Internet: http://www.bls.gov/mfp/home.htm USDL 07-1281 

Technical information: (202) 691-5618 For release: 10:00 a.m. EDT 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Tuesday, August 21, 2007 

MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS 

FOR DETAILED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 2005 

The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today on 

multifactor productivity – output per unit of combined inputs – for four-digit NAICS 

manufacturing industries through the year 2005. Multifactor productivity rose in roughly 

two-thirds of the 86 detailed manufacturing industries in 2005, slightly fewer than in 

2004. More industries experienced an increase in multifactor productivity over a longer 

period. From 1987 to 2005, multifactor productivity increased in three-quarters of the 

manufacturing industries. 

 Multifactor productivity indexes relate the change in output to the change in the 

combination of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases consumed in producing that output. Because industry multifactor productivity indexes explicitly account for inputs of 

capital and intermediates as well as labor, they are not influenced by the substitution of 

capital and intermediate inputs for labor, as are measures of labor productivity. Industry 

multifactor productivity indexes measure the joint influences on economic growth of a 

variety of factors, including technological change, returns to scale, enhancements in 

managerial and staff skills, changes in the organization of production, and other 

efficiency improvements. 

The attached tables present multifactor productivity and related series for all fourdigit manufacturing industries that are based, for the first time, on the North American 

Industry Classification System, or NAICS. Historical data were reconstructed to reflect 

the switch to NAICS, and therefore these measures are not comparable with the detailed 

industry measures previously reported on a 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 

basis. 

 

2004-05 change 

Multifactor productivity rose in 58 industries in 2005, as output rose in 71 

industries and combined inputs rose in 55 industries. Changes in multifactor productivity 

were broadly distributed and varied greatly across industries, even within 3-digit industry 

groups. (See Table 1 and Chart 1.) Multifactor productivity rose by 3 percent or more in 

29 industries, but declined in 28 industries in 2005. 
Chart 1. Distribution of annual rates of change for multifactor productivity, 

2004-2005

16

12

7

10

12

8

21

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

-1.1 or less -0.1 to -1.0 0 to 0.9 1 to 1.9 2 to 2.9 3 to 3.9 4 or more

Percent change

Number of industries

Five industries registered double-digit growth in multifactor productivity. The 

largest increase in multifactor productivity, 27.6 percent, occurred in computer and 

peripheral equipment (NAICS 3341), followed by an increase of 18.9 percent in apparel 

knitting mills (NAICS 3151). Output rose rapidly in the five industries with the largest 

productivity increases, while combined inputs declined in all five except computer and 

peripheral equipment. The largest multifactor productivity decline was 10.9 percent in 

railroad rolling stock (NAICS 3365), where output increased but combined inputs rose 

much more rapidly. 

Chart 2. Number of industries with multifactor productivity growth, 

Annually, 2001-2005

25

62 63 64

58

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

Number of industries
The number of industries with multifactor productivity growth each year 

increased greatly after 2001. (See Chart 2.) While still high compared to 2001, the 58 

industries with multifactor productivity growth in 2005 represent a slight decline from the 

numbers that recorded growth in 2002, 2003, and 2004. Although output rose in 16 more 

industries in 2005 than in 2004, combined inputs increased in 19 more industries than in 

2004. For most industries, input growth in 2005 was led by increases in intermediate 

purchases. While capital services increased in 31 industries and labor hours rose in 30 

industries, intermediate purchases increased in 60 industries. 

Long-term trends

From 1987 to 2005, multifactor productivity rose in 65 industries. (See Table 2.) 

Output rose in 69 industries while combined inputs rose in 60 industries. Although more 

industries registered multifactor productivity growth from 1987 to 2005 than did so in 

2005, the average annual change in multifactor productivity was more modest for most 

industries over the long term. Multifactor productivity grew between 0 percent and 3 

percent per year, on average, in 63 industries, and exceeded 3 percent per year in only 

four industries. (See Chart 3.) 

