For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, November 10, 2020 USDL-20-2088

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – SEPTEMBER 2020

The number of job openings was little changed at 6.4 million on the last business day of September, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires and total separations were little changed at 5.9 

million and 4.7 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate was little changed at 2.1 percent 

while the layoffs and discharges rate decreased to a series low of 0.9 percent. This release includes 

estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by 

industry, and by four geographic regions. 

Job Openings 

On the last business day of September, the number of job openings was little changed at 6.4 million. 

The job openings rate was unchanged at 4.3 percent. Job openings decreased in federal government 

(-20,000). The number of job openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.) 

The number of job openings in September (not seasonally adjusted) decreased over the year to 6.6 

million (-566,000) reflecting the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market. Job 

openings decreased in a number of industries with the largest in accommodation and food services, retail 

trade, and construction. The number of job openings decreased in the Midwest and West regions. (See 

table 7.) 

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on September 2020 JOLTS Data 

Data collection for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey was affected by the coronavirus 

(COVID-19) pandemic. More information is available at the end of this news release and at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-september-2020.htm.
- 2 - 

Hires 

In September, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.9 million and 4.1 percent, 

respectively. Hires decreased in federal government (-256,000), largely due to a drop in demand for 

temporary 2020 Census workers. Hires also decreased in retail trade (-105,000) and educational services 

(-23,000). The number of hires increased in accommodation and food services (+137,000), wholesale 

trade (+73,000), and transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+46,000). The number of hires was little 

changed in all four regions. (See table 2.) 

The number of hires in September (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed over the year. Hires 

increased in a number of industries over the year, with the largest increases in other services and in 

transportation, warehousing, and utilities. Hires decreased in state and local government education and 

in arts, entertainment, and recreation. The number of hires decreased in the South region. (See table 8.) 

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 

referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 

the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 

discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 

due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm. 

In September, the number of total separations was little changed at 4.7 million. The total separations 

rate was unchanged at 3.3 percent. The total separations level increased in other services (+77,000). 

Total separations also increased in federal government (+31,000), largely the result of temporary 2020 

Census workers. Total separations were little changed in all four regions. (See table 3.)

Over the year, the number of total separations (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 5.0 million 

(-1.1 million). Total separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in 

accommodation and food services and in professional and business services. Total separations increased 

in federal government. The number of total separations decreased in all four regions. (See table 9.)

In September, the number of quits increased to 3.0 million (+179,000) and the quits rate was little 

changed at 2.1 percent. Quits increased in other services (+65,000), construction (+39,000), and arts, 

entertainment, and recreation (+17,000). The number of quits was little changed in all four regions. 

(See table 4.) 

Over the year, the number of quits (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 3.3 million (-356,000). Quits 

declined in several industries, with the largest decreases in accommodation and food services and in arts, 

entertainment, and recreation. The quits level increased in nondurable goods manufacturing. Over the 

year, the number of quits decreased in the Midwest and West regions. (See table 10.) 

The number and rate of layoffs and discharges decreased to 1.3 million (-200,000) and 0.9 percent, 

respectively in September. The layoffs and discharges level decreased in construction (-102,000) and 

wholesale trade (-40,000). The number of layoffs and discharges increased in federal government 

(+37,000), largely due to the release of temporary 2020 Census workers. Layoffs and discharges were 

little changed in all four regions. (See table 5.) 

Over the year, the layoffs and discharges level (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 1.4 million 

(-720,000). Layoffs and discharges decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in 
- 3 - 

accommodation and food services and in professional and business services. The number of layoffs and 

discharges increased in federal government. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased over the 

year in the Northeast, South, and West regions. (See table 11.) 

The number of other separations was little changed in September at 314,000. Other separations 

decreased in federal government (-5,000) and arts, entertainment, and recreation (-3,000). Other 

separations were little changed in all four regions. (See table 6.) 

Over the year, the other separations level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed at 298,000. Other 

separations decreased in federal government. The number of other separations was little changed in all 

four regions. (See table 12.) 

Net Change in Employment 

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 

employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 

hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 

Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 

if the hires level is steady or rising. 

Over the 12 months ending in September, hires totaled 70.4 million and separations totaled 76.4 million, 

yielding a net employment loss of 6.0 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 

and separated more than once during the year. 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for October 2020 are scheduled to be 

released on Wednesday, December 9, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (ET). 

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on September 2020

Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data

Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 

42 percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone 

respondents were asked to report electronically. However, data collection was adversely impacted due 

to the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate 

for September was 47 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic averaged 54 percent.

