For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, August 25, 2022 USDL-22-1714

Technical Information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/productivity

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES – 2020

Total factor productivity–defined as output per unit of combined inputs–fell in 60 of the 86 4-digit 

NAICS manufacturing industries in 2020, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. In 2019

total factor productivity decreased in 56 manufacturing industries. Among transportation industries, total 

factor productivity decreased in both air transportation and line-haul railroads in 2020. 

Six of the eight largest 4-digit NAICS manufacturing industries (those with employment over 370,000) 

had decreasing total factor productivity in 2020. (See chart 1.) Only the printing and related support 

activities and semiconductors and electronic components industries had rising total factor productivity

among the eight. Output fell from 2019 in all those industries except semiconductors and electronic 

components. The largest output decline among those industries occurred in aerospace products and parts

(-19.0 percent).

Chart 1. Total factor productivity, output, and combined inputs in the largest manufacturing industries, 

2020

3.9

0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-1.8 -1.5

-3.1

-9.3

Semiconductors and 

electronic components 

Printing and related 

support activities

Electronic 

instruments 

Motor vehicle parts 

Plastics products Architectural and 

structural metals 

Animal slaughtering 

and processing

Aerospace products and 

parts 

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10

Combined Inputs Percent Change

Note: Bubble size represents 

industry employment. Value in 

the bubble indicates percent 

change in total factor 

productivity.

Output Percent Change
Six out of the 60 manufacturing industries with falling total factor productivity in 2020 had declines of

more than 7.0 percent: 

• Clay products and refractories (-9.9 percent)

• Aerospace products and parts (-9.3 percent) 

• Forging and stamping (-8.3 percent) 

• Cut and sew apparel (-7.3 percent) 

• Turbine and power transmission equipment (-7.3 percent)

• Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals (-7.3 percent) 

Only six manufacturing industries posted total factor productivity gains greater than 5.0 percent (see 

table 1): 

• Agricultural chemicals (+8.5 percent)

• Other wood products (+7.0 percent)

• Sawmills and wood preservation (+6.2 percent)

• Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (+5.9 percent) 

• Computer and peripheral equipment (+5.6 percent) 

• Ship and boat building (+5.5 percent) 

Total factor productivity decreased in each of the two measured transportation industries: 

• Air transportation (-45.8 percent) 

• Line-haul railroads (-10.1 percent)

Total Factor Productivity: Definition and Concepts

Changes in total factor productivity show the relationship between changes in real output and changes in 

the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate inputs (energy, materials, and purchased 

services) used to produce that output. 

A variety of factors that influence economic growth are not specifically accounted for among measured 

inputs, including technological change, returns to scale, enhancements in managerial and staff skills, 

changes in the organization of production, and other efficiency improvements. Total factor productivity 

reflects these factors. See the technical note for more information.

Components of Total Factor Productivity Growth: Output and Combined Inputs

In 2020, output decreased in all but 14 of 86 manufacturing industries, compared to 18 industries in 

2019. (See chart 2.) Among the 14 industries that posted gains, output increased by 3.0 percent or more 

in the following four industries in 2020: 

• Animal food (+4.7 percent)

• Grain and oilseed milling (+4.2 percent) 

• Agricultural chemicals (+4.1 percent)

• Sawmills and wood preservation (+4.0 percent)

2
Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs fell in 75 out of 86 manufacturing industries 

in 2020, compared to 53 in 2019. Most industries saw declines in hours worked (74 industries) and 

intermediate inputs (70 industries). Capital usage also fell in 56 of the manufacturing industries.

Of the ten industries with rising combined inputs in 2020, the five with the largest gains were: 

• Grain and oilseed milling (+7.6 percent) 

• Animal food (+3.6 percent)

• Animal slaughtering and processing (+3.1 percent)

• Dairy products (+1.7 percent)

• Other leather products (+1.2 percent) 

Chart 2. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in total factor productivity, output, and 

combined inputs, 2017-20

In four manufacturing industries, total factor productivity rose more than 2.5 percent despite falling 

output as combined inputs fell more rapidly. This occurred in: 

• Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (+5.9 percent)

• Computer and peripheral equipment (+5.6 percent)

• Audio and video equipment (+4.7 percent) 

• Other nonferrous metal production (+4.4 percent) 

Total factor productivity in both measured transportation industries declined because output fell more 

rapidly than combined input usage. In the air transportation industry, output declined 60.4 percent and 

combined inputs decreased 26.9 percent in 2020. In line-haul railroads, output declined 16.7 percent and 

combined inputs decreased 7.3 percent. 

3
Trends in Total Factor Productivity for Selected Time Periods

Both year-to-year movements and long-term trends in industry total factor productivity may reflect 

cyclical changes in the economy. This was particularly true in 2020 due to onset of the COVID-19 

pandemic. While long-term average annual percent changes in total factor productivity are affected by 

economic conditions such as the pandemic, these historical trends are nevertheless more reliable 

indicators of industry performance. 

More industries saw total factor productivity growth over the long term than the short term. Over the 

long-term period from 1987 to 2020, total factor productivity grew in 56 manufacturing industries, 

compared to only 26 from 2019 to 2020. (See tables 1 and 2.) Average annual rates of change in total 

factor productivity for nearly all manufacturing industries ranged between -2.0 percent and +2.0 percent 

over the long term. (See chart 3.) In contrast, total factor productivity declined by 2.0 percent or more in 

39 industries in 2020. No industry saw an average annual decline of that magnitude from 1987 to 2020. 

Although the distribution of total factor productivity growth for all the manufacturing industries may 

change significantly annually, in the long run, the overwhelming majority of industries are clustered 

between 0.1 and 1.0 percent. 

If we exclude the impact of the pandemic in 2020, 61 manufacturing industries had positive total factor 

productivity growth from 1987-2019 compared to just 28 from 2018 to 2019. Only six industries had 

long-term trends change from positive growth in 1987-2019 to flat or negative values when the period 

was extended an additional year to 1987-2020. This sign change occurred in relatively few industries

despite the large number of industries (39) with single-year total factor productivity declines of at least

2.0 percent in 2020. 

Chart 3. Distribution of total factor productivity growth for all manufacturing industries, 1987-2020 and 

2019-2020

0

0

0

0

2

28

47

6

1

0

0

2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-5.0 or Less

-4.9 to -4.0

-3.9 to -3.0

-2.9 to -2.0

-1.9 to -1.0

-0.9 to 0.0

0.1 to 1.0

1.1 to 2.0

2.1 to 3.0

3.1 to 4.0

4.1 to 5.0

5.1 or More

Number of industries

Average annual 

percent change 1987-2020

17

9

6

7

10

11

9

6

1

2

2

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Number of industries

2019-2020

4
Between 1987 and 2020, the number of manufacturing industries with growth in total factor productivity 

was highest in 1992, 2003, and 2010. These were years of economic growth following recessions. In 

contrast, relatively few manufacturing industries saw total factor productivity growth in the recession 

years of 2001, 2009, and 2020. (See chart 4.) 

