For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 19, 2018 USDL-18-0080 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

UNION MEMBERS — 2017

The union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of unions—

was unchanged at 10.7 percent in 2017, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The number 

of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.8 million in 2017, edged up by 262,000 from 

2016. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate 

was 20.1 percent and there were 17.7 million union workers. 

The data on union membership are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly 

sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households that obtains information on employment and 

unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For more 

information, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Highlights from the 2017 data: 

• The union membership rate of public-sector workers (34.4 percent) continued to be more than 

five times higher than that of private-sector workers (6.5 percent). (See table 3.) 

• Workers in protective service occupations and in education, training, and library occupations had 

the highest unionization rates (34.7 percent and 33.5 percent, respectively). (See table 3.) 

• Men continued to have a higher union membership rate (11.4 percent) than women (10.0 

percent). (See table 1.)

• Black workers remained more likely to be union members than White, Asian, or Hispanic 

workers. (See table 1.) 

• Nonunion workers had median weekly earnings that were 80 percent of earnings for workers 

who were union members ($829 versus $1,041). (The comparisons of earnings in this release are 

on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings 

differences.) (See table 2.)

• Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership rate (23.8 percent), 

while South Carolina continued to have the lowest (2.6 percent). (See table 5.) 
- 2 - 

Industry and Occupation of Union Members

In 2017, 7.2 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with 7.6 million 

workers in the private sector. Although the union membership rate for private-sector workers edged up 

by 0.1 percentage point in 2017, their unionization rate continued to be substantially lower than that for 

public-sector workers (6.5 percent versus 34.4 percent). Within the public sector, the union membership 

rate was highest in local government (40.1 percent), which employs many workers in heavily unionized 

occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters. Private-sector industries with high 

unionization rates included utilities (23.0 percent), transportation and warehousing (17.3 percent), 

telecommunications (16.1 percent), and construction (14.0 percent). Low unionization rates occurred in 

finance (1.1 percent), food services and drinking places (1.4 percent), and professional and technical 

services (1.7 percent). (See table 3.)

Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2017 were in protective service 

occupations (34.7 percent) and in education, training, and library occupations (33.5 percent). The rate 

for workers in education, training, and library occupations continued to decline in 2017. Unionization 

rates were lowest in sales and related occupations (3.2 percent); farming, fishing, and forestry 

occupations (3.4 percent); food preparation and serving related occupations (3.8 percent); and in 

computer and mathematical occupations (3.9 percent). 

Selected Characteristics of Union Members

In 2017, the union membership rate continued to be higher for men (11.4 percent) than for women (10.0 

percent); over the year, the rate for men edged up, and the rate for women edged down. (See table 1.) 

However, the gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983 (the earliest year for which 

comparable data are available), when rates for men and women were 24.7 percent and 14.6 percent, 

respectively.

Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union membership 

rate in 2017 (12.6 percent) than workers who were White (10.6 percent), Asian (8.9 percent), or 

Hispanic (9.3 percent). 

By age, union membership rates continued to be highest among workers ages 45 to 64. In 2017, 13.2 

percent of workers ages 45 to 54 and 13.5 percent of those ages 55 to 64 were union members. 

In 2017, the union membership rate for full-time workers was about twice the rate for part-time 

workers (11.8 percent versus 5.7 percent). 

Union Representation

In 2017, 16.4 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both 

union members (14.8 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered 

by a union contract (1.6 million). (See table 1.) 

Earnings 

Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of 

$1,041 in 2017, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $829. In 

addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, this earnings difference reflects a variety of 
- 3 - 

influences, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by 

occupation, industry, age, firm size, or geographic region. (See tables 2 and 4.) 

Union Membership by State

In 2017, 27 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S. 

average, 10.7 percent, while 22 states had rates above it and 1 state had the same rate. All states in both 

the East South Central and West South Central divisions had union membership rates below the national 

average, while all states in the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific divisions had rates above it. 

Union membership rates increased over the year in 25 states and the District, decreased in 21 states, and 

were unchanged in 4 states. (See table 5 and the map.) 

