Updated Employment Weights

Beginning with the December 2022 news release, the Employment Cost Index introduced new 

employment weights based on the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system, see

www.bls.gov/eci/notices/2022/eci-2021-fixed-weights-and-2018-soc-update.htm.

remind

Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-23-0798

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, April 28, 2023

Technical information: (202) 691-6199 • ncsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/eci

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • pressoffice@bls.gov

EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX – MARCH 2023

Compensation costs for civilian workers increased 1.2 percent, seasonally adjusted, for the 3-month 

period ending in March 2023, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Wages and 

salaries increased 1.2 percent and benefit costs increased 1.2 percent from December 2022. (See 

chart 1 and tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Compensation costs for civilian workers increased 4.8 percent for the 12-month period ending in 

March 2023 and increased 4.5 percent in March 2022. Wages and salaries increased 5.0 percent for 

the 12-month period ending in March 2023 and increased 4.7 percent for the 12-month period ending 

in March 2022. Benefit costs increased 4.5 percent over the year and increased 4.1 percent for the 12-

month period ending in March 2022. (See chart 2 and tables A, 4, 8, and 12.)

Compensation costs for private industry workers increased 4.8 percent over the year. In March 2022, 

the increase was 4.8 percent. Wages and salaries increased 5.1 percent for the 12-month period 

ending in March 2023 and increased 5.0 percent in March 2022. The cost of benefits increased 4.3

percent for the 12-month period ending in March 2023 and increased 4.1 percent in March 2022.

Inflation-adjusted (constant dollar) private wages and salaries increased 0.1 percent for the 12 months 

ending March 2023. Inflation-adjusted benefit costs in the private sector declined 0.6 percent over that 

same period. (See charts 3, 4, and tables A, 5, 9, and 12.)

Chart 1. Three-month percent change, seasonally 

adjusted, civilian workers, total compensation

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

 Wages and salaries

 Benefits

Chart 2. Twelve-month percent change, not 

seasonally adjusted, civilian workers
Chart 5. Twelve-month percent change, not seasonally 

adjusted, state and local government workers

Among private industry occupational groups, compensation cost increases for the 12-month 

period ending in March 2023 ranged from 4.3 percent for management, professional, and related

occupations and natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, to 6.0 percent for

service occupations. Within industry supersectors, compensation cost increases ranged from 4.2

percent for manufacturing to 5.9 percent for leisure and hospitality. (See table 5.)

Compensation costs for state and local 

government workers increased 4.9 percent 

for the 12-month period ending in March

2023, compared with an increase of 3.2

percent in March 2022. Wages and 

salaries increased 4.7 percent for the 12-

month period ending in March 2023 and

3.1 percent a year ago. Benefit costs 

increased 5.0 percent for the 12-month 

period ending in March 2023. The prior 

year increase was 3.5 percent. (See chart 

5 and tables A, 7, 11, and 12.)

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Wages and salaries

Benefits

Chart 4. Twelve-month percent change, constant 

dollar, private industry workers

Chart 3. Twelve-month percent change, current

dollar, private industry workers

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

 Wages and salaries

 Benefits

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

 Wages and salaries

 Benefits

 Health benefits

- 2 -
TECHNICAL NOTE

The Employment Cost Index (ECI) measures the change in the cost of labor, free from the influence 

of employment shifts among occupations and industries. For information on survey concepts, 

coverage, methods, nonresponse adjustment, and imputation see National Compensation Measures

Handbook of Methods at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm.

Sample size

Data for this reference period were collected from a probability sample of approximately 27,800

occupational observations selected from a sample of about 6,900 private industry establishments and 

approximately 7,500 occupational observations selected from a sample of about 1,400 state and local 

government establishments that provided data at the initial interview. Beginning December 2021, an 

additional (fourth) private industry sample is used in estimation to mitigate the impact of decreasing 

response rates.

Standard errors

To assist users in ascertaining the reliability of ECI series, standard errors of all current quarter not

seasonally adjusted 3- and 12-month percent change series are also available, see

www.bls.gov/eci/factsheets/eci-standard-errors.htm and the database query tool at

www.bls.gov/eci/data.htm. Standard errors provide users a measure of the precision of an estimate to 

ensure that it is within an acceptable range for their intended purpose.

Historical listings

Historical ECI data are available in (xlsx) format at www.bls.gov/eci/tables.htm. The continuous 

occupational and industry series listing uses the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual and 

Occupational Classification System (OCS) series from 1975 through 2005 and the North American 

Industry Classification System (NAICS) and Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) from 2006 

to the present. It provides the official series deemed continuous after the change in classification 

systems. For more information on the criteria used in defining continuous series, see the article 

published in the Monthly Labor Review at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/04/art2full.pdf.

Employer Costs for Employee Compensation data

The costs per hour worked of compensation components are published as part of the Employer Costs 

for Employee Compensation (ECEC) news release. The ECEC release dates are available at

www.bls.gov/schedule/news_release/ecec.htm. Historical ECEC data are available in xlsx format at 

www.bls.gov/eci/tables.htm. Since the ECEC is calculated with current employment weights rather 

than the fixed weights used in computing the ECI, year-to-year changes in the cost levels usually 

differ from those in the ECI.

Fixed employment weights

For additional information on the use of fixed employment weights in computing the ECI, see 

www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2016/article/introducing-2012-fixed-employment-weights-for-theemployment-cost-index.htm. Beginning with the December 2022 release, the ECI introduced new 

employment weights, see www.bls.gov/eci/notices/2022/eci-2021-fixed-weights-and-2018-socupdate.htm.

Additional information

Historical tables are available in (xlsx) format for constant dollar, current dollar, and continuous series, 

see www.bls.gov/eci/tables.htm. ECI release dates are available on the release calendar at

www.bls.gov/schedule/news_release/eci.htm. Subscribe to receive the BLS Economic News Release 

email at public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. If you are deaf, hard of 

hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.

- 3 -
Table 1. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, by occupational group and industry1

[Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes

(Dec.2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months endedDec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2021

Jun.

2021

Sep.

2021

Dec.

2021

Mar.

2022

Jun.