Chart 4. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in total factor productivity, 1988-2020 

Average annual percent changes in total factor productivity by industry for sub periods between 1987 

and 2020 are shown in table 3. The sub period from 1990 to 1995 saw the greatest number of 

manufacturing industries with total factor productivity growth. 

From 1987 to 2020, total factor productivity fell in air transportation by an average annual rate of 0.6 

percent but rose in line-haul railroads by 1.3 percent. (See table 2 and chart 5.) Air transportation total 

factor productivity grew at an average annual rate 1.3 percent for the period prior to the pandemic, 1987-

2019. This change in the long-term trend largely occurred because single-year output growth in air 

transportation went from a 4.0 percent increase in 2019 to a 60.4 percent decline in 2020. Similarly, 

single-year output in line-haul railroads deepened from a 3.6 percent decline in 2019 to fall 16.7 percent 

in 2020. However, this change had a smaller effect on the long-term trend of total factor productivity, 

which averaged 1.7 percent annually in the pre-pandemic 1987-2019 period compared to 1.3 percent 

from 1987-2020. 

5
Chart 5. Total factor productivity, output, and combined inputs for transportation industries, 1987-2020

Total Factor Productivity as a Source of Labor Productivity Growth 

Total factor productivity measures differ from the BLS labor productivity measures because they 

compare output to the combined inputs of hours worked, capital, and intermediate purchases. Labor 

productivity relates output only to hours worked. Mathematically, an industry’s labor productivity is 

equal to total factor productivity plus the effects of factor substitution; that is, the combined effects of 

changes in weighted capital services relative to hours worked and weighted intermediate inputs relative 

to hours worked. These factor substitutions are referred to as contribution of capital intensity and 

contribution of intermediate inputs intensity. 

Seventy-nine out of the 86 manufacturing industries posted gains in labor productivity from 1987 to 

2020. Among these industries, substitution of intermediate inputs for labor was the leading source of 

labor productivity growth. (See table 4.) Growth in the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity 

occurs when firms purchase a greater share of materials instead of using their own labor. Contribution of 

intermediate inputs intensity may also rise when firms substitute contracted labor for payroll labor. 

Chart 6 illustrates sources of labor productivity growth for three sub periods occurring between 1987 

and 2020. Between 2000 and 2007, total factor productivity growth was the predominant source of labor 

productivity growth in the manufacturing industries. In contrast, labor productivity growth was driven 

mostly by contribution of intermediate inputs intensity in the other two sub periods.

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017

Index 

(1987=100)

Combined inputs

Output

Total factor productivity

-0.2

4.5

-3.7

3.9

2.5

-5.3

4.1

-1.9

-1.6

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

1987 - 2000 2000 - 2007 2007 - 2020

Average annual 

percent change

Total factor productivity Output Combined inputs

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017

Index 

(1987=100)

Output

Combined inputs

Total factor productivity 3.2

1.3

-0.6

2.6

1.8

-0.9 -0.5

0.4

-0.3

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

1987 - 2000 2000 - 2007 2007 - 2020

Average annual 

percent change

Total factor productivity Output Combined inputs

Air Transportation

Line-Haul Railroads

6
Chart 6. Greatest sources of growth for manufacturing industries with increasing labor productivity

Industries with the greatest labor productivity growth from 1987 to 2020 are shown in chart 7. Strong 

growth in total factor productivity was the dominant source of labor productivity growth in industries 

that manufacture computers and electronic products (computer and peripheral equipment, 

semiconductors and electronic components, and audio and video equipment) and line-haul railroads. The 

remaining manufacturing industries with high average annual growth in labor productivity were mostly 

fueled by the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity. 

Over the long-term period of 1987-2019 that excludes the pandemic, 12 of the 14 industries with the 

greatest average labor productivity growth are the same as those in the 1987-2020 period. Both

industries that fell out of this group, air transportation and railroad rolling stock, had large declines in 

labor productivity in 2020: -56.5 percent in air transportation and -16.2 in railroad rolling stock. 

Chart 7. Sources of labor productivity growth for industries with greatest growth in labor productivity, 

1987-2020

7
Additional Information

More information about the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) can be found at 

www.census.gov/naics/. 

Access the productivity data dashboard at www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/labor-productivity-detailedindustries.xlsx for 

• Additional industries and sectors

• Detailed data series: indexes of total factor productivity and related measures; rates of change;

and levels of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor

compensation

• Additional years and long-term data

More information from the BLS Productivity program is available at www.bls.gov/productivity/. 

• More detailed capital and intermediate inputs data available upon request

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services. 

Terminology Change for Total Factor Productivity Data

The BLS Productivity program replaced the term multifactor productivity (MFP) with total factor 

productivity (TFP) beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021. This was a change in terminology only 

and did not affect the data or methodology. The use of the term total factor productivity helps 

improve the visibility and accessibility of our data and is accompanied by changes to the BLS 

website and productivity news releases.

8
Technical Note

Total Factor Productivity: Total factor productivity measures are derived by dividing an index of real 

industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate inputs. The total 

factor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions of capital, labor, and intermediate 

inputs. Rather, they reflect the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors that are not 

specifically accounted for on the input side, including technological change, returns to scale, improved 

skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements.

Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real 

terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is 

derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry 

transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal 

value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air 

transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight 

ton-miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses. 

Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic 

censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air 

transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of 

Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S. 

Department of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American 

Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, and several other sources. 

Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of 

capital, labor, and intermediate inputs (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased services). 

The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares as weights. 

The labor weight is based on labor compensation, including fringe benefits. The weight for intermediate 

inputs is based on the total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services. The capital 

weight is based on total capital cost, which is calculated as the value of sectoral production minus the 

costs of labor compensation and intermediate inputs.

Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets. 

Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be 

proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of 

separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land. 

For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 24 categories of equipment, 10 categories 

of structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry

are estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by 

asset type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the 

economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census. Additional annual investment data 

comes from the fixed asset accounts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).

Annual investment data is supplemented with the 1997 benchmark capital flow table from the BEA as 

well as the 2008, 2012, and 2017 Annual Capital Expenditures Surveys from the Bureau of the Census. 

Price changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks. Price deflators for 

each asset category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS Producer Price 

Indexes) with weights that reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities.

9
The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental 

prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate 

of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the 

specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. 

For air transportation, a weighted index combining 23 categories of airframes and 21 categories of 

engines is derived from annual carrier operating inventories reported to BTS. For assets other than 

airframes and engines, capital stocks are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. For these 

assets, a more detailed breakdown of annual expenditures on equipment and structures from the BEA is 

used. Inventories of parts and supplies are also included; the current dollar series is deflated with a 

weighted cost index based on data from Airlines for America (A4A) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and 

engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies inventories are aggregated using cost share weights 

to derive an overall measure of capital input. 

