Technical information: (202) 691-6378

http://www.bls.gov/cps/

Media contact: 691-5902

USDL 05-1198

For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT

Friday, July 1, 2005

WORKERS ON FLEXIBLE AND SHIFT SCHEDULES IN MAY 2004

In May 2004, over 27 million full-time wage and salary workers had flexible work schedules that allowed them to vary the time they began or ended work, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.

Department of Labor reported today. These workers comprised 27.5 percent of all full-time wage and

salary workers, down from 28.6 percent in May 2001, when these data were last collected. The proportion

who usually worked a shift other than a daytime schedule (14.8 percent) remained close to the 2001 level.

(See table A.)

These findings were obtained from a supplement to the May 2004 Current Population Survey (CPS).

The CPS is the monthly household survey that provides information on national employment and unemployment. In May 2004, the survey also collected information about flexible schedules, shift work, and

other related topics. The data presented in this release pertain to wage and salary workers who usually

worked full time (35 or more hours per week) on their main job. For further information about the survey,

see the Technical Note.

Flexible Schedules

In May 2004, men continued to be somewhat more likely to have flexible schedules than women (28.1

and 26.7 percent, respectively).

Flexible schedules were more common among white workers (28.7 percent) than among black (19.7

percent) or Hispanic or Latino workers (18.4 percent). The proportion of Asians who worked flexible

schedules was 27.4 percent in May 2004. Among whites, 29.4 percent of men and 27.8 percent of women

had flexible schedules. Among Asians as well, a greater proportion of men worked flexible schedules than

women. In contrast, among blacks and Hispanics or Latinos, women were slightly more likely than men to

work flexible schedules. (See tables A and 1.)

Among the major occupational groups, flexible schedules were most common among management, professional, and related occupations (36.8 percent). Within that occupational group, 44.7 percent of management, business, and financial operations workers were able to vary their work hours. Flexible schedules also

were prevalent among sales and office workers (29.5 percent). In contrast, only 17.6 percent of natural

resources, construction, and maintenance workers and 14.3 percent of production, transportation, and material moving workers had such flexibility. (See table 2.)

Among private sector employees, industries with a relatively high prevalence of workers with flexible

schedules included financial activities (37.7 percent), professional and business services (37.6 percent),
2

 SEX

Total, 16 years and over ...... 12.4 15.0 27.6 28.6 27.5 16.0 18.0 16.9 14.5 14.8

 Men ................................ 13.1 15.4 28.6 29.7 28.1 17.9 20.4 19.2 16.4 16.7

 Women ........................... 11.3 14.5 26.2 27.3 26.7 13.2 14.8 13.7 12.1 12.4

 RACE AND HISPANIC

 OR LATINO

 ETHNICITY

White ................................... 12.8 15.4 28.6 29.7 28.7 15.5 17.2 16.2 13.7 13.7

Black or African

 American ......................... 9.1 12.0 20.1 21.1 19.7 20.0 23.3 21.0 19.7 20.8

Asian .................................. – – – 30.6 27.4 – – – 15.6 15.7

Hispanic or Latino

 ethnicity ............................. 8.9 10.6 18.2 19.6 18.4 15.5 19.2 16.2 15.0 16.0

Table A. Flexible schedules and shift work of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race,

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, May, selected years, 1985-2004

 r = revised. Data for May 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population

controls. See the Technical Note for additional information.

 

1 Beginning with May 2004 data, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one

race group are not included. Prior to 2004, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group

they identified as their main race. Data for Asians were not tabulated for supplements prior to May 2001.

 NOTE: Data exclude the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed.

Characteristic

May

1985

May

1991

May

1997

May

1997

May

1991

May

1985

May

2004

May

2001

May

2001

May

2004

Percent with flexible schedules Percent with alternative shifts

1

1

r r

and information (34.9 percent). Industries with a relatively low prevalence of workers on flexible schedules

included mining (22.9 percent) and construction (20.3 percent). In the public sector, flexible schedules were

more common among federal (28.8 percent) and state government employees (28.4 percent) than among

workers in local government (13.7 percent). (See table 2.)

Formal Flexitime Programs

Although more than 1 in 4 workers can work a flexible schedule, only about 1 in 10 are enrolled in a

formal, employer-sponsored flexitime program. Workers in management, professional, and related occupations were among the most likely to have a formal flexitime program (14.2 percent). Workers in production, transportation, and material moving occupations were the least likely to have a formal flexitime

program (5.9 percent). (See table 3.)

Shift Work

Almost 15 percent of full-time wage and salary workers usually worked an alternative shift in May 2004.

By type of shift, 4.7 percent of the total worked evening shifts, 3.2 percent worked night shifts, 3.1 percent

1
3

worked employer-arranged irregular schedules, and 2.5 percent worked rotating shifts. The proportion of

full-time wage and salary workers on alternative schedules has fallen since May 1991. (See tables A and 4.)

Men were more likely than women to work an alternative shift (16.7 and 12.4 percent, respectively).

Blacks were more likely than whites, Hispanics or Latinos, or Asians to work such shifts. (See table 4.)

The prevalence of shift work was greatest among workers in service occupations, such as protective

service (50.6 percent)—which includes police, firefighters, and guards—and food preparation and serving

(40.4 percent) and among those employed in production, transportation, and material moving occupations

(26.2 percent). Alternative shifts were least common among management, professional, and related occupations (7.6 percent) and workers in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations (7.5 percent). (See table 5.)

The proportion of workers on alternative shifts was highest in leisure and hospitality industries (38.3 percent), mining (31.9 percent), and transportation and utilities (27.9 percent). Shift work was less prevalent in

professional and business services (7.8 percent), financial activities (5.4 percent), and lowest in construction

(2.9 percent). (See table 5.)

