For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, July 28, 2015 USDL-15-1483

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • mfpweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

(Note: This release was reissued February 16, 2016 due to an error in the labor composition estimates for manufacturing. All 

references to labor composition have been excluded for this re-issue of the release. In addition, measures for manufacturing 

sector, nondurable manufacturing sector, and industry multifactor productivity and manufacturing sector combined units of 

all inputs were affected by this error.)

MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING - 2013

Manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased at a 0.7 percent annual rate in 2013, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. It was the third consecutive decline in this measure. The 2013 decline reflected a 

1.5-percent increase in output and a 2.1-percent increase in combined inputs. (See table A and table 1.)

Multifactor productivity measures the change in output relative to the change in capital, labor, and intermediate 

inputs (energy, materials, purchased business services) used to produce that output. It is designed to measure the 

joint influences of technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources, and 

other factors of economic growth, allowing for the effects of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs. Multifactor 

productivity annual measures differ from BLS quarterly labor productivity or output per hour measures because 

the former also include information on capital services and intermediate inputs. Additionally, much of the source 

data needed to construct multifactor productivity measures are not available on a quarterly basis.

Durable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased 1.8 percent in 2013, following a 0.8-percent 

decrease in 2012. Nondurable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity increased 0.4 percent in 2013,

following a 0.8-percent decrease in 2012. (See table C and table 3.)

Chart 1. Multifactor productivity for the manufacturing, durable manufacturing, and nondurable 

manufacturing sectors, 2008-2013

 Annual percent change 

-6.0

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Manufacturing Durable manufacturing Nondurable manufacturing
- 2 -

Historical trends in manufacturing

Multifactor productivity in manufacturing grew 1.2 percent annually from 1987 to 2013 with sectoral output 

increasing at an annual rate of 2.2 percent, faster than the 1.0-percent annual increase in combined inputs. During

the same period, labor productivity increased 3.5 percent annually. (See table A.) Of the 3.5-percent growth rate 

in labor productivity, multifactor productivity contributed 1.2 percent, capital intensity contributed 0.8 percent, 

materials intensity added 1.0 percent, and purchased business services intensity added 0.5 percent. The 

contributions of energy intensity were unchanged. (See table B.)

For the 2007-2013 period, multifactor productivity declined at a 0.2 percent annual rate compared to a 1.9-percent 

annual increase in the 2000-2007 period. (See table A.) Sectoral output increased 0.1 percent and combined inputs 

rose 0.3 percent over the 2007-2013 period.

In 2013, the number of NAICS three-digit manufacturing industries exhibiting an increase in multifactor 

productivity growth remained steady compared to 2012. In 2013, more manufacturing industries exhibited an 

increase in sectoral output growth compared to 2012. Fewer manufacturing industries had an increase in 

combined inputs compared to 2012. Nine out of 18 manufacturing industries exhibited an increase in multifactor 

productivity. Fourteen industries showed increasing sectoral output. Thirteen industries showed an increase in 

combined inputs. (See chart 2, table 3.)

Chart 2. Percent of manufacturing industries with increases in multifactor productivity, sectoral output,

and combined inputs, 2009-2013

Revised measures

Previous and revised productivity measures and related data for 2011 and 2012 for the manufacturing, durable 

manufacturing, and nondurable manufacturing sectors are displayed in table C. In 2012, multifactor productivity in 

the manufacturing sector decreased 0.8 percent compared to the previously reported 0.6-percent increase.

Multifactor productivity in the durable manufacturing sector decreased 0.8 percent compared to the previously 

reported 1.4-percent increase. In the nondurable manufacturing sector, multifactor productivity decreased 0.8

percent. Previously, multifactor productivity was reported as unchanged. In 2011, multifactor productivity 

measures in the manufacturing, durable manufacturing, and nondurable manufacturing sectors were also revised.

The revisions in both years were due to the annual revision of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) 

released on January 30, 2015.

