For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, May 17, 2018 USDL-18-0787 

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY

SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES – 2017 

Labor productivity rose in 20 of 28 selected service-providing industries in 2017, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today, the same as in 2016. Output increased in 19 industries in 2017, fewer

than in 2016, while hours increased in more industries. 

Long term measures of productivity and cost through 2016 are available for 58 industries. 

Chart 1. Selected service-providing industries with the largest change in productivity, 2017 

Chart 1 shows the changes in output and hours worked for industries with large changes in productivity. 

Industries above the diagonal line had productivity growth. In many of these industries, output grew 

while hours worked declined. This was the case in amusement parks and arcades, the industry that 

recorded the greatest growth in productivity. Productivity growth also occurred when output growth was 

6.8

5.8

13.7

7.6

7.9

11.1

-5.5

-3.7 -1.2

-3.5

-1.5

-2.5

Warehousing and storage

Radio and television 

broadcasting

Amusement parks and 

arcades

Newspaper publishers

Gambling industries

Wireless 

telecommunications 

carriers

Commercial banking

Engineering services

General freight trucking, 

long-distance

Couriers and messengers

Power generation and 

supply

Truck, trailer, and RV rental 

and leasing

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

9

12

15

-12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15

Output Percent Change

Hours Worked Percent Change

Note: Bubble size represents industry employment. 

Value in the bubble indicates percent change in labor productivity.
greater than growth in hours worked, as shown in warehousing and storage. In newspaper publishers, 

productivity grew because hours worked declined more than output. 

Industries below the diagonal line exhibited declining productivity. For the most part, hours worked 

increased in these industries while output declined or grew at a slower rate. In the case of power 

generation and supply, productivity fell because output declined more than hours worked. 

Trends in Labor Productivity in 2017 

• Labor productivity increased in 20 of 28 industries in 2017. (See chart 2.) Among those with 

increasing productivity, output grew in 16 industries. 

• Hours worked grew in 16 of the 28 industries. 

• Productivity gains of at least 7.0 percent occurred in 3 industries where output increases 

coincided with declines in hours worked: amusement parks and arcades (13.7 percent), wireless 

telecommunications carriers (11.1 percent), and gambling industries (7.9 percent). 

• Hours worked increased in 7 out of the 8 industries which recorded declines in productivity. Of 

these, the largest gains in hours worked were in truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing (6.8 

percent); couriers and messengers (5.5 percent); and water, sewage and other systems (4.4 

percent).

Chart 2. Labor productivity growth in selected service-providing industries, 2017 

-5.5

-3.7

-3.5

-2.5

-1.5

-1.2

-0.9

-0.8

0.2

0.4

0.8

0.8

1.0

2.0

2.8

3.1

3.5

3.5

3.8

4.7

5.3

5.5

5.8

6.8

7.6

7.9

11.1

13.7

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Commercial banking

Engineering services

Couriers and messengers

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Power generation and supply

General freight trucking, long-distance

Line-haul railroads

Water, sewage and other systems

Automotive repair and maintenance

Natural gas distribution

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Periodical publishers

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Wired telecommunications carriers

Specialized freight trucking

Air transportation

General freight trucking, local

Drycleaning and laundry services

Postal service

Software publishers

Cable and other subscription programming

Radio and television broadcasting

Warehousing and storage

Newspaper publishers

Gambling industries

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Amusement parks and arcades

Percent Change

Productivity

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Percent Change

Output

Hours

2
Unit labor costs declined in 9 industries in 2017. Each of the industries with declines in unit labor 

cost also recorded increases in productivity. Increases in labor productivity counter the impact of 

rising hourly compensation on unit labor costs facing employers.

Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2017 

• Unit labor costs fell in 9 industries in 2017. (See chart 3.) 

• All unit labor cost declines occurred in industries where productivity rose. 

• Each of the industries where productivity fell also recorded an increase in unit labor costs. 

• Hourly compensation rose in 24 of the 28 industries measured. 

Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation costs in selected service-providing 

industries, 2017 

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16

Commercial banking

Power generation and supply

Engineering services

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Couriers and messengers

General freight trucking, long-distance

Natural gas distribution

Periodical publishers

Air transportation

Automotive repair and maintenance

Water, sewage and other systems

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Drycleaning and laundry services

Software publishers

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Line-haul railroads

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Cable and other subscription programming

Specialized freight trucking

Warehousing and storage

General freight trucking, local

Radio and television broadcasting

Newspaper publishers

Wired telecommunications carriers

Postal service

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Gambling industries

Amusement parks and arcades

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs Productivity Hourly Compensation

3
Long Term Productivity Trends 

Chart 4 displays the number of industries with increases in productivity, output, and hours worked 

for selected time periods through 2016, the latest year for which data are available for all 58 

selected service-providing industries published on the BLS website. 

