UNION MEMBERS IN 2007

In 2007, the number of workers belonging to a union rose by 311,000 to 15.7 million, the U.S.

Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Union members accounted for 12.1 percent of employed wage and salary workers, essentially unchanged from 12.0 percent in 2006. In 1983, the

first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate was 20.1 percent. Some

highlights from the 2007 data are:

• Workers in the public sector had a union membership rate nearly five times that of private sector employees.

• Education, training, and library occupations had the highest unionization rate among all occupations, at

37.2 percent, followed closely by protective service occupations at 35.2 percent.

• Among demographic groups, the union membership rate was highest for black men and lowest for

Hispanic women.

• Wage and salary workers ages 45 to 54 (15.7 percent) and ages 55 to 64 (16.1 percent) were more

likely to be union members than were workers ages 16 to 24 (4.8 percent).

Membership by Industry and Occupation

The union membership rate for public sector workers (35.9 percent) was substantially higher than for private industry workers (7.5 percent). Within the public sector, local government workers had the highest union

membership rate, 41.8 percent. This group includes many workers in several heavily unionized occupations,

such as teachers, police officers, and fire fighters. Private sector industries with high unionization rates include

transportation and utilities (22.1 percent), telecommunications (19.7 percent), and construction (13.9 percent).

In 2007, unionization rates were relatively low in agriculture and related industries (1.5 percent) and in financial activities (2.0 percent). (See table 3.)

Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (37.2 percent) and protective

service occupations (35.2 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2007. Farming, fishing, and forestry

occupations (2.7 percent) and sales and related occupations (3.3 percent) had the lowest unionization rates.

(See table 3.)

Technical information: (202) 691-6378

 http://www.bls.gov/cps/

Media contact: (202) 691-5902

USDL 08-0092

For release: 10:00 A.M. EST

Friday, January 25, 2008

N

Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212 

ews United States 

Department 

of Labor 
2

Demographic Characteristics of Union Members

In 2007, the union membership rate was higher for men (13.0 percent) than for women (11.1 percent).

(See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men

was about 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. The rates for both men and women declined between 1983 and 2007, but the rate for men declined much more rapidly.

Black workers were more likely to be union members (14.3 percent) than were whites (11.8 percent),

Asians (10.9 percent), or Hispanics (9.8 percent). Within these major groups, black men had the highest

union membership rate (15.8 percent) while Hispanic women had the lowest rate (9.6 percent).

Among age groups, union membership rates were highest among workers 55 to 64 years old (16.1 percent) and 45 to 54 years old (15.7 percent). The lowest union membership rates occurred among those ages

16 to 24 (4.8 percent). Full-time workers were about twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members, 13.2 compared with 6.5 percent. (See table 1.)

Union Representation of Nonmembers

About 1.6 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union on their main job in 2007, while

not being union members themselves. (See table 1.) Slightly more than half of these workers were employed

in government. (See table 3.)

Earnings

In 2007, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of

$863 while those who were not represented by unions had median weekly earnings of $663. (See table 2.)

The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement,

including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry,

firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of

unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee earnings, see “Measuring

union-nonunion earnings differences,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.)

Union Membership by State

In 2007, 30 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S. average, 12.1 percent, while 20 states had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions

reported union membership rates above the national average and all states in the East South Central and

West South Central divisions had rates below it. Union membership rates were down from those of 2006 in

27 states, up in 20 states, and unchanged in 3 states and the District of Columbia. (See table 5 and chart 1.)

Among the five states reporting union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2007, North Carolina

posted the lowest rate (3.0 percent). The next lowest rates were recorded in Virginia (3.7 percent), South

Carolina (4.1 percent), Georgia (4.4 percent), and Texas (4.7 percent). Four states had union membership

rates over 20.0 percent in 2007—New York (25.2 percent), Alaska (23.8 percent), Hawaii (23.4 percent),

and Washington (20.2 percent).

The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.5 million) and New York (2.1 million). Nearly

half (7.8 million) of the 15.7 million union members in the U.S. lived in 6 states (California, 2.5 million; New

York, 2.1 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Michigan, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.8 million; and New Jersey, 0.7

million) though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and salary employment nationally.
3

State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and union membership rate. Texas

had less than one-quarter as many union members as New York despite having over 1.7 million more wage

and salary employees. Similarly, Tennessee and Hawaii had comparable numbers of union members even

though Tennessee’s wage and salary employment level was more than four and one-half times that of Hawaii.
Technical Note

The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current

Population Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on

the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey

is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the

U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national

sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership and

earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly

sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded. The data in this release are

annual averages.

