For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, July 6, 2023 USDL-23-1497

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – MAY 2023

The number of job openings decreased to 9.8 million on the last business day of May, the U.S. Bureau 

of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations were little

changed at 6.2 million and 5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (4.0 million) increased, 

while layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number 

and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 

establishment size class.

Job Openings

On the last business day of May, the number of job openings decreased to 9.8 million (-496,000), 

following an increase in April. In May, the job openings rate declined by 0.3 percentage point to 5.9 

percent, offsetting an increase of the same magnitude in the prior month. In May, the largest decreases in 

job openings were in health care and social assistance (-285,000), finance and insurance (-139,000), and 

other services (-78,000). Job openings increased in educational services (+45,000), state and local 

government education (+37,000), and federal government (+24,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In May, the number and rate of hires changed little at 6.2 million and 4.0 percent, respectively. Hires

increased in durable goods manufacturing (+41,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 

voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 

workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 

 4.4

 4.8

 5.2

 5.6

 6.0

 6.4

 6.8

 7.2

 7.6

May-21 Nov-21 May-22 Nov-22 May-23

Percent

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted,

May 2021 - May 2023

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

May-21 Nov-21 May-22 Nov-22 May-23

Hires

Separations

Percent

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,

May 2021 - May 2023
- 2 -

by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 

to other locations of the same firm.

The number and rate of total separations in May changed little at 5.9 million and 3.8 percent, 

respectively. Over the month, the number of total separations increased in retail trade (+113,000). 

(See table 3.)

In May, the number and rate of quits increased to 4.0 million (+250,000) and 2.6 percent, respectively. 

The number of quits increased in health care and social assistance (+69,000) and in construction

(+57,000). (See table 4.)

In May, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.6 million, and the rate held at 1.0

percent. Layoffs and discharges increased in retail trade (+87,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in May at 301,000. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In May, establishments with 1 to 9 employees and establishments with more than 5,000 employees saw 

decreases in their job openings rates. (See table 7.)

____________

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for June 2023 are scheduled to be 

released on Tuesday, August 1, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 11,443 10,320 9,824 6,545 6,101 6,208 6,025 5,660 5,871

Total private....................................... 10,379 9,291 8,693 6,142 5,709 5,805 5,655 5,306 5,523

Mining and logging............................. 33 36 30 25 25 27 23 20 23

Construction.................................... 392 347 366 351 357 379 329 377 354

Manufacturing.................................. 837 668 604 467 393 460 439 393 449

Durable goods............................... 525 395 377 252 209 250 235 199 233

Nondurable goods........................... 312 273 227 215 183 210 204 194 217

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 2,047 1,774 1,675 1,295 1,249 1,310 1,180 1,262 1,347

Wholesale trade............................. 373 259 244 208 178 170 185 188 173

Retail trade................................... 1,165 954 829 741 723 794 718 739 852

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 510 561 602 346 348 346 277 335 321

Information...................................... 241 181 190 110 81 58 91 71 84

Financial activities.............................. 564 565 439 239 229 241 231 207 214

Finance and insurance..................... 411 451 312 159 151 175 158 136 153

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 153 113 127 80 79 65 74 71 61

Professional and business services......... 2,128 1,718 1,812 1,325 1,205 1,066 1,230 1,041 975

Education and health services............... 2,158 2,179 1,938 875 885 941 816 777 852

Educational services........................ 171 168 213 114 101 98 102 81 79

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,987 2,010 1,725 761 784 844 714 696 773

Leisure and hospitality........................ 1,567 1,463 1,355 1,241 1,100 1,104 1,109 967 1,023

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 161 241 172 180 162 158 161 136 137

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 1,406 1,222 1,183 1,061 938 946 949 830 886

Other services.................................. 411 361 283 215 185 219 208 190 203

Government....................................... 1,064 1,029 1,132 402 391 403 369 354 348

Federal.......................................... 137 149 173 43 45 52 44 41 42

State and local................................. 928 881 959 359 346 351 326 313 306

State and local education.................. 378 313 350 178 177 186 150 158 157

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 550 568 609 182 169 165 176 155 149

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 7.0 6.2 5.9 4.3 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.8

Total private....................................... 7.4 6.5 6.1 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.1

Mining and logging............................. 5.3 5.3 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.2 3.8 3.2 3.6

Construction.................................... 4.8 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.8 4.2 4.8 4.5

Manufacturing.................................. 6.1 4.9 4.4 3.6 3.0 3.5 3.4 3.0 3.5

Durable goods............................... 6.2 4.6 4.4 3.2 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.5 2.9

Nondurable goods........................... 6.0 5.3 4.4 4.4 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 6.7 5.8 5.5 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.1 4.4 4.7

Wholesale trade............................. 5.9 4.1 3.9 3.5 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.9

Retail trade................................... 7.0 5.8 5.1 4.8 4.7 5.1 4.6 4.8 5.5

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 6.6 7.1 7.6 4.8 4.8 4.7 3.8 4.6 4.4

Information...................................... 7.3 5.5 5.8 3.6 2.6 1.9 3.0 2.3 2.7

Financial activities.............................. 5.9 5.8 4.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3

Finance and insurance..................... 5.8 6.3 4.4 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.0 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 6.1 4.5 5.0 3.4 3.2 2.7 3.1 2.9 2.5