Chart 3. Distribution of annual rates of change for multifactor productivity, 

1987-2005

2

17

43

18

222

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

-1.1 or less -1.0 to -0.1 0 to 0.9 1 to 1.9 2 to 2.9 3 to 3.9 4 or more

Average annual percent change

Number of industries

The five manufacturing industries with the fastest growth in multifactor 

productivity over the period were all in the computer and electronic products subsector 

(NAICS 334). The multifactor productivity growth of 17.5 percent per year in computer 

and peripheral equipment (NAICS 3341) and 14.9 percent in semiconductors and 

electronic components (NAICS 3344) were much faster than for any other manufacturing 

industry. 
Multifactor productivity declined in nineteen industries from 1987 to 2005. 

However, the average decline over the period was less than 1 percent per year for all but 

three industries. The largest decline in multifactor productivity was 1.8 percent per year 

in tobacco and tobacco products (NAICS 3122). 

Table 3 shows average annual multifactor productivity growth by industry 

between 1987 and 2005 and for various subperiods. Multifactor productivity grew in 

more industries from 2000 to 2005 than in any of the other periods shown. (See Chart 4.) 

From 2000 to 2005, 68 industries recorded positive multifactor productivity growth, and 

12 industries recorded average annual growth in excess of three percent. By comparison, 

from 1995 to 2000, 51 industries had positive multifactor productivity growth, with six 

industries growing at an average annual rate greater than three percent. Average annual 

multifactor productivity growth accelerated in 55 industries in 2000 to 2005 compared to 

1995 to 2000. 

Chart 4. Number of industries with multifactor productivity growth, 

1987-2005 and selected subperiods

65

34

63

51

68

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1987-2005 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2005

Period

Number of industries
Technical Note

Output

Industry output is measured as sectoral output, the total value, in real terms, of 

goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. For most manufacturing 

industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal value of production, but for a few 

detailed industries within the petroleum refining, cement, iron and steel, and aluminum 

industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. Industry value of production is 

derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intraindustry transfers and resales. Wherever possible, the indexes of industry output are 

calculated with a Törnqvist formula. This formula aggregates the growth rates of the 

various industry outputs between two periods, using their relative shares in industry value 

of production, averaged over the two periods, as weights. 

Industry output measures for manufacturing are constructed primarily using data 

from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes primarily from 

BLS. 

Combined Inputs 

 The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity measures 

of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases inputs. The growth rates of the various 

inputs are aggregated using their average relative cost shares in industry value of 

production as weights. The labor weight is based on the total value of labor 

compensation, including fringe benefits. The intermediate purchases weight is based on 

the total value of materials (adjusted to remove intra-industry transactions), fuels, 

electricity, and purchased services. The capital weight is a residual calculated as the 

value of net production minus the value of labor compensation minus the value of 

intermediate purchases. 

Capital Input 

The measure of capital input is based on the flow of services derived from the 

stock of physical assets. Physical capital is composed of 26 categories of equipment, 2 

categories of structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Capital services are 

estimated by calculating capital stocks; changes in the stocks are assumed to be 

proportional to changes in capital services for each asset. 

 Capital stocks are calculated using the perpetual inventory method, which takes 

into account the continual additions to and subtractions from the stock of capital as new 

investment and retirement of old capital occur. The perpetual inventory method 

measures stocks at the end of a year equal to a weighted sum of all past investments, 

where the weights are the asset’s efficiency relative to a new asset. A hyperbolic ageefficiency function is assumed to calculate the relative efficiency of an asset at different 

ages. 
Estimates of investment by asset type are derived from annual capital 

expenditures by industry from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau 

of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, along with estimates of asset detail by 

industry from the capital flow tables of the Bureau of Economic Analysis. 

Price changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating 

stocks. Price deflators for each asset category are constructed by combining detailed price 

indexes (mostly PPIs) with weights from the BEA capital flow tables that reflect the 

industry’s use of individual asset commodities. 

The index of aggregate capital input for each industry is an annually chained 

Törnqvist quantity index. To construct the index, the growth rates of the stocks of each 

type of asset are aggregated using weights that are the average of each asset type’s cost 

share in successive years. The asset costs are estimated by multiplying the asset stocks 

by implicit rental prices. 

Labor Input

The industry labor input measures represent the hours of all workers in the 

industry. The primary source of data on employment and hours is the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey, which provides monthly data on the number of jobs 

held by wage and salary workers employed directly in nonfarm establishments. The CES 

survey also provides data on the average weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory 

workers in these establishments. 

