For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, March 17, 2020 USDL-20-0450

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2020

The number of job openings rose to 7.0 million (+411,000) on the last business day of January, the U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, hires and separations were little changed at 

5.8 million and 5.6 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate was unchanged at 2.3 percent 

and the layoffs and discharges rate was little changed at 1.1 percent. This release includes estimates of 

the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and 

by four geographic regions. The release also includes 2019 annual estimates for hires and separations. 

The annual number of hires at 69.9 million and the annual number of quits at 42.1 million increased in 

2019. The annual number of layoffs and discharges at 21.7 million edged down in 2019.

Job Openings

On the last business day of January, the job openings level rose to 7.0 million (+411,000), and the job 

openings rate increased to 4.4 percent. Over the month, the number of job openings increased for total 

private (+370,000) and edged up for government (+40,000). Job openings increased in finance and 

insurance (+65,000), federal government (+38,000), and mining and logging (+8,000). The number of 

job openings rose in the South region. (See table 1.)

Revisions to the JOLTS Estimates

Job openings, hires, and separations have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the 

Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. 

See the revision section at the end of this release for more information.
- 2 -

Hires

In January, the number and rate of hires was little changed at 5.8 million and 3.8 percent, respectively.

The hires level was little changed in all industries. The number of hires decreased in the Midwest region.

(See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 

referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 

the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 

discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 

due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In January, the number and rate of total separations was little changed at 5.6 million and 3.7 percent, 

respectively. The number of total separations decreased in federal government (-6,000). The total 

separations level decreased in the West region. (See table 3.)

The number of quits was little changed in January at 3.5 million and the rate was unchanged at 2.3

percent. The quits level was little changed for total private but fell for government (-18,000). Quits 

decreased in other services (-46,000), state and local government education (-12,000), and federal 

government (-5,000). The quits level increased in real estate and rental and leasing (+14,000). The 

number of quits was little changed in all four regions. (See table 4.)

The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in January to 1.7 million (-209,000) and the rate was 

little changed at 1.1 percent. Layoffs and discharges decreased for total private (-214,000) but was little 

changed for government. The layoffs and discharges level decreased in real estate and rental and leasing 

(-15,000) and mining and logging (-9,000). The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in the South 

region. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations increased in January (+58,000). Other separations increased for total 

private (+61,000) but was little changed for government. The largest increases in other separations were 

in health care and social assistance (+26,000) and transportation, warehousing, and utilities

(+9,000). The number of other separations increased in the South region. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 

employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 

hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 

Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 

if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in January, hires totaled 70.0 million and separations totaled 67.9 million, 

yielding a net employment gain of 2.1 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 

and separated more than once during the year.
- 3 -

Annual Levels and Rates

Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published for not seasonally adjusted data and are 

published with the January news release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings 

because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last business day of each month.

Calculating annual levels and rates allows additional comparisons across years. Annual levels for hires, 

quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 

Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

In 2019, there were 69.9 million hires, an increase of 1.3 million from 2018. Total separations (the sum 

of quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations) rose by 1.7 million in 2019 to 67.9 million. Quits 

rose for the tenth consecutive year reaching 42.1 million in 2019, up by 1.8 million. Quits comprised 

62.1 percent of total separations. Layoffs and discharges edged down by 64,000 in 2019 to 21.7 million 

and comprised 32 percent of total separations. Other separations edged down by 63,000 in 2019 to 4.0

million and comprised 5.9 percent of total separations. (See tables 13 through 22.)

The annual hires for 2019 was 46.3 percent of the annual average CES employment level. This rate has 

been trending upwards since 2009. The annual total separations rate for 2019 was 45.0 percent. The 

annual rates for the components of total separations were 27.9 percent for quits, 14.4 percent for layoffs 

and discharges, and 2.7 percent for other separations.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2020 are scheduled to be 

released on Tuesday, April 7, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 7,520 6,552 6,963 5,834 5,927 5,824 5,590 5,762 5,614

Total private....................................... 6,808 5,838 6,208 5,443 5,574 5,460 5,219 5,419 5,288

Mining and logging1............................ 31 13 21 33 25 19 30 31 23

Construction1................................... 299 216 274 443 467 425 394 432 379

Manufacturing.................................. 427 360 402 353 334 326 339 342 339

Durable goods1.............................. 278 222 255 189 192 182 169 193 190

Nondurable goods1

.......................... 150 138 147 164 142 143 169 149 149

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,429 1,192 1,237 1,122 1,161 1,188 1,087 1,115 1,179

Wholesale trade............................. 279 187 185 143 133 141 144 123 137

Retail trade................................... 808 762 769 722 772 787 726 741 790

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 342 244 283 257 256 259 217 250 251

Information1

..................................... 147 146 166 89 87 83 101 84 78

Financial activities.............................. 411 319 400 190 218 211 183 203 219

Finance and insurance..................... 285 235 300 108 135 140 112 134 146

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 126 84 100 82 83 71 71 69 73

Professional and business services......... 1,386 1,223 1,252 1,081 1,151 1,113 1,071 1,134 1,086

Education and health services............... 1,379 1,203 1,296 756 723 751 715 690 697

Educational services1

....................... 129 106 126 110 104 107 95 97 84

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,249 1,097 1,170 646 619 644 619 593 613

Leisure and hospitality........................ 1,125 916 892 1,152 1,165 1,120 1,088 1,146 1,086

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 106 127 144 178 186 172 159 184 161

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 1,019 789 748 974 979 948 929 963 925

Other services.................................. 174 250 268 223 243 225 211 242 202

Government....................................... 712 715 755 391 352 364 371 343 327

Federal1

......................................... 139 88 126 34 43 48 33 45 39

State and local................................. 573 626 629 357 309 315 337 298 288

State and local education.................. 218 234 235 179 153 154 163 164 152

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 355 393 395 178 156 162 175 134 136

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 4.8 4.1 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7

Total private....................................... 5.1 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1

Mining and logging1

............................ 4.0 1.8 2.9 4.5 3.6 2.7 4.0 4.3 3.2

Construction1

................................... 3.9 2.8 3.5 6.0 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.7 5.0

Manufacturing.................................. 3.2 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.6

Durable goods1

.............................. 3.3 2.7 3.1 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.4

Nondurable goods1.......................... 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.6 3.1 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 4.9 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.3 3.9 4.0 4.2

Wholesale trade............................. 4.5 3.1 3.0 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.3

Retail trade................................... 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.7 5.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 5.3 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.2 3.5 4.0 4.0

Information1

..................................... 4.9 4.8 5.4 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.6 2.9 2.7

Financial activities.............................. 4.5 3.5 4.3 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.5

Finance and insurance..................... 4.3 3.5 4.4 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 5.2 3.4 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1

Professional and business services......... 6.2 5.4 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.0

Education and health services............... 5.5 4.7 5.0 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8

Educational services1

....................... 3.3 2.7 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.2

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 5.8 5.0 5.3 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0

Leisure and hospitality........................ 6.4 5.2 5.0 7.0 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 4.2 4.9 5.5 7.3 7.5 6.9 6.6 7.4 6.5

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 6.8 5.2 5.0 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.5

Other services.................................. 2.9 4.1 4.3 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.6 4.1 3.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Government....................................... 3.1 3.1 3.2 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4

Federal1

......................................... 4.7 3.0 4.2 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.2 1.6 1.4

State and local................................. 2.8 3.1 3.1 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.5

State and local education.................. 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.4

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 3.7 4.0 4.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.5

1 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data

are identical.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data 

The JOLTS data are revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES employment estimates. The 

JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the 

resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. This annual benchmarking process results in 

revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data series, for the period 

since the last benchmark was established. The seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most 

recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. Further, the alignment 

methodology creates a dependency of the not seasonally adjusted estimates on the seasonal adjustment 

process. Therefore, the data series that are not seasonally adjusted are also recalculated for the most 

recent 5 years in order to reflect the effect of the updated seasonal adjustment factors on the alignment 

process. 

Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2019. The 

December 2019 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the 

final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for January 2015 through 

December 2019 will be available later today on the JOLTS website. The website also contains all 

revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision tables and data can be 

accessed through the JOLTS homepage at www.bls.gov/jlt/. 

Table B. Revisions in job openings data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2019

January............................ 7,625 7,520 -105 4.8 4.8 0.0

February........................... 7,142 7,048 -94 4.5 4.5 . 0

March...............................7,474 7,364 -110 4.7 4.7 . 0

April.................................7,372 7,284 -88 4.7 4.6 -.1

May................................. 7,384 7,300 -84 4.7 4.6 -.1

June................................ 7,248 7,185 -63 4.6 4.5 -.1

July..................................7,174 7,236 62 4.5 4.6 . 1

August............................. 7,301 7,166 -135 4.6 4.5 -.1

September.........................7,032 7,046 14 4.4 4.4 . 0

October............................ 7,361 7,309 -52 4.6 4.6 . 0

November.......................... 6,787 6,793 6 4.3 4.3 . 0

December......................... 6,423 6,552 129 4.0 4.1 . 1

Year and month
Table C. Revisions in hires data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2019

January............................ 5,829 5,834 5 3.9 3.9 0.0

February........................... 5,695 5,703 8 3.8 3.8 . 0

March...............................5,697 5,689 -8 3.8 3.8 . 0

April.................................5,991 6,000 9 4.0 4.0 . 0

May................................. 5,760 5,687 -73 3.8 3.8 . 0

June................................ 5,716 5,760 44 3.8 3.8 . 0

July..................................5,978 5,975 -3 3.9 4.0 . 1

August............................. 5,884 5,839 -45 3.9 3.9 . 0

September.........................5,951 5,959 8 3.9 3.9 . 0

October............................ 5,782 5,757 -25 3.8 3.8 . 0

November.......................... 5,827 5,857 30 3.8 3.9 . 1

December......................... 5,907 5,927 20 3.9 3.9 . 0

Year and month

Table D. Revisions in total separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2019

January............................ 5,532 5,590 58 3.7 3.7 0.0

February........................... 5,576 5,676 100 3.7 3.8 . 1

March...............................5,508 5,553 45 3.7 3.7 . 0

April.................................5,687 5,763 76 3.8 3.8 . 0

May................................. 5,557 5,547 -10 3.7 3.7 . 0

June................................ 5,513 5,568 55 3.6 3.7 . 1

July..................................5,810 5,769 -41 3.8 3.8 . 0

August............................. 5,732 5,660 -72 3.8 3.7 -.1

September.........................5,798 5,739 -59 3.8 3.8 . 0

October............................ 5,652 5,580 -72 3.7 3.7 . 0

November.......................... 5,709 5,657 -52 3.7 3.7 . 0

December......................... 5,730 5,762 32 3.8 3.8 . 0

Year and month
Table E. Revisions in quits data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2019

January............................ 3,483 3,530 47 2.3 2.4 0.1

February........................... 3,447 3,541 94 2.3 2.4 . 1

March...............................3,461 3,525 64 2.3 2.3 . 0

April.................................3,516 3,492 -24 2.3 2.3 . 0

May................................. 3,478 3,486 8 2.3 2.3 . 0

June................................ 3,462 3,481 19 2.3 2.3 . 0

July..................................3,668 3,612 -56 2.4 2.4 . 0

August............................. 3,601 3,544 -57 2.4 2.3 -.1

September.........................3,471 3,429 -42 2.3 2.3 . 0

October............................ 3,497 3,442 -55 2.3 2.3 . 0

November.......................... 3,568 3,528 -40 2.3 2.3 . 0

December......................... 3,488 3,528 40 2.3 2.3 . 0

Year and month

Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2019

January............................ 1,695 1,734 39 1.1 1.2 0.1

February........................... 1,784 1,791 7 1.2 1.2 . 0

March...............................1,693 1,698 5 1.1 1.1 . 0

April.................................1,830 1,950 120 1.2 1.3 . 1

May................................. 1,773 1,764 -9 1.2 1.2 . 0

June................................ 1,711 1,763 52 1.1 1.2 . 1

July..................................1,788 1,812 24 1.2 1.2 . 0

August............................. 1,812 1,792 -20 1.2 1.2 . 0

September.........................1,971 1,962 -9 1.3 1.3 . 0

October............................ 1,795 1,778 -17 1.2 1.2 . 0

November.......................... 1,768 1,769 1 1.2 1.2 . 0

December......................... 1,895 1,893 -2 1.2 1.2 . 0

Year and month
Table G. Revisions in other separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

A s

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2019

January............................ 355 325 -30 0.2 0.2 0.0

February........................... 346 344 -2 0.2 0.2 . 0

March............................... 354 330 -24 0.2 0.2 . 0

April................................. 341 321 -20 0.2 0.2 . 0

May................................. 306 297 -9 0.2 0.2 . 0

June................................ 340 324 -16 0.2 0.2 . 0

July.................................. 353 345 -8 0.2 0.2 . 0

August............................. 320 323 3 0.2 0.2 . 0

September......................... 356 347 -9 0.2 0.2 . 0

October............................ 360 360 0 0.2 0.2 . 0

November.......................... 373 359 -14 0.2 0.2 . 0

December......................... 347 341 -6 0.2 0.2 . 0

Year and month
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

https://www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for 

job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, 

other separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Industries are classified in accordance 

with the North American Industry Classification 

System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting Internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future, 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work, and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Excluded from separations are

transfers within the same location; employees on 

strike; employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 

establishments. The sample is stratified by 

ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment 

size class. The establishments are drawn from a 

universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled 

by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) program which includes all employers 

subject to state unemployment insurance laws and 

federal agencies subject to the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio 

adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment 

is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data

elements.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. 

Also within the first year, new businesses may go out 

of business, referred to as a death. Because not all 

births and deaths of establishments can be reflected 

on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS 

sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and 

separations from them during their early existence. 

BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses 

establishment birth and death activity from previous 

years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences as well as sampling and nonsampling 

errors between the two surveys historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust

again.

Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses X-13 ARIMA 

for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal 

adjustment methodology is used in which new 

seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each

month, using all relevant data up to and including 

current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally 

adjusted CES employment trends are applied to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment 

trends (hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the 

seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates. The JOLTS estimates are 

revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES 

employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal 

adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels 

are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and 

the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data 

elements. The seasonally adjusted data are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. These 

annual updates result in revisions to both the 

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series, for the period since the last 

benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual 

level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
annual average employment level, and multiplying 

that quotient by 100. This figure will be 

approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly 

rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates 

are published only for not seasonally adjusted data 

and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job 

openings because job openings are a stock, or pointin-time, measurement for the last business day of 

each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs 

when a sample is surveyed rather than the entire 

population. There is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected.

This variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that 

there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true

population value because of sampling error. 

