For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, May 23, 2019 USDL-19-0858 

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY

SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES – 2018 

Labor productivity rose in 18 of 28 selected service-providing industries in 2018, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. This was similar to 2017, when labor productivity increased in 19 of 28 

industries. Output increased in 21 industries in 2018, while hours worked increased in 15 industries. 

Chart 1. Selected service-providing industries with the largest change in productivity, 2018 

Chart 1 shows the changes in output and hours worked for industries with the largest changes in 

productivity. Industries above the diagonal line had productivity growth. In many of these industries, 

output grew while hours worked declined. This was the case in natural gas distribution, the industry that 

recorded the greatest growth in productivity. Productivity growth also occurred when hours worked grew, 

3.1

5.1

4.0

10.9

7.3

5.7

4.8

3.8

6.6

10.1

13.5

-3.9

-3.5

-7.6

Wired telecommunications 

carriers

Air 

transportation

Software publishers

Drycleaning and laundry 

services

Travel arrangement and 

reservation services

Radio and television 

broadcasting

Amusement 

parks and 

arcades

Newspaper 

publishers

Gambling industries

Wireless 

telecommunications 

carriers

Natural gas 

distribution

Automotive repair 

and maintenance

Specialized freight 

trucking

Warehousing and 

storage

-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

-15 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18

Output Percent Change

Hours Worked Percent Change

Note: Bubble size represents industry employment. 

Value in the bubble indicates percent change in labor productivity.
but at a slower rate than output, as shown in software publishers. In newspaper publishers and wired

telecommunications carriers, productivity grew because hours worked declined more than output. 

Industries below the diagonal line exhibited declining productivity. In all of these industries, hours 

worked increased while output declined or grew at a slower rate. 

Trends in Labor Productivity in 2018 

• Labor productivity increased in 18 of 28 industries in 2018. (See chart 2.) Among those with

increasing productivity, output grew in 15 industries and hours worked grew in 7 industries.

• Productivity gains of at least 7.0 percent occurred in 4 industries: natural gas distribution (13.5

percent), drycleaning and laundry services (10.9 percent), wireless telecommunications carriers

(10.1 percent), and travel arrangement and reservation services (7.3 percent). In all 4 of these

industries, output increases coincided with declines in hours worked.

• Hours worked grew in 15 of the 28 industries.

• Hours worked increased in 8 industries which recorded declines in productivity. Of these, the

largest gains in hours worked were in warehousing and storage (10.4 percent), automotive

repair and maintenance (4.6 percent), and couriers and messengers (4.4 percent).

Chart 2. Labor productivity growth in selected service-providing industries, 2018 

-7.6

-3.9

-3.5

-1.6

-0.9

-0.8

-0.6

-0.5

-0.3

0.0

1.5

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.6

2.8

3.1

3.8

4.0

4.8

5.1

5.7

6.6

7.3

10.1

10.9

13.5

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Warehousing and storage

Automotive repair and maintenance

Specialized freight trucking

Couriers and messengers

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Line-haul railroads

Water, sewage and other systems

General freight trucking, local

Postal service

Commercial banking

Periodical publishers

Engineering services

General freight trucking, long-distance

Cable and other subscription programming

Power generation and supply

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Wired telecommunications carriers

Newspaper publishers

Software publishers

Amusement parks and arcades

Air transportation

Radio and television broadcasting

Gambling industries

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Drycleaning and laundry services

Natural gas distribution

Percent Change

Productivity

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Percent Change

Output

Hours

2
Unit labor costs declined in 8 industries in 2018. Each of the industries with a decline in unit labor costs 

also recorded an increase in productivity. Increases in labor productivity counter the impact of rising 

hourly compensation on unit labor costs facing employers. 

Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2018 

• The largest declines in unit labor costs were in natural gas distribution (-9.7 percent) and

wireless telecommunications carriers (-7.9 percent). In both industries, productivity grew

substantially more than hourly compensation. (See chart 3.)

• All unit labor cost declines occurred in industries where productivity rose.

• Each of the industries where productivity fell also recorded an increase in unit labor costs.

• Hourly compensation rose in all of the 28 industries measured.

Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation costs in selected service-providing 

industries, 2018 

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16

Warehousing and storage

Periodical publishers

Specialized freight trucking

Automotive repair and maintenance

Water, sewage and other systems

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Postal service

Line-haul railroads

Cable and other subscription programming

Couriers and messengers

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

General freight trucking, local

Amusement parks and arcades

General freight trucking, long-distance

Commercial banking

Engineering services

Wired telecommunications carriers

Software publishers

Air transportation

Power generation and supply

Gambling industries

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Newspaper publishers

Radio and television broadcasting

Drycleaning and laundry services

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Natural gas distribution

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs Productivity Hourly Compensation

3
Long Term Productivity Trends 

Chart 4 displays the number of industries with increases in productivity, output, and hours worked 

for selected time periods through 2017, the latest year for which data are available for all 58 

selected service-providing industries published on the BLS website. 

