, B-4, and B-5. The corrected change in total nonfarm employment for April 

is 37,000 lower than initially reported. Estimates in the LABSTAT database and in this news 

release were corrected for February, March, and April 2020. BLS also corrected other supporting 

documentation on www.bls.gov/ces/ .) 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — APRIL 2020

Total nonfarm payroll employment fell by 20.5 million in April, and the unemployment rate rose to 

14.7 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The changes in these measures reflect 

the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. Employment fell sharply 

in all major industry sectors, with particularly heavy job losses in leisure and hospitality. 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

April 2018 – April 2020

Percent

-25,000

-20,000

-15,000

-10,000

-5,000

0

Apr-18 Jul-18 Oct-18 Jan-19 Apr-19 Jul-19 Oct-19 Jan-20 Apr-20

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, April 2018 – April 2020

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

Apr-18 Jul-18 Oct-18 Jan-19 Apr-19 Jul-19 Oct-19 Jan-20 Apr-20
 

-2-

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note. 

 

Household Survey Data 

In April, the unemployment rate increased by 10.3 percentage points to 14.7 percent. This is the 

highest rate and the largest over-the-month increase in the history of the series (seasonally adjusted data 

are available back to January 1948). The number of unemployed persons rose by 15.9 million to 23.1 

million in April. The sharp increases in these measures reflect the effects of the coronavirus pandemic 

and efforts to contain it. (See table A-1. For more information about how the household survey and its 

measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic, see the box note on page 5.) 

In April, unemployment rates rose sharply among all major worker groups. The rate was 13.0 percent 

for adult men, 15.5 percent for adult women, 31.9 percent for teenagers, 14.2 percent for Whites, 16.7 

percent for Blacks, 14.5 percent for Asians, and 18.9 percent for Hispanics. The rates for all of these 

groups, with the exception of Blacks, represent record highs for their respective series. (See tables A-1, 

A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of unemployed persons who reported being on temporary layoff increased about ten-fold 

to 18.1 million in April. The number of permanent job losers increased by 544,000 to 2.0 million. (See 

table A-11.) 

In April, the number of unemployed persons who were jobless less than 5 weeks increased by 10.7 

million to 14.3 million, accounting for almost two-thirds of the unemployed. The number of 

unemployed persons who were jobless 5 to 14 weeks rose by 5.2 million to 7.0 million. The number of 

long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 939,000, declined by 225,000 over the 

month and represented 4.1 percent of the unemployed. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate decreased by 2.5 percentage points over the month to 60.2 percent, 

the lowest rate since January 1973 (when it was 60.0 percent). Total employment, as measured by the 

household survey, fell by 22.4 million to 133.4 million. The employment-population ratio, at 51.3 

percent, dropped by 8.7 percentage points over the month. This is the lowest rate and largest over-themonth decline in the history of the series (seasonally adjusted data are available back to January 1948). 

(See table A-1.) 

The number of persons who usually work full time declined by 15.0 million over the month, and the 

number who usually work part time declined by 7.4 million. Part-time workers accounted for one-third 

of the over-the-month employment decline. (See table A-9.) 

The number of persons at work part time for economic reasons nearly doubled over the month to 10.9 

million. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time 

because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. This group includes 

persons who usually work full time and persons who usually work part time. (See table A-8.) 

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 9.9 million, nearly doubled 

in April. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for 

work during the last 4 weeks or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) 
 

-3-

Persons marginally attached to the labor force—a subset of persons not in the labor force who 

currently want a job—numbered 2.3 million in April, up by 855,000 over the month. These individuals 

were not in the labor force, wanted and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in 

the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged 

workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, 

numbered 574,000 in April, little changed from the previous month. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment fell by 20.5 million in April, after declining by 881,000 in March.

The April over-the-month decline is the largest in the history of the series and brought employment to its 

lowest level since January 2011 (the series dates back to 1939). Job losses in April were widespread, 

with the largest employment decline occurring in leisure and hospitality. (See table B-1. For more 

information about how the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus, see 

the box note on page 5.) 

In April, employment in leisure and hospitality plummeted by 7.7 million, or 47 percent. Almost threequarters of the decrease occurred in food services and drinking places (-5.5 million). Employment also 

fell in the arts, entertainment, and recreation industry (-1.3 million) and in the accommodation industry 

(-839,000). 

Employment declined by 2.5 million in education and health services in April. In health care, 

employment declined by 1.4 million, led by losses in offices of dentists (-503,000), offices of physicians 

(-243,000), and offices of other health care practitioners (-205,000). Employment also declined in social 

assistance (-651,000), reflecting job losses in child day care services (-336,000) and individual and 

family services (-241,000). Employment in private education declined by 457,000 over the month. 

Professional and business services shed 2.2 million jobs in April. Sharp losses occurred in temporary 

help services (-842,000) and in services to buildings and dwellings (-259,000). 

In April, employment in retail trade declined by 2.1 million. Job losses occurred in clothing and 

clothing accessories stores (-740,000), motor vehicle and parts dealers (-345,000), miscellaneous store 

retailers (-264,000), and furniture and home furnishings stores (-209,000). By contrast, the component of 

general merchandise stores that includes warehouse clubs and supercenters gained 93,000 jobs. 

In April, manufacturing employment dropped by 1.3 million. About two-thirds of the decline was in 

durable goods manufacturing (-914,000), which saw losses in motor vehicles and parts (-382,000) and in 

fabricated metal products (-109,000). Nondurable goods manufacturing shed 416,000 jobs. 

Employment in the other services industry declined by 1.3 million in April, with nearly two-thirds of 

the decline occurring in personal and laundry services (-797,000). 

Government employment dropped by 980,000 in April. Employment in local government was down by 

801,000, in part reflecting school closures. Employment also declined in state government education 

(-176,000). 

Construction employment fell by 975,000 in April, with much of the loss in specialty trade contractors 

(-691,000). Job losses also occurred in construction of buildings (-206,000). 
 

-4-

Employment fell in transportation and warehousing in April (-584,000). Transit and ground passenger 

transportation and air transportation lost 185,000 jobs and 141,000 jobs, respectively. 

Wholesale trade shed 363,000 jobs in April, largely reflecting losses in the durable and nondurable 

goods components. 

Employment in financial activities fell by 262,000 over the month, with the vast majority of the decline 

occurring in real estate and rental and leasing (-222,000). 

Employment in information fell by 254,000 in April, driven by a decline in motion picture and sound 

recording industries (-217,000). 

Mining lost 46,000 jobs in April, with most of the decline occurring in support activities for mining 

(-33,000). 

In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by $1.34 to 

$30.01. Average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees 

increased by $1.04 to $25.12 in April. The increases in average hourly earnings largely reflect the 

substantial job loss among lower-paid workers; this change, along with earnings increases, put upward 

pressure on the average hourly earnings estimates. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 34.2 

hours in April. In manufacturing, the workweek declined by 2.1 hours to 38.3 hours, and overtime 

declined by 0.9 hour to 2.1 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory 

employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 33.5 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised down by 24,000 from 

+275,000 to +251,000, and the change for March was revised down by 180,000 from -701,000 to 

-881,000. With these revisions, employment changes in February and March combined were 204,000 

lower than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from 

businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of 

seasonal factors.)

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 5, 2020, at 8:30 

a.m. (EDT).
 

-5-

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on April 2020 Establishment and Household Survey Data

Data collection for both surveys was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The household 

survey is generally collected through in-person and telephone interviews, but personal interviews were 

not conducted for the safety of interviewers and respondents. The household survey response rate, at 70 

percent, was about 13 percentage points lower than in months prior to the pandemic. In the 

establishment survey, approximately one-fifth of the data is collected at four regional data collection 

centers. Although these centers were closed, about half of the interviewers at these centers worked 

remotely to collect data by telephone. Additionally, BLS encouraged businesses to report electronically.

The collection rate for the establishment survey in April was 74.9 percent, essentially unchanged from 

collection rates prior to the pandemic.

In the establishment survey, workers who are paid by their employer for all or any part of the pay period 

including the 12th of the month are counted as employed, even if they were not actually at their jobs. 

Workers who are temporarily or permanently absent from their jobs and are not being paid are not 

counted as employed, even if they are continuing to receive benefits. The length of the reference period 

does vary across the respondents in the establishment survey; one-third of businesses have a weekly pay 

period, slightly over 40 percent a bi-weekly, about 20 percent semi-monthly, and a small amount 

monthly. 

 

There was a change to the estimation method used in the establishment survey for April. Business births 

and deaths cannot be adequately captured by the establishment survey as they occur. Therefore, the 

establishment survey estimates use a model to account for the relatively stable net employment change 

generated by business births and deaths. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the relationship 

between the two was no longer stable in April. Therefore, the establishment survey made modifications 

to the birth-death model. For more information, see www.bls.gov/cps/employment-situation-covid19-

faq-april-2020.pdf . 

In the household survey, individuals are classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force 

based on their answers to a series of questions about their activities during the survey reference week 

(April 12th through April 18th). Workers who indicate they were not working during the entire survey 

reference week and expect to be recalled to their jobs should be classified as unemployed on temporary 

layoff. In April, there was an extremely large increase in the number of persons classified as 

unemployed on temporary layoff. 

 

However, there was also a large increase in the number of workers who were classified as employed but 

absent from work. As was the case in March, special instructions sent to household survey interviewers 

called for all employed persons absent from work due to coronavirus-related business closures to be 

classified as unemployed on temporary layoff. However, it is apparent that not all such workers were so 

classified. 

 

If the workers who were recorded as employed but absent from work due to “other reasons” (over and 

above the number absent for other reasons in a typical April) had been classified as unemployed on 

temporary layoff, the overall unemployment rate would have been almost 5 percentage points higher 

than reported (on a not seasonally adjusted basis). However, according to usual practice, the data from 
 

-6-

the household survey are accepted as recorded. To maintain data integrity, no ad hoc actions are taken to 

reclassify survey responses. 