Sampling error estimates are available at 

https://www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors

.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for 

many reasons including: the failure to include a 

segment of the population; the inability to obtain data 

from all units in the sample; the inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 

timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data; and 

errors from the employment benchmark data used in 

estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total............................................... 7,520 7,046 7,309 6,793 6,552 6,963 4.8 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.1 4.4

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,808 6,325 6,546 6,070 5,838 6,208 5.1 4.7 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.6

Mining and logging3....................... 31 34 23 20 13 21 4.0 4.5 3.0 2.7 1.8 2.9

Construction3

............................... 299 333 325 215 216 274 3.9 4.2 4.1 2.8 2.8 3.5

Manufacturing.............................. 427 441 403 401 360 402 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.7 3.0

Durable goods3

.......................... 278 269 258 270 222 255 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.7 3.1

Nondurable goods3

...................... 150 172 145 131 138 147 3.0 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.8 3.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,429 1,280 1,472 1,271 1,192 1,237 4.9 4.4 5.0 4.4 4.1 4.3

Wholesale trade......................... 279 193 268 188 187 185 4.5 3.2 4.3 3.1 3.1 3.0

Retail trade............................... 808 743 877 752 762 769 4.9 4.5 5.3 4.6 4.6 4.7

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 342 345 327 331 244 283 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.1 3.8 4.3

Information3................................. 147 169 142 136 146 166 4.9 5.6 4.7 4.5 4.8 5.4

Financial activities......................... 411 349 426 348 319 400 4.5 3.8 4.6 3.8 3.5 4.3

Finance and insurance................. 285 268 323 259 235 300 4.3 4.0 4.8 3.9 3.5 4.4

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 126 81 103 88 84 100 5.2 3.3 4.2 3.6 3.4 4.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,386 1,260 1,218 1,217 1,223 1,252 6.2 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.5

Education and health services........... 1,379 1,216 1,306 1,311 1,203 1,296 5.5 4.8 5.1 5.1 4.7 5.0

Educational services3................... 129 129 131 146 106 126 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.7 2.7 3.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,249 1,087 1,176 1,165 1,097 1,170 5.8 5.0 5.4 5.3 5.0 5.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,125 995 975 966 916 892 6.4 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 106 148 135 120 127 144 4.2 5.7 5.2 4.6 4.9 5.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,019 847 840 845 789 748 6.8 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.2 5.0

Other services.............................. 174 248 256 185 250 268 2.9 4.0 4.2 3.0 4.1 4.3

Government................................... 712 721 763 723 715 755 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2

Federal3

..................................... 139 112 124 117 88 126 4.7 3.8 4.2 3.9 3.0 4.2

State and local............................. 573 608 638 606 626 629 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1

State and local education.............. 218 229 234 220 234 235 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.2

State and local, excluding

education3

............................. 355 380 404 386 393 395 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.1

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 1,239 1,174 1,234 1,178 1,135 1,233 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.2

South........................................... 2,762 2,693 2,804 2,545 2,439 2,630 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.4 4.2 4.5

Midwest........................................ 1,769 1,548 1,648 1,485 1,400 1,496 5.1 4.5 4.8 4.3 4.1 4.3

West............................................ 1,750 1,630 1,623 1,585 1,578 1,604 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total............................................... 5,834 5,959 5,757 5,857 5,927 5,824 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,443 5,593 5,397 5,485 5,574 5,460 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.2

Mining and logging......................... 33 24 28 22 25 19 4.5 3.3 3.7 3.1 3.6 2.7

Construction................................ 443 452 475 426 467 425 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.7 6.2 5.6

Manufacturing.............................. 353 344 312 357 334 326 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.5

Durable goods........................... 189 198 177 212 192 182 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.3

Nondurable goods....................... 164 146 135 145 142 143 3.4 3.1 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,122 1,196 1,112 1,170 1,161 1,188 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3

Wholesale trade......................... 143 162 144 156 133 141 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.4

Retail trade............................... 722 787 716 763 772 787 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.9 5.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 257 248 252 251 256 259 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2

Information.................................. 89 91 96 90 87 83 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9

Financial activities......................... 190 225 217 236 218 211 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.4

Finance and insurance................. 108 143 135 149 135 140 1.7 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 82 82 82 87 83 71 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.0

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,081 1,178 1,118 1,157 1,151 1,113 5.1 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.2

Education and health services........... 756 740 722 730 723 751 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1

Educational services.................... 110 99 106 107 104 107 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8

Health care and social assistance. . .. 646 641 616 623 619 644 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,152 1,160 1,101 1,078 1,165 1,120 7.0 7.0 6.6 6.4 6.9 6.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 178 176 168 187 186 172 7.3 7.2 6.8 7.6 7.5 6.9

Accommodation and food services. .. 974 985 934 891 979 948 6.9 6.9 6.6 6.2 6.8 6.6

Other services.............................. 223 182 216 220 243 225 3.8 3.1 3.7 3.7 4.1 3.8

Government................................... 391 366 360 371 352 364 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Federal...................................... 34 42 44 51 43 48 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.7

State and local............................. 357 325 316 321 309 315 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

State and local education.............. 179 161 156 160 153 154 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 178 163 160 160 156 162 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 857 904 921 949 935 945 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4

South........................................... 2,399 2,429 2,274 2,296 2,358 2,307 4.4 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.1

Midwest........................................ 1,234 1,272 1,237 1,304 1,263 1,137 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.4

West............................................ 1,344 1,353 1,325 1,308 1,371 1,436 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.1

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total............................................... 5,590 5,739 5,580 5,657 5,762 5,614 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,219 5,387 5,211 5,307 5,419 5,288 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.1

Mining and logging......................... 30 24 26 29 31 23 4.0 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.3 3.2

Construction................................ 394 431 450 416 432 379 5.3 5.7 6.0 5.5 5.7 5.0

Manufacturing.............................. 339 349 333 318 342 339 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.6

Durable goods........................... 169 205 205 184 193 190 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.4

Nondurable goods....................... 169 144 128 134 149 149 3.6 3.0 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,087 1,201 1,062 1,198 1,115 1,179 3.9 4.3 3.8 4.3 4.0 4.2

Wholesale trade......................... 144 161 136 147 123 137 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.3

Retail trade............................... 726 796 687 816 741 790 4.6 5.1 4.4 5.2 4.7 5.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 217 244 240 235 250 251 3.5 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.0

Information.................................. 101 82 92 79 84 78 3.6 2.8 3.2 2.7 2.9 2.7

Financial activities......................... 183 216 200 213 203 219 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.5

Finance and insurance................. 112 135 127 143 134 146 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 71 81 72 70 69 73 3.1 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,071 1,141 1,079 1,131 1,134 1,086 5.1 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.0

Education and health services........... 715 661 668 663 690 697 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8

Educational services.................... 95 86 101 89 97 84 2.6 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 619 575 567 574 593 613 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,088 1,096 1,067 1,063 1,146 1,086 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.8 6.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 159 152 170 175 184 161 6.6 6.2 6.9 7.1 7.4 6.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 929 944 896 888 963 925 6.6 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.7 6.5

Other services.............................. 211 186 234 197 242 202 3.6 3.2 4.0 3.3 4.1 3.4

Government................................... 371 352 369 350 343 327 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4

Federal...................................... 33 41 55 41 45 39 1.2 1.4 2.0 1.4 1.6 1.4

State and local............................. 337 311 314 309 298 288 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5

State and local education.............. 163 158 160 157 164 152 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 175 153 154 152 134 136 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.5

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 805 851 936 909 887 895 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2

South........................................... 2,281 2,296 2,076 2,147 2,249 2,194 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.9 4.0 3.9

Midwest........................................ 1,205 1,221 1,186 1,235 1,220 1,243 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8

West............................................ 1,299 1,371 1,382 1,366 1,406 1,282 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.6

