For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, June 30, 2022 USDL-22-1352 

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY

SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES – 2021 

Labor productivity rose in 24 of 30 selected service-providing industries in 2021, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. Increases in both output and hours worked were widespread in 2021. 

Output rose in 27 industries, more than twice the 11 industries that saw increases in 2020. Hours worked 

increased in 18 industries in 2021. This was three times as many as the 6 industries which had growth in 

hours worked in 2020. In 2020, labor productivity increased in 17 of 30 industries as declines in hours 

outpaced declines in output for many industries. 

Chart 1. Largest increases in productivity in selected service-providing industries, 2021 
Chart 1 shows the changes in output and hours worked for industries with the largest changes in 

productivity. Change in productivity is approximately equal to the change in output minus the change in 

hours worked. In three of the six industries with the largest change in productivity, hours worked fell 

while output increased, leading to productivity gains. This was the case in travel arrangement and 

reservation services, the industry with the highest productivity growth, as well as two broadcasting 

industries: radio and television broadcasting and cable and other subscription programming. 

Productivity also increased in three industries where hours worked increased at a slower rate than 

output. This was the case in amusement parks and arcades, air transportation, and full-service restaurants. 

Trends in Labor Productivity in 2021 

• Labor productivity rose in 24 of 30 industries in 2021. (See chart 2.) 

• There were 4 industries where productivity rose more than 25 percent: travel arrangement and 

reservation services (136.8 percent), amusement parks and arcades (87.4 percent), air 

transportation (61.8 percent), and full-service restaurants (25.3 percent). In all 4 of those 

industries, output grew more than 44 percent.

• The three industries with the greatest productivity gains in 2021 also saw the largest declines in 

2020. In each industry productivity fell over 20 percent and output fell by over 40 percent. 

• Hours worked increased in 18 of the 30 industries. 

• Hours worked rose in each of the five industries which recorded declines in productivity. Two 

of these industries had double-digit growth in hours worked: warehousing and storage (15.8 

percent) and couriers and messengers (10.5 percent). 

Chart 2. Labor productivity growth in selected service-providing industries, 2021 

-3.6

-3.1

-2.8

-2.4

-0.1

0.0

1.0

1.6

2.7

2.9

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.6

5.1

5.2

6.1

6.9

7.1

8.7

9.9

11.7

13.1

13.2

18.0

20.4

25.3

61.8

87.4

136.8

-30 0 30 60 90 120 150

Postal service

Warehousing and storage

Automotive repair and maintenance

General freight trucking, long-distance

Couriers and messengers

Wired telecommunications carriers

Natural gas distribution

Water, sewage and other systems

Power generation and supply

Specialized freight trucking

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Line-haul railroads

Engineering services

Limited-service eating places

Drycleaning and laundry services

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Newspaper publishers

General freight trucking, local

Gambling industries

Software publishers

Commercial banking

Periodical publishers

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Radio and television broadcasting

Cable and other subscription programming

Full-service restaurants

Air transportation

Amusement parks and arcades

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Percent Change

Productivity

-30 0 30 60 90 120 150

Percent Change

Output

Hours

2
Unit labor costs decreased in 20 industries in 2021. In 19 of these industries, productivity increased. 

Unit labor costs reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output. Unit labor costs 

increase when hourly compensation growth exceeds productivity growth. Changes in labor productivity 

counter the impact of changes in hourly compensation on unit labor costs facing employers. Hourly 

compensation increased more than productivity in all four industries with both rising productivity and 

unit labor costs. 

Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2021

• The largest declines in unit labor costs were in air transportation (-37.2 percent), amusement

parks and arcades (-44.8 percent), and travel arrangement and reservation services (-51.6

percent). Productivity rose by more than 60 percent in each of these industries. (See chart 3.)

• Two industries had double-digit rates of growth in unit labor costs: couriers and messengers

(15.8 percent) and medical and diagnostic laboratories (13.7 percent). Both industries also

had double-digit gains in output, hours worked, and hourly compensation.

• Hourly compensation rose in 26 of the 30 industries measured.

Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation costs in selected service-providing 

industries, 2021

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Amusement parks and arcades

Air transportation

Periodical publishers

Cable and other subscription programming

Full-service restaurants

Gambling industries

Radio and television broadcasting

General freight trucking, local

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Newspaper publishers

Engineering services

Line-haul railroads

Commercial banking

Drycleaning and laundry services

Specialized freight trucking

Power generation and supply

Water, sewage and other systems

Postal service

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Wired telecommunications carriers

Limited-service eating places

Software publishers

Natural gas distribution

General freight trucking, long-distance

Warehousing and storage

Automotive repair and maintenance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Couriers and messengers

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs Productivity Hourly Compensation

3
2019 to 2021 Trends 

Although 27 selected service-providing industries increased output from 2020 to 2021, not all these 

industries saw their output return to their pre-pandemic levels. (See table 3.) Eight industries had levels of 

output that were lower in 2021 than in 2019, despite seeing positive output growth from 2020 to 2021. Of 

these eight industries, the two with the steepest average annual declines in output from 2019 to 2021 were 

air transportation (-17.6 percent) and line-haul railroads (-7.5 percent). 

The 2019 to 2021 trends in hours worked show a similar result. Of the 18 selected service-providing 

industries that increased hours worked from 2020 to 2021, 7 of these had hours worked that were still 

below their pre-pandemic levels. Of these 7 industries, the 2 with the largest average annual decreases in 

hours worked from 2019 to 2021 were amusement parks and arcades (-14.6 percent) and gambling 

industries (-7.1 percent). 

Long term productivity rose in 44 out of 58 service-providing industries. For most industries 

studied, this period extends from 1987 to 2020, the latest year for which data are available for all 

58 selected service-providing industries published on the BLS website. None of the rates in this 

section incorporate data for 2021. Chart 4 displays the number of industries with increases in 

productivity, output, and hours worked for selected time periods through 2020. 

Trends in Long Term Productivity

• Median long term productivity growth for all 58 industries was approximately 1.5 percent

per year.

• Output increased over the long term in 41 industries while hours worked increased in 31

industries.

• Productivity increased in 43 of the 58 industries over the business cycle preceding the

pandemic: 2007 to 2019. During this period, 40 industries had increases in output and 27

experienced growth in hours worked.

Chart 4. Number of selected service-providing industries with increases in labor productivity, output, 

and hours worked

4
Additional Information

The productivity and costs measures in this release incorporate data from the Census Bureau’s Service 

Annual Survey (November 2021). Accordingly, the labor productivity and output series for all industries 

have been revised for 2020 and earlier years.

The following NAICS codes are included in Tables 1 and 3 but not counted in the short-term count of 30 

selected industries because they are duplicate codes or aggregates for which full underlying coverage is 

published: 22, 221, 484, 4841, 4911, 4931, 511, 5111, 515, 5173, 54121, 722, and 72251. 

The following NAICS codes are included in Table 2 but not counted in the long-term count of 58 

selected industries because they are duplicate codes or aggregates for which full underlying coverage is 

published: 22, 221, 484, 4841, 4842, 491, 493, 4931, 511, 5111, 515, 5151, 5173, 5412, 54121, 5615, 

6215, 6221,3, 7131, 72, 721, 7211, 722, 72251, 8121, and 8123. 

Access productivity data at www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/labor-productivity-detailed-industries.xlsx 

for 

• Additional industries and sectors

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of

industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation

• Additional years and long-term data

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new.

5
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the 

labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in 

the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity 

measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not 

measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects

of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity,

energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment

services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and 

managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of 

output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor 

compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship 

between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly 

compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation 

increases and reduce unit labor costs.

Output: Real industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the 

various products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is 

usually derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for 

some industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. 

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and 

annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information 

Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Transportation; the U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the 

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Data from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census

Bureau are used to construct preliminary output measures for 2021 for some industries. Data from 

both the Census Bureau's Quarterly Service Survey and Monthly Retail Trade Survey are used to 

construct preliminary output measures for 2021 for some industries.

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an

industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current

Employment Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 

number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm

establishments are supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to 

estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS 

employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on 

hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to 

hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries,

employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. 

Additional sources of employment and hours data for certain service industries include the 

Association of American Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal 

Service. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly

aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

6
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries,

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in 

kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for 

voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and

survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for 

voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the 

employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census 

Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2021 are constructed using data from 

the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.

