For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, March 27, 2014 USDL-14-0492 

Technical information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 2012 

Labor productivity – defined as output per hour – rose in 54 percent of the detailed manufacturing 

industries covered in 2012, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was down from 68

percent in 2011. Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output, 

declined in 39 percent of the industries in 2012 compared to 49 percent in 2011. More than half of 

industries with productivity increases posted declines in unit labor costs.

Output and hours rose in more industries in 2012 than in the previous year. (See chart 1 and table 1.) 

Output rose in 2012 in 40 of 57 NAICS 4-digit manufacturing industries for which data were available, 

up from 37 industries in 2011. Hours increased in even more industries, 41 compared to 32 in 2011. 

Hours rose in more industries in 2012 than in any year since 1997. 

Chart 1. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in labor productivity, output, and hours, 2011 and 2012

The latest industry productivity data for manufacturing industries and for industries in other sectors are 

available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/lpc/iprprodydata.htm. 

Industry Productivity Hours Series Changes

Beginning with this news release, labor hours for manufacturing industries represent hours worked. 

See Technical Note in this news release for more information about how hours worked are derived.
2 

Chart 2 contrasts the distribution of average annual productivity changes during the 1987-2012 and 

2007-2012 periods with those in the most recent year. During the 1987-2012 period, productivity rose in 

all but 1 industry, with productivity growth in most industries averaging between 0.1 and 4.0 percent per 

year. Productivity also increased in a majority of industries between 2007 and 2012, despite the fact that 

the period encompassed a severe recession. However, fewer industries had productivity growth greater 

than 2 percent per year, and productivity declined in 18 industries. In the most recent year, rates of 

productivity change were more evenly distributed than in either of the longer time periods. 

Chart 2. Distribution of average annual percent change in labor productivity, 1987-2012, 2007-2012 and 2011-2012 

Chart 3 reflects the underlying trends in output and hours over the three periods studied. From 1987 to 

2012, productivity growth was driven by rising output in many industries, while hours increased in very 

few. Productivity increased in fewer industries from 2007 to 2012, as output and hours rose in relatively 

few industries. In most industries, productivity advanced as output was produced with fewer hours. In 

contrast, output and hours rose in more industries in 2012 as the economic recovery continued. Increases 

in hours more than offset increases in output in a number of industries, with the result that productivity 

rose in fewer industries in 2012 than in the other two periods. 

Chart 3. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in labor productivity, output, and hours,1987-2012, 2007-

2012 and 2011-2012
3 

3-Digit NAICS Industries 

Labor productivity increased in 13 of the 21 NAICS 3-digit manufacturing industries in 2012, as output 

increased in 17 industries and hours fell in 5 industries. Chart 4 shows the range of productivity and unit 

labor cost changes for all 21 industries. Productivity rose fastest in transportation equipment, where 

output increased much faster than hours. Of the 21 industries, 10 registered greater productivity growth, 

or smaller productivity declines, than in the previous year. 

Unit labor costs fell in 9 of the 21 industries. Unit labor costs declined more frequently in industries 

where productivity rose, as productivity gains offset increases in hourly compensation. Unit labor costs 

fell in 8 of the 13 industries where productivity rose; in the 8 industries where productivity fell, 7 

recorded an increase in unit labor costs.

Chart 4. Percent change in labor productivity and unit labor costs in 3-digit NAICS manufacturing industries, 2011-2012 

Revisions

This release updates productivity measures to 2012 for all 21 NAICS 3-digit and for 57 of the 86 NAICS 

4-digit manufacturing industries. Data from the 2012 Economic Census were not available at the time of 

this release. As a result, BLS developed output estimates for 2012 for the industries covered in this 

release based on trends in industrial production from the Federal Reserve Board and on trends from the 

manufacturers’ shipments, inventories, and orders (M3) survey from the Census Bureau, along with data 

on price changes from BLS. Labor compensation in 2012 is based on trends in industry wages from the 

BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The hours measures in this news release 

incorporate the annual benchmark revision of the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey 

published in February 2014. For the first time, labor hours in this news release represent hours at work. 

Data on hours paid from the CES were adjusted using industry hours worked/hours paid ratios derived 
4 

from National Compensation Survey (NCS) data. Data in this release are preliminary and subject to 

revision. Measures for 2012 for all 3-digit and 4-digit industries will be updated in a future release. 

The industries included in this news release are classified according to the 2007 NAICS. While the rates 

of change reported by BLS in this release are rounded to one decimal place, all percent changes are 

calculated using index numbers rounded to three decimal places. 

Year-to-year movements in industry productivity may be erratic, particularly in smaller industries. The 

annual measures based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a census of 

establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output and use of labor may reflect 

cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a result, long-term productivity trends 

tend to be more reliable indicators of industry performance than year-to-year changes. 

More detailed data for industries covered in this release and for additional industries are available on the 

BLS Labor Productivity and Costs website at www.bls.gov/lpc. Data include productivity and related 

indexes; rates of change; and levels of industry employment, hours, nominal value of production, and 

labor compensation. Additional information can be obtained by calling the Division of Industry 

Productivity Studies (202-691-5618) or by sending a request by e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. 

Information in this report will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 

Customers can subscribe to the industry productivity program’s news releases on the BLS website at 

https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 
5 

Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 

of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; managerial skill; in addition to the characteristics and effort of the workforce. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor compensation 

by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between 

compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly compensation 

increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation increases and lower unit 

labor costs. 

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various 

products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by 

deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is 

measured by physical quantities of output. Industry output reflects sectoral value of production, derived 

by adjusting shipments for changes in inventories and removing intra-industry transactions. Industry 

output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of 

the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with data on price changes primarily from 

BLS. The 2012 estimates are constructed with data on industrial production from the Federal Reserve 

and manufacturers’ shