For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 21, 2011 USDL-11-0063 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

UNION MEMBERS — 2010 

In 2010, the union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of a 

union—was 11.9 percent, down from 12.3 percent a year earlier, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

reported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions declined by 612,000 to 

14.7 million. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate was 20.1 percent, and there were 17.7 million union workers. 

The data on union membership were collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a 

monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that obtains information on employment and 

unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For more 

information see the Technical Note. 

Highlights from the 2010 data: 

 The union membership rate for public sector workers (36.2 percent) was substantially higher 

than the rate for private sector workers (6.9 percent). (See table 3.) 

 Workers in education, training, and library occupations had the highest unionization rate at 

37.1 percent. (See table 3.) 

 Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic 

workers. (See table 1.) 

 Among states, New York had the highest union membership rate (24.2 percent) and North 

Carolina had the lowest rate (3.2 percent). (See table 5.) 

Industry and Occupation of Union Members 

In 2010, 7.6 million public sector employees belonged to a union, compared with 7.1 million union 

workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public sector workers (36.2 percent) was 

substantially higher than the rate for private sector workers (6.9 percent). Within the public sector, local 

government workers had the highest union membership rate, 42.3 percent. This group includes workers 

in heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and fire fighters. Private sector 

industries with high unionization rates included transportation and utilities (21.8 percent), telecommunications (15.8 percent), and construction (13.1 percent). In 2010, low unionization rates occurred in 

agriculture and related industries (1.6 percent) and in financial activities (2.0 percent). (See table 3.) 
- 2 - 

Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (37.1 percent) and protective 

service occupations (34.1 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2010. Sales and related occupations (3.2 percent) and farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (3.4 percent) had the lowest unionization rates. (See table 3.) 

Demographic Characteristics of Union Members 

The union membership rate was higher for men (12.6 percent) than for women (11.1 percent) in 2010. 

(See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men 

was about 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. Between 1983 and 2010, the union 

membership rate for men declined by almost half (12.1 percentage points), while the rate for women 

declined by 3.5 percentage points. 

In 2010, among major race and ethnicity groups, black workers were more likely to be union members 

(13.4 percent) than workers who were white (11.7 percent), Asian (10.9 percent), or Hispanic (10.0 percent). Black men had the highest union membership rate (14.8 percent), while Asian men had the lowest 

rate (9.4 percent). 

By age, the union membership rate was highest among 55- to 64-year-old workers (15.7 percent). The 

lowest union membership rate occurred among those ages 16 to 24 (4.3 percent). 

Union Representation 

In 2010, 16.3 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both 

union members (14.7 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered 

by a union contract (1.6 million). (See table 1.) Government employees (783,000) comprised about half 

of the 1.6 million workers who were covered by a union contract but were not members of a union. (See 

table 3.) 

Earnings 

In 2010, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings 

of $917, while those who were not represented by unions had median weekly earnings of $717. (See 

table 2.) In addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, the difference reflects a variety of 

influences including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by 

occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. 

Union Membership by State 

In 2010, 31 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S. 

average, 11.9 percent, while 19 states had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific 

divisions reported union membership rates above the national average, and all states in the East South 

Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. Union membership rates declined over the 

year in 33 states and the District of Columbia and rose in 17 states. (See table 5.) 

Eight states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2010, with North Carolina having the 

lowest rate (3.2 percent). The next lowest rates were recorded in Arkansas and Georgia (4.0 percent 

each), Louisiana (4.3 percent), Mississippi (4.5 percent), South Carolina and Virginia (4.6 percent each), 
- 3 - 

and Tennessee (4.7 percent). Six states had union membership rates over 17.0 percent in 2010: New 

York (24.2 percent), Alaska (22.9 percent), Hawaii (21.8 percent), Washington (19.4 percent), 

California (17.5 percent), and New Jersey (17.1 percent). (See chart 1.) 

State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and union membership rate. The 

largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.4 million) and New York (2.0 million). About 

half of the 14.7 million union members in the U.S. lived in just six states (California, 2.4 million; New 

York, 2.0 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.8 million; Ohio, 0.7 million; and New Jersey, 0.6 

million), though these states accounted for only one-third of wage and salary employment nationally. 

