For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, December 9, 2009 USDL-09-1502

Technical Information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc 

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 2007 

Labor productivity – defined as output per hour – rose in 53 percent of detailed manufacturing industries in 

2007, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was about unchanged from the proportion that 

recorded productivity increases the previous year. (See table 1.) Unit labor costs declined in 19 percent of the 

industries. 

Output fell and hours declined in more industries in 2007 than in 2006. Output fell in 58 percent of the 86 4-digit 

NAICS industries in 2007 and hours fell in 63 percent. More industries experienced sharp increases or large 

declines in productivity in 2007 than in the previous year. Productivity rose by 10 percent or more in ten 

industries and declined by 10 percent or more in nine industries. Two of the ten largest detailed industries by 

employment size – aerospace products and parts manufacturing and semiconductors and electronic components 

manufacturing – posted double-digit output and productivity growth in 2007. 

Unit labor costs fell in 16 of the 86 manufacturing industries in 2007. (See table 1.) Unit labor costs reflect the 

total labor costs required to produce a unit of output. Increases in labor productivity help to offset increases in 

hourly compensation and thus limit increases in unit labor costs. 

 

This report presents data for the manufacturing industries included in the attached tables. Productivity data for 

industries in other sectors have been published in separate releases and can be found on the BLS Labor 

Productivity and Costs web site at http://www.bls.gov/lpc. 

Over the longer 1987-2007 period, labor productivity increased in over 95 percent of the detailed manufacturing 

industries. (See table 2.) Chart 1 compares the distribution of productivity growth rates for 4-digit manufacturing 

industries in the most recent year with those for the period from 1987 to 2007. 

0

10

20

30

40

Number of Industries

Percent change

Chart 1. Distribution of annual percent change in output per hour,

1987-2007 and 2006-2007

1987 - 2007

2006 - 2007
- 2 - 

Productivity rose in a higher proportion of the more aggregate industries. In 2007 labor productivity increased in 

13 of the 21 3-digit NAICS manufacturing industries. Chart 2 shows the range of productivity changes for all 3-

digit manufacturing industries. Productivity rose the fastest in primary metals manufacturing and in computer and 

electronic products manufacturing, two industries where output increased rapidly but hours fell. In contrast, a very 

large drop in output combined with a much smaller drop in labor hours resulted in a large productivity decline in 

apparel manufacturing. Unit labor costs fell in 2 of the aggregate industries in 2007: primary metals 

manufacturing and transportation equipment manufacturing.

8.0

8.0

6.9

6.4

3.6

3.1

2.6

1.7

1.5

1.4

0.7

0.3

0.2

-0.5

-2.6

-2.7

-3.1

-3.3

-5.5

-11.2

-29.7

-33 -30 -27 -24 -21 -18 -15 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9

Primary metals

Computer and electronic products

Chemicals

Transportation equipment

Paper and paper products

Printing and related support activities

Electrical equipment and appliances

Fabricated metal products

Textile mills

Petroleum and coal products

Nonmetalic mineral products

Wood products

Machinery

Plastic and rubber products

Food

Furniture and related products

Beverages and tobacco products

Miscellaneous manufacturing

Leather and allied products

Textile product mills

Apparel

Percent change

Chart 2. Percent change in output per hour in 3-digit NAICS manufacturing industries, 2006-2007

Between 1987 and 2007, productivity rose in all but one of the 21 aggregate industries. The only industry to 

decline was apparel manufacturing, as output fell more rapidly than hours.

Year-to-year movements in industry productivity measures may be erratic, particularly in smaller industries. The 

annual measures based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a census of establishments in the 

industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output and use of labor may reflect cyclical changes in the economy as 

well as long-term trends. As a result, long-term productivity changes tend to be more reliable indicators of

industry performance than are year-to-year changes. 

Revisions: This news release incorporates data from the Census Bureau’s 2007 Economic Census and the annual 

benchmark revision of the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey published in February 2009. The 

productivity measures in this release reflect, for the first time, data classified according to the 2007 NAICS; series 

for some industries may have changed as a result. The base year has been changed from 1997 to 2002 for all 

indexes. All of the measures for 2007 in this release are preliminary and subject to revision. 