7
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2021

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2020-2021

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 540.8 2.1 1.1 1.4 -0.7 2.5

Utilities.............................................................. 221 540.8 2.1 1.1 1.4 -0.7 2.5

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 377.7 2.7 -0.3 1.8 -0.9 1.4

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 109.1 1.0 6.6 -0.3 -1.3 6.3

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 54.0 1.6 -0.3 3.5 1.9 3.2

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 450.1 61.8 -37.2 71.3 5.9 7.6

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 131.2 3.9 -3.2 2.6 -1.2 -0.7

Truck transportation............................................... 484 1,770.5 -0.2 2.5 7.4 7.7 10.1

General freight trucking........................................... 4841 1,292.5 -1.1 4.0 7.4 8.6 11.7

General freight trucking, local.................................... 48411 363.4 7.1 -7.4 20.0 12.0 11.0

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 929.1 -2.4 6.7 4.7 7.3 11.8

Specialized freight trucking....................................... 4842 478.0 2.9 -2.1 8.4 5.3 6.2

Postal service1

..................................................... 491 606.0 -3.6 -0.2 -2.3 1.4 -2.5

Postal service1..................................................... 4911 606.0 -3.6 -0.2 -2.3 1.4 -2.5

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 1,228.3 -0.1 15.8 10.4 10.5 27.8

Warehousing and storage........................................ 493 1,653.3 -3.1 7.4 12.2 15.8 20.5

Warehousing and storage........................................ 4931 1,653.3 -3.1 7.4 12.2 15.8 20.5

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 815.0 12.8 1.5 14.4 1.4 16.2

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 271.6 14.5 -10.8 5.3 -8.0 -6.0

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 113.2 6.9 -5.3 2.4 -4.2 -3.0

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 75.7 13.1 -13.2 3.5 -8.5 -10.2

Software publishers............................................... 5112 543.4 9.9 4.3 16.8 6.3 21.8

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 238.8 18.4 -9.5 8.3 -8.5 -2.0

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 192.2 18.0 -8.2 8.3 -8.2 -0.6

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 46.6 20.4 -12.1 8.8 -9.7 -4.3

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers.............. 5173 587.3 4.3 -2.7 3.4 -0.9 0.6

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 517311 489.2 0.0 0.4 -0.2 -0.2 0.2

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 517312 98.1 13.2 -5.6 7.7 -4.8 1.7

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,358.6 11.7 -2.6 9.1 -2.3 6.2

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 93.0 3.8 0.0 9.3 5.3 9.4

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 5412 1,188.0 6.1 -0.1 9.0 2.7 9.0

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 54121 1,188.0 6.1 -0.1 9.0 2.7 9.0

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 1,070.4 4.6 -3.3 7.8 3.1 4.3

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services.................. 5615 158.7 136.8 -51.6 91.6 -19.1 -7.3

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories............................. 6215 325.3 3.7 13.7 15.3 11.2 31.2

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades.................................. 7131 164.5 87.4 -44.8 121.7 18.3 22.4

Gambling industries............................................... 7132 105.2 8.7 -9.7 37.2 26.2 24.0

Accommodation and Food Services

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 10,847.7 17.0 -6.2 29.3 10.5 21.3

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 9,880.4 14.3 -4.0 27.0 11.1 21.9

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 4,625.3 25.3 -10.4 44.2 15.1 29.2

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 5,255.1 5.1 1.0 13.3 7.8 14.4

See footnotes at end of table.

8
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2021

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2020-2021

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,184.5 -2.8 9.4 4.8 7.8 14.6

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 242.0 5.2 -2.3 3.2 -1.9 0.9

1 For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, average annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.

9
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2020

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2020

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 542.9 2.0 1.6 1.3 -0.7 2.9

Utilities.............................................................. 221 542.9 2.0 1.6 1.3 -0.7 2.9

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 380.8 2.8 0.8 1.8 -0.9 2.6

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 109.8 1.0 3.1 0.1 -0.8 3.2

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 52.3 -1.7 4.7 0.6 2.3 5.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 455.2 0.4 3.2 -0.1 -0.5 3.1

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 137.9 3.3 -0.2 1.0 -2.2 0.8

Truck transportation1

.............................................. 484 1,695.0 0.9 0.9 2.1 1.2 3.0

General freight trucking1.......................................... 4841 1,227.0 1.4 0.9 2.4 1.1 3.4

General freight trucking, local1................................... 48411 335.2 2.8 0.1 3.8 1.0 3.9

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 891.8 1.4 0.5 2.3 0.8 2.8

Specialized freight trucking2

...................................... 4842 468.0 1.1 1.6 1.9 0.7 3.5

Used household and office goods moving...................... 48421 96.2 -0.6 2.7 -0.4 0.2 2.3

Other specialized trucking, local2................................ 48422 234.1 0.7 1.9 1.8 1.1 3.8

Other specialized trucking, long-distance2

...................... 48423 137.7 1.9 1.0 3.2 1.3 4.3

Postal service3

..................................................... 491 602.3 0.0 3.1 -0.6 -0.6 2.5

Postal service3

..................................................... 4911 602.3 0.0 3.1 -0.6 -0.6 2.5

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 1,065.4 -2.6 3.0 1.0 3.7 4.1

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 493 1,418.2 0.8 1.2 5.6 4.7 6.8

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 4931 1,418.2 0.8 1.2 5.6 4.7 6.8

General warehousing and storage1

............................. 49311 1,286.9 1.8 0.5 6.9 5.0 7.4

Refrigerated warehousing and storage1

........................ 49312 68.3 0.5 1.4 3.3 2.8 4.8

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 804.5 4.2 1.4 4.0 -0.2 5.5

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 298.3 0.2 3.9 -2.9 -3.1 0.9

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 120.3 -0.3 3.8 -4.5 -4.2 -0.9

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 85.0 -0.2 4.5 -2.0 -1.8 2.4

Book publishers................................................... 51113 58.6 -0.1 4.5 -1.2 -1.1 3.3

Software publishers............................................... 5112 506.2 10.3 -4.9 17.2 6.3 11.4

Motion picture and video exhibition............................. 51213 62.0 -0.1 3.9 -2.5 -2.4 1.3

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 256.9 3.1 1.3 2.8 -0.3 4.1

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 205.7 2.6 1.0 2.0 -0.6 3.0

Radio broadcasting................................................ 51511 75.2 3.9 0.7 2.4 -1.5 3.1

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 51.2 4.8 2.9 5.7 0.8 8.8

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers.............. 5173 604.2 6.5 -2.7 5.5 -1.0 2.6

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 517311 500.4 3.7 -0.4 2.2 -1.4 1.8

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 517312 103.8 11.8 -6.4 17.1 4.7 9.5

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,388.3 2.6 2.4 2.5 -0.1 5.0

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental.............................................. 532111 94.4 2.1 1.8 1.9 -0.2 3.7

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 86.7 2.4 1.0 3.0 0.6 4.1

Video tape and disc rental....................................... 532282 5.7 5.3 0.1 -4.5 -9.3 -4.4

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services4

......................... 5412 1,146.5 2.0 1.5 2.6 0.5 4.1

Accounting and bookkeeping services4

......................... 54121 1,146.5 2.0 1.5 2.6 0.5 4.1

Offices of certified public accountants4

......................... 541211 502.5 2.0 1.8 3.1 1.1 5.0

Tax preparation services......................................... 541213 130.3 0.6 2.5 1.7 1.1 4.2

Other accounting services4....................................... 541219 350.7 3.4 -0.6 3.3 -0.2 2.6

Architectural services............................................. 54131 207.2 1.5 1.6 2.5 1.0 4.2

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 1,046.0 0.9 2.8 2.6 1.6 5.5

Advertising agencies.............................................. 54181 212.6 2.3 1.4 2.7 0.4 4.2

See footnotes at end of table.

10
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2020

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2020

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Photography studios, portrait..................................... 541921 38.8 1.5 0.6 0.9 -0.6 1.5

Veterinary services5

............................................... 54194 425.9 -0.7 3.9 2.1 2.8 6.1

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search6

................ 56131 264.6 4.5 -0.1 4.9 0.4 4.7

Travel arrangement and reservation services4

................. 5615 188.8 5.5 -1.0 2.5 -2.8 1.5

Travel agencies.................................................... 56151 80.7 6.5 -1.5 4.3 -2.1 2.7

Janitorial services................................................. 56172 1,328.1 2.6 0.8 4.0 1.4 4.9