Union membership data for 2007 are not strictly comparable

with data for 2006 and earlier years because of the introduction

of updated population controls with the release of January data.

The effect of the revised population controls on the union

membership estimates is unknown. However, the effect of the

new controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to increase the

December 2006 employment level by 153,000 and the unemployment level by 10,000. The updated controls had little or

no effect on unemployment rates and other ratios. For

additional information, see “Adjustments to Household Survey

Population Estimates in January 2007” in the February 2007

issue of Employment and Earnings, available on the Internet at

http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps07adj.pdf.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory

impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200,

TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the “true” population values they

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies

depending upon the particular sample selected, and this

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that

an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6

standard errors from the “true” population value because of

sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-

percent level of confidence. The state section of this release

preserves the long-time practice of highlighting the direction of

the movements in state union membership rates and levels

regardless of their statistical significance.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the

CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the

Household Data section of the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.

pdf.

Definitions

The principal definitions used in this release are described

briefly below.

Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or

an employee association similar to a union.

Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as

well as workers who have no union affiliation but whose

jobs are covered by a union or an employee association

contract.

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes

and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case

of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked

how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994,

respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for

them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice

monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually

earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis

other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The

term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the

respondent asks for a definition of "usual", interviewers are

instructed to define the term as more than half of the weeks

worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides

a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having

earnings above the median and the other having earnings below

the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or

calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which

are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is

estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in

which the median lies.

Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,

salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The

group includes employees in both the private and public

sectors, but, for the purposes of the union membership

and earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons,

regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or

more per week at their sole or principal job.

Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than

35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who

identified themselves in the enumeration process as

being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity

is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

2006 2007

Total

employed

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by unions 2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by unions 2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over ........................................................... 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3

16 to 24 years ......................................................................... 19,538 857 4.4 978 5.0 19,395 939 4.8 1,068 5.5

25 years and over ................................................................... 108,699 14,502 13.3 15,883 14.6 110,372 14,731 13.3 16,176 14.7

25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 28,805 2,899 10.1 3,195 11.1 29,409 3,050 10.4 3,358 11.4

35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 30,526 3,997 13.1 4,356 14.3 30,296 3,972 13.1 4,362 14.4

45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 29,401 4,710 16.0 5,131 17.5 29,731 4,664 15.7 5,087 17.1

55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 16,095 2,568 16.0 2,832 17.6 16,752 2,691 16.1 2,967 17.7

65 years and over ................................................................. 3,872 328 8.5 370 9.5 4,183 355 8.5 402 9.6

Men, 16 years and over ............................................................ 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0 67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1

16 to 24 years ......................................................................... 10,130 543 5.4 608 6.0 9,959 551 5.5 627 6.3

25 years and over ................................................................... 56,682 8,114 14.3 8,752 15.4 57,509 8,217 14.3 8,867 15.4

25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 15,677 1,650 10.5 1,793 11.4 15,994 1,736 10.9 1,884 11.8

35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 16,159 2,309 14.3 2,488 15.4 16,070 2,318 14.4 2,501 15.6

45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 14,867 2,617 17.6 2,807 18.9 15,040 2,578 17.1 2,745 18.3

55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 7,990 1,370 17.1 1,474 18.4 8,286 1,403 16.9 1,532 18.5

65 years and over ................................................................. 1,989 167 8.4 190 9.6 2,119 181 8.5 205 9.7

Women, 16 years and over ...................................................... 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4

16 to 24 years ......................................................................... 9,408 315 3.3 370 3.9 9,436 388 4.1 441 4.7

25 years and over ................................................................... 52,018 6,388 12.3 7,131 13.7 52,863 6,514 12.3 7,308 13.8

25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 13,127 1,249 9.5 1,401 10.7 13,416 1,313 9.8 1,474 11.0

35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 14,368 1,687 11.7 1,867 13.0 14,226 1,653 11.6 1,861 13.1

45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 14,534 2,093 14.4 2,325 16.0 14,691 2,086 14.2 2,341 15.9

55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 8,106 1,198 14.8 1,358 16.8 8,466 1,288 15.2 1,435 17.0

65 years and over ................................................................. 1,883 160 8.5 180 9.5 2,065 174 8.4 197 9.5

