For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, May 9, 2017 USDL-17-0445 

Technical information: (202) 691-5618 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

MANUFACTURING AND MINING INDUSTRIES – 2016

Labor productivity rose in 31 of the 90 NAICS 4-digit manufacturing and mining industries in 2016, the U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was fewer than in 2015 when labor productivity rose in 41 

industries. Output and hours worked also increased in fewer industries in 2016 than in the previous year.

Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output, rose in 64 of the 86

NAICS 4-digit manufacturing industries and in 1 of the 4 mining industries. Eighteen industries with 

productivity increases recorded declines in unit labor costs.

Chart 1. Manufacturing and mining industries with the largest change in productivity, 2016

(NAICS 4-digit industries)

7.9 9.5

11.6

10.5

14.3

13.6 -9.8

-9.8

-9.0

-9.5

-17.6 -13.1

-30

-24

-18

-12

-6

0

6

12

18

-30 -24 -18 -12 -6 0 6 12 18

Percent change in hours worked

Percent Change in Output

Industries with increasing productivity

Industries with decreasing productivity

Motor vehicles

Coal

mining

Seafood product 

preparation

Iron and 

steel mills

Beverages

Apparel, 

knitting mills

Fabric 

mills

Pesticides, 

fertilizers

Steel 

products

Note: Bubble size represents industry 

employment. Value in the bubble indicates 

percent change in labor productivity. 

Audio and video 

equipment

Engine, turbine, 

and power 

transmission 

equipment

Apparel accessories

8.0

9.5

11.7

10.5

14.5

13.5 -9.7

-9.6

-8.9

-9.4

-17.7 -13.2

-30

-24

-18

-12

-6

0

6

12

18

-30 -24 -18 -12 -6 0 6 12 18

Percent Change in Hours Worked

Industries with increasing productivity

Industries with decreasing productivity

Motor vehicles

Coal

mining

Seafood product 

preparation and

packaging

Iron and 

steel mills 

and 

ferroalloys

Percent Change

in Output

Beverages Apparel 

knitting mills

Fabric mills

Agricultural 

chemicals

Steel products 

from purchased 

steel

Note: Bubble size represents industry 

employment. Value in the bubble indicates 

percent change in labor productivity. 

Audio and video 

equipment

Turbine and power 

transmission equipment

Accessories and 

other apparel
Chart 1 shows the industries with the largest changes in productivity in 2016. The industries with the 

largest growth in productivity (those above the diagonal line) had declines in hours worked while, in 

most cases, their output grew. In contrast, industries below the diagonal line exhibited declining 

productivity as hours worked usually increased and output mostly declined. 

Trends in Labor Productivity in 2016

Manufacturing 

Mining 

• Labor productivity increased in 5 of the 21 NAICS 3-digit manufacturing industries in 2016,

as output increased in only 2 industries, and hours worked rose in 11 industries. (See chart 2.)

• Labor productivity increased in 27 of the 86 NAICS 4-digit manufacturing industries in 2016,

as output increased in 31 industries, and hours worked fell in 44 industries.

• Productivity rose fastest in the agricultural chemicals industry, where output increased by 7.7

percent and hours worked declined 5.9 percent.

• Labor productivity increased in both measured NAICS 3-digit mining industries in 2016.

Productivity rose 5.4 percent in oil and gas extraction and rose 4.3 percent in mining, except

oil and gas. Both industries saw output decline less than hours worked. (See chart 2.)

• Productivity increased in all 4 of the NAICS 4-digit mining industries measured. Output fell

in 3 of the industries, but hours worked declined at an even greater rate. 