Professional and business services......... 8.6 7.0 7.3 5.9 5.2 4.6 5.5 4.5 4.2

Education and health services............... 8.2 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.4

Educational services........................ 4.3 4.1 5.1 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.1 2.0

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 8.9 8.7 7.5 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.6

Leisure and hospitality........................ 9.1 8.1 7.5 7.9 6.6 6.7 7.1 5.8 6.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 6.6 9.0 6.5 7.9 6.7 6.5 7.0 5.6 5.6

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 9.5 8.0 7.7 7.9 6.6 6.7 7.1 5.9 6.3

Other services.................................. 6.7 5.8 4.6 3.8 3.2 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Government....................................... 4.6 4.4 4.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5

Federal.......................................... 4.5 4.9 5.6 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4

State and local................................. 4.6 4.3 4.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5

State and local education.................. 3.6 2.9 3.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 5.7 5.8 6.2 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.6

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Starting with data for January 2023, 

industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 

North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

• A specific position exists, and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

• The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

• The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future;

positions for which employees have been hired but 

have not yet reported for work; and positions to be 

filled by employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 

dividing the number of job openings by the sum of 

employment and job openings—that is, all filled and 

unfilled jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily, with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability, and deaths.

Excluded from separations measures are transfers 

within the same location; employees on strike; and 

employees of temporary help agencies, employee 

leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business 

and government establishments. The sample is 

stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and 

establishment size class. 

The sampling frame is made up of 

establishments from two sources: the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the 

Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The QCEW 

database contains establishments that cover 

approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in 

the United States. This database is a compilation of 

administrative data from state unemployment 

insurance (UI) programs and federal government 

establishments covered by the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) 

program. A frame of railroad establishments is 

provided by the FRA. This is added to the QCEW 

database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame.

The JOLTS estimation method involves the 

following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, 

item nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking 

and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and 

death model estimation, estimates review and outlier 

selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and 

variance estimates. Establishment size class levels are 

also produced. Detailed information about the 

estimation method can be found in the Handbook of 

Methods at 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through 

which the JOLTS weighted employment for each 

estimation cell is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells 

are benchmarked monthly to the current employment 

level from the BLS Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked

to ensure that JOLTS weighted employment is equal 

to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. In 

addition, many new establishments fail within the 

first year, referred to as a death. Because new and 

short-lived universe establishments cannot be 

reflected in the sampling frame immediately, the 

JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, 

and separations from these establishments during 

their early existence. BLS has developed a 

birth/death model that uses establishment birth and 

death activity from previous years as collected by the 

QCEW and projects forward to the present using 

over-the-year change in the CES. The birth/death 

model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate 

the amount of churn (meaning the rates of hires and 

separations) that exists in establishments of various 

sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 

with the projected employment change to estimate 

the number of hires and separations that take place in 

these establishments that cannot be measured through 

sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences between the two surveys, as well as 

sampling and nonsampling errors, historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust

again.
Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the 

seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) 

is used to seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each 

month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment 

methodology uses all relevant data, up to and 

including the current month, to calculate new 

seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are 

used as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. 

JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive 

and multiplicative models, as well as regression with 

autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to 

improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 

beginning and end of the series and to detect and 

adjust for outliers in the series.

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The

JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the 

issuance of data for January. Five years of data are 

subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 

1) benchmarks based on CES employment estimates 

newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal 

adjustment factors, and 3) any needed special 

adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted 

to the CES employment levels, and the resulting 

ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual

updates result in revisions to both the seasonally 

adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data 

series for the period since the last benchmark was 

established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual average levels for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels for each data element by the

sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment 

levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Annual average rates for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels plus the 

sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of 

error: sampling error and nonsampling error. 

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather 

than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a

chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample 

selected, and this variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent 

chance that the true population mean will fall into the 

interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 

1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard 

errors are released monthly as part of the significant 

change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard 

errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 

years of data. Sampling error estimates are available 

at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons,

including the failure to include a segment of the 

population, the inability to obtain data from all units 

in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of 

respondents to provide data on a timely basis, 

mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the 

collection or processing of the data, and errors from 

the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures 

to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

Total............................................... 11,443 9,974 9,745 10,320 9,824 -496 7.0 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.9 -0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 10,379 8,959 8,710 9,291 8,693 -598 7.4 6.3 6.2 6.5 6.1 -0.4

Mining and logging......................... 33 39 30 36 30 -6 5.3 5.8 4.6 5.3 4.5 -0.8

Construction................................ 392 404 315 347 366 19 4.8 4.9 3.8 4.2 4.4 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 837 707 702 668 604 -64 6.1 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.4 -0.5

Durable goods........................... 525 459 422 395 377 -18 6.2 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.4 -0.2

Nondurable goods....................... 312 248 281 273 227 -46 6.0 4.8 5.4 5.3 4.4 -0.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 2,047 1,671 1,436 1,774 1,675 -99 6.7 5.5 4.7 5.8 5.5 -0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 373 291 296 259 244 -15 5.9 4.6 4.7 4.1 3.9 -0.2

Retail trade............................... 1,165 801 733 954 829 -125 7.0 4.9 4.5 5.8 5.1 -0.7

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 510 579 407 561 602 41 6.6 7.4 5.3 7.1 7.6 0.5

Information.................................. 241 169 181 181 190 9 7.3 5.2 5.5 5.5 5.8 0.3