For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of 

structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA 

data. The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. 

Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and 

AMTRAK were deflated with price indexes from BEA. 

Labor Input: For manufacturing industries, labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all 

employed persons in an industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS 

Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 

number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments 

are supplemented with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry 

employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the 

average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, 

and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National 

Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or 

further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 

the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of 

workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

For air transportation, annual labor input estimates are based on monthly employment data from BTS

supplemented by employment and hours from the CES program and hours from the CPS. For line-haul 

railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from STB data and supplemented with data from 

AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an adjustment to remove capitalized 

labor hours in order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized labor costs are embedded in the 

railroad investment data.

Intermediate Inputs: The index of intermediate inputsis a Törnqvist index of separate quantities of 

materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for electricity 

consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are derived by 

deflating current dollar values with appropriate price deflators. 

For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of 

electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to 

10
exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using 

annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA. 

Constant dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current dollar industry purchases by 

a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each industry 

by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed commodities. The 

deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark inputoutput tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar 

manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by BEA. The value of fuels 

consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on PPIs for individual fuel 

categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy Information 

Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy.

For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS are

deflated using cost indexes from A4A. For line-haul railroads, intermediate inputs data from STB are 

supplemented with data from other sources including AAR and AMTRAK. The nominal values are 

deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit price deflators calculated from BEA 

investment data.

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 

of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill.

Contributions to Labor Productivity:

Contribution of Capital Intensity: Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours 

worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in capital intensity times capital’s 

share of combined inputs yields the contribution of capital intensity. 

Contribution of Intermediate Inputs Intensity: Intermediate inputs intensity is the ratio of 

intermediate inputs to hours worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in 

intermediate inputs intensity times intermediate inputs’ share of combined inputs yields the 

contribution of intermediate inputs intensity.

When positive, both the contribution of capital intensity and the contribution of intermediate 

inputs intensity represent sources of labor productivity growth. These statistics represent factor 

substitution in the production process. In other words, positive change in the contribution of 

capital intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 

substitution of capital for labor. Likewise, positive change in the contribution of intermediate 

inputs intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 

substitution of intermediate inputs for labor.

11
Over a given time period, the average logarithmic growth rate of labor productivity will equal the 

sum of the average logarithmic growth rates of the contribution of capital intensity, the 

contribution of intermediate inputs intensity, and total factor productivity. However, because 

both output and input data are expressed annually, average annual (as opposed to logarithmic) 

rates of change are calculated. Therefore, the sum of growth rates of total factor productivity, the 

contribution of capital intensity, and the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity may not 

precisely equal the rate of change of labor productivity. 

12
Output Capital

 Manufacturing

Animal food............................................................ 3111 66.6 1.1 4.7 3.6 8.7 0.9 4.2

Grain and oilseed milling........................................ 3112 61.9 -3.2 4.2 7.6 0.6 1.7 9.7

Sugar and confectionery products.......................... 3113 74.4 -3.3 -2.7 0.6 -2.1 1.0 1.1

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty.......... 3114 171.4 2.0 2.7 0.7 -4.9 -0.4 2.9

Dairy products........................................................ 3115 153.4 0.8 2.6 1.7 0.0 1.5 2.1

Animal slaughtering and processing....................... 3116 538.5 -3.1 -0.1 3.1 2.3 1.6 3.7

Seafood product preparation and packaging.......... 3117 32.1 -1.7 -7.1 -5.5 -9.1 1.5 -5.7

Bakeries and tortilla products................................. 3118 335.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 -4.6 0.5 1.6

Other food products................................................ 3119 230.5 -0.2 0.6 0.8 -3.3 1.7 1.2

Beverages.............................................................. 3121 270.1 -6.7 -6.9 -0.2 -1.2 0.4 -0.3

Tobacco................................................................. 3122 11.1 3.1 0.5 -2.6 1.4 -3.7 2.1

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................... 3131 24.0 -0.8 -11.9 -11.1 -14.8 -5.4 -11.1

Fabric mills............................................................. 3132 48.7 1.6 -3.8 -5.3 -9.6 -2.7 -4.5

Textile and fabric finishing mills.............................. 3133 28.4 -5.0 -14.2 -9.6 -3.8 -3.9 -11.3

Textile furnishings mills.......................................... 3141 48.2 -2.0 -7.0 -5.2 -5.6 -2.1 -5.9

Other textile product mills....................................... 3149 67.1 -1.9 -7.9 -6.1 -5.0 -1.6 -7.6

Apparel knitting mills.............................................. 3151 8.3 -3.0 -16.2 -13.6 -15.6 -5.0 -12.6

Cut and sew apparel.............................................. 3152 84.6 -7.3 -17.2 -10.7 -16.7 -3.9 -8.5

Accessories and other apparel............................... 3159 12.2 1.9 -0.8 -2.6 -7.3 -3.4 0.2

Leather and hide tanning and finishing................... 3161 4.7 -6.4 -14.2 -8.3 -0.1 -3.0 -13.1

Footwear................................................................ 3162 11.4 -2.5 -19.6 -17.6 -13.5 -4.6 -20.4

Other leather products............................................ 3169 14.0 -2.8 -1.6 1.2 5.3 -2.5 -0.8

Sawmills and wood preservation............................ 3211 96.9 6.2 4.0 -2.1 -10.4 -1.9 0.3

Plywood and engineered wood products................ 3212 79.5 -5.9 -8.6 -2.9 -0.4 -1.5 -4.2

Other wood products.............................................. 3219 237.4 7.0 1.8 -4.9 -8.1 -0.4 -4.5

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.......................... 3221 92.5 -1.8 -6.9 -5.2 -2.4 -1.5 -8.2

Converted paper products...................................... 3222 262.7 -2.5 -3.7 -1.3 -1.7 0.6 -1.6

Printing and related support activities..................... 3231 395.3 0.2 -8.9 -9.1 -13.2 -4.2 -7.7

Petroleum and coal products.................................. 3241 107.8 -0.2 -14.4 -14.2 -15.1 -0.4 -15.5

Basic chemicals..................................................... 3251 149.7 1.5 -4.4 -5.8 -3.3 0.3 -9.2

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................... 3252 91.7 -4.8 -6.0 -1.3 -0.8 1.4 -2.1

Agricultural chemicals............................................ 3253 37.2 8.5 4.1 -4.1 -8.0 -2.7 -4.3

Pharmaceuticals and medicines............................. 3254 320.9 0.2 0.8 0.6 1.2 2.6 -4.4

Paints, coatings, and adhesives............................. 3255 64.0 -0.7 -5.4 -4.7 -14.2 -1.0 -4.4