Chart 2. Productivity growth in NAICS 3-digit manufacturing and mining industries, 2016 

-10.2

-5.0

-3.9

-3.7

-3.6

-3.5

-3.4

-2.6

-2.4

-2.3

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.8

-0.7

-0.4

1.0

2.2

4.1

4.3

4.3

5.4

6.6

-12.0 -6.0 0.0 6.0 12.0

Beverages and tobacco products

Leather and allied products

Transportation equipment

Computer and electronic products

Miscellaneous manufacturing

Food

Textile product mills

Plastics and rubber products

Nonmetallic mineral products

Furniture and related products

Fabricated metal products

Electrical equipment and appliances

Apparel

Wood products

Machinery

Paper

Chemicals

Printing and related support activities

Primary metals

Mining, except oil and gas

Petroleum and coal products

Oil and gas extraction

Textile mills

Percent Change

Productivity

-12.0 -6.0 0.0 6.0 12.0

Percent Change

Output

Hours

2
Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2016 

Manufacturing 

• Employers face increased unit labor costs when hourly compensation gains outpace

productivity. For NAICS 3-digit industries, unit labor costs increased in 18 of the 21

manufacturing industries. Chart 3 shows the relationship between changes in hourly

compensation, productivity, and unit labor costs.

• Of the 64 NAICS 4-digit manufacturing industries that had increases in unit labor costs,

productivity growth was negative in almost four-fifths of them.

Mining

• Unit labor costs declined in both measured NAICS 3-digit mining industries as productivity

growth outpaced hourly compensation growth. (See Chart 3.)

• Unit labor costs fell in 3 of the 4 NAICS 4-digit mining industries measured, all 3 of which

posted declining hourly compensation and increasing labor productivity. The only industry

with an increase in unit labor costs was nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying, which

had more growth in hourly compensation than in productivity.

Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation in NAICS 3-digit manufacturing 

and mining industries, 2016 

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Apparel

Beverages and tobacco products

Computer and electronic products

Furniture and related products

Plastics and rubber products

Nonmetallic mineral products

Food

Transportation equipment

Leather and allied products

Textile product mills

Wood products

Fabricated metal products

Miscellaneous manufacturing

Printing and related support activities

Paper

Textile mills

Electrical equipment and appliances

Machinery

Chemicals

Petroleum and coal products

Primary metals

Mining, except oil and gas

Oil and gas extraction

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs Productivity Hourly Compensation

3
Long-term trends in Labor Productivity and Unit Labor Costs 

Chart 4 displays the number of NAICS 4-digit manufacturing and mining industries with increases 

in productivity, output, and hours worked for selected time periods through 2016. 

Over the entire 1987-2016 period, labor productivity rose in 85 of the 90 manufacturing and 

mining industries measured. 

• Productivity growth in the 1987-2016 period was associated with output rising in 59

manufacturing and mining industries, while hours worked increased in only 13.

• Productivity increased in 48 industries in the more recent 2007-2016 period that

included a severe recession.

• The 2007-2016 productivity increases are predominantly the result of a decline in hours

worked, rather than an increase in output, as 72 industries experienced decreasing hours

worked in this period compared to 19 industries that documented increasing output.

From 1987 to 2016, unit labor costs increased in 79 of the 90 manufacturing and mining industries. 

• Among the NAICS 4-digit industries, unit labor costs fell in 11 of the 86 manufacturing

industries from 1987 to 2016. None of the 4 mining industries saw declines in unit labor costs.

• From 2007 to 2016, unit labor costs decreased in 10 of the 86 manufacturing industries.

Computer and peripheral equipment was the only industry with declines in both labor

productivity and unit labor costs, as hourly compensation fell faster than productivity. In mining,

oil and gas extraction saw a decline in unit labor costs while the other 3 industries had gains.

Computer and peripheral equipment had the largest productivity gains and the largest unit labor cost 

declines during the 1987 to 2007 period, as well as for the whole 1987 to 2016 interval. However,

between 2007 and 2016, magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing posted the greatest 

productivity growth, while leather and hide tanning and finishing saw the sharpest drop in unit labor 

costs.

Chart 4. Manufacturing and mining industries with increases in labor productivity, output, and 

hours worked

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1987 - 2016 1987 - 2007 2007 - 2016

Number of Industries

Productivity Output Hours Worked

4
Want to know more?

Find data at www.bls.gov/lpc for: 

• Additional industries and sectors

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of

industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation

• Additional years and long-term data

Questions? 

Additional information can be obtained by calling the BLS productivity program at (202) 691-5618 

or by sending an email to productivity@bls.gov. Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 

(800) 877-8339.

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5
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 

of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor compensation 

by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation 

per hour worked (hourly compensation) and real output per hour worked (labor productivity). When 

hourly compensation growth outpaces productivity, unit labor costs increase. Alternatively, when 

productivity growth exceeds hourly compensation, unit labor costs decrease. 