• Over the long term, productivity rose in 45 out of 58 service-providing industries. For the

majority of the industries studied, this period extends from 1987 to 2017.

• Median long term productivity growth for all 58 industries was approximately 1.4 percent

per year.

• Output increased over the long term in 45 industries while hours worked increased in 38

industries.

• Productivity increased in 40 of the 58 industries in the period from 2007 to 2017 that began with

a severe recession. During this period, only 37 industries had increases in output and 26

experienced growth in hours worked.

Chart 4. Number of selected service-providing industries with increases in labor productivity, 

output, and hours worked

0

10

20

30

40

50

1987 - 2017 * 1987 - 2007 * 2007 - 2017 2016 - 2017

Number of Industries

Productivity Output Hours Worked

* Note: Measures for 44 industries begin in 1987 while measures for 14 additional industries begin in later years.

58

4
Want to know more? 

Access more productivity data using the data dashboard, 

at www.bls.gov/lpc/lpc_by_industry_dashboard.xlsx. 

• Additional industries and sectors

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels

of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation

• Additional years and long-term data

More information from the BLS productivity program is available at www.bls.gov/lpc. 

Questions? 

Additional information can be obtained by calling the BLS productivity program at (202) 691-5606 

or by sending an email to productivity@bls.gov. Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay 

Service: (800) 877-8339. 

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5
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the 

labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in 

the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity 

measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not 

measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects

of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity,

energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment

services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and 

managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of 

output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor 

compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship 

between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly 

compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation 

increases and reduce unit labor costs.

Output: Real industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the 

various products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is 

usually derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for 

some industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. 

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and 

annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information 

Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Transportation; the U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the 

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Data from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census

Bureau are used to construct preliminary output measures for 2018 for some industries.

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an

industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current

Employment Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 

number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm

establishments are supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to 

estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS 

employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on 

hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to 

hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries,

employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. 

Additional sources of employment and hours data for certain service industries include the 

Association of American Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal 

Service. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly

aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

6
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries,

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in 

kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for 

voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and

survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for 

voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the 

employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census 

Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2018 are constructed using data from 

the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).

7
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2018

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2017-2018

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.................................................................. 22 554.7 4.5 -2.3 4.5 0.0 2.0

Utilities.................................................................. 221 554.7 4.5 -2.3 4.5 0.0 2.0

Power generation and supply......................................... 2211 392.7 2.6 -0.9 3.2 0.7 2.3

Natural gas distribution................................................ 2212 110.0 13.5 -9.7 10.7 -2.4 0.0

Water, sewage and other systems................................... 2213 52.0 -0.5 6.6 -0.5 0.0 6.0

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation....................................................... 481 481.6 5.1 0.0 5.1 0.0 5.2

Line-haul railroads..................................................... 482111 166.2 -0.6 5.3 0.0 0.6 5.2

Truck transportation.................................................... 484 1,704.0 -0.3 5.0 2.4 2.7 7.5

General freight trucking................................................ 4841 1,224.4 1.5 3.1 4.0 2.5 7.2

General freight trucking, local......................................... 48411 326.5 -0.3 3.7 3.5 3.8 7.4

General freight trucking, long-distance............................... 48412 897.9 2.0 2.9 4.1 2.1 7.2

Specialized freight trucking............................................ 4842 479.6 -3.5 8.7 -0.4 3.2 8.3

Postal service........................................................... 491 608.6 0.0 5.5 -1.5 -1.5 4.0

Postal service........................................................... 4911 608.6 0.0 5.5 -1.5 -1.5 4.0

Couriers and messengers............................................. 492 757.1 -1.6 4.1 2.7 4.4 7.0

Warehousing and storage............................................. 493 1,143.4 -7.6 11.2 2.0 10.4 13.4

Warehousing and storage............................................. 4931 1,143.4 -7.6 11.2 2.0 10.4 13.4

Information

Publishing............................................................... 511 761.9 7.3 1.2 9.7 2.3 11.1

Newspaper publishers................................................. 51111 153.5 3.8 -1.5 -2.2 -5.8 -3.7

Periodical publishers................................................... 51112 96.4 1.8 9.4 -5.5 -7.1 3.4

Software publishers.................................................... 5112 409.3 4.0 0.5 15.5 11.0 16.0

Broadcasting, except Internet......................................... 515 276.2 4.5 0.0 4.9 0.4 4.9

Radio and television broadcasting................................... 5151 221.6 5.7 -2.5 5.7 0.0 3.0