Data from the BLS Current Population Survey (CPS) are used to supplement the 

CES data. The Division of Industry Productivity Studies (DIPS) estimates the average 

weekly hours of nonproduction workers for each industry using data from the CPS 

together with the CES data. The hours of all workers are treated as homogeneous and are 

directly aggregated. 

Intermediate Purchases Input

The measures of intermediate purchases input is constructed as a Törnqvist aggregate 

of separate quantities of materials, services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each 

industry. Except for electricity, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are 

derived by deflating current-dollar values with appropriate price deflators. 

Nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity and quantities of electricity 

consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of 

the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. Purchased business services 

are estimated using benchmark input-output tables and other annual industry data from 

the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S, Department of Commerce. 

To avoid double counting, the materials estimates exclude the value of intra-industry 

purchases. Estimates of materials purchased from other establishments within the industry 

are subtracted from the gross measure of materials costs. 
Constant-dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current-dollar 

industry purchases by a weighted price deflator for each industry. Materials deflators are 

constructed for each industry by combining detailed producer price indexes and import price 

indexes from BLS using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA 

benchmark input-output tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business 

services are constructed in a similar manner. 

Annual total fuels consumed by each industry are also deflated with weighted 

price deflators. Producer price indexes for individual fuel categories are weighted 

together with weights reflecting detailed fuels expenditures by industry from the Energy 

Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. 

Additional Information 

The multifactor productivity measures in this news release include data on 

industry output, capital expenditures and cost of materials and fuels from the 2005 

Annual Survey of Manufactures of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of 

Commerce, along with data from the 1997 benchmark IO tables and capital flow tables of 

the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. Employment and 

hours data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics survey reflect the annual 

benchmark revision published in February 2007. The output and labor input measures 

included in this release are the same as those used in the labor productivity measures for 

four-digit manufacturing industries released April 19, 2007. 

Tables containing multifactor productivity and related indexes for the 

manufacturing industries included in this release are accessible on the Multifactor 

Productivity website at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/home.htm. More detailed data and 

information is available upon request by sending an email to dipsweb@bls.gov or by 

calling the Division of Industry Productivity Studies (202-691-5618). 

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be 

used without permission. Information in this report will be made available to sensoryimpaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral 

phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 
Table 1. Multifactor productivity and related data for 86 industries, percent change, 2004-2005

2005 Percent change, 2004-2005

NAICS Industry Employment Multifactor Combined Intermediate

code (thousands) productivity Output inputs Labor Capital purchases

3111 Animal food 49 6.3 8.8 2.4 -2.0 1.5 3.3

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 61 -1.0 5.9 6.9 0.2 0.0 9.6

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 79 6.4 2.5 -3.7 -7.7 -0.2 -4.2

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 174 -1.3 0.2 1.5 -4.2 0.8 3.1

3115 Dairy products 132 2.0 5.3 3.2 3.2 1.4 3.6

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 504 2.1 5.2 3.0 -3.3 2.4 4.3

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 41 2.1 5.1 2.9 -8.4 -0.1 6.0

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 280 -0.1 0.9 1.0 -0.5 0.0 2.0

3119 Other food products 159 -1.4 0.1 1.6 3.5 0.5 1.7

3121 Beverages 167 3.6 5.2 1.5 0.6 0.7 2.1

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 25 7.0 4.5 -2.3 -7.5 -3.5 -0.6

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 50 -1.3 -3.4 -2.2 -1.1 -4.4 -2.1

3132 Fabric mills 104 8.2 -3.0 -10.3 -10.7 -4.7 -11.4

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 63 8.1 1.9 -5.7 -7.0 -4.5 -5.6

3141 Textile furnishings mills 96 1.1 5.6 4.5 -4.4 -2.1 8.8

3149 Other textile product mills 74 4.8 4.6 -0.2 -1.5 0.3 0.3

3151 Apparel knitting mills 37 18.9 11.0 -6.7 -10.2 -4.2 -6.1

3152 Cut and sew apparel 200 2.5 -6.7 -9.0 -10.5 -3.9 -11.6

3159 Accessories and other apparel 21 2.1 6.5 4.2 -7.5 -4.4 13.8

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 7 -7.5 -0.7 7.4 -10.0 -3.1 14.5