The manufacturing industry measures have been revised to include, for the first time, the output of nonemployer 

firms and the employment, hours, and labor compensation of self-employed and unpaid family workers. 

Although small, the revision reflects a more complete accounting of the economic activity in each industry, and 

improves consistency with the measures for other sectors that account for the activity of these firms and workers. 

The employment and hours series included in this news release were previously released in September 2009 as 

part of a database of employment and hours for a comprehensive set of 3- and 4-digit NAICS industries.
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: The industry labor 

productivity measures describe the relationship 

between industry output and the labor time involved 

in its production. They show the changes from 

period to period in the amount of goods and services 

produced per hour. Although the labor productivity 

measures relate output to hours of all persons in an 

industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor or any other factor of 

production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of 

many influences, including changes in technology; 

capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, 

and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, 

including contract employment services; the 

organization of production; managerial skill; and the 

characteristics and effort of the workforce.

Output: Industry output is measured as an annualweighted index of the changes in the various 

products or services (in real terms) provided for sale 

outside the industry. Real industry output is usually 

derived by deflating nominal sales or values of 

production using BLS price indexes, but for some 

industries it is measured by physical quantities of 

output. For manufacturing industries, industry output 

reflects sectoral value of production, derived by 

adjusting shipments for changes in inventories and 

removing intra-industry transactions. 

Industry output measures are constructed 

primarily using data from the economic censuses 

and annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, together with information 

on price changes primarily from BLS. 

Labor Hours: The primary source of data on 

industry employment and hours is the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES 

provides monthly data on the number of total and 

production worker jobs held by wage and salary 

workers in nonfarm establishments, as well as data 

on the average weekly hours of production workers 

in those establishments. CES data are supplemented 

or further disaggregated for some industries using 

data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment 

and Wages (QCEW), the Bureau of the Census, or 

other sources. Data from the Current Population 

Survey (CPS) also supplement the CES data. CPS 

data are used to estimate employment and hours of 

self-employed and unpaid family workers in each 

industry. Data from the CPS, together with the CES 

data, are also used to estimate the historical average 

weekly hours of nonproduction workers for each 

industry. Hours of all persons in an industry are 

treated as homogeneous and are directly aggregated.

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the 

cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by 

dividing an index of industry labor compensation by 

an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs 

also describe the relationship between compensation 

per hour and real output per hour (labor 

productivity). Increases in hourly compensation 

increase unit labor costs; increases in labor 

productivity offset compensation increases and 

lower unit labor costs. 

Compensation, defined as payroll plus 

supplemental payments, is a measure of the cost to 

the employer of securing the services of labor. 

Payroll includes salaries, wages, commissions, 

dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, 

and compensation in kind. Supplemental payments 

include legally required expenditures and payments 

for voluntary programs. The legally required portion 

consists primarily of Federal old age and survivors’ 

insurance, unemployment compensation, and 

workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary 

programs include all programs not specifically 

required by legislation, such as the employer portion 

of private health insurance and pension plans. 

Additional Information: While the rates of 

change reported by BLS in this news release are 

rounded to one decimal place, all industry 

productivity percent changes are calculated using 

index numbers to three decimal places.

Industry productivity and related indexes 

and rates of change can be accessed online by 

visiting the Labor Productivity and Costs web site at 

http://www.bls.gov/lpc/. Levels of industry 

employment, hours, labor compensation, and value 

of production, and the implicit price deflator for 

output for these industries are available upon request 

by calling the Division of Industry Productivity 

Studies (202-691-5618) or by sending a request by 

e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. Information in this 

report will be made available to sensory-impaired 

individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-

5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-

877-8339. 