Texas had about one-fourth as many union members as New York, despite having 1.9 million more 

wage and salary employees. Similarly, North Carolina and Hawaii had comparable numbers of union 

members (117,000 and 111,000, respectively), though North Carolina's wage and salary employment 

level (3.7 million) was about seven times that of Hawaii (511,000). 
Technical Note 

The estimates in this release are obtained from the 

Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a 

scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 

households. The union membership and earnings data are 

tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and 

are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed 

workers are excluded. 

The Census Bureau introduces adjustments to the 

population controls for the CPS as part of its annual update of 

population estimates. The effect of the revised population 

controls on the union affiliation data is unknown. However, 

the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS estimates 

was to decrease the December 2009 employment level by 

243,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on 

unemployment rates and other ratios. Estimated levels, such 

as the number of union members for 2010, are not strictly 

comparable with estimated levels for 2009. These 

adjustments to the levels, however, should have had only 

negligible effects on union membership rates. Additional 

information is available on the BLS Web site at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. 

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. 

Reliability of the estimates 

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the "true" population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies 

depending upon the particular sample selected, and this 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The state 

section of this release preserves the long-time practice of 

highlighting the direction of the movements in state union 

membership rates and levels regardless of their statistical 

significance. 

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the 

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to 

obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability 

or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct 

information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of the data. 

For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the 

CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the 

Household Data section of the "Explanatory Notes and 

Estimates of Error" available on the BLS Web site at 

www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. 

Definitions 

The principal definitions used in this release are 

described briefly below. 

Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union 

or an employee association similar to a union. 

Represented by unions. Data refer to both union 

members and workers who report no union affiliation but 

whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee 

association contract. 

Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither 

members of a union nor represented by a union on their job. 

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before 

taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the 

case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were 

asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 

1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way 

for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice 

monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they 

usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on 

a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly 

equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the 

respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, 

interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than 

half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. 

Median earnings. The median is the amount which 

divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, 

one having earnings above the median and the other having 

earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places 

each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-

wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. 

The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation 

of the interval in which the median lies. 

Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, 

salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. 

The group includes employees in both the private and public 

sectors. Union membership and earnings data exclude all 

self-employed workers, both those with incorporated 

businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. 

Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours 

or more per week at their sole or principal job. 

Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer 

than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who 

identified themselves in the enumeration process as being 

Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is 

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2009 2010

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6 124,073 14,715 11.9 16,290 13.1

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,173 813 4.7 941 5.5 16,638 722 4.3 836 5.0

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,317 14,514 13.5 15,962 14.9 107,435 13,993 13.0 15,453 14.4

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,067 2,942 10.5 3,262 11.6 28,363 2,860 10.1 3,179 11.2

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,066 3,669 13.1 4,035 14.4 27,356 3,512 12.8 3,888 14.2

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,054 4,551 15.7 4,994 17.2 28,860 4,340 15.0 4,774 16.5

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,599 2,926 16.6 3,186 18.1 18,199 2,849 15.7 3,126 17.2

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,530 425 9.4 485 10.7 4,657 432 9.3 486 10.4

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,539 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4 63,531 7,994 12.6 8,761 13.8

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,555 493 5.8 560 6.5 8,291 419 5.0 476 5.7

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,984 7,947 14.5 8,616 15.7 55,240 7,575 13.7 8,286 15.0

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,952 1,633 10.9 1,786 11.9 15,148 1,603 10.6 1,759 11.6

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,679 2,077 14.1 2,250 15.3 14,430 1,966 13.6 2,151 14.9

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,421 2,492 17.3 2,693 18.7 14,423 2,349 16.3 2,554 17.7

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,647 1,536 17.8 1,654 19.1 8,895 1,430 16.1 1,566 17.6

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,285 211 9.2 233 10.2 2,343 227 9.7 256 10.9

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7 60,542 6,722 11.1 7,528 12.4

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,619 320 3.7 381 4.4 8,347 303 3.6 361 4.3

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,333 6,567 12.5 7,346 14.0 52,195 6,418 12.3 7,167 13.7

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,116 1,309 10.0 1,476 11.3 13,215 1,257 9.5 1,420 10.7

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,387 1,593 11.9 1,785 13.3 12,926 1,546 12.0 1,737 13.4

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,633 2,060 14.1 2,302 15.7 14,437 1,991 13.8 2,219 15.4

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,952 1,390 15.5 1,532 17.1 9,303 1,419 15.3 1,560 16.8

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,245 215 9.6 252 11.2 2,314 205 8.8 230 10.0

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,581 12,330 12.1 13,595 13.4 101,042 11,865 11.7 13,111 13.0

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,691 6,918 13.1 7,512 14.3 52,565 6,588 12.5 7,208 13.7

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,889 5,412 11.1 6,083 12.4 48,477 5,277 10.9 5,903 12.2

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . 14,127 1,966 13.9 2,172 15.4 14,195 1,896 13.4 2,115 14.9

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,257 964 15.4 1,046 16.7 6,347 938 14.8 1,031 16.2

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,870 1,002 12.7 1,126 14.3 7,848 958 12.2 1,085 13.8

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,847 664 11.4 730 12.5 5,900 645 10.9 713 12.1

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,075 332 10.8 370 12.0 3,112 292 9.4 325 10.4

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,772 333 12.0 361 13.0 2,787 353 12.6 388 13.9

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . 18,034 1,841 10.2 2,036 11.3 18,263 1,820 10.0 2,021 11.1

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,518 1,108 10.5 1,199 11.4 10,646 1,090 10.2 1,196 11.2

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,515 733 9.7 836 11.1 7,616 730 9.6 825 10.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3

Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,820 13,602 13.6 14,960 15.0 99,531 13,125 13.2 14,498 14.6

Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,431 1,698 7.0 1,913 7.8 24,351 1,560 6.4 1,760 7.2

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job

is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose

ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers

are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release

of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected

characteristics

Characteristic

2009 2010

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $739 $ 908 $ 901 $710 $747 $ 917 $ 911 $717

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 598 586 433 432 585 580 423

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 922 916 749 782 931 925 755

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 834 827 653 682 847 840 657

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 941 936 789 824 961 954 792

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 959 952 807 844 955 950 813

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 958 957 800 860 975 971 828

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 837 831 662 684 823 821 665

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 957 953 786 824 967 964 789

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 614 605 447 443 610 601 430

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 972 969 846 874 982 979 846

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 868 862 692 714 870 864 688

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 995 992 899 915 1,008 1,004 893

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967 1,012 1,009 952 954 1,014 1,013 935

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 988 990 956 979 1,010 1,012 967

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 871 883 771 794 903 903 770

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 840 833 628 669 856 847 639

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 568 548 420 422 531 535 417

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 851 845 659 704 870 861 672

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 800 791 614 648 819 811 624

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 859 857 683 731 897 888 699

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 870 860 680 730 874 864 702

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 909 905 688 736 924 913 702

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 727 728 585 601 690 703 588

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 934 926 728 765 943 936 736

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 981 976 811 850 988 985 817

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 859 852 639 684 882 872 651

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 749 745 581 611 772 766 589

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 780 781 599 633 829 827 606

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 717 710 560 592 729 720 574

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 907 919 870 855 909 918 842

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952 888 906 959 936 924 941 936

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 936 938 756 773 904 909 749

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 774 763 516 535 771 766 512

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 824 813 535 560 804 800 525

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 683 674 493 508 729 724 489

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed

workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2009 2010

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,845 6,027 13.4 6,821 15.2 44,871 5,867 13.1 6,674 14.9

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,978 822 4.8 997 5.9 16,684 782 4.7 973 5.8

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,548 473 4.1 585 5.1 11,386 476 4.2 599 5.3

Business and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,430 348 6.4 412 7.6 5,299 306 5.8 373 7.0

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,867 5,206 18.7 5,824 20.9 28,187 5,085 18.0 5,701 20.2

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . 3,306 175 5.3 207 6.3 3,350 136 4.0 180 5.4

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . 2,512 194 7.7 228 9.1 2,468 197 8.0 244 9.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations.. . 1,220 122 10.0 141 11.6 1,256 126 10.1 145 11.5

Community and social services occupations. . . . 2,269 366 16.1 396 17.5 2,260 362 16.0 390 17.3

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,335 79 5.9 97 7.3 1,352 72 5.3 87 6.4

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . 8,318 3,172 38.1 3,503 42.1 8,415 3,123 37.1 3,441 40.9

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,840 136 7.4 157 8.5 1,899 112 5.9 139 7.3

Healthcare practitioner and technical

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,067 962 13.6 1,096 15.5 7,188 957 13.3 1,076 15.0

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,364 2,588 11.6 2,830 12.7 22,463 2,467 11.0 2,683 11.9

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,159 317 10.0 353 11.2 3,214 268 8.4 296 9.2

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,120 1,111 35.6 1,180 37.8 3,287 1,122 34.1 1,202 36.6