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries............ 3256 121.0 -4.0 -4.2 -0.1 1.5 1.9 -3.0

Other chemical products and preparations............. 3259 80.2 0.8 -4.8 -5.6 -9.7 -0.6 -6.4

Plastics products.................................................... 3261 581.1 -1.8 -3.3 -1.6 -6.7 0.4 -0.2

Rubber products..................................................... 3262 131.4 -6.3 -15.5 -9.9 -9.5 0.3 -13.1

Clay products and refractories................................ 3271 42.0 -9.9 -12.4 -2.8 -2.0 -2.9 -3.3

Glass and glass products....................................... 3272 80.0 -4.4 -6.7 -2.5 -5.8 -2.2 -0.9

Cement and concrete products.............................. 3273 196.4 1.2 -1.0 -2.2 -5.2 -1.7 -1.0

Lime and gypsum products.................................... 3274 15.2 1.0 0.6 -0.4 -6.4 0.2 1.2

Other nonmetallic mineral products........................ 3279 79.1 -2.2 -4.9 -2.8 -5.5 -0.3 -3.0

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys......................... 3311 82.4 5.9 -8.2 -13.3 -11.9 -1.1 -15.9

Steel products from purchased steel...................... 3312 55.0 -0.5 -12.2 -11.7 -12.4 -1.7 -13.5

Alumina and aluminum production......................... 3313 56.3 2.1 -9.6 -11.5 -12.0 -1.1 -14.4

Other nonferrous metal production......................... 3314 59.1 4.4 -8.3 -12.2 -9.9 1.0 -17.5

Foundries............................................................... 3315 103.6 -6.6 -20.6 -15.0 -12.3 -2.4 -20.1

Table 1. Recent total factor productivity and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS 

code

Percent change, 2019-2020

Total factor 

productivity

Combined 

inputs

Hours 

worked

Intermediate 

inputs

2020 

Employment 

(thousands)

13
Output Capital

Forging and stamping............................................. 3321 90.7 -8.3 -15.8 -8.2 -8.5 -1.4 -9.4

Cutlery and handtools............................................ 3322 35.4 -1.8 -4.6 -2.8 -6.6 -2.1 -1.1

Architectural and structural metals......................... 3323 386.4 -1.5 -3.7 -2.2 -4.4 1.5 -2.4

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.................. 3324 88.6 -4.8 -5.8 -1.1 -7.7 0.9 0.7

Hardware................................................................ 3325 24.4 -1.4 -6.5 -5.2 -6.5 -0.6 -6.2

Spring and wire products........................................ 3326 40.4 -1.9 -7.2 -5.4 -9.1 -1.1 -4.8

Machine shops and threaded products................... 3327 343.1 -5.4 -14.7 -9.8 -12.2 -0.6 -10.4

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals......... 3328 131.0 -7.3 -14.9 -8.2 -13.3 -1.6 -8.0

Other fabricated metal products............................. 3329 270.3 -1.4 -5.3 -4.0 -7.8 -1.0 -3.1

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.... 3331 201.7 -4.4 -15.9 -12.1 -11.2 -3.2 -14.3

Industrial machinery............................................... 3332 118.5 -2.6 -2.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 -0.2

Commercial and service industry machinery.......... 3333 88.4 -3.7 -9.9 -6.4 -7.8 -0.3 -6.7

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment...... 3334 133.8 -1.4 -3.3 -1.9 -2.7 1.7 -3.2

Metalworking machinery......................................... 3335 164.5 0.1 -9.7 -9.9 -15.9 -0.7 -7.2

Turbine and power transmission equipment........... 3336 90.6 -7.3 -22.3 -16.2 -18.3 -1.7 -18.6

Other general purpose machinery.......................... 3339 265.5 -4.7 -11.8 -7.5 -7.6 -0.2 -9.4

Computer and peripheral equipment...................... 3341 159.7 5.6 -1.2 -6.5 -11.4 -3.7 -5.0

Communications equipment................................... 3342 87.3 -2.3 -2.5 -0.2 8.4 -4.5 -4.1

Audio and video equipment.................................... 3343 21.1 4.7 -0.4 -4.9 -8.5 -3.8 -3.4

Semiconductors and electronic components.......... 3344 374.7 3.9 2.2 -1.7 1.8 -1.7 -3.6

Electronic instruments............................................ 3345 419.7 -0.4 -4.5 -4.0 -4.7 0.2 -5.2

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.... 3346 13.0 -4.5 -19.7 -15.9 -5.2 -7.8 -21.6

Electric lighting equipment..................................... 3351 43.3 -5.9 -14.0 -8.6 -0.9 -3.4 -14.1

Household appliances............................................ 3352 61.5 0.4 -0.8 -1.1 0.7 -1.5 -1.4

Electrical equipment............................................... 3353 137.4 -0.1 -5.8 -5.7 -4.8 -0.6 -8.2

Other electrical equipment and components.......... 3359 144.9 1.0 -3.3 -4.2 -5.2 -1.6 -4.6

Motor vehicles........................................................ 3361 206.8 -0.9 -12.2 -11.5 -15.6 -2.5 -12.5

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers............................ 3362 152.9 -0.6 -9.2 -8.6 -7.4 1.0 -9.7

Motor vehicle parts................................................. 3363 535.6 -0.6 -14.2 -13.7 -12.1 -5.5 -14.9

Aerospace products and parts................................ 3364 508.7 -9.3 -19.0 -10.7 -9.6 5.7 -17.8

Railroad rolling stock.............................................. 3365 22.4 -4.6 -21.2 -17.4 -6.0 -0.6 -22.7

Ship and boat building............................................ 3366 140.2 5.5 1.8 -3.6 -11.9 2.4 0.0

Other transportation equipment.............................. 3369 35.4 -3.9 -9.4 -5.7 -6.0 6.4 -10.2

Household and institutional furniture...................... 3371 245.5 -0.6 -5.7 -5.1 -4.5 0.6 -7.0

Office furniture and fixtures.................................... 3372 103.7 -6.8 -15.9 -9.7 -9.4 -0.2 -14.6

Other furniture related products.............................. 3379 34.4 -4.0 -5.2 -1.3 -2.7 3.5 -2.0

Medical equipment and supplies............................ 3391 322.5 -5.2 -6.2 -1.1 -7.8 1.1 2.1

Other miscellaneous manufacturing....................... 3399 312.7 -5.0 -8.3 -3.5 -11.3 -1.9 0.5

Transportation

Air transportation.................................................... 481 455.2 -45.8 -60.4 -26.9 -8.9 -1.6 -53.5

Line-haul railroads.................................................. 482111 137.9 -10.1 -16.7 -7.3 -16.3 1.1 -10.7