To subscribe to the industry productivity 

program’s electronic notification service, send an 

e-mail to dipsnews@bls.gov with the word 

“subscribe” in the subject line.
2007 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Labor Unit labor

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours compensation costs

Manufacturing

311 Food 1515 -2.6 -0.6 2.1 5.5 6.2

3111 Animal food 50 1.0 -2.8 -3.8 8.4 11.6

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 61 1.7 3.3 1.6 1.0 -2.3

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 75 -8.9 -6.6 2.5 5.1 12.6

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 174 6.6 3.7 -2.7 7.2 3.3

3115 Dairy products 136 -1.2 1.1 2.4 6.5 5.4

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 514 -3.3 -0.9 2.5 13.9 15.0

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 43 -10.5 -1.0 10.7 7.8 8.9

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 293 -2.4 -1.8 0.6 -2.2 -0.4

3119 Other food products 168 -7.8 -0.1 8.3 -1.5 -1.4

312 Beverages and tobacco products 201 -3.1 -1.5 1.6 1.7 3.3

3121 Beverages 178 0.1 3.3 3.2 4.1 0.7

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 22 -0.6 -11.1 -10.6 -8.8 2.5

313 Textile mills 179 1.5 -10.1 -11.4 -3.5 7.4

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 42 9.7 -5.1 -13.5 7.1 13.0

3132 Fabric mills 82 0.6 -12.6 -13.1 -10.5 2.4

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 55 -3.8 -10.7 -7.1 2.5 14.7

314 Textile product mills 176 -11.2 -17.8 -7.5 0.7 22.6

3141 Textile furnishings mills 91 -7.3 -18.8 -12.5 3.7 27.8

3149 Other textile product mills 85 -14.6 -15.8 -1.4 -2.2 16.1

315 Apparel 245 -29.7 -31.4 -2.4 -8.3 33.7

3151 Apparel knitting mills 35 -32.8 -35.2 -3.5 -9.1 40.2

3152 Cut and sew apparel 191 -29.4 -30.8 -2.0 -7.1 34.2

3159 Accessories and other apparel 19 -25.7 -28.7 -4.0 -17.5 15.6

316 Leather and allied products 39 -5.5 -11.5 -6.3 -2.2 10.6

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 5 30.3 12.8 -13.4 -6.3 -16.9

3162 Footwear 17 -19.8 -18.0 2.2 -9.2 10.7

3169 Other leather products 17 -2.5 -14.4 -12.2 5.3 23.0

321 Wood products 548 0.3 -7.1 -7.3 -1.0 6.5

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 118 -5.0 -10.3 -5.6 -4.0 7.0

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 109 3.7 -9.3 -12.5 -6.3 3.2

3219 Other wood products 321 1.9 -4.4 -6.1 2.3 7.0

322 Paper and paper products 459 3.6 1.0 -2.6 1.2 0.2

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 132 2.9 -2.0 -4.8 -3.3 -1.3

3222 Converted paper products 326 4.6 2.9 -1.6 4.3 1.3

323 Printing and related support activities 658 3.1 1.0 -2.1 7.8 6.8

3231 Printing and related support activities 658 3.1 1.0 -2.1 7.8 6.8

324 Petroleum and coal products 115 1.4 0.0 -1.4 0.7 0.7

3241 Petroleum and coal products 115 1.4 0.0 -1.4 0.7 0.7

325 Chemicals 869 6.9 5.1 -1.7 6.3 1.1

3251 Basic chemicals 149 15.5 13.7 -1.5 -0.3 -12.3

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 109 3.0 5.8 2.7 15.2 8.9

3253 Agricultural chemicals 36 6.0 -3.9 -9.3 5.5 9.8

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 296 -2.3 -0.9 1.5 6.8 7.8

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 66 -2.1 -4.0 -1.9 8.5 13.0

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 112 20.7 13.5 -6.0 8.2 -4.7

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 101 15.5 6.8 -7.5 6.7 -0.1

326 Plastics and rubber products 762 -0.5 -2.0 -1.5 1.5 3.5

3261 Plastics products 612 -1.6 -2.7 -1.2 2.4 5.3

3262 Rubber products 150 4.6 1.7 -2.8 -1.8 -3.4

Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, output, hours, compensation, and unit labor costs, 2006-2007

Percent change, 2006-2007
2007 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Labor Unit labor