BLS modified the JOLTS estimation methods in March through September to better reflect the impact 

of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The estimation process usually includes an alignment of 

monthly hires minus separations to the over-the-month change in the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) employment estimates. For September estimates, as in earlier months, BLS suspended the 

alignment process. The differing reference periods for the CES employment estimates (pay period 

including the 12th of the month) and the JOLTS hires and separations estimates (the entire reference 

month) led to different measurement outcomes. More information about the impact of the COVID-19 

pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, is 

available at www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-september-2020.htm.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 7,046 6,352 6,436 5,959 5,952 5,871 5,739 4,689 4,664

Total private....................................... 6,325 5,636 5,740 5,593 5,394 5,563 5,387 4,413 4,332

Mining and logging1............................ 34 15 17 24 16 19 24 19 23

Construction1................................... 333 275 229 452 396 383 431 324 260

Manufacturing.................................. 441 469 456 344 384 351 349 332 324

Durable goods1.............................. 269 249 255 198 207 184 205 190 180

Nondurable goods1

.......................... 172 220 201 146 177 167 144 141 144

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,280 1,130 1,112 1,196 1,248 1,262 1,201 1,103 1,024

Wholesale trade............................. 193 187 180 162 135 208 161 152 126

Retail trade................................... 743 705 653 787 863 758 796 719 655

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 345 238 279 248 250 296 244 232 244

Information1

..................................... 169 82 86 91 87 95 82 57 61

Financial activities.............................. 349 284 316 225 217 223 216 205 189

Finance and insurance..................... 268 222 252 143 145 150 135 133 113

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 81 61 65 82 73 74 81 72 76

Professional and business services......... 1,260 1,195 1,276 1,178 1,170 1,151 1,141 960 953

Education and health services............... 1,216 1,182 1,220 740 719 736 661 606 611

Educational services1

....................... 129 108 108 99 93 70 86 59 63

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,087 1,074 1,112 641 626 666 575 547 548

Leisure and hospitality........................ 995 761 781 1,160 934 1,057 1,096 708 712

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 148 83 85 176 129 114 152 53 78

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 847 678 696 985 806 943 944 655 634

Other services.................................. 248 242 246 182 222 286 186 98 175

Government....................................... 721 716 695 366 558 308 352 276 332

Federal1

......................................... 112 123 103 42 315 59 41 57 88

State and local................................. 608 594 593 325 243 249 311 219 244

State and local education.................. 229 199 204 161 105 106 158 116 129

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 380 394 388 163 138 143 153 103 115

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 4.4 4.3 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.3 3.3

Total private....................................... 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.2 3.7 3.6

Mining and logging1

............................ 4.5 2.4 2.8 3.3 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.8

Construction1

................................... 4.2 3.7 3.1 6.0 5.5 5.3 5.7 4.5 3.6

Manufacturing.................................. 3.3 3.7 3.6 2.7 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.7

Durable goods1

.............................. 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4

Nondurable goods1.......................... 3.5 4.6 4.2 3.1 3.9 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 4.4 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.2 3.8

Wholesale trade............................. 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.7 2.4 3.7 2.7 2.7 2.2

Retail trade................................... 4.5 4.5 4.1 5.0 5.7 5.0 5.1 4.8 4.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 5.3 3.9 4.5 4.0 4.3 5.0 3.9 4.0 4.1

Information1

..................................... 5.6 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.6 2.8 2.2 2.3

Financial activities.............................. 3.8 3.2 3.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2

Finance and insurance..................... 4.0 3.3 3.7 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.7

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 3.3 2.7 2.9 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.5

Professional and business services......... 5.6 5.6 6.0 5.5 5.8 5.7 5.3 4.8 4.7

Education and health services............... 4.8 4.9 5.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.6

Educational services1

....................... 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.0 2.3 1.7 1.8

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 5.0 5.2 5.3 3.1 3.2 3.4 2.8 2.8 2.8

Leisure and hospitality........................ 5.6 5.7 5.7 7.0 7.4 8.1 6.6 5.6 5.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 5.7 4.9 4.8 7.2 8.0 6.8 6.2 3.3 4.6

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 5.6 5.8 5.8 6.9 7.3 8.3 6.7 5.9 5.6

Other services.................................. 4.0 4.3 4.3 3.1 4.1 5.3 3.2 1.8 3.2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Government....................................... 3.1 3.2 3.1 1.6 2.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.5

Federal1

......................................... 3.8 3.7 3.2 1.5 10.0 1.9 1.4 1.8 2.8

State and local................................. 3.0 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.3

State and local education.................. 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.3

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 3.9 4.2 4.1 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.3

1 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data

are identical.

p Preliminary
Technical Note 

 Special technical note: This technical note 

describes the procedures regularly used on a monthly 

basis to develop estimates from JOLTS survey 

responses. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of 

the procedures described in this technical note have 

been modified. The modifications are briefly 

described in the box note in the news release and are 

described in more detail at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemicon-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm. 

 This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Industries are classified in accordance 

with the North American Industry Classification 

System. 