3162 Footwear 18 -1.9 2.2 4.1 -4.4 -3.4 9.6

3169 Other leather products 15 10.8 10.1 -0.6 -3.5 1.2 -0.3

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 119 2.9 7.7 4.6 -0.5 0.3 6.8

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 123 1.3 8.1 6.7 0.8 2.7 10.3

3219 Other wood products 317 -0.7 5.4 6.2 0.2 3.0 9.6

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 142 2.4 0.0 -2.3 -0.6 -3.6 -2.1

3222 Converted paper products 343 1.7 0.8 -0.8 -1.2 -0.9 -0.7

3231 Printing and related support activities 646 3.8 2.3 -1.4 -2.2 1.1 -2.2

3241 Petroleum and coal products 112 0.7 0.2 -0.5 -0.1 1.6 -1.0

3251 Basic chemicals 150 4.5 -0.7 -5.0 -6.0 -2.5 -5.6

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 108 2.1 3.8 1.6 -1.0 -2.6 3.0

3253 Agricultural chemicals 40 13.3 9.6 -3.3 -4.1 -2.0 -4.0

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 288 1.5 0.8 -0.6 -2.7 2.9 -5.6

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 68 4.2 1.3 -2.8 -2.3 -2.4 -3.0

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 114 17.7 7.7 -8.5 -4.5 0.5 -17.4

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 104 2.6 -1.2 -3.7 -3.0 -3.1 -4.2

3261 Plastics products 635 -0.4 1.2 1.7 -1.5 0.7 3.2

3262 Rubber products 169 0.5 0.8 0.3 -3.4 -0.3 2.3

3271 Clay products and refractories 62 4.6 2.9 -1.6 -3.5 -1.0 -0.7

3272 Glass and glass products 108 2.3 0.3 -1.9 -6.9 -1.9 1.2

3273 Cement and concrete products 240 0.2 4.8 4.6 2.1 1.6 7.8

3274 Lime and gypsum products 20 5.0 7.4 2.3 -4.2 1.0 5.2

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 76 1.9 5.6 3.7 -1.2 0.5 8.7

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 96 -2.9 -1.9 1.0 0.7 -2.4 2.9

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 61 -1.8 4.2 6.1 2.0 -2.2 10.3

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 73 2.1 11.4 9.1 -0.6 -2.4 14.9

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 72 -9.0 1.5 11.5 2.0 -3.2 17.7

3315 Foundries 164 -0.1 1.4 1.5 -1.8 -1.0 4.8
Table 1. Multifactor productivity and related data for 86 industries, percent change, 2004-2005-Continued

2005 Percent change, 2004-2005

NAICS Industry Employment Multifactor Combined Intermediate

code (thousands) productivity Output inputs Labor Capital purchases

3321 Forging and stamping 111 -0.7 4.2 5.0 0.9 0.4 8.8

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 56 3.0 2.7 -0.2 -5.0 -2.5 3.9

3323 Architectural and structural metals 398 -0.1 6.8 6.9 4.2 2.2 10.2

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 91 -3.2 -0.4 2.9 -0.9 -0.3 5.0

3325 Hardware 36 1.8 -4.5 -6.3 -9.2 -2.4 -6.7

3326 Spring and wire products 59 3.1 2.7 -0.4 -6.0 -0.7 2.6

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 345 -0.7 5.3 6.0 4.6 1.4 9.6

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 145 6.2 9.7 3.3 1.1 -1.4 6.1

3329 Other fabricated metal products 282 0.9 2.1 1.2 0.8 -1.2 2.8

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 208 0.9 12.5 11.5 7.8 0.6 15.3

3332 Industrial machinery 124 -5.4 -2.1 3.5 1.6 -1.2 5.8

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 111 -0.2 0.6 0.8 -5.6 -3.2 4.6

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 153 -1.6 4.5 6.3 0.9 0.8 10.0

3335 Metalworking machinery 202 3.5 7.2 3.6 -0.8 -1.7 8.1

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 98 -2.1 9.2 11.5 5.2 -1.5 15.7

3339 Other general purpose machinery 268 1.1 8.8 7.7 0.9 -0.2 13.0

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 205 27.6 28.0 0.3 -7.5 -6.6 2.0

3342 Communications equipment 147 5.7 -1.7 -7.0 1.0 -15.1 -7.7

3343 Audio and video equipment 32 -0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 -0.6 1.0

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 452 8.9 6.6 -2.1 -0.4 -0.5 -4.0

3345 Electronic instruments 436 -1.0 1.2 2.2 5.3 0.1 1.2

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 35 6.5 -3.2 -9.1 -3.9 -4.6 -11.4

3351 Electric lighting equipment 61 4.9 4.2 -0.7 -4.3 -1.4 1.5

3352 Household appliances 85 3.4 -0.4 -3.7 -3.7 -3.1 -3.9

3353 Electrical equipment 152 -1.4 1.5 3.0 -3.6 -2.2 8.2

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 136 1.5 3.7 2.1 -1.5 -3.3 5.9

3361 Motor vehicles 248 1.3 -0.2 -1.6 -3.6 -1.5 -1.4

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 171 0.4 6.0 5.6 2.8 3.4 6.7

3363 Motor vehicle parts 678 2.8 1.3 -1.5 -3.2 -4.1 -0.6

3364 Aerospace products and parts 455 0.7 16.2 15.4 4.4 1.2 29.0

3365 Railroad rolling stock 27 -10.9 3.2 15.9 12.2 -3.5 19.0

3366 Ship and boat building 153 -3.7 2.5 6.3 6.7 -0.9 8.7

3369 Other transportation equipment 40 3.1 9.9 6.5 1.1 3.1 8.5

3371 Household and institutional furniture 380 1.8 4.2 2.4 -2.4 0.5 5.6

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 133 -0.1 3.6 3.8 -0.7 -1.4 8.6

3379 Other furniture-related products 52 -1.4 2.0 3.4 0.4 -0.2 5.9

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 305 7.1 10.9 3.5 2.9 3.8 3.8

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 348 3.2 4.4 1.2 -3.4 2.4 3.4
Table 2. Multifactor productivity and related data for 86 industries, average annual percent change, 1987-2005

Average annual percent change, 1987-2005

NAICS Industry Multifactor Combined Intermediate

code productivity Output inputs Labor Capital purchases

3111 Animal food 1.0 2.5 1.5 -1.3 2.5 1.6

3112 Grain and oilseed milling -0.2 1.8 2.0 -1.2 1.4 2.4

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 0.5 1.2 0.7 -1.0 1.7 0.8

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 0.1 1.6 1.5 -0.4 1.9 1.8

3115 Dairy products -0.2 1.0 1.2 -0.5 2.1 1.3

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.9 2.4 1.4 1.3 2.9 1.3

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 0.4 1.1 0.7 -1.2 1.3 1.0

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -0.8 0.8 1.7 0.0 2.3 2.3

3119 Other food products 0.4 2.1 1.7 1.2 1.5 2.0

3121 Beverages 0.5 1.8 1.3 -0.6 1.0 1.8

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.8 -2.0 -0.3 -3.4 -1.7 2.0

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.9 0.1 -0.8 -4.3 -0.3 0.2

3132 Fabric mills 1.1 -1.5 -2.6 -5.8 -0.9 -1.6

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 0.8 -1.3 -2.1 -3.6 -0.8 -2.0

3141 Textile furnishings mills 0.4 1.1 0.7 -1.1 0.1 1.4

3149 Other textile product mills 0.4 0.9 0.5 -0.9 2.0 0.8

3151 Apparel knitting mills 0.7 -3.9 -4.6 -6.3 -1.2 -4.9

3152 Cut and sew apparel -0.5 -5.1 -4.7 -7.6 -1.5 -5.0

3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.5 -4.2 -2.7 -3.2 -0.6 -3.0

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -1.0 -3.5 -2.6 -4.2 -1.2 -2.8

3162 Footwear -0.6 -6.8 -6.2 -8.5 -2.9 -5.6

3169 Other leather products 1.2 -2.4 -3.6 -4.8 -1.5 -3.7

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.5 1.4 0.8 -1.4 0.2 1.5

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products -0.2 1.6 1.7 1.0 2.1 2.1