Nine states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2017, with South Carolina having the 

lowest rate (2.6 percent). The next lowest rates were in North Carolina (3.4 percent) and Utah (3.9 

percent). Two states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2017: New York (23.8 percent) 

and Hawaii (21.3 percent). 

The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.5 million) and New York (2.0 million). 

Over half of the 14.8 million union members in the U.S. lived in just seven states (California, 2.5 

million; New York, 2.0 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Michigan and Pennsylvania, 0.7 million each; and

New Jersey and Ohio, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage 

and salary employment nationally.
Technical Note

 The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on 

the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is 

conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the 

U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national 

sample of about 60,000 eligible households. The union 

membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter 

of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary 

workers. All self-employed workers are excluded.

 Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised 

population controls used in the CPS. Additional information 

about population controls is available on the BLS website at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.

 Information in this release will be made available to sensory 

impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-

5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies 

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability 

is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about 

a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate 

based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard 

errors from the true population value because of sampling error. 

BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of

confidence. The state section of this release preserves the longtime practice of highlighting the direction of the movements in 

state union membership rates and levels regardless of their 

statistical significance.

 The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the 

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain 

information for all respondents in the sample, inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, 

and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

 Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and 

guidance on estimating standard errors is available at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Union membership questions 

 Employed wage and salary workers are classified as union 

members if they answer “yes” to the following question: On this 

job, are you a member of a labor union or of an employee 

association similar to a union? If the response is “no” to that 

question, then the interviewer asks a second question: On this 

job, are you covered by a union or employee association 

contract? If the response is “yes,” then these persons, along 

with those who responded “yes” to being union members, are 

classified as represented by a union. If the response is “no” to 

both the first and second questions, then they are classified as 

nonunion.

Definitions

 The principal definitions used in this release are described 

briefly below.

 Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an 

employee association similar to a union.

 Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of total 

wage and salary workers who are union members.

 

 Represented by unions. Data refer to both union members and 

workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are 

covered by a union or an employee association contract.

 Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members of 

a union nor represented by a union on their job.

 Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes 

and other deductions and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the 

case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were 

asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 

1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way 

for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice 

monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually 

earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis 

other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The 

term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent 

asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to 

define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during 

the past 4 or 5 months.

 Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a 

given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having 

earnings above the median and the other having earnings below 

the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or 

calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which 

are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is 

estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in 

which the median lies.

 Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, 

salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The 

group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. 

Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed 

workers, both those with incorporated businesses as well as 

those with unincorporated businesses.

 Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or 

more per week at their sole or principal job.

 Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 

hours per week at their sole or principal job.

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified 

themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, 

Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as 

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2016-17 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2016 2017

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,101 14,555 10.7 16,271 12.0 137,890 14,817 10.7 16,444 11.9

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,556 816 4.4 988 5.3 18,757 877 4.7 1,014 5.4

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,545 13,739 11.7 15,283 13.0 119,133 13,940 11.7 15,430 13.0

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,750 2,924 9.2 3,296 10.4 32,407 3,061 9.4 3,426 10.6

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,515 3,423 12.0 3,782 13.3 28,729 3,421 11.9 3,806 13.2

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,807 3,846 13.3 4,269 14.8 28,655 3,771 13.2 4,145 14.5

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,778 2,903 13.3 3,209 14.7 22,382 3,032 13.5 3,329 14.9

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,696 643 9.6 726 10.8 6,960 655 9.4 723 10.4

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,589 7,888 11.2 8,704 12.3 71,469 8,166 11.4 8,930 12.5

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,412 484 5.1 568 6.0 9,486 529 5.6 609 6.4

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,177 7,404 12.1 8,136 13.3 61,983 7,637 12.3 8,321 13.4

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,930 1,640 9.7 1,833 10.8 17,199 1,755 10.2 1,940 11.3

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,102 1,881 12.5 2,051 13.6 15,220 1,900 12.5 2,088 13.7