2022

Sep.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Civilian workers

All workers2

.................................. 155.6 157.4 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2

Industry

Goods-producing industries3............ 150.8 152.6 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.2

Manufacturing.......................... 150.6 152.2 0.5 0.9 1.3 0.9 1.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.1

Service-providing industries4

............ 156.7 158.5 1.0 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1

Education and health services....... 154.1 156.0 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.2

Educational services................ 152.9 154.8 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.6 1.1 1.2

Elementary and secondary

schools.......................... 153.4 155.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.1 1.1

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools.......................... 151.3 153.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.3

Health care and social

assistance......................... 155.3 157.2 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2

Hospitals........................... 155.6 157.7 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3

Nursing and residential care

facilities......................... 155.8 157.8 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.3

Public administration.................. 158.9 160.2 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.1 0.8

Private industry workers

All workers................................... 155.5 157.3 1.0 0.7 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2

Occupational group

Management, professional, and

related................................... 151.1 152.8 0.6 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.1

Management, business, and

financial.............................. 152.1 153.7 0.6 0.8 1.5 0.6 1.2 1.4 0.5 0.9 1.1

Professional and related.............. 150.3 152.2 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3

Sales and office.......................... 158.9 160.8 1.8 0.3 1.3 1.1 1.6 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.2

Sales and related...................... 157.1 158.9 3.2 -0.4 1.5 1.0 1.8 2.6 1.0 1.2 1.1

Office and administrative support.... 159.9 161.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance............................ 153.0 154.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.2

Construction, extraction, farming,

fishing, and forestry occupations.. 152.6 154.1 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0

Installation, maintenance, and

repair................................. 153.5 155.7 1.1 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.4

Production, transportation, and

material moving........................ 158.7 160.6 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.2

Production.............................. 155.0 157.1 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.4

Transportation and material

moving................................ 163.4 165.1 0.5 1.1 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.0

Service occupations...................... 166.7 168.7 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.2

Industry

Goods-producing industries3

.............. 150.7 152.6 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.3

Construction............................... 151.5 153.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.5

Manufacturing............................. 150.6 152.2 0.5 0.9 1.3 0.9 1.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.1

Aircraft manufacturing................. 131.7 132.9 0.6 0.6 7.1 0.4 2.1 0.7 -5.6 0.8 0.9

Service-providing industries5.............. 156.8 158.7 1.1 0.6 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities...... 160.3 162.0 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.1

Wholesale trade....................... 153.8 155.0 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.6 0.7 1.1 0.8

Retail trade............................. 165.0 167.3 1.0 1.1 1.6 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.4

Transportation and warehousing. . .. 159.5 160.8 0.4 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8

Utilities.................................. 164.8 166.5 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0

Information................................ 152.7 154.4 0.8 0.5 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1

Financial activities........................ 154.9 155.2 3.3 -1.9 2.3 -0.4 1.2 1.9 1.0 1.3 0.2

Finance and insurance................ 155.5 155.6 3.9 -2.4 2.5 -0.9 1.0 1.9 0.9 1.4 0.1

See footnotes at end of table.

- 4 -
Table 1. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, by occupational group and industry1 — Continued

[Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes

(Dec.2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months endedDec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2021

Jun.

2021

Sep.

2021

Dec.

2021

Mar.

2022

Jun.

2022

Sep.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Credit intermediation and related

activities........................... 155.2 157.6 0.6 1.3 5.3 -1.3 0.0 2.0 -0.1 1.6 1.5

Insurance carriers and related

activities........................... 155.9 157.8 0.6 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.. 152.1 153.6 0.4 0.6 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.9 0.9 0.8 1.0

Professional and business services. .. 155.4 157.7 0.8 0.6 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.5

Professional, scientific, and

technical services................... 156.4 158.8 0.6 0.6 1.6 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.1 0.8 1.5

Administrative and support and

waste management and

remediation services................ 155.8 158.1 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.5

Education and health services.......... 154.0 155.9 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2

Educational services.................. 151.2 153.1 0.4 0.3 1.4 0.5 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.3

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools............................ 150.6 152.1 0.4 0.6 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.0

Health care and social assistance... 154.6 156.5 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2

Hospitals............................. 155.4 157.5 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4

Nursing and residential care

facilities............................ 154.5 156.6 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.4

Leisure and hospitality................... 167.0 169.3 1.6 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.4

Accommodation and food services.. 170.5 173.0 1.6 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.5

Other services, except public

administration.......................... 156.8 159.5 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.7

State and local government workers

All workers................................... 156.0 157.7 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.1 1.1

Industry

Education and health services.......... 154.1 156.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.7 1.1 1.2

Educational services.................. 153.3 155.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.8 1.1 1.2

Schools............................... 153.3 155.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.1 1.2

Elementary and secondary

schools.......................... 153.8 155.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.1 1.1

Health care and social assistance... 160.3 162.1 0.6 1.1 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.1

Hospitals............................. 156.6 158.5 0.7 1.1 0.6 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.2

Public administration.................. 158.9 160.2 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.1 0.8

1

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

2

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

3

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

4

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services,

except public administration; and public administration.

5

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 5 -
Table 2. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, by occupational group and industry

[Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec.

2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months endedDec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2021

Jun.

2021

Sep.

2021

Dec.

2021

Mar.

2022

Jun.

2022

Sep.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Civilian workers

All workers1

.................................. 155.3 157.1 1.1 0.8 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2

Industry

Goods-producing industries2.............. 153.9 156.2 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.5

Manufacturing............................. 154.1 156.0 0.6 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2

Service-providing industries3

.............. 155.6 157.3 1.1 0.8 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1

Education and health services.......... 149.8 151.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.2

Educational services.................. 143.7 145.1 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 1.6 1.1 1.0

Elementary and secondary

schools............................ 142.3 143.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.5 1.9 1.1 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools............................ 145.1 146.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.0

Health care and social assistance. . . .. 156.1 158.3 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4

Hospitals................................ 155.7 158.3 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.7

Nursing and residential care

facilities............................... 158.6 160.8 1.1 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.4 1.4

Private industry workers

All workers................................... 157.6 159.5 1.2 0.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2

Occupational group

Management, professional, and

related................................... 152.2 153.9 0.7 0.8 1.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.1

Professional and related.............. 151.7 153.9 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4

Management, business, and

financial.............................. 153.0 154.2 0.6 1.0 1.7 0.4 1.0 1.5 0.4 0.9 0.8

Sales and office.......................... 160.8 162.8 2.3 0.3 1.4 1.1 1.5 2.1 1.1 1.3 1.2

Office and administrative support.... 160.9 162.9 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance............................ 154.0 156.3 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.5

Construction, extraction, farming,

fishing, and forestry occupations.. 153.9 155.7 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.2

Installation, maintenance, and

repair................................. 154.4 157.0 1.3 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.7

Production, transportation, and

material moving........................ 162.5 164.5 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.2