• Over the long term, productivity rose in 45 out of 58 service-providing industries. For the 

majority of the industries studied, this period extends from 1987 to 2016. 

• Median long term productivity growth for all 58 industries was approximately 1.7 percent 

per year.

• Output increased over the long term in 44 industries while hours worked increased in 37 

industries. 

• Productivity increased in 39 of the 58 industries in the period from 2007 to 2016 that began with 

a severe recession. Only 36 industries had increases in output and 24 experienced growth in hours 

worked. 

Chart 4. Number of selected service-providing industries with increases in labor productivity, 

output, and hours worked

0

10

20

30

40

50

1987 - 2016 * 1987 - 2007 * 2007 - 2016 2015 - 2016

Number of Industries

Productivity Output Hours Worked

* Note: Measures for 44 industries begin in 1987 while measures for 14 additional industries begin in later years.

58

4
Want to know more? 

Access more productivity data using the data dashboard, 

at https://www.bls.gov/lpc/lpc_by_industry_dashboard.xlsx 

• Additional industries and sectors

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels

of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation

• Additional years and long-term data

More information from the BLS productivity program is available at www.bls.gov/lpc. 

Questions? 

Additional information can be obtained by calling the BLS productivity program at (202) 691-5606 

or by sending an email to productivity@bls.gov. Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay 

Service: (800) 877-8339. 

Subscribe to news releases

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new.

5
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the 

labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in 

the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity 

measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not 

measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects

of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity,

energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment

services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and 

managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of 

output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor 

compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship 

between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly 

compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation 

increases and reduce unit labor costs.

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various 

products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually 

derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some 

industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. 

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and 

annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information 

Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Transportation; the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior; the 

U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 

Data from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census Bureau are used to construct preliminary 

output measures for 2017 for some industries.

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an

industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current

Employment Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 

number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm

establishments are supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to 

estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS 

employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on 

hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to 

hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries,

employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. 

Additional sources of employment and hours data for certain service industries include the 

Association of American Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal 

Service. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly

aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

6
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries,

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in 

kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for 

voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and

survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for 

voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the 

employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census 

Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2017 are constructed using data from 

the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).

7
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2017

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2016-2017

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.................................................................. 22 554.8 -1.4 5.8 -1.7 -0.2 4.0

Utilities.................................................................. 221 554.8 -1.4 5.8 -1.7 -0.2 4.0

Power generation and supply......................................... 2211 391.0 -1.5 6.3 -2.1 -0.6 4.1

Natural gas distribution................................................ 2212 113.3 0.4 3.5 -0.3 -0.7 3.2

Water, sewage and other systems................................... 2213 50.5 -0.8 2.8 3.5 4.4 6.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation....................................................... 481 468.2 3.5 3.2 3.9 0.3 7.2

Line-haul railroads..................................................... 482111 167.8 -0.9 0.9 -0.1 0.8 0.7

Truck transportation.................................................... 484 1,664.2 0.8 1.8 1.1 0.4 3.0

General freight trucking................................................ 4841 1,192.1 -0.4 2.9 -0.3 0.1 2.6

General freight trucking, local......................................... 48411 317.8 3.5 -0.7 3.8 0.3 3.1

General freight trucking, long-distance............................... 48412 874.3 -1.2 3.6 -1.2 0.1 2.4

Specialized freight trucking............................................ 4842 472.1 3.1 0.0 4.1 1.0 4.1

Postal service........................................................... 491 615.3 4.7 -3.1 -2.1 -6.5 -5.2

Postal service........................................................... 4911 615.3 4.7 -3.1 -2.1 -6.5 -5.2

Couriers and messengers............................................. 492 716.3 -3.5 4.4 1.8 5.5 6.2

Warehousing and storage............................................. 493 1,003.2 6.8 -0.3 10.0 3.0 9.7

Warehousing and storage............................................. 4931 1,003.2 6.8 -0.3 10.0 3.0 9.7

Information

Publishing............................................................... 511 754.9 7.8 0.7 6.0 -1.7 6.7

Newspaper publishers................................................. 51111 168.0 7.6 -1.4 -4.0 -10.8 -5.3

Periodical publishers................................................... 51112 103.1 1.0 3.2 -4.8 -5.7 -1.7

Software publishers.................................................... 5112 374.8 5.3 2.0 9.4 3.9 11.6

Broadcasting, except Internet......................................... 515 274.0 4.6 0.1 2.2 -2.3 2.3

Radio and television broadcasting................................... 5151 221.1 5.8 -1.2 3.8 -1.9 2.6