Financial activities......................... 564 461 479 565 439 -126 5.9 4.8 5.0 5.8 4.6 -1.2

Finance and insurance................. 411 331 349 451 312 -139 5.8 4.7 5.0 6.3 4.4 -1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 153 130 130 113 127 14 6.1 5.1 5.1 4.5 5.0 0.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 2,128 1,852 1,805 1,718 1,812 94 8.6 7.5 7.3 7.0 7.3 0.3

Education and health services........... 2,158 1,874 1,932 2,179 1,938 -241 8.2 7.0 7.2 8.0 7.1 -0.9

Educational services.................... 171 184 210 168 213 45 4.3 4.5 5.1 4.1 5.1 1.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,987 1,690 1,722 2,010 1,725 -285 8.9 7.4 7.5 8.7 7.5 -1.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,567 1,428 1,463 1,463 1,355 -108 9.1 8.0 8.1 8.1 7.5 -0.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 161 218 243 241 172 -69 6.6 8.2 9.1 9.0 6.5 -2.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,406 1,210 1,220 1,222 1,183 -39 9.5 7.9 8.0 8.0 7.7 -0.3

Other services.............................. 411 353 367 361 283 -78 6.7 5.7 5.9 5.8 4.6 -1.2

Government................................... 1,064 1,015 1,034 1,029 1,132 103 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.8 0.4

Federal...................................... 137 140 133 149 173 24 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.9 5.6 0.7

State and local............................. 928 876 902 881 959 78 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.6 0.3

State and local education.............. 378 331 321 313 350 37 3.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.2 0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 550 545 580 568 609 41 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.8 6.2 0.4

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 1,885 1,617 1,623 1,629 1,473 -156 6.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.0 -0.5

South........................................... 4,379 4,141 4,039 4,088 4,031 -57 7.2 6.7 6.5 6.6 6.5 -0.1

Midwest........................................ 2,464 2,031 2,022 2,239 2,130 -109 7.1 5.8 5.7 6.3 6.0 -0.3

West............................................ 2,715 2,185 2,060 2,364 2,191 -173 7.0 5.6 5.3 6.0 5.6 -0.4

1 The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

Total............................................... 6,545 6,150 6,066 6,101 6,208 107 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.0 0.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,142 5,754 5,671 5,709 5,805 96 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 0.1

Mining and logging......................... 25 26 24 25 27 2 4.1 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.2 0.3

Construction................................ 351 367 383 357 379 22 4.5 4.7 4.9 4.5 4.8 0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 467 416 373 393 460 67 3.6 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.5 0.5

Durable goods........................... 252 217 216 209 250 41 3.2 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.1 0.5

Nondurable goods....................... 215 199 156 183 210 27 4.4 4.1 3.2 3.8 4.3 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,295 1,263 1,195 1,249 1,310 61 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.5 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 208 194 149 178 170 -8 3.5 3.2 2.5 2.9 2.8 -0.1

Retail trade............................... 741 728 701 723 794 71 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.7 5.1 0.4

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 346 341 345 348 346 -2 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.7 -0.1

Information.................................. 110 95 117 81 58 -23 3.6 3.1 3.8 2.6 1.9 -0.7

Financial activities......................... 239 211 198 229 241 12 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.6 0.1

Finance and insurance................. 159 118 127 151 175 24 2.4 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.6 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 80 93 71 79 65 -14 3.4 3.8 3.0 3.2 2.7 -0.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,325 1,114 1,169 1,205 1,066 -139 5.9 4.9 5.1 5.2 4.6 -0.6

Education and health services........... 875 863 883 885 941 56 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.7 0.2

Educational services.................... 114 104 100 101 98 -3 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 -0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 761 759 783 784 844 60 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.0 0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,241 1,182 1,089 1,100 1,104 4 7.9 7.2 6.6 6.6 6.7 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 180 193 170 162 158 -4 7.9 8.0 7.0 6.7 6.5 -0.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,061 988 919 938 946 8 7.9 7.0 6.5 6.6 6.7 0.1

Other services.............................. 215 218 239 185 219 34 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.2 3.7 0.5

Government................................... 402 396 395 391 403 12 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 0.1

Federal...................................... 43 48 47 45 52 7 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 0.3

State and local............................. 359 348 348 346 351 5 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.0

State and local education.............. 178 174 170 177 186 9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.1

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 182 173 178 169 165 -4 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.0

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 997 915 970 942 909 -33 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3 -0.1

South........................................... 2,698 2,577 2,490 2,549 2,586 37 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.5 0.1

Midwest........................................ 1,349 1,292 1,247 1,303 1,361 58 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.1 0.2

West............................................ 1,500 1,366 1,359 1,307 1,353 46 4.2 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 0.1

1 The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

Total............................................... 6,025 5,841 5,994 5,660 5,871 211 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.8 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,655 5,506 5,643 5,306 5,523 217 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.1 0.1

Mining and logging......................... 23 26 23 20 23 3 3.8 4.1 3.7 3.2 3.6 0.4

Construction................................ 329 352 454 377 354 -23 4.2 4.5 5.8 4.8 4.5 -0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 439 409 394 393 449 56 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.5 0.5

Durable goods........................... 235 209 225 199 233 34 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.9 0.4

Nondurable goods....................... 204 199 169 194 217 23 4.2 4.1 3.5 4.0 4.4 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,180 1,267 1,241 1,262 1,347 85 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.7 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 185 184 160 188 173 -15 3.1 3.0 2.6 3.1 2.9 -0.2