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total............................................... 3,530 3,429 3,442 3,528 3,528 3,532 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,334 3,242 3,261 3,341 3,331 3,353 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6

Mining and logging......................... 16 11 12 14 13 13 2.2 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.9

Construction................................ 189 185 189 164 170 168 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.2

Manufacturing.............................. 221 214 200 201 206 189 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5

Durable goods........................... 112 125 118 107 110 104 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.3

Nondurable goods....................... 110 89 82 94 97 85 2.3 1.9 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 706 741 630 802 734 791 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.9 2.6 2.8

Wholesale trade......................... 80 81 61 89 77 82 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.4

Retail trade............................... 502 525 433 577 507 561 3.2 3.4 2.8 3.7 3.2 3.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 124 135 135 135 150 149 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4

Information.................................. 55 41 45 43 41 38 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3

Financial activities......................... 110 132 131 148 127 144 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.6

Finance and insurance................. 65 92 88 102 88 90 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4

Real estate and rental and leasing3

... 45 40 42 46 40 54 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.7 2.3

Professional and business services. . . .. 647 642 632 636 622 645 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.0

Education and health services........... 481 447 464 462 500 478 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9

Educational services.................... 47 49 62 53 66 56 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.5

Health care and social assistance. . .. 434 398 402 409 434 422 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 767 722 776 736 771 786 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 72 75 84 86 72 88 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.5 2.9 3.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 695 647 692 650 698 698 4.9 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.9 4.9

Other services.............................. 140 106 183 134 147 101 2.4 1.8 3.1 2.3 2.5 1.7

Government................................... 196 187 180 188 197 179 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8

Federal...................................... 15 18 19 17 23 18 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6

State and local............................. 182 169 161 171 174 161 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8

State and local education.............. 100 91 85 90 98 86 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 82 78 76 81 76 75 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 456 453 506 478 462 493 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8

South........................................... 1,467 1,354 1,331 1,429 1,452 1,455 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6

Midwest........................................ 775 776 768 777 760 783 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4

West............................................ 832 846 837 844 854 801 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total............................................... 1,734 1,962 1,778 1,769 1,893 1,684 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,612 1,860 1,657 1,672 1,815 1,601 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2

Mining and logging......................... 13 12 12 14 17 8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.3 1.2

Construction................................ 183 223 244 233 243 192 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.5

Manufacturing.............................. 97 113 114 95 110 122 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9

Durable goods........................... 47 66 73 62 67 69 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9

Nondurable goods....................... 50 47 41 33 43 53 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 316 386 365 311 323 316 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1

Wholesale trade3

........................ 54 70 66 46 35 46 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.8

Retail trade............................... 182 228 211 185 197 187 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 81 89 88 81 90 83 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.3

Information.................................. 35 35 40 33 37 28 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.0

Financial activities......................... 54 60 42 44 48 40 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Finance and insurance................. 30 25 18 20 24 31 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 24 35 24 23 24 9 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 375 441 390 434 454 384 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.8

Education and health services........... 184 178 167 165 150 152 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6

Educational services.................... 43 32 29 31 26 22 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6

Health care and social assistance. . .. 141 145 137 134 124 130 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 296 345 247 298 342 264 1.8 2.1 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 83 74 81 84 108 70 3.4 3.0 3.3 3.4 4.3 2.8

Accommodation and food services. .. 213 272 165 214 234 195 1.5 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.4

Other services.............................. 58 66 36 44 91 95 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.7 1.5 1.6

Government................................... 122 103 121 98 78 83 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4

Federal...................................... 9 10 26 12 9 10 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.3

State and local............................. 113 93 96 86 69 73 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4

State and local education.............. 40 43 46 41 40 40 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 73 50 49 44 29 33 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 300 334 366 362 347 334 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2

South........................................... 683 798 621 587 692 578 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0

Midwest........................................ 363 380 340 390 389 389 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2

West............................................ 388 450 452 430 464 384 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total............................................... 325 347 360 359 341 399 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 274 285 293 294 272 333 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging......................... 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Construction3

............................... 22 22 17 18 19 20 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 20 21 20 21 26 28 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods........................... 11 14 14 14 16 16 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods3

...................... 10 8 5 7 9 12 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 64 74 68 85 58 71 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 10 10 9 12 10 9 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Retail trade............................... 42 44 42 54 38 43 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 12 20 17 20 10 19 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

Information3................................. 11 6 8 3 6 12 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4

Financial activities......................... 19 24 26 22 27 35 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4

Finance and insurance................. 17 19 21 21 22 25 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing3

... 2 6 6 1 5 10 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 49 58 57 60 58 58 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Education and health services........... 49 36 37 36 39 68 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3

Educational services.................... 5 5 9 4 4 7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance3

. .. 44 31 28 31 35 61 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 25 29 44 29 34 35 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation3

... 4 3 5 5 3 4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Accommodation and food services3... 21 25 39 24 30 32 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other services3............................. 14 15 15 19 4 5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1

Government................................... 52 62 68 65 68 65 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 9 13 11 12 13 11 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4

State and local............................. 43 49 57 52 56 54 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local education.............. 22 23 28 25 27 26 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 20 26 29 27 29 28 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 49 64 65 69 77 69 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

South........................................... 132 144 124 132 104 161 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Midwest........................................ 66 65 78 67 71 72 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West............................................ 78 75 93 91 88 97 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS

seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 7,402 5,974 6,864 4.8 3.8 4.4

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,719 5,282 6,140 5.1 3.9 4.6

Mining and logging............................................... 31 13 21 4.1 1.8 2.9

Construction....................................................... 299 216 274 4.1 2.8 3.7

Manufacturing..................................................... 427 360 402 3.2 2.7 3.1

Durable goods.................................................. 278 222 255 3.3 2.7 3.1

Nondurable goods............................................. 150 138 147 3.1 2.8 3.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,283 1,045 1,098 4.4 3.5 3.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 288 168 195 4.7 2.7 3.2

Retail trade..................................................... 653 633 621 4.0 3.8 3.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 342 244 283 5.3 3.6 4.3

Information........................................................ 147 146 166 5.0 4.8 5.5

Financial activities................................................ 442 306 432 4.9 3.4 4.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 316 222 332 4.7 3.3 4.9

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 126 84 100 5.3 3.4 4.2

Professional and business services............................ 1,385 1,069 1,252 6.3 4.7 5.6

Education and health services.................................. 1,467 1,147 1,390 5.8 4.5 5.4

Educational services.......................................... 129 106 126 3.5 2.7 3.3

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,338 1,041 1,264 6.2 4.8 5.8

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,062 744 834 6.3 4.3 4.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 105 98 145 4.6 4.1 6.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 957 646 690 6.6 4.4 4.7

Other services.................................................... 175 236 271 2.9 3.8 4.4

Government.......................................................... 683 691 724 3.0 2.9 3.1

Federal............................................................. 139 88 126 4.8 3.0 4.2

State and local.................................................... 544 603 598 2.7 2.9 2.9

State and local education..................................... 189 211 204 1.8 1.9 1.9

State and local, excluding education........................ 355 393 395 3.8 4.1 4.1

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,210 1,055 1,209 4.3 3.6 4.2

South................................................................. 2,746 2,245 2,618 4.8 3.8 4.5

Midwest............................................................... 1,690 1,255 1,425 5.0 3.6 4.2

West.................................................................. 1,756 1,418 1,612 4.9 3.8 4.4

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 5,545 4,407 5,533 3.7 2.9 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,193 4,199 5,204 4.1 3.2 4.1