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,775 2,048 13.9 2,253 15.3 14,693 2,040 13.9 2,189 14.9

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,957 1,511 13.8 1,633 14.9 11,318 1,617 14.3 1,745 15.4

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,412 323 9.5 365 10.7 3,554 324 9.1 359 10.1

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,512 6,667 10.2 7,567 11.6 66,421 6,651 10.0 7,514 11.3

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,143 332 3.6 420 4.6 9,271 348 3.8 405 4.4

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,368 6,335 11.2 7,147 12.7 57,150 6,303 11.0 7,109 12.4

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,820 1,284 8.7 1,463 9.9 15,208 1,306 8.6 1,486 9.8

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,412 1,542 11.5 1,731 12.9 13,509 1,521 11.3 1,718 12.7

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,032 1,797 12.8 2,016 14.4 13,962 1,731 12.4 1,956 14.0

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,820 1,392 12.9 1,576 14.6 11,065 1,415 12.8 1,584 14.3

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,283 320 9.8 361 11.0 3,406 330 9.7 364 10.7

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,160 11,120 10.5 12,436 11.7 107,121 11,358 10.6 12,589 11.8

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,007 6,153 11.0 6,769 12.1 56,545 6,432 11.4 7,025 12.4

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,153 4,967 9.9 5,667 11.3 50,576 4,926 9.7 5,564 11.0

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . 17,014 2,209 13.0 2,475 14.5 17,498 2,210 12.6 2,459 14.1

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,852 1,104 14.1 1,229 15.7 8,042 1,101 13.7 1,205 15.0

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,163 1,105 12.1 1,245 13.6 9,456 1,109 11.7 1,254 13.3

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,340 752 9.0 839 10.1 8,561 763 8.9 843 9.8

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,368 355 8.1 404 9.3 4,457 365 8.2 402 9.0

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,972 397 10.0 435 10.9 4,105 398 9.7 441 10.7

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . 23,085 2,032 8.8 2,308 10.0 23,656 2,201 9.3 2,476 10.5

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,125 1,209 9.2 1,348 10.3 13,342 1,261 9.5 1,410 10.6

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,960 823 8.3 960 9.6 10,315 940 9.1 1,067 10.3

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3

Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,091 13,119 11.8 14,593 13.1 113,272 13,396 11.8 14,812 13.1

Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,832 1,415 5.7 1,655 6.7 24,433 1,403 5.7 1,611 6.6

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal

job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected

characteristics, 2016-17 annual averages

Characteristic

2016 2017

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $832 $1,004 $995 $802 $860 $1,041 $1,028 $829

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 600 599 497 519 663 652 514

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 1,022 1,014 858 907 1,065 1,054 883

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 893 890 734 773 921 909 756

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 1,071 1,059 908 964 1,122 1,111 935

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 1,084 1,069 930 977 1,113 1,103 953

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952 1,072 1,069 930 974 1,112 1,106 947

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 984 988 846 909 1,058 1,054 888

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 1,050 1,042 890 941 1,102 1,094 914

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 582 581 509 547 701 683 533

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969 1,080 1,074 950 996 1,128 1,124 976

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 915 915 775 821 964 953 803

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,007 1,123 1,120 990 1,062 1,195 1,183 1,038

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,075 1,146 1,140 1,057 1,103 1,184 1,180 1,080

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,102 1,136 1,140 1,090 1,098 1,160 1,166 1,073

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992 1,022 1,029 988 1,016 1,140 1,132 1,004

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 955 942 723 770 970 954 746

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 628 624 481 499 606 600 496

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 972 960 757 810 988 974 784

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 865 860 685 724 864 854 705

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 1,015 1,004 804 860 1,037 1,026 831

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 1,006 988 800 855 1,018 1,002 827

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 999 992 778 856 1,025 1,011 831

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 942 964 723 782 991 986 751

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 1,050 1,034 827 890 1,089 1,076 860

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942 1,111 1,099 915 971 1,141 1,135 942

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 989 975 738 795 1,014 997 766

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 808 807 646 682 823 813 659