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours compensation costs

327 Nonmetallic mineral products 515 0.7 -1.7 -2.4 1.3 3.1

3271 Clay products and refractories 63 -5.7 -10.6 -5.2 -5.5 5.7

3272 Glass and glass products 102 -0.6 -4.4 -3.8 -3.6 0.8

3273 Cement and concrete products 246 3.7 -0.4 -4.0 0.6 1.1

3274 Lime and gypsum products 19 -4.6 -4.4 0.1 3.8 8.6

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 85 -2.7 3.2 6.1 13.7 10.2

331 Primary metals 458 8.0 3.8 -3.9 2.9 -0.9

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 101 3.0 4.8 1.7 6.0 1.2

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 61 -2.1 -4.1 -2.0 1.0 5.3

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 71 7.2 0.3 -6.4 -3.4 -3.7

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 69 21.5 13.0 -7.0 20.4 6.5

3315 Foundries 156 1.1 -4.4 -5.5 -3.8 0.6

332 Fabricated metal products 1598 1.7 3.0 1.3 10.0 6.8

3321 Forging and stamping 111 5.7 3.0 -2.6 7.4 4.2

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 53 12.2 2.3 -8.8 7.3 4.9

3323 Architectural and structural metals 424 -0.4 2.7 3.0 14.9 11.9

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 97 3.2 6.7 3.4 8.6 1.8

3325 Hardware 34 -14.6 -14.2 0.4 -5.8 9.8

3326 Spring and wire products 57 -1.9 -3.8 -2.0 -0.1 3.9

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 376 2.4 3.6 1.2 12.5 8.5

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 149 2.6 4.7 2.1 12.1 7.0

3329 Other fabricated metal products 297 0.6 2.5 1.9 6.0 3.5

333 Machinery 1204 0.2 1.2 1.0 6.7 5.5

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 232 -3.3 5.2 8.8 12.4 6.9

3332 Industrial machinery 128 2.3 3.3 1.0 8.3 4.8

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 110 -10.0 -6.5 3.9 1.4 8.4

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 155 -3.7 -5.7 -2.0 0.5 6.5

3335 Metalworking machinery 200 5.0 -0.7 -5.5 5.7 6.5

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 102 -0.3 -1.6 -1.3 4.2 5.9

3339 Other general purpose machinery 278 2.2 3.0 0.7 8.0 4.9

334 Computer and electronic products 1280 8.0 4.7 -3.0 8.7 3.8

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 187 22.3 18.4 -3.1 -10.6 -24.5

3342 Communications equipment 129 -4.6 -14.3 -10.1 5.2 22.7

3343 Audio and video equipment 30 -27.3 -30.2 -3.9 -7.5 32.4

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 450 15.6 11.0 -4.0 14.4 3.1

3345 Electronic instruments 445 7.3 8.5 1.1 10.6 1.9

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 39 2.7 -7.8 -10.2 7.4 16.6

335 Electrical equipment and appliances 432 2.6 2.3 -0.3 6.3 4.0

3351 Electric lighting equipment 59 0.9 3.3 2.4 5.1 1.8

3352 Household appliances 77 -2.9 -2.1 0.8 -10.7 -8.8

3353 Electrical equipment 158 5.5 6.2 0.7 7.9 1.6

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 139 4.3 1.1 -3.1 12.6 11.4

336 Transportation equipment 1726 6.4 3.3 -2.9 0.8 -2.4

3361 Motor vehicles 221 4.8 -0.7 -5.2 -4.8 -4.2

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 168 6.9 -5.0 -11.2 3.3 8.7

3363 Motor vehicle parts 613 3.2 -3.1 -6.1 -4.7 -1.7

3364 Aerospace products and parts 492 12.0 16.8 4.3 4.4 -10.6

3365 Railroad rolling stock 28 -0.8 -0.3 0.5 26.0 26.4

3366 Ship and boat building 163 1.8 1.9 0.2 15.7 13.5

3369 Other transportation equipment 42 21.0 17.0 -3.3 9.0 -6.9

337 Furniture and related products 568 -2.7 -6.9 -4.3 3.7 11.4

3371 Household and institutional furniture 380 -3.6 -9.3 -5.9 1.7 12.1

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 139 -2.7 -3.6 -0.9 7.9 11.8

3379 Other furniture-related products 49 -0.9 -2.0 -1.1 3.8 5.9

339 Miscellaneous manufacturing 710 -3.3 -4.4 -1.1 2.7 7.4

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 320 -3.5 -2.1 1.5 5.5 7.7

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 390 -3.7 -6.8 -3.3 -0.1 7.2