Mining and logging............................................... 37 16 23 5.1 2.2 3.3

Construction....................................................... 403 264 385 5.7 3.5 5.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 368 226 340 2.9 1.8 2.7

Durable goods.................................................. 205 130 198 2.6 1.6 2.5

Nondurable goods............................................. 163 96 143 3.5 2.0 3.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 948 950 996 3.4 3.3 3.6

Wholesale trade................................................ 152 97 148 2.6 1.6 2.5

Retail trade..................................................... 561 584 610 3.6 3.6 3.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 235 269 239 3.8 4.2 3.8

Information........................................................ 102 63 94 3.6 2.2 3.3

Financial activities................................................ 214 155 237 2.5 1.8 2.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 129 97 164 2.0 1.5 2.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 84 58 73 3.7 2.5 3.2

Professional and business services............................ 1,125 962 1,154 5.4 4.5 5.5

Education and health services.................................. 818 529 821 3.5 2.1 3.4

Educational services.......................................... 115 61 113 3.2 1.6 3.0

Health care and social assistance........................... 703 468 708 3.5 2.3 3.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 948 860 921 6.0 5.2 5.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 119 120 116 5.5 5.2 5.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 829 739 805 6.1 5.2 5.8

Other services.................................................... 229 174 231 4.0 3.0 3.9

Government.......................................................... 352 208 329 1.6 0.9 1.5

Federal............................................................. 32 33 46 1.1 1.2 1.6

State and local.................................................... 320 175 283 1.6 0.9 1.4

State and local education..................................... 175 77 150 1.7 0.7 1.4

State and local, excluding education........................ 145 98 133 1.6 1.1 1.4

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 763 666 840 2.8 2.4 3.1

South................................................................. 2,422 1,814 2,331 4.5 3.2 4.2

Midwest............................................................... 1,113 915 1,021 3.5 2.7 3.1

West.................................................................. 1,248 1,012 1,341 3.6 2.8 3.8

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 5,988 5,482 6,036 4.0 3.6 4.0

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,664 5,183 5,741 4.5 4.0 4.5

Mining and logging............................................... 37 33 28 5.0 4.6 3.9

Construction....................................................... 430 474 416 6.1 6.4 5.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 328 286 339 2.6 2.2 2.7

Durable goods.................................................. 173 161 201 2.2 2.0 2.5

Nondurable goods............................................. 155 125 138 3.3 2.6 2.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,401 1,149 1,494 5.1 4.0 5.4

Wholesale trade................................................ 153 106 147 2.6 1.8 2.5

Retail trade..................................................... 896 748 961 5.7 4.6 6.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 352 295 386 5.7 4.6 6.2

Information........................................................ 120 80 93 4.3 2.8 3.3

Financial activities................................................ 212 180 252 2.5 2.0 2.9

Finance and insurance........................................ 129 115 167 2.0 1.8 2.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 84 65 85 3.7 2.8 3.7

Professional and business services............................ 1,168 1,155 1,178 5.6 5.3 5.6

Education and health services.................................. 755 592 738 3.2 2.4 3.0

Educational services.......................................... 92 69 82 2.5 1.8 2.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 663 523 655 3.3 2.5 3.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,010 1,005 1,011 6.4 6.1 6.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 119 174 121 5.5 7.5 5.4

Accommodation and food services.......................... 891 831 890 6.6 5.9 6.4

Other services.................................................... 203 229 194 3.5 3.9 3.3

Government.......................................................... 324 299 295 1.4 1.3 1.3

Federal............................................................. 40 49 46 1.4 1.7 1.6

State and local.................................................... 283 249 249 1.4 1.2 1.3

State and local education..................................... 137 127 127 1.3 1.2 1.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 146 123 122 1.6 1.3 1.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 892 884 993 3.3 3.2 3.6

South................................................................. 2,436 2,070 2,346 4.5 3.7 4.3

Midwest............................................................... 1,296 1,193 1,343 4.0 3.6 4.1

West.................................................................. 1,364 1,335 1,353 4.0 3.8 3.9

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 3,473 2,978 3,470 2.3 1.9 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,300 2,827 3,312 2.6 2.2 2.6

Mining and logging............................................... 17 9 14 2.3 1.3 1.9

Construction....................................................... 176 137 155 2.5 1.8 2.1

Manufacturing..................................................... 202 148 173 1.6 1.2 1.4

Durable goods.................................................. 104 78 97 1.3 1.0 1.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 98 70 75 2.1 1.5 1.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 702 658 784 2.5 2.3 2.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 85 61 87 1.5 1.0 1.5

Retail trade..................................................... 509 439 568 3.3 2.7 3.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 108 159 130 1.8 2.5 2.1

Information........................................................ 59 35 42 2.1 1.2 1.5

Financial activities................................................ 108 113 141 1.3 1.3 1.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 63 74 87 1.0 1.1 1.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 45 40 54 2.0 1.7 2.3

Professional and business services............................ 680 540 672 3.3 2.5 3.2

Education and health services.................................. 500 435 496 2.1 1.8 2.0

Educational services.......................................... 47 46 55 1.3 1.2 1.5

Health care and social assistance........................... 453 389 441 2.3 1.9 2.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 718 630 735 4.6 3.8 4.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 57 52 70 2.7 2.3 3.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 660 578 665 4.9 4.1 4.8

Other services.................................................... 140 121 102 2.4 2.0 1.7

Government.......................................................... 173 151 158 0.8 0.7 0.7

Federal............................................................. 14 22 17 0.5 0.8 0.6

State and local.................................................... 159 129 141 0.8 0.6 0.7

State and local education..................................... 84 68 72 0.8 0.6 0.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 75 61 69 0.8 0.7 0.7

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 469 388 502 1.7 1.4 1.8

South................................................................. 1,462 1,218 1,451 2.7 2.2 2.6

Midwest............................................................... 735 636 740 2.3 1.9 2.3

West.................................................................. 807 736 776 2.3 2.1 2.2

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 2,133 2,171 2,100 1.4 1.4 1.4

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 2,037 2,093 2,032 1.6 1.6 1.6

Mining and logging............................................... 19 22 12 2.6 3.1 1.7

Construction....................................................... 232 318 242 3.3 4.3 3.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 102 108 131 0.8 0.8 1.0

Durable goods.................................................. 54 64 81 0.7 0.8 1.0

Nondurable goods............................................. 47 45 50 1.0 0.9 1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 613 438 617 2.2 1.5 2.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 54 35 46 0.9 0.6 0.8

Retail trade..................................................... 328 276 333 2.1 1.7 2.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 231 126 237 3.8 1.9 3.8

Information........................................................ 50 40 39 1.8 1.4 1.4

Financial activities................................................ 77 45 63 0.9 0.5 0.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 40 25 42 0.6 0.4 0.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 37 20 21 1.6 0.9 0.9

Professional and business services............................ 422 557 428 2.0 2.6 2.0

Education and health services.................................. 205 119 172 0.9 0.5 0.7

Educational services.......................................... 39 20 19 1.1 0.5 0.5

Health care and social assistance........................... 166 99 153 0.8 0.5 0.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 268 342 241 1.7 2.1 1.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 58 119 47 2.7 5.1 2.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 209 223 193 1.5 1.6 1.4

Other services.................................................... 49 105 87 0.9 1.8 1.5

Government.......................................................... 96 78 68 0.4 0.3 0.3

Federal............................................................. 13 12 13 0.5 0.4 0.5

State and local.................................................... 84 66 55 0.4 0.3 0.3

State and local education..................................... 35 40 34 0.3 0.4 0.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 49 26 21 0.5 0.3 0.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 368 425 414 1.4 1.5 1.5