Retail trade............................... 718 745 747 739 852 113 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.5 0.7

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 277 339 334 335 321 -14 3.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.4 -0.2

Information.................................. 91 100 96 71 84 13 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.3 2.7 0.4

Financial activities......................... 231 193 195 207 214 7 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 0.0

Finance and insurance................. 158 117 121 136 153 17 2.4 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.3 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 74 76 74 71 61 -10 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.5 -0.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,230 1,062 1,134 1,041 975 -66 5.5 4.6 5.0 4.5 4.2 -0.3

Education and health services........... 816 794 844 777 852 75 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.4 0.3

Educational services.................... 102 96 96 81 79 -2 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.0 -0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 714 699 748 696 773 77 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.6 0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,109 1,112 1,053 967 1,023 56 7.1 6.7 6.4 5.8 6.2 0.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 161 154 166 136 137 1 7.0 6.3 6.8 5.6 5.6 0.0

Accommodation and food services. .. 949 958 887 830 886 56 7.1 6.8 6.3 5.9 6.3 0.4

Other services.............................. 208 190 209 190 203 13 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.3 3.5 0.2

Government................................... 369 335 351 354 348 -6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 -0.1

Federal...................................... 44 39 38 41 42 1 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.0

State and local............................. 326 295 313 313 306 -7 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 -0.1

State and local education.............. 150 145 158 158 157 -1 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 176 151 155 155 149 -6 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 -0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 879 799 888 804 873 69 3.2 2.9 3.2 2.9 3.1 0.2

South........................................... 2,493 2,548 2,456 2,265 2,508 243 4.4 4.4 4.3 3.9 4.3 0.4

Midwest........................................ 1,203 1,157 1,221 1,313 1,232 -81 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.7 -0.2

West............................................ 1,450 1,336 1,430 1,278 1,259 -19 4.0 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.4 -0.1

1 The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

Total............................................... 4,208 3,980 3,842 3,765 4,015 250 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,983 3,785 3,630 3,569 3,821 252 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 16 18 15 10 15 5 2.7 2.9 2.3 1.6 2.3 0.7

Construction................................ 221 153 143 170 227 57 2.9 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.9 0.8

Manufacturing.............................. 313 277 256 248 293 45 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.3 0.4

Durable goods........................... 166 142 144 123 145 22 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.8 0.3

Nondurable goods....................... 147 134 112 125 148 23 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.6 3.0 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 857 885 875 887 897 10 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 111 114 102 129 111 -18 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.1 1.8 -0.3

Retail trade............................... 557 561 560 544 578 34 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.7 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 189 210 213 213 207 -6 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 -0.1

Information.................................. 56 43 44 46 40 -6 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 -0.2

Financial activities......................... 136 107 125 148 138 -10 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5 -0.1

Finance and insurance................. 85 57 73 94 93 -1 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.4 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 50 51 52 54 44 -10 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.8 -0.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 761 649 664 594 609 15 3.4 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.6 0.0

Education and health services........... 609 614 623 577 641 64 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.5 0.2

Educational services.................... 71 58 61 58 53 -5 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.3 -0.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 537 556 561 519 588 69 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.8 0.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 889 915 751 766 804 38 5.7 5.5 4.5 4.6 4.8 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 88 76 68 78 83 5 3.9 3.1 2.8 3.2 3.4 0.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 801 839 682 687 721 34 6.0 6.0 4.8 4.9 5.1 0.2

Other services.............................. 127 124 135 125 158 33 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.7 0.6

Government................................... 225 195 212 195 194 -1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

Federal...................................... 20 20 17 18 19 1 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.1

State and local............................. 204 175 195 177 175 -2 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.0

State and local education.............. 95 88 99 101 96 -5 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 -0.1

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 109 87 96 76 79 3 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 578 503 528 509 564 55 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.0 0.2

South........................................... 1,795 1,857 1,685 1,608 1,774 166 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.1 0.3

Midwest........................................ 838 747 777 795 812 17 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 0.0

West............................................ 998 873 852 853 865 12 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 0.0

1 The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

Total............................................... 1,482 1,557 1,845 1,590 1,555 -35 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,404 1,475 1,763 1,493 1,461 -32 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 5 7 7 8 8 0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.0

Construction................................ 100 182 302 194 123 -71 1.3 2.3 3.8 2.4 1.5 -0.9

Manufacturing.............................. 98 113 118 120 139 19 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.2

Durable goods........................... 49 53 66 62 79 17 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.2

Nondurable goods....................... 50 61 52 58 61 3 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 270 326 289 327 405 78 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.4 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 64 54 50 56 56 0 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.0

Retail trade............................... 134 156 134 166 253 87 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.6 0.5

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 72 116 105 105 95 -10 1.0 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 -0.1

Information.................................. 30 49 49 14 35 21 1.0 1.6 1.6 0.5 1.1 0.6

Financial activities......................... 61 38 52 44 51 7 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.1

Finance and insurance................. 46 20 32 28 38 10 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 14 18 21 15 13 -2 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.5 -0.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 397 382 423 394 308 -86 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.3 -0.4

Education and health services........... 169 144 188 151 148 -3 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.0