Reasons for Shift Work

Over half (54.6 percent) of those working an alternative shift did so because it was the “nature of the

job.” Other reasons for working a non-daytime schedule included “personal preference” (11.5 percent),

“better arrangements for family or child care” (8.2 percent), “could not get any other job” (8.1 percent),

and “better pay” (6.8 percent). Many of those who worked night and evening shifts chose such schedules

due to personal preference (21.0 and 15.9 percent, respectively) or because these shifts facilitated better

arrangements for family or child care (15.9 and 11.0 percent, respectively). The vast majority of those with

rotating, split, and employer-arranged irregular schedules reported the “nature of the job” as the reason for

working a non-daytime schedule. (See table 6.)

Beginning and Ending Hours

The May 2004 supplement also provided data on the times people usually begin and end work. About

two-thirds of all full-time wage and salary workers usually began work between 6:30 A.M. and 9:29 A.M.,

with the greatest concentration during the 7:30 to 8:29 A.M. period. Over half usually left work between

3:30 P.M. and 6:29 P.M., with the greatest concentration in the 4:30 to 5:29 P.M. bracket. (See table 7.)
Technical Note

These data and other information on work schedules were

obtained from a supplement to the May 2004 Current Population

Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly sample survey of about

60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), principally to gather information

on employment and unemployment for the nation. Respondents

to the May 2004 supplement answered questions about flexible

and shift schedules, the reasons for working particular shifts, the

beginning and ending hours of work, formal flexitime programs,

home-based work, and other related topics. The data in this

release cover the incidence and nature of flexible and shift

schedules and pertain to wage and salary workers who usually

worked 35 hours or more per week on their principal job. The

data exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or

not their businesses were incorporated.

The May 2001 data presented in this release have been revised

to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population

controls and thus may differ from previously published estimates

which were based on population controls derived from the 1990

census. The introduction of the Census 2000-based population

controls increased the May 2001 employment levels but had

relatively little impact on proportions and percents derived from

the employment levels. Sample results from the CPS are weighted

up to independent estimates of the population by sex, age, race,

and Hispanic or Latino/non-Hispanic ethnicity. The weights, or

population controls, are developed using counts of the civilian

noninstitutional population derived from the decennial census

and are updated using information from administrative records.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory

impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200;

TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the “true” population values they

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability

is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about

a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based

on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from

the “true” population value because of sampling error. BLS

analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of

confidence.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain

information for all respondents in the sample, inability or

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and

errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and

for information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory

Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and

Earnings.

Concepts

Data on flexible schedules, shift work, and beginning and

ending hours of work were obtained from the following questions:

Beginning and ending hours of work. At what time of day

do you begin work on your (main) job most days?

 1. __hour __minutes A.M./P.M.

 2. It varies

At what time of day do you end work on your (main) job most

days?

 1. __hour __minutes A.M./P.M.

 2. It varies

Flexible schedules. Do you have flexible work hours that

allow you to vary or make changes in the time you begin and end

work?

 1. Yes

 2. No

Formal flexitime programs. (If the respondent answers

“yes” to the above question on flexible hours, the following

question is then asked.) Is your flexible work schedule part of a

flexitime or other program offered by your employer?

 1. Yes

 2. No

Shift work. On your (main) job, do you usually work a daytime schedule or some other schedule?

 1. A daytime schedule (Anytime between 6 A.M. to 6 P.M.)

 2. Some other schedule

(If the respondent answers “some other schedule” to the

above question, then the following question is asked to determine

the shift worked.)

Which of the following best describes the hours you usually

work at this (main) job?

1. An evening shift (Anytime between 2 P.M. and midnight)

2. A night shift (Anytime between 9 P.M. to 8 A.M.)

3. A rotating shift—one that changes periodically from

 days to evenings or night

4. A split shift—one consisting of two distinct periods each

 day.

5. An irregular schedule

6. Some other shift

Reason for alternative shift. What is the main reason why

you work this type of shift? (Interviewer reads all.)

1. Better arrangements for family or child care

2. Better pay

3. Allows time for school

4. Could not get any other job

5. Local transportation or pollution control program

6. Nature of the job

7. Personal preference

8. Some other reason
Table 1. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Both sexes Men Women

Total 1

With flexible

schedules

Total 1

With flexible

schedules

Total 1

With flexible

schedules

Number Percent

of total Number Percentof total Number Percentof total

AGE

 Total 16 years and over .................................... 99,778 27,411 27.5 56,412 15,853 28.1 43,366 11,558 26.7

16 to 19 years ....................................................... 1,427 336 23.6 903 185 20.5 524 151 28.9

20 years and over ................................................. 98,351 27,075 27.5 55,509 15,668 28.2 42,842 11,406 26.6

 20 to 24 years ..................................................... 9,004 2,058 22.9 5,147 1,065 20.7 3,856 993 25.8

 25 to 34 years ..................................................... 24,640 6,902 28.0 14,358 4,051 28.2 10,283 2,851 27.7

 35 to 44 years ..................................................... 26,766 7,807 29.2 15,424 4,605 29.9 11,342 3,202 28.2

 45 to 54 years ..................................................... 24,855 6,651 26.8 13,440 3,769 28.0 11,415 2,882 25.2

 55 to 64 years ..................................................... 11,745 3,181 27.1 6,383 1,865 29.2 5,361 1,316 24.5

 65 years and over ............................................... 1,341 475 35.4 757 314 41.4 585 161 27.6

RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

White .................................................................... 80,498 23,121 28.7 46,222 13,582 29.4 34,276 9,539 27.8

Black or African American .................................... 12,578 2,476 19.7 6,447 1,193 18.5 6,131 1,283 20.9