Production.............................. 158.4 160.8 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.1 1.5

Transportation and material

moving................................ 167.3 169.0 0.7 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0

Service occupations...................... 170.9 173.2 1.4 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.2 1.4

Industry

Goods-producing industries2

.............. 154.0 156.3 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.5

Construction............................... 153.6 156.3 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.8

Manufacturing............................. 154.1 156.0 0.6 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2

Aircraft manufacturing................. 156.9 157.5 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.5 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.4

Service-providing industries4

.............. 158.5 160.3 1.3 0.8 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities...... 161.4 163.1 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.1 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.1

Wholesale trade....................... 151.4 152.4 0.9 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.8 0.5 1.1 0.7

Retail trade............................. 168.0 170.2 1.0 1.3 1.8 2.8 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.3

Transportation and warehousing. . .. 162.3 163.8 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9

Utilities.................................. 159.1 160.7 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0

Information................................ 151.6 153.5 0.9 0.8 1.4 0.7 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.3

Financial activities........................ 156.4 155.7 4.5 -2.4 3.0 -1.1 0.7 1.8 0.9 1.6 -0.4

Finance and insurance................ 157.3 156.2 5.5 -3.1 3.4 -1.8 0.5 1.8 1.0 1.6 -0.7

Credit intermediation and related

activities........................... 155.0 157.1 0.8 2.3 7.5 -2.3 -0.9 1.7 -0.6 1.9 1.3

Insurance carriers and related

activities........................... 154.4 156.4 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.3

See footnotes at end of table.

- 6 -
Table 2. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, by occupational group and industry — Continued

[Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec.

2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months endedDec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2021

Jun.

2021

Sep.

2021

Dec.

2021

Mar.

2022

Jun.

2022

Sep.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Real estate and rental and leasing.. 152.6 154.3 0.4 0.9 1.2 1.8 1.9 2.0 0.9 0.9 1.1

Professional and business services. .. 157.1 159.4 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.5

Professional, scientific, and

technical services................... 157.7 159.9 0.4 0.8 1.6 0.7 1.1 1.6 1.2 0.7 1.4

Administrative and support and

waste management and

remediation services................ 160.1 162.4 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.5

Education and health services.......... 155.2 157.3 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4

Educational services.................. 150.0 152.0 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.4 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.3

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools............................ 147.8 149.2 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.0

Health care and social assistance... 156.3 158.5 0.9 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4

Hospitals............................. 156.5 159.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.7

Nursing and residential care

facilities............................ 159.5 161.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.4

Leisure and hospitality................... 172.9 175.3 1.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.4

Accommodation and food services.. 176.4 178.9 1.8 2.5 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.4

Other services, except public

administration.......................... 158.8 161.7 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.9

State and local government workers

All workers................................... 145.4 146.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.8 1.1 0.9

Industry

Education and health services.......... 143.6 144.9 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.8 1.1 0.9

Educational services.................. 142.4 143.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.6 1.8 1.1 0.9

Schools............................... 142.4 143.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.6 1.8 1.1 0.9

Elementary and secondary

schools.......................... 141.9 143.1 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.9 1.1 0.8

Health care and social assistance... 153.4 155.4 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.3

Hospitals............................. 151.9 154.0 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.4

Public administration..................... 148.5 149.6 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.2 0.7

1

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

2

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

3

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services,

except public administration; and public administration.

4

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 7 -
Table 3. Employment Cost Index for benefits, by occupational group and industry

[Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec.

2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months endedDec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2021

Jun.

2021

Sep.

2021

Dec.

2021

Mar.

2022

Jun.

2022

Sep.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Civilian workers

All workers1

.................................. 156.4 158.3 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2

Private industry workers

All workers................................... 150.6 152.3 0.5 0.4 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.1

Occupational group

Management, professional, and

related................................... 148.5 150.3 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.3 0.8 1.0 1.2

Sales and office.......................... 154.0 155.6 0.5 0.1 1.0 1.2 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.0

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance............................ 150.9 151.9 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.7

Production, transportation, and

material moving........................ 151.2 152.7 0.1 0.4 1.6 0.7 1.9 1.0 0.7 0.6 1.0

Service occupations...................... 153.2 154.3 0.6 0.5 1.4 1.3 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.7

Industry

Goods-producing industries2

............ 144.2 145.2 0.4 0.5 1.4 0.6 1.8 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.7

Manufacturing.......................... 143.8 144.9 0.2 0.4 1.8 0.4 2.2 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.8

Service-providing industries3............ 152.7 154.6 0.6 0.2 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.9 1.2

State and local government workers

All workers1

.................................. 176.8 179.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.9 1.4 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.5

1

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

2

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

3

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 8 -
Table 4. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, for civilian workers, by occupational group and

industry1

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

All workers2

.......................................... 150.2 155.4 157.4 1.6 0.8 1.3 4.5 5.1 4.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations3

......... 150.1 155.2 157.3 1.6 0.8 1.4 4.6 5.0 4.8

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 146.9 151.5 153.4 1.3 0.8 1.3 3.8 4.5 4.4

Management, business, and financial....... 148.0 152.1 154.0 1.4 0.7 1.2 4.0 4.2 4.1

Professional and related...................... 146.3 151.2 153.2 1.2 0.9 1.3 3.7 4.6 4.7

Sales and office................................... 152.7 159.1 161.3 1.7 1.0 1.4 4.3 6.0 5.6

Sales and related.............................. 150.0 157.0 159.1 1.9 1.2 1.3 4.0 6.7 6.1

Office and administrative support............ 154.2 160.0 162.3 1.7 0.9 1.4 4.7 5.5 5.3

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 148.8 153.3 155.2 1.2 0.7 1.2 4.1 4.3 4.3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing,

and forestry occupations................... 148.8 152.9 154.6 1.3 0.7 1.1 4.3 4.1 3.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 148.8 153.7 156.0 1.2 0.7 1.5 3.8 4.5 4.8

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 153.6 158.5 160.6 1.7 0.8 1.3 5.6 4.9 4.6

Production....................................... 149.9 154.9 157.1 1.6 0.8 1.4 5.6 5.0 4.8

Transportation and material moving......... 158.7 163.8 165.8 1.6 0.7 1.2 5.7 4.9 4.5

Service occupations.............................. 158.7 165.8 168.1 2.0 1.1 1.4 6.9 6.6 5.9

Industry

Goods-producing industries4

.................... 146.2 150.6 152.5 1.5 0.8 1.3 4.4 4.6 4.3

Manufacturing.................................. 146.2 150.3 152.3 1.9 0.8 1.3 4.9 4.7 4.2

