# Patent

## Title
Situ grown SiC coatings on carbon materials

## Abstract

A method of forming a β-SiC material or coating by mixing SiO2 with carbon and heating the mixture in vacuum wherein the carbon is oxidized to CO gas and reduces the SiO2 to SiO gas and reacting a carbon material with the SiO gas at a temperature in the range of 1300 to 1600° C. resulting in a SiC material or a SiC coating on a substrate. Also disclosed is the related SiC material or coating prepared by this method.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/477,668 filed on Apr. 21, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to SiC coatings and more specifically to SiC coatings on carbon materials.
Description of the Prior Art
SiC is a hard, strong, chemically resistant material that is thermally and electrically conductive. Due to its covalent bonding, it is very difficult to densify without the use of additives that compromise its material properties. However, in many cases a monolithic material is not needed. SiC can be deposited as a coating by techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma enhanced CVD, and direct chemical reaction between carbon and molten silicon. SiC coatings are used to protect a weaker or less resistant material by isolating it from the environment. The protection can be in the form of mechanical protection such as wear or abrasion resistance, or chemical protection in corrosive or reactive environments. Examples of mechanical protection are wear resistant coatings on bearings and wear plates. Examples of chemical protection are coated filters for molten metals and coatings for the chemical industry. An example of a combination of wear resistance and chemical resistance where SiC coating are used is in gas turbine engines.
CVD of SiC requires specialized equipment that can hold temperatures of 2000° C. at a pressure of 0.5 Torr+/−0.001 for up to 10 days. The growth process is relatively slow and expensive. The gasses used are methylsilane and trimethylsilane which are extremely flammable and considered hazardous.
The direct chemical method infiltrates carbon fleece with molten silicon at 1700° C. The carbon and Si is placed on the material to be coated and heated to 700° C. to bond. The substrate and carbon and silicon mix is heated to 1700° C. to react the Si and C to make SiC. The reaction is generally not complete and is composed of SiC and free Si. Since the reaction is a liquid phase reaction, the impurities are not volatilized as they are in a vapor phase reaction and result in a coating that is dependent on the purity of the silicon.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The aforementioned problems are overcome in the present invention which provides a method of forming a β-SiC material or coating by mixing SiO2 with carbon and heating the mixture in vacuum wherein the carbon is oxidized to CO gas and reduces the SiO2 to SiO gas and reacting a carbon material with the SiO gas at a temperature in the range of 1300 to 1600° C. resulting in a SiC material or a SiC coating on a substrate. Also disclosed is the related SiC material or coating prepared by this method.
The present invention provides a technique to coat substrates with SiC that can be operated as low as 1300° C., which is a much lower temperature than previous techniques: CVD of SiC operates at 2000° C. while the direst chemical method operates at 1700° C. The lower temperature opens up the coating technique to many non-refractory materials and even some commercially important metals such as steel and titanium.
The present invention also provides a technique that uses inexpensive raw materials that are not hazardous. CVD uses expensive liquids and gasses that are hazardous. This would decrease the cost of coating SiC not only due to the lower raw material cost, but also because handling of flammable and toxic precursors and waste material is no longer necessary.
The present invention further provides a technique that uses simple vacuum furnaces and reaction vessels unlike CVD where specialized equipment is needed.
These and other features and advantages of the invention, as well as the invention itself, will become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows an uncoated vitreous carbon disk (left) and an SiC coated vitreous carbon disk (right).
FIG. 2 is an XRD pattern of an as-received vitreous carbon disk (bottom) and a vitreous carbon disk that was run at 1600° C. for 4 hours showing the formation of a β-SiC coating (top) C-vitreous carbon, β- β-SiC.
FIG. 3 shows an uncoated crucible (left) and an SiC-coated crucible (right).