Asian ..................................................................... 4,136 1,132 27.4 2,300 720 31.3 1,836 412 22.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ................................... 14,110 2,596 18.4 8,621 1,430 16.6 5,489 1,166 21.2

MARITAL STATUS

Married, spouse present ....................................... 57,630 16,270 28.2 34,926 10,382 29.7 22,704 5,888 25.9

Not married ........................................................... 42,148 11,141 26.4 21,486 5,471 25.5 20,662 5,670 27.4

 Never married ..................................................... 25,144 6,693 26.6 14,469 3,605 24.9 10,676 3,088 28.9

 Other marital status ............................................ 17,004 4,448 26.2 7,018 1,866 26.6 9,986 2,582 25.9

PRESENCE AND AGE OF CHILDREN

Without own children under 18 ............................. 61,761 16,759 27.1 34,680 9,410 27.1 27,081 7,349 27.1

With own children under 18 .................................. 38,018 10,652 28.0 21,733 6,443 29.6 16,285 4,209 25.8

 With youngest child 6 to 17 ................................ 21,739 5,960 27.4 11,477 3,341 29.1 10,262 2,619 25.5

 With youngest child under 6 ............................... 16,279 4,692 28.8 10,256 3,102 30.2 6,023 1,590 26.4

1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible

schedules.

 NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and

salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of

whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above

race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for

the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in

both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons,

daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Table 2. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by sex, occupation, and industry, May 2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and industry

Both sexes Men Women

Total 1

With flexible

schedules

Total 1

With flexible

schedules

Total 1

With flexible

schedules

Number Percent

of total Number Percentof total Number Percentof total

OCCUPATION

Total, 16 years and over ............................................................... 99,778 27,411 27.5 56,412 15,853 28.1 43,366 11,558 26.7

Management, professional, and related occupations ................... 36,200 13,325 36.8 17,911 7,832 43.7 18,289 5,492 30.0

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations .. 14,496 6,483 44.7 7,969 3,741 46.9 6,527 2,742 42.0

 Management occupations ........................................................ 10,036 4,598 45.8 6,000 2,862 47.7 4,035 1,736 43.0

 Business and financial operations occupations ........................ 4,461 1,885 42.3 1,969 879 44.7 2,492 1,006 40.4

 Professional and related occupations ......................................... 21,704 6,842 31.5 9,942 4,091 41.1 11,762 2,751 23.4

 Computer and mathematical occupations ................................ 2,683 1,405 52.4 2,023 1,085 53.6 660 320 48.5

 Architecture and engineering occupations ............................... 2,478 1,080 43.6 2,147 917 42.7 330 163 49.3

 Life, physical, and social science occupations ......................... 1,016 483 47.5 640 285 44.6 376 198 52.6

 Community and social services occupations ............................ 1,866 860 46.1 786 430 54.7 1,080 430 39.8

 Legal occupations ..................................................................... 1,118 497 44.5 536 312 58.2 582 185 31.8

 Education, training, and library occupations ............................. 6,414 843 13.1 1,779 374 21.0 4,635 469 10.1

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations .... 1,502 613 40.8 915 396 43.3 587 217 37.0

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ................... 4,626 1,060 22.9 1,115 291 26.1 3,511 769 21.9

Service occupations ..................................................................... 13,423 2,849 21.2 6,858 1,339 19.5 6,566 1,510 23.0

 Healthcare support occupations ................................................. 1,908 315 16.5 199 37 18.7 1,708 278 16.3

 Protective service occupations ................................................... 2,224 419 18.8 1,807 312 17.2 417 107 25.7

 Food preparation and serving related occupations .................... 3,881 972 25.0 2,086 524 25.1 1,795 448 25.0

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ... 3,481 531 15.2 2,260 318 14.1 1,221 213 17.4

 Personal care and service occupations ...................................... 1,929 612 31.7 505 148 29.2 1,424 465 32.6

Sales and office occupations ........................................................ 24,359 7,196 29.5 9,561 3,069 32.1 14,798 4,127 27.9

 Sales and related occupations ................................................... 9,634 3,669 38.1 5,683 2,305 40.6 3,952 1,364 34.5

 Office and administrative support occupations ........................... 14,724 3,527 24.0 3,878 764 19.7 10,847 2,763 25.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .. 10,848 1,908 17.6 10,403 1,820 17.5 445 88 19.8

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ................................. 744 172 23.1 591 132 22.4 152 39 25.7

 Construction and extraction occupations .................................... 5,825 942 16.2 5,750 925 16.1 74 17 2 ( )

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ..................... 4,280 795 18.6 4,061 762 18.8 218 32 14.7

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ...... 14,948 2,133 14.3 11,679 1,793 15.3 3,268 340 10.4

 Production occupations .............................................................. 8,281 1,030 12.4 5,928 806 13.6 2,353 224 9.5

 Transportation and material moving occupations ....................... 6,666 1,102 16.5 5,751 986 17.1 915 116 12.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by sex, occupation, and industry, May 2004—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and industry

Both sexes Men Women

Total 1

With flexible

schedules

Total 1

With flexible

schedules

Total 1

With flexible

schedules

Number Percent

of total Number Percentof total Number Percentof total

INDUSTRY

Private sector ................................................................................ 82,870 23,978 28.9 48,724 14,119 29.0 34,145 9,859 28.9

 Agriculture and related industries ............................................... 888 233 26.3 702 180 25.6 186 53 28.7

 Nonagricultural industries ........................................................... 81,982 23,745 29.0 48,023 13,939 29.0 33,959 9,806 28.9

 Mining ....................................................................................... 446 102 22.9 416 84 20.2 30 18 2 ( )