Service-providing industries5.................... 150.9 156.3 158.3 1.5 0.9 1.3 4.5 5.1 4.9

Education and health services............... 148.2 154.1 155.8 1.2 1.1 1.1 4.1 5.2 5.1

Educational services........................ 147.0 152.8 154.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 3.0 4.7 4.8

Elementary and secondary schools. . .. 147.4 153.2 154.4 0.8 0.9 0.8 2.9 4.7 4.7

Junior colleges, colleges, universities,

and professional schools.............. 145.8 151.5 152.9 0.7 0.9 0.9 3.3 4.6 4.9

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 149.5 155.4 157.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 5.1 5.5 5.3

Hospitals................................... 150.0 155.7 158.0 1.6 1.3 1.5 4.9 5.4 5.3

Nursing and residential care facilities... 148.8 155.8 157.8 1.6 1.2 1.3 6.4 6.4 6.0

Public administration........................... 152.9 158.6 160.1 1.5 0.8 0.9 3.7 5.3 4.7

1

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

2

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

3 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.

4

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

5

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services,

except public administration; and public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 9 -
Table 5. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, for private industry workers, by occupational group

and industry1

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

All workers........................................... 150.2 155.3 157.4 1.6 0.8 1.4 4.8 5.1 4.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations2......... 150.1 155.0 157.3 1.7 0.8 1.5 5.0 5.0 4.8

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 146.6 150.8 152.9 1.5 0.8 1.4 4.2 4.4 4.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

. . . . .. 145.8 149.8 152.1 1.7 0.7 1.5 4.1 4.5 4.3

Management, business, and financial....... 147.9 151.8 153.8 1.4 0.6 1.3 4.2 4.1 4.0

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

.... 146.8 150.4 152.7 1.9 0.6 1.5 4.0 4.4 4.0

Professional and related...................... 145.6 150.1 152.4 1.5 0.9 1.5 4.2 4.7 4.7

Sales and office................................... 152.6 159.1 161.3 1.8 1.1 1.4 4.4 6.1 5.7

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

. . . . .. 154.4 160.3 163.0 1.8 0.9 1.7 5.4 5.7 5.6

Sales and related.............................. 149.9 156.9 159.0 1.9 1.2 1.3 3.9 6.7 6.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations2.... 154.7 160.6 163.8 2.1 0.9 2.0 6.5 6.0 5.9

Office and administrative support............ 153.8 159.6 161.9 1.7 0.9 1.4 4.7 5.6 5.3

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 148.4 152.9 154.8 1.2 0.7 1.2 4.0 4.2 4.3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing,

and forestry occupations................... 148.4 152.5 154.1 1.2 0.7 1.0 4.2 4.0 3.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 148.5 153.3 155.6 1.2 0.7 1.5 3.8 4.4 4.8

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 153.4 158.2 160.3 1.7 0.8 1.3 5.7 4.8 4.5

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

. . . . .. 153.0 157.9 160.1 1.6 0.8 1.4 5.7 4.8 4.6

Production....................................... 149.9 154.9 157.1 1.8 0.9 1.4 5.8 5.2 4.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations2.... 150.4 155.3 157.5 1.7 0.8 1.4 5.8 5.0 4.7

Transportation and material moving......... 158.5 163.4 165.5 1.6 0.7 1.3 5.7 4.7 4.4

Service occupations.............................. 159.4 166.6 169.0 2.2 1.0 1.4 7.8 6.9 6.0

Industry and occupational group

Goods-producing industries3

....................... 146.2 150.6 152.5 1.5 0.8 1.3 4.5 4.6 4.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

......... 146.4 150.3 152.3 1.7 0.7 1.3 4.6 4.4 4.0

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 142.1 144.3 146.4 2.0 0.6 1.5 4.0 3.6 3.0

Sales and office................................... 148.0 158.0 160.4 -0.2 1.7 1.5 3.1 6.5 8.4

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 147.7 151.8 153.5 1.2 0.7 1.1 4.1 4.0 3.9

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 148.2 153.2 155.1 1.8 0.8 1.2 5.6 5.2 4.7

Construction....................................... 146.1 151.4 153.3 0.6 0.8 1.3 3.4 4.3 4.9

Manufacturing..................................... 146.2 150.3 152.3 1.9 0.8 1.3 4.9 4.7 4.2

Management, professional, and related..... 143.4 145.5 147.6 2.1 0.6 1.4 4.1 3.6 2.9

Sales and office occupations................. 148.8 155.0 156.8 2.1 1.2 1.2 4.9 6.4 5.4

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance................................. 145.7 150.1 151.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 3.8 4.1 4.3

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................ 147.9 153.0 154.9 1.9 0.9 1.2 5.6 5.4 4.7

Aircraft manufacturing......................... 141.0 131.3 133.6 3.0 0.4 1.8 12.8 -4.1 -5.2

Service-providing industries4

....................... 151.3 156.6 158.8 1.6 0.8 1.4 4.9 5.2 5.0

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

......... 151.2 156.4 158.8 1.7 0.9 1.5 5.0 5.2 5.0

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 147.4 151.9 154.1 1.4 0.8 1.4 4.2 4.5 4.5

Sales and office................................... 153.1 159.2 161.4 2.0 1.0 1.4 4.6 6.1 5.4

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 149.6 154.5 156.8 1.2 0.8 1.5 4.0 4.5 4.8

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 159.1 163.8 166.1 1.5 0.7 1.4 5.9 4.5 4.4

Service occupations.............................. 159.4 166.6 169.0 2.2 1.0 1.4 7.8 6.9 6.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 155.3 160.1 162.2 1.8 0.8 1.3 5.9 4.9 4.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

. . . . .. 155.2 160.1 162.7 1.7 0.8 1.6 5.4 4.9 4.8

Wholesale trade................................ 148.8 153.2 155.2 2.2 0.7 1.3 6.4 5.2 4.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

.... 150.9 155.9 158.4 1.8 0.8 1.6 5.2 5.2 5.0

See footnotes at end of table.