Definitions 

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements. 

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting Internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar 

sources. 

 Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future, 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work, and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. 
Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 

discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Excluded from separations are 

transfers within the same location; employees on 

strike; employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly. 

Estimation Method

 The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 

establishments. The sample is stratified by 

ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment 

size class. The establishments are drawn from a 

universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled 

by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) program which includes all employers 

subject to state unemployment insurance laws and 

federal agencies subject to the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees program. 

 Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio 

adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment 

is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data 

elements. 

 Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. 

Also within the first year, new businesses may go out 

of business, referred to as a death. Because not all 

births and deaths of establishments can be reflected 

on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS 

sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and 

separations from them during their early existence. 

BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses 

establishment birth and death activity from previous 

years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations. 

 Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences as well as sampling and nonsampling 

errors between the two surveys historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust 

again. 

 Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses X-13 ARIMA 

for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal 

adjustment methodology is used in which new 

seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each 

month, using all relevant data up to and including 

current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally 

adjusted CES employment trends are applied to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment 

trends (hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the 

seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

 Annual estimates. The JOLTS estimates are 

revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES 

employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal 

adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels 

are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and 

the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data 

elements. The seasonally adjusted data are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. These 
annual updates result in revisions to both the 

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series, for the period since the last 

benchmark was established. 

 Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual 

level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

annual average employment level, and multiplying 

that quotient by 100. This figure will be 

approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly 

rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates 

are published only for not seasonally adjusted data 

and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job 

openings because job openings are a stock, or pointin-time, measurement for the last business day of 

each month. 

Reliability of the estimates 

 JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs 

when a sample is surveyed rather than the entire 

population. There is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected. 

This variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that 

there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true 

population value because of sampling error. 

Sampling error estimates are available at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm. 

 The JOLTS estimates also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for 

many reasons including: the failure to include a 

segment of the population; the inability to obtain data 

from all units in the sample; the inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 

timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data; and 

errors from the employment benchmark data used in 

estimation. 

Other information 

 Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339. 
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total............................................... 7,046 5,371 6,001 6,697 6,352 6,436 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,325 4,736 5,347 5,879 5,636 5,740 4.7 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.6

Mining and logging3

....................... 34 10 16 16 15 17 4.5 1.5 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.8

Construction3............................... 333 315 244 332 275 229 4.2 4.3 3.3 4.4 3.7 3.1

Manufacturing.............................. 441 306 346 430 469 456 3.3 2.5 2.8 3.4 3.7 3.6

Durable goods3

.......................... 269 166 179 228 249 255 3.2 2.2 2.3 2.9 3.2 3.2

Nondurable goods3

...................... 172 141 167 202 220 201 3.5 3.1 3.6 4.3 4.6 4.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,280 997 1,075 1,181 1,130 1,112 4.4 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.0

Wholesale trade......................... 193 153 163 179 187 180 3.2 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.1

Retail trade............................... 743 670 669 773 705 653 4.5 4.7 4.4 5.0 4.5 4.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 345 174 243 228 238 279 5.3 3.0 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.5

Information3................................. 169 78 97 106 82 86 5.6 2.9 3.6 3.9 3.1 3.2

Financial activities......................... 349 264 298 291 284 316 3.8 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.5

Finance and insurance................. 268 215 232 219 222 252 4.0 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.7

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 81 49 65 72 61 65 3.3 2.2 2.9 3.2 2.7 2.9

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,260 976 1,077 1,178 1,195 1,276 5.6 4.8 5.2 5.6 5.6 6.0

Education and health services........... 1,216 975 1,089 1,288 1,182 1,220 4.8 4.2 4.6 5.3 4.9 5.0

Educational services3................... 129 78 90 111 108 108 3.3 2.3 2.5 3.1 3.0 3.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,087 896 999 1,177 1,074 1,112 5.0 4.5 4.9 5.7 5.2 5.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 995 622 838 770 761 781 5.6 5.9 6.6 5.8 5.7 5.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 148 101 113 94 83 85 5.7 7.8 7.1 5.6 4.9 4.8

Accommodation and food services. .. 847 521 725 676 678 696 5.6 5.6 6.5 5.8 5.8 5.8

Other services.............................. 248 194 268 288 242 246 4.0 3.9 4.9 5.1 4.3 4.3

Government................................... 721 635 654 818 716 695 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.2 3.1

Federal3

..................................... 112 70 112 281 123 103 3.8 2.4 3.7 8.8 3.7 3.2

State and local............................. 608 564 542 536 594 593 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.1

State and local education.............. 229 209 186 176 199 204 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.1

State and local, excluding

education3

............................. 380 355 356 360 394 388 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.1

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 1,174 948 1,123 1,209 1,080 1,116 4.1 3.7 4.3 4.5 4.0 4.1