3219 Other wood products -0.2 1.0 1.2 -0.1 1.7 1.7

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 0.8 0.3 -0.5 -3.0 0.5 -0.1

3222 Converted paper products 0.1 0.7 0.6 -0.7 1.7 0.7

3231 Printing and related support activities 0.0 0.3 0.3 -0.8 2.6 0.0

3241 Petroleum and coal products 1.1 1.3 0.2 -1.8 1.2 0.2

3251 Basic chemicals -0.7 0.5 1.2 -2.5 1.1 1.9

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 0.5 1.3 0.7 -1.5 1.5 0.9

3253 Agricultural chemicals 1.8 1.5 -0.3 -1.3 -0.9 0.3

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -0.8 4.0 4.8 2.8 5.9 4.3

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 0.0 0.7 0.6 -1.1 0.9 1.0

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 1.1 2.7 1.7 -0.6 2.5 1.4

3259 Other chemical products and preparations -0.1 0.6 0.7 -2.1 1.1 1.5

3261 Plastics products 0.7 3.2 2.5 0.4 4.0 2.8

3262 Rubber products 1.0 1.4 0.4 -1.2 0.9 1.1

3271 Clay products and refractories 0.9 -0.2 -1.1 -1.8 -0.2 -1.0

3272 Glass and glass products 1.1 0.8 -0.3 -1.4 1.3 -0.5

3273 Cement and concrete products 0.6 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

3274 Lime and gypsum products 0.1 0.7 0.6 -0.9 1.0 0.7

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 1.3 1.5 0.2 -0.5 0.4 0.5

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 1.9 1.9 -0.1 -3.1 -1.7 1.8

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 0.2 0.1 -0.1 -0.6 -1.4 0.5

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 0.9 0.7 -0.2 -2.2 0.0 0.4

3314 Other nonferrous metal production -0.4 -0.8 -0.4 -2.1 -0.5 0.0

3315 Foundries 0.9 1.1 0.2 -1.4 0.2 1.3
Table 2. Multifactor productivity and related data for 86 industries, average annual percent change, 1987-2005-Continued