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX

 White, 16 years and over ........................................................ 104,668 12,259 11.7 13,424 12.8 105,515 12,487 11.8 13,715 13.0

Men ....................................................................................... 55,459 7,115 12.8 7,668 13.8 55,771 7,134 12.8 7,708 13.8

Women ................................................................................. 49,209 5,144 10.5 5,756 11.7 49,743 5,352 10.8 6,007 12.1

 Black or African American, 16 years and over ....................... 14,878 2,163 14.5 2,391 16.1 15,177 2,165 14.3 2,403 15.8

Men ....................................................................................... 6,788 1,056 15.6 1,158 17.1 6,945 1,097 15.8 1,205 17.3

Women ................................................................................. 8,090 1,107 13.7 1,233 15.2 8,232 1,067 13.0 1,198 14.6

 Asian, 16 years and over ........................................................ 5,703 592 10.4 657 11.5 6,016 654 10.9 720 12.0

Men ....................................................................................... 3,015 286 9.5 316 10.5 3,168 324 10.2 348 11.0

Women ................................................................................. 2,688 306 11.4 340 12.7 2,849 330 11.6 372 13.1

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over ...................... 18,121 1,770 9.8 1,935 10.7 18,778 1,837 9.8 2,026 10.8

Men ....................................................................................... 10,842 1,064 9.8 1,144 10.6 11,163 1,108 9.9 1,208 10.8

Women ................................................................................. 7,279 706 9.7 791 10.9 7,615 728 9.6 818 10.7

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS 3

 Full-time workers .................................................................... 106,106 13,938 13.1 15,244 14.4 107,339 14,201 13.2 15,570 14.5

 Part-time workers ................................................................... 21,863 1,382 6.3 1,573 7.2 22,172 1,437 6.5 1,635 7.4

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to

a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to

a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are

covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually

worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the

principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American,

and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 

Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary

workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not

their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics

Characteristic

2006 2007

Total Members of

 unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Nonunion Total Members of

 unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Nonunion

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over ................................................... $671 $833 $827 $642 $695 $863 $857 $663

16 to 24 years ................................................................. 409 526 523 404 424 566 551 418

25 years and over ........................................................... 718 850 845 691 738 880 876 712

25 to 34 years ............................................................... 621 773 766 606 643 789 781 622

35 to 44 years ............................................................... 748 853 849 728 769 910 907 745

45 to 54 years ............................................................... 773 888 884 750 790 900 899 763

55 to 64 years ............................................................... 765 882 883 741 803 925 921 766

65 years and over ......................................................... 583 675 667 573 605 634 682 597

Men, 16 years and over .................................................... 743 887 885 717 766 913 910 738

16 to 24 years ................................................................. 418 526 521 413 443 567 557 432

25 years and over ........................................................... 797 904 902 771 823 930 928 796

25 to 34 years ............................................................... 661 831 822 640 687 823 819 664

35 to 44 years ............................................................... 836 918 914 816 873 971 969 847

45 to 54 years ............................................................... 897 936 939 883 909 958 961 892

55 to 64 years ............................................................... 902 928 930 893 933 954 952 926

65 years and over ......................................................... 658 650 653 659 686 732 776 672

Women, 16 years and over .............................................. 600 758 753 579 614 790 784 592

16 to 24 years ................................................................. 395 527 529 391 409 564 540 403

25 years and over ........................................................... 627 768 763 607 646 805 800 620

25 to 34 years ............................................................... 583 727 716 565 597 753 745 580

35 to 44 years ............................................................... 645 759 755 626 668 826 820 640

45 to 54 years ............................................................... 659 807 798 628 677 813 810 650

55 to 64 years ............................................................... 658 819 822 627 679 886 881 641

65 years and over ......................................................... 510 690 678 495 534 582 608 520

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX

 White, 16 years and over ................................................ 690 859 854 659 716 889 884 684

Men ............................................................................... 761 909 907 735 788 937 934 757

Women ......................................................................... 609 777 772 588 626 814 807 603

 Black or African American, 16 years and over ............... 554 707 694 520 569 732 727 533

Men ............................................................................... 591 745 734 557 600 768 763 573

Women ......................................................................... 519 665 656 502 533 697 691 513

 Asian, 16 years and over ................................................ 784 834 840 774 830 853 881 823

Men ............................................................................... 882 838 852 888 936 867 898 940

Women ......................................................................... 699 828 824 681 731 842 871 712

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over .............. 486 686 681 469 503 736 729 487

Men ............................................................................... 505 732 724 490 520 793 782 505

Women ......................................................................... 440 607 614 420 473 675 672 446

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to

a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to

a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are

covered by a union or an employee association contract.