 Construction ............................................................................. 6,617 1,341 20.3 6,059 1,153 19.0 558 188 33.7

 Manufacturing ........................................................................... 15,125 3,631 24.0 10,659 2,638 24.7 4,466 993 22.2

 Durable goods ........................................................................ 9,249 2,351 25.4 6,881 1,794 26.1 2,368 558 23.6

 Nondurable goods .................................................................. 5,875 1,280 21.8 3,777 844 22.3 2,098 436 20.8

 Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................ 14,008 4,100 29.3 8,717 2,544 29.2 5,291 1,557 29.4

 Wholesale trade ...................................................................... 3,771 1,209 32.1 2,698 910 33.7 1,072 300 27.9

 Retail trade ............................................................................. 10,237 2,891 28.2 6,019 1,634 27.1 4,219 1,257 29.8

 Transportation and utilities ....................................................... 4,226 1,086 25.7 3,454 906 26.2 771 179 23.2

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................ 3,482 912 26.2 2,858 767 26.8 624 145 23.3

 Utilities .................................................................................... 744 173 23.3 596 139 23.4 147 34 23.0

 Information 3 ............................................................................. 2,716 948 34.9 1,674 600 35.8 1,041 348 33.4

 Publishing, except Internet ..................................................... 648 274 42.3 364 165 45.4 284 109 38.4

 Motion picture and sound recording industries ....................... 211 74 35.3 162 62 38.5 49 12 2 ( )

 Broadcasting, except Internet ................................................. 512 116 22.7 319 79 24.7 193 37 19.4

 Telecommunications ............................................................... 1,180 419 35.5 732 254 34.7 448 164 36.7

 Financial activities .................................................................... 7,341 2,767 37.7 3,117 1,323 42.4 4,224 1,444 34.2

 Finance and insurance ........................................................... 5,537 2,056 37.1 2,100 943 44.9 3,437 1,113 32.4

 Finance ................................................................................. 3,633 1,218 33.5 1,443 584 40.5 2,190 633 28.9

 Insurance .............................................................................. 1,904 838 44.0 657 359 54.6 1,247 480 38.5

 Real estate and rental and leasing ......................................... 1,805 711 39.4 1,017 380 37.3 787 332 42.1

 Professional and business services ......................................... 8,997 3,381 37.6 5,342 2,072 38.8 3,655 1,309 35.8

 Professional and technical services ....................................... 5,476 2,570 46.9 3,113 1,596 51.3 2,364 974 41.2

 Management, administrative, and waste services .................. 3,521 811 23.0 2,229 477 21.4 1,292 335 25.9

 Education and health services .................................................. 12,485 3,202 25.6 2,969 862 29.0 9,517 2,339 24.6

 Educational services ............................................................... 2,260 541 23.9 812 246 30.3 1,448 295 20.4

 Health care and social assistance .......................................... 10,226 2,661 26.0 2,157 616 28.6 8,069 2,045 25.3

 Leisure and hospitality .............................................................. 6,111 1,686 27.6 3,458 956 27.6 2,653 730 27.5

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ........................................ 1,134 312 27.5 630 165 26.2 504 147 29.2

 Accommodation and food services ......................................... 4,977 1,374 27.6 2,828 791 28.0 2,149 583 27.1

 Accomodation ....................................................................... 1,123 252 22.4 546 147 26.9 577 105 18.2

 Food services and drinking places ....................................... 3,854 1,122 29.1 2,282 644 28.2 1,572 478 30.4

 Other services .......................................................................... 3,911 1,502 38.4 2,158 801 37.1 1,753 701 40.0

 Other services, except private households ............................. 3,584 1,370 38.2 2,140 792 37.0 1,444 577 40.0

 Other services, private households ........................................ 327 132 40.4 18 9 2 ( ) 309 123 39.9

Public sector ................................................................................. 16,909 3,433 20.3 7,688 1,734 22.6 9,221 1,699 18.4

 Federal government ................................................................... 2,786 803 28.8 1,617 453 28.0 1,169 351 30.0

 State government ....................................................................... 4,724 1,340 28.4 2,089 640 30.7 2,635 700 26.6

 Local government ....................................................................... 9,399 1,289 13.7 3,982 641 16.1 5,417 648 12.0

1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. 3 Includes other industries not shown separately.

 NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their

businesses were incorporated.
Table 3. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by formal flexitime program status, occupation, and

industry, May 2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and industry Total 1 With flexible

schedules

With a formal flexitime program

Number Percent of

total employed

Percent of

workers

with

flexible

schedules

OCCUPATION

Total, 16 years and over ............................................................... 99,778 27,411 10,642 10.7 38.8

Management, professional, and related occupations ................... 36,200 13,325 5,137 14.2 38.6

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations .. 14,496 6,483 2,293 15.8 35.4

 Management occupations ........................................................ 10,036 4,598 1,436 14.3 31.2

 Business and financial operations occupations ........................ 4,461 1,885 857 19.2 45.5

 Professional and related occupations ......................................... 21,704 6,842 2,844 13.1 41.6

 Computer and mathematical occupations ................................ 2,683 1,405 729 27.1 51.8

 Architecture and engineering occupations ............................... 2,478 1,080 509 20.5 47.1

 Life, physical, and social science occupations ......................... 1,016 483 203 19.9 42.0

 Community and social services occupations ............................ 1,866 860 325 17.4 37.8

 Legal occupations ..................................................................... 1,118 497 140 12.6 28.2

 Education, training, and library occupations ............................. 6,414 843 278 4.3 33.0

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations .... 1,502 613 272 18.1 44.4

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ................... 4,626 1,060 389 8.4 36.6

Service occupations ..................................................................... 13,423 2,849 1,188 8.9 41.7