South................................................................. 816 749 700 1.5 1.3 1.3

Midwest............................................................... 479 478 516 1.5 1.4 1.6

West.................................................................. 470 519 470 1.4 1.5 1.3

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Jan.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 382 334 466 0.3 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 327 263 397 0.3 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging............................................... 1 1 2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Construction....................................................... 22 19 20 0.3 0.3 0.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 24 29 35 0.2 0.2 0.3

Durable goods.................................................. 14 20 23 0.2 0.2 0.3

Nondurable goods............................................. 10 9 12 0.2 0.2 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 86 52 93 0.3 0.2 0.3

Wholesale trade................................................ 14 9 14 0.2 0.2 0.2

Retail trade..................................................... 60 33 60 0.4 0.2 0.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 12 10 19 0.2 0.2 0.3

Information........................................................ 11 6 12 0.4 0.2 0.4

Financial activities................................................ 27 22 48 0.3 0.2 0.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 25 16 38 0.4 0.3 0.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 2 5 10 0.1 0.2 0.4

Professional and business services............................ 67 58 78 0.3 0.3 0.4

Education and health services.................................. 50 38 69 0.2 0.2 0.3

Educational services.......................................... 6 3 8 0.2 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 44 35 61 0.2 0.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 25 34 35 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 4 3 4 0.2 0.2 0.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 21 30 32 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other services.................................................... 14 4 5 0.2 0.1 0.1

Government.......................................................... 55 71 69 0.2 0.3 0.3

Federal............................................................. 13 16 16 0.5 0.5 0.6

State and local.................................................... 41 55 53 0.2 0.3 0.3

State and local education..................................... 18 19 21 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 23 36 32 0.3 0.4 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 55 72 76 0.2 0.3 0.3

South................................................................. 158 103 196 0.3 0.2 0.4

Midwest............................................................... 82 79 87 0.3 0.2 0.3

West.................................................................. 87 80 107 0.3 0.2 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 13. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total.............................................................................. 62,589 63,731 65,638 68,594 69,943

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 58,528 59,502 61,502 64,286 65,567

Mining and logging........................................................ 304 294 374 449 319

Construction............................................................... 3,982 4,059 4,585 4,524 4,981

Manufacturing............................................................. 3,224 3,353 3,985 4,390 4,081

Durable goods.......................................................... 1,880 1,923 2,238 2,512 2,297

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,344 1,427 1,748 1,879 1,783

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 13,054 12,856 12,642 13,682 13,870

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,645 1,643 1,656 1,756 1,806

Retail trade.............................................................. 9,081 8,784 8,479 9,032 9,088

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 2,330 2,429 2,507 2,895 2,976

Information................................................................. 976 980 1,018 1,088 1,123

Financial activities......................................................... 2,371 2,407 2,530 2,501 2,649

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,590 1,600 1,657 1,636 1,672

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 782 804 874 864 977

Professional and business services.................................... 12,944 13,337 13,430 13,747 13,860

Education and health services.......................................... 7,509 7,687 8,007 8,509 8,689

Educational services................................................... 1,096 1,109 1,141 1,159 1,209

Health care and social assistance................................... 6,415 6,577 6,867 7,350 7,480

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 11,650 12,222 12,236 12,797 13,388

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,850 1,910 2,048 2,211 1,979

Accommodation and food services................................... 9,799 10,314 10,188 10,587 11,408

Other services............................................................. 2,513 2,313 2,687 2,598 2,603

Government.................................................................. 4,059 4,229 4,138 4,310 4,376

Federal..................................................................... 415 411 380 420 506

State and local............................................................ 3,646 3,816 3,757 3,889 3,868

State and local education............................................. 1,810 1,863 1,820 2,013 1,993

State and local, excluding education................................ 1,835 1,955 1,936 1,874 1,877

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 9,911 10,196 10,486 10,496 11,000

South.......................................................................... 24,446 24,403 25,898 27,315 28,094

Midwest....................................................................... 13,928 14,343 14,340 15,192 14,972

West........................................................................... 14,305 14,792 14,909 15,592 15,876

1 The annual hires level is the total number of hires during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 14. Annual hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total.............................................................................. 44.1 44.1 44.8 46.1 46.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 48.8 48.7 49.5 50.8 51.1

Mining and logging........................................................ 37.4 44.0 55.3 61.8 43.3

Construction............................................................... 61.6 60.3 65.8 62.1 66.5

Manufacturing............................................................. 26.1 27.1 32.0 34.6 31.8

Durable goods.......................................................... 24.2 24.9 28.9 31.6 28.5

Nondurable goods...................................................... 29.4 30.8 37.2 39.6 37.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 48.7 47.3 46.1 49.6 50.0

Wholesale trade........................................................ 28.5 28.4 28.5 30.1 30.6

Retail trade.............................................................. 58.2 55.5 53.5 57.2 58.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 42.9 43.6 43.6 48.4 48.3

Information................................................................. 35.5 35.0 36.2 38.3 39.2

Financial activities......................................................... 29.2 29.0 29.9 29.1 30.3

Finance and insurance................................................ 26.3 26.0 26.5 25.8 26.0

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 37.5 37.6 39.9 38.3 42.1

Professional and business services.................................... 65.7 66.3 65.5 65.6 65.0

Education and health services.......................................... 34.1 34.0 34.5 36.0 35.9

Educational services................................................... 31.6 31.1 31.1 31.2 32.1

Health care and social assistance................................... 34.6 34.5 35.2 36.9 36.6

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 76.8 78.0 76.2 78.5 80.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 85.4 84.8 87.8 92.8 81.3

Accommodation and food services................................... 75.4 76.9 74.3 76.1 80.7

Other services............................................................. 44.7 40.6 46.6 44.6 44.2

Government.................................................................. 18.4 19.0 18.5 19.2 19.4

Federal..................................................................... 15.1 14.7 13.5 15.0 17.9

State and local............................................................ 18.9 19.6 19.2 19.8 19.6

State and local education............................................. 17.6 18.0 17.5 19.3 19.0

State and local, excluding education................................ 20.4 21.5 21.2 20.4 20.3

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 37.9 38.4 38.9 38.5 39.8

South.......................................................................... 47.3 46.3 48.3 50.1 50.8

Midwest....................................................................... 44.1 44.9 44.4 46.8 45.6

West........................................................................... 44.2 44.6 44.0 45.1 45.2

1 The annual hires rate is the number of hires during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 15. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total.............................................................................. 59,930 61,512 63,497 66,199 67,856

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 56,020 57,440 59,429 62,058 63,640

Mining and logging........................................................ 452 393 327 393 346

Construction............................................................... 3,645 3,920 4,278 4,215 4,855

Manufacturing............................................................. 3,160 3,363 3,813 4,123 4,021

Durable goods.......................................................... 1,883 1,981 2,116 2,291 2,277

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,278 1,382 1,695 1,830 1,744

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 12,671 12,486 12,512 13,501 13,685

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,626 1,617 1,625 1,714 1,741

Retail trade.............................................................. 8,912 8,631 8,540 9,154 9,106

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 2,131 2,239 2,352 2,630 2,840

Information................................................................. 949 929 1,014 1,057 1,100

Financial activities......................................................... 2,226 2,217 2,381 2,334 2,508

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,480 1,471 1,576 1,530 1,597

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 745 747 806 804 912

Professional and business services.................................... 12,434 13,013 13,024 13,294 13,488

Education and health services.......................................... 6,872 7,107 7,558 8,034 8,046

Educational services................................................... 1,013 1,038 1,068 1,129 1,101