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American,

and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 

Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- time wage and salary workers. 

Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their

businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and industry

2006 2007

Total

employed

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by unions 2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by unions 2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations ............... 43,105 5,522 12.8 6,288 14.6 44,547 5,853 13.1 6,656 14.9

 Management, business, and financial operations

 occupations ....................................................................... 16,471 802 4.9 964 5.9 17,003 849 5.0 1,020 6.0

 Management occupations ................................................ 11,260 478 4.2 595 5.3 11,656 530 4.5 633 5.4

 Business and financial operations occupations ................ 5,210 324 6.2 369 7.1 5,348 319 6.0 386 7.2

 Professional and related occupations ................................... 26,635 4,721 17.7 5,324 20.0 27,543 5,004 18.2 5,636 20.5

 Computer and mathematical occupations ........................ 3,069 133 4.3 172 5.6 3,252 157 4.8 188 5.8

 Architecture and engineering occupations ....................... 2,669 197 7.4 236 8.9 2,744 215 7.8 240 8.7

 Life, physical, and social science occupations ................. 1,315 130 9.9 155 11.8 1,270 113 8.9 138 10.9

 Community and social services occupations .................... 2,099 327 15.6 356 17.0 2,187 326 14.9 375 17.1

 Legal occupations ............................................................. 1,282 68 5.3 73 5.7 1,288 71 5.5 83 6.4

 Education, training, and library occupations ..................... 7,888 2,942 37.3 3,287 41.7 8,288 3,087 37.2 3,439 41.5

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations .................................................................... 1,930 124 6.4 140 7.2 1,955 152 7.8 182 9.3

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ........... 6,383 800 12.5 904 14.2 6,558 883 13.5 992 15.1

Service occupations ................................................................. 21,569 2,460 11.4 2,658 12.3 21,784 2,481 11.4 2,692 12.4

 Healthcare support occupations ........................................... 2,999 312 10.4 340 11.3 2,987 304 10.2 332 11.1

 Protective service occupations ............................................. 2,919 1,012 34.7 1,067 36.6 3,025 1,066 35.2 1,127 37.2

 Food preparation and serving related occupations .............. 7,478 321 4.3 353 4.7 7,500 325 4.3 371 4.9

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations ........................................................................ 4,703 507 10.8 561 11.9 4,642 497 10.7 549 11.8

 Personal care and service occupations ................................ 3,471 307 8.9 337 9.7 3,631 289 8.0 314 8.6

Sales and office occupations .................................................... 32,986 2,319 7.0 2,573 7.8 32,978 2,386 7.2 2,659 8.1

 Sales and related occupations ............................................. 13,883 430 3.1 489 3.5 14,079 462 3.3 521 3.7

 Office and administrative support occupations ..................... 19,103 1,889 9.9 2,084 10.9 18,900 1,925 10.2 2,138 11.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations ............................................................................ 13,366 2,138 16.0 2,248 16.8 13,325 2,252 16.9 2,363 17.7

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................... 880 31 3.5 33 3.7 876 23 2.7 28 3.2

 Construction and extraction occupations .............................. 7,617 1,337 17.6 1,396 18.3 7,708 1,434 18.6 1,480 19.2

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............... 4,870 771 15.8 820 16.8 4,742 794 16.8 855 18.0

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations ............................................................................ 17,211 2,920 17.0 3,094 18.0 17,133 2,699 15.8 2,874 16.8

 Production occupations ........................................................ 8,964 1,392 15.5 1,468 16.4 8,903 1,243 14.0 1,314 14.8

 Transportation and material moving occupations ................. 8,247 1,528 18.5 1,626 19.7 8,231 1,456 17.7 1,560 19.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and industry

2006 2007

Total

employed

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by unions 2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions 1

Represented

by unions 2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

INDUSTRY

Private sector ............................................................................ 107,846 7,981 7.4 8,688 8.1 108,714 8,114 7.5 8,870 8.2

Agriculture and related industries ............................................. 1,059 25 2.3 27 2.6 1,046 16 1.5 19 1.8

Nonagriculture and related industries ....................................... 106,786 7,957 7.5 8,660 8.1 107,668 8,098 7.5 8,851 8.2

 Mining .................................................................................... 632 48 7.5 56 8.8 705 66 9.3 72 10.2