South........................................... 2,693 2,049 2,226 2,479 2,512 2,532 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.6

Midwest........................................ 1,548 1,123 1,329 1,561 1,366 1,378 4.5 3.7 4.2 4.9 4.3 4.3

West............................................ 1,630 1,251 1,323 1,448 1,394 1,410 4.4 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.1

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total............................................... 5,959 7,199 6,970 5,903 5,952 5,871 3.9 5.4 5.1 4.2 4.2 4.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,593 6,952 6,688 5,569 5,394 5,563 4.3 6.2 5.7 4.7 4.5 4.6

Mining and logging......................... 24 16 11 21 16 19 3.3 2.6 1.8 3.4 2.6 3.0

Construction................................ 452 679 499 396 396 383 6.0 9.7 7.0 5.5 5.5 5.3

Manufacturing.............................. 344 523 432 341 384 351 2.7 4.5 3.6 2.8 3.2 2.9

Durable goods........................... 198 286 254 175 207 184 2.5 3.9 3.4 2.3 2.7 2.4

Nondurable goods....................... 146 236 178 165 177 167 3.1 5.3 3.9 3.6 3.9 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,196 1,341 1,362 1,227 1,248 1,262 4.3 5.4 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.7

Wholesale trade......................... 162 187 165 123 135 208 2.7 3.4 2.9 2.2 2.4 3.7

Retail trade............................... 787 886 911 811 863 758 5.0 6.5 6.3 5.5 5.7 5.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 248 268 286 294 250 296 4.0 4.8 5.0 5.1 4.3 5.0

Information.................................. 91 66 57 67 87 95 3.2 2.5 2.2 2.6 3.4 3.6

Financial activities......................... 225 201 189 235 217 223 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.6

Finance and insurance................. 143 113 134 142 145 150 2.2 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 82 88 56 94 73 74 3.5 4.1 2.6 4.3 3.3 3.3

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,178 938 1,175 1,152 1,170 1,151 5.5 4.8 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.7

Education and health services........... 740 1,093 899 788 719 736 3.0 4.9 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.2

Educational services.................... 99 98 116 100 93 70 2.6 2.9 3.4 2.9 2.6 2.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 641 995 783 688 626 666 3.1 5.3 4.1 3.5 3.2 3.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,160 1,513 1,759 1,168 934 1,057 7.0 15.2 14.7 9.3 7.4 8.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 176 145 162 167 129 114 7.2 12.1 10.9 10.6 8.0 6.8

Accommodation and food services. .. 985 1,368 1,597 1,001 806 943 6.9 15.6 15.3 9.1 7.3 8.3

Other services.............................. 182 582 305 173 222 286 3.1 12.0 5.9 3.2 4.1 5.3

Government................................... 366 247 281 334 558 308 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.5 2.5 1.4

Federal...................................... 42 50 40 72 315 59 1.5 1.7 1.4 2.5 10.0 1.9

State and local............................. 325 197 241 262 243 249 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3

State and local education.............. 161 128 123 124 105 106 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 163 69 118 138 138 143 1.8 0.8 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.6

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 904 1,103 1,214 1,052 1,017 977 3.3 4.5 4.8 4.1 3.9 3.8

South........................................... 2,429 2,409 2,417 2,173 2,278 2,256 4.4 4.9 4.8 4.2 4.4 4.3

Midwest........................................ 1,272 1,628 1,682 1,307 1,311 1,203 3.9 5.6 5.6 4.3 4.3 3.9

West............................................ 1,353 2,059 1,656 1,371 1,346 1,435 3.8 6.7 5.2 4.2 4.1 4.4

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total............................................... 5,739 4,236 4,899 4,988 4,689 4,664 3.8 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,387 3,935 4,656 4,729 4,413 4,332 4.2 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.6

Mining and logging......................... 24 31 28 26 19 23 3.3 4.9 4.4 4.2 3.1 3.8

Construction................................ 431 292 343 347 324 260 5.7 4.2 4.8 4.8 4.5 3.6

Manufacturing.............................. 349 285 392 359 332 324 2.7 2.4 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.7

Durable goods........................... 205 180 241 219 190 180 2.5 2.5 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.4

Nondurable goods....................... 144 105 152 140 141 144 3.0 2.4 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,201 936 1,077 1,123 1,103 1,024 4.3 3.8 4.2 4.3 4.2 3.8

Wholesale trade......................... 161 166 166 143 152 126 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.2

Retail trade............................... 796 530 640 717 719 655 5.1 3.9 4.4 4.9 4.8 4.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 244 240 271 263 232 244 3.9 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.0 4.1

Information.................................. 82 56 54 56 57 61 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3

Financial activities......................... 216 160 177 197 205 189 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.2

Finance and insurance................. 135 104 122 120 133 113 2.1 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.7