Percent change, 2006-2007

Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, output, hours, compensation, and unit labor costs, 2006-2007
NAICS Industry Output Labor Unit labor

code per hour Output Hours compensation costs

Manufacturing

311 Food 1.1 1.5 0.3 3.2 1.7

3111 Animal food 3.2 2.1 -1.0 3.3 1.2

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 2.3 1.2 -1.1 2.0 0.8

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 1.3 0.3 -0.9 2.2 1.9

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 1.8 1.5 -0.3 3.0 1.5

3115 Dairy products 1.3 0.9 -0.3 3.1 2.1

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.8 2.3 1.5 4.0 1.7

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 2.1 1.3 -0.8 3.5 2.2

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 0.9 0.5 -0.3 2.2 1.7

3119 Other food products 0.4 2.1 1.7 4.4 2.2

312 Beverages and tobacco products 0.7 0.0 -0.7 1.5 1.4

3121 Beverages 1.9 1.8 -0.1 2.1 0.3

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 1.2 -2.7 -3.9 -0.8 2.0

313 Textile mills 3.7 -1.9 -5.5 -2.0 0.0

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 4.3 -0.8 -4.9 -1.2 -0.4

3132 Fabric mills 4.7 -2.1 -6.5 -2.2 -0.1

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 1.3 -2.7 -3.9 -2.2 0.5

314 Textile product mills 0.9 -0.8 -1.7 1.3 2.0

3141 Textile furnishings mills 0.7 -1.0 -1.7 0.5 1.6

3149 Other textile product mills 1.4 -0.2 -1.6 2.3 2.5

315 Apparel -0.9 -7.5 -6.6 -5.0 2.7

3151 Apparel knitting mills -0.4 -6.3 -5.9 -5.3 1.1

3152 Cut and sew apparel -0.9 -7.8 -6.9 -5.0 3.0

3159 Accessories and other apparel -2.9 -6.7 -3.9 -3.9 3.0

316 Leather and allied products 2.1 -4.3 -6.3 -2.9 1.5

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 0.9 -4.3 -5.2 -2.6 1.8

3162 Footwear 1.3 -6.5 -7.7 -5.0 1.7

3169 Other leather products 2.1 -2.4 -4.4 -0.6 1.9

321 Wood products 1.5 0.8 -0.7 3.3 2.4

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 2.4 0.6 -1.7 1.8 1.2

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 1.0 0.9 0.0 3.2 2.2

3219 Other wood products 1.3 0.9 -0.4 3.9 3.1

322 Paper and paper products 2.1 0.4 -1.6 1.6 1.2

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 3.1 0.0 -3.0 0.5 0.4

3222 Converted paper products 1.6 0.7 -0.9 2.5 1.8

323 Printing and related support activities 1.4 0.4 -1.0 2.2 1.8

3231 Printing and related support activities 1.4 0.4 -1.0 2.2 1.8

324 Petroleum and coal products 2.8 1.2 -1.6 3.9 2.7

3241 Petroleum and coal products 2.8 1.2 -1.6 3.9 2.7

325 Chemicals 2.2 1.6 -0.6 3.3 1.7

3251 Basic chemicals 3.6 1.2 -2.4 2.0 0.8

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 2.8 1.3 -1.5 2.1 0.9

3253 Agricultural chemicals 2.9 1.0 -1.8 1.8 0.7

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 0.8 3.4 2.6 6.4 2.9

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 1.2 0.1 -1.2 2.8 2.7

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 3.5 2.9 -0.6 3.1 0.2

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 2.7 0.5 -2.1 1.7 1.2

326 Plastics and rubber products 2.4 2.3 -0.1 1.2 -1.1

3261 Plastics products 2.3 2.6 0.3 4.0 1.3

3262 Rubber products 2.6 1.1 -1.5 -3.6 -4.6

Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, hours, compensation, and unit labor costs, 1987-2007