 Healthcare support occupations ................................................. 1,908 315 139 7.3 44.3

 Protective service occupations ................................................... 2,224 419 192 8.6 45.8

 Food preparation and serving related occupations .................... 3,881 972 423 10.9 43.5

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ... 3,481 531 178 5.1 33.5

 Personal care and service occupations ...................................... 1,929 612 256 13.3 41.8

Sales and office occupations ........................................................ 24,359 7,196 2,734 11.2 38.0

 Sales and related occupations ................................................... 9,634 3,669 1,175 12.2 32.0

 Office and administrative support occupations ........................... 14,724 3,527 1,559 10.6 44.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .. 10,848 1,908 697 6.4 36.5

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ................................. 744 172 47 6.3 27.1

 Construction and extraction occupations .................................... 5,825 942 416 7.1 44.2

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ..................... 4,280 795 234 5.5 29.5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ...... 14,948 2,133 885 5.9 41.5

 Production occupations .............................................................. 8,281 1,030 490 5.9 47.6

 Transportation and material moving occupations ....................... 6,666 1,102 395 5.9 35.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by formal flexitime program status, occupation, and

industry, May 2004—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and industry Total 1 With flexible

schedules

With a formal flexitime program

Number Percent of

total employed

Percent of

workers

with

flexible

schedules

INDUSTRY

Private sector ................................................................................ 82,870 23,978 8,816 10.6 36.8

 Agriculture and related industries ............................................... 888 233 53 6.0 22.9

 Nonagricultural industries ........................................................... 81,982 23,745 8,762 10.7 36.9

 Mining ....................................................................................... 446 102 47 10.5 46.1

 Construction ............................................................................. 6,617 1,341 493 7.5 36.8

 Manufacturing ........................................................................... 15,125 3,631 1,618 10.7 44.6

 Durable goods ........................................................................ 9,249 2,351 1,061 11.5 45.1

 Nondurable goods .................................................................. 5,875 1,280 557 9.5 43.5

 Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................ 14,008 4,100 1,302 9.3 31.8

 Wholesale trade ...................................................................... 3,771 1,209 300 8.0 24.8

 Retail trade ............................................................................. 10,237 2,891 1,002 9.8 34.6

 Transportation and utilities ....................................................... 4,226 1,086 432 10.2 39.8

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................ 3,482 912 335 9.6 36.7

 Utilities .................................................................................... 744 173 97 13.0 55.9

 Information 2 ............................................................................. 2,716 948 371 13.7 39.2

 Publishing, except Internet ..................................................... 648 274 102 15.8 37.3

 Motion picture and sound recording industries ....................... 211 74 33 15.9 3 ( )

 Broadcasting, except Internet ................................................. 512 116 43 8.4 37.2

 Telecommunications ............................................................... 1,180 419 170 14.4 40.5

 Financial activities .................................................................... 7,341 2,767 1,066 14.5 38.5

 Finance and insurance ........................................................... 5,537 2,056 868 15.7 42.2

 Finance ................................................................................. 3,633 1,218 425 11.7 34.9

 Insurance .............................................................................. 1,904 838 443 23.3 52.9

 Real estate and rental and leasing ......................................... 1,805 711 198 11.0 27.9

 Professional and business services ......................................... 8,997 3,381 1,294 14.4 38.3

 Professional and technical services ....................................... 5,476 2,570 991 18.1 38.6

 Management, administrative, and waste services .................. 3,521 811 303 8.6 37.3

 Education and health services .................................................. 12,485 3,202 1,118 9.0 34.9

 Educational services ............................................................... 2,260 541 156 6.9 28.8

 Health care and social assistance .......................................... 10,226 2,661 962 9.4 36.2

 Leisure and hospitality .............................................................. 6,111 1,686 598 9.8 35.4

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ........................................ 1,134 312 84 7.4 27.1

 Accommodation and food services ......................................... 4,977 1,374 513 10.3 37.4

 Accomodation ....................................................................... 1,123 252 105 9.3 41.5

 Food services and drinking places ....................................... 3,854 1,122 408 10.6 36.4

 Other services .......................................................................... 3,911 1,502 422 10.8 28.1

 Other services, except private households ............................. 3,584 1,370 404 11.3 29.5

 Other services, private households ........................................ 327 132 18 5.5 13.6

Public sector ................................................................................. 16,909 3,433 1,826 10.8 53.2

 Federal government ................................................................... 2,786 803 561 20.1 69.9

 State government ....................................................................... 4,724 1,340 665 14.1 49.6

 Local government ....................................................................... 9,399 1,289 600 6.4 46.5

1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. 2 Includes other industries not shown separately. 3 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000.

 NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of

whether or not their businesses were incorporated.
Table 4. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004

(Percent distribution)

Characteristic

Total

workers 1

(thousands)

Regular

daytime

schedule

Shift workers

Total Evening

shift

Night

shift

Rotating

shift

Split

shift

Employerarranged

irregular

schedule

Other

shift

AGE AND SEX

 Total 16 years and over ................................................ 99,778 84.6 14.8 4.7 3.2 2.5 0.5 3.1 0.7

16 to 19 years ................................................................. 1,427 64.9 34.6 14.5 4.4 6.1 1.0 8.3 .2

20 years and over ........................................................... 98,351 84.9 14.6 4.6 3.2 2.5 .5 3.0 .7

 20 to 24 years ............................................................... 9,004 76.8 22.3 8.8 3.7 3.3 .9 4.6 .9

 25 to 34 years ............................................................... 24,640 84.1 15.2 5.0 3.4 2.7 .5 2.8 .8

 35 to 44 years ............................................................... 26,766 85.4 14.1 4.1 3.2 2.5 .4 3.1 .7