 Construction .......................................................................... 8,444 1,097 13.0 1,146 13.6 8,561 1,193 13.9 1,232 14.4

 Manufacturing ........................................................................ 15,643 1,827 11.7 1,949 12.5 15,341 1,734 11.3 1,845 12.0

 Durable goods .................................................................. 10,072 1,190 11.8 1,263 12.5 9,770 1,107 11.3 1,172 12.0

 Nondurable goods ............................................................ 5,571 637 11.4 686 12.3 5,571 628 11.3 673 12.1

 Wholesale and retail trade ..................................................... 19,245 957 5.0 1,023 5.3 18,896 990 5.2 1,075 5.7

 Wholesale trade ................................................................. 4,100 201 4.9 215 5.2 3,951 205 5.2 224 5.7

 Retail trade ........................................................................ 15,145 756 5.0 808 5.3 14,945 785 5.3 851 5.7

 Transportation and utilities .................................................... 5,299 1,227 23.2 1,287 24.3 5,488 1,211 22.1 1,282 23.4

 Transportation and warehousing ....................................... 4,459 991 22.2 1,042 23.4 4,654 974 20.9 1,037 22.3

 Utilities ............................................................................... 840 237 28.2 245 29.1 834 237 28.4 245 29.4

 Information 3 .......................................................................... 3,105 372 12.0 404 13.0 3,211 389 12.1 420 13.1

 Publishing, except internet ................................................ 833 58 7.0 63 7.5 850 62 7.3 65 7.7

 Motion pictures and sound recording ................................ 296 30 10.3 32 10.6 309 35 11.5 39 12.5

 Broadcasting, except internet ............................................ 522 31 5.9 40 7.6 588 51 8.7 62 10.6

 Telecommunications .......................................................... 1,183 245 20.7 261 22.1 1,186 233 19.7 246 20.8

 Financial activities ................................................................. 8,841 168 1.9 206 2.3 8,858 174 2.0 215 2.4

 Finance and insurance ...................................................... 6,503 92 1.4 123 1.9 6,531 99 1.5 129 2.0

 Finance ......................................................................... 4,308 52 1.2 73 1.7 4,313 55 1.3 76 1.8

 Insurance ...................................................................... 2,195 40 1.8 50 2.3 2,218 45 2.0 53 2.4

 Real estate and rental and leasing .................................... 2,338 77 3.3 82 3.5 2,327 74 3.2 86 3.7

 Professional and business services ...................................... 11,398 274 2.4 329 2.9 12,022 290 2.4 360 3.0

 Professional and technical services .................................. 6,601 90 1.4 116 1.8 6,962 98 1.4 147 2.1

 Management, administrative, and waste services ............. 4,798 184 3.8 213 4.4 5,060 191 3.8 213 4.2

 Education and health services ............................................... 17,853 1,483 8.3 1,694 9.5 18,120 1,591 8.8 1,815 10.0

 Educational services .......................................................... 3,540 478 13.5 562 15.9 3,513 444 12.6 529 15.1

 Health care and social assistance ..................................... 14,313 1,005 7.0 1,132 7.9 14,607 1,147 7.9 1,286 8.8

 Leisure and hospitality ........................................................... 10,638 326 3.1 370 3.5 10,956 302 2.8 354 3.2

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................... 1,781 112 6.3 126 7.1 1,966 122 6.2 138 7.0

 Accommodation and food services .................................... 8,857 214 2.4 244 2.8 8,990 180 2.0 217 2.4

 Accommodation ............................................................. 1,422 131 9.2 141 9.9 1,414 109 7.7 123 8.7

 Food services and drinking places ................................ 7,436 83 1.1 103 1.4 7,575 70 .9 94 1.2

 Other services 3 ..................................................................... 5,689 177 3.1 198 3.5 5,510 159 2.9 181 3.3

 Other services, except private households ........................ 4,873 172 3.5 191 3.9 4,727 150 3.2 172 3.6

Public sector ............................................................................. 20,392 7,378 36.2 8,172 40.1 21,053 7,557 35.9 8,373 39.8

 Federal government ............................................................... 3,381 960 28.4 1,139 33.7 3,423 916 26.8 1,079 31.5

 State government ................................................................... 6,102 1,843 30.2 2,049 33.6 6,384 1,943 30.4 2,168 34.0

 Local government ................................................................... 10,908 4,575 41.9 4,984 45.7 11,246 4,698 41.8 5,126 45.6