44

0

6

83 89

72

39

78

89

50

72

78

50

78

72

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Increasing multifactor productivity Increasing sectoral output Increasing combined inputs

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Percent
- 3 -

Table A. Compound annual growth rates for productivity, sectoral output, and inputs in the manufacturing 

sector for selected periods, 1987-2013

Percent

 1987-

2013

1987-

1990

1990-

1995

1995-

2000

2000-

2007

2007-

2013

2012-

2013

Productivity

 Multifactor Productivity1 1.2 0.4 1.3 2.1 1.9 -0.2 -0.7

 Labor Productivity2 3.5 1.9 3.2 4.9 4.6 2.3 0.7

 Output per unit of capital services -0.1 -0.9 0.5 0.5 0.2 -1.2 0.5

Sectoral Output 2.2 1.8 3.2 4.7 1.5 0.1 1.5

Inputs

 Combined Inputs3 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.6 -0.5 0.3 2.1

 Hours4 -1.3 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -3.0 -2.1 0.8

 Capital services 2.3 2.7 2.7 4.2 1.2 1.4 1.0

 Energy -0.4 1.9 1.6 6.6 -3.9 -4.6 -0.1

 Materials 2.2 0.1 3.1 5.2 1.0 1.4 2.5

Purchased business services 1.4 5.4 3.2 1.4 -0.6 0.5 5.3

 1 Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services.

 2 Output per hour worked.

 3 The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar costs.

4 Hours at work.
- 4 -

 1 Output per hour worked.

 2 Capital services per hour multiplied by capital's share of current dollar costs.

3 Information processing equipment per hour multiplied by its share of current dollar costs.

4 Research and development per hour multiplied by its share of current dollar costs. 

5 Software and artistic originals per hour multiplied by their share of current dollar costs.

 6 Intermediate inputs per hour multiplied by intermediate inputs’ share of current dollar costs.

7 Energy per hour multiplied by energy’s share of current dollar costs.

8 Materials per hour multiplied by materials’ share of current dollar costs.

 9 Purchased business services per hour multiplied by purchased business services’ share of current dollar costs.

 10 Output per combined units of labor, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services.

Table B. Compound annual growth rates in labor productivity and the contributions of capital intensity, 

intermediate inputs intensity, and multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector for selected 

periods, 1987-2013

Percent

1987-

2013

1987-

1990

1990-

1995

1995-

2000

2000-

2007

2007-

2013

2012-

2013

Manufacturing

Labor Productivity1 3.5 1.9 3.2 4.9 4.6 2.3 0.7

Contribution of capital intensity2 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.0

Information processing 

equipment intensity3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0

Research and 

 Development intensity4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1

 All other intellectual 

 property products intensity5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

All other capital services

intensity 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 -0.1

Contribution of intermediate inputs

intensity6 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.3

 Energy intensity7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 -0.1 0.0

 Materials intensity8 1.0 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.7

 Purchased business 

 services intensity9 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6

Multifactor productivity10 1.2 0.4 1.3 2.1 1.9 -0.2 -0.7
- 5 -

 

 1 Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services.

 2 The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar costs.

 3 Hours at work. 

Table C. Previous and revised multifactor productivity and related measures for the 2011-2012