 

More information is available at www.bls.gov/cps/employment-situation-covid19-faq-april-2020.pdf . 
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Change from:

Mar. 2020-

Apr. 2020

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 258,693 259,628 259,758 259,896 138

Civilian labor force........................................................... 162,546 164,546 162,913 156,481 -6,432

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.8 63.4 62.7 60.2 -2.5

Employed................................................................... 156,696 158,759 155,772 133,403 -22,369

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.6 61.1 60.0 51.3 -8.7

Unemployed............................................................... 5,850 5,787 7,140 23,078 15,938

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.6 3.5 4.4 14.7 10.3

Not in labor force............................................................ 96,147 95,082 96,845 103,415 6,570

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.6 3.5 4.4 14.7 10.3

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.4 3.3 4.0 13.0 9.0

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.1 3.1 4.0 15.5 11.5

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 12.9 11.0 14.3 31.9 17.6

White.......................................................................... 3.1 3.1 4.0 14.2 10.2

Black or African American.................................................. 6.6 5.8 6.7 16.7 10.0

Asian.......................................................................... 2.2 2.5 4.1 14.5 10.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.2 4.4 6.0 18.9 12.9

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 2.9 2.9 3.5 13.1 9.6

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.3 5.7 6.8 21.2 14.4

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.4 3.6 4.4 17.3 12.9

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.1 3.0 3.7 15.0 11.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.1 1.9 2.5 8.4 5.9

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,660 2,723 3,946 20,626 16,680

Job leavers...................................................................... 728 777 727 570 -157

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,899 1,803 1,778 1,477 -301

New entrants.................................................................... 535 505 509 389 -120

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 1,906 2,013 3,542 14,283 10,741

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,835 1,803 1,794 7,004 5,210

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 860 825 808 833 25

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,227 1,102 1,164 939 -225

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,706 4,318 5,765 10,887 5,122

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,868 2,776 4,043 9,939 5,896

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,447 1,317 1,321 697 -624

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,356 22,175 20,601 12,355 -8,246

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,484 1,440 1,426 2,281 855

Discouraged workers........................................................ 446 405 514 574 60

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 251 -881 -20,537

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 220 -853 -19,557

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 56 -74 -2,355

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 -7 -50

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 46 -33 -975

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 -34 -1,330

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 6 -20 -914

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2.9 8.3 -3.2 -381.5

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 -14 -416

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 164 -779 -17,202

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 -3.3 -2.9 -362.8

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -11.8 3.0 -44.8 -2,106.9

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 -0.4 -7.2 -584.1

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2.6 -0.8 0.3 -3.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6 0 -4 -254

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 22 -3 -262

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 27 -80 -2,165

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.4 -6.3 -57.9 -841.9

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 52 -101 -2,544

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.9 62.5 -64.1 -2,086.9

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 59 -499 -7,653

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6 -38 -1,267

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 31 -28 -980

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 216 -139 -7,056

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 188 -151 -6,730

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 50.0 50.0 49.3

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 48.7 48.6 47.6

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.3 82.3 82.1 80.2

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.4 34.1 34.2

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $27.81 $28.52 $28.67 $30.01

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $956.66 $981.09 $977.65 $1,026.34

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.5 112.0 110.3 93.8

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.1 0.4 -1.5 -15.0

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.9 152.7 151.2 134.6

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.7 -1.0 -11.0

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (258 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 53.7 28.5 4.8

Manufacturing (76 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.9 46.7 26.3 2.6

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

1
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? 

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm. 

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? 

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release. 

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? 

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 

 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits? 

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work? 

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 145,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,693 259,758 259,896 258,693 260,181 259,502 259,628 259,758 259,896

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,097 162,537 155,830 162,546 164,556 164,606 164,546 162,913 156,481

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 62.6 60.0 62.8 63.2 63.4 63.4 62.7 60.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,710 155,167 133,326 156,696 158,803 158,714 158,759 155,772 133,403

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6 59.7 51.3 60.6 61.0 61.2 61.1 60.0 51.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,387 7,370 22,504 5,850 5,753 5,892 5,787 7,140 23,078

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 4.5 14.4 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 4.4 14.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,596 97,221 104,066 96,147 95,625 94,896 95,082 96,845 103,415

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,951 5,215 9,761 5,105 4,832 4,904 4,962 5,509 9,916

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,114 125,639 125,707 125,114 125,852 125,513 125,575 125,639 125,707

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,027 85,914 82,820 86,233 87,049 87,088 87,008 86,123 83,139

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 68.4 65.9 68.9 69.2 69.4 69.3 68.5 66.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,963 81,794 71,810 82,999 84,034 83,940 83,871 82,357 71,916

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 65.1 57.1 66.3 66.8 66.9 66.8 65.6 57.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,064 4,120 11,010 3,234 3,015 3,147 3,137 3,765 11,223

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 4.8 13.3 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.6 4.4 13.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,087 39,725 42,887 38,881 38,803 38,426 38,568 39,516 42,569

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,665 117,254 117,330 116,665 117,413 117,110 117,181 117,254 117,330

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,415 83,174 80,379 83,421 84,008 84,087 84,001 83,176 80,461

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.5 70.9 68.5 71.5 71.5 71.8 71.7 70.9 68.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,711 79,448 70,041 80,609 81,390 81,345 81,202 79,832 69,977

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 67.8 59.7 69.1 69.3 69.5 69.3 68.1 59.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,703 3,726 10,338 2,812 2,618 2,743 2,799 3,344 10,483

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 4.5 12.9 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.0 13.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,251 34,080 36,951 33,244 33,405 33,023 33,180 34,078 36,870

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,579 134,119 134,189 133,579 134,329 133,988 134,053 134,119 134,189

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,069 76,623 73,010 76,313 77,507 77,518 77,538 76,790 73,343

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.9 57.1 54.4 57.1 57.7 57.9 57.8 57.3 54.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,747 73,373 61,516 73,697 74,769 74,774 74,888 73,415 61,487

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 54.7 45.8 55.2 55.7 55.8 55.9 54.7 45.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,323 3,250 11,494 2,616 2,738 2,744 2,651 3,375 11,855

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 4.2 15.7 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 4.4 16.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,510 57,496 61,179 57,266 56,822 56,470 56,514 57,329 60,847

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,332 125,915 125,991 125,332 126,082 125,770 125,841 125,915 125,991

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,382 73,789 70,790 73,440 74,584 74,512 74,501 73,840 70,913

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.5 58.6 56.2 58.6 59.2 59.2 59.2 58.6 56.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,327 70,908 60,124 71,136 72,200 72,097 72,179 70,886 59,947

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.9 56.3 47.7 56.8 57.3 57.3 57.4 56.3 47.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,055 2,881 10,666 2,304 2,383 2,415 2,323 2,954 10,966

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 3.9 15.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 4.0 15.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,950 52,126 55,202 51,892 51,498 51,258 51,340 52,075 55,079

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,696 16,590 16,574 16,696 16,686 16,622 16,606 16,590 16,574

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,300 5,574 4,661 5,685 5,964 6,007 6,043 5,897 5,108

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 33.6 28.1 34.1 35.7 36.1 36.4 35.5 30.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,672 4,811 3,161 4,951 5,213 5,273 5,378 5,054 3,479

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.0 29.0 19.1 29.7 31.2 31.7 32.4 30.5 21.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 763 1,500 734 752 734 665 843 1,628

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 13.7 32.2 12.9 12.6 12.2 11.0 14.3 31.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,395 11,015 11,913 11,010 10,722 10,614 10,562 10,693 11,467

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,576 201,023 201,082 200,576 201,326 200,918 200,968 201,023 201,082

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,627 125,761 120,795 125,911 127,197 127,288 127,146 126,021 121,242

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 62.6 60.1 62.8 63.2 63.4 63.3 62.7 60.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,036 120,660 104,083 121,964 123,175 123,332 123,189 121,042 104,065

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.8 60.0 51.8 60.8 61.2 61.4 61.3 60.2 51.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,591 5,101 16,713 3,947 4,022 3,957 3,957 4,979 17,176

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 4.1 13.8 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 4.0 14.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,950 75,261 80,287 74,665 74,129 73,630 73,821 75,002 79,840

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,852 65,501 63,595 65,815 66,076 66,279 66,153 65,522 63,645

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.7 71.1 69.0 71.6 71.6 72.0 71.8 71.1 69.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,014 62,842 55,863 63,915 64,238 64,341 64,204 63,120 55,776

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 68.2 60.6 69.6 69.6 69.9 69.7 68.5 60.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,838 2,659 7,732 1,900 1,839 1,938 1,950 2,402 7,869

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.1 12.2 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.7 12.4

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,639 55,894 53,581 55,657 56,429 56,324 56,247 55,878 53,634

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.7 57.8 55.4 57.7 58.3 58.3 58.2 57.8 55.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,309 53,974 45,735 54,120 54,827 54,807 54,692 53,878 45,563

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 55.8 47.3 56.1 56.6 56.7 56.6 55.7 47.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,330 1,921 7,846 1,538 1,602 1,517 1,555 2,000 8,071

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 3.4 14.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.6 15.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,136 4,366 3,620 4,438 4,692 4,686 4,746 4,621 3,963

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.8 35.9 29.8 36.2 38.4 38.4 39.0 38.0 32.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,713 3,844 2,485 3,930 4,111 4,184 4,294 4,043 2,727

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 31.6 20.4 32.1 33.6 34.3 35.2 33.2 22.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 521 1,135 509 581 502 452 578 1,236

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 11.9 31.3 11.5 12.4 10.7 9.5 12.5 31.2

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,955 33,238 33,267 32,955 33,215 33,184 33,211 33,238 33,267

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,537 20,455 19,425 20,587 20,949 20,790 20,946 20,596 19,487

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 61.5 58.4 62.5 63.1 62.6 63.1 62.0 58.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,262 19,018 16,248 19,235 19,712 19,549 19,730 19,208 16,240