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 818 826 690 710 869 856 687

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 799 790 616 657 784 773 636

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,021 1,020 1,017 1,022 1,043 1,112 1,126 1,034

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,151 1,061 1,076 1,160 1,207 1,169 1,176 1,212

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902 985 975 892 903 1,007 1,023 887

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 886 876 608 655 897 880 629

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 908 901 637 690 952 929 669

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 844 829 565 603 810 801 583

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2016-17 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2016 2017

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,108 6,064 11.6 6,916 13.3 53,442 6,155 11.5 6,972 13.0

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,289 927 4.6 1,129 5.6 20,617 902 4.4 1,097 5.3

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,563 605 4.5 736 5.4 13,894 596 4.3 727 5.2

Business and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,726 322 4.8 393 5.8 6,723 307 4.6 370 5.5

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 31,818 5,138 16.1 5,787 18.2 32,824 5,253 16.0 5,876 17.9

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . 4,301 166 3.9 222 5.2 4,544 178 3.9 225 4.9

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . 2,941 187 6.4 219 7.4 3,053 220 7.2 250 8.2

Life, physical, and social science

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,276 112 8.8 138 10.8 1,360 138 10.2 154 11.3

Community and social service occupations. . . . 2,506 372 14.8 408 16.3 2,555 392 15.3 426 16.7

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,412 79 5.6 95 6.8 1,500 119 7.9 134 8.9

Education, training, and library occupations. . . 8,765 3,031 34.6 3,344 38.2 8,949 2,996 33.5 3,327 37.2

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,158 141 6.5 162 7.5 2,314 157 6.8 173 7.5

Healthcare practitioners and technical

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,459 1,051 12.4 1,199 14.2 8,548 1,054 12.3 1,186 13.9

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,271 2,337 9.6 2,596 10.7 24,207 2,392 9.9 2,623 10.8

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,373 233 6.9 275 8.1 3,412 286 8.4 314 9.2

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,093 1,069 34.5 1,133 36.6 3,119 1,082 34.7 1,152 37.0

Food preparation and serving related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,466 333 3.9 394 4.6 8,220 314 3.8 359 4.4

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,897 430 8.8 491 10.0 4,864 441 9.1 492 10.1

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . 4,441 272 6.1 304 6.8 4,592 268 5.8 305 6.6

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,051 2,051 6.6 2,314 7.5 31,018 1,944 6.3 2,207 7.1

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,671 421 3.1 483 3.5 13,682 432 3.2 513 3.7

Office and administrative support occupations. . . 17,380 1,631 9.4 1,831 10.5 17,337 1,511 8.7 1,694 9.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,812 1,788 15.1 1,920 16.3 12,238 2,015 16.5 2,129 17.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . 988 22 2.2 31 3.2 1,090 37 3.4 42 3.8

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . 6,387 1,177 18.4 1,240 19.4 6,529 1,262 19.3 1,318 20.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,438 589 13.3 649 14.6 4,619 716 15.5 770 16.7

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,859 2,315 13.7 2,524 15.0 16,985 2,311 13.6 2,514 14.8

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,150 959 11.8 1,049 12.9 8,143 1,006 12.4 1,092 13.4

Transportation and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,708 1,355 15.6 1,475 16.9 8,842 1,304 14.8 1,422 16.1

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,417 7,435 6.4 8,437 7.3 116,935 7,601 6.5 8,494 7.3

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,315 17 1.3 28 2.1 1,337 28 2.1 30 2.3

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,102 7,419 6.5 8,409 7.4 115,598 7,573 6.6 8,463 7.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 765 43 5.6 48 6.3 735 32 4.4 35 4.8

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,488 1,039 13.9 1,095 14.6 7,844 1,102 14.0 1,156 14.7

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,783 1,295 8.8 1,422 9.6 14,670 1,328 9.1 1,461 10.0

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,247 827 8.9 906 9.8 9,194 836 9.1 913 9.9

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,536 468 8.4 515 9.3 5,477 492 9.0 548 10.0