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 81 57 55 77 72 76 3.5 2.7 2.6 3.5 3.3 3.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,141 875 926 986 960 953 5.3 4.5 4.7 5.0 4.8 4.7

Education and health services........... 661 538 603 632 606 611 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6

Educational services.................... 86 58 55 71 59 63 2.3 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.8

Health care and social assistance. . .. 575 480 548 561 547 548 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,096 640 858 820 708 712 6.6 6.4 7.2 6.5 5.6 5.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 152 105 136 115 53 78 6.2 8.8 9.2 7.3 3.3 4.6

Accommodation and food services. .. 944 534 722 705 655 634 6.7 6.1 6.9 6.4 5.9 5.6

Other services.............................. 186 121 199 183 98 175 3.2 2.5 3.9 3.4 1.8 3.2

Government................................... 352 302 243 259 276 332 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5

Federal...................................... 41 53 42 45 57 88 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.8

State and local............................. 311 248 200 214 219 244 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3

State and local education.............. 158 128 70 102 116 129 1.5 1.3 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 153 120 130 112 103 115 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 851 727 841 766 702 649 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.5

South........................................... 2,296 1,675 1,862 1,915 1,895 1,854 4.1 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6

Midwest........................................ 1,221 900 1,080 1,121 1,055 1,079 3.7 3.1 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.5

West............................................ 1,371 933 1,115 1,185 1,037 1,082 3.9 3.0 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.3

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total............................................... 3,429 2,067 2,605 2,932 2,839 3,018 2.3 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,242 1,945 2,492 2,789 2,696 2,868 2.5 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4

Mining and logging......................... 11 8 10 11 7 8 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.2 1.3

Construction................................ 185 104 131 143 103 142 2.5 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.4 2.0

Manufacturing.............................. 214 143 186 179 207 212 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7

Durable goods........................... 125 83 101 104 117 109 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4

Nondurable goods....................... 89 60 85 75 90 103 1.9 1.4 1.9 1.7 2.0 2.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 741 484 613 753 722 697 2.7 1.9 2.4 2.9 2.7 2.6

Wholesale trade......................... 81 55 79 90 86 94 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.7

Retail trade............................... 525 306 410 524 502 462 3.4 2.2 2.8 3.5 3.3 3.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 135 122 123 140 134 141 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.4

Information.................................. 41 22 28 31 29 29 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1

Financial activities......................... 132 87 84 87 126 108 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.2

Finance and insurance................. 92 69 60 47 89 67 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.4 1.0

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 40 18 25 40 37 41 1.7 0.8 1.1 1.8 1.7 1.9

Professional and business services. . . .. 642 411 441 533 558 610 3.0 2.1 2.2 2.7 2.8 3.0

Education and health services........... 447 286 394 438 398 418 1.8 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.8

Educational services.................... 49 23 23 37 32 31 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.9

Health care and social assistance. . .. 398 262 371 401 366 387 1.9 1.4 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 722 369 487 501 488 521 4.3 3.7 4.1 4.0 3.8 4.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 75 31 29 32 15 32 3.1 2.5 2.0 2.0 0.9 1.9

Accommodation and food services. .. 647 338 457 469 473 488 4.6 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3

Other services.............................. 106 32 117 113 58 123 1.8 0.7 2.3 2.1 1.1 2.3

Government................................... 187 122 113 143 142 150 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7

Federal...................................... 18 17 17 19 19 19 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6

State and local............................. 169 105 96 123 124 131 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7

State and local education.............. 91 67 31 59 66 71 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.7

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 78 37 66 65 58 61 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 453 272 392 410 389 404 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6

South........................................... 1,354 919 1,054 1,160 1,233 1,287 2.4 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5

Midwest........................................ 776 443 599 703 633 687 2.4 1.5 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.2

West............................................ 846 433 560 658 583 639 2.4 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.9

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total............................................... 1,962 1,903 1,995 1,745 1,533 1,333 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,860 1,780 1,913 1,690 1,464 1,206 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

Mining and logging......................... 12 22 17 15 11 12 1.7 3.4 2.6 2.4 1.7 1.9

Construction................................ 223 177 197 192 206 104 3.0 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.9 1.4

Manufacturing.............................. 113 121 184 154 102 90 0.9 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.7

Durable goods........................... 66 85 127 102 60 59 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.4 0.8 0.8

Nondurable goods....................... 47 37 57 52 42 31 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 386 419 419 317 340 276 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.0

Wholesale trade3

........................ 70 97 80 53 61 21 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.4

Retail trade............................... 228 221 203 171 194 165 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 89 101 135 92 85 90 1.4 1.8 2.4 1.6 1.5 1.5

Information.................................. 35 29 21 21 25 25 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9

Financial activities......................... 60 56 67 83 52 59 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.7