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4 57.2 48.8 58.4 59.3 58.9 59.4 57.8 48.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,275 1,438 3,177 1,352 1,238 1,241 1,216 1,387 3,247

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 7.0 16.4 6.6 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.7 16.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,418 12,783 13,841 12,368 12,266 12,395 12,266 12,642 13,780

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,449 9,404 8,856 9,451 9,591 9,445 9,499 9,477 8,880

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 67.2 63.2 68.3 68.6 67.6 68.0 67.7 63.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,827 8,691 7,431 8,823 9,034 8,918 8,945 8,812 7,448

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.8 62.1 53.0 63.8 64.6 63.9 64.0 63.0 53.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 713 1,425 628 557 526 554 665 1,432

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 7.6 16.1 6.6 5.8 5.6 5.8 7.0 16.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,406 10,363 9,997 10,416 10,625 10,617 10,721 10,374 9,995

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 61.6 59.4 62.6 63.3 63.3 63.8 61.7 59.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,907 9,806 8,413 9,860 10,094 10,067 10,207 9,830 8,351

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.5 58.3 50.0 59.2 60.1 60.0 60.8 58.5 49.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 558 1,584 556 530 550 514 543 1,644

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 5.4 15.8 5.3 5.0 5.2 4.8 5.2 16.4

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 687 573 720 734 728 725 745 612

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.6 28.3 23.6 29.2 29.9 29.8 29.8 30.7 25.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 521 405 552 583 564 578 566 441

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 21.4 16.7 22.4 23.8 23.1 23.7 23.3 18.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 167 168 168 151 164 148 180 171

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 24.2 29.4 23.3 20.6 22.5 20.4 24.1 28.0

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,290 16,419 16,363 16,290 16,482 16,178 16,421 16,419 16,363

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,166 10,486 9,893 10,194 10,478 10,332 10,574 10,470 9,938

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 63.9 60.5 62.6 63.6 63.9 64.4 63.8 60.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,954 10,058 8,476 9,969 10,214 10,017 10,312 10,037 8,499

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.1 61.3 51.8 61.2 62.0 61.9 62.8 61.1 51.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 428 1,418 225 264 315 262 433 1,438

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 4.1 14.3 2.2 2.5 3.0 2.5 4.1 14.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,124 5,932 6,470 6,096 6,004 5,847 5,848 5,948 6,425

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 43,289 43,895 43,975 43,289 43,986 43,742 43,820 43,895 43,975

Civilian labor force................................ 28,474 29,372 27,752 28,561 29,517 29,672 29,852 29,443 27,841

Participation rate............................... 65.8 66.9 63.1 66.0 67.1 67.8 68.1 67.1 63.3

Employed....................................... 27,415 27,531 22,625 27,364 28,286 28,397 28,531 27,672 22,579

Employment-population ratio............... 63.3 62.7 51.5 63.2 64.3 64.9 65.1 63.0 51.3

Unemployed.................................... 1,059 1,841 5,126 1,198 1,231 1,275 1,322 1,771 5,263

Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 6.3 18.5 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 6.0 18.9

Not in labor force................................. 14,814 14,523 16,223 14,727 14,468 14,070 13,968 14,452 16,133

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,595 15,836 15,319 15,615 15,875 16,114 16,035 15,844 15,337

Participation rate............................... 79.8 79.9 77.2 79.9 79.9 81.6 81.1 80.0 77.2

Employed....................................... 15,074 14,943 12,817 15,034 15,393 15,571 15,519 15,037 12,776

Employment-population ratio............... 77.2 75.4 64.6 76.9 77.5 78.9 78.5 75.9 64.3

Unemployed.................................... 521 893 2,502 581 483 543 516 807 2,561

Unemployment rate......................... 3.3 5.6 16.3 3.7 3.0 3.4 3.2 5.1 16.7

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,776 12,208 11,341 11,770 12,293 12,242 12,441 12,245 11,348

Participation rate............................... 59.6 60.8 56.4 59.5 61.1 61.2 62.1 61.0 56.4

Employed....................................... 11,381 11,462 9,090 11,337 11,736 11,701 11,834 11,507 9,060

Employment-population ratio............... 57.6 57.1 45.2 57.3 58.4 58.5 59.1 57.3 45.0

Unemployed.................................... 395 746 2,251 433 558 541 607 738 2,288

Unemployment rate......................... 3.4 6.1 19.8 3.7 4.5 4.4 4.9 6.0 20.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,103 1,328 1,092 1,177 1,349 1,316 1,377 1,354 1,157

Participation rate............................... 27.7 33.2 27.3 29.6 33.6 32.9 34.4 33.8 28.9

Employed....................................... 961 1,126 719 992 1,157 1,125 1,177 1,128 743

Employment-population ratio............... 24.2 28.1 18.0 25.0 28.8 28.1 29.4 28.2 18.6

Unemployed.................................... 142 202 373 184 191 191 199 225 414

Unemployment rate......................... 12.9 15.2 34.2 15.7 14.2 14.5 14.5 16.7 35.8

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 10,081 9,184 8,688 9,985 9,895 9,621 9,710 9,251 8,595

Participation rate.................................. 45.7 45.3 43.3 45.2 46.5 45.9 47.8 45.7 42.8

Employed.......................................... 9,554 8,439 6,872 9,453 9,379 9,090 9,160 8,626 6,774

Employment-population ratio................. 43.3 41.6 34.2 42.8 44.0 43.4 45.1 42.6 33.7

Unemployed....................................... 527 745 1,816 532 516 531 550 625 1,821

Unemployment rate............................ 5.2 8.1 20.9 5.3 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.8 21.2

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,900 35,142 33,203 35,895 36,094 36,230 36,309 35,232 33,252

Participation rate.................................. 57.9 57.3 54.5 57.9 58.5 58.7 58.3 57.4 54.6

Employed.......................................... 34,729 33,460 27,557 34,658 34,764 34,861 34,986 33,687 27,505

Employment-population ratio................. 56.0 54.6 45.2 55.9 56.3 56.5 56.2 54.9 45.1

Unemployed....................................... 1,172 1,682 5,646 1,237 1,330 1,369 1,323 1,545 5,747

Unemployment rate............................ 3.3 4.8 17.0 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.6 4.4 17.3

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 37,494 37,256 35,935 37,348 37,509 37,283 37,325 37,381 35,860

Participation rate.................................. 64.9 64.5 62.6 64.7 64.7 64.6 64.8 64.7 62.5

Employed.......................................... 36,405 35,803 30,634 36,199 36,491 36,243 36,209 36,013 30,485

Employment-population ratio................. 63.0 62.0 53.4 62.7 63.0 62.8 62.9 62.3 53.1

Unemployed....................................... 1,089 1,453 5,301 1,149 1,018 1,040 1,116 1,368 5,376

Unemployment rate............................ 2.9 3.9 14.8 3.1 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.7 15.0

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 58,335 60,888 60,075 58,361 59,938 60,176 59,894 60,487 60,127

Participation rate.................................. 73.8 73.5 71.5 73.8 73.5 73.7 73.1 73.0 71.6

Employed.......................................... 57,235 59,405 55,151 57,150 58,778 59,002 58,736 59,000 55,084

Employment-population ratio................. 72.4 71.7 65.7 72.3 72.1 72.3 71.7 71.2 65.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,099 1,484 4,924 1,211 1,160 1,174 1,158 1,487 5,043

Unemployment rate............................ 1.9 2.4 8.2 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.5 8.4

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,903 18,544 17,022 16,644 1,881 1,900

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,337 8,944 8,219 7,854 1,118 1,090

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.4 48.2 48.3 47.2 59.4 57.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,120 7,894 8,049 6,956 1,072 938

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.2 42.6 47.3 41.8 57.0 49.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 1,050 171 898 46 152

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 11.7 2.1 11.4 4.1 14.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,566 9,600 8,803 8,790 763 810

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,248 4,453 3,552 3,710 697 743

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,390 3,478 2,913 2,949 477 530

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.8 78.1 82.0 79.5 68.5 71.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,331 3,025 2,880 2,601 451 424

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.4 67.9 81.1 70.1 64.8 57.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 453 33 347 26 106

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 13.0 1.1 11.8 5.4 20.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 975 639 761 220 213

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,119 3,076 2,593 2,563 525 513

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,413 2,260 2,056 1,946 357 315

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.4 73.5 79.3 75.9 68.0 61.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,360 2,100 2,011 1,817 349 283

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 68.3 77.5 70.9 66.6 55.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 160 45 129 8 32

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 7.1 2.2 6.6 2.2 10.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 816 538 617 168 198

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,298 6,907 7,047 6,666 251 241

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,480 1,294 1,405 1,262 75 31

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 18.7 19.9 18.9 29.9 13.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,442 1,073 1,373 1,043 70 31

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8 15.5 19.5 15.6 27.8 12.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 221 33 220 5 1

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 17.0 2.3 17.4 7.3 –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,818 5,613 5,642 5,404 176 210

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,238 4,108 3,830 3,705 408 403

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,054 1,912 1,846 1,698 208 214

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 46.5 48.2 45.8 51.0 53.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,986 1,696 1,785 1,495 201 201

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.9 41.3 46.6 40.4 49.3 49.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 216 60 203 7 13

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 11.3 3.3 11.9 3.2 6.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,184 2,196 1,984 2,007 200 189

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,997 232,724 103,613 104,740 127,385 127,985

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,960 145,311 76,873 74,246 74,087 71,065

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.4 62.4 74.2 70.9 58.2 55.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,047 124,330 74,093 64,288 71,953 60,042

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 53.4 71.5 61.4 56.5 46.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,913 20,980 2,780 9,958 2,133 11,023

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 14.4 3.6 13.4 2.9 15.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,038 87,414 26,740 30,494 53,298 56,920

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2020 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 30,770 29,846 227,923 230,051

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,384 5,923 155,713 149,907

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.7 19.8 68.3 65.2

Employed............................................................................. 5,978 4,805 150,731 128,520