- 10 -
Table 5. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, for private industry workers, by occupational group

and industry1 — Continued

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Service-providing industries - Continued

Retail trade...................................... 158.8 164.7 167.4 1.8 0.9 1.6 7.0 5.6 5.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

.... 157.0 162.8 166.0 2.0 0.7 2.0 6.5 5.8 5.7

Transportation and warehousing............. 156.3 159.8 161.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 3.9 3.3 3.1

Utilities........................................... 160.8 164.2 166.8 1.5 0.7 1.6 3.3 3.6 3.7

Information......................................... 147.1 152.3 154.5 1.7 1.1 1.4 4.0 5.3 5.0

Financial activities................................ 148.5 153.8 155.1 1.7 0.6 0.8 1.2 5.3 4.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

. . . . .. 149.3 154.0 156.9 2.3 0.5 1.9 4.6 5.5 5.1

Finance and insurance........................ 148.8 154.3 155.4 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.3 5.3 4.4

Credit intermediation and related

activities.................................... 148.5 154.1 156.3 -0.2 0.3 1.4 5.2 3.6 5.3

Excluding incentive paid

occupations2

............................ 152.0 157.6 161.1 2.4 0.4 2.2 4.3 6.2 6.0

Insurance carriers and related activities... 150.1 155.1 157.8 2.0 0.5 1.7 3.8 5.4 5.1

Excluding incentive paid

occupations2

............................ 148.8 152.9 155.8 2.1 0.5 1.9 3.9 4.9 4.7

Real estate and rental and leasing.......... 146.9 151.9 153.9 2.1 0.5 1.3 5.2 5.6 4.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations2.... 151.0 156.0 158.1 2.0 0.6 1.3 4.9 5.3 4.7

Professional and business services............ 150.2 155.2 157.9 1.6 0.7 1.7 4.5 4.9 5.1

Professional, scientific, and technical

services....................................... 151.1 156.1 158.9 1.3 0.4 1.8 4.1 4.6 5.2

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services... 150.4 155.5 158.2 2.0 0.9 1.7 5.8 5.4 5.2

Education and health services.................. 148.3 154.1 156.1 1.5 1.2 1.3 5.0 5.5 5.3

Educational services........................... 145.4 151.4 152.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 3.5 5.1 5.1

Junior colleges, colleges, universities,

and professional schools................ 145.8 150.8 151.9 0.6 0.7 0.7 3.4 4.1 4.2

Health care and social assistance........... 148.9 154.7 156.8 1.6 1.3 1.4 5.3 5.5 5.3

Hospitals...................................... 149.8 155.4 157.8 1.6 1.3 1.5 5.0 5.4 5.3

Nursing and residential care facilities..... 147.6 154.5 156.6 1.8 1.2 1.4 6.7 6.6 6.1

Nursing care facilities2

................... 146.6 154.2 156.0 1.7 1.4 1.2 6.5 7.0 6.4

Leisure and hospitality........................... 159.8 166.3 169.3 2.2 0.7 1.8 8.4 6.4 5.9

Accommodation and food service........... 163.4 169.8 173.0 2.4 0.6 1.9 8.8 6.4 5.9

Other services, except public administration... 152.6 156.3 159.7 1.7 0.3 2.2 5.8 4.1 4.7

1

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

2 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.

3

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

4

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 11 -
Table 6. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, for private industry workers, by bargaining status and

Census region and division1

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Bargaining status and Census region and

division

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Bargaining status

Union............................................... 152.6 156.6 158.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 3.5 3.6 3.6

Goods-producing industries2

................. 147.5 150.0 150.6 0.9 0.7 0.4 4.0 2.6 2.1

Manufacturing................................ 142.3 144.0 144.4 1.1 0.8 0.3 5.1 2.3 1.5

Service-providing industries3................. 156.5 161.3 163.4 1.0 1.2 1.3 3.2 4.1 4.4

Nonunion........................................... 149.7 155.0 157.2 1.7 0.8 1.4 4.9 5.3 5.0

Goods-producing industries2

................. 145.7 150.5 152.7 1.7 0.9 1.5 4.6 5.0 4.8

Manufacturing................................ 147.3 151.8 154.1 2.0 0.7 1.5 4.8 5.1 4.6

Service-providing industries3................. 150.7 156.1 158.3 1.7 0.8 1.4 4.9 5.3 5.0

Census region and division4

Northeast.......................................... 152.2 157.0 159.0 1.7 1.0 1.3 4.2 4.9 4.5

New England................................... 156.5 162.1 163.0 2.0 1.1 0.6 5.0 5.7 4.2

Middle Atlantic.................................. 150.7 155.2 157.5 1.6 0.9 1.5 3.9 4.7 4.5

South............................................... 147.5 152.9 155.1 1.3 0.7 1.4 4.6 5.0 5.2

South Atlantic................................... 149.4 155.8 158.1 1.3 0.8 1.5 4.0 5.6 5.8

East South Central............................. 148.2 152.3 154.8 1.8 0.9 1.6 6.3 4.6 4.5

West South Central............................ 144.0 148.2 150.2 1.1 0.4 1.3 5.1 4.0 4.3

Midwest............................................ 147.9 152.8 154.6 1.6 0.7 1.2 5.1 5.0 4.5

East North Central............................. 146.3 151.4 153.2 1.7 0.9 1.2 5.2 5.3 4.7

West North Central............................ 151.9 156.2 157.9 1.5 0.2 1.1 5.0 4.4 3.9

West................................................ 154.3 159.5 162.1 1.9 1.1 1.6 5.1 5.4 5.1

Mountain........................................ 152.2 157.0 160.1 1.9 1.0 2.0 5.8 5.2 5.2

Pacific........................................... 155.3 160.6 163.1 1.9 1.1 1.6 4.9 5.4 5.0

1

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

2

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

3

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

4 The Census divisions are defined as follows: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont;

Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North

Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central:

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas,

Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and

Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.

NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, occupation, and industry series.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 12 -
Table 7. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, for state and local government workers, by

occupational group and industry1

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

All workers........................................... 150.0 155.8 157.3 0.9 0.9 1.0 3.2 4.8 4.9

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 147.7 153.3 154.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 2.8 4.6 4.7

Professional and related...................... 147.6 153.2 154.5 0.8 0.9 0.8 2.8 4.6 4.7

Sales and office................................... 153.3 159.0 160.8 1.3 0.8 1.1 3.3 5.0 4.9

Office and administrative support............ 153.4 159.1 160.8 1.3 0.8 1.1 3.3 5.1 4.8

Service occupations.............................. 156.2 163.3 165.1 1.4 1.2 1.1 4.4 6.0 5.7

Industry

Education and health services.................. 148.1 154.0 155.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 3.0 4.8 4.9

Educational services........................... 147.4 153.2 154.5 0.7 0.9 0.8 2.9 4.6 4.8

Schools....................................... 147.3 153.2 154.5 0.7 0.9 0.8 2.9 4.7 4.9

Elementary and secondary schools. . .. 147.8 153.6 154.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 2.8 4.6 4.7

Health care and social assistance........... 153.7 160.4 162.1 1.1 1.3 1.1 4.1 5.5 5.5

Hospitals...................................... 150.8 156.9 158.6 1.1 1.2 1.1 4.1 5.2 5.2

Public administration............................. 152.9 158.6 160.1 1.5 0.8 0.9 3.7 5.3 4.7

1

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 13 -
Table 8. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for civilian workers, by occupational group and

industry

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

All workers1

.......................................... 149.6 155.2 157.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 4.7 5.1 5.0

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

......... 149.1 154.4 156.5 1.4 0.8 1.4 4.9 5.0 5.0

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 144.9 149.6 151.3 1.0 0.8 1.1 3.7 4.3 4.4

Management, business, and financial....... 147.6 151.8 153.1 1.0 0.6 0.9 4.0 3.9 3.7

Professional and related...................... 143.5 148.5 150.4 1.1 1.0 1.3 3.7 4.6 4.8

Sales and office................................... 153.2 160.1 162.2 1.5 1.2 1.3 4.4 6.1 5.9

Sales and related.............................. 152.4 160.2 162.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 3.7 6.8 6.4

Office and administrative support............ 153.4 159.6 161.9 1.5 1.1 1.4 4.9 5.6 5.5

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 148.6 153.5 155.7 1.3 0.9 1.4 4.4 4.6 4.8

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing,

and forestry occupations................... 148.7 153.3 155.2 1.4 0.9 1.2 4.9 4.5 4.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 148.7 153.8 156.3 1.2 0.8 1.6 4.1 4.7 5.1

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 155.8 161.6 163.7 1.4 0.9 1.3 6.1 5.2 5.1

Production....................................... 152.1 158.2 160.6 1.3 1.0 1.5 5.8 5.4 5.6

Transportation and material moving......... 160.7 166.4 168.3 1.5 0.8 1.1 6.5 5.1 4.7

Service occupations.............................. 159.2 166.8 169.2 2.0 1.1 1.4 7.7 6.9 6.3

Industry

Goods-producing industries3

.................... 148.3 153.8 155.9 1.2 1.0 1.4 4.5 5.0 5.1

Manufacturing.................................. 148.7 153.9 156.0 1.6 0.9 1.4 4.9 5.1 4.9

Service-providing industries4.................... 149.9 155.4 157.3 1.4 0.9 1.2 4.8 5.1 4.9

Education and health services............... 144.0 150.0 151.5 1.0 1.2 1.0 4.2 5.2 5.2

Educational services........................ 138.5 144.0 144.8 0.5 0.8 0.6 2.7 4.5 4.5

Elementary and secondary schools. . .. 137.2 142.6 143.3 0.5 0.8 0.5 2.5 4.5 4.4

Junior colleges, colleges, and

universities.............................. 140.0 145.4 146.3 0.5 0.9 0.6 3.1 4.4 4.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 149.9 156.3 158.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 5.6 5.8 5.7

Hospitals................................... 149.6 155.9 158.4 1.3 1.5 1.6 5.4 5.6 5.9

Nursing and residential care facilities... 150.9 158.7 160.9 1.7 1.3 1.4 7.1 6.9 6.6

Public administration........................... 142.7 148.5 149.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 4.0 5.5 4.9

1

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

2 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.

3

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

4

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services,

except public administration; and public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 14 -
Table 9. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by occupational group

and industry

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Index value (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

All workers........................................... 151.8 157.4 159.5 1.4 1.0 1.3 5.0 5.1 5.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

......... 151.4 156.7 159.0 1.6 0.9 1.5 5.2 5.2 5.0

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 147.6 152.0 154.0 1.2 0.8 1.3 4.2 4.3 4.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

. . . . .. 146.2 150.5 152.6 1.5 0.8 1.4 4.1 4.4 4.4

Management, business, and financial....... 148.6 152.8 154.1 1.0 0.7 0.9 4.1 3.9 3.7

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

.... 146.4 150.2 152.1 1.7 0.5 1.3 3.9 4.3 3.9

Professional and related...................... 146.8 151.5 154.0 1.3 1.0 1.7 4.3 4.6 4.9

Sales and office................................... 154.3 161.3 163.5 1.6 1.2 1.4 4.5 6.2 6.0

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

. . . . .. 155.7 162.0 164.9 1.6 1.1 1.8 5.7 5.7 5.9

Sales and related.............................. 152.6 160.3 162.3 1.7 1.3 1.2 3.7 6.8 6.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations1.... 157.0 163.4 166.8 1.9 1.0 2.1 6.7 6.0 6.2

Office and administrative support............ 154.4 160.6 163.0 1.6 1.1 1.5 4.9 5.7 5.6

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 149.0 153.9 156.2 1.2 0.9 1.5 4.4 4.6 4.8

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing,

and forestry occupations................... 149.1 153.7 155.7 1.3 0.9 1.3 4.8 4.4 4.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 149.1 154.2 156.8 1.3 0.9 1.7 4.2 4.8 5.2

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 156.2 161.9 164.1 1.5 0.9 1.4 6.2 5.2 5.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

. . . . .. 155.8 161.6 164.0 1.4 0.9 1.5 6.2 5.2 5.3

Production....................................... 152.1 158.3 160.8 1.4 1.0 1.6 5.8 5.5 5.7

Excluding incentive paid occupations1.... 152.7 158.7 161.2 1.4 1.0 1.6 6.0 5.4 5.6

Transportation and material moving......... 161.7 167.2 169.2 1.5 0.8 1.2 6.7 5.0 4.6

Service occupations.............................. 163.0 170.7 173.4 2.2 1.1 1.6 8.6 7.0 6.4

Industry and occupational group

Goods-producing industries2

....................... 148.3 153.9 156.0 1.2 1.0 1.4 4.4 5.0 5.2

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

......... 148.6 153.5 155.6 1.4 0.9 1.4 4.6 4.8 4.7

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 145.1 148.2 150.4 1.7 0.7 1.5 3.7 3.9 3.7

Sales and office................................... 150.5 163.2 165.8 -1.2 2.1 1.6 2.6 7.1 10.2

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 148.7 153.4 155.4 1.2 0.9 1.3 4.4 4.4 4.5

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 150.8 157.0 159.1 1.5 1.0 1.3 5.9 5.7 5.5

Construction....................................... 147.2 153.6 155.6 0.4 1.1 1.3 3.6 4.8 5.7

Manufacturing..................................... 148.7 153.9 156.0 1.6 0.9 1.4 4.9 5.1 4.9

Management, professional, and related..... 145.9 148.9 151.2 1.7 0.6 1.5 3.8 3.8 3.6

Sales and office................................ 150.7 158.0 159.9 1.9 1.4 1.2 4.9 6.8 6.1

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance................................. 148.6 154.2 156.6 0.7 1.2 1.6 3.7 4.5 5.4

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................ 150.6 157.0 159.1 1.5 1.0 1.3 5.8 5.8 5.6

Aircraft manufacturing......................... 153.5 155.9 158.2 2.2 0.4 1.5 2.4 3.8 3.1

Service-providing industries3

....................... 152.8 158.3 160.4 1.5 0.9 1.3 5.2 5.2 5.0

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

......... 152.2 157.5 159.9 1.6 0.9 1.5 5.4 5.1 5.1

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 148.0 152.6 154.5 1.2 0.8 1.2 4.3 4.3 4.4

Sales and office................................... 154.7 161.1 163.2 1.9 1.1 1.3 4.7 6.1 5.5

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 149.6 154.5 157.2 1.4 0.8 1.7 4.5 4.7 5.1

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 161.5 166.9 169.1 1.4 0.8 1.3 6.4 4.8 4.7

Service occupations.............................. 163.0 170.7 173.4 2.2 1.1 1.6 8.6 7.0 6.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 156.0 161.2 163.2 1.5 0.9 1.2 6.3 4.9 4.6

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

. . . . .. 155.4 160.8 163.4 1.5 0.9 1.6 5.7 5.0 5.1

Wholesale trade................................ 146.5 150.8 152.6 2.0 0.7 1.2 6.8 5.0 4.2

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

.... 147.7 152.8 155.2 1.7 0.8 1.6 5.4 5.2 5.1

See footnotes at end of table.

- 15 -
Table 9. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by occupational group

and industry — Continued

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Index value (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Service-providing industries - Continued

Retail trade...................................... 161.4 167.8 170.2 1.5 1.0 1.4 7.4 5.5 5.5

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

.... 159.0 165.2 168.3 1.7 0.8 1.9 6.9 5.7 5.8

Transportation and warehousing............. 158.3 162.5 164.0 0.8 1.1 0.9 4.3 3.5 3.6

Utilities........................................... 155.6 158.6 161.1 1.4 0.6 1.6 3.3 3.4 3.5

Information......................................... 146.7 151.4 153.7 1.7 1.4 1.5 4.3 4.9 4.8

Financial activities................................ 149.8 155.2 155.7 1.4 0.7 0.3 0.2 5.0 3.9

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

. . . . .. 149.2 153.5 156.4 2.2 0.5 1.9 4.6 5.1 4.8

Finance and insurance........................ 150.5 155.9 156.0 1.1 0.7 0.1 -1.1 4.8 3.7

Credit intermediation and related

activities.................................... 148.6 153.9 155.2 -1.4 0.3 0.8 6.1 2.1 4.4

Excluding incentive paid

occupations1

............................ 151.0 156.2 159.4 2.4 0.5 2.0 4.8 5.9 5.6

Insurance carriers and related activities... 148.9 153.7 156.5 1.8 0.5 1.8 3.5 5.1 5.1

Excluding incentive paid

occupations1

............................ 146.2 149.7 152.8 1.8 0.5 2.1 3.6 4.2 4.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......... 147.2 152.2 154.5 2.3 0.6 1.5 6.0 5.8 5.0

Excluding incentive paid occupations1.... 151.9 157.1 159.3 2.2 0.8 1.4 5.9 5.7 4.9

Professional and business services............ 151.6 157.0 159.5 1.4 0.7 1.6 4.6 5.0 5.2

Professional, scientific, and technical

services....................................... 152.3 157.5 159.9 1.2 0.4 1.5 4.2 4.7 5.0

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services... 154.0 159.8 162.5 1.9 0.8 1.7 6.4 5.8 5.5

Education and health services.................. 149.1 155.4 157.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 5.4 5.6 5.6

Educational services........................... 144.1 150.3 151.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 3.4 5.1 5.2

Junior colleges, colleges, universities,

and professional schools................ 143.0 148.0 148.9 0.4 0.6 0.6 3.3 3.9 4.1

Health care and social assistance........... 150.2 156.5 158.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 5.8 5.7 5.7

Hospitals...................................... 150.4 156.7 159.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 5.5 5.7 5.9

Nursing and residential care facilities..... 151.7 159.6 161.8 1.9 1.4 1.4 7.4 7.2 6.7

Nursing care facilities1

................... 150.2 158.9 160.9 1.8 1.7 1.3 7.0 7.7 7.1

Leisure and hospitality........................... 165.3 172.3 175.3 2.2 0.7 1.7 9.0 6.6 6.0

Accommodation and food service........... 168.9 175.8 179.0 2.3 0.6 1.8 9.4 6.5 6.0

Other services, except public administration... 154.5 158.4 161.8 1.7 0.3 2.1 6.3 4.3 4.7

1 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.

2

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

3

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 16 -
Table 10. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by bargaining status

and Census region and division

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Bargaining status and Census region and

division

Indexes (Dec.2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Bargaining status

Union............................................... 149.8 154.4 156.1 0.8 1.2 1.1 3.7 3.9 4.2

Goods-producing industries1

................. 143.5 147.3 148.6 0.6 0.9 0.9 3.5 3.3 3.6

Manufacturing................................ 142.3 146.2 147.3 0.6 1.2 0.8 4.1 3.4 3.5

Service-providing industries2................. 153.8 158.9 160.8 0.9 1.5 1.2 3.7 4.3 4.6

Nonunion........................................... 152.0 157.7 159.8 1.5 0.9 1.3 5.1 5.3 5.1

Goods-producing industries1

................. 149.4 155.3 157.6 1.3 1.0 1.5 4.6 5.3 5.5

Manufacturing................................ 150.0 155.4 157.8 1.7 0.8 1.5 5.0 5.4 5.2

Service-providing industries2................. 152.6 158.3 160.4 1.5 0.9 1.3 5.2 5.3 5.1

Census region and division3

Northeast.......................................... 153.1 158.1 159.8 1.6 1.1 1.1 4.4 4.9 4.4

New England................................... 159.4 165.5 165.6 2.0 1.2 0.1 5.2 5.9 3.9