Cable and other subscription programming......................... 5152 54.6 2.1 4.5 3.8 1.6 8.4

Wired telecommunications carriers................................... 5171 551.6 3.1 1.6 -4.6 -7.5 -3.1

Wireless telecommunications carriers................................ 5172 116.9 10.1 -7.9 6.6 -3.1 -1.8

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking................................................... 52211 1,320.4 1.5 2.3 1.7 0.3 4.0

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing............................ 53212 86.1 2.8 6.2 7.2 4.3 13.8

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services............................... 5412 1,172.1 -0.9 5.5 0.1 1.0 5.6

Accounting and bookkeeping services............................... 54121 1,172.1 -0.9 5.5 0.1 1.0 5.6

Engineering services................................................... 54133 1,013.2 1.9 2.0 3.4 1.4 5.5

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services....................... 5615 244.7 7.3 -1.4 3.1 -3.9 1.7

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories.................................. 6215 290.7 -0.8 4.0 1.0 1.8 5.1

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades...................................... 7131 214.3 4.8 3.6 3.8 -1.0 7.5

Gambling industries.................................................... 7132 128.1 6.6 -1.4 1.5 -4.7 0.1

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance................................. 8111 1,176.9 -3.9 8.6 0.4 4.6 9.1

Drycleaning and laundry services.................................... 8123 311.0 10.9 -4.9 7.3 -3.3 2.1

8
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2017

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2017

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 555.4 2.0 1.6 1.3 -0.7 2.9

Utilities.............................................................. 221 555.4 2.0 1.6 1.3 -0.7 2.9

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 392.7 2.8 0.8 1.9 -0.9 2.7

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 112.1 0.7 3.6 -0.3 -1.0 3.3

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 50.6 -1.8 4.7 0.7 2.5 5.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 468.2 3.0 0.9 2.7 -0.3 3.6

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 167.8 3.6 -0.4 1.8 -1.7 1.4

Truck transportation1

.............................................. 484 1,667.3 0.7 1.0 2.0 1.3 3.0

General freight trucking1.......................................... 4841 1,194.8 1.1 1.0 2.3 1.2 3.4

General freight trucking, local1................................... 48411 317.7 2.7 0.2 3.7 1.0 3.9

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 877.1 1.3 0.5 2.2 0.9 2.8

Specialized freight trucking2

...................................... 4842 472.5 0.8 1.9 1.9 1.1 3.8

Used household and office goods moving...................... 48421 101.1 -0.4 2.6 -0.1 0.3 2.5

Other specialized trucking, local2................................ 48422 233.8 0.3 2.3 1.7 1.4 4.1

Other specialized trucking, long-distance2

...................... 48423 137.6 1.1 1.3 3.2 2.0 4.6

Postal service...................................................... 491 615.4 0.4 2.9 -0.6 -1.0 2.3

Postal service...................................................... 4911 615.4 0.4 2.9 -0.6 -1.0 2.3

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 710.8 -1.9 3.2 0.6 2.6 3.9

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 493 1,037.8 1.4 0.3 5.6 4.1 5.8

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 4931 1,037.8 1.4 0.3 5.6 4.1 5.8

General warehousing and storage1

............................. 49311 914.9 2.5 -0.5 6.9 4.3 6.4

Refrigerated warehousing and storage1

........................ 49312 62.5 -0.2 1.5 2.9 3.1 4.4

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 760.5 3.8 1.6 3.3 -0.5 5.0

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 379.0 0.1 4.0 -2.5 -2.6 1.3

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 168.8 -0.6 4.0 -4.2 -3.7 -0.5

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 102.3 -0.4 4.7 -1.6 -1.2 3.0

Book publishers................................................... 51113 66.4 -0.2 4.7 -0.9 -0.7 3.7

Software publishers............................................... 5112 381.5 10.8 -5.2 17.2 5.8 11.1

Motion picture and video exhibition............................. 51213 148.9 1.4 2.0 1.8 0.4 3.8

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 276.3 3.0 1.7 2.9 -0.1 4.6

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 222.2 2.2 1.7 1.8 -0.4 3.5

Radio broadcasting................................................ 51511 87.5 3.7 1.1 2.5 -1.2 3.6

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 54.1 5.2 2.9 6.4 1.2 9.5

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 5171 586.6 3.6 -0.7 2.6 -0.9 1.9

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 5172 120.3 11.9 -6.9 18.5 5.9 10.4

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,323.6 3.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 5.0

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental.............................................. 532111 122.3 2.1 1.4 3.1 1.0 4.6

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 79.8 1.9 1.1 2.7 0.7 3.8

Video tape and disc rental....................................... 53223 10.3 6.7 -2.3 -2.3 -8.4 -4.6