Finance and insurance................. 25 23 41 50 21 29 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 35 33 25 33 31 30 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 441 405 423 390 352 291 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.4

Education and health services........... 178 215 155 165 164 154 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Educational services.................... 32 30 30 31 21 27 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.8

Health care and social assistance. . .. 145 185 126 134 143 127 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 345 257 351 293 188 162 2.1 2.6 2.9 2.3 1.5 1.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 74 74 103 81 35 44 3.0 6.1 7.0 5.1 2.1 2.6

Accommodation and food services. .. 272 183 248 213 154 118 1.9 2.1 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.0

Other services.............................. 66 80 81 61 23 33 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.1 0.4 0.6

Government................................... 103 123 81 55 69 126 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6

Federal...................................... 10 24 14 12 23 60 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.9

State and local............................. 93 100 67 43 46 67 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4

State and local education.............. 43 39 29 18 26 35 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 50 61 38 25 20 32 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 334 402 395 300 264 194 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.7

South........................................... 798 664 706 639 540 442 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9

Midwest........................................ 380 408 416 355 355 331 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1

West............................................ 450 429 478 451 374 365 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.1

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total............................................... 347 266 300 311 317 314 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 285 209 251 250 253 258 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 1 1 1 1 1 3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5

Construction3

............................... 22 11 15 11 15 14 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 21 21 22 26 23 22 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods........................... 14 12 12 13 13 12 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods3...................... 8 8 9 13 10 10 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 74 34 45 53 41 51 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 10 13 6 0 5 11 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

Retail trade............................... 44 3 27 22 23 28 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 20 17 13 31 13 13 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2

Information3................................. 6 4 5 4 3 7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3

Financial activities......................... 24 17 26 27 27 21 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

Finance and insurance................. 19 12 21 23 23 17 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 6 6 5 4 4 5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 58 60 62 64 50 51 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Education and health services........... 36 37 53 29 44 39 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Educational services.................... 5 5 2 3 5 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Health care and social assistance3

. .. 31 32 52 26 38 34 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 29 14 20 26 32 29 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation3

... 3 1 3 3 4 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

Accommodation and food services3... 25 13 17 23 28 28 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Other services3............................. 15 9 2 9 16 19 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3

Government................................... 62 57 48 61 64 56 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 13 13 11 14 15 10 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3

State and local............................. 49 44 37 48 50 46 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local education.............. 23 22 11 25 25 24 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 26 22 26 23 25 22 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 64 54 55 56 48 50 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

South........................................... 144 92 102 116 121 125 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest........................................ 65 49 66 63 67 61 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West............................................ 75 71 78 76 80 78 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 7,174 6,491 6,608 4.5 4.4 4.5

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,457 5,763 5,915 4.8 4.6 4.7

Mining and logging............................................... 34 15 17 4.4 2.4 2.7

Construction....................................................... 333 275 229 4.1 3.5 3.0

Manufacturing..................................................... 441 469 456 3.3 3.7 3.6

Durable goods.................................................. 269 249 255 3.2 3.2 3.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 172 220 201 3.4 4.5 4.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,424 1,254 1,244 4.9 4.5 4.5

Wholesale trade................................................ 188 182 182 3.1 3.1 3.1

Retail trade..................................................... 891 834 784 5.4 5.3 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 345 238 279 5.3 4.0 4.5

Information........................................................ 169 82 86 5.6 3.1 3.2

Financial activities................................................ 346 281 317 3.8 3.1 3.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 265 220 252 4.0 3.3 3.8

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 81 61 65 3.3 2.7 2.9

Professional and business services............................ 1,313 1,230 1,358 5.8 5.7 6.3

Education and health services.................................. 1,177 1,168 1,201 4.6 4.9 4.9

Educational services.......................................... 129 108 108 3.3 3.2 3.0

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,048 1,060 1,093 4.9 5.1 5.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 980 754 761 5.5 5.4 5.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 130 75 66 5.0 4.0 3.7

Accommodation and food services.......................... 851 679 695 5.6 5.6 5.7

Other services.................................................... 240 234 245 3.9 4.1 4.3

Government.......................................................... 716 729 693 3.1 3.4 3.1

Federal............................................................. 112 123 103 3.8 3.7 3.2

State and local.................................................... 604 606 591 3.0 3.3 3.1

State and local education..................................... 224 212 202 2.1 2.4 2.0

State and local, excluding education........................ 380 394 388 3.9 4.2 4.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,213 1,117 1,153 4.2 4.2 4.2

South................................................................. 2,721 2,547 2,594 4.7 4.7 4.8

Midwest............................................................... 1,582 1,390 1,406 4.6 4.3 4.4

West.................................................................. 1,657 1,437 1,454 4.5 4.2 4.2