Table 1. Recent total factor productivity and related data — Continued

Industry

2017 

NAICS 

code

Percent change, 2019-2020

Total factor 

productivity

Combined 

inputs

Hours 

worked

Intermediate 

inputs

2020 

Employment 

(thousands)

14
Output Capital

 Manufacturing

Animal food............................................................................ 3111 -0.1 1.7 1.8 0.4 1.8 2.0

Grain and oilseed milling......................................................... 3112 0.0 1.0 1.0 -0.8 0.2 1.4

Sugar and confectionery products.......................................... 3113 -0.1 0.4 0.6 -0.7 0.7 0.8

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty.......................... 3114 0.2 0.9 0.6 -0.1 0.7 0.8

Dairy products........................................................................ 3115 0.2 1.3 1.1 0.2 1.5 1.2

Animal slaughtering and processing....................................... 3116 0.5 1.5 1.1 1.2 2.0 0.9

Seafood product preparation and packaging........................... 3117 0.3 0.0 -0.4 -1.1 1.0 -0.4

Bakeries and tortilla products.................................................. 3118 -0.7 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.8 1.5

Other food products................................................................ 3119 0.2 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.3 2.1

Beverages.............................................................................. 3121 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5

Tobacco.................................................................................. 3122 -0.5 -2.6 -2.1 -4.8 -2.3 -1.0

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................... 3131 0.9 -2.5 -3.3 -4.2 -2.6 -3.1

Fabric mills............................................................................. 3132 1.0 -2.9 -3.9 -5.3 -2.6 -3.6

Textile and fabric finishing mills.............................................. 3133 -0.1 -3.4 -3.2 -4.1 -2.5 -3.1

Textile furnishings mills........................................................... 3141 -0.4 -2.7 -2.3 -2.9 -0.9 -2.7

Other textile product mills....................................................... 3149 0.3 -0.7 -1.0 -1.8 0.3 -0.8

Apparel knitting mills............................................................... 3151 -0.6 -7.5 -7.0 -7.5 -3.1 -7.5

Cut and sew apparel............................................................... 3152 -0.9 -6.5 -5.6 -6.6 -2.9 -6.3

Accessories and other apparel................................................ 3159 -1.9 -6.1 -4.3 -3.6 -2.4 -4.7

Leather and hide tanning and finishing................................... 3161 1.2 -3.2 -4.4 -3.4 -2.3 -5.2

Footwear................................................................................. 3162 -0.7 -5.1 -4.4 -5.8 -3.3 -4.0

Other leather products............................................................ 3169 -0.4 -3.4 -3.0 -3.2 -1.9 -3.5

Sawmills and wood preservation............................................. 3211 1.0 0.2 -0.7 -1.5 -0.9 -0.4

Plywood and engineered wood products................................. 3212 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.6 0.2 0.0

Other wood products............................................................... 3219 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 -1.0 0.5 0.5

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.......................................... 3221 0.6 -0.9 -1.5 -2.7 -1.3 -1.1

Converted paper products....................................................... 3222 -0.1 -0.5 -0.4 -1.3 0.5 -0.4

Printing and related support activities..................................... 3231 0.1 -1.0 -1.1 -2.2 -0.1 -0.8

Petroleum and coal products.................................................. 3241 -0.1 0.7 0.7 -1.2 0.9 0.9

Basic chemicals...................................................................... 3251 0.1 0.3 0.2 -1.4 0.5 0.4

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers............................................ 3252 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -1.4 0.5 0.0

Agricultural chemicals............................................................. 3253 1.0 0.6 -0.4 -1.3 0.3 -0.9

Pharmaceuticals and medicines............................................. 3254 -1.4 0.9 2.4 1.8 3.4 1.3

Paints, coatings, and adhesives............................................. 3255 -0.3 -0.4 -0.1 -0.8 0.0 0.1

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries............................. 3256 0.3 0.9 0.6 -0.1 1.3 0.2

Other chemical products and preparations............................. 3259 0.2 -0.2 -0.4 -1.9 -0.1 0.0

Plastics products.................................................................... 3261 0.2 1.3 1.0 -0.1 1.8 1.3

Rubber products..................................................................... 3262 0.4 0.0 -0.5 -1.6 0.1 0.0

Clay products and refractories................................................ 3271 -0.1 -1.8 -1.7 -2.2 -1.5 -1.4

Glass and glass products....................................................... 3272 0.7 0.1 -0.6 -1.7 -0.4 -0.1

Cement and concrete products............................................... 3273 -0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1 0.5

Lime and gypsum products..................................................... 3274 -0.6 -0.6 0.0 -1.5 0.5 0.2

Other nonmetallic mineral products........................................ 3279 0.6 0.9 0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.8

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys.......................................... 3311 1.3 0.3 -1.0 -2.5 -1.9 -0.1

Steel products from purchased steel....................................... 3312 0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.9 -1.5 0.1

Alumina and aluminum production.......................................... 3313 1.0 -0.4 -1.4 -2.0 -0.8 -1.5

Other nonferrous metal production......................................... 3314 0.5 -0.7 -1.2 -1.8 -0.2 -1.5

Foundries................................................................................ 3315 0.2 -1.1 -1.3 -2.2 -0.8 -0.7

Table 2. Long run total factor productivity and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS 

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2020

Total factor 

productivity

Combined 

inputs Hours worked Intermediate inputs

15
Output Capital

Forging and stamping............................................................. 3321 0.4 0.4 0.0 -1.2 1.0 0.5

Cutlery and handtools............................................................. 3322 0.1 -1.2 -1.2 -2.3 -0.9 -0.5

Architectural and structural metals.......................................... 3323 -0.1 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.7 1.4

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers................................... 3324 0.1 0.3 0.3 -0.6 -0.2 0.7

Hardware................................................................................ 3325 -0.5 -2.1 -1.6 -2.8 -1.1 -1.1

Spring and wire products........................................................ 3326 0.2 -0.5 -0.7 -2.1 0.1 -0.2

Machine shops and threaded products................................... 3327 0.5 1.6 1.1 0.2 1.7 1.8

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.......................... 3328 0.7 1.3 0.6 -0.1 1.0 1.0

Other fabricated metal products.............................................. 3329 -0.6 -0.3 0.3 -0.7 0.2 0.9

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery..................... 3331 -0.1 1.1 1.2 -0.3 0.3 1.9

Industrial machinery................................................................ 3332 0.6 0.7 0.1 -0.6 0.9 0.5

Commercial and service industry machinery........................... 3333 -0.3 -0.7 -0.4 -1.7 -0.5 0.3

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment...................... 3334 0.4 0.5 0.1 -0.6 0.6 0.2

Metalworking machinery......................................................... 3335 0.7 0.0 -0.8 -1.6 0.0 -0.1

Turbine and power transmission equipment............................ 3336 -0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.8 0.2 0.8

Other general purpose machinery........................................... 3339 0.0 0.8 0.8 -0.6 0.4 1.7