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various products 

(in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by deflating 

nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is measured by 

physical quantities of output. Industry output reflects sectoral value of production, derived by adjusting 

shipments for changes in inventories and removing intra-industry transactions. Industry output measures 

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census 

Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with data on price changes primarily from BLS. Data

from the Bureau of Economic Analysis at the U.S. Department of Commerce is used in part to construct 

intra-industry transactions. Other data sources include the Energy Information Administration at the

U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Geological Survey at the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Manufacturing industry output for 2016 is constructed with data on industrial production from the 

Federal Reserve and BLS price indexes. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an 

industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment 

Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and 

production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented 

with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry employment. Hours 

worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours 

paid of production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family 

workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National Compensation 

Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further 

disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the 

Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers 

and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

6
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a 

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 

Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary 

programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and survivors’ insurance, 

unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all 

programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from 

the BLS QCEW and the economic censuses of the Census Bureau at the U.S. Department of Commerce.

7
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2015-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Mining

Mining................................................................... 21 644.5 17.5 -15.2 -4.4 -18.6 -18.9

Oil and gas extraction................................................. 211 180.5 5.4 -6.2 -4.2 -9.1 -10.1

Oil and gas extraction............................................... 2111 180.5 5.4 -6.2 -4.2 -9.1 -10.1

Mining, except oil and gas............................................ 212 186.3 4.3 -6.2 -4.9 -8.8 -10.8

Coal mining.......................................................... 2121 50.5 9.5 -10.3 -19.6 -26.6 -27.9

Metal ore mining..................................................... 2122 39.9 4.7 -7.0 -0.9 -5.4 -7.9

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying........................ 2123 95.9 2.0 0.3 4.4 2.3 4.7

Manufacturing

Food..................................................................... 311 1,589.1 -3.5 6.3 -0.3 3.3 5.9

Animal food.......................................................... 3111 58.4 -2.7 8.3 -5.7 -3.0 2.1

Grain and oilseed milling........................................... 3112 59.8 0.4 -0.2 2.4 2.0 2.3

Sugar and confectionery products................................. 3113 78.0 -3.1 13.2 -6.0 -2.9 6.4

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty..................... 3114 175.2 -8.0 4.9 -1.5 7.1 3.3

Dairy products....................................................... 3115 141.6 -1.2 7.0 -1.9 -0.7 5.0

Animal slaughtering and processing............................... 3116 499.7 -2.6 5.1 1.0 3.7 6.2

Seafood product preparation and packaging..................... 3117 39.9 -9.4 -4.0 5.2 16.1 1.0

Bakeries and tortilla products...................................... 3118 327.4 -0.9 9.7 -2.9 -2.0 6.5

Other food products................................................. 3119 209.1 -8.5 7.3 3.5 13.2 11.1

Beverages and tobacco products.................................... 312 249.6 -10.2 13.4 -4.1 6.8 8.7

Beverages............................................................ 3121 235.6 -9.7 14.6 -3.3 7.1 10.8

Tobacco.............................................................. 3122 14.0 -7.8 -4.4 -6.3 1.6 -10.5

Textile mills............................................................. 313 119.3 6.6 2.7 -1.9 -8.0 0.7

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills....................................... 3131 29.6 6.7 0.4 0.5 -5.8 0.9

Fabric mills........................................................... 3132 55.9 10.5 2.1 0.2 -9.4 2.3

Textile and fabric finishing mills.................................... 3133 33.8 0.4 5.5 -7.0 -7.4 -1.9

Textile product mills.................................................... 314 133.2 -3.4 5.4 -0.7 2.8 4.7

Textile furnishings mills............................................. 3141 58.4 -2.0 6.9 -1.1 0.9 5.8

Other textile product mills.......................................... 3149 74.8 -4.4 3.9 -0.2 4.4 3.7

Apparel.................................................................. 315 148.9 -1.0 13.9 -11.4 -10.6 0.9

Apparel knitting mills................................................ 3151 12.7 13.5 1.5 -4.4 -15.8 -2.9