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to forming β-SiC on a carbon containing substrate. The SiC can be in the form of a coating or can completely replace the carbon material with β-SiC. It is also possible to coat a material not containing carbon by first coating said material with carbon and then reacting the carbon coating to form β-SiC.
The β-SiC can be deposited on a carbon substrate by reacting said carbon substrate with SiO gas. A carbon substrate is defined as all materials that are made up of carbon such as, but not limited to graphite, vitreous carbon, amorphous carbon, and diamond. The SiO directly reacts at temperatures of 1300-1600° C. with the carbon to form a coating or if the material is sufficiently thin (<50 microns) the entirety of the material can be converted to β-SiC.
The SiO gas is formed by mixing SiO2 with carbon and heating in vacuum. The carbon is oxidized to CO gas and reduces the SiO2 to SiO gas which flows over the carbon substrate and forms SiC. SiO2 includes but is not limited to powder, alkoxide precursors, crystalline or glassy morphologies. Carbon includes any material that can supply carbon to the reaction such as graphite, vitreous carbon, activated carbon, carbon black, and carbon containing organic compounds such as sugar, fructose, and sucrose.
The material can be heated in a sintering furnace capable of operating in vacuum. The reaction vessel can be as simple as a lidded crucible with the part to be coated suspended inside the crucible. A more complex vessel would have a reaction zone for the SiO2 and C and a fixture for the substrate to be coated. The vessel is loaded with the SiO2+C charge and the substrate. The vessel is sealed and placed in the furnace. The furnace is ramped at 5° C./minute to the operating temperature and held. The result will be a SiC coated substrate.
Alternatively the substrate can be a porous carbon material. In this case the entirety of the carbon may be converted to SiC due to the thinness of the carbon structural units in the porous material.
New designs of the reaction vessel can be envisioned to coat multiple samples at once. It may also be possible to form the SiO gas at one temperature while the material to be coated is at a much lower temperature. It may be possible to form the SiO gas using other reactants that do not involve the reduction of SiO2 by carbon.
EXAMPLE 1
SiO2 powder and activated carbon are mixed with a mortar and pestle. The mixture is placed in a vitreous carbon reaction vessel. A vitreous carbon disk is placed in the vessel. The vessel is placed in a graphite vacuum furnace and heated to 1600° C. at 5° C./min and held for 4 hours. FIG. 1 shows a photograph of the disk before and after coating with SiC. FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the vitreous carbon disk before and after coating.
EXAMPLE 2
Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) which is an alkoxide precursor for SiO2 is mixed with dissolved sugar and dried. The dried mixture is placed in a vitreous carbon crucible having a large height to diameter ratio. The crucible is caped, placed in a vacuum furnace and heated at 5° C./minute to 1600° C. for 10 hours. FIG. 3 shows an uncoated crucible and a SiC-coated crucible.
EXAMPLE 3
This example is the same process as either example 1 or 2 with the exception that a porous carbon material is placed in the reaction vessel. The result is a SiC porous material.
EXAMPLE 4
This example uses an alternative host, in this case Al2O3, although it could be any other substrate, which was coated with a carbon coating. The surface was then reacted in a similar manner to example 1. This converted the carbon coating to SiC.
EXAMPLE 5
This example uses an alternative host, in this case stainless steel, which was coated with a carbon coating. The surface was then reacted in a similar manner to example 1. This converted the carbon coating to SiC.
The above descriptions are those of the preferred embodiments of the invention. Various modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings without departing from the spirit and broader aspects of the invention. It is therefore to be understood that the claimed invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. Any references to claim elements in the singular, for example, using the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” or “said,” are not to be construed as limiting the element to the singular.

## Claims

1. A method of forming β-SiC on a carbon substrate comprising:
mixing SiO2 with carbon;
placing the SiO2 and carbon mixture in a reaction vessel;
separately placing the carbon substrate in the reaction vessel containing the SiO2 and carbon mixture; and
heating the reaction vessel in vacuum at a temperature in the range of 1300 to 1600° C., wherein the carbon is oxidized to CO gas and reduces the SiO2 to SiO gas,
resulting in a SiC coating on the carbon substrate.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon substrate comprises graphite, vitreous carbon, amorphous carbon, diamond, or any combination thereof.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein SiO2 is a powder, an alkoxide precursor, a crystalline or glassy morphology, or any combination thereof.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon mixed with the SiO2 comprises graphite, vitreous carbon, activated carbon, carbon black, carbon containing organic compounds, or any combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon substrate can be prepared by coating a substrate not containing carbon with carbon to form a carbon coating on the substrate.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon substrate is Al2O3 with a carbon coating or stainless steel with a carbon coating.