Computer and peripheral equipment....................................... 3341 9.8 9.5 -0.2 -3.1 -0.2 0.7

Communications equipment................................................... 3342 2.0 1.6 -0.4 -2.8 0.7 0.3

Audio and video equipment.................................................... 3343 2.6 -1.1 -3.6 -3.6 -1.6 -3.8

Semiconductors and electronic components........................... 3344 8.4 9.9 1.4 -1.4 4.2 0.9

Electronic instruments............................................................ 3345 0.5 1.1 0.6 -1.5 0.3 2.4

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing..................... 3346 0.5 -4.7 -5.2 -3.8 -1.7 -6.6

Electric lighting equipment...................................................... 3351 0.2 -0.8 -0.9 -2.0 -0.3 -0.6

Household appliances............................................................. 3352 1.5 0.5 -1.0 -2.5 -0.7 -0.6

Electrical equipment............................................................... 3353 0.1 -0.5 -0.6 -1.8 -0.9 0.4

Other electrical equipment and components........................... 3359 0.2 -0.2 -0.4 -1.0 -0.2 -0.1

Motor vehicles........................................................................ 3361 0.2 1.4 1.2 -1.1 1.0 1.6

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers............................................ 3362 -0.2 1.6 1.7 0.3 1.7 2.2

Motor vehicle parts................................................................. 3363 1.4 1.8 0.5 -0.5 0.1 1.0

Aerospace products and parts................................................ 3364 -0.3 -0.4 -0.1 -1.6 0.5 0.6

Railroad rolling stock.............................................................. 3365 0.4 1.5 1.1 -0.2 0.0 1.7

Ship and boat building............................................................ 3366 0.5 0.9 0.3 -1.0 0.2 1.3

Other transportation equipment.............................................. 3369 1.3 3.1 1.7 -0.3 2.5 2.0

Household and institutional furniture....................................... 3371 0.2 -0.9 -1.1 -1.7 -0.1 -1.0

Office furniture and fixtures..................................................... 3372 0.1 -0.3 -0.4 -1.2 0.5 -0.2

Other furniture related products.............................................. 3379 0.4 0.6 0.3 -1.3 -0.2 1.0

Medical equipment and supplies............................................. 3391 0.2 2.6 2.3 0.6 3.3 2.8

Other miscellaneous manufacturing........................................ 3399 0.2 -0.2 -0.5 -1.3 0.3 -0.3

Transportation

Air transportation.................................................................... 481 -0.6 -0.1 0.5 -0.5 3.3 -0.3

Line-haul railroads.................................................................. 482111 1.3 1.0 -0.3 -2.2 0.6 0.6

Table 2. Long run total factor productivity and related data — Continued

Industry

2017 

NAICS 

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2020

Total factor 

productivity

Combined 

inputs Hours worked Intermediate inputs

16
 Manufacturing

Animal food.................................................................................. 3111 -0.1 0.6 0.8 -0.7 1.6 -1.3 1.1

Grain and oilseed milling.............................................................. 3112 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.3 -0.6 -3.2

Sugar and confectionery products................................................ 3113 -0.1 0.2 1.3 1.9 0.1 -1.7 -3.3

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty................................ 3114 0.2 -1.8 1.4 0.6 0.7 -0.2 2.0

Dairy products.............................................................................. 3115 0.2 -1.1 0.6 -0.3 1.1 0.0 0.8

Animal slaughtering and processing............................................. 3116 0.5 0.0 1.2 0.9 1.7 -0.6 -3.1

Seafood product preparation and packaging................................ 3117 0.3 -1.6 0.5 1.0 2.1 -0.5 -1.7

Bakeries and tortilla products....................................................... 3118 -0.7 -3.7 0.8 -0.5 0.3 -1.2 0.3

Other food products...................................................................... 3119 0.2 0.2 1.3 -0.6 1.3 -0.5 -0.2

Beverages.................................................................................... 3121 0.3 1.4 2.2 -1.3 2.2 -1.2 -6.7

Tobacco....................................................................................... 3122 -0.5 1.8 1.9 0.4 -1.1 -1.9 3.1

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills......................................................... 3131 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.7 3.8 -0.6 -0.8

Fabric mills................................................................................... 3132 1.0 0.8 2.0 1.0 3.1 -0.5 1.6

Textile and fabric finishing mills.................................................... 3133 -0.1 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.4 -1.3 -5.0

Textile furnishings mills................................................................ 3141 -0.4 -0.1 1.8 -1.1 0.6 -1.6 -2.0

Other textile product mills............................................................. 3149 0.3 0.1 0.7 -0.6 1.6 -0.1 -1.9

Apparel knitting mills.................................................................... 3151 -0.6 0.9 2.2 -2.4 -3.0 0.0 -3.0

Cut and sew apparel..................................................................... 3152 -0.9 -1.2 0.9 -0.9 -3.1 -0.3 -7.3

Accessories and other apparel..................................................... 3159 -1.9 1.4 0.7 -6.8 -3.1 -1.0 1.9

Leather and hide tanning and finishing......................................... 3161 1.2 -3.9 -0.1 4.3 -4.3 5.0 -6.4

Footwear...................................................................................... 3162 -0.7 -1.9 0.2 -0.4 -0.3 -1.0 -2.5

Other leather products.................................................................. 3169 -0.4 0.2 -3.3 3.6 -0.2 -1.0 -2.8

Sawmills and wood preservation.................................................. 3211 1.0 1.5 -0.1 0.0 2.0 1.1 6.2

Plywood and engineered wood products...................................... 3212 0.0 -0.7 0.0 -0.1 1.2 -0.5 -5.9

Other wood products.................................................................... 3219 -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 0.9 -0.2 7.0

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................................ 3221 0.6 -1.3 0.1 1.9 2.1 0.0 -1.8

Converted paper products............................................................ 3222 -0.1 0.3 0.3 -0.3 0.9 -0.7 -2.5

Printing and related support activities........................................... 3231 0.1 -0.1 -0.3 -0.8 1.0 0.2 0.2

Petroleum and coal products........................................................ 3241 -0.1 -1.9 1.9 3.0 -1.9 -0.6 -0.2

Basic chemicals........................................................................... 3251 0.1 -0.6 -2.4 -1.0 3.7 -0.3 1.5

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers................................................. 3252 0.1 -1.4 0.9 0.6 2.2 -1.3 -4.8

Agricultural chemicals.................................................................. 3253 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.4 3.0 -0.1 8.5

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................................... 3254 -1.4 -1.5 -1.8 -1.4 0.6 -2.4 0.2

Paints, coatings, and adhesives................................................... 3255 -0.3 -1.9 -0.3 -0.5 1.3 -0.8 -0.7

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries.................................. 3256 0.3 -1.2 0.6 -0.7 4.5 -1.3 -4.0