Cut and sew apparel................................................ 3152 122.7 -1.4 15.9 -12.8 -11.5 1.1

Accessories and other apparel..................................... 3159 13.5 -13.2 11.9 -8.3 5.6 2.6

Leather and allied products........................................... 316 33.1 -5.0 5.8 -7.2 -2.3 -1.8

Leather and hide tanning and finishing........................... 3161 5.2 -3.5 -22.8 -9.1 -5.8 -29.8

Footwear............................................................. 3162 13.8 -3.3 9.6 -4.8 -1.6 4.3

Other leather products.............................................. 3169 14.1 -6.3 20.6 -8.0 -1.9 10.9

Wood products......................................................... 321 414.4 -0.8 4.7 2.1 2.9 6.8

Sawmills and wood preservation................................... 3211 93.7 3.4 -0.6 3.2 -0.3 2.5

Plywood and engineered wood products......................... 3212 78.7 -0.9 7.4 2.1 3.0 9.6

Other wood products................................................ 3219 242.0 -2.8 6.4 1.3 4.3 7.8

Paper.................................................................... 322 371.7 -0.4 2.7 -1.8 -1.4 0.8

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................. 3221 100.7 4.5 -0.2 -1.2 -5.5 -1.3

Converted paper products.......................................... 3222 271.0 -2.4 4.2 -2.1 0.3 2.0

Printing and related support activities................................ 323 466.3 2.2 2.8 -0.3 -2.5 2.5

Printing and related support activities............................. 3231 466.3 2.2 2.8 -0.3 -2.5 2.5

Petroleum and coal products......................................... 324 112.9 4.3 -3.1 4.3 0.0 1.1

Petroleum and coal products....................................... 3241 112.9 4.3 -3.1 4.3 0.0 1.1

Chemicals............................................................... 325 822.7 1.0 -0.8 -0.7 -1.7 -1.6

Basic chemicals..................................................... 3251 148.8 2.0 -0.2 0.7 -1.3 0.5

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers.................................. 3252 92.5 7.2 2.4 1.0 -5.8 3.4

Agricultural chemicals............................................... 3253 35.9 14.5 -11.0 7.7 -5.9 -4.1

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................... 3254 287.1 -4.0 -2.1 -3.3 0.8 -5.3

8
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2015-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Paints, coatings, and adhesives................................... 3255 64.2 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.1 1.6

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries....................... 3256 110.8 1.6 6.4 -2.3 -3.9 4.0

Other chemical products and preparations....................... 3259 83.4 -0.8 5.1 -3.1 -2.3 1.8

Plastics and rubber products......................................... 326 702.4 -2.6 7.9 -2.2 0.4 5.5

Plastics products.................................................... 3261 568.4 -2.9 8.8 -2.3 0.7 6.4

Rubber products..................................................... 3262 134.0 -1.1 4.3 -1.9 -0.8 2.3

Nonmetallic mineral products......................................... 327 426.4 -2.4 6.6 -0.3 2.2 6.3

Clay products and refractories..................................... 3271 46.4 7.1 2.5 -1.5 -8.0 0.9

Glass and glass products........................................... 3272 92.2 -0.6 8.7 -2.7 -2.0 5.8

Cement and concrete products.................................... 3273 194.5 -6.4 7.0 0.3 7.2 7.3

Lime and gypsum products......................................... 3274 14.6 5.6 2.9 4.3 -1.2 7.3

Other nonmetallic mineral products................................ 3279 78.7 -1.6 7.0 -0.1 1.5 6.9

Primary metals......................................................... 331 379.1 4.1 -3.9 -0.2 -4.1 -4.2

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................ 3311 84.0 8.0 -11.1 2.3 -5.3 -9.1

Steel products from purchased steel.............................. 3312 56.5 11.7 -6.3 1.5 -9.1 -4.9

Alumina and aluminum production................................. 3313 59.4 -6.8 5.7 -6.1 0.8 -0.7

Other nonferrous metal production................................ 3314 61.5 4.1 -3.8 3.5 -0.5 -0.4

Foundries............................................................. 3315 117.7 -1.9 4.7 -7.1 -5.2 -2.6

Fabricated metal products............................................. 332 1,456.4 -2.0 4.5 -4.3 -2.3 -0.1