and 2010-2011 periods

Sector

Multifactor 

productivity1

Sectoral 

output

Inputs

Combined

inputs2 Hours3

Capital 

services Energy Materials

Purchased 

business 

services

Annual percent change, 2011-2012

Manufacturing

Previous 0.6 3.3 2.7 2.3 1.2 6.3 1.6 7.7

Revised -0.8 3.0 3.9 2.3 1.1 -0.4 5.8 6.3

Durable 

manufacturing

Previous 1.4 6.0 4.6 2.9 1.0 14.2 5.5 10.7

Revised -0.8 5.9 6.8 3.1 1.0 4.5 12.2 9.6

Nondurable 

manufacturing

Previous 0.0 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 0.3 4.3

Revised -0.8 0.7 1.5 0.9 1.2 -3.1 1.7 2.6

Annual percent change, 2010-2011

Manufacturing

Previous -0.5 2.9 3.4 2.1 1.0 6.5 7.0 1.1

Revised -1.4 7.8 9.3 2.2 1.1 8.6 23.5 1.4

Durable 

manufacturing

Previous 1.9 6.2 4.2 3.8 0.4 -4.9 13.3 1.3

Revised 0.9 8.9 7.9 3.9 0.5 -2.8 21.8 0.5

Nondurable 

manufacturing

Previous -2.3 0.3 2.7 -0.6 1.4 14.0 4.3 0.8

Revised -3.1 3.4 6.7 -0.4 1.5 16.3 11.9 2.4
- 6 -

Technical Notes

Capital Services

Capital services are the services derived from the stock of physical assets and intellectual property 

assets. There are 90 asset types for fixed business equipment, structures, inventories, land, and 

intellectual property products. The aggregate capital services measures are obtained by Tornqvist 

aggregation of the capital stocks for each asset type within each of the eighteen manufacturing NAICS 

industry groupings using estimated rental prices for each asset type. Each rental price reflects the 

nominal rate of return to all assets within the industry and rates of economic depreciation and 

revaluation for the specific asset; rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. Data on investment 

for fixed assets are obtained from BEA. Data on inventories are estimated using data from BEA and 

additional information from IRS Corporation Income Returns. Data for land in the farm sector are 

obtained from USDA. Nonfarm industry detail for land is based on IRS book value data. Current-dollar 

value-added data, obtained from BEA, are used in estimating capital rental prices.

Labor Hours

The construction of the hours measures follows the methodology described in USDL 15-0480, 

Multifactor Productivity Trends, 2013, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/prod3_03262015.pdf.

Hours in manufacturing are directly aggregated and do not include the effects of labor composition.

Hours data for the manufacturing multifactor productivity measures include hours for all persons 

working in the manufacturing sector – wage and salary workers, the self-employed and unpaid family 

workers. The primary source of hours data is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. 

Hours paid of production workers are also obtained primarily from the CES survey. The hours of these 

employees are then converted to an at-work basis by using information from the Employment Cost 

Index (ECI) of the National Compensation Survey (NCS) and the BLS Hours at Work Survey. Hours at 

work for nonproduction workers are derived using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), the 

CES, and the NCS. The hours at work of proprietors are derived from the CPS.

Hours at work data are based on underlying hours data published in the February 5, 2015, USDL-15-

0157, Productivity and Costs, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/prod2_02052015.pdf. 

Therefore, the data do not reflect the benchmark revisions to the CES and other revisions to hours 

released on March 5, 2015. 
- 7 -

Intermediate Inputs

In manufacturing, intermediate inputs consist of energy, materials, and purchased business services, and 

represent a large share of production costs. Research has shown that substitution among inputs, 

including intermediate inputs, affects productivity change. Therefore, it is important to account for

intermediate inputs in productivity measures at the level of manufacturing. In contrast, the more 

aggregate productivity measures compare "value-added" output with two classes of inputs, capital and 

labor. Because of these differences in concepts and methodology, productivity change in manufacturing 

cannot be directly compared with changes in private business or private nonfarm business. 

Data on intermediate inputs are obtained from BEA based on BEA annual input-output tables. Tornqvist 

indexes of each of these three input classes are derived at the three-digit NAICS level and then 

aggregated to the manufacturing sectors. Materials inputs are adjusted to exclude transactions between 

establishments within the same sector.

Combined Inputs

The five input indexes (capital services, labor, energy, materials, and purchased business services) are 

combined using chained superlative Tornqvist aggregation, applying weights that represent each 

component's share of total costs. Total costs are defined as the current dollar value of manufacturing 

sectoral output. Most taxes on production and imports, such as excise taxes, are excluded from costs; 

however, property and motor vehicle taxes remain in total costs.

Capital Intensity

Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours worked in the production process. The higher the 

capital to hours ratio, the more capital intensive the production process is. 