Cable and other subscription programming......................... 5152 52.9 5.5 0.3 1.4 -3.9 1.7

Wired telecommunications carriers................................... 5171 587.5 2.8 -3.0 1.1 -1.7 -1.9

Wireless telecommunications carriers................................ 5172 121.6 11.1 -7.1 8.4 -2.5 0.6

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking................................................... 52211 1,323.6 -5.5 9.6 -3.7 1.9 5.5

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing............................ 53212 80.2 -2.5 1.5 4.1 6.8 5.6

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services............................... 5412 1,146.8 0.8 0.8 1.5 0.7 2.3

Accounting and bookkeeping services............................... 54121 1,146.8 0.8 0.8 1.5 0.7 2.3

Engineering services................................................... 54133 995.3 -3.7 5.4 -0.6 3.2 4.7

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services....................... 5615 245.0 2.0 5.1 3.4 1.3 8.7

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories.................................. 6215 283.0 0.8 2.6 3.4 2.6 6.1

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades...................................... 7131 212.2 13.7 -10.7 8.3 -4.7 -3.3

Gambling industries.................................................... 7132 131.5 7.9 -7.4 6.7 -1.1 -1.2

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance................................. 8111 1,126.7 0.2 3.1 0.4 0.2 3.5

Drycleaning and laundry services.................................... 8123 314.5 3.8 2.0 3.1 -0.7 5.2

8
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 556.4 2.2 1.5 1.4 -0.8 2.9

Utilities.............................................................. 221 556.4 2.2 1.5 1.4 -0.8 2.9

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 394.2 3.0 0.6 2.1 -0.9 2.7

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 112.9 0.7 3.6 -0.3 -1.0 3.3

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 49.3 -1.7 4.6 0.7 2.5 5.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 448.1 3.0 0.8 2.7 -0.3 3.5

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 173.1 3.6 -0.4 1.7 -1.8 1.3

Truck transportation1

.............................................. 484 1,665.2 0.6 1.0 1.9 1.4 3.0

General freight trucking1.......................................... 4841 1,197.8 1.0 1.1 2.3 1.2 3.4

General freight trucking, local1................................... 48411 317.3 2.5 0.3 3.6 1.1 3.9

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 880.5 1.1 0.5 2.2 1.1 2.7

Specialized freight trucking2

...................................... 4842 467.4 0.8 1.9 1.9 1.1 3.8

Used household and office goods moving...................... 48421 100.2 -0.6 2.6 -0.1 0.4 2.5

Other specialized trucking, local2................................ 48422 228.8 0.2 2.5 1.4 1.3 3.9

Other specialized trucking, long-distance2

...................... 48423 138.4 1.2 1.2 3.5 2.3 4.7

Postal service...................................................... 491 608.8 0.3 3.1 -0.5 -0.8 2.5

Postal service...................................................... 4911 608.8 0.3 3.1 -0.5 -0.8 2.5

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 678.3 -1.9 3.2 0.6 2.5 3.8

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 493 933.4 1.6 0.0 5.7 4.0 5.7

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 4931 933.4 1.6 0.0 5.7 4.0 5.7

General warehousing and storage1

............................. 49311 817.2 2.7 -0.8 7.0 4.2 6.2

Refrigerated warehousing and storage1

........................ 49312 57.9 -0.2 1.4 2.9 3.1 4.3

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 760.4 3.8 1.5 3.4 -0.4 4.9

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 401.1 -0.2 4.2 -2.6 -2.4 1.5

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 180.9 -1.0 4.2 -4.3 -3.4 -0.3

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 107.9 -0.5 4.9 -1.6 -1.0 3.2

Book publishers................................................... 51113 68.8 -0.2 4.7 -0.8 -0.6 3.9

Software publishers............................................... 5112 359.3 11.2 -5.7 17.7 5.8 11.0

Motion picture and video exhibition............................. 51213 144.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 0.0 3.7

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 278.6 3.0 1.6 3.0 0.0 4.6

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 223.4 2.0 1.8 1.7 -0.3 3.5

Radio broadcasting................................................ 51511 88.8 3.7 1.4 2.5 -1.1 4.0

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 55.2 5.3 2.8 6.7 1.3 9.7

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 5171 594.4 3.7 -0.9 2.8 -0.9 1.9

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 5172 123.0 12.0 -6.8 18.9 6.2 10.8

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,309.5 3.1 1.9 3.0 -0.1 5.0

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental.............................................. 532111 122.6 2.2 1.5 3.2 1.0 4.8

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 76.6 2.1 1.1 2.6 0.6 3.8

Video tape and disc rental....................................... 53223 11.6 7.0 -2.5 -1.8 -8.2 -4.2