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 6,033 6,528 5,950 4.0 4.6 4.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,575 5,730 5,549 4.3 4.8 4.6

Mining and logging............................................... 25 17 20 3.4 2.7 3.2

Construction....................................................... 439 388 369 5.7 5.2 5.0

Manufacturing..................................................... 352 421 360 2.7 3.4 2.9

Durable goods.................................................. 199 220 188 2.5 2.9 2.5

Nondurable goods............................................. 153 201 172 3.2 4.3 3.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,217 1,323 1,274 4.4 5.0 4.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 161 137 210 2.7 2.4 3.7

Retail trade..................................................... 788 948 740 5.1 6.3 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 267 239 324 4.3 4.2 5.5

Information........................................................ 89 88 96 3.1 3.4 3.7

Financial activities................................................ 210 225 213 2.4 2.6 2.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 131 151 144 2.0 2.3 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 79 74 69 3.4 3.3 3.1

Professional and business services............................ 1,150 1,181 1,117 5.4 5.8 5.5

Education and health services.................................. 801 858 803 3.3 3.8 3.5

Educational services.......................................... 160 161 127 4.3 5.0 3.7

Health care and social assistance........................... 641 697 676 3.1 3.6 3.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,127 1,005 1,017 6.7 7.6 7.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 141 97 88 5.7 5.4 5.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 986 907 930 6.9 7.9 8.1

Other services.................................................... 164 224 280 2.8 4.1 5.2

Government.......................................................... 458 798 401 2.0 3.8 1.8

Federal............................................................. 43 318 62 1.5 10.0 2.0

State and local.................................................... 415 480 339 2.1 2.7 1.8

State and local education..................................... 265 342 206 2.5 3.9 2.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 150 138 132 1.6 1.5 1.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 954 1,047 1,002 3.4 4.1 3.9

South................................................................. 2,405 2,549 2,237 4.3 4.9 4.3

Midwest............................................................... 1,294 1,449 1,225 3.9 4.7 4.0

West.................................................................. 1,380 1,483 1,486 3.9 4.5 4.5

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 6,097 5,629 4,982 4.0 4.0 3.5

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,693 5,224 4,611 4.4 4.4 3.8

Mining and logging............................................... 23 21 21 3.1 3.4 3.4

Construction....................................................... 447 361 283 5.8 4.8 3.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 366 408 343 2.8 3.3 2.8

Durable goods.................................................. 211 240 190 2.6 3.2 2.5

Nondurable goods............................................. 156 169 153 3.2 3.7 3.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,169 1,268 1,018 4.2 4.8 3.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 161 173 129 2.7 3.1 2.3

Retail trade..................................................... 787 858 668 5.1 5.7 4.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 221 237 220 3.6 4.1 3.7

Information........................................................ 86 70 64 3.0 2.7 2.5

Financial activities................................................ 213 255 183 2.4 2.9 2.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 133 180 109 2.1 2.8 1.7

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 80 74 75 3.4 3.3 3.4

Professional and business services............................ 1,152 1,035 961 5.4 5.1 4.8

Education and health services.................................. 655 700 597 2.7 3.1 2.6

Educational services.......................................... 85 106 60 2.2 3.3 1.7

Health care and social assistance........................... 570 595 537 2.8 3.0 2.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,367 950 949 8.2 7.2 7.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 250 132 165 10.1 7.4 9.7

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,117 817 784 7.8 7.1 6.9

Other services.................................................... 215 155 189 3.7 2.9 3.5

Government.......................................................... 404 406 371 1.8 1.9 1.7

Federal............................................................. 45 63 90 1.6 2.0 2.9

State and local.................................................... 359 342 281 1.8 1.9 1.5

State and local education..................................... 134 182 112 1.3 2.1 1.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 225 160 169 2.4 1.8 1.9

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,029 902 794 3.7 3.5 3.1

South................................................................. 2,340 2,237 1,916 4.2 4.3 3.7

Midwest............................................................... 1,293 1,267 1,135 3.9 4.1 3.7

West.................................................................. 1,436 1,223 1,137 4.1 3.7 3.5

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 3,631 3,678 3,275 2.4 2.6 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,437 3,456 3,112 2.7 2.9 2.6

Mining and logging............................................... 12 10 9 1.7 1.7 1.5

Construction....................................................... 202 146 169 2.6 2.0 2.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 223 274 230 1.7 2.2 1.9

Durable goods.................................................. 130 156 120 1.6 2.0 1.6

Nondurable goods............................................. 93 118 110 1.9 2.6 2.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 760 902 743 2.8 3.4 2.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 84 106 100 1.4 1.9 1.8

Retail trade..................................................... 548 646 509 3.5 4.3 3.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 129 150 134 2.1 2.6 2.3

Information........................................................ 44 43 31 1.5 1.7 1.2

Financial activities................................................ 135 157 112 1.5 1.8 1.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 95 120 71 1.5 1.9 1.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 40 37 41 1.7 1.7 1.9

Professional and business services............................ 655 654 631 3.0 3.2 3.1

Education and health services.................................. 454 475 421 1.9 2.1 1.8

Educational services.......................................... 54 61 36 1.4 1.9 1.0

Health care and social assistance........................... 399 414 385 1.9 2.1 2.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 834 701 637 5.0 5.3 4.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 103 71 60 4.2 3.9 3.5

Accommodation and food services.......................... 730 630 577 5.1 5.5 5.1

Other services.................................................... 118 94 129 2.0 1.7 2.4

Government.......................................................... 194 222 163 0.9 1.1 0.7

Federal............................................................. 19 23 20 0.7 0.7 0.6

State and local.................................................... 175 198 143 0.9 1.1 0.8

State and local education..................................... 82 110 67 0.8 1.3 0.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 93 88 76 1.0 1.0 0.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 520 531 481 1.9 2.1 1.8

South................................................................. 1,383 1,535 1,338 2.5 3.0 2.6

Midwest............................................................... 839 835 760 2.5 2.7 2.5

West.................................................................. 889 777 696 2.5 2.4 2.1

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 2,129 1,616 1,409 1.4 1.1 1.0

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 1,977 1,505 1,249 1.5 1.3 1.0

Mining and logging............................................... 9 9 9 1.3 1.5 1.4

Construction....................................................... 223 200 101 2.9 2.7 1.4

Manufacturing..................................................... 123 113 93 1.0 0.9 0.8

Durable goods.................................................. 69 73 60 0.8 1.0 0.8

Nondurable goods............................................. 55 41 34 1.1 0.9 0.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 336 320 223 1.2 1.2 0.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 70 61 21 1.2 1.1 0.4

Retail trade..................................................... 195 186 128 1.3 1.2 0.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 72 74 74 1.2 1.3 1.2

Information........................................................ 36 23 26 1.3 0.9 1.0

Financial activities................................................ 56 63 54 0.6 0.7 0.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 22 30 26 0.3 0.5 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 34 34 29 1.5 1.5 1.3

Professional and business services............................ 440 334 282 2.0 1.6 1.4

Education and health services.................................. 165 180 137 0.7 0.8 0.6

Educational services.......................................... 26 38 19 0.7 1.2 0.6

Health care and social assistance........................... 140 142 118 0.7 0.7 0.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 504 217 283 3.0 1.6 2.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 143 58 103 5.8 3.2 6.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 361 159 179 2.5 1.4 1.6

Other services.................................................... 83 45 42 1.4 0.8 0.8

Government.......................................................... 152 111 159 0.7 0.5 0.7

Federal............................................................. 11 25 60 0.4 0.8 1.9

State and local.................................................... 141 86 100 0.7 0.5 0.5

State and local education..................................... 35 42 29 0.3 0.5 0.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 106 44 71 1.1 0.5 0.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 437 317 259 1.6 1.2 1.0

South................................................................. 825 573 457 1.5 1.1 0.9

Midwest............................................................... 389 356 319 1.2 1.2 1.0

West.................................................................. 478 371 374 1.4 1.1 1.1

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Sept.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 336 336 298 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 278 263 249 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging............................................... 1 1 3 0.1 0.2 0.5

Construction....................................................... 22 15 14 0.3 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 20 21 20 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 12 12 10 0.1 0.2 0.1

Nondurable goods............................................. 8 10 10 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 73 46 53 0.3 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 7 6 9 0.1 0.1 0.2

Retail trade..................................................... 45 26 31 0.3 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 20 13 13 0.3 0.2 0.2

Information........................................................ 6 3 7 0.2 0.1 0.3

Financial activities................................................ 22 34 17 0.2 0.4 0.2

Finance and insurance........................................ 16 31 12 0.2 0.5 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 6 4 5 0.2 0.2 0.2

Professional and business services............................ 57 47 48 0.3 0.2 0.2

Education and health services.................................. 36 46 38 0.1 0.2 0.2

Educational services.......................................... 4 7 5 0.1 0.2 0.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 31 38 34 0.2 0.2 0.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 29 32 29 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 3 4 1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 25 28 28 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other services.................................................... 15 16 19 0.3 0.3 0.3

Government.......................................................... 58 73 49 0.3 0.3 0.2

Federal............................................................. 15 15 11 0.5 0.5 0.3

State and local.................................................... 43 58 39 0.2 0.3 0.2

State and local education..................................... 17 30 16 0.2 0.3 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 26 28 22 0.3 0.3 0.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 71 55 54 0.3 0.2 0.2

South................................................................. 131 130 121 0.2 0.3 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 66 76 56 0.2 0.2 0.2

West.................................................................. 69 75 67 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.