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to

a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to

a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are

covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

 NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and

salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or

not their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry

Occupation and industry

2006 2007

Total Members of

 unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Nonunion Total Members of

 unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Nonunion

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations ........... $967 $966 $962 $968 $996 $996 $992 $996

 Management, business, and financial operations

 occupations ................................................................... 1,045 1,042 1,060 1,044 1,080 1,066 1,072 1,081

 Management occupations ............................................ 1,127 1,144 1,154 1,125 1,161 1,172 1,165 1,160

 Business and financial operations occupations ............ 930 950 947 928 941 934 950 940

 Professional and related occupations ............................... 928 956 948 921 951 987 980 942

 Computer and mathematical occupations .................... 1,166 1,057 1,103 1,170 1,229 1,188 1,204 1,231

 Architecture and engineering occupations ................... 1,155 1,148 1,157 1,155 1,213 1,179 1,178 1,221

 Life, physical, and social science occupations ............. 984 1,114 1,086 977 1,053 1,147 1,144 1,036

 Community and social services occupations ................ 740 886 872 707 755 920 909 732

 Legal occupations ......................................................... 1,144 1,422 1,415 1,136 1,148 1,180 1,151 1,148

 Education, training, and library occupations ................. 819 929 917 725 841 959 947 742

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations ................................................................ 841 968 964 823 829 1,000 1,009 807

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ....... 905 995 979 889 920 1,005 1,019 906

Service occupations ............................................................. 422 638 629 404 454 666 654 421

 Healthcare support occupations ....................................... 423 484 481 417 454 502 502 446

 Protective service occupations ......................................... 693 918 913 585 719 954 946 610

 Food preparation and serving related occupations .......... 371 484 482 366 385 502 495 379

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations .................................................................... 406 524 520 393 422 551 543 407

 Personal care and service occupations ............................ 407 530 529 397 434 585 585 420

Sales and office occupations ................................................ 589 706 697 578 598 717 715 587

 Sales and related occupations ......................................... 628 671 656 627 643 648 648 643

 Office and administrative support occupations ................. 572 713 705 549 581 726 724 560

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations ........................................................................ 653 934 925 608 670 973 961 617

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ....................... 387 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 383 372 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 369

 Construction and extraction occupations .......................... 619 941 933 582 646 976 968 597

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ........... 742 931 922 709 749 975 962 709

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations ........................................................................ 557 741 733 519 577 759 753 540

 Production occupations .................................................... 559 730 723 525 581 761 755 552

 Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 556 752 743 512 570 757 750 523

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry—Continued

Occupation and industry

2006 2007

Total Members of

 unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Nonunion Total Members of

 unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Nonunion

INDUSTRY

Private sector ........................................................................ $645 $792 $785 $631 $666 $818 $813 $651

Agriculture and related industries ......................................... 422 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 420 412 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 411

Nonagriculture and related industries ................................... 648 793 786 634 670 819 814 654

 Mining ................................................................................ 912 3 ( ) 1,044 899 969 960 950 975

 Construction ...................................................................... 642 969 956 610 673 1,000 993 624

 Manufacturing .................................................................... 702 755 753 692 719 783 779 708

 Durable goods .............................................................. 729 785 780 719 744 818 815 732

 Nondurable goods ........................................................ 650 694 697 640 669 714 712 659

 Wholesale and retail trade ................................................. 578 637 632 575 587 639 632 584

 Wholesale trade ............................................................. 725 780 778 720 720 756 753 717

 Retail trade .................................................................... 520 583 582 518 538 608 601 532

 Transportation and utilities ................................................ 739 876 876 697 738 902 894 695

 Transportation and warehousing ................................... 700 831 828 661 696 846 835 657

 Utilities ........................................................................... 978 1,041 1,051 939 994 1,056 1,052 954

 Information 4 ...................................................................... 871 998 990 841 891 1,000 994 867

 Publishing, except internet ............................................ 848 3 ( ) 950 830 881 931 933 877

 Motion pictures and sound recording ............................ 813 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 748 889 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 797

 Broadcasting, except internet ........................................ 737 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 722 786 3 ( ) 1,010 770

 Telecommunications ...................................................... 947 986 982 928 951 1,003 1,000 927

 Financial activities ............................................................. 757 674 691 759 782 728 738 784

 Finance and insurance .................................................. 794 657 674 799 820 722 746 822

 Finance ..................................................................... 811 3 ( ) 673 817 835 717 773 836

 Insurance .................................................................. 767 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 769 795 3 ( ) 735 799