Health care and social assistance................................... 5,859 6,071 6,487 6,906 6,945

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 11,150 11,764 11,910 12,547 13,064

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,772 1,829 1,969 2,108 1,943

Accommodation and food services................................... 9,374 9,936 9,941 10,438 11,120

Other services............................................................. 2,463 2,246 2,609 2,561 2,525

Government.................................................................. 3,907 4,073 4,068 4,138 4,216

Federal..................................................................... 380 371 401 400 465

State and local............................................................ 3,526 3,702 3,666 3,739 3,748

State and local education............................................. 1,762 1,821 1,782 1,928 1,937

State and local, excluding education................................ 1,764 1,882 1,885 1,810 1,811

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 9,464 9,902 10,303 10,086 10,511

South.......................................................................... 23,418 23,646 25,125 26,299 26,781

Midwest....................................................................... 13,353 13,807 13,832 14,621 14,493

West........................................................................... 13,694 14,159 14,233 15,191 16,072

1 The annual total separations level is the total number of total separations during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 16. Annual total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total.............................................................................. 42.3 42.6 43.3 44.5 45.0

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 46.8 47.0 47.8 49.1 49.6

Mining and logging........................................................ 55.6 58.8 48.4 54.1 47.0

Construction............................................................... 56.4 58.3 61.4 57.8 64.8

Manufacturing............................................................. 25.6 27.2 30.7 32.5 31.3

Durable goods.......................................................... 24.2 25.7 27.3 28.8 28.3

Nondurable goods...................................................... 27.9 29.8 36.1 38.6 36.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 47.2 45.9 45.6 48.9 49.4

Wholesale trade........................................................ 28.1 27.9 27.9 29.3 29.5

Retail trade.............................................................. 57.1 54.5 53.9 58.0 58.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 39.2 40.1 40.9 43.9 46.1

Information................................................................. 34.5 33.2 36.0 37.2 38.4

Financial activities......................................................... 27.4 26.8 28.2 27.2 28.7

Finance and insurance................................................ 24.5 23.9 25.2 24.1 24.9

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 35.7 34.9 36.8 35.7 39.3

Professional and business services.................................... 63.1 64.7 63.5 63.5 63.3

Education and health services.......................................... 31.2 31.4 32.6 34.0 33.3

Educational services................................................... 29.2 29.1 29.1 30.4 29.3

Health care and social assistance................................... 31.6 31.8 33.2 34.7 34.0

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 73.5 75.1 74.2 77.0 78.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 81.8 81.2 84.4 88.5 79.9

Accommodation and food services................................... 72.1 74.1 72.5 75.0 78.6

Other services............................................................. 43.8 39.5 45.2 43.9 42.8

Government.................................................................. 17.7 18.3 18.2 18.4 18.7

Federal..................................................................... 13.8 13.3 14.3 14.3 16.4

State and local............................................................ 18.3 19.1 18.8 19.0 19.0

State and local education............................................. 17.2 17.6 17.1 18.4 18.5

State and local, excluding education................................ 19.6 20.7 20.6 19.7 19.5

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 36.1 37.3 38.3 37.0 38.0

South.......................................................................... 45.3 44.9 46.9 48.2 48.4

Midwest....................................................................... 42.3 43.2 42.9 45.0 44.1

West........................................................................... 42.3 42.7 42.0 43.9 45.8

1 The annual total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 17. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total.............................................................................. 33,659 35,882 37,708 40,331 42,113

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 31,794 33,839 35,682 38,174 39,878

Mining and logging........................................................ 176 161 172 247 177

Construction............................................................... 1,359 1,491 1,852 2,058 2,082

Manufacturing............................................................. 1,614 1,777 2,292 2,506 2,475

Durable goods.......................................................... 921 999 1,261 1,378 1,380

Nondurable goods...................................................... 694 780 1,033 1,127 1,093

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 7,462 7,703 7,882 8,497 8,897

Wholesale trade........................................................ 928 977 1,020 1,067 1,022

Retail trade.............................................................. 5,462 5,584 5,616 5,958 6,238

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 1,071 1,142 1,244 1,473 1,639

Information................................................................. 497 482 521 568 563

Financial activities......................................................... 1,217 1,215 1,365 1,407 1,560

Finance and insurance................................................ 822 810 909 857 1,014

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 392 405 457 549 546

Professional and business services.................................... 6,472 7,138 7,458 7,561 7,782

Education and health services.......................................... 4,487 4,645 4,920 5,379 5,543

Educational services................................................... 548 574 576 580 640

Health care and social assistance................................... 3,941 4,071 4,345 4,797 4,901

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 7,142 7,921 7,749 8,444 9,181

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 671 810 779 919 942

Accommodation and food services................................... 6,470 7,110 6,972 7,524 8,239

Other services............................................................. 1,370 1,307 1,470 1,511 1,621

Government.................................................................. 1,864 2,043 2,026 2,159 2,236

Federal..................................................................... 141 148 177 184 206

State and local............................................................ 1,725 1,896 1,847 1,975 2,028

State and local education............................................. 868 932 926 1,043 1,103

State and local, excluding education................................ 855 963 923 933 925

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 4,804 5,130 5,424 5,388 5,778

South.......................................................................... 13,769 14,396 15,317 16,467 17,158

Midwest....................................................................... 7,480 7,973 8,116 8,988 9,245

West........................................................................... 7,608 8,384 8,853 9,488 9,931

1 The annual quits level is the total number of quits during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 18. Annual quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total.............................................................................. 23.7 24.9 25.7 27.1 27.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 26.5 27.7 28.7 30.2 31.1

Mining and logging........................................................ 21.6 24.1 25.4 34.0 24.0

Construction............................................................... 21.0 22.2 26.6 28.2 27.8

Manufacturing............................................................. 13.1 14.4 18.4 19.8 19.3

Durable goods.......................................................... 11.9 13.0 16.3 17.3 17.1

Nondurable goods...................................................... 15.2 16.8 22.0 23.8 22.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 27.8 28.3 28.8 30.8 32.1

Wholesale trade........................................................ 16.1 16.9 17.5 18.3 17.3

Retail trade.............................................................. 35.0 35.3 35.4 37.7 39.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 19.7 20.5 21.6 24.6 26.6

Information................................................................. 18.1 17.2 18.5 20.0 19.7

Financial activities......................................................... 15.0 14.7 16.2 16.4 17.8

Finance and insurance................................................ 13.6 13.2 14.5 13.5 15.8

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 18.8 18.9 20.9 24.4 23.5

Professional and business services.................................... 32.9 35.5 36.4 36.1 36.5

Education and health services.......................................... 20.4 20.5 21.2 22.8 22.9

Educational services................................................... 15.8 16.1 15.7 15.6 17.0

Health care and social assistance................................... 21.2 21.3 22.3 24.1 24.0

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 47.1 50.6 48.3 51.8 55.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 31.0 36.0 33.4 38.6 38.7

Accommodation and food services................................... 49.8 53.0 50.8 54.1 58.3

Other services............................................................. 24.4 23.0 25.5 25.9 27.5

Government.................................................................. 8.5 9.2 9.1 9.6 9.9

Federal..................................................................... 5.1 5.3 6.3 6.6 7.3

State and local............................................................ 9.0 9.8 9.5 10.0 10.3

State and local education............................................. 8.5 9.0 8.9 10.0 10.5

State and local, excluding education................................ 9.5 10.6 10.1 10.1 10.0

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 18.3 19.3 20.1 19.8 20.9

South.......................................................................... 26.6 27.3 28.6 30.2 31.0