Food preparation and serving related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,621 334 4.4 389 5.1 7,555 297 3.9 328 4.3

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,592 521 11.3 570 12.4 4,549 469 10.3 518 11.4

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 3,873 306 7.9 338 8.7 3,858 311 8.0 338 8.8

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,998 2,231 7.2 2,499 8.1 30,673 2,113 6.9 2,388 7.8

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,331 411 3.1 480 3.6 13,033 418 3.2 496 3.8

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . 17,667 1,820 10.3 2,019 11.4 17,641 1,695 9.6 1,892 10.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,231 1,989 17.7 2,088 18.6 10,879 1,808 16.6 1,912 17.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . 880 24 2.8 26 2.9 869 30 3.4 36 4.1

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . 5,820 1,220 21.0 1,269 21.8 5,579 1,050 18.8 1,100 19.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,531 744 16.4 793 17.5 4,431 728 16.4 776 17.5

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,052 2,492 16.6 2,666 17.7 15,186 2,460 16.2 2,633 17.3

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,309 1,082 14.8 1,164 15.9 7,540 1,144 15.2 1,210 16.1

Transportation and material moving occupations. . 7,742 1,410 18.2 1,502 19.4 7,647 1,316 17.2 1,423 18.6

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,357 7,431 7.2 8,226 8.0 103,040 7,092 6.9 7,884 7.7

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,045 12 1.1 14 1.4 1,131 18 1.6 23 2.0

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,312 7,419 7.3 8,212 8.0 101,909 7,074 6.9 7,861 7.7

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . 662 57 8.6 63 9.5 695 55 8.0 61 8.8

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,613 958 14.5 993 15.0 6,103 801 13.1 838 13.7

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,454 1,470 10.9 1,595 11.9 13,252 1,418 10.7 1,538 11.6

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,438 907 10.8 985 11.7 8,268 835 10.1 909 11.0

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,016 562 11.2 610 12.2 4,984 584 11.7 629 12.6

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,851 937 5.3 1,032 5.8 17,800 860 4.8 949 5.3

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,386 167 4.9 185 5.5 3,321 173 5.2 186 5.6

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,465 770 5.3 847 5.9 14,479 687 4.7 763 5.3

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,162 1,144 22.2 1,210 23.4 5,195 1,134 21.8 1,203 23.2

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,256 908 21.3 960 22.6 4,286 877 20.5 928 21.6

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906 237 26.1 249 27.5 909 257 28.3 275 30.3

Information3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,790 280 10.0 312 11.2 2,743 265 9.6 299 10.9

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 34 5.3 41 6.5 577 29 5.0 38 6.5

Motion pictures and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 42 12.8 43 13.0 341 32 9.3 36 10.6

Radio and television broadcasting and cable

subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 25 4.7 30 5.5 561 29 5.1 38 6.8

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,088 174 16.0 192 17.7 1,054 167 15.8 177 16.8

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,236 150 1.8 193 2.3 8,072 160 2.0 206 2.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2009 2010

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,199 88 1.4 120 1.9 6,108 79 1.3 110 1.8

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,043 56 1.4 73 1.8 3,985 44 1.1 65 1.6

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,155 32 1.5 48 2.2 2,123 35 1.6 45 2.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . 2,037 61 3.0 73 3.6 1,964 81 4.1 95 4.9

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,325 256 2.3 314 2.8 11,738 315 2.7 388 3.3

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . 6,915 78 1.1 107 1.5 6,980 98 1.4 134 1.9

Management, administrative, and waste

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,410 178 4.0 207 4.7 4,757 217 4.6 254 5.3

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,269 1,655 8.6 1,912 9.9 19,804 1,608 8.1 1,858 9.4

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,816 494 12.9 580 15.2 3,964 517 13.0 599 15.1

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . 15,454 1,161 7.5 1,332 8.6 15,840 1,091 6.9 1,259 7.9

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,352 349 3.1 407 3.6 11,111 301 2.7 337 3.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . 2,143 138 6.4 152 7.1 2,111 113 5.3 126 5.9

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . 9,209 211 2.3 255 2.8 8,999 188 2.1 212 2.4

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,390 108 7.8 115 8.3 1,345 106 7.9 112 8.3

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . 7,819 103 1.3 140 1.8 7,654 82 1.1 100 1.3

Other services3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,598 164 2.9 182 3.2 5,397 158 2.9 184 3.4

Other services, except private households. . . 4,775 147 3.1 163 3.4 4,726 152 3.2 178 3.8