Educational services.................... 27 32 32 21 20 -1 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 142 112 157 131 128 -3 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 203 182 276 188 206 18 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.2 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 70 72 94 56 51 -5 3.1 3.0 3.9 2.3 2.1 -0.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 133 110 182 131 155 24 1.0 0.8 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.2

Other services.............................. 71 52 59 53 38 -15 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.6 -0.3

Government................................... 78 82 82 97 94 -3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

Federal...................................... 11 6 6 8 8 0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0

State and local............................. 68 76 76 89 86 -3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 -0.1

State and local education.............. 33 36 38 38 39 1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 35 40 38 52 47 -5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 -0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 251 258 323 244 253 9 0.9 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.0

South........................................... 572 561 652 550 620 70 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.2

Midwest........................................ 299 347 377 446 358 -88 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.1 -0.2

West............................................ 360 391 493 350 324 -26 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.9 -0.1

1 The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

Total............................................... 334 304 306 305 301 -4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 268 246 250 244 241 -3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 1 1 1 2 1 -1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 -0.2

Construction................................ 8 18 9 14 4 -10 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 27 19 20 25 17 -8 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Durable goods........................... 20 14 15 13 9 -4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Nondurable goods....................... 8 4 5 11 8 -3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 53 57 77 49 45 -4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 10 16 8 3 6 3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Retail trade............................... 27 29 53 28 21 -7 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 16 13 16 17 18 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Information.................................. 5 8 4 12 9 -3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 -0.1

Financial activities......................... 35 48 17 14 25 11 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

Finance and insurance................. 27 40 16 13 21 8 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 9 8 1 1 4 3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 72 31 47 54 57 3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Education and health services........... 39 36 33 49 62 13 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

Educational services.................... 3 5 4 3 5 2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 35 31 30 47 57 10 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 18 15 27 14 13 -1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 3 6 4 2 3 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0

Accommodation and food services. .. 15 9 23 12 10 -2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0

Other services.............................. 11 14 14 12 7 -5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Government................................... 66 57 56 61 60 -1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0

Federal...................................... 13 14 15 15 15 0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0

State and local............................. 54 44 41 46 45 -1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local education.............. 22 21 21 19 22 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 32 23 20 27 23 -4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 50 37 37 50 56 6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

South........................................... 127 130 119 108 114 6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Midwest........................................ 66 63 66 73 62 -11 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

West............................................ 92 73 85 74 70 -4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally

adjusted

Establishment size class

Levels (in thousands) Rates

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr. 2023 -

May 2023p

May

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr. 2023 -

May 2023p

JOB OPENINGS

Total private.......................... 10,379 8,959 8,710 9,291 8,693 -598 7.4 6.3 6.2 6.5 6.1 -0.4

1 to 9 employees.................. 1,729 1,654 1,396 1,731 1,402 -329 7.6 7.2 6.1 7.6 6.2 -1.4

10 to 49 employees............... 3,360 2,918 2,829 2,758 2,588 -170 7.2 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.5 -0.4

50 to 249 employees............. 2,925 2,436 2,525 2,675 2,654 -21 7.3 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.3 0.1

250 to 999 employees............ 1,391 1,038 1,040 1,193 1,082 -111 7.4 5.8 5.6 6.7 6.3 -0.4

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 719 625 637 644 690 46 8.5 7.0 7.3 8.1 8.2 0.1

5,000 or more employees........ 255 289 283 291 277 -14 7.6 6.5 6.3 7.3 6.5 -0.8

HIRES

Total private.......................... 6,142 5,754 5,671 5,709 5,805 96 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 0.1

1 to 9 employees.................. 937 874 930 852 946 94 4.5 4.1 4.4 4.0 4.5 0.5

10 to 49 employees............... 1,973 1,978 1,892 1,853 1,885 32 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 0.0

50 to 249 employees............. 1,922 1,743 1,693 1,825 1,792 -33 5.1 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.5 0.0

250 to 999 employees............ 871 766 773 775 759 -16 5.0 4.5 4.4 4.7 4.7 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 361 321 312 322 334 12 4.6 3.9 3.8 4.4 4.3 -0.1

5,000 or more employees........ 78 72 71 82 90 8 2.5 1.7 1.7 2.2 2.3 0.1

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private.......................... 5,655 5,506 5,643 5,306 5,523 217 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.1 0.1

1 to 9 employees.................. 828 714 865 774 770 -4 4.0 3.4 4.1 3.7 3.6 -0.1

10 to 49 employees............... 1,800 2,008 1,920 1,810 1,945 135 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.4 0.3

50 to 249 employees............. 1,809 1,654 1,769 1,702 1,732 30 4.8 4.5 4.7 4.2 4.4 0.2

250 to 999 employees............ 831 730 702 699 701 2 4.8 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.3 0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 335 334 325 265 311 46 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.6 4.0 0.4

5,000 or more employees........ 52 66 61 57 64 7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 0.1

QUITS

Total private........................ 3,983 3,785 3,630 3,569 3,821 252 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9 0.2

1 to 9 employees............... 538 478 461 489 597 108 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.8 0.5

10 to 49 employees............ 1,353 1,412 1,279 1,280 1,399 119 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.1 0.2

50 to 249 employees........... 1,314 1,178 1,213 1,161 1,168 7 3.5 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.9 0.1

250 to 999 employees......... 540 468 441 440 441 1 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.7 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 206 208 198 165 178 13 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 0.0

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 34 41 38 34 39 5 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.1