Middle Atlantic.................................. 150.8 155.4 157.6 1.4 1.0 1.4 4.1 4.5 4.5

South............................................... 149.9 155.9 158.0 1.0 0.8 1.3 4.8 5.1 5.4

South Atlantic................................... 151.9 159.1 161.4 0.9 1.0 1.4 3.8 5.6 6.3

East South Central............................. 149.3 154.2 156.7 1.7 1.0 1.6 6.3 5.0 5.0

West South Central............................ 146.8 151.4 153.0 0.8 0.5 1.1 5.8 4.0 4.2

Midwest............................................ 149.0 154.0 155.8 1.6 0.7 1.2 5.5 5.0 4.6

East North Central............................. 147.3 152.4 154.3 1.6 0.9 1.2 5.6 5.1 4.8

West North Central............................ 153.1 157.8 159.5 1.4 0.1 1.1 5.2 4.5 4.2

West................................................ 156.3 162.3 165.1 1.8 1.2 1.7 5.3 5.7 5.6

Mountain........................................ 154.6 160.1 163.2 1.8 1.2 1.9 6.4 5.4 5.6

Pacific........................................... 157.2 163.4 166.0 1.7 1.2 1.6 4.9 5.8 5.6

1

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

2

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

3 The Census divisions are defined as follows: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont;

Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North

Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central:

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas,

Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and

Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.

NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, occupation, and industry series.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 17 -
Table 11. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for state and local government workers, by

occupational group and industry

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

All workers........................................... 140.0 145.6 146.6 0.7 0.9 0.7 3.1 4.7 4.7

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 138.0 143.4 144.1 0.5 0.8 0.5 2.5 4.4 4.4

Professional and related...................... 137.8 143.2 144.0 0.5 0.9 0.6 2.5 4.4 4.5

Sales and office................................... 140.6 146.2 147.5 0.9 0.8 0.9 3.2 5.0 4.9

Office and administrative support............ 141.0 146.6 148.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 3.1 4.9 5.0

Service occupations.............................. 146.7 153.9 155.2 1.2 1.3 0.8 4.9 6.2 5.8

Industry

Education and health services.................. 138.3 143.9 144.7 0.4 0.9 0.6 2.7 4.5 4.6

Educational services........................... 137.3 142.8 143.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 2.4 4.5 4.4

Schools....................................... 137.3 142.8 143.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 2.5 4.5 4.4

Elementary and secondary schools. . .. 136.8 142.2 142.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 2.2 4.3 4.4

Health care and social assistance........... 146.7 153.9 155.4 0.8 1.5 1.0 4.5 5.7 5.9

Hospitals...................................... 145.7 152.4 154.0 0.8 1.4 1.0 4.5 5.4 5.7

Public administration............................. 142.7 148.5 149.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 4.0 5.5 4.9

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 18 -
Table 12. Employment Cost Index for benefits, by occupational group, industry, and bargaining status

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group, industry, and bargaining

status

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Civilian workers

All workers1

........................................ 151.5 155.9 158.3 2.0 0.7 1.5 4.1 4.9 4.5

Private industry workers

All workers......................................... 146.1 150.1 152.4 2.0 0.6 1.5 4.1 4.8 4.3

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 144.2 147.9 150.5 2.1 0.7 1.8 4.0 4.7 4.4

Sales and office................................... 148.3 153.2 155.5 2.5 0.7 1.5 4.4 5.9 4.9

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 147.1 150.6 151.8 1.0 0.4 0.8 3.1 3.4 3.2

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 147.6 150.6 152.6 2.1 0.5 1.3 4.7 4.1 3.4

Service occupations.............................. 147.3 152.7 154.5 2.3 0.9 1.2 5.1 6.0 4.9

Industry

Goods-producing industries2

.................... 141.8 143.9 145.4 2.2 0.4 1.0 4.4 3.7 2.5

Manufacturing.................................. 141.7 143.5 145.1 2.5 0.5 1.1 5.0 3.8 2.4

Aircraft manufacturing...................... 127.3 105.0 107.2 4.0 0.3 2.1 29.4 -14.2 -15.8

Service-providing industries3

.................... 147.8 152.3 154.8 2.1 0.7 1.6 4.2 5.2 4.7

Bargaining status

Union............................................... 157.2 160.2 161.6 1.1 0.6 0.9 3.2 3.0 2.8

Nonunion........................................... 143.9 148.1 150.4 2.2 0.7 1.6 4.4 5.2 4.5

State and local government workers

All workers......................................... 170.9 176.9 179.5 1.4 0.9 1.5 3.5 5.0 5.0

1

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

2

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

3

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 19 -
Table 13. Employment Cost Index for total compensation and wages and salaries, for private industry workers

by area

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Census region and metropolitan area1

Percent changes for 12-months endedTotal compensation2 Wages and salaries

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Northeast

Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA............ 5.6 5.5 3.9 6.1 5.8 4.0

New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA.......................... 4.0 5.1 4.6 4.2 5.0 4.3

Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD CSA........... 4.5 4.1 5.7 4.7 4.4 6.5

South

Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs, GA CSA....... 3.3 4.4 5.1 3.4 4.8 5.6

Dallas-Fort Worth, TX-OK CSA................................... 4.5 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.1

Houston-The Woodlands, TX CSA............................... 4.5 3.1 3.5 5.2 3.3 3.4

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie, FL CSA................. 4.3 6.3 6.1 4.6 6.8 6.0

Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA CSA. . .. 3.5 4.3 5.5 3.5 4.3 5.7

Midwest

Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI CSA................................ 3.9 4.4 3.8 3.8 4.4 3.5

Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor, MI CSA............................... 4.6 4.9 4.1 5.1 4.1 3.8

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI CSA................................ 5.1 4.9 4.0 5.0 5.3 4.3

West

Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA............................... 5.2 5.7 4.7 5.6 5.9 4.9

Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ MSA.............................. 5.5 4.4 4.6 6.4 5.0 5.2

San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA..................... 3.6 4.6 4.4 3.8 4.5 4.7

Seattle-Tacoma, WA CSA......................................... 7.8 3.2 2.6 4.5 6.2 5.9

1 These areas include Consolidated Statistical Areas (CSAs) and Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Beginning with the December 2018 release,

area definitions are based on Office of Management and Budget Bulletin No. 13-01, dated February 28, 2013. Previous area definitions are based

on Office of Management and Budget Bulletin No. 04-03, dated February 18, 2004. For more information on metropolitan area definitions, see

www.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro.html.

2

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 20 -