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services3

......................... 5412 1,151.7 2.6 1.0 3.3 0.6 4.4

Accounting and bookkeeping services3......................... 54121 1,151.7 2.6 1.0 3.3 0.6 4.4

Offices of certified public accountants3

......................... 541211 489.5 2.0 2.1 3.0 1.0 5.2

Tax preparation services......................................... 541213 137.2 0.5 2.1 2.0 1.5 4.2

Other accounting services3

....................................... 541219 353.3 4.6 -1.8 4.7 0.1 2.8

Architectural services............................................. 54131 208.9 1.4 1.9 2.6 1.2 4.5

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 994.2 1.2 2.7 2.8 1.6 5.6

Advertising agencies.............................................. 54181 219.0 1.9 2.1 2.4 0.5 4.6

Photography studios, portrait..................................... 541921 58.4 0.3 1.7 1.2 1.0 2.9

See footnotes at end of table.

9
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2017

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2017

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Veterinary services4

............................................... 54194 386.4 -0.2 3.4 2.3 2.6 5.8

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search5

................ 56131 303.3 4.3 0.0 5.3 1.0 5.3

Travel arrangement and reservation services3................. 5615 245.8 6.0 -1.0 4.1 -1.8 3.0

Travel agencies.................................................... 56151 107.5 5.6 -0.7 4.6 -0.9 3.8

Janitorial services................................................. 56172 1,465.6 1.7 1.8 3.4 1.8 5.3

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories5............................ 6215 282.1 1.9 0.5 5.0 3.0 5.5

Medical laboratories5.............................................. 621511 201.1 1.9 0.5 5.0 3.0 5.5

Diagnostic imaging centers5

..................................... 621512 81.0 2.1 0.8 5.0 2.8 5.8

Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse

hospitals6........................................................ 6221,3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades7................................. 7131 210.6 -1.4 5.3 -0.7 0.8 4.6

Amusement and theme parks.................................... 71311 182.5 -0.5 4.0 1.8 2.3 5.9

Gambling industries3

.............................................. 7132 131.4 2.1 2.0 2.1 0.0 4.2

Golf courses and country clubs2................................. 71391 395.4 -1.2 4.1 0.1 1.3 4.2

Fitness and recreational sports centers2........................ 71394 658.5 3.7 -0.7 4.4 0.7 3.7

Bowling centers.................................................... 71395 68.8 0.7 3.0 -1.1 -1.7 1.9

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services.............................. 72 13,978.8 0.8 2.7 2.3 1.6 5.1

Accommodation................................................... 721 2,027.2 1.9 1.8 2.7 0.8 4.6

Traveler accommodation......................................... 7211 1,934.1 2.0 1.8 2.8 0.8 4.6

Hotels and motels, except casino hotels........................ 72111 1,624.4 1.4 2.5 2.2 0.8 4.7

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 11,951.6 0.4 3.0 2.2 1.8 5.3

Special food services............................................. 7223 843.4 1.2 1.5 2.5 1.2 4.0

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages........................... 7224 405.5 -0.3 3.1 -0.1 0.2 3.0

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 10,702.7 0.4 3.2 2.3 1.9 5.6

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 5,482.2 0.5 3.6 2.3 1.7 6.0

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 5,220.5 0.4 2.8 2.4 2.0 5.2

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,129.1 1.1 2.1 1.5 0.4 3.7

Reupholstery and furniture repair................................ 81142 21.0 -0.9 3.8 -2.8 -2.0 0.8

Personal care services........................................... 8121 1,262.9 2.2 1.7 3.4 1.2 5.2

Hair, nail, and skin care services................................ 81211 1,037.0 2.0 1.8 3.0 1.0 4.9

Funeral homes and funeral services............................ 81221 109.5 -0.2 3.9 -0.3 0.0 3.6

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 313.5 2.0 1.5 1.1 -0.9 2.6

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners....................... 81231 42.7 2.3 1.8 0.4 -1.9 2.3

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 81232 138.1 0.8 2.2 -1.2 -1.9 1.0

Linen and uniform supply......................................... 81233 132.7 2.3 0.9 3.1 0.8 4.1

Photofinishing...................................................... 81292 10.4 3.4 1.7 -4.0 -7.1 -2.4

1 For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, average annual percent changes are for 1992-2017.

2 For NAICS industries 4842, 48422, 48423, 71391, and 71394, average annual percent changes are for 2002-2017.

3 For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, average annual percent changes are for 1997-2017.

4 For NAICS industry 54194, average annual percent changes are for 2004-2017.

5 For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994-2017.

6 For NAICS industry 6221,3, average annual percent changes are for 1993-2016. Employment is for 2016.

7 For NAICS industry 7131, average annual percent changes are for 2007-2017.

10

4,886.1 0.5 3.2 2.0 1.5 5.3