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,515 780 4.2 887 4.8 18,778 839 4.5 940 5.0

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,288 120 3.7 137 4.2 3,291 147 4.5 160 4.9

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,227 660 4.3 750 4.9 15,487 692 4.5 780 5.0

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,048 1,145 18.9 1,239 20.5 6,232 1,139 18.3 1,225 19.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,073 935 18.4 1,014 20.0 5,205 903 17.3 978 18.8

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 210 21.5 225 23.0 1,028 237 23.0 247 24.1

Information3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,473 222 9.0 250 10.1 2,464 242 9.8 264 10.7

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 22 4.9 24 5.2 458 17 3.6 19 4.1

Motion pictures and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 38 11.0 43 12.3 379 43 11.4 45 11.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2016-17 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2016 2017

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Radio and television broadcasting and

cable subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . 534 32 5.9 43 8.0 544 42 7.8 47 8.7

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 119 14.6 129 15.8 814 131 16.1 138 17.0

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,963 205 2.3 274 3.1 9,067 217 2.4 278 3.1

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,616 91 1.4 138 2.1 6,720 101 1.5 142 2.1

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,142 49 1.2 81 2.0 4,156 46 1.1 67 1.6

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,473 42 1.7 57 2.3 2,563 55 2.1 76 2.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . 2,347 114 4.9 136 5.8 2,348 117 5.0 135 5.8

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,257 346 2.4 464 3.3 14,739 335 2.3 407 2.8

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . 8,728 141 1.6 211 2.4 9,328 162 1.7 210 2.2

Management, administrative, and waste

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,529 205 3.7 253 4.6 5,412 173 3.2 198 3.7

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,152 1,808 8.2 2,107 9.5 22,324 1,798 8.1 2,077 9.3

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,557 561 12.3 652 14.3 4,600 526 11.4 621 13.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . 17,595 1,247 7.1 1,454 8.3 17,724 1,272 7.2 1,456 8.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,687 381 3.0 438 3.5 12,748 374 2.9 428 3.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . 2,329 126 5.4 139 6.0 2,424 144 5.9 157 6.5

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . 10,358 255 2.5 299 2.9 10,324 230 2.2 271 2.6

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,506 114 7.6 123 8.2 1,454 106 7.3 114 7.8

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . 8,852 141 1.6 176 2.0 8,870 124 1.4 158 1.8

Other services3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,973 155 2.6 186 3.1 5,994 167 2.8 192 3.2

Other services, except private households.. . 5,258 152 2.9 179 3.4 5,390 164 3.0 186 3.5

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,684 7,120 34.4 7,834 37.9 20,956 7,216 34.4 7,951 37.9

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,674 1,006 27.4 1,144 31.1 3,652 972 26.6 1,131 31.0

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,965 2,064 29.6 2,282 32.8 7,103 2,153 30.3 2,371 33.4

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,045 4,050 40.3 4,409 43.9 10,201 4,091 40.1 4,449 43.6

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated

businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry, 2016-17 annual averages

Occupation and industry

2016 2017

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . $1,188 $1,166 $1,159 $1,197 $1,224 $1,215 $1,206 $1,227

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,284 1,263 1,266 1,285 1,327 1,276 1,276 1,329

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,370 1,389 1,408 1,368 1,392 1,349 1,361 1,395

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . 1,161 1,146 1,141 1,164 1,174 1,188 1,163 1,174

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,141 1,156 1,146 1,140 1,160 1,199 1,187 1,154

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,443 1,372 1,332 1,458 1,465 1,375 1,371 1,473

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,482 1,424 1,411 1,490 1,478 1,479 1,473 1,479

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 1,209 1,288 1,278 1,195 1,286 1,297 1,338 1,276

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 1,095 1,076 872 900 1,035 1,035 866

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,431 1,615 1,621 1,419 1,443 1,550 1,577 1,428

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 984 1,130 1,114 887 1,002 1,157 1,144 900

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,040 1,252 1,224 1,028 1,066 1,354 1,334 1,041