 45 to 54 years ............................................................... 24,855 86.8 12.8 3.6 3.2 2.3 .5 2.5 .7

 55 to 64 years ............................................................... 11,745 87.1 12.5 3.8 2.6 2.0 .4 3.0 .7

 65 years and over ......................................................... 1,341 88.8 10.3 3.5 1.8 1.4 .5 2.9 .2

Men ................................................................................. 56,412 82.7 16.7 5.2 3.6 2.8 .5 3.6 .9

Women ........................................................................... 43,366 87.0 12.4 4.1 2.8 2.2 .5 2.4 .4

RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

White .............................................................................. 80,498 85.8 13.7 4.1 3.0 2.3 .5 3.1 .7

Black or African American .............................................. 12,578 78.0 20.8 7.9 4.5 4.1 .4 3.0 .7

Asian ............................................................................... 4,136 83.6 15.7 5.4 4.1 1.6 1.2 2.6 .8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ............................................. 14,110 83.1 16.0 5.8 3.9 2.1 .6 2.6 .9

MARITAL STATUS AND PRESENCE

AND AGE OF CHILDREN

Men:

Married, spouse present ............................................. 34,926 84.8 14.9 3.9 3.3 2.9 .5 3.4 .9

Not married ................................................................. 21,486 79.5 19.7 7.4 3.9 2.6 .7 4.0 1.0

 Never married ........................................................... 14,469 78.6 20.6 8.1 3.8 2.6 .8 4.2 1.0

 Other marital status .................................................. 7,018 81.4 17.8 5.9 4.2 2.8 .4 3.6 1.0

Without own children under 18 ................................... 34,680 81.8 17.6 6.0 3.6 2.7 .6 3.8 .9

With own children under 18 ........................................ 21,733 84.3 15.3 4.0 3.6 3.0 .5 3.2 1.0

 With youngest child 6 to 17 ...................................... 11,477 85.1 14.6 3.9 3.2 3.1 .2 3.4 .8

 With youngest child under 6 ..................................... 10,256 83.5 16.1 4.2 3.9 2.9 .8 3.0 1.2

Women:

Married, spouse present ............................................. 22,704 90.4 9.2 2.8 2.4 1.4 .3 1.9 .3

Not married ................................................................. 20,662 83.2 16.0 5.6 3.2 3.0 .6 2.9 .6

 Never married ........................................................... 10,676 81.2 17.9 6.3 3.0 3.6 .8 3.6 .6

 Other marital status .................................................. 9,986 85.5 13.9 4.8 3.5 2.3 .4 2.1 .6

Without own children under 18 ................................... 27,081 86.4 13.0 4.1 2.7 2.5 .6 2.7 .4

With own children under 18 ........................................ 16,285 87.9 11.5 4.3 2.9 1.7 .3 1.9 .4

 With youngest child 6 to 17 ...................................... 10,262 89.1 10.5 3.4 3.0 1.6 .2 1.8 .5

 With youngest child under 6 ..................................... 6,023 86.0 13.2 5.8 2.7 1.8 .4 2.1 .4

1 Includes persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked.

 NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not

their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are

not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted

children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Table 5. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, May 2004

(Percent distribution)

Occupation and industry

Total

workers 1

(thousands)

Regular

daytime

schedule

Shift workers

Total Evening

shift

Night

shift

Rotating

shift

Split

shift

Employerarranged

irregular

schedule

Other

shift

OCCUPATION

Total, 16 years and over ............................................................... 99,778 84.6 14.8 4.7 3.2 2.5 0.5 3.1 0.7

Management, professional, and related occupations ................... 36,200 91.9 7.6 1.7 1.6 1.3 .3 2.2 .5

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations .. 14,496 94.6 5.0 1.1 .5 .9 .2 2.0 .3

 Management occupations ........................................................ 10,036 93.6 6.1 1.4 .5 1.1 .3 2.4 .4

 Business and financial operations occupations ........................ 4,461 96.8 2.7 .5 .6 .4 .1 .9 .2

 Professional and related occupations ......................................... 21,704 90.1 9.4 2.1 2.4 1.6 .3 2.3 .7

 Computer and mathematical occupations ................................ 2,683 95.2 4.1 1.1 1.3 .8 .3 .4 .4

 Architecture and engineering occupations ............................... 2,478 95.7 3.9 .9 1.2 .7 .1 .7 .4

 Life, physical, and social science occupations ......................... 1,016 93.9 5.8 1.1 1.4 2.0 – 1.2 .1

 Community and social services occupations ............................ 1,866 87.0 12.7 1.9 1.3 2.2 .3 4.9 2.0

 Legal occupations ..................................................................... 1,118 97.4 1.8 – – – .2 1.4 .2

 Education, training, and library occupations ............................. 6,414 97.3 2.3 .6 .1 .2 .4 .9 .2

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations .... 1,502 84.7 14.7 3.1 1.6 2.2 .4 6.0 1.2

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ................... 4,626 74.5 24.6 5.8 8.3 4.4 .5 4.4 1.1

Service occupations ..................................................................... 13,423 66.5 32.6 12.5 6.2 5.2 1.4 5.5 1.7

 Healthcare support occupations ................................................. 1,908 70.4 28.0 12.5 7.1 3.8 .7 3.1 .7

 Protective service occupations ................................................... 2,224 48.3 50.6 14.4 12.9 11.9 .6 6.2 4.3

 Food preparation and serving related occupations .................... 3,881 58.7 40.4 17.6 3.4 5.8 3.3 8.9 1.1

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ... 3,481 82.1 17.5 8.3 5.4 1.5 .5 1.1 .7