Average annual percent change, 1987-2005

NAICS Industry Multifactor Combined Intermediate

code productivity Output inputs Labor Capital purchases

3321 Forging and stamping 1.0 2.0 1.0 -1.1 1.9 1.8

3322 Cutlery and hand tools -0.2 -0.1 0.2 -1.7 0.7 1.2

3323 Architectural and structural metals 0.3 1.8 1.6 0.7 1.3 2.0

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.4 -0.5 -1.0 -1.0 0.0 -1.2

3325 Hardware 0.1 -1.0 -1.2 -3.2 0.2 -0.6

3326 Spring and wire products 1.2 1.6 0.4 -1.6 1.5 1.2

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 1.2 3.3 2.1 1.0 2.9 2.7

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 1.7 3.6 1.9 0.3 2.6 2.8

3329 Other fabricated metal products 0.1 0.3 0.2 -0.9 0.8 0.8

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.7 3.2 2.4 0.0 -0.2 3.8

3332 Industrial machinery 0.4 1.9 1.5 -0.8 2.7 2.4

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.4 -0.3 0.1 -1.8 0.6 1.0

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.9 2.4 1.5 -0.4 1.8 2.1

3335 Metalworking machinery 0.7 0.8 0.1 -1.4 1.3 1.2

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.2 2.1 2.2 -0.7 0.9 3.7

3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.5 1.9 1.4 -0.9 0.7 2.7

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 17.5 19.5 1.6 -4.1 1.4 3.3

3342 Communications equipment 3.6 4.8 1.1 -2.5 2.9 2.3

3343 Audio and video equipment 2.9 4.2 1.3 -3.3 1.2 2.3

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 14.9 17.2 2.0 -1.5 6.9 1.3

3345 Electronic instruments 1.0 1.4 0.4 -2.4 0.7 2.6

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.8 2.8 -1.0 -0.1 2.3 -1.6

3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -1.6 0.7 0.2

3352 Household appliances 2.0 2.0 0.0 -2.5 0.4 0.7

3353 Electrical equipment 0.3 0.0 -0.3 -2.9 -0.4 1.2

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 0.4 0.3 -0.1 -2.1 0.7 0.3

3361 Motor vehicles 0.1 2.5 2.4 -1.2 1.6 3.0

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.1 3.0 3.0 1.3 2.3 3.6

3363 Motor vehicle parts 1.5 3.8 2.2 0.3 2.0 3.0

3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.7 -1.2 -0.5 -3.2 -0.1 1.1

3365 Railroad rolling stock 0.6 4.8 4.2 0.3 -0.7 6.0

3366 Ship and boat building 0.3 1.1 0.7 -0.8 -0.2 2.0

3369 Other transportation equipment 1.6 5.5 3.8 0.3 3.1 5.0

3371 Household and institutional furniture 0.7 1.6 0.9 -0.4 1.7 1.5

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 0.5 1.7 1.2 -0.9 2.1 2.1

3379 Other furniture-related products 0.8 2.6 1.8 0.6 0.9 2.5

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.8 4.8 3.0 1.0 5.4 2.9

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.9 2.0 1.1 -0.7 2.0 1.8
Table 3. Multifactor productivity trends, 1987-2005 and selected subperiods

Average annual percent change

NAICS Industry 1987-2005 1987-90 1990-95 1995-00 2000-05 2004-05

code

3111 Animal food 1.0 0.4 0.6 -1.5 4.2 6.3

3112 Grain and oilseed milling -0.2 0.1 0.6 -1.2 -0.2 -1.0

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 0.5 -0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 6.4

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 0.1 -2.6 1.3 0.1 0.7 -1.3

3115 Dairy products -0.2 -0.3 -0.5 -1.0 1.0 2.0

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.9 -1.0 1.3 0.8 1.8 2.1

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 0.4 -1.4 0.2 0.1 2.0 2.1

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -0.8 -4.9 0.4 -1.0 0.5 -0.1

3119 Other food products 0.4 0.0 0.7 -0.8 1.5 -1.4

3121 Beverages 0.5 0.4 1.0 -2.2 2.9 3.6

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.8 -1.8 0.9 -2.9 -3.3 7.0

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.9 0.0 0.5 -0.1 2.8 -1.3

3132 Fabric mills 1.1 -0.1 1.4 0.3 2.4 8.2

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 0.8 -0.1 0.0 1.2 1.9 8.1

3141 Textile furnishings mills 0.4 -0.7 1.2 -0.9 1.4 1.1

3149 Other textile product mills 0.4 -1.0 -0.4 0.4 2.1 4.8

3151 Apparel knitting mills 0.7 0.9 2.0 -2.4 2.6 18.9

3152 Cut and sew apparel -0.5 -1.2 0.5 -0.7 -0.9 2.5

3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.5 1.0 0.4 -3.8 -2.6 2.1

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -1.0 -3.6 -0.5 4.3 -5.0 -7.5

3162 Footwear -0.6 -1.8 0.3 -0.7 -0.8 -1.9

3169 Other leather products 1.2 0.2 -3.2 3.1 4.4 10.8

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.5 2.4 0.4 -0.8 0.9 2.9

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products -0.2 -0.6 -0.1 -0.3 0.2 1.3