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . 1,104 1,191 1,175 1,087 1,124 1,244 1,239 1,103

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 771 753 505 544 792 774 518

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 602 602 520 542 577 573 539

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 1,088 1,074 694 852 1,163 1,146 713

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . 465 597 581 459 484 594 583 479

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 664 647 498 522 638 629 511

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 559 546 503 520 624 609 516

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 810 804 686 718 829 814 710

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 717 724 745 763 806 813 761

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 826 818 661 701 834 815 688

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 1,127 1,111 735 801 1,146 1,132 750

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 – – 518 539 – – 533

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 1,153 1,142 719 796 1,136 1,124 734

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . 861 1,076 1,069 822 878 1,187 1,176 822

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 881 876 631 692 922 902 662

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 841 837 641 701 895 878 678

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . 662 913 904 622 681 949 926 640

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 937 932 789 829 984 971 816

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 – – 571 599 – – 599

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 937 933 793 833 986 974 820

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,197 – – 1,190 1,257 – – 1,263

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 1,168 1,146 780 840 1,163 1,155 797

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 885 884 852 884 943 927 878

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 907 910 890 910 968 955 904

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 839 827 789 837 892 871 830

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 701 700 675 705 758 753 702

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 921 905 868 903 979 986 899

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 645 645 622 656 721 714 653

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 1,033 1,023 808 888 1,147 1,121 828

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795 972 969 757 815 1,053 1,016 781

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,264 1,408 1,388 1,242 1,325 1,432 1,432 1,254

Information4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,143 1,238 1,257 1,133 1,154 1,344 1,330 1,142

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,094 – – 1,102 1,171 – – 1,167

Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . 1,085 – – 1,030 1,189 – – 1,134

Radio and television broadcasting and cable

subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017 – – 1,020 973 – – 959

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,182 1,273 1,306 1,153 1,197 1,195 1,201 1,195

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 896 916 981 1,009 943 945 1,012

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,039 818 853 1,047 1,076 980 964 1,081

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,089 – 813 1,101 1,125 – 1,010 1,126

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 – 907 980 1,027 – 931 1,032

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 977 970 817 839 918 931 833

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992 887 935 995 1,037 1,005 1,016 1,038

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,273 1,309 1,277 1,273 1,347 1,231 1,252 1,349

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry, 2016-17 annual averages — Continued

Occupation and industry

2016 2017

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . $613 $687 $682 $610 $629 $873 $842 $622

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 944 937 799 843 978 964 831

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 967 965 931 957 1,026 1,018 942

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 929 921 771 810 928 914 800

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 670 667 522 547 676 669 538

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 720 720 673 716 750 766 710

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 642 637 501 513 636 620 510

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 698 703 564 598 685 678 588

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 567 575 490 501 586 564 500

Other services4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 959 869 681 705 913 874 699

Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . 708 965 893 703 722 924 890 717

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967 1,070 1,055 900 986 1,104 1,096 917

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,149 1,093 1,099 1,188 1,176 1,138 1,146 1,213

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 1,022 1,011 883 955 1,061 1,050 907

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940 1,089 1,071 817 949 1,121 1,106 832

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

4

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well

as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2016-17 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

State

2016 2017

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,895 153 8.1 170 9.0 1,869 138 7.4 152 8.1

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 55 18.5 59 19.9 304 55 18.1 59 19.4

Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,727 122 4.5 151 5.5 2,805 111 4.0 145 5.2

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,186 47 3.9 59 5.0 1,209 62 5.1 74 6.1

California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,001 2,551 15.9 2,796 17.5 16,064 2,491 15.5 2,708 16.9

Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,438 238 9.8 263 10.8 2,494 238 9.6 273 11.0

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,568 275 17.5 288 18.4 1,645 278 16.9 295 17.9

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 48 11.4 56 13.3 425 45 10.7 48 11.2

District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 32 9.5 37 10.7 347 34 9.8 40 11.5

Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,113 456 5.6 574 7.1 8,573 480 5.6 570 6.6

Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,249 165 3.9 210 4.9 4,342 173 4.0 217 5.0

Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 119 19.9 125 20.9 605 129 21.3 139 22.9

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 42 6.1 47 6.8 723 35 4.8 42 5.8

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,587 812 14.5 856 15.3 5,516 827 15.0 872 15.8

Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,927 304 10.4 335 11.4 2,987 266 8.9 289 9.7

Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454 129 8.9 153 10.5 1,475 104 7.0 127 8.6

Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,274 109 8.6 132 10.3 1,296 101 7.8 131 10.1

Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,710 190 11.1 228 13.4 1,810 174 9.6 232 12.8

Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,799 76 4.2 88 4.9 1,780 78 4.4 96 5.4

Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 65 11.4 77 13.5 576 66 11.4 81 14.0

Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,815 310 11.0 347 12.3 2,772 299 10.8 326 11.8

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,158 381 12.1 407 12.9 3,231 401 12.4 431 13.3

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,196 606 14.4 651 15.5 4,230 658 15.6 711 16.8

Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,563 365 14.2 388 15.2 2,693 411 15.2 428 15.9

Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,108 73 6.6 90 8.1 1,106 59 5.3 77 7.0

Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,711 262 9.7 290 10.7 2,613 226 8.7 265 10.1

Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 50 11.9 58 13.9 419 50 11.9 57 13.6

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 64 7.4 74 8.5 858 70 8.2 78 9.1

Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,211 146 12.1 182 15.0 1,290 164 12.7 189 14.6

New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 63 9.4 74 11.0 642 72 11.3 83 13.0

New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,007 644 16.1 666 16.6 3,898 630 16.2 665 17.1

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 49 6.3 64 8.2 769 52 6.7 63 8.3

New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,227 1,942 23.6 2,075 25.2 8,472 2,017 23.8 2,148 25.3

North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,225 129 3.0 174 4.1 4,305 145 3.4 171 4.0

North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 20 5.5 25 7.0 356 18 5.1 24 6.8

Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,970 617 12.4 702 14.1 5,062 635 12.5 688 13.6

Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,482 80 5.4 97 6.6 1,536 84 5.5 108 7.1

Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,691 228 13.5 267 15.8 1,763 262 14.9 277 15.7

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,686 685 12.1 724 12.7 5,543 665 12.0 723 13.0

Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 74 15.5 81 16.9 486 78 16.1 84 17.2

South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,981 32 1.6 52 2.6 1,986 52 2.6 78 3.9

South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 20 5.2 26 7.0 380 20 5.4 25 6.7

Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,746 158 5.7 174 6.4 2,728 155 5.7 176 6.4

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,457 462 4.0 606 5.3 11,626 543 4.7 669 5.8

Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,318 62 4.7 79 6.0 1,375 54 3.9 74 5.4

Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 33 11.5 37 12.9 288 32 11.0 35 12.1

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,748 160 4.3 226 6.0 3,801 176 4.6 222 5.8

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,090 539 17.4 577 18.7 3,112 584 18.8 630 20.2

West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 79 11.8 88 13.2 683 75 11.0 82 11.9

Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,696 219 8.1 244 9.0 2,778 230 8.3 250 9.0

Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 16 6.3 18 7.3 243 15 6.0 16 6.7

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated

businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
TEXAS

N.M.

CALIF.

MONT.

NEV.

ARIZ.

ORE.

S.D.

WYO.

COLO. KAN. MO.

N.D.

NEB.

UTAH

GA.

ILL.

MINN.

LA.

IDAHO

FLA.

PA.

WIS.

N.Y.

OKLA.

N.C.

KY.

ALA.

VA.

ARK.

WASH.

IOWA

MISS.

IND.

OHIO

S.C.

MICH.

TENN.

W.VA.

VT

MD.

HAWAII

ALASKA

Pacific

Mountain

West

North Central

East

North Central

New Englan

Middle

Atlantic

East

South Central

West

South Central

Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2017 

(U.S. rate = 10.7 percent)

Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2017 annu

(U.S. rate = 10.7 percent)