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 19.4 16.1 66.1 55.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 405 1,117 4,982 21,387

Unemployment rate............................................................... 6.3 18.9 3.2 14.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,386 23,923 72,210 80,143

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,732 2,611 77,629 74,556

Participation rate..................................................................... 36.6 35.4 82.5 79.3

Employed............................................................................. 2,522 2,096 74,947 64,877

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 33.8 28.4 79.6 69.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 210 515 2,682 9,680

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.7 19.7 3.5 13.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,735 4,764 16,470 19,431

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,402 2,157 68,967 66,201

Participation rate..................................................................... 30.2 30.0 71.3 68.2

Employed............................................................................. 2,249 1,731 66,927 55,927

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 28.3 24.1 69.2 57.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 152 426 2,039 10,275

Unemployment rate............................................................... 6.3 19.7 3.0 15.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,547 5,035 27,760 30,938

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,250 1,154 9,117 9,150

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.1 7.6 24.6 23.5

Employed............................................................................. 1,208 978 8,857 7,717

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.9 6.4 23.9 19.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 43 177 260 1,432

Unemployment rate............................................................... 3.4 15.3 2.9 15.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,104 14,124 27,979 29,774

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 43,527 42,504 21,187 20,489 22,340 22,015

Civilian labor force.................................................. 28,439 26,285 16,521 15,238 11,918 11,047

Participation rate.................................................. 65.3 61.8 78.0 74.4 53.3 50.2

Employed.......................................................... 27,660 21,961 16,122 12,908 11,539 9,053

Employment-population ratio................................. 63.5 51.7 76.1 63.0 51.7 41.1

Unemployed....................................................... 779 4,324 400 2,330 379 1,994

Unemployment rate............................................ 2.7 16.5 2.4 15.3 3.2 18.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,088 16,219 4,665 5,251 10,422 10,968

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 215,166 217,392 103,927 105,218 111,239 112,174

Civilian labor force.................................................. 133,657 129,545 69,506 67,582 64,151 61,963

Participation rate.................................................. 62.1 59.6 66.9 64.2 57.7 55.2

Employed.......................................................... 129,049 111,365 66,842 58,902 62,208 52,463

Employment-population ratio................................. 60.0 51.2 64.3 56.0 55.9 46.8

Unemployed....................................................... 4,608 18,180 2,664 8,680 1,944 9,500

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.4 14.0 3.8 12.8 3.0 15.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 81,509 87,847 34,421 37,636 47,087 50,211

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,281 2,263 2,303 2,389 2,533 2,404 2,467 2,399 2,424

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,571 1,580 1,585 1,661 1,849 1,741 1,831 1,715 1,694

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 687 661 693 693 684 647 645 660 701

Unpaid family workers........................... 23 22 25 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 154,429 152,904 131,023 154,369 156,241 156,345 156,281 153,358 131,053

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 145,849 144,163 123,485 145,694 147,431 147,483 147,353 144,507 123,400

Government..................................... 21,189 21,484 19,543 20,848 21,323 21,475 21,039 21,143 19,208

Private industries............................... 124,661 122,679 103,942 124,876 126,069 125,960 126,192 123,360 104,148

Private households.......................... 825 712 492 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 123,835 121,967 103,450 124,046 125,250 125,152 125,397 122,642 103,663

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,543 8,704 7,514 8,559 8,821 8,801 8,889 8,806 7,546

Unpaid family workers........................... 37 37 23 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,483 5,879 10,684 4,706 4,148 4,182 4,318 5,765 10,887

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,782 4,159 9,843 2,868 2,657 2,655 2,776 4,043 9,939

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,473 1,404 728 1,447 1,215 1,294 1,317 1,321 697

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 22,160 20,764 13,149 21,356 21,586 22,154 22,175 20,601 12,355

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,424 5,788 10,524 4,645 4,111 4,091 4,225 5,681 10,730

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,750 4,090 9,694 2,834 2,613 2,580 2,719 3,965 9,780

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,461 1,392 723 1,437 1,209 1,308 1,313 1,312 695

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,830 20,392 12,779 21,008 21,180 21,787 21,770 20,236 11,970

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,710 155,167 133,326 156,696 158,803 158,714 158,759 155,772 133,403

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,672 4,811 3,161 4,951 5,213 5,273 5,378 5,054 3,479

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,543 1,636 1,101 1,728 1,874 1,949 1,972 1,800 1,302

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,129 3,175 2,060 3,201 3,339 3,311 3,401 3,269 2,154

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,038 150,356 130,165 151,744 153,590 153,441 153,381 150,719 129,924

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,114 13,248 9,951 14,207 14,142 14,214 14,278 13,428 10,023

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,923 137,107 120,214 137,525 139,426 139,215 139,188 137,392 119,906

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,890 100,141 87,910 100,691 101,653 101,487 101,426 100,313 87,769

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,602 35,429 30,456 35,586 36,230 36,129 36,123 35,501 30,453

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,001 33,050 29,658 32,943 33,406 33,412 33,402 33,168 29,607

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,287 31,662 27,796 32,162 32,017 31,945 31,901 31,644 27,709

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,033 36,966 32,304 36,834 37,773 37,728 37,762 37,079 32,137

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,963 81,794 71,810 82,999 84,034 83,940 83,871 82,357 71,916

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,252 2,346 1,769 2,390 2,644 2,596 2,669 2,525 1,939

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 724 566 894 876 860 891 817 632

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,430 1,622 1,203 1,492 1,766 1,733 1,784 1,715 1,277

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,711 79,448 70,041 80,609 81,390 81,345 81,202 79,832 69,977

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,161 6,688 5,183 7,212 7,152 7,307 7,272 6,818 5,222

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,551 72,760 64,858 73,389 74,217 74,057 73,982 73,159 64,758

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,870 53,170 47,282 53,789 54,005 53,840 53,770 53,374 47,236

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,170 18,957 16,390 19,170 19,364 19,145 19,175 19,002 16,396

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,815 17,687 16,090 17,770 17,881 17,884 17,874 17,790 16,049

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,884 16,527 14,803 16,849 16,761 16,810 16,720 16,582 14,792

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,681 19,590 17,575 19,600 20,212 20,217 20,213 19,785 17,522

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,747 73,373 61,516 73,697 74,769 74,774 74,888 73,415 61,487

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,420 2,465 1,392 2,561 2,568 2,677 2,709 2,529 1,541

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 912 536 834 999 1,089 1,081 983 670

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,699 1,553 856 1,709 1,573 1,578 1,616 1,554 877

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,327 70,908 60,124 71,136 72,200 72,097 72,179 70,886 59,947

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,954 6,561 4,768 6,995 6,990 6,907 7,006 6,610 4,801

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,373 64,347 55,356 64,136 65,208 65,158 65,206 64,232 55,147

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,020 46,971 40,627 46,902 47,648 47,647 47,657 46,939 40,533

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,432 16,472 14,066 16,416 16,866 16,984 16,949 16,499 14,058

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,186 15,363 13,568 15,173 15,525 15,528 15,528 15,378 13,558

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,402 15,135 12,993 15,313 15,256 15,135 15,180 15,062 12,917

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,352 17,376 14,729 17,234 17,561 17,510 17,549 17,293 14,615

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,927 45,901 41,843 45,758 46,177 46,257 46,067 45,920 41,683

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,414 36,700 32,034 36,205 36,631 36,869 36,597 36,353 31,860

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,698 9,402 7,908 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,212 127,981 113,656 129,816 131,755 131,099 131,109 129,298 114,322

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,498 27,187 19,670 26,943 26,992 27,529 27,726 26,553 19,106

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,765 7,358 5,360 7,849 7,946 8,152 8,070 7,268 5,451

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.7 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 4.7 4.1

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,094 6,287 6,410 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,230 9,364 8,207 9,252 9,506 9,448 9,534 9,466 8,247

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,850 7,140 23,078 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 4.4 14.7

16 to 19 years..................................... 734 843 1,628 12.9 12.6 12.2 11.0 14.3 31.9

16 to 17 years.................................. 274 354 496 13.7 13.7 11.8 9.8 16.4 27.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 453 479 1,126 12.4 12.1 12.5 12.0 12.8 34.3

20 years and over................................ 5,116 6,297 21,449 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 4.0 14.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 989 1,281 3,466 6.5 6.3 6.6 6.4 8.7 25.7

25 years and over.............................. 4,141 5,007 18,008 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.5 13.1

25 to 54 years............................... 3,156 3,725 12,909 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.6 12.8

25 to 34 years............................. 1,422 1,534 5,176 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.1 14.5

35 to 44 years............................. 898 1,157 3,849 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.4 11.5

45 to 54 years............................. 836 1,034 3,884 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.2 12.3

55 years and over........................... 975 1,276 5,071 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.6 3.3 13.6

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,234 3,765 11,223 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.6 4.4 13.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 422 421 739 15.0 13.0 13.5 11.2 14.3 27.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 125 142 168 12.3 14.6 14.4 10.8 14.8 21.0

18 to 19 years.................................. 300 265 567 16.7 12.8 12.9 12.0 13.4 30.8

20 years and over................................ 2,812 3,344 10,483 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.0 13.0

20 to 24 years.................................. 598 681 1,601 7.7 7.2 6.8 6.7 9.1 23.5

25 years and over.............................. 2,234 2,651 8,886 3.0 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.5 12.1

25 to 54 years............................... 1,707 1,951 6,477 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.5 12.1

25 to 34 years............................. 720 842 2,711 3.6 3.6 3.9 3.9 4.2 14.2

35 to 44 years............................. 495 584 1,870 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.2 10.4

45 to 54 years............................. 491 525 1,896 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.1 11.4

55 years and over........................... 527 700 2,409 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.7 3.4 12.1

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,616 3,375 11,855 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 4.4 16.2

16 to 19 years..................................... 312 422 889 10.9 12.1 11.0 10.8 14.3 36.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 148 212 328 15.1 12.9 9.6 8.9 17.8 32.9