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private........................ 1,404 1,475 1,763 1,493 1,461 -32 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.0

1 to 9 employees............... 226 156 345 218 143 -75 1.1 0.7 1.6 1.0 0.7 -0.3

10 to 49 employees............ 385 525 548 437 464 27 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.0

50 to 249 employees........... 421 429 501 505 498 -7 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.1

250 to 999 employees......... 250 246 245 236 233 -3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 110 104 110 82 108 26 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.3

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 11 16 16 15 16 1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private........................ 268 246 250 244 241 -3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 to 9 employees............... 64 81 60 67 31 -36 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 -0.2

10 to 49 employees............ 62 71 93 92 83 -9 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

50 to 249 employees........... 74 47 55 37 66 29 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

250 to 999 employees......... 41 17 16 23 26 3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 19 23 18 18 25 7 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 7 8 8 7 10 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

p Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.

NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,

layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings

on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and

discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Total..................................................................... 11,297 10,856 9,566 6.9 6.5 5.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 10,241 9,819 8,430 7.3 6.9 5.9

Mining and logging............................................... 30 38 26 4.8 5.7 3.9

Construction....................................................... 433 387 396 5.3 4.7 4.7

Manufacturing..................................................... 829 660 579 6.1 4.9 4.3

Durable goods.................................................. 516 387 358 6.1 4.6 4.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 312 273 221 6.1 5.3 4.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 2,036 1,770 1,658 6.7 5.8 5.5

Wholesale trade................................................ 395 290 251 6.2 4.6 4.0

Retail trade..................................................... 1,146 904 804 7.0 5.6 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 495 577 603 6.5 7.4 7.7

Information........................................................ 237 186 186 7.2 5.7 5.7

Financial activities................................................ 520 603 392 5.4 6.2 4.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 369 484 269 5.3 6.8 3.9

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 150 120 123 6.0 4.8 4.8

Professional and business services............................ 2,047 1,746 1,706 8.4 7.1 6.9

Education and health services.................................. 2,047 2,363 1,814 7.8 8.6 6.7

Educational services.......................................... 168 172 214 4.3 4.1 5.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,879 2,191 1,600 8.4 9.4 7.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,666 1,639 1,407 9.5 9.1 7.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 180 268 186 7.1 10.2 6.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,486 1,371 1,221 9.9 8.9 7.9

Other services.................................................... 396 425 265 6.5 6.8 4.3

Government.......................................................... 1,056 1,037 1,136 4.5 4.3 4.7

Federal............................................................. 124 172 161 4.1 5.6 5.2

State and local.................................................... 932 865 975 4.6 4.1 4.6

State and local education..................................... 376 294 359 3.5 2.6 3.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 556 571 616 5.8 5.9 6.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,922 1,658 1,480 6.6 5.6 5.0

South................................................................. 4,269 4,304 3,874 7.0 6.9 6.2

Midwest............................................................... 2,474 2,455 2,099 7.1 6.9 5.9

West.................................................................. 2,632 2,440 2,113 6.8 6.2 5.4

1 The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Total..................................................................... 7,231 6,277 6,850 4.7 4.0 4.4

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,797 5,978 6,423 5.2 4.5 4.8

Mining and logging............................................... 26 29 29 4.3 4.5 4.5

Construction....................................................... 435 460 464 5.6 5.9 5.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 508 395 503 4.0 3.1 3.9

Durable goods.................................................. 277 208 277 3.5 2.6 3.4

Nondurable goods............................................. 231 187 227 4.8 3.8 4.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,347 1,169 1,385 4.7 4.1 4.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 215 198 178 3.6 3.3 2.9

Retail trade..................................................... 809 708 895 5.3 4.6 5.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 323 263 312 4.5 3.7 4.3

Information........................................................ 122 71 65 4.0 2.3 2.1

Financial activities................................................ 261 262 259 2.9 2.9 2.9

Finance and insurance........................................ 162 165 183 2.4 2.5 2.7

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 98 97 76 4.2 4.0 3.2

Professional and business services............................ 1,426 1,291 1,126 6.4 5.6 4.9

Education and health services.................................. 862 881 946 3.6 3.5 3.7

Educational services.......................................... 99 74 82 2.6 1.8 2.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 763 807 864 3.7 3.8 4.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,535 1,216 1,370 9.6 7.4 8.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 328 228 277 14.0 9.6 11.0

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,207 988 1,093 8.9 7.1 7.7

Other services.................................................... 274 204 275 4.8 3.5 4.7

Government.......................................................... 434 298 427 1.9 1.3 1.9

Federal............................................................. 44 43 57 1.5 1.5 2.0

State and local.................................................... 390 255 370 2.0 1.3 1.8

State and local education..................................... 116 86 125 1.1 0.8 1.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 274 170 245 3.0 1.8 2.6

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,166 1,060 1,038 4.3 3.8 3.7

South................................................................. 2,923 2,574 2,801 5.2 4.5 4.8

Midwest............................................................... 1,563 1,298 1,593 4.8 3.9 4.8

West.................................................................. 1,580 1,344 1,418 4.4 3.7 3.8

1 The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Total..................................................................... 5,924 5,578 5,707 3.9 3.6 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,513 5,328 5,318 4.2 4.0 4.0

Mining and logging............................................... 23 20 24 3.8 3.2 3.7

Construction....................................................... 299 342 321 3.8 4.4 4.0