In a production process, profit maximizing/cost-minimizing firms adjust the factor proportions of capital 

and labor if the price of one factor falls relative to the price of the other factor; there would be a 

tendency for the firms to substitute the less expensive factor for the more expensive one. In the short 

run, changes in hours worked are more variable than changes in capital services. Changes in hours 

worked in business cycles can result in volatility of the capital intensity ratio over short periods of time. 

In the long run an increase in wages relative to the price of capital will induce the firm to substitute 

capital for labor, resulting in an increase in capital intensity.

Rising labor costs are, in fact, an incentive for firms to introduce automated production processes.

Industry estimates of capital to hours ratios can be obtained at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. 
- 8 -

Sectoral Output

The output concept used for multifactor productivity in manufacturing is “sectoral output”. Sectoral 

output equals gross output (sales, receipts, and other operating income, plus commodity taxes plus 

changes in inventories), excluding transactions between establishments within the same sector. In 

contrast, the output concept used for private business and private nonfarm business is “real valueadded”. Real value-added output in private business equals gross domestic product less general 

government, government enterprises, private households (including the rental value of owner-occupied 

real estate), and non-profit institutions. Real value-added output excludes intermediate transactions 

between businesses.

The output index for manufacturing is constructed using a chained superlative index (Tornqvist) of 

three-digit NAICS industry outputs. Industry output is measured as sectoral output, the total value of 

goods and services leaving the industry. The indexes of industry output are calculated with the Tornqvist 

index formula. This index formula aggregates the growth rates of the various industry outputs between 

two periods, using their relative shares in industry value of production averaged over the two periods as 

weights. BLS industry output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data from the 

economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 

together with information on price changes, primarily from BLS. 

Multifactor Productivity

The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the relationship between output in real 

terms and the inputs involved in its production. Multifactor productivity measures are not intended to 

measure the specific contributions of labor, capital, or intermediate inputs. Rather, they are designed to 

measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological change, efficiency improvements, 

returns to scale, reallocation of resources and other factors of economic growth, allowing for the effects 

of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs. The multifactor productivity indexes are derived by dividing 

an output index by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital services, energy, non-energy 

materials, and purchased business services.

Other information

Comprehensive tables containing more detailed data than that which is published in this press release are 

available upon request at 202-691-5606 or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. More detailed 

information on methods, limitations, and data sources of capital and labor are provided in BLS Bulletin 

2178 (September 1983), Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 1948-81 and on the BLS Multifactor 

Productivity website under the title “Technical Information About the BLS Multifactor Productivity 

Measures” for Major Sectors and 18 NAICS 3-digit Manufacturing Industries at 

http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprtech.pdf. General information is available on the BLS Multifactor 

Productivity website at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprover.htm. Additional data not contained in the 

release can be obtained in print or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp. A number of comprehensive tables set up 

as zip files can be obtained at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. Methods for measuring 

manufacturing multifactor productivity are discussed in the July 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor 

Review, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing”. See 

http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprgul95.pdf. 
- 9 -

Table 1. Manufacturing sector: productivity and related measures for the 1987-2013 period

Annual percent change from previous year

Year

Productivity Inputs

Output

per unit Purchased Combined 

Labor of capital Multifactor Sectoral Capital business units of all

Productivity1 services Productivity2 Output Hours3 Services Energy Materials services Inputs4