 Real estate and rental and leasing ................................ 663 701 700 660 691 739 718 690

 Professional and business services .................................. 749 744 752 749 783 800 822 782

 Professional and technical services .............................. 996 940 966 996 1,031 991 1,041 1,031

 Management, administrative, and waste services ......... 504 653 643 499 524 733 686 519

 Education and health services ........................................... 648 751 745 635 671 779 781 657

 Educational services ...................................................... 750 816 806 737 766 824 812 754

 Health care and social assistance ................................. 620 703 700 614 644 752 762 632

 Leisure and hospitality ....................................................... 417 538 533 412 440 580 572 431

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................... 545 617 604 537 587 633 634 581

 Accommodation and food services ................................ 399 515 515 395 413 534 528 410

 Accommodation ......................................................... 490 567 570 481 492 554 546 481

 Food services and drinking places ............................ 382 480 481 381 399 476 490 398

 Other services 4 ................................................................. 568 816 794 550 581 803 789 574

 Other services, except private households .................... 597 824 800 588 600 822 806 593

Public sector ......................................................................... 773 871 865 717 816 901 896 749

 Federal government ........................................................... 919 896 900 938 965 927 933 996

 State government ............................................................... 746 835 824 699 772 865 856 731

 Local government ............................................................... 754 876 868 656 787 907 899 688

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a

union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a

union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered

by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.

4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

 NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary

workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their

businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually

with the release of January data.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state

(Numbers in thousands)

State

2006 2007

Total

employed

Members of

unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Total

employed

Members of

unions 1

Represented

 by unions 2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Alabama ............................................................................... 1,930 170 8.8 194 10.0 1,895 180 9.5 201 10.6

Alaska ................................................................................... 280 62 22.2 67 23.8 284 68 23.8 70 24.7

Arizona ................................................................................. 2,584 197 7.6 250 9.7 2,619 230 8.8 255 9.7

Arkansas ............................................................................... 1,130 58 5.1 67 6.0 1,154 62 5.4 75 6.5

California .............................................................................. 14,501 2,273 15.7 2,444 16.9 14,856 2,474 16.7 2,650 17.8

Colorado ............................................................................... 2,154 165 7.7 186 8.6 2,204 191 8.7 202 9.2

Connecticut ........................................................................... 1,591 247 15.6 263 16.5 1,617 253 15.6 269 16.6

Delaware .............................................................................. 396 43 10.8 45 11.4 396 47 12.0 50 12.8

District of Columbia .............................................................. 246 25 10.3 30 12.2 278 29 10.3 38 13.6

Florida ................................................................................... 7,676 397 5.2 497 6.5 7,741 455 5.9 562 7.3

Georgia ................................................................................. 3,974 176 4.4 230 5.8 4,181 186 4.4 226 5.4

Hawaii ................................................................................... 562 139 24.7 146 25.9 556 130 23.4 135 24.2

Idaho ..................................................................................... 620 37 6.0 45 7.2 635 33 5.3 41 6.4

Illinois .................................................................................... 5,684 931 16.4 979 17.2 5,802 842 14.5 884 15.2

Indiana .................................................................................. 2,787 334 12.0 362 13.0 2,779 333 12.0 359 12.9

Iowa ...................................................................................... 1,424 161 11.3 199 14.0 1,417 149 10.5 185 13.1

Kansas .................................................................................. 1,236 99 8.0 115 9.3 1,274 89 7.0 110 8.7

Kentucky ............................................................................... 1,752 172 9.8 196 11.2 1,734 157 9.1 192 11.1

Louisiana .............................................................................. 1,676 107 6.4 121 7.2 1,670 94 5.6 108 6.5

Maine .................................................................................... 584 69 11.9 79 13.5 574 67 11.7 79 13.8

Maryland ............................................................................... 2,614 342 13.1 386 14.8 2,598 335 12.9 376 14.5

Massachusetts ...................................................................... 2,859 414 14.5 438 15.3 2,882 379 13.2 402 14.0

Michigan ............................................................................... 4,299 842 19.6 879 20.4 4,193 819 19.5 865 20.6

Minnesota ............................................................................. 2,479 395 16.0 416 16.8 2,460 400 16.3 419 17.0

Mississippi ............................................................................ 1,065 60 5.6 78 7.3 1,068 72 6.7 95 8.9

Missouri ................................................................................ 2,610 284 10.9 310 11.9 2,585 275 10.7 308 11.9