Manufacturing..................................................... 432 424 450 3.4 3.3 3.5

Durable goods.................................................. 233 221 234 2.9 2.7 2.9

Nondurable goods............................................. 199 203 216 4.1 4.2 4.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,079 1,208 1,189 3.8 4.2 4.1

Wholesale trade................................................ 173 206 166 2.9 3.4 2.7

Retail trade..................................................... 685 705 785 4.5 4.6 5.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 221 297 238 3.1 4.1 3.3

Information........................................................ 84 77 74 2.8 2.5 2.4

Financial activities................................................ 224 219 216 2.5 2.4 2.4

Finance and insurance........................................ 152 149 158 2.3 2.2 2.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 72 71 58 3.0 2.9 2.4

Professional and business services............................ 1,225 1,113 939 5.5 4.9 4.1

Education and health services.................................. 847 793 878 3.5 3.1 3.5

Educational services.......................................... 133 64 93 3.5 1.6 2.3

Health care and social assistance........................... 714 729 785 3.5 3.4 3.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,078 947 1,008 6.8 5.8 6.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 118 111 102 5.0 4.7 4.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 960 837 906 7.1 6.0 6.3

Other services.................................................... 222 183 218 3.9 3.1 3.7

Government.......................................................... 411 250 389 1.8 1.1 1.7

Federal............................................................. 40 35 40 1.4 1.2 1.4

State and local.................................................... 371 215 349 1.9 1.1 1.7

State and local education..................................... 215 93 228 2.1 0.9 2.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 156 123 122 1.7 1.3 1.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 786 768 775 2.9 2.8 2.8

South................................................................. 2,504 2,255 2,513 4.4 3.9 4.3

Midwest............................................................... 1,209 1,236 1,218 3.7 3.7 3.7

West.................................................................. 1,424 1,318 1,200 4.0 3.6 3.2

1 The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Total..................................................................... 4,226 3,820 4,036 2.8 2.5 2.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,965 3,676 3,809 3.1 2.8 2.9

Mining and logging............................................... 17 11 15 2.8 1.7 2.4

Construction....................................................... 206 162 219 2.7 2.1 2.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 312 268 296 2.4 2.1 2.3

Durable goods.................................................. 166 139 146 2.1 1.7 1.8

Nondurable goods............................................. 146 129 150 3.0 2.6 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 830 891 858 2.9 3.1 3.0

Wholesale trade................................................ 100 147 101 1.7 2.4 1.7

Retail trade..................................................... 558 526 579 3.6 3.4 3.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 171 218 178 2.4 3.0 2.5

Information........................................................ 52 48 34 1.7 1.6 1.1

Financial activities................................................ 138 167 142 1.5 1.8 1.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 90 111 101 1.4 1.7 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 48 56 41 2.0 2.3 1.7

Professional and business services............................ 750 663 582 3.3 2.9 2.5

Education and health services.................................. 599 587 636 2.5 2.3 2.5

Educational services.......................................... 81 49 59 2.1 1.2 1.5

Health care and social assistance........................... 518 538 577 2.5 2.5 2.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 923 762 844 5.8 4.7 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 77 64 73 3.3 2.7 2.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 846 699 771 6.2 5.0 5.4

Other services.................................................... 138 117 182 2.4 2.0 3.1

Government.......................................................... 261 143 228 1.2 0.6 1.0

Federal............................................................. 20 16 19 0.7 0.6 0.6

State and local.................................................... 241 127 209 1.2 0.6 1.0

State and local education..................................... 132 60 134 1.3 0.6 1.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 110 67 75 1.2 0.7 0.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 560 515 548 2.1 1.9 2.0

South................................................................. 1,803 1,651 1,794 3.2 2.9 3.1

Midwest............................................................... 859 777 833 2.6 2.3 2.5

West.................................................................. 1,006 878 861 2.8 2.4 2.3

1 The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Total..................................................................... 1,383 1,468 1,385 0.9 0.9 0.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 1,298 1,408 1,281 1.0 1.1 1.0

Mining and logging............................................... 5 8 8 0.8 1.2 1.2

Construction....................................................... 85 165 99 1.1 2.1 1.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 92 131 138 0.7 1.0 1.1

Durable goods.................................................. 46 68 79 0.6 0.8 1.0

Nondurable goods............................................. 46 63 59 1.0 1.3 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 199 270 289 0.7 0.9 1.0

Wholesale trade................................................ 64 56 60 1.1 0.9 1.0

Retail trade..................................................... 99 154 187 0.6 1.0 1.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 36 61 42 0.5 0.9 0.6

Information........................................................ 28 16 31 0.9 0.5 1.0

Financial activities................................................ 46 41 43 0.5 0.4 0.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 34 27 34 0.5 0.4 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 13 14 9 0.5 0.6 0.4

Professional and business services............................ 422 401 313 1.9 1.8 1.4

Education and health services.................................. 207 150 176 0.9 0.6 0.7

Educational services.......................................... 48 13 28 1.3 0.3 0.7

Health care and social assistance........................... 159 137 148 0.8 0.6 0.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 140 173 153 0.9 1.1 0.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 38 45 26 1.6 1.9 1.0

Accommodation and food services.......................... 102 127 126 0.7 0.9 0.9

Other services.................................................... 73 54 31 1.3 0.9 0.5

Government.......................................................... 85 60 104 0.4 0.3 0.5