3219 Other wood products -0.2 -0.8 -1.0 -0.1 1.0 -0.7

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 0.8 -1.6 -0.2 1.3 2.6 2.4

3222 Converted paper products 0.1 -0.6 -0.2 0.0 1.0 1.7

3231 Printing and related support activities 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.4 0.9 3.8

3241 Petroleum and coal products 1.1 -1.8 1.8 2.2 1.1 0.7

3251 Basic chemicals -0.7 -0.7 -3.2 -1.6 2.8 4.5

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 0.5 -0.7 1.4 -0.1 1.1 2.1

3253 Agricultural chemicals 1.8 2.2 1.2 -1.5 5.7 13.3

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -0.8 -1.7 -2.4 -1.0 1.7 1.5

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 0.0 -1.9 -0.7 -0.7 2.7 4.2

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 1.1 -1.4 0.3 -1.2 5.7 17.7

3259 Other chemical products and preparations -0.1 -1.6 0.2 0.8 -0.3 2.6

3261 Plastics products 0.7 -0.8 1.1 1.1 0.8 -0.4

3262 Rubber products 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.2 0.5

3271 Clay products and refractories 0.9 0.7 1.6 0.6 0.7 4.6

3272 Glass and glass products 1.1 -0.2 1.7 2.2 0.1 2.3

3273 Cement and concrete products 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.2

3274 Lime and gypsum products 0.1 -1.4 -2.4 0.7 2.8 5.0

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 1.3 -1.3 2.0 0.3 3.2 1.9

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 1.9 1.4 2.0 2.7 1.4 -2.9

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 0.2 1.1 2.4 0.8 -3.1 -1.8

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 0.9 -0.2 -0.6 0.6 3.2 2.1

3314 Other nonferrous metal production -0.4 -1.6 1.6 0.9 -2.8 -9.0

3315 Foundries 0.9 0.2 1.5 1.3 0.5 -0.1
Table 3. Multifactor productivity trends, 1987-2005 and selected subperiods -Continued

Average annual percent change

NAICS Industry 1987-2005 1987-90 1990-95 1995-00 2000-05 2004-05

code

3321 Forging and stamping 1.0 -0.5 1.1 1.7 1.0 -0.7

3322 Cutlery and hand tools -0.2 -1.4 1.0 -0.1 -0.9 3.0

3323 Architectural and structural metals 0.3 -0.9 0.9 0.7 -0.1 -0.1

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.4 0.9 1.5 0.3 -0.8 -3.2

3325 Hardware 0.1 -2.2 0.7 0.5 0.5 1.8

3326 Spring and wire products 1.2 0.0 1.4 0.6 2.2 3.1

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 1.2 1.0 3.0 0.7 0.2 -0.7

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 1.7 0.9 2.1 -0.1 3.5 6.2

3329 Other fabricated metal products 0.1 -1.7 0.3 -0.7 1.7 0.9

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.7 2.4 -0.1 -1.1 2.4 0.9

3332 Industrial machinery 0.4 0.2 1.6 1.2 -1.3 -5.4

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.4 0.9 -0.5 -0.6 -1.1 -0.2

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.9 -0.2 0.7 0.8 1.8 -1.6

3335 Metalworking machinery 0.7 0.1 1.3 -0.6 1.7 3.5

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.2 -0.6 0.0 1.5 -1.6 -2.1

3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.9 1.1

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 17.5 5.7 13.6 27.3 19.6 27.6

3342 Communications equipment 3.6 3.8 4.4 6.5 0.0 5.7

3343 Audio and video equipment 2.9 3.8 2.3 2.2 3.8 -0.4

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 14.9 7.2 18.2 23.6 8.3 8.9

3345 Electronic instruments 1.0 1.6 0.3 -0.3 2.7 -1.0

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.8 1.3 6.0 -0.8 8.0 6.5

3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.6 -1.7 0.2 0.7 2.4 4.9

3352 Household appliances 2.0 -0.4 2.5 1.0 4.0 3.4

3353 Electrical equipment 0.3 0.5 1.9 -1.8 0.7 -1.4

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 0.4 -1.7 1.2 1.9 -0.4 1.5

3361 Motor vehicles 0.1 0.2 -1.3 0.0 1.6 1.3

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.1 -2.9 2.2 -1.2 0.4 0.4

3363 Motor vehicle parts 1.5 -0.8 2.3 1.1 2.5 2.8

3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.7 -2.7 -1.5 0.1 0.6 0.7

3365 Railroad rolling stock 0.6 2.2 -1.2 5.1 -3.0 -10.9

3366 Ship and boat building 0.3 0.0 -2.0 2.3 0.8 -3.7

3369 Other transportation equipment 1.6 -1.6 4.3 0.8 1.7 3.1

3371 Household and institutional furniture 0.7 -0.4 0.8 0.2 1.8 1.8

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 0.5 -2.6 0.3 1.8 1.4 -0.1

3379 Other furniture-related products 0.8 0.1 0.7 0.3 1.9 -1.4

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.8 2.3 0.3 2.5 2.3 7.1

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.7 1.2 3.2