1988 2.0 1.6 2.7 4.0 1.9 2.4 4.2 -4.1 8.7 1.3

1989 -0.3 -1.7 -0.7 1.0 1.3 2.8 -0.4 -0.5 6.0 1.8

1990 3.9 -2.4 -0.6 0.5 -3.3 3.0 1.9 5.2 1.6 1.1

1991 2.2 -4.2 -0.6 -1.7 -3.8 2.6 -0.3 -0.5 -0.7 -1.1

1992 5.9 2.5 -0.6 5.1 -0.8 2.5 -1.0 17.8 7.5 5.7

1993 2.4 1.2 2.8 3.7 1.2 2.4 3.2 -0.9 0.5 0.9

1994 2.9 2.7 2.9 5.3 2.3 2.5 3.6 1.1 3.8 2.3

1995 2.8 0.4 2.0 3.9 1.1 3.5 2.8 -0.7 4.9 1.8

1996 4.9 0.0 0.3 4.2 -0.7 4.2 -2.7 13.3 -0.5 3.9

1997 4.4 1.9 2.7 6.8 2.3 4.8 -1.9 5.8 3.9 4.0

1998 2.6 -1.9 1.6 2.8 0.2 4.8 4.7 -3.6 4.9 1.2

1999 5.4 0.1 2.0 4.1 -1.3 4.0 23.7 3.9 0.7 2.0

2000 7.5 2.4 3.9 5.7 -1.6 3.3 11.5 7.3 -2.1 1.8

2001 0.4 -8.2 -1.5 -6.3 -6.6 2.1 14.5 -16.4 2.7 -4.8

2002 4.7 -3.6 2.8 -2.4 -6.8 1.3 -24.4 -8.5 -1.3 -5.1

2003 6.4 0.7 5.8 1.3 -4.8 0.6 -12.3 -6.4 -5.4 -4.2

2004 5.5 4.7 2.7 4.9 -0.6 0.2 -5.2 16.8 -6.2 2.1

2005 5.9 3.9 0.6 5.0 -0.8 1.0 7.0 11.4 6.8 4.3

2006 3.5 2.6 2.3 4.1 0.5 1.4 -7.6 6.8 -3.0 1.7

2007 6.0 2.2 1.1 4.4 -1.5 2.1 6.5 8.0 2.9 3.3

2008 3.9 -3.2 0.3 -0.3 -4.0 3.0 -1.0 3.2 -8.8 -0.5

2009 -6.5 -19.9 -1.9 -18.9 -13.2 1.2 -27.4 -35.3 -3.1 -17.3

2010 10.1 9.8 3.7 10.6 0.5 0.8 -2.7 21.5 2.9 6.7

2011 5.4 6.6 -1.4 7.8 2.2 1.1 8.6 23.5 1.4 9.3

2012 0.7 1.9 -0.8 3.0 2.3 1.1 -0.4 5.8 6.3 3.9

2013 0.7 0.5 -0.7 1.5 0.8 1.0 -0.1 2.5 5.3 2.1

1 Output per hour worked.

2 Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services.

3 Hours at work.

4 Combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services, chained superlative index.

Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied by the 

BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See Technical Notes in this release.
- 10 -

Table 2. Manufacturing sector: indexes of productivity and related measures, 1987-2013

Indexes 2009=100

Productivity Inputs

Output

per unit Purchased Combined 

Year Labor of capital Multifactor Sectoral Capital business units of all

Productivity1 services Productivity2 Output Hours 3 Services Energy Materials services Inputs4