Forging and stamping............................................... 3321 98.5 -0.1 0.8 -1.9 -1.8 -1.2

Cutlery and handtools............................................... 3322 40.1 -6.2 3.1 -3.5 2.9 -0.5

Architectural and structural metals................................. 3323 373.5 -5.8 9.9 -6.2 -0.4 3.1

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers........................... 3324 92.7 6.5 3.9 -5.0 -10.8 -1.3

Hardware............................................................. 3325 25.6 -6.6 4.3 -2.8 4.1 1.4

Spring and wire products........................................... 3326 43.3 -2.9 4.3 -2.9 0.0 1.3

Machine shops and threaded products........................... 3327 369.8 -2.1 4.0 -6.3 -4.3 -2.6

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.................... 3328 138.1 2.6 -2.7 3.0 0.4 0.2

Other fabricated metal products................................... 3329 274.8 -2.4 4.4 -4.4 -2.0 -0.2

Machinery............................................................... 333 1,091.5 -0.7 0.1 -3.7 -3.0 -3.6

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery................. 3331 209.9 5.0 -5.1 -9.0 -13.4 -13.7

Industrial machinery................................................. 3332 115.6 -1.4 1.3 1.9 3.4 3.3

Commercial and service industry machinery..................... 3333 90.6 1.7 -4.9 4.1 2.4 -1.0

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment.................. 3334 129.3 -0.6 1.0 2.5 3.1 3.5

Metalworking machinery............................................ 3335 183.8 -3.0 5.6 -5.6 -2.6 -0.3

Turbine and power transmission equipment...................... 3336 99.1 -8.9 10.8 -12.0 -3.3 -2.5

Other general purpose machinery................................. 3339 263.2 0.6 -2.7 -0.5 -1.1 -3.1

Computer and electronic products................................... 334 1,058.5 -3.7 8.9 -3.6 0.1 5.0

Computer and peripheral equipment.............................. 3341 164.2 2.8 3.3 5.1 2.3 8.6

Communications equipment........................................ 3342 87.7 1.0 -1.1 -0.3 -1.2 -1.4

Audio and video equipment........................................ 3343 21.1 -17.7 9.6 -9.0 10.5 -0.4

Semiconductors and electronic components..................... 3344 371.0 -4.9 13.3 -5.4 -0.6 7.2

Electronic instruments............................................... 3345 397.8 -4.3 7.9 -4.8 -0.5 2.8

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing................. 3346 16.7 -7.7 -5.9 -2.1 6.1 -7.9

Electrical equipment and appliances................................. 335 387.0 -1.5 2.4 -0.5 1.0 1.9

Electric lighting equipment.......................................... 3351 49.0 -1.7 0.7 6.9 8.8 7.7

Household appliances............................................... 3352 64.1 -5.7 -1.6 2.0 8.2 0.4

Electrical equipment................................................. 3353 140.7 -2.2 7.6 -7.3 -5.2 -0.2

Other electrical equipment and components..................... 3359 133.2 -0.9 1.6 1.4 2.3 3.1

Transportation equipment............................................. 336 1,632.8 -3.9 6.1 -2.0 2.0 4.1

Motor vehicles....................................................... 3361 209.1 -9.6 14.4 -2.1 8.3 11.9

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers.................................. 3362 152.3 0.0 6.7 0.7 0.7 7.5

Motor vehicle parts.................................................. 3363 583.5 -1.0 3.4 2.5 3.5 6.0

Aerospace products and parts..................................... 3364 490.1 -5.0 6.3 -4.6 0.4 1.4

Railroad rolling stock................................................ 3365 27.0 3.2 -9.8 -2.1 -5.1 -11.6

Ship and boat building.............................................. 3366 136.0 -0.8 5.2 -6.0 -5.2 -1.1

Other transportation equipment.................................... 3369 34.8 -5.2 2.3 -1.2 4.2 1.0

9
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2015-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Furniture and related products........................................ 337 408.6 -2.3 8.8 -1.5 0.8 7.2

Household and institutional furniture.............................. 3371 261.0 -1.0 6.7 0.2 1.2 6.9