 Personal care and service occupations ...................................... 1,929 70.9 28.1 7.3 4.6 4.5 1.0 8.1 2.7

Sales and office occupations ........................................................ 24,359 87.3 12.0 3.5 2.6 2.3 .3 2.8 .3

 Sales and related occupations ................................................... 9,634 83.8 15.2 3.5 1.9 3.8 .6 5.0 .4

 Office and administrative support occupations ........................... 14,724 89.6 9.9 3.6 3.0 1.4 .2 1.4 .3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .. 10,848 92.0 7.5 2.1 1.9 1.3 .1 1.5 .5

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ................................. 744 89.8 9.8 .6 2.4 1.4 1.0 2.4 2.0

 Construction and extraction occupations .................................... 5,825 95.1 4.4 .8 .8 1.2 .1 1.3 .3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ..................... 4,280 88.2 11.4 4.3 3.4 1.5 – 1.7 .5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ...... 14,948 73.3 26.2 9.1 6.5 4.2 .8 4.6 1.1

 Production occupations .............................................................. 8,281 75.0 24.4 10.1 7.1 4.7 .3 1.4 .8

 Transportation and material moving occupations ....................... 6,666 71.2 28.5 7.8 5.7 3.7 1.4 8.4 1.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, May 2004—Continued

(Percent distribution)

Occupation and industry

Total

workers 1

(thousands)

Regular

daytime

schedule

Shift workers

Total Evening

shift

Night

shift

Rotating

shift

Split

shift

Employerarranged

irregular

schedule

Other

shift

INDUSTRY

Private sector ................................................................................ 82,870 84.0 15.4 5.0 3.3 2.6 0.5 3.3 0.7

 Agriculture and related industries ............................................... 888 90.1 9.9 1.4 2.3 1.1 1.0 3.2 1.0

 Nonagricultural industries ........................................................... 81,982 83.9 15.5 5.1 3.3 2.6 .5 3.3 .7

 Mining ....................................................................................... 446 68.0 31.9 3.6 4.9 15.1 .2 6.1 2.1

 Construction ............................................................................. 6,617 96.6 2.9 .5 .5 .3 – 1.3 .2

 Manufacturing ........................................................................... 15,125 81.5 18.1 7.2 5.2 3.3 .3 1.2 .8

 Durable goods ........................................................................ 9,249 85.3 14.4 6.7 4.2 1.9 .2 .7 .7

 Nondurable goods .................................................................. 5,875 75.6 23.8 8.1 6.8 5.4 .5 1.9 1.1

 Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................ 14,008 82.9 16.3 4.4 3.2 3.6 .4 4.1 .5

 Wholesale trade ...................................................................... 3,771 91.5 8.0 2.7 1.8 .7 .1 2.3 .2

 Retail trade ............................................................................. 10,237 79.8 19.4 5.0 3.7 4.6 .5 4.8 .6

 Transportation and utilities ....................................................... 4,226 71.4 27.9 5.0 4.8 4.0 1.7 11.0 1.3

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................ 3,482 67.5 31.8 5.6 5.6 3.9 1.9 13.1 1.4

 Utilities .................................................................................... 744 89.5 9.5 1.9 .8 4.4 .9 1.1 .5

 Information 2 ............................................................................. 2,716 87.3 11.7 4.2 2.4 1.7 .1 2.6 .6

 Publishing, except Internet ..................................................... 648 87.6 10.3 2.3 3.6 .8 .3 2.0 1.3

 Motion picture and sound recording industries ....................... 211 85.0 15.0 5.5 2.2 1.8 – 5.5 –

 Broadcasting, except Internet ................................................. 512 84.4 15.0 6.4 .1 2.9 .3 3.3 1.3

 Telecommunications ............................................................... 1,180 88.8 10.5 3.6 2.7 1.9 – 2.3 –

 Financial activities .................................................................... 7,341 94.0 5.4 2.0 .6 .6 .1 1.8 .3

 Finance and insurance ........................................................... 5,537 96.7 2.8 1.2 .4 .5 .1 .5 .1

 Finance ................................................................................. 3,633 96.8 2.6 1.2 .5 .5 – .3 .1

 Insurance .............................................................................. 1,904 96.5 3.1 1.2 .3 .4 .2 .8 .2

 Real estate and rental and leasing ......................................... 1,805 85.6 13.4 4.3 1.4 1.0 .2 5.9 .7

 Professional and business services ......................................... 8,997 92.0 7.8 2.7 2.4 .7 .1 1.4 .5

 Professional and technical services ....................................... 5,476 96.5 3.2 .6 .5 .4 .1 1.3 .4

 Management, administrative, and waste services .................. 3,521 84.9 15.0 6.1 5.3 1.1 .2 1.5 .8

 Education and health services .................................................. 12,485 83.2 16.0 5.5 4.5 2.4 .5 2.3 .7

 Educational services ............................................................... 2,260 93.9 5.6 3.0 .4 .3 .5 1.3 .2

 Health care and social assistance .......................................... 10,226 80.9 18.3 6.0 5.4 2.9 .5 2.6 .8

 Leisure and hospitality .............................................................. 6,111 60.8 38.3 15.2 4.8 5.2 2.4 9.4 1.2

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ........................................ 1,134 67.7 31.9 10.2 7.9 1.6 .7 9.2 2.1

 Accommodation and food services ......................................... 4,977 59.3 39.8 16.4 4.1 6.0 2.9 9.5 1.0

 Accomodation ....................................................................... 1,123 70.2 29.4 11.1 6.6 4.2 .7 5.9 .9

 Food services and drinking places ....................................... 3,854 56.1 42.8 17.9 3.3 6.6 3.5 10.5 1.0

 Other services .......................................................................... 3,911 88.9 10.6 1.5 1.0 1.9 .3 4.8 1.0

 Other services, except private households ............................. 3,584 89.3 10.3 1.4 1.0 1.9 .3 4.9 .8

 Other services, private households ........................................ 327 85.0 14.1 3.3 .6 2.7 .6 4.0 3.0

Public sector ................................................................................. 16,909 87.6 11.9 3.4 2.9 2.4 .4 1.9 .9

 Federal government ................................................................... 2,786 84.8 14.7 4.4 4.9 1.2 .2 3.1 .7

 State government ....................................................................... 4,724 87.9 11.5 3.8 3.3 1.9 .4 1.4 .7

 Local government ....................................................................... 9,399 88.3 11.3 2.9 2.0 3.0 .4 1.8 1.1

1 Includes persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked. 2 Includes other industries not shown separately.

 NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their

businesses were incorporated. Dash represents zero.
Table 6. Full-time wage and salary shift workers by reason for working a non-daytime schedule, May 2004

(Percent distribution)

Reason for working a non-daytime schedule Total shift

workers1

Evening

shift Night shift Rotatingshift Split shift

Employerarranged

irregular

schedule

Other shift

Number 2 (thousands) ............................................ 14,805 4,736 3,221 2,526 497 3,064 715

Percent 2 ................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Better arrangements for family or child care ............... 8.2 11.0 15.9 1.6 5.8 2.6 4.3

Better pay ................................................................... 6.8 7.1 10.1 6.5 6.0 3.5 6.1

Allows time for school ................................................. 3.2 6.0 2.5 1.4 3.7 1.5 1.8

Could not get any other job ........................................ 8.1 13.9 8.2 5.5 3.8 3.2 3.2

Nature of the job ......................................................... 54.6 37.8 32.8 76.7 70.3 80.4 68.3

Personal preference ................................................... 11.5 15.9 21.0 3.0 5.9 3.6 8.0

Some other reason ..................................................... 5.6 6.2 7.0 3.8 3.9 4.6 7.1

1 Includes persons who worked a non-daytime schedule, but did

not report the shift worked. 2 Includes persons who worked a non-daytime schedule, but did

not report a reason.

 NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and

salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of

whether or not their businesses were incorporated.
Table 7. Beginning and ending hours: Full-time wage and salary workers, May 2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Time

Beginning time Ending time

Number of

workers Percent Number ofworkers Percent

Total, 16 years and over ....................................... 99,778 100.0 99,778 100.0

A.M.

12:30 to 1:29 ..................................................... 136 .1 464 .5

1:30 to 2:29 ....................................................... 104 .1 325 .3

2:30 to 3:29 ....................................................... 197 .2 363 .4

3:30 to 4:29 ....................................................... 487 .5 303 .3

4:30 to 5:29 ....................................................... 1,686 1.7 360 .4

5:30 to 6:29 ....................................................... 6,911 6.9 529 .5

 5:30 to 5:59 ..................................................... 958 1.0 88 .1

 6:00 to 6:29 ..................................................... 5,953 6.0 441 .4

6:30 to 7:29 ....................................................... 19,636 19.7 1,373 1.4

 6:30 to 6:59 ..................................................... 3,488 3.5 202 .2

 7:00 to 7:29 ..................................................... 16,148 16.2 1,171 1.2

7:30 to 8:29 ....................................................... 31,690 31.8 741 .7

 7:30 to 7:59 ..................................................... 9,164 9.2 319 .3

 8:00 to 8:29 ..................................................... 22,526 22.6 422 .4

8:30 to 9:29 ....................................................... 13,383 13.4 177 .2

 8:30 to 8:59 ..................................................... 6,140 6.2 79 .1

 9:00 to 9:29 ..................................................... 7,243 7.3 98 .1

9:30 to 10:29 ..................................................... 2,244 2.2 97 .1

10:30 to 11:29 ................................................... 645 .6 106 .1

11:30 A.M. to 12:29 P.M. ...................................... 451 .5 192 .2

P.M.

12:30 to 1:29 ..................................................... 346 .3 492 .5

1:30 to 2:29 ....................................................... 921 .9 1,796 1.8

2:30 to 3:29 ....................................................... 1,869 1.9 7,550 7.6

 2:30 to 2:59 ..................................................... 358 .4 2,267 2.3

 3:00 to 3:29 ..................................................... 1,511 1.5 5,282 5.3

3:30 to 4:29 ....................................................... 1,195 1.2 16,455 16.5

 3:30 to 3:59 ..................................................... 306 .3 6,573 6.6

 4:00 to 4:29 ..................................................... 889 .9 9,882 9.9

4:30 to 5:29 ....................................................... 543 .5 27,848 27.9

 4:30 to 4:59 ..................................................... 158 .2 7,914 7.9

 5:00 to 5:29 ..................................................... 386 .4 19,934 20.0

5:30 to 6:29 ....................................................... 503 .5 11,644 11.7

 5:30 to 5:59 ..................................................... 95 .1 5,131 5.1

 6:00 to 6:29 ..................................................... 408 .4 6,513 6.5

6:30 to 7:29 ....................................................... 627 .6 4,511 4.5

7:30 to 8:29 ....................................................... 488 .5 1,811 1.8

8:30 to 9:29 ....................................................... 262 .3 954 1.0

9:30 to 10:29 ..................................................... 513 .5 1,125 1.1

10:30 to 11:29 ................................................... 979 1.0 1,856 1.9

11:30 P.M. to 12:29 A.M. ...................................... 330 .3 1,170 1.2

Time varies ........................................................... 12,131 12.2 15,947 16.0

Actual time not available ....................................... 1,504 1.5 1,589 1.6

 NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time

wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed

persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses

were incorporated.