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,133 7,896 37.4 8,677 41.1 21,033 7,623 36.2 8,406 40.0

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,594 1,005 28.0 1,192 33.2 3,670 984 26.8 1,154 31.4

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,294 2,025 32.2 2,222 35.3 6,328 1,969 31.1 2,191 34.6

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,244 4,867 43.3 5,263 46.8 11,035 4,670 42.3 5,061 45.9

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses

as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry

Occupation and industry

2009 2010

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . $1,044 $1,047 $1,040 $1,045 $1,063 $1,059 $1,055 $1,064

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,138 1,116 1,123 1,139 1,155 1,138 1,145 1,156

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,208 1,192 1,208 1,208 1,230 1,161 1,187 1,231

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 996 1,002 1,009 995 1,036 1,082 1,048 1,035

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994 1,036 1,026 983 1,008 1,047 1,040 998

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,253 1,078 1,107 1,263 1,289 1,062 1,074 1,311

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266 1,230 1,210 1,271 1,255 1,238 1,285 1,252

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 1,059 1,099 1,135 1,040 1,062 1,166 1,160 1,038

Community and social services occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 957 948 746 802 980 955 759

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,200 1,266 1,258 1,191 1,213 1,329 1,358 1,199

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 1,010 996 782 913 1,023 1,008 811

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888 1,105 1,059 877 920 999 1,015 915

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . . . 970 1,089 1,070 952 986 1,095 1,098 967

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 702 682 435 479 723 707 447

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 518 518 464 471 514 503 467

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 992 980 611 747 995 980 629

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . 398 463 456 395 406 508 503 402

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 597 588 418 446 595 590 421

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 576 567 429 455 575 564 440

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 768 761 613 631 752 745 621

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 678 673 665 666 683 678 665

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 782 773 595 619 762 754 607

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 1,009 1,003 657 719 1,013 1,006 664

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 – – 411 416 – – 412

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 1,023 1,011 643 709 1,029 1,019 633

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . 781 999 999 733 794 1,005 1,001 745

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 786 780 578 599 817 809 564

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 783 778 587 599 811 801 569

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 599 789 782 563 599 824 816 557

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 856 845 697 717 864 855 703

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 – – 457 465 – – 463

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 857 846 701 721 865 856 707

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,050 1,013 1,015 1,058 1,032 1,076 1,053 1,026

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 1,072 1,052 698 735 1,051 1,046 692

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 800 799 762 767 828 817 759

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 836 832 801 806 878 866 796

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 735 741 698 700 760 749 690

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 648 641 609 612 669 657 610

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 761 767 760 777 770 774 777

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 612 607 575 575 613 608 572

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 975 964 748 823 1,000 994 765

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 923 911 707 765 934 928 725

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,043 1,120 1,104 1,008 1,102 1,199 1,193 1,014

Information4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905 1,105 1,083 883 912 1,018 998 895

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847 – – 843 876 – – 871

Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . . 1,047 – – 924 917 – – 893

Radio and television broadcasting and cable

subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 – – 828 821 – – 814

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 1,095 1,079 924 987 1,039 1,023 974

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 843 831 839 849 806 799 852

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881 845 837 882 902 819 829 905

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 842 817 892 902 – 870 903

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 – – 868 902 – – 908

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 842 822 718 702 786 713 701

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 761 748 868 855 751 754 859

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,094 1,081 1,096 1,094 1,124 1,157 1,147 1,123

Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . . 560 658 640 553 542 598 592 536

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry — Continued

Occupation and industry

2009 2010

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 715 $839 $838 $ 698 $ 731 $849 $846 $ 717

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 886 879 795 852 900 875 846

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 801 802 673 698 817 823 686

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 583 576 458 469 580 575 461

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 673 671 593 616 636 632 614

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 526 505 421 430 530 524 424

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 582 582 496 508 547 553 502

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 424 423 412 417 517 509 416

Other services4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 886 862 599 615 866 862 609

Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 893 868 620 636 880 874 627

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 947 943 782 878 961 956 801

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002 981 989 1,019 1,012 977 987 1,040

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 906 899 767 829 922 917 769

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 956 948 720 854 971 962 743

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses

as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state

[Numbers in thousands]

State

2009 2010

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,763 191 10.9 212 12.0 1,809 183 10.1 203 11.2

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 65 22.3 69 23.6 295 68 22.9 73 24.8

Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,471 162 6.5 194 7.9 2,507 161 6.4 203 8.1

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,103 47 4.2 55 5.0 1,082 44 4.0 59 5.4

California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,297 2,453 17.2 2,622 18.3 13,892 2,431 17.5 2,578 18.6

Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,175 153 7.0 181 8.3 2,130 140 6.6 171 8.0

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,538 265 17.3 282 18.4 1,549 258 16.7 270 17.4

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 44 11.9 47 12.8 352 40 11.4 44 12.5

District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 29 10.4 35 12.5 287 26 9.0 30 10.5

Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,097 411 5.8 489 6.9 7,033 392 5.6 488 6.9

Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,869 177 4.6 226 5.9 3,792 153 4.0 191 5.0

Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 123 23.5 128 24.3 511 111 21.8 120 23.5

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 36 6.3 46 7.9 584 42 7.1 50 8.6

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,435 951 17.5 997 18.3 5,434 844 15.5 891 16.4

Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,612 277 10.6 319 12.2 2,554 279 10.9 313 12.2

Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,398 156 11.1 185 13.3 1,393 158 11.4 192 13.8

Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,249 77 6.2 104 8.4 1,222 84 6.8 111 9.1

Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,657 142 8.6 173 10.5 1,642 147 8.9 166 10.1

Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,704 99 5.8 110 6.5 1,742 76 4.3 96 5.5

Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 63 11.7 74 13.7 543 63 11.6 71 13.0

Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,555 323 12.6 366 14.3 2,558 296 11.6 329 12.9

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,864 476 16.6 516 18.0 2,866 415 14.5 446 15.6

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,785 710 18.8 752 19.9 3,806 627 16.5 659 17.3

Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400 362 15.1 377 15.7 2,468 385 15.6 397 16.1

Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,029 49 4.8 66 6.4 1,037 46 4.5 58 5.6

Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,481 234 9.4 264 10.6 2,469 244 9.9 274 11.1

Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 52 13.9 68 18.1 364 46 12.7 52 14.4

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 76 9.2 94 11.4 813 75 9.3 96 11.8

Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,097 173 15.7 188 17.2 1,012 151 15.0 170 16.8

New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 67 10.8 76 12.3 622 63 10.2 73 11.7

New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,734 721 19.3 742 19.9 3,734 637 17.1 660 17.7

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 51 6.7 77 10.2 750 55 7.3 72 9.7

New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,021 2,019 25.2 2,182 27.2 8,078 1,959 24.2 2,099 26.0

North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,707 115 3.1 162 4.4 3,686 117 3.2 180 4.9

North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 21 6.8 30 9.8 313 23 7.4 28 9.1

Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,827 685 14.2 742 15.4 4,787 655 13.7 702 14.7

Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,456 83 5.7 107 7.3 1,418 77 5.5 99 6.9

Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,471 250 17.0 272 18.5 1,515 245 16.2 268 17.7

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,220 782 15.0 844 16.2 5,224 770 14.7 831 15.9

Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 80 17.9 83 18.7 456 75 16.4 79 17.4

South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,672 75 4.5 91 5.4 1,713 80 4.6 107 6.2

South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 20 5.5 24 6.6 357 20 5.6 24 6.6

Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,387 121 5.1 156 6.6 2,477 115 4.7 142 5.8

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,920 508 5.1 615 6.2 10,025 545 5.4 677 6.7

Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,136 79 6.9 90 8.0 1,144 75 6.5 96 8.4

Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 35 12.3 40 14.1 289 34 11.8 40 13.6

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,503 166 4.7 191 5.4 3,473 161 4.6 196 5.7

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,847 574 20.2 612 21.5 2,837 552 19.4 605 21.3

West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 97 13.9 108 15.4 677 100 14.8 111 16.5

Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,528 385 15.2 400 15.8 2,508 355 14.2 380 15.1

Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 18 7.7 20 8.3 246 18 7.4 21 8.4

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses

as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 201

WASH.

Mountain

West

North Central

East

North Central

N

(U.S. rate = 11.9 percent)

MONT.

ORE.

S.D.

WYO.

N.D.

MINN.

IDAHO

WIS.

MICH.

North Central

Midd

Atlan

CALIF.

NEV.

COLO. KAN. MO.

NEB.

UTAH

ILL.

KY.

IOWA

IND.

OHIO

W

TEXAS

N.M. ARIZ.

GA.

LA.

OKLA.

ALA.

ARK.

MISS.

TENN. 

Pacific

East

South Central

West

South Central

ALASKA HAWAII