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories6

............................ 6215 296.8 2.4 0.2 5.2 2.7 5.4

Medical laboratories6

.............................................. 621511 214.3 2.5 -0.1 5.4 2.8 5.4

Diagnostic imaging centers6

..................................... 621512 82.5 2.3 0.8

1.8

2.3 5.5

Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse

hospitals7........................................................ 6221,3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades8

................................. 7131 156.1 -1.9 7.9 -5.8 -3.9 1.7

Amusement and theme parks.................................... 71311 132.5 -1.2 5.6 -1.0 0.1 4.5

Gambling industries4.............................................. 7132 88.3 2.7 1.6 0.6 -2.1 2.2

Golf courses and country clubs2................................. 71391 337.3 -0.9 4.2 -0.8 0.1 3.3

Fitness and recreational sports centers2

........................ 71394 486.2 3.0 0.3 1.6 -1.4 1.8

Bowling centers.................................................... 71395 44.9 0.4 3.0 -2.5 -3.0 0.3

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services.............................. 72 11,588.5 0.7 2.7 1.5 0.8 4.3

Accommodation................................................... 721 1,497.7 1.7 2.1 1.3 -0.4 3.4

Traveler accommodation......................................... 7211 1,425.6 1.8 2.1 1.3 -0.5 3.4

Hotels and motels, except casino hotels........................ 72111 1,183.2 1.3 2.5 0.7 -0.6 3.2

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 10,090.8 0.5 3.0 1.5 1.0 4.5

Special food services............................................. 7223 617.0 0.7 1.9 1.1 0.4 3.0

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages........................... 7224 278.5 -0.7 3.6 -1.6 -1.0 1.9

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 9,195.3 0.6 3.1 1.7 1.2 4.9

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 4,236.6 0.7 3.3 1.4 0.7 4.7

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 4,958.7 0.4 2.9 2.0 1.6 5.0

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,091.0 1.0 2.1 1.3 0.3 3.4

Reupholstery and furniture repair................................ 81142 19.1 -0.9 3.5 -3.0 -2.0 0.4

Personal care services........................................... 8121 1,022.6 2.2 1.5 2.5 0.2 4.0

Hair, nail, and skin care services................................ 81211 836.8 2.0 1.5 2.1 0.1 3.6

Funeral homes and funeral services............................ 81221 104.1 -0.1 3.7 -0.3 -0.2 3.3

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 253.1 2.1 1.4 0.6 -1.5 1.9

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners....................... 81231 40.5 2.1 2.3 -0.1 -2.2 2.2

Drycleaning and laundry services (except coin-operated). . .. 81232 99.9 0.5 2.2 -2.3 -2.8 -0.1

Linen and uniform supply......................................... 81233 112.7 2.5 0.6 2.9 0.3 3.5

Photofinishing...................................................... 81292 6.9 2.0 1.9 -5.2 -7.0 -3.4

1 For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, average annual percent changes are for 1992-2020.

2 For NAICS industries 4842, 48422, 48423, 71391, and 71394, average annual percent changes are for 2002-2020.

3 For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, average annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.

4 For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, average annual percent changes are for 1997-2020.

5 For NAICS industry 54194, average annual percent changes are for 2004-2020.

6 For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994-2020.

7 For NAICS industry 6221,3, average annual percent changes are for 1993-2019. Employment is for 2019.

8 For NAICS industry 7131, average annual percent changes are for 2007-2020.

5,052.2 0.4 3.2

4.7

1.5 5.1

11
Industry

Utilities

Utilities................................................................................. 22 540.8 -0.2 3.0 -0.7 -0.6 2.2

Utilities................................................................................. 221 540.8 -0.2 3.0 -0.7 -0.6 2.2

Power generation and supply.............................................. 2211 377.7 0.5 2.0 -0.4 -0.9 1.6

Natural gas distribution........................................................ 2212 109.1 -2.4 6.6 -2.4 -0.1 4.0

Water, sewage and other systems...................................... 2213 54.0 1.1 1.9 1.8 0.7 3.8

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation................................................................. 481 450.1 -16.1 14.0 -17.6 -1.8 -6.0

Line-haul railroads............................................................... 482111 131.2 1.7 0.5 -7.5 -9.0 -7.0

Truck transportation............................................................. 484 1,770.5 2.1 0.6 3.2 1.0 3.8