Office furniture and fixtures......................................... 3372 109.7 -2.8 11.9 -3.3 -0.4 8.3

Other furniture related products.................................... 3379 37.9 -5.4 9.0 -3.6 1.9 5.1

Miscellaneous manufacturing......................................... 339 647.7 -3.6 2.9 -1.3 2.3 1.6

Medical equipment and supplies................................... 3391 317.1 -2.5 -0.5 0.8 3.4 0.3

Other miscellaneous manufacturing............................... 3399 330.6 -5.2 8.1 -4.1 1.2 3.7

10
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Mining

Mining................................................................... 21 644.5 1.1 2.8 1.0 -0.1 3.8

Oil and gas extraction................................................. 211 180.5 1.4 3.6 1.1 -0.3 4.7

Oil and gas extraction............................................... 2111 180.5 1.4 3.6 1.1 -0.3 4.7

Mining, except oil and gas............................................ 212 186.3 1.5 1.3 0.0 -1.5 1.4

Coal mining.......................................................... 2121 50.5 1.9 0.8 -1.7 -3.5 -0.9

Metal ore mining..................................................... 2122 39.9 0.6 3.0 0.9 0.2 3.8

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying........................ 2123 95.9 1.4 1.8 1.0 -0.4 2.9

Support activities for mining1

......................................... 213 383.7

Support activities for mining1

....................................... 2131 383.7

Manufacturing

Food..................................................................... 311 1,589.1 1.0 1.6 1.4 0.4 3.0

Animal food.......................................................... 3111 58.4 1.8 1.4 1.7 -0.2 3.1

Grain and oilseed milling........................................... 3112 59.8 2.1 0.8 1.4 -0.7 2.2

Sugar and confectionery products................................. 3113 78.0 1.2 1.9 0.4 -0.7 2.4

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty..................... 3114 175.2 1.3 1.6 1.1 -0.2 2.7

Dairy products....................................................... 3115 141.6 1.7 1.7 1.4 -0.3 3.1

Animal slaughtering and processing............................... 3116 499.7 0.6 1.6 1.7 1.1 3.4

Seafood product preparation and packaging..................... 3117 39.9 0.9 2.2 0.4 -0.5 2.6

Bakeries and tortilla products...................................... 3118 327.4 0.2 1.8 0.3 0.1 2.1

Other food products................................................. 3119 209.1 0.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 4.4

Beverages and tobacco products.................................... 312 249.6 -0.1 2.3 -0.1 0.0 2.1

Beverages............................................................ 3121 235.6 0.8 1.5 1.4 0.6 2.9

Tobacco.............................................................. 3122 14.0 1.6 1.3 -3.0 -4.5 -1.8

Textile mills............................................................. 313 119.3 3.1 -0.2 -2.2 -5.1 -2.3

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills....................................... 3131 29.6 3.2 -0.7 -1.5 -4.6 -2.3

Fabric mills........................................................... 3132 55.9 3.2 0.2 -2.5 -5.6 -2.3

Textile and fabric finishing mills.................................... 3133 33.8 1.7 0.7 -2.9 -4.6 -2.3

Textile product mills.................................................... 314 133.2 0.8 2.2 -1.4 -2.2 0.8

Textile furnishings mills............................................. 3141 58.4 0.7 2.2 -2.1 -2.7 0.0

Other textile product mills.......................................... 3149 74.8 1.5 1.9 -0.3 -1.7 1.7

Apparel.................................................................. 315 148.9 -0.7 1.9 -6.8 -6.2 -5.0

Apparel knitting mills................................................ 3151 12.7 0.2 1.1 -6.9 -7.1 -5.9

Cut and sew apparel................................................ 3152 122.7 -0.6 2.0 -6.8 -6.2 -5.0

Accessories and other apparel..................................... 3159 13.5 -3.1 2.7 -6.5 -3.6 -4.1

Leather and allied products........................................... 316 33.1 0.8 1.8 -4.2 -5.0 -2.5

Leather and hide tanning and finishing........................... 3161 5.2 0.9 -0.5 -3.0 -3.8 -3.5

Footwear............................................................. 3162 13.8 0.8 2.5 -5.2 -6.0 -2.9