Other chemical products and preparations................................... 3259 0.2 -1.2 0.8 1.9 0.0 -0.3 0.8

Plastics products.......................................................................... 3261 0.2 -0.1 1.5 0.6 0.8 -0.6 -1.8

Rubber products........................................................................... 3262 0.4 1.0 1.5 0.9 1.0 -0.7 -6.3

Clay products and refractories...................................................... 3271 -0.1 1.3 1.6 1.1 -0.4 -1.4 -9.9

Glass and glass products............................................................. 3272 0.7 0.4 2.0 2.0 0.6 -0.1 -4.4

Cement and concrete products..................................................... 3273 -0.2 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.1 -1.2 1.2

Lime and gypsum products.......................................................... 3274 -0.6 -1.5 -1.8 0.9 0.7 -1.1 1.0

Other nonmetallic mineral products.............................................. 3279 0.6 -0.2 2.5 -0.6 2.4 -0.4 -2.2

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys............................................... 3311 1.3 0.9 2.1 2.3 0.3 1.3 5.9

Steel products from purchased steel............................................ 3312 0.1 1.3 2.7 0.0 -0.4 -0.8 -0.5

Alumina and aluminum production............................................... 3313 1.0 -0.3 -0.2 0.8 1.2 1.8 2.1

Other nonferrous metal production............................................... 3314 0.5 -3.7 1.7 3.9 -3.2 1.9 4.4

Foundries..................................................................................... 3315 0.2 -0.1 2.0 0.7 0.7 -0.9 -6.6

2019-2020

Table 3. Total factor productivity in selected periods

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change

1987-2020 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2020

17
Table 3. Total factor productivity in selected periods — Continued

Forging and stamping................................................................... 3321 0.4 -0.4 0.5 -0.3 4.1 -1.1 -8.3

Cutlery and handtools................................................................... 3322 0.1 -1.1 1.0 -0.7 0.6 0.0 -1.8

Architectural and structural metals............................................... 3323 -0.1 -0.9 0.8 -1.0 1.4 -0.8 -1.5

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers........................................ 3324 0.1 0.7 1.6 0.7 0.8 -1.3 -4.8

Hardware...................................................................................... 3325 -0.5 -1.9 0.7 -0.2 -0.7 -0.6 -1.4

Spring and wire products.............................................................. 3326 0.2 0.5 1.5 0.0 1.7 -1.0 -1.9

Machine shops and threaded products......................................... 3327 0.5 1.4 3.2 0.0 1.6 -1.1 -5.4

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals............................... 3328 0.7 1.3 2.1 -0.9 3.6 -0.8 -7.3

Other fabricated metal products................................................... 3329 -0.6 -1.5 0.3 -1.3 1.9 -1.7 -1.4

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.......................... 3331 -0.1 2.6 0.3 -1.0 1.6 -1.3 -4.4

Industrial machinery..................................................................... 3332 0.6 0.3 1.8 0.0 1.5 -0.1 -2.6

Commercial and service industry machinery................................ 3333 -0.3 1.0 0.0 -1.3 -0.5 -0.1 -3.7

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment............................ 3334 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.4 1.6 -0.4 -1.4

Metalworking machinery............................................................... 3335 0.7 0.3 1.7 -1.3 2.7 0.3 0.1

Turbine and power transmission equipment................................. 3336 -0.1 -0.5 0.2 0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -7.3

Other general purpose machinery................................................ 3339 0.0 0.5 0.3 -0.2 1.9 -1.2 -4.7

Computer and peripheral equipment............................................ 3341 9.8 6.6 14.0 22.4 17.0 0.9 5.6

Communications equipment......................................................... 3342 2.0 3.2 5.6 5.6 2.8 -1.4 -2.3

Audio and video equipment.......................................................... 3343 2.6 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.2 4.7

Semiconductors and electronic components................................ 3344 8.4 6.4 18.3 21.8 7.5 1.0 3.9

Electronic instruments.................................................................. 3345 0.5 1.7 1.1 -0.3 1.2 -0.1 -0.4

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.......................... 3346 0.5 0.8 6.0 -2.7 2.2 -1.2 -4.5

Electric lighting equipment............................................................ 3351 0.2 -2.4 0.4 0.4 1.4 0.0 -5.9

Household appliances.................................................................. 3352 1.5 -0.3 3.0 0.8 3.4 0.6 0.4

Electrical equipment..................................................................... 3353 0.1 0.3 2.3 -1.7 1.1 -0.7 -0.1

Other electrical equipment and components................................. 3359 0.2 -2.0 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.1 1.0

Motor vehicles.............................................................................. 3361 0.2 0.4 -0.9 0.3 2.8 -0.8 -0.9

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers.................................................. 3362 -0.2 -2.3 2.3 -1.2 0.2 -0.4 -0.6

Motor vehicle parts....................................................................... 3363 1.4 -0.8 3.2 1.7 2.1 0.6 -0.6

Aerospace products and parts...................................................... 3364 -0.3 -1.5 0.0 -0.2 2.1 -1.4 -9.3

Railroad rolling stock.................................................................... 3365 0.4 0.6 0.3 4.7 -1.7 -0.1 -4.6

Ship and boat building.................................................................. 3366 0.5 0.3 -0.3 0.5 -0.4 1.4 5.5

Other transportation equipment.................................................... 3369 1.3 -2.2 6.3 -0.5 5.6 -1.2 -3.9

Household and institutional furniture............................................. 3371 0.2 -0.1 1.3 -0.2 1.0 -0.4 -0.6

Office furniture and fixtures........................................................... 3372 0.1 -2.4 0.9 2.1 0.9 -0.8 -6.8

Other furniture related products.................................................... 3379 0.4 0.0 1.4 0.3 1.7 -0.7 -4.0

Medical equipment and supplies.................................................. 3391 0.2 2.0 0.1 1.1 1.6 -1.2 -5.2

Other miscellaneous manufacturing............................................. 3399 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.3 -0.8 -5.0

Transportation

Air transportation.......................................................................... 481 -0.6 -0.7 -0.1 -0.1 4.5 -3.7 -45.8

Line-haul railroads........................................................................ 482111 1.3 3.9 4.4 1.6 1.3 -0.6 -10.1

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change

1987-2020 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2020 2019-2020

18
 Manufacturing

Animal food............................................................................................ 3111 1.3 0.3 1.1 -0.1

Grain and oilseed milling........................................................................ 3112 1.8 0.2 1.6 0.0

Sugar and confectionery products.......................................................... 3113 1.1 0.4 0.9 -0.1

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty.......................................... 3114 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.2

Dairy products........................................................................................ 3115 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.2

Animal slaughtering and processing....................................................... 3116 0.3 0.1 -0.2 0.5

Seafood product preparation and packaging.......................................... 3117 1.1 0.2 0.6 0.3