Midwest....................................................................... 23.7 24.9 25.2 27.7 28.1

West........................................................................... 23.5 25.3 26.1 27.4 28.3

1 The annual quits rate is the number of quits during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 19. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total.............................................................................. 21,779 21,239 21,608 21,803 21,739

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 20,440 19,901 20,263 20,544 20,492

Mining and logging........................................................ 241 173 128 129 152

Construction............................................................... 2,134 2,237 2,245 2,002 2,571

Manufacturing............................................................. 1,277 1,294 1,253 1,371 1,305

Durable goods.......................................................... 790 801 702 753 747

Nondurable goods...................................................... 487 493 549 620 559

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4,020 3,687 3,741 4,171 4,022

Wholesale trade........................................................ 570 493 490 502 604

Retail trade.............................................................. 2,583 2,306 2,302 2,658 2,400

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 867 890 951 1,012 1,019

Information................................................................. 344 307 396 409 449

Financial activities......................................................... 702 705 683 634 644

Finance and insurance................................................ 417 420 383 417 323

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 288 285 303 218 319

Professional and business services.................................... 5,210 5,201 4,891 4,989 5,012

Education and health services.......................................... 1,824 1,977 2,064 2,101 2,008

Educational services................................................... 399 397 427 480 399

Health care and social assistance................................... 1,425 1,579 1,638 1,622 1,611

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 3,715 3,472 3,847 3,800 3,560

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,067 989 1,153 1,146 965

Accommodation and food services................................... 2,648 2,482 2,695 2,654 2,594

Other services............................................................. 970 848 1,012 938 763

Government.................................................................. 1,340 1,337 1,342 1,257 1,248

Federal..................................................................... 130 119 120 89 120

State and local............................................................ 1,210 1,219 1,223 1,168 1,127

State and local education............................................. 614 608 562 601 548

State and local, excluding education................................ 597 609 663 567 580

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 3,807 4,031 4,130 3,928 3,989

South.......................................................................... 7,892 7,525 8,190 8,352 8,124

Midwest....................................................................... 4,972 4,919 4,869 4,787 4,459

West........................................................................... 5,109 4,763 4,417 4,733 5,171

1 The annual layoffs and discharges level is the total number of layoffs and discharges during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 20. Annual layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total.............................................................................. 15.4 14.7 14.7 14.6 14.4

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 17.1 16.3 16.3 16.2 16.0

Mining and logging........................................................ 29.6 25.9 18.9 17.7 20.7

Construction............................................................... 33.0 33.2 32.2 27.5 34.3

Manufacturing............................................................. 10.3 10.5 10.1 10.8 10.2

Durable goods.......................................................... 10.2 10.4 9.1 9.5 9.3

Nondurable goods...................................................... 10.6 10.6 11.7 13.1 11.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 15.0 13.6 13.6 15.1 14.5

Wholesale trade........................................................ 9.9 8.5 8.4 8.6 10.2

Retail trade.............................................................. 16.5 14.6 14.5 16.8 15.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 16.0 16.0 16.5 16.9 16.5

Information................................................................. 12.5 11.0 14.1 14.4 15.7

Financial activities......................................................... 8.6 8.5 8.1 7.4 7.4

Finance and insurance................................................ 6.9 6.8 6.1 6.6 5.0

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 13.8 13.3 13.8 9.7 13.7

Professional and business services.................................... 26.5 25.9 23.8 23.8 23.5

Education and health services.......................................... 8.3 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.3

Educational services................................................... 11.5 11.1 11.6 12.9 10.6

Health care and social assistance................................... 7.7 8.3 8.4 8.1 7.9

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 24.5 22.2 24.0 23.3 21.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 49.3 43.9 49.4 48.1 39.7

Accommodation and food services................................... 20.4 18.5 19.6 19.1 18.3

Other services............................................................. 17.3 14.9 17.5 16.1 12.9

Government.................................................................. 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.5

Federal..................................................................... 4.7 4.3 4.3 3.2 4.2

State and local............................................................ 6.3 6.3 6.3 5.9 5.7

State and local education............................................. 6.0 5.9 5.4 5.8 5.2

State and local, excluding education................................ 6.6 6.7 7.3 6.2 6.3

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 14.5 15.2 15.3 14.4 14.4

South.......................................................................... 15.3 14.3 15.3 15.3 14.7

Midwest....................................................................... 15.7 15.4 15.1 14.7 13.6

West........................................................................... 15.8 14.4 13.0 13.7 14.7

1 The annual layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 21. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total.............................................................................. 4,491 4,388 4,182 4,065 4,002

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 3,788 3,700 3,483 3,342 3,269

Mining and logging........................................................ 35 62 25 21 17

Construction............................................................... 152 189 181 156 202

Manufacturing............................................................. 267 291 270 248 240

Durable goods.......................................................... 171 181 155 161 151

Nondurable goods...................................................... 96 113 114 88 89

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 1,189 1,096 892 836 765

Wholesale trade........................................................ 127 147 115 145 113

Retail trade.............................................................. 868 745 622 542 470

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 193 207 155 147 182

Information................................................................. 109 142 95 80 91

Financial activities......................................................... 306 298 333 294 304

Finance and insurance................................................ 242 241 283 255 260

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 63 57 48 37 44

Professional and business services.................................... 752 673 677 743 692

Education and health services.......................................... 561 484 570 553 497

Educational services................................................... 67 65 66 68 64

Health care and social assistance................................... 493 417 505 485 432

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 293 371 312 304 323

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 37 27 42 42 37

Accommodation and food services................................... 257 342 271 260 284

Other services............................................................. 123 89 127 114 142

Government.................................................................. 702 689 698 724 735

Federal..................................................................... 111 102 104 128 140

State and local............................................................ 590 589 593 595 593

State and local education............................................. 278 281 294 285 287

State and local, excluding education................................ 312 307 300 309 310

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 849 737 747 769 746

South.......................................................................... 1,758 1,724 1,621 1,479 1,496

Midwest....................................................................... 906 917 848 844 790

West........................................................................... 978 1,010 964 973 972

1 The annual other separations level is the total number of other separations during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 22. Annual other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total.............................................................................. 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5

Mining and logging........................................................ 4.3 9.3 3.7 2.9 2.3

Construction............................................................... 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.7

Manufacturing............................................................. 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9

Durable goods.......................................................... 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.9

Nondurable goods...................................................... 2.1 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4.4 4.0 3.3 3.0 2.8

Wholesale trade........................................................ 2.2 2.5 2.0 2.5 1.9

Retail trade.............................................................. 5.6 4.7 3.9 3.4 3.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 3.6 3.7 2.7 2.5 3.0

Information................................................................. 4.0 5.1 3.4 2.8 3.2

Financial activities......................................................... 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.5

Finance and insurance................................................ 4.0 3.9 4.5 4.0 4.0

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 3.0 2.7 2.2 1.6 1.9

Professional and business services.................................... 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.2

Education and health services.......................................... 2.5 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.1

Educational services................................................... 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7

Health care and social assistance................................... 2.7 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.1

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 1.9 2.4 1.9 1.9 1.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1.7 1.2 1.8 1.8 1.5

Accommodation and food services................................... 2.0 2.6 2.0 1.9 2.0

Other services............................................................. 2.2 1.6 2.2 2.0 2.4

Government.................................................................. 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3

Federal..................................................................... 4.0 3.6 3.7 4.6 4.9

State and local............................................................ 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

State and local education............................................. 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7

State and local, excluding education................................ 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7

South.......................................................................... 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.7

Midwest....................................................................... 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.4

West........................................................................... 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8

1 The annual other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.