General freight trucking....................................................... 4841 1,292.5 1.9 1.1 3.8 1.9 4.9

General freight trucking, local.............................................. 48411 363.4 5.9 -4.0 9.6 3.5 5.2

General freight trucking, long-distance................................ 48412 929.1 1.2 2.2 2.5 1.3 4.8

Specialized freight trucking.................................................. 4842 478.0 3.4 -1.3 2.1 -1.3 0.8

Postal service1 .................................................................... 491 606.0 -1.3 0.2 -0.6 0.7 -0.4

Postal service1

 .................................................................... 4911 606.0 -1.3 0.2 -0.6 0.7 -0.4

Couriers and messengers................................................... 492 1,228.3 -6.1 6.6 10.7 17.9 18.0

Warehousing and storage................................................... 493 1,653.3 -7.3 13.0 7.2 15.6 21.1

Warehousing and storage................................................... 4931 1,653.3 -7.3 13.0 7.2 15.6 21.1

Information

Publishing............................................................................ 511 815.0 7.0 4.0 9.6 2.4 14.0

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers........................ 5111 271.6 7.7 -3.3 -1.5 -8.5 -4.8

Newspaper publishers......................................................... 51111 113.2 5.4 -1.6 -4.7 -9.6 -6.2

Periodical publishers............................................................ 51112 75.7 3.8 -3.2 -3.6 -7.2 -6.7

Software publishers............................................................. 5112 543.4 3.4 5.9 12.5 8.8 19.2

Broadcasting, except Internet.............................................. 515 238.8 15.3 -7.7 4.9 -9.0 -3.1

Radio and television broadcasting....................................... 5151 192.2 16.8 -10.5 6.8 -8.6 -4.4

Cable and other subscription programming......................... 5152 46.6 15.7 -3.9 3.3 -10.7 -0.6

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers................ 5173 587.3 4.0 -1.8 1.3 -2.7 -0.5

Wired telecommunications carriers..................................... 517311 489.2 0.9 0.2 -1.4 -2.2 -1.2

Wireless telecommunications carriers................................. 517312 98.1 9.8 -2.7 4.4 -4.9 1.6

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking............................................................ 52211 1,358.6 3.5 3.7 2.5 -1.0 6.3

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing............................. 53212 93.0 7.6 -0.5 3.5 -3.9 2.9

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services................................ 5412 1,188.0 4.6 -0.9 4.9 0.2 3.9

Accounting and bookkeeping services................................ 54121 1,188.0 4.6 -0.9 4.9 0.2 3.9

Engineering services........................................................... 54133 1,070.4 2.2 0.2 3.3 1.1 3.5

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services..................... 5615 158.7 34.2 -22.1 6.2 -20.9 -17.3

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories.................................... 6215 325.3 8.1 2.3 12.3 3.9 14.9

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades........................................... 7131 164.5 15.6 -6.3 -1.3 -14.6 -7.6

Gambling industries............................................................. 7132 105.2 10.3 -6.2 2.4 -7.1 -3.9

Accommodation and Food Services

Food services and drinking places...................................... 722 10,847.7 8.3 -2.6 2.5 -5.4 -0.2

Restaurants and other eating places................................... 72251 9,880.4 7.7 -1.9 2.9 -4.4 1.0

Full-service restaurants....................................................... 722511 4,625.3 12.4 -5.6 3.3 -8.1 -2.5

Limited-service eating places.............................................. 722513,4,5 5,255.1 3.2 3.0 2.4 -0.8 5.5

See footnotes at end of table

Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2021

Output

2017 Average annual percent change, 2019-2021

NAICS 

code

Labor 

productivity

Unit labor 

costs

Hours 

worked

Labor 

compensation

2021 

Employment 

(thousands)

12
Industry

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance.................................... 8111 1,184.5 -3.1 6.7 -1.5 1.7 5.2

Drycleaning and laundry services........................................ 8123 242.0 6.9 -2.1 -5.3 -11.4 -7.3

Unit labor 

costs

Hours 

worked

Labor 

compensation

1

 For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, average annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September.

Output

Average annual percent change, 2019-2021

Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2021 -- Continued

2017 

NAICS 

code

2021 

Employment 

(thousands)

Labor 

productivity

13