18 to 19 years.................................. 153 214 558 8.2 11.3 12.1 12.0 12.1 38.9

20 years and over................................ 2,304 2,954 10,966 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 4.0 15.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 391 600 1,865 5.3 5.5 6.5 6.1 8.3 28.0

25 years and over.............................. 1,907 2,356 9,122 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.5 14.2

25 to 54 years............................... 1,449 1,774 6,432 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.6 13.7

25 to 34 years............................. 702 692 2,464 4.1 3.5 3.5 3.4 4.0 14.9

35 to 44 years............................. 403 573 1,979 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.6 12.7

45 to 54 years............................. 344 509 1,988 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.6 3.3 13.3

55 years and over........................... 476 582 2,671 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.4 3.3 15.5

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 830 1,065 4,457 1.8 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.3 9.7

Married women, spouse present1................. 678 1,114 4,811 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.2 3.0 13.1

Women who maintain families2.................... 501 526 1,495 4.9 4.2 5.4 4.1 5.3 15.9

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,687 5,477 16,885 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.5 4.1 12.9

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,171 1,712 6,194 4.2 3.9 4.1 3.7 6.1 24.5

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,484 4,441 20,384 2,660 2,686 2,665 2,723 3,946 20,626

On temporary layoff.............................. 574 2,223 17,878 722 807 742 801 1,848 18,063

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 1,910 2,219 2,506 1,938 1,880 1,923 1,922 2,099 2,563

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,287 1,559 1,951 1,314 1,295 1,289 1,279 1,456 2,000

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 623 660 555 625 585 634 644 643 563

Job leavers........................................... 685 695 520 728 829 836 777 727 570

Reentrants............................................ 1,761 1,784 1,329 1,899 1,655 1,838 1,803 1,778 1,477

New entrants......................................... 457 449 271 535 551 557 505 509 389

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 46.1 60.3 90.6 45.7 46.9 45.2 46.9 56.7 89.4

On temporary layoff.............................. 10.6 30.2 79.4 12.4 14.1 12.6 13.8 26.5 78.3

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 35.5 30.1 11.1 33.3 32.9 32.6 33.1 30.2 11.1

Job leavers........................................... 12.7 9.4 2.3 12.5 14.5 14.2 13.4 10.5 2.5

Reentrants............................................ 32.7 24.2 5.9 32.6 28.9 31.2 31.0 25.5 6.4

New entrants......................................... 8.5 6.1 1.2 9.2 9.6 9.4 8.7 7.3 1.7

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.5 2.7 13.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.4 13.2

Job leavers........................................... 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4

Reentrants............................................ 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 1,585 3,118 13,880 1,906 2,065 2,059 2,013 3,542 14,283

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,572 2,008 6,728 1,835 1,730 1,755 1,803 1,794 7,004

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,231 2,244 1,897 2,087 1,998 2,053 1,927 1,971 1,772

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 997 999 968 860 812 887 825 808 833

27 weeks and over............................... 1,234 1,245 929 1,227 1,186 1,166 1,102 1,164 939

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 24.2 17.5 7.7 22.8 20.8 21.9 20.9 17.1 6.1

Median duration, in weeks......................... 11.2 7.3 4.0 9.3 9.0 9.3 9.1 7.0 2.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 29.4 42.3 61.7 32.7 35.6 35.1 35.1 48.5 61.9

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 29.2 27.2 29.9 31.5 29.9 29.9 31.4 24.5 30.4

15 weeks and over.................................. 41.4 30.4 8.4 35.8 34.5 35.0 33.6 27.0 7.7

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 18.5 13.6 4.3 14.8 14.0 15.1 14.4 11.1 3.6

27 weeks and over............................... 22.9 16.9 4.1 21.1 20.5 19.9 19.2 15.9 4.1

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 156,710 133,326 5,387 22,504 3.3 14.4

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 63,560 61,221 1,040 5,079 1.6 7.7

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 26,645 26,455 375 1,742 1.4 6.2

Professional and related occupations.......................... 36,915 34,766 664 3,337 1.8 8.8

Service occupations................................................ 26,921 18,034 1,132 6,723 4.0 27.2

Sales and office occupations...................................... 33,295 26,511 1,254 4,599 3.6 14.8

Sales and related occupations.................................. 15,211 12,223 625 2,519 3.9 17.1

Office and administrative support occupations............... 18,084 14,288 629 2,080 3.4 12.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,141 11,828 725 2,301 4.9 16.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,198 1,080 140 153 10.5 12.4

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,274 6,549 453 1,529 5.2 18.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,669 4,199 132 619 2.7 12.8

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 18,792 15,732 768 3,502 3.9 18.2

Production occupations.......................................... 8,534 6,358 340 1,457 3.8 18.6

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 10,257 9,375 427 2,045 4.0 17.9

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 5,387 22,504 3.3 14.4

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,254 19,166 3.3 15.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 17 77 2.4 10.2

Construction.......................................................................... 439 1,531 4.7 16.6

Manufacturing........................................................................ 483 1,992 3.0 13.2

Durable goods..................................................................... 265 1,416 2.6 15.1

Nondurable goods................................................................ 218 576 3.6 10.2

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 829 3,223 4.3 17.1

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 255 988 3.4 13.6

Information............................................................................ 87 279 3.5 11.0

Financial activities................................................................... 210 545 2.1 5.4

Professional and business services............................................... 611 1,697 3.5 9.8

Education and health services..................................................... 512 2,555 2.1 10.9

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 647 4,857 4.5 39.3

Other services........................................................................ 164 1,421 2.5 23.0

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 121 163 7.3 9.6

Government workers................................................................... 347 2,018 1.6 9.3

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 208 886 2.2 9.7

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.5 2.7 13.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.4 13.2

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.3 4.5 14.4 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 4.4 14.7

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.6 4.8 14.8 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.7 15.1

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.2 5.3 15.6 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.4 5.2 16.0

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 6.9 8.9 22.4 7.3 6.7 6.9 7.0 8.7 22.8

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2020

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 96,596 104,066 39,087 42,887 57,510 61,179

Persons who currently want a job................................ 4,951 9,761 2,420 4,792 2,531 4,969

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,417 2,211 742 1,170 674 1,041

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 454 585 288 309 166 275

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 963 1,626 455 860 508 766

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,765 5,360 3,693 2,641 4,072 2,719

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.0 4.0 4.5 3.7 5.5 4.4

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,317 3,202 2,227 1,709 2,090 1,493

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 2,098 1,170 738 387 1,360 783

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 252 275 168 145 84 130

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,045 671 535 381 510 290

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Change

from:

Mar.2020 -

Apr.2020p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,430 151,076 150,583 131,071 150,492 152,463 151,582 131,045 -20,537

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,482 128,040 127,531 108,956 127,939 129,718 128,865 109,308 -19,557

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,884 20,771 20,785 18,622 21,039 21,205 21,131 18,776 -2,355

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 700 697 646 741 714 707 657 -50

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.9 53.6 53.0 46.6 48.6 54.5 54.6 49.6 -5.0

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686.0 646.7 644.2 599.6 692.4 659.7 652.7 606.9 -45.8

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.8 155.0 155.2 149.3 146.1 156.6 156.6 151.8 -4.8

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.4 182.9 185.0 179.2 192.6 188.6 188.5 180.6 -7.9

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.4 50.0 49.5 43.7 51.5 50.4 49.8 43.8 -6.0

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 40.5 40.9 40.7 42.6 40.8 41.0 40.8 -0.2

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.6 92.4 94.6 94.8 98.4 97.4 97.7 96.0 -1.7

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349.8 308.8 304.0 271.1 353.7 314.5 307.6 274.5 -33.1

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,377 7,276 7,328 6,544 7,469 7,639 7,606 6,631 -975

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,629.2 1,636.0 1,640.7 1,453.2 1,649.4 1,689.1 1,681.2 1,475.1 -206.1

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801.3 814.1 818.1 711.4 811.6 841.3 839.7 722.1 -117.6

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827.9 821.9 822.6 741.8 837.8 847.8 841.5 753.0 -88.5

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,064.7 994.3 1,019.7 1,002.6 1,078.8 1,098.9 1,094.8 1,015.9 -78.9

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,682.9 4,645.6 4,667.9 4,087.8 4,741.0 4,850.7 4,830.2 4,139.7 -690.5

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,052.3 2,036.0 2,041.9 1,791.0 2,079.2 2,124.7 2,112.4 1,815.0 -297.4

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,630.6 2,609.6 2,626.0 2,296.8 2,661.8 2,726.0 2,717.8 2,324.7 -393.1

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,775 12,795 12,760 11,432 12,829 12,852 12,818 11,488 -1,330

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,038 8,036 8,020 7,107 8,056 8,058 8,038 7,124 -914

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407.4 407.8 406.0 380.8 409.2 410.6 410.1 382.2 -27.9

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.5 413.4 417.0 363.1 419.7 425.6 424.4 362.8 -61.6

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.9 373.5 372.3 336.1 388.4 372.7 371.7 337.4 -34.3

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,490.6 1,478.9 1,474.8 1,367.3 1,492.9 1,483.9 1,477.8 1,369.1 -108.7

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,126.1 1,110.5 1,104.5 1,023.7 1,128.3 1,109.9 1,105.9 1,026.4 -79.5

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,069.1 1,095.9 1,096.0 1,083.8 1,073.2 1,098.2 1,097.6 1,088.0 -9.6

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 159.7 169.0 169.4 169.5 160.3 169.3 169.7 170.5 0.8

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.7 84.3 84.7 83.5 83.9 84.6 84.6 83.7 -0.9

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.2 377.7 377.1 373.1 375.3 378.0 377.0 374.5 -2.5

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.2 432.0 431.7 425.0 420.7 433.1 432.9 426.2 -6.7

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 32.9 33.1 32.7 32.9 33.2 33.4 33.1 -0.3

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 403.5 404.2 401.9 381.4 404.9 404.5 403.9 383.1 -20.8