Federal............................................................. 8 6 7 0.3 0.2 0.3

State and local.................................................... 77 54 97 0.4 0.3 0.5

State and local education..................................... 58 22 70 0.6 0.2 0.6

State and local, excluding education........................ 19 32 27 0.2 0.3 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 183 205 175 0.7 0.7 0.6

South................................................................. 582 514 612 1.0 0.9 1.1

Midwest............................................................... 284 384 322 0.9 1.2 1.0

West.................................................................. 334 364 276 0.9 1.0 0.7

1 The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

Total..................................................................... 314 290 285 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 249 244 228 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging............................................... 1 2 1 0.2 0.3 0.1

Construction....................................................... 7 15 3 0.1 0.2 0.0

Manufacturing..................................................... 28 25 17 0.2 0.2 0.1

Durable goods.................................................. 21 14 9 0.3 0.2 0.1

Nondurable goods............................................. 7 11 8 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 51 46 42 0.2 0.2 0.1

Wholesale trade................................................ 9 3 5 0.1 0.1 0.1

Retail trade..................................................... 28 26 20 0.2 0.2 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 15 17 17 0.2 0.2 0.2

Information........................................................ 4 13 8 0.1 0.4 0.3

Financial activities................................................ 40 11 30 0.4 0.1 0.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 28 11 23 0.4 0.2 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 12 1 8 0.5 0.0 0.3

Professional and business services............................ 54 49 43 0.2 0.2 0.2

Education and health services.................................. 40 57 66 0.2 0.2 0.3

Educational services.......................................... 4 2 7 0.1 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 36 55 59 0.2 0.3 0.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 15 12 11 0.1 0.1 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 3 1 3 0.1 0.1 0.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 12 11 8 0.1 0.1 0.1

Other services.................................................... 10 12 6 0.2 0.2 0.1

Government.......................................................... 64 47 57 0.3 0.2 0.3

Federal............................................................. 12 13 14 0.4 0.4 0.5

State and local.................................................... 53 34 44 0.3 0.2 0.2

State and local education..................................... 25 10 24 0.2 0.1 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 27 24 19 0.3 0.3 0.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 44 49 52 0.2 0.2 0.2

South................................................................. 119 91 108 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 66 75 63 0.2 0.2 0.2

West.................................................................. 85 76 63 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally

adjusted

Establishment size class

Levels (in thousands) Rates

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023p

JOB OPENINGS

Total private............................................................ 10,241 9,819 8,430 7.3 6.9 5.9

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 1,551 1,996 1,236 6.9 8.7 5.5

10 to 49 employees................................................. 3,425 2,980 2,555 7.3 6.4 5.4

50 to 249 employees............................................... 2,993 2,777 2,696 7.4 6.4 6.4

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 1,368 1,188 1,053 7.3 6.7 6.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 663 598 629 7.9 7.6 7.5

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 241 280 261 7.2 7.1 6.2

HIRES

Total private............................................................ 6,797 5,978 6,423 5.2 4.5 4.8

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 958 1,049 998 4.6 5.0 4.7

10 to 49 employees................................................. 2,304 2,036 2,179 5.3 4.7 4.9

50 to 249 employees............................................... 2,226 1,874 2,066 5.9 4.6 5.2

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 902 696 782 5.2 4.2 4.8

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 337 262 313 4.3 3.6 4.0

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 70 61 85 2.3 1.7 2.1

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private............................................................ 5,513 5,328 5,318 4.2 4.0 4.0

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 775 778 725 3.7 3.7 3.4

10 to 49 employees................................................. 1,788 1,924 1,921 4.1 4.4 4.3

50 to 249 employees............................................... 1,779 1,685 1,676 4.8 4.2 4.2

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 819 661 669 4.7 4.0 4.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 302 233 266 3.9 3.2 3.4

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 50 48 61 1.6 1.3 1.5

QUITS

Total private.......................................................... 3,965 3,676 3,809 3.1 2.8 2.9

1 to 9 employees................................................. 494 491 568 2.4 2.3 2.7

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 1,376 1,421 1,432 3.2 3.3 3.2

50 to 249 employees............................................. 1,333 1,171 1,182 3.6 2.9 3.0

250 to 999 employees........................................... 538 412 435 3.1 2.5 2.7

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 189 151 153 2.4 2.1 2.0

5,000 or more employees....................................... 34 31 39 1.1 0.9 1.0

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private.......................................................... 1,298 1,408 1,281 1.0 1.1 1.0

1 to 9 employees................................................. 226 216 132 1.1 1.0 0.6

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 358 412 413 0.8 0.9 0.9

50 to 249 employees............................................. 373 477 427 1.0 1.2 1.1

250 to 999 employees........................................... 239 224 207 1.4 1.4 1.3

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 94 68 90 1.2 0.9 1.2

5,000 or more employees....................................... 9 10 12 0.3 0.3 0.3

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private.......................................................... 249 244 228 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 to 9 employees................................................. 55 71 25 0.3 0.3 0.1

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 55 91 76 0.1 0.2 0.2

50 to 249 employees............................................. 73 37 67 0.2 0.1 0.2

250 to 999 employees........................................... 42 24 27 0.2 0.1 0.2

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 18 14 24 0.2 0.2 0.3

5,000 or more employees....................................... 7 6 10 0.2 0.2 0.2

p Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.

NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,

layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings

on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and

discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.