Average annual percent change, 1987-2007
NAICS Industry Output Labor Unit labor

code per hour Output Hours compensation costs

327 Nonmetallic mineral products 1.4 1.3 -0.1 2.7 1.4

3271 Clay products and refractories 1.2 -0.9 -2.1 0.5 1.4

3272 Glass and glass products 2.3 0.7 -1.6 1.0 0.4

3273 Cement and concrete products 0.8 2.0 1.3 4.0 1.9

3274 Lime and gypsum products 1.2 0.5 -0.8 3.3 2.8

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 1.6 1.8 0.2 3.5 1.7

331 Primary metals 3.1 1.1 -1.9 1.1 0.0

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 5.2 2.4 -2.7 0.4 -1.9

3312 Steel products from purchased steel -0.9 -1.4 -0.6 1.1 2.5

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 3.0 0.8 -2.2 1.0 0.2

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 1.2 -1.1 -2.3 2.4 3.6

3315 Foundries 2.6 0.9 -1.6 1.5 0.5

332 Fabricated metal products 1.8 1.8 0.1 3.2 1.4

3321 Forging and stamping 3.2 2.2 -0.9 2.6 0.3

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 1.8 -0.2 -2.0 1.8 2.0

3323 Architectural and structural metals 1.3 2.2 0.9 4.4 2.2

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.9 0.4 -0.5 2.0 1.6

3325 Hardware 0.9 -2.0 -2.9 -0.7 1.3

3326 Spring and wire products 2.6 1.0 -1.5 2.1 1.2

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 2.4 3.5 1.1 4.9 1.3

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 3.1 3.6 0.4 4.0 0.4

3329 Other fabricated metal products 1.4 0.8 -0.5 2.0 1.2

333 Machinery 2.7 2.0 -0.7 2.5 0.4

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 2.8 3.4 0.6 3.2 -0.2

3332 Industrial machinery 3.2 2.5 -0.7 3.0 0.6

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 1.3 -0.2 -1.5 0.6 0.8

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 2.2 1.9 -0.3 2.5 0.6

3335 Metalworking machinery 2.2 0.6 -1.6 1.9 1.4

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 2.3 1.9 -0.3 1.5 -0.4

3339 Other general purpose machinery 2.9 2.1 -0.8 3.1 1.0

334 Computer and electronic products 12.5 9.9 -2.3 1.5 -7.6

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 24.3 19.2 -4.1 -2.8 -18.4

3342 Communications equipment 7.8 4.6 -3.0 1.0 -3.4

3343 Audio and video equipment 4.8 1.2 -3.4 1.3 0.1

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 17.4 15.8 -1.4 2.7 -11.3

3345 Electronic instruments 4.3 2.2 -2.0 2.2 0.0

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 2.6 1.7 -0.9 1.6 -0.2

335 Electrical equipment and appliances 2.9 0.7 -2.2 1.6 0.9

3351 Electric lighting equipment 2.1 0.5 -1.6 1.9 1.4

3352 Household appliances 4.4 1.5 -2.7 0.0 -1.5

3353 Electrical equipment 3.2 0.7 -2.4 1.5 0.8

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 2.2 0.3 -1.8 2.2 1.9

336 Transportation equipment 3.2 2.1 -1.0 1.4 -0.7

3361 Motor vehicles 4.2 2.5 -1.6 1.3 -1.1

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 1.6 2.5 0.9 5.1 2.5

3363 Motor vehicle parts 3.1 2.9 -0.2 1.6 -1.3

3364 Aerospace products and parts 2.0 -0.4 -2.4 0.2 0.6

3365 Railroad rolling stock 4.7 5.3 0.7 4.2 -1.1

3366 Ship and boat building 1.5 1.1 -0.4 2.7 1.6

3369 Other transportation equipment 5.7 6.1 0.3 4.8 -1.2

337 Furniture and related products 1.7 1.0 -0.7 3.0 2.0

3371 Household and institutional furniture 1.6 0.8 -0.8 3.0 2.2

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 1.7 1.1 -0.6 2.9 1.8

3379 Other furniture-related products 2.2 2.5 0.3 3.6 1.0

339 Miscellaneous manufacturing 2.9 2.9 0.0 4.6 1.6

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 3.5 4.7 1.2 5.9 1.2

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 2.3 1.5 -0.8 3.5 1.9

Average annual percent change, 1987-2007

Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, hours, compensation, and unit labor costs, 1987-2007