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,732.5 1,746.2 1,743.8 1,316.5 1,733.9 1,742.9 1,739.8 1,318.5 -421.3

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,004.6 1,004.1 1,002.1 615.7 1,002.9 998.7 995.5 614.0 -381.5

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.8 385.4 385.6 326.1 388.4 386.4 386.0 326.8 -59.2

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.6 620.3 618.0 528.6 616.6 622.9 620.6 529.8 -90.8

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,737 4,759 4,740 4,325 4,773 4,794 4,780 4,364 -416

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,614.2 1,636.3 1,629.6 1,539.3 1,636.7 1,655.4 1,653.5 1,567.2 -86.3

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.4 107.0 105.0 85.6 110.4 106.5 105.3 85.8 -19.5

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.9 110.4 108.7 88.2 114.3 111.3 109.7 88.6 -21.1

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.9 104.7 104.4 62.4 111.9 105.0 104.6 62.4 -42.2

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.0 362.5 362.9 355.4 365.4 363.6 363.4 355.2 -8.2

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 423.3 415.2 411.7 332.6 425.5 417.2 413.4 334.4 -79.0

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.8 110.2 110.2 103.8 115.2 114.3 113.7 105.0 -8.7

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846.7 849.9 849.5 817.2 848.5 851.1 850.3 819.2 -31.1

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732.7 746.0 745.2 680.4 733.7 746.2 746.0 680.5 -65.5

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.0 316.4 312.8 260.2 310.9 323.5 320.5 265.6 -54.9

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,598 107,269 106,746 90,334 106,900 108,513 107,734 90,532 -17,202

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,425 27,481 27,459 24,508 27,671 27,830 27,776 24,719 -3,057

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,878.5 5,902.7 5,906.3 5,552.6 5,893.7 5,934.2 5,931.3 5,568.5 -362.8

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,188.4 3,209.9 3,215.7 3,032.2 3,195.2 3,221.0 3,224.4 3,039.4 -185.0

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,161.5 2,162.8 2,158.2 2,019.4 2,167.0 2,180.4 2,174.1 2,025.9 -148.2

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Change

from:

Mar.2020 -

Apr.2020p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528.6 530.0 532.4 501.0 531.5 532.8 532.8 503.2 -29.6

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,474.7 15,424.9 15,408.8 13,408.4 15,631.1 15,672.0 15,627.2 13,520.3 -2,106.9

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,027.8 2,050.3 2,048.6 1,711.3 2,029.2 2,063.7 2,058.2 1,713.5 -344.7

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,299.7 1,308.0 1,298.7 1,034.5 1,302.2 1,309.4 1,301.9 1,037.3 -264.6

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.7 158.2 161.1 126.1 164.6 165.6 165.4 124.7 -40.7

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 562.4 584.1 588.8 550.7 562.3 588.7 590.9 551.5 -39.4

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 468.5 468.2 459.4 247.3 473.7 470.7 462.0 253.0 -209.0

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 474.9 473.1 469.3 441.8 479.0 475.3 472.5 445.2 -27.3

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,334.0 1,261.5 1,331.1 1,320.0 1,287.6 1,309.3 1,322.5 1,269.8 -52.7

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,046.0 3,069.2 3,057.1 3,022.8 3,072.1 3,090.2 3,087.2 3,045.2 -42.0

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,043.8 1,053.4 1,050.9 950.7 1,051.7 1,058.3 1,057.0 957.7 -99.3

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928.9 934.4 932.0 894.0 937.4 947.2 944.0 900.6 -43.4

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,273.0 1,263.2 1,229.5 513.0 1,316.8 1,289.1 1,269.6 530.0 -739.6

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.5 537.1 518.8 339.5 551.4 549.8 535.9 351.0 -184.9

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,958.0 2,969.5 2,978.5 2,916.7 3,026.7 3,046.8 3,055.3 2,987.9 -67.4

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,038.8 1,044.0 1,041.2 885.7 1,078.3 1,078.5 1,081.6 920.8 -160.8

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 1,919.2 1,925.5 1,937.3 2,031.0 1,948.3 1,968.3 1,973.7 2,067.1 93.4

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.1 802.6 790.0 540.8 837.8 820.4 812.9 548.7 -264.2

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560.2 542.4 543.6 510.5 567.7 551.2 550.1 517.7 -32.4

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,525.7 5,609.5 5,598.1 5,006.8 5,598.6 5,678.1 5,670.9 5,086.8 -584.1

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.5 508.0 511.3 371.8 500.3 511.2 512.7 372.0 -140.7

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.5 158.9 159.2 157.2 179.6 159.9 159.6 157.2 -2.4

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 62.8 62.0 57.3 65.5 64.9 64.3 58.5 -5.8

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,517.2 1,503.4 1,500.7 1,419.8 1,530.5 1,527.3 1,523.9 1,435.6 -88.3

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516.6 520.5 516.6 332.4 502.0 508.2 503.3 318.0 -185.3

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.8 50.4 51.3 50.4 51.0 50.5 51.4 50.5 -0.9

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 31.5 28.0 27.8 12.6 36.0 36.7 35.4 13.9 -21.5

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 749.1 762.2 753.9 687.8 751.0 763.8 756.5 689.6 -66.9

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746.9 816.8 808.5 786.7 797.5 847.8 846.7 848.5 1.8

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,169.9 1,198.5 1,206.8 1,130.8 1,185.2 1,207.8 1,217.1 1,143.0 -74.1

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546.5 543.9 545.7 539.7 548.0 546.1 546.4 543.1 -3.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,832 2,881 2,876 2,629 2,845 2,894 2,890 2,636 -254

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 750.7 767.8 768.4 749.9 755.9 770.0 771.7 754.6 -17.1

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437.4 444.7 442.6 240.4 437.8 456.3 452.3 235.8 -216.5

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.8 263.9 262.8 250.3 266.9 263.3 262.3 250.3 -12.0

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711.0 701.2 698.5 689.4 716.2 700.5 697.7 694.6 -3.1

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.7 349.4 348.2 344.0 335.5 349.6 349.0 342.5 -6.5

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.1 353.9 355.2 355.4 333.1 354.4 357.4 357.9 0.5

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,678 8,797 8,794 8,536 8,721 8,845 8,842 8,580 -262

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,387.5 6,474.4 6,477.8 6,425.8 6,408.6 6,486.4 6,491.0 6,451.1 -39.9

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 19.8 19.1 19.6 19.6 19.9 19.3 19.6 19.7 0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,635.0 2,673.6 2,676.7 2,642.8 2,645.3 2,680.5 2,684.3 2,653.1 -31.2

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,770.8 1,786.3 1,783.7 1,772.5 1,774.7 1,788.1 1,785.8 1,776.4 -9.4

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,388.7 1,394.7 1,391.5 1,385.0 1,391.5 1,393.8 1,391.2 1,386.7 -4.5

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 565.4 582.6 584.8 572.0 570.9 587.2 589.7 577.7 -12.0

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 298.8 304.7 308.2 298.3 299.6 305.2 308.8 299.0 -9.8

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 957.7 965.8 965.7 960.1 961.5 968.8 969.6 965.2 -4.4

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,775.0 2,815.9 2,815.8 2,803.3 2,781.9 2,817.8 2,817.5 2,813.1 -4.4

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,290.4 2,322.3 2,316.6 2,109.7 2,312.0 2,358.5 2,350.7 2,128.8 -221.9

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,696.0 1,732.1 1,728.2 1,634.7 1,707.5 1,750.0 1,747.8 1,646.5 -101.3

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571.4 566.9 565.1 452.3 581.2 584.8 579.4 459.2 -120.2

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Change

from:

Mar.2020 -

Apr.2020p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 23.0 23.3 23.3 22.7 23.3 23.7 23.5 23.1 -0.4

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,169 21,246 21,186 19,264 21,226 21,550 21,470 19,305 -2,165

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,522.1 9,760.4 9,730.6 9,209.9 9,477.7 9,707.6 9,712.9 9,166.7 -546.2

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,140.6 1,156.0 1,156.5 1,092.1 1,146.0 1,162.7 1,161.6 1,097.6 -64.0

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 1,102.3 1,144.8 1,142.8 1,058.6 1,018.5 1,038.0 1,042.5 974.9 -67.6

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,495.1 1,522.9 1,521.5 1,443.4 1,507.0 1,539.8 1,539.4 1,454.2 -85.2

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.1 143.6 142.9 128.4 143.8 145.1 144.4 129.1 -15.3

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,179.3 2,250.5 2,228.1 2,155.5 2,185.1 2,252.7 2,254.6 2,161.4 -93.2

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,510.0 1,549.6 1,544.3 1,474.7 1,518.5 1,561.1 1,562.7 1,484.2 -78.5

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716.9 743.9 746.8 726.5 720.8 749.5 750.9 730.8 -20.1

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 488.7 491.1 487.5 451.1 489.4 492.6 490.0 452.0 -38.0

Other professional and technical services. . . 745.1 758.0 760.2 679.6 748.6 766.1 766.8 682.5 -84.3

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,406.1 2,433.4 2,434.7 2,351.5 2,417.0 2,447.3 2,447.3 2,365.4 -81.9

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,241.2 9,052.6 9,021.1 7,702.5 9,331.4 9,395.0 9,309.6 7,773.2 -1,536.4

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,794.2 8,593.4 8,560.9 7,251.3 8,881.1 8,928.0 8,842.5 7,319.2 -1,523.3

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 524.5 526.4 525.6 488.1 525.1 530.3 529.7 489.3 -40.4

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.1 163.3 164.0 153.2 162.5 164.3 164.7 153.8 -10.9

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,558.2 3,499.4 3,465.0 2,581.1 3,631.2 3,650.2 3,587.5 2,641.7 -945.8

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,886.0 2,804.6 2,773.9 1,985.1 2,950.8 2,939.8 2,881.9 2,040.0 -841.9

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873.4 869.9 862.6 769.0 882.4 869.4 867.2 773.7 -93.5