Other leather products.............................................. 3169 14.1 -0.1 2.9 -4.0 -3.9 -1.2

Wood products......................................................... 321 414.4 1.4 1.6 0.2 -1.2 1.8

Sawmills and wood preservation................................... 3211 93.7 2.2 0.9 0.3 -1.8 1.2

Plywood and engineered wood products......................... 3212 78.7 1.0 1.6 0.2 -0.8 1.7

Other wood products................................................ 3219 242.0 1.0 2.2 -0.1 -1.1 2.1

Paper.................................................................... 322 371.7 2.0 1.1 0.0 -1.9 1.2

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................. 3221 100.7 2.7 0.8 -0.4 -3.1 0.3

Converted paper products.......................................... 3222 271.0 1.4 1.7 0.1 -1.3 1.8

Printing and related support activities................................ 323 466.3 1.3 1.2 -0.6 -1.8 0.5

Printing and related support activities............................. 3231 466.3 1.3 1.2 -0.6 -1.8 0.5

Petroleum and coal products......................................... 324 112.9 2.4 2.3 1.3 -1.1 3.6

Petroleum and coal products....................................... 3241 112.9 2.4 2.3 1.3 -1.1 3.6

Chemicals............................................................... 325 822.7 1.6 1.8 1.0 -0.6 2.7

Basic chemicals..................................................... 3251 148.8 2.3 1.3 0.7 -1.5 2.0

See footnotes at end of table.

1.4

1.4

3.3

3.3

4.0

4.0

2.5

2.5

7.3

7.3

11
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers.................................. 3252 92.5 2.0 1.8 0.3 -1.6 2.2

Agricultural chemicals............................................... 3253 35.9 2.8 0.8 1.3 -1.5 2.0

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................... 3254 287.1 0.0 3.3 1.6 1.6 4.9

Paints, coatings, and adhesives................................... 3255 64.2 0.7 2.2 -0.1 -0.9 2.1

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries....................... 3256 110.8 1.6 0.9 1.3 -0.3 2.3

Other chemical products and preparations....................... 3259 83.4 2.1 1.0 0.0 -2.0 1.1

Plastics and rubber products......................................... 326 702.4 1.6 1.4 1.3 -0.3 2.7

Plastics products.................................................... 3261 568.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.0 3.1

Rubber products..................................................... 3262 134.0 1.8 0.9 0.4 -1.4 1.3

Nonmetallic mineral products......................................... 327 426.4 1.0 1.6 0.2 -0.8 1.8

Clay products and refractories..................................... 3271 46.4 1.1 1.5 -1.5 -2.5 -0.1

Glass and glass products........................................... 3272 92.2 2.1 0.8 0.4 -1.6 1.2

Cement and concrete products.................................... 3273 194.5 0.0 2.1 0.2 0.2 2.4

Lime and gypsum products......................................... 3274 14.6 1.6 2.8 -0.4 -1.9 2.4

Other nonmetallic mineral products................................ 3279 78.7 1.2 1.8 0.9 -0.3 2.7

Primary metals......................................................... 331 379.1 2.6 0.2 0.6 -1.9 0.9

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................ 3311 84.0 3.8 -1.0 1.2 -2.5 0.2

Steel products from purchased steel.............................. 3312 56.5 0.6 1.8 -0.1 -0.7 1.8

Alumina and aluminum production................................. 3313 59.4 2.3 0.9 0.3 -1.9 1.2

Other nonferrous metal production................................ 3314 61.5 2.2 1.5 0.4 -1.8 1.9

Foundries............................................................. 3315 117.7 1.7 1.0 -0.3 -2.0 0.7

Fabricated metal products............................................. 332 1,456.4 1.0 1.7 0.7 -0.2 2.4

Forging and stamping............................................... 3321 98.5 2.2 0.7 1.2 -0.9 1.9

Cutlery and handtools............................................... 3322 40.1 1.3 1.4 -1.0 -2.3 0.4

Architectural and structural metals................................. 3323 373.5 0.4 2.4 0.7 0.3 3.0

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers........................... 3324 92.7 0.7 1.6 0.4 -0.4 2.0

Hardware............................................................. 3325 25.6 0.7 1.2 -2.3 -3.0 -1.1