Montana ................................................................................ 397 48 12.2 52 13.1 399 54 13.5 62 15.6

Nebraska .............................................................................. 831 66 7.9 79 9.5 836 65 7.8 81 9.7

Nevada ................................................................................. 1,124 167 14.8 191 17.0 1,177 182 15.4 208 17.7

New Hampshire .................................................................... 620 63 10.1 70 11.3 631 61 9.7 70 11.2

New Jersey ........................................................................... 3,827 770 20.1 825 21.6 3,897 748 19.2 802 20.6

New Mexico .......................................................................... 796 62 7.8 92 11.5 800 62 7.7 91 11.4

New York .............................................................................. 8,115 1,981 24.4 2,060 25.4 8,150 2,055 25.2 2,146 26.3

North Carolina ...................................................................... 3,810 126 3.3 155 4.1 3,771 114 3.0 147 3.9

North Dakota ........................................................................ 300 20 6.8 24 8.0 303 19 6.4 23 7.6

Ohio ...................................................................................... 5,170 734 14.2 801 15.5 5,187 730 14.1 797 15.4

Oklahoma ............................................................................. 1,453 93 6.4 112 7.7 1,456 103 7.1 124 8.5

Oregon .................................................................................. 1,527 211 13.8 225 14.7 1,582 227 14.3 243 15.4

Pennsylvania ........................................................................ 5,457 745 13.6 802 14.7 5,496 830 15.1 910 16.6

Rhode Island ........................................................................ 498 76 15.3 79 16.0 497 75 15.0 78 15.8

South Carolina ...................................................................... 1,775 59 3.3 74 4.2 1,873 78 4.1 111 5.9

South Dakota ........................................................................ 351 21 5.9 25 7.2 354 23 6.5 27 7.7

Tennessee ............................................................................ 2,550 153 6.0 174 6.8 2,596 138 5.3 166 6.4

Texas .................................................................................... 9,751 476 4.9 576 5.9 9,899 463 4.7 566 5.7

Utah ...................................................................................... 1,121 61 5.4 69 6.1 1,153 67 5.8 78 6.8

Vermont ................................................................................ 305 34 11.0 39 12.9 288 30 10.4 35 12.2

Virginia .................................................................................. 3,446 139 4.0 179 5.2 3,502 129 3.7 167 4.8

Washington ........................................................................... 2,772 549 19.8 583 21.0 2,874 579 20.2 616 21.4

West Virginia ........................................................................ 710 101 14.2 110 15.5 724 97 13.3 107 14.7

Wisconsin ............................................................................. 2,587 386 14.9 415 16.1 2,631 376 14.3 405 15.4

Wyoming ............................................................................... 235 19 8.3 24 10.0 239 19 7.9 22 9.4

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar

to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar

to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are

covered by a union or an employee association contract.

 NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and

salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether

or not their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
WASH.

ORE.

NEV.

CALIF.

IDAHO

MONT.

WYO.

UTAH

COLO.

N.D.

S.D.

NEB.

KAN.

ARIZ.

N.M.

TEXAS

OKLA.

ARK.

LA.

MISS.

TENN.

MO.

ILL.

MINN.

IOWA

WIS.

MICH.

IND. OHIO

KY.

N.Y.

PA.

W.VA.

VA.

N.C.

S.C.

GA.

FLA.

ALA.

VT.

N.H.

MAINE#

MASS.

#

CONN.

# N.J.

# DEL.

#

MD.

#

R.I.

D.C.

West

North Central Mountain

East

North Central

Middle

Atlantic

New England

South

Atlantic

East

South Central

West

South Central

Pacific

WASH.

ORE.

NEV.

CALIF.

IDAHO

MONT.

WYO.

UTAH

COLO.

N.D.

S.D.

NEB.

KAN.

ARIZ.

N.M.

TEXAS

OKLA.

ARK.

LA.

MISS.

TENN.

MO.

ILL.

MINN.

IOWA

WIS.

MICH.

IND. OHIO

KY.

N.Y.

PA.

W.VA.

VA.

N.C.

S.C.

GA.

FLA.

ALA.

VT.

N.H.

MAINE#

MASS.

#

CONN.

# N.J.

# DEL.

#

MD.

(U.S. rate = 12.1 percent)

Chart 1. Union Membership rates by state, 2007 annual averages

20.0% or more15.0% - 19.9%10.0% - 14.9%5.0% - 9.9%4.9% or less

HAWAII

ALASKA