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218.5 218.5 211.2 172.5 218.0 222.5 212.4 172.4 -40.0

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 952.8 965.7 957.6 883.1 956.1 970.2 965.6 888.3 -77.3

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,167.8 2,009.7 2,036.9 1,918.9 2,169.5 2,178.8 2,175.4 1,916.0 -259.4

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.9 340.5 338.0 285.4 336.2 342.3 340.0 284.0 -56.0

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.0 459.2 460.2 451.2 450.3 467.0 467.1 454.0 -13.1

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,206 24,711 24,600 22,111 24,046 24,586 24,485 21,941 -2,544

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,907.5 3,995.5 3,933.3 3,506.1 3,740.1 3,828.5 3,791.6 3,334.5 -457.1

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,298.7 20,715.4 20,666.3 18,604.5 20,306.0 20,757.7 20,693.6 18,606.7 -2,086.9

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,172.5 16,463.3 16,433.7 15,005.8 16,200.7 16,507.2 16,468.7 15,032.4 -1,436.3

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,640.7 7,831.4 7,799.3 6,618.9 7,648.7 7,855.2 7,815.0 6,626.7 -1,188.3

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,650.0 2,716.9 2,702.4 2,458.9 2,655.8 2,722.9 2,707.7 2,464.4 -243.3

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966.4 972.9 957.5 455.4 968.0 977.0 959.3 456.0 -503.3

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 961.0 985.1 975.8 773.3 961.2 987.8 980.2 775.1 -205.1

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957.5 979.0 984.0 895.9 957.6 980.2 982.7 894.8 -87.9

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 280.1 289.2 288.7 257.1 280.2 289.6 289.1 257.9 -31.2

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,513.6 1,565.2 1,570.8 1,482.2 1,514.1 1,572.4 1,575.3 1,481.7 -93.6

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.1 323.1 320.1 296.1 311.8 325.3 320.7 296.8 -23.9

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,168.9 5,255.6 5,261.5 5,123.4 5,178.3 5,261.0 5,264.9 5,130.0 -134.9

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,362.9 3,376.3 3,372.9 3,263.5 3,373.7 3,391.0 3,388.8 3,275.7 -113.1

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,593.0 1,586.0 1,582.0 1,536.4 1,599.1 1,592.2 1,590.2 1,543.0 -47.2

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 644.8 650.7 651.5 624.7 645.9 653.0 653.4 626.5 -26.9

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962.1 973.0 972.6 940.8 965.0 977.9 977.7 944.3 -33.4

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 163.0 166.6 166.8 161.6 163.7 167.9 167.5 161.9 -5.6

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,126.2 4,252.1 4,232.6 3,598.7 4,105.3 4,250.5 4,224.9 3,574.3 -650.6

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,594.2 2,697.4 2,693.9 2,463.3 2,590.6 2,699.9 2,698.0 2,456.7 -241.3

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 182.4 185.3 185.7 175.5 182.7 186.0 185.6 176.4 -9.2

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 321.1 323.4 319.3 256.6 322.7 326.0 321.8 257.9 -63.9

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,028.5 1,046.0 1,033.7 703.3 1,009.4 1,038.6 1,019.5 683.3 -336.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,406 16,264 15,965 8,655 16,507 16,867 16,368 8,715 -7,653

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,369.9 2,260.6 2,270.4 1,100.0 2,421.3 2,472.4 2,447.2 1,124.4 -1,322.8

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 537.1 474.8 470.4 284.8 517.0 511.7 496.4 279.4 -217.0

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169.2 160.3 162.8 127.5 172.4 175.2 173.3 129.5 -43.8

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Change

from:

Mar.2020 -

Apr.2020p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,663.6 1,625.5 1,637.2 687.7 1,731.9 1,785.5 1,777.5 715.5 -1,062.0

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,036.0 14,003.4 13,694.5 7,555.1 14,085.6 14,394.1 13,920.6 7,590.3 -6,330.3

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,020.2 2,002.0 1,976.3 1,157.4 2,066.8 2,091.0 2,045.0 1,206.0 -839.0

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 12,015.8 12,001.4 11,718.2 6,397.7 12,018.8 12,303.1 11,875.6 6,384.3 -5,491.3

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,882 5,889 5,866 4,631 5,884 5,941 5,903 4,636 -1,267

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,351.8 1,373.2 1,368.7 1,154.7 1,347.0 1,378.6 1,370.9 1,151.0 -219.9

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,529.9 1,515.9 1,498.2 717.0 1,525.9 1,537.2 1,512.2 715.3 -796.9

Membership associations and organizations. . . 3,000.7 2,999.6 2,999.1 2,758.8 3,011.3 3,025.6 3,019.5 2,769.4 -250.1

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,948 23,036 23,052 22,115 22,553 22,745 22,717 21,737 -980

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,815.0 2,848.0 2,866.0 2,874.0 2,823.0 2,867.0 2,886.0 2,887.0 1.0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,210.0 2,252.7 2,270.6 2,278.7 2,217.2 2,265.3 2,285.8 2,286.4 0.6

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.6 595.1 595.0 595.2 605.8 601.6 599.8 600.3 0.5

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,339.0 5,344.0 5,299.0 5,119.0 5,169.0 5,199.0 5,153.0 4,973.0 -180.0

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,657.7 2,645.9 2,599.4 2,425.5 2,487.4 2,489.9 2,447.8 2,271.7 -176.1

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,680.8 2,698.3 2,699.7 2,693.2 2,681.8 2,709.3 2,705.1 2,700.8 -4.3

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,794.0 14,844.0 14,887.0 14,122.0 14,561.0 14,679.0 14,678.0 13,877.0 -801.0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,311.0 8,333.6 8,353.0 7,891.4 7,994.9 8,042.0 8,037.0 7,568.2 -468.8

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,482.9 6,510.7 6,534.3 6,230.3 6,565.7 6,636.8 6,640.6 6,308.3 -332.3

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.4 34.4 34.1 34.2

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.3 40.4 40.1 38.3

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.8 45.6 45.2 43.1

Construction....................................................................... 39.2 39.3 39.1 37.8

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.6 40.7 40.4 38.3

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.9 41.1 40.8 38.1

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.9 40.0 39.8 38.5

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.3 33.2 32.9 33.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.3 34.2 34.1 33.8

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.0 38.8 38.8 37.6

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.7 30.7 30.6 30.6

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.7 38.2 38.0 37.3

Utilities........................................................................... 41.8 42.6 42.3 42.6

Information......................................................................... 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5

Financial activities................................................................ 37.7 37.6 37.6 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.2 36.1 36.1 35.8

Education and health services.................................................. 33.0 33.1 32.9 32.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.9 25.8 24.2 24.2

Other services..................................................................... 31.9 32.0 31.4 32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.1

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.3 3.2 2.9 1.8

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 3.3 3.3 2.7

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Total private............................................... $27.81 $28.52 $28.67 $30.01 $956.66 $981.09 $977.65 $1,026.34

Goods-producing....................................... 28.81 29.57 29.62 30.13 1,161.04 1,194.63 1,187.76 1,153.98

Mining and logging.................................. 33.33 34.72 34.72 34.99 1,559.84 1,583.23 1,569.34 1,508.07

Construction.......................................... 30.63 31.31 31.33 31.38 1,200.70 1,230.48 1,225.00 1,186.16

Manufacturing........................................ 27.48 28.24 28.33 29.11 1,115.69 1,149.37 1,144.53 1,114.91

Durable goods.................................... 28.95 29.66 29.71 30.69 1,184.06 1,219.03 1,212.17 1,169.29

Nondurable goods................................ 24.95 25.79 25.94 26.56 995.51 1,031.60 1,032.41 1,022.56

Private service-providing.............................. 27.57 28.27 28.45 29.98 918.08 938.56 936.01 1,001.33

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 24.01 24.68 24.75 25.70 823.54 844.06 843.98 868.66

Wholesale trade.................................. 31.12 31.81 31.81 32.38 1,213.68 1,234.23 1,234.23 1,217.49

Retail trade........................................ 19.48 20.19 20.30 21.20 598.04 619.83 621.18 648.72

Transportation and warehousing............... 24.66 25.17 25.19 26.01 954.34 961.49 957.22 970.17

Utilities............................................. 41.55 42.52 42.58 43.28 1,736.79 1,811.35 1,801.13 1,843.73

Information........................................... 41.97 43.03 43.28 43.78 1,519.31 1,561.99 1,575.39 1,597.97

Financial activities................................... 35.73 36.85 36.81 37.44 1,347.02 1,385.56 1,384.06 1,407.74

Professional and business services.............. 33.43 34.41 34.46 35.71 1,210.17 1,242.20 1,244.01 1,278.42

Education and health services..................... 27.49 27.90 27.95 28.30 907.17 923.49 919.56 919.75

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 16.45 16.85 16.86 18.00 426.06 434.73 408.01 435.60

Other services....................................... 25.09 25.63 25.69 27.40 800.37 820.16 806.67 882.28

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2020 -

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2020 -

Apr.