Spring and wire products........................................... 3326 43.3 1.7 1.4 -0.3 -1.9 1.1

Machine shops and threaded products........................... 3327 369.8 1.4 1.4 2.1 0.6 3.5

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.................... 3328 138.1 2.2 0.7 2.3 0.1 3.0

Other fabricated metal products................................... 3329 274.8 0.5 2.0 -0.1 -0.5 1.9

Machinery............................................................... 333 1,091.5 1.9 0.8 1.1 -0.8 2.0

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery................. 3331 209.9 2.0 0.6 1.9 -0.2 2.5

Industrial machinery................................................. 3332 115.6 1.4 1.1 0.7 -0.7 1.8

Commercial and service industry machinery..................... 3333 90.6 1.9 0.6 0.1 -1.8 0.7

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment.................. 3334 129.3 1.8 1.1 1.1 -0.7 2.2

Metalworking machinery............................................ 3335 183.8 1.7 0.9 0.4 -1.3 1.3

Turbine and power transmission equipment...................... 3336 99.1 1.5 0.5 1.2 -0.3 1.7

Other general purpose machinery................................. 3339 263.2 2.0 1.3 1.3 -0.6 2.7

Computer and electronic products................................... 334 1,058.5 9.0 -5.3 6.7 -2.1 1.0

Computer and peripheral equipment.............................. 3341 164.2 15.6 -14.0 12.0 -3.1 -3.7

Communications equipment........................................ 3342 87.7 5.4 -1.4 2.0 -3.3 0.5

Audio and video equipment........................................ 3343 21.1 2.0 1.4 -1.6 -3.6 -0.2

Semiconductors and electronic components..................... 3344 371.0 12.6 -8.4 11.0 -1.5 1.6

Electronic instruments............................................... 3345 397.8 3.0 0.6 1.2 -1.7 1.8

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing................. 3346 16.7 1.3 0.5 -1.8 -3.0 -1.3

Electrical equipment and appliances................................. 335 387.0 1.9 1.2 0.1 -1.8 1.2

Electric lighting equipment.......................................... 3351 49.0 1.7 1.2 -0.1 -1.8 1.2

Household appliances............................................... 3352 64.1 3.0 -0.5 0.4 -2.5 -0.2

Electrical equipment................................................. 3353 140.7 1.3 1.7 -0.7 -2.0 1.0

Other electrical equipment and components..................... 3359 133.2 1.7 1.7 0.4 -1.3 2.1

Transportation equipment............................................. 336 1,632.8 2.8 -0.3 2.0 -0.8 1.7

Motor vehicles....................................................... 3361 209.1 3.1 -0.3 2.1 -1.0 1.7

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers.................................. 3362 152.3 1.4 2.1 1.9 0.5 4.0

Motor vehicle parts.................................................. 3363 583.5 3.0 -1.5 2.9 -0.1 1.4

Aerospace products and parts..................................... 3364 490.1 2.5 0.6 0.7 -1.7 1.4

See footnotes at end of table.

12
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Railroad rolling stock................................................ 3365 27.0 4.6 -2.0 5.2 0.6 3.2

Ship and boat building.............................................. 3366 136.0 1.7 1.9 0.6 -1.1 2.5

Other transportation equipment.................................... 3369 34.8 3.7 -0.9 3.4 -0.2 2.5

Furniture and related products........................................ 337 408.6 1.4 1.6 -0.1 -1.5 1.5

Household and institutional furniture.............................. 3371 261.0 1.2 1.8 -0.5 -1.8 1.2

Office furniture and fixtures......................................... 3372 109.7 1.3 1.8 0.1 -1.2 1.9

Other furniture related products.................................... 3379 37.9 2.1 0.4 1.2 -0.8 1.7

Miscellaneous manufacturing......................................... 339 647.7 1.8 1.4 1.7 -0.1 3.2

Medical equipment and supplies................................... 3391 317.1 2.2 0.9 3.4 1.2 4.3

Other miscellaneous manufacturing............................... 3399 330.6 1.3 2.0 0.2 -1.1 2.2

1 For NAICS industry 2131 average annual percent changes are for 1987-2015. Employment is for 2015.

13