Bakeries and tortilla products................................................................. 3118 0.1 0.2 0.7 -0.7

Other food products............................................................................... 3119 0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.2

Beverages.............................................................................................. 3121 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 0.3

Tobacco................................................................................................. 3122 2.3 2.0 0.7 -0.5

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................................... 3131 1.8 0.1 0.8 0.9

Fabric mills............................................................................................. 3132 2.5 0.4 1.1 1.0

Textile and fabric finishing mills.............................................................. 3133 0.8 0.2 0.6 -0.1

Textile furnishings mills.......................................................................... 3141 0.2 0.4 0.2 -0.4

Other textile product mills....................................................................... 3149 1.2 0.2 0.7 0.3

Apparel knitting mills.............................................................................. 3151 0.0 0.6 -0.1 -0.6

Cut and sew apparel.............................................................................. 3152 0.1 0.9 0.2 -0.9

Accessories and other apparel............................................................... 3159 -2.5 0.1 -0.7 -1.9

Leather and hide tanning and finishing................................................... 3161 0.2 0.1 -1.1 1.2

Footwear................................................................................................ 3162 0.7 0.4 1.0 -0.7

Other leather products............................................................................ 3169 -0.2 0.3 -0.1 -0.4

Sawmills and wood preservation............................................................ 3211 1.8 0.0 0.8 1.0

Plywood and engineered wood products................................................ 3212 0.3 -0.1 0.4 0.0

Other wood products.............................................................................. 3219 0.9 0.2 0.9 -0.2

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.......................................................... 3221 1.9 0.4 0.9 0.6

Converted paper products...................................................................... 3222 0.8 0.3 0.6 -0.1

Printing and related support activities..................................................... 3231 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.1

Petroleum and coal products.................................................................. 3241 1.9 0.2 1.8 -0.1

Basic chemicals..................................................................................... 3251 1.7 0.4 1.1 0.1

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................................... 3252 1.4 0.4 1.0 0.1

Agricultural chemicals............................................................................ 3253 1.8 0.6 0.3 1.0

Pharmaceuticals and medicines............................................................. 3254 -0.8 0.7 0.0 -1.4

Paints, coatings, and adhesives............................................................. 3255 0.4 0.2 0.6 -0.3

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries............................................ 3256 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.3

Other chemical products and preparations............................................. 3259 1.8 0.5 1.1 0.2

Plastics products.................................................................................... 3261 1.4 0.3 0.8 0.2

Rubber products..................................................................................... 3262 1.6 0.2 0.9 0.4

Clay products and refractories................................................................ 3271 0.4 0.2 0.3 -0.1

Glass and glass products....................................................................... 3272 1.8 0.3 0.8 0.7

Cement and concrete products.............................................................. 3273 -0.1 0.0 0.1 -0.2

Lime and gypsum products.................................................................... 3274 1.0 0.6 1.0 -0.6

Other nonmetallic mineral products........................................................ 3279 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.6

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys......................................................... 3311 2.8 0.0 1.5 1.3

Steel products from purchased steel...................................................... 3312 0.7 -0.1 0.7 0.1

Alumina and aluminum production......................................................... 3313 1.6 0.2 0.4 1.0

Other nonferrous metal production......................................................... 3314 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.5

Foundries............................................................................................... 3315 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.2

Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity

Industry

2017

NAICS 

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2020

Labor 

productivity

Contribution of 

capital intensity

Contribution of 

intermediate inputs 

intensity

Total factor 

productivity

19
Forging and stamping............................................................................ 3321 1.7 0.2 1.1 0.4

Cutlery and handtools............................................................................ 3322 1.1 0.3 0.8 0.1

Architectural and structural metals......................................................... 3323 0.5 0.0 0.6 -0.1

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.................................................. 3324 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.1

Hardware............................................................................................... 3325 0.8 0.4 0.9 -0.5

Spring and wire products........................................................................ 3326 1.6 0.4 1.0 0.2

Machine shops and threaded products................................................... 3327 1.4 0.2 0.7 0.5

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals......................................... 3328 1.5 0.1 0.6 0.7

Other fabricated metal products............................................................. 3329 0.4 0.2 0.8 -0.6

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.................................... 3331 1.5 0.1 1.4 -0.1

Industrial machinery............................................................................... 3332 1.3 0.1 0.6 0.6

Commercial and service industry machinery.......................................... 3333 1.0 0.2 1.1 -0.3

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment...................................... 3334 1.1 0.2 0.5 0.4

Metalworking machinery......................................................................... 3335 1.6 0.1 0.7 0.7

Turbine and power transmission equipment........................................... 3336 0.9 0.2 0.8 -0.1

Other general purpose machinery.......................................................... 3339 1.4 0.1 1.3 0.0

Computer and peripheral equipment...................................................... 3341 13.0 1.1 1.9 9.8

Communications equipment................................................................... 3342 4.5 0.7 1.8 2.0

Audio and video equipment.................................................................... 3343 2.6 0.1 -0.2 2.6

Semiconductors and electronic components.......................................... 3344 11.4 1.8 1.0 8.4

Electronic instruments............................................................................ 3345 2.6 0.4 1.7 0.5

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.................................... 3346 -1.0 0.3 -1.7 0.5

Electric lighting equipment..................................................................... 3351 1.3 0.4 0.7 0.2

Household appliances............................................................................ 3352 3.0 0.4 1.1 1.5

Electrical equipment............................................................................... 3353 1.3 0.2 1.1 0.1

Other electrical equipment and components.......................................... 3359 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.2

Motor vehicles........................................................................................ 3361 2.6 0.3 2.0 0.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers............................................................ 3362 1.3 0.1 1.4 -0.2

Motor vehicle parts................................................................................. 3363 2.4 0.1 1.0 1.4

Aerospace products and parts................................................................ 3364 1.2 0.4 1.0 -0.3

Railroad rolling stock.............................................................................. 3365 1.7 0.1 1.1 0.4

Ship and boat building............................................................................ 3366 1.9 0.1 1.2 0.5

Other transportation equipment.............................................................. 3369 3.4 0.6 1.4 1.3

Household and institutional furniture...................................................... 3371 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.2

Office furniture and fixtures.................................................................... 3372 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.1

Other furniture related products.............................................................. 3379 1.9 0.2 1.3 0.4

Medical equipment and supplies............................................................ 3391 1.9 0.8 0.9 0.2

Other miscellaneous manufacturing....................................................... 3399 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.2

Transportation

Air transportation.................................................................................... 481 0.4 0.8 0.3 -0.6

Line-haul railroads.................................................................................. 482111 3.3 0.9 1.0 1.3

Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity — Continued

Industry

2017 

NAICS 

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2020

Labor 

productivity

Contribution of 

capital intensity

Contribution of 

intermediate inputs 

intensity

Total factor 

productivity

20