2020p

Total private..................................... 110.5 112.0 110.3 93.8 -15.0 146.9 152.7 151.2 134.6 -11.0

Goods-producing............................. 96.6 97.6 96.5 81.9 -15.1 125.8 130.4 129.2 111.6 -13.6

Mining and logging........................ 109.0 102.3 100.4 89.0 -11.4 145.8 142.6 140.0 125.0 -10.7

Construction................................ 100.9 103.5 102.5 86.4 -15.7 134.3 140.8 139.6 117.8 -15.6

Manufacturing.............................. 93.7 94.1 93.2 79.2 -15.0 119.7 123.6 122.7 107.2 -12.6

Durable goods........................... 92.8 93.2 92.3 76.4 -17.2 119.3 122.8 121.8 104.2 -14.4

Nondurable goods...................... 95.1 95.7 95.0 83.9 -11.7 120.3 125.3 125.0 113.0 -9.6

Private service-providing.................... 114.6 116.0 114.1 97.1 -14.9 153.6 159.4 157.8 141.4 -10.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 103.6 103.9 103.3 91.2 -11.7 134.1 138.2 137.9 126.4 -8.3

Wholesale trade......................... 101.4 101.6 101.5 92.4 -9.0 132.0 135.1 135.1 125.1 -7.4

Retail trade.............................. 97.4 97.7 97.1 84.0 -13.5 125.4 130.4 130.3 117.7 -9.7

Transportation and warehousing...... 124.5 124.6 123.8 109.0 -12.0 156.2 159.6 158.7 144.3 -9.1

Utilities.................................... 99.1 100.7 100.0 100.1 0.1 136.1 141.4 140.7 143.1 1.7

Information................................. 94.1 95.9 96.1 87.9 -8.5 140.6 147.0 148.0 137.0 -7.4

Financial activities......................... 107.7 109.0 108.9 105.7 -2.9 150.1 156.6 156.4 154.4 -1.3

Professional and business services..... 120.5 122.0 121.5 108.4 -10.8 163.1 170.0 169.6 156.7 -7.6

Education and health services........... 129.6 132.9 131.5 116.4 -11.5 171.4 178.4 176.9 158.5 -10.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 122.0 124.2 113.0 60.2 -46.7 161.9 168.8 153.7 87.4 -43.1

Other services............................. 108.2 109.6 106.9 86.1 -19.5 148.8 154.0 150.5 129.3 -14.1

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Total nonfarm............................................. 75,016 76,291 75,804 64,546 49.8 50.0 50.0 49.3

Total private............................................ 62,003 63,148 62,667 52,023 48.5 48.7 48.6 47.6

Goods-producing.................................... 4,688 4,769 4,753 4,207 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.4

Mining and logging............................... 95 95 95 93 12.8 13.3 13.4 14.2

Construction....................................... 962 994 990 894 12.9 13.0 13.0 13.5

Manufacturing..................................... 3,631 3,680 3,668 3,220 28.3 28.6 28.6 28.0

Durable goods.................................. 1,927 1,957 1,951 1,719 23.9 24.3 24.3 24.1

Nondurable goods............................. 1,704 1,723 1,717 1,501 35.7 35.9 35.9 34.4

Private service-providing........................... 57,315 58,379 57,914 47,816 53.6 53.8 53.8 52.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,078 11,156 11,117 9,467 40.0 40.1 40.0 38.3

Wholesale trade................................ 1,773.2 1,787.2 1,787.0 1,651.4 30.1 30.1 30.1 29.7

Retail trade..................................... 7,758.0 7,767.0 7,734.5 6,450.8 49.6 49.6 49.5 47.7

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,414.9 1,468.5 1,462.6 1,232.1 25.3 25.9 25.8 24.2

Utilities........................................... 131.5 132.8 132.8 132.8 24.0 24.3 24.3 24.5

Information......................................... 1,130 1,149 1,146 1,046 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.7

Financial activities................................ 4,946 5,000 5,002 4,864 56.7 56.5 56.6 56.7

Professional and business services............ 9,651 9,897 9,858 8,754 45.5 45.9 45.9 45.3

Education and health services.................. 18,584 19,027 18,935 16,825 77.3 77.4 77.3 76.7

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,780 8,995 8,716 4,565 53.2 53.3 53.3 52.4

Other services..................................... 3,146 3,155 3,140 2,295 53.5 53.1 53.2 49.5

Government............................................. 13,013 13,143 13,137 12,523 57.7 57.8 57.8 57.6

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Total private............................................................................... 105,335 106,696 105,740 87,640

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,086 15,165 15,101 13,092

Mining and logging.................................................................. 549 514 506 460

Construction.......................................................................... 5,558 5,688 5,665 4,808

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,979 8,963 8,930 7,824

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,547 5,529 5,506 4,686

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,432 3,434 3,424 3,138

Private service-providing.............................................................. 90,249 91,531 90,639 74,548

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,405 23,527 23,466 20,707

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,738.4 4,753.1 4,747.8 4,418.1

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,341.3 13,375.3 13,330.0 11,470.1

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,887.2 4,961.5 4,951.8 4,385.7

Utilities.............................................................................. 438.4 437.0 436.1 433.3

Information............................................................................ 2,288 2,325 2,318 2,087

Financial activities................................................................... 6,754 6,852 6,830 6,437

Professional and business services............................................... 17,294 17,497 17,373 15,328

Education and health services..................................................... 21,117 21,611 21,472 19,145

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,516 14,812 14,327 7,134

Other services........................................................................ 4,875 4,907 4,853 3,710

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.7 33.7 33.4 33.5

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.2 41.0 40.8 38.7

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.3 45.6 45.5 43.0

Construction....................................................................... 39.8 39.6 39.6 38.2

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.6 41.6 41.3 38.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 42.0 41.9 41.5 38.4

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.1 41.2 41.1 39.1

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.4 32.5 32.1 32.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.9 34.1 33.9 33.6

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.7 38.6 38.4 37.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.5 30.6 30.6 30.6

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.0 38.3 37.9 37.1

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 43.0 42.7 42.4

Information......................................................................... 35.3 35.2 35.3 35.8

Financial activities................................................................ 36.9 36.8 36.7 36.7

Professional and business services............................................ 35.4 35.5 35.4 35.2

Education and health services.................................................. 32.2 32.3 32.2 31.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.7 24.7 22.8 22.4

Other services..................................................................... 30.8 31.0 30.5 31.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.3 4.0 3.9 2.7

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.3 4.1 3.9 2.5

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.0

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Total private............................................... $23.33 $23.96 $24.08 $25.12 $786.22 $807.45 $804.27 $841.52

Goods-producing....................................... 24.60 25.17 25.24 25.25 1,013.52 1,031.97 1,029.79 977.18

Mining and logging.................................. 29.88 30.97 30.88 30.99 1,413.32 1,412.23 1,405.04 1,332.57

Construction.......................................... 28.45 28.97 29.06 28.74 1,132.31 1,147.21 1,150.78 1,097.87

Manufacturing........................................ 21.96 22.52 22.57 22.76 913.54 936.83 932.14 880.81

Durable goods.................................... 22.88 23.51 23.56 23.68 960.96 985.07 977.74 909.31

Nondurable goods................................ 20.44 20.89 20.97 21.41 840.08 860.67 861.87 837.13

Private service-providing.............................. 23.07 23.71 23.83 25.10 747.47 770.58 764.94 818.26

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 20.53 20.94 20.94 21.66 695.97 714.05 709.87 727.78

Wholesale trade.................................. 25.98 26.25 26.34 26.83 1,005.43 1,013.25 1,011.46 992.71

Retail trade........................................ 16.49 16.94 17.00 17.61 502.95 518.36 520.20 538.87

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.38 22.76 22.60 23.33 850.44 871.71 856.54 865.54

Utilities............................................. 36.78 37.80 37.85 38.11 1,552.12 1,625.40 1,616.20 1,615.86

Information........................................... 33.41 34.55 34.62 35.58 1,179.37 1,216.16 1,222.09 1,273.76

Financial activities................................... 27.50 28.25 28.30 28.72 1,014.75 1,039.60 1,038.61 1,054.02

Professional and business services.............. 27.52 28.43 28.49 29.73 974.21 1,009.27 1,008.55 1,046.50

Education and health services..................... 24.14 24.80 24.87 25.33 777.31 801.04 800.81 802.96

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.38 14.90 14.63 14.71 355.19 368.03 333.56 329.50

Other services....................................... 21.27 21.84 21.91 23.10 655.12 677.04 668.26 720.72

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2020 -

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020p

Apr.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2020 -

Apr.

2020p

Total private..................................... 118.3 119.8 117.7 97.8 -16.9 184.4 191.9 189.4 164.3 -13.3

Goods-producing............................. 95.0 95.0 94.2 77.4 -17.8 143.1 146.4 145.5 119.7 -17.7

Mining and logging........................ 138.0 124.6 122.3 105.1 -14.1 239.8 224.3 219.7 189.4 -13.8

Construction................................ 110.8 112.8 112.3 92.0 -18.1 170.2 176.4 176.3 142.7 -19.1

Manufacturing.............................. 85.7 85.6 84.7 69.5 -17.9 123.1 126.1 125.0 103.5 -17.2

Durable goods........................... 87.5 87.0 85.9 67.6 -21.3 125.0 127.8 126.3 100.0 -20.8

Nondurable goods...................... 83.1 83.4 82.9 72.3 -12.8 120.0 123.1 122.9 109.4 -11.0

Private service-providing.................... 124.6 126.7 124.0 103.5 -16.5 197.1 206.1 202.6 178.3 -12.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 111.0 112.2 111.2 97.3 -12.5 162.8 167.9 166.5 150.6 -9.5

Wholesale trade......................... 108.8 108.9 108.2 97.0 -10.4 166.9 168.7 168.2 153.6 -8.7

Retail trade.............................. 103.0 103.6 103.2 88.8 -14.0 145.5 150.3 150.4 134.0 -10.9

Transportation and warehousing...... 140.6 143.8 142.0 123.1 -13.3 200.2 208.3 204.3 182.9 -10.5

Utilities.................................... 94.6 96.1 95.2 94.0 -1.3 145.2 151.6 150.4 149.5 -0.6

Information................................. 92.2 93.4 93.4 85.3 -8.7 152.5 159.8 160.1 150.2 -6.2

Financial activities......................... 117.3 118.7 118.0 111.2 -5.8 198.5 206.3 205.4 196.5 -4.3

Professional and business services..... 136.9 138.9 137.5 120.6 -12.3 224.0 234.8 233.0 213.3 -8.5

Education and health services........... 145.0 148.8 147.4 129.4 -12.2 231.0 243.6 242.0 216.3 -10.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 131.3 134.0 119.7 58.5 -51.1 214.5 226.8 198.8 97.8 -50.8

Other services............................. 105.3 106.7 103.8 81.2 -21.8 163.2 169.8 165.7 136.6 -17.6

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.