1987 47.6 124.0 74.1 71.6 150.5 57.8 116.1 92.4 80.7 96.7

1988 48.6 126.0 76.1 74.5 153.4 59.1 121.1 88.6 87.7 98.0

1989 48.4 123.8 75.5 75.2 155.4 60.8 120.6 88.1 93.0 99.7

1990 50.3 120.8 75.0 75.6 150.3 62.6 122.8 92.7 94.4 100.8

1991 51.4 115.8 74.6 74.3 144.6 64.2 122.5 92.3 93.8 99.7

1992 54.5 118.6 74.1 78.1 143.4 65.8 121.3 108.6 100.8 105.3

1993 55.8 120.1 76.2 81.0 145.2 67.4 125.2 107.6 101.3 106.2

1994 57.4 123.4 78.4 85.3 148.5 69.1 129.7 108.8 105.2 108.7

1995 59.0 123.8 80.0 88.6 150.1 71.5 133.3 108.1 110.4 110.7

1996 61.9 123.8 80.3 92.3 149.1 74.6 129.7 122.5 109.8 115.0

1997 64.6 126.2 82.5 98.6 152.6 78.1 127.1 129.6 114.2 119.6

1998 66.3 123.7 83.8 101.4 152.9 81.9 133.1 124.9 119.7 121.0

1999 69.9 123.8 85.5 105.5 150.9 85.2 164.6 129.8 120.5 123.4

2000 75.1 126.8 88.8 111.5 148.4 87.9 183.6 139.3 118.0 125.6

2001 75.4 116.4 87.5 104.5 138.6 89.8 210.2 116.5 121.3 119.5

2002 79.0 112.1 89.9 102.0 129.1 91.0 158.9 106.6 119.7 113.4

2003 84.0 112.9 95.1 103.3 123.0 91.5 139.3 99.8 113.2 108.7

2004 88.7 118.3 97.7 108.4 122.2 91.7 132.1 116.6 106.2 111.0

2005 93.9 122.9 98.3 113.8 121.2 92.6 141.3 129.9 113.4 115.8

2006 97.2 126.1 100.5 118.4 121.8 93.9 130.5 138.7 110.0 117.8

2007 103.0 128.9 101.6 123.6 120.0 95.9 139.1 149.8 113.2 121.6

2008 107.0 124.8 101.9 123.3 115.2 98.8 137.7 154.6 103.2 121.0

2009 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2010 110.1 109.8 103.7 110.6 100.5 100.8 97.3 121.5 102.9 106.7

2011 116.1 117.0 102.2 119.2 102.7 101.9 105.7 150.1 104.4 116.6

2012 117.0 119.2 101.4 122.8 105.0 103.1 105.2 158.8 111.0 121.2

2013 117.7 119.7 100.7 124.6 105.8 104.1 105.1 162.7 116.8 123.8

1 Output per hour worked.

2 Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services.

3 Hours at work.

4 Combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services, chained superlative index.

Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied by the 

BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See Technical Notes in this release.
- 11 -

Table 3. Multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing industries in selected periods, 1987-2013

Compound annual growth rates

Manufacturing

1987-

2013

1987-

1990

1990-

1995

1995-

2000

2000-

2007

2007-

2013

2012-

2013

1.2 0.4 1.3 2.1 1.9 -0.2 -0.7

Nondurable manufacturing 0.2 -0.3 0.6 -0.1 0.7 -0.4 0.4

Food, beverage, and tobacco products -0.1 -1.5 1.5 -1.7 0.7 -0.4 -0.1

Textile mills and textile product mills 0.8 1.3 0.7 1.5 1.0 -0.3 3.0

Apparel, leather, and allied products 0.0 0.1 3.0 0.8 2.5 -5.6 9.4

Paper products 0.2 -0.3 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 2.1

Printing and related support activities 1.2 1.0 -0.2 0.2 2.6 1.5 3.3

Petroleum and coal products 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.6 0.4 0.5 3.0

Chemical products -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -0.4 0.9 -1.9 -3.3

Plastics and rubber products 0.7 0.8 0.4 1.5 0.2 0.6 -0.2

Durable manufacturing 1.9 1.0 1.7 3.4 2.7 0.1 -1.8

Wood products 0.1 1.4 -1.5 -0.5 0.9 0.3 -5.0

Nonmetallic mineral products 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.0

Primary metals 0.4 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.6 -0.6 1.7

Fabricated metal products 0.1 0.0 0.9 -0.2 0.6 -1.0 -0.6

Machinery -0.3 1.2 -2.0 -1.1 1.5 -1.1 -5.9

Computer and electronic products 8.5 5.7 10.2 15.5 7.5 4.1 -1.1

Electrical equipment, appliances, and components -0.7 -1.7 -2.5 -2.6 1.9 -0.3 -0.8

Transportation equipment 0.2 -1.5 -0.1 0.4 1.9 -0.6 -1.7

Furniture and related products 0.2 -0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 -0.2 0.7

Miscellaneous manufacturing 0.8 2.7 -0.1 1.2 1.1 -0.1 2.7