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services3

......................... 5412 1,140.3 2.8 1.1 3.5 0.6 4.6

Accounting and bookkeeping services3......................... 54121 1,140.3 2.8 1.1 3.5 0.6 4.6

Offices of certified public accountants3

......................... 541211 482.8 2.1 2.3 3.1 0.9 5.4

Tax preparation services......................................... 541213 137.9 0.5 2.1 2.2 1.6 4.4

Other accounting services3

....................................... 541219 354.0 4.8 -1.8 4.9 0.1 3.0

Architectural services............................................. 54131 199.3 1.5 1.8 2.5 1.0 4.4

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 968.1 1.2 2.8 2.7 1.6 5.6

Advertising agencies.............................................. 54181 215.2 1.8 2.2 2.3 0.5 4.6

Photography studios, portrait..................................... 541921 60.1 0.1 1.9 1.1 1.1 3.1

See footnotes at end of table.

9
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Veterinary services4............................................... 54194 371.4 -0.8 4.0 1.7 2.6 5.8

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search5

................ 56131 313.5 4.1 0.2 5.2 1.1 5.5

Travel arrangement and reservation services3................. 5615 239.2 5.8 -1.0 3.7 -2.0 2.7

Travel agencies.................................................... 56151 103.9 5.4 -0.7 4.3 -1.1 3.6

Janitorial services................................................. 56172 1,392.5 1.8 1.5 3.5 1.6 5.1

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories5............................ 6215 274.2 1.9 0.5 5.0 3.0 5.5

Medical laboratories5.............................................. 621511 198.1 1.8 0.4 5.0 3.1 5.4

Diagnostic imaging centers5

..................................... 621512 76.1 2.2 0.7 5.0 2.8 5.7

Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse

hospitals6........................................................ 6221,3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades7................................. 7131 207.3 -2.3 6.3 -0.8 1.5 5.5

Amusement and theme parks.................................... 71311 182.6 -0.7 4.3 1.9 2.6 6.2

Gambling industries3

.............................................. 7132 134.9 2.1 2.3 2.1 0.0 4.5

Golf courses and country clubs2................................. 71391 394.5 -1.4 4.3 -0.1 1.3 4.2

Fitness and recreational sports centers2........................ 71394 638.5 3.8 -0.6 4.3 0.4 3.7

Bowling centers.................................................... 71395 69.3 0.7 2.7 -1.0 -1.7 1.6

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services.............................. 72 13,639.6 0.8 2.7 2.3 1.5 5.1

Accommodation................................................... 721 1,979.6 2.1 1.7 2.8 0.7 4.5

Traveler accommodation......................................... 7211 1,895.0 2.1 1.6 2.8 0.7 4.5

Hotels and motels, except casino hotels........................ 72111 1,589.8 1.5 2.3 2.2 0.7 4.6

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 11,660.0 0.5 3.1 2.2 1.7 5.3

Special food services............................................. 7223 805.1 1.4 1.4 2.4 1.1 3.9

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages........................... 7224 392.2 -0.4 3.3 -0.4 0.0 2.9

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 10,462.7 0.5 3.3 2.3 1.8 5.7

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 5,396.0 0.5 3.7 2.3 1.7 6.0

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 5,066.7 0.3 2.8 2.3 2.0 5.2

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,114.1 1.1 2.2 1.5 0.4 3.7

Reupholstery and furniture repair................................ 81142 21.0 -0.5 3.6 -2.6 -2.1 0.9

Personal care services........................................... 8121 1,190.3 2.4 1.5 3.4 1.0 5.0

Hair, nail, and skin care services................................ 81211 972.5 2.2 1.6 3.0 0.8 4.7

Funeral homes and funeral services............................ 81221 111.4 -0.4 4.0 -0.3 0.1 3.7

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 314.9 2.0 1.5 1.0 -0.9 2.5

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners....................... 81231 43.2 2.2 1.7 0.4 -1.7 2.1

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 81232 142.2 0.7 2.2 -1.2 -1.9 1.0

Linen and uniform supply......................................... 81233 129.5 2.3 0.9 3.1 0.8 4.0

Photofinishing...................................................... 81292 10.8 3.0 2.1 -4.3 -7.1 -2.3

1 For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, average annual percent changes are for 1992-2016.

2 For NAICS industries 4842, 48422, 48423, 71391, and 71394, average annual percent changes are for 2002-2016.

3 For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, average annual percent changes are for 1997-2016.

4 For NAICS industry 54194, average annual percent changes are for 2004-2016.

5 For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994-2016.

6 For NAICS industry 6221,3, average annual percent changes are for 1993-2015. Employment is for 2015.

7 For NAICS industry 7131, average annual percent changes are for 2007-2016.

10

4,768.3 0.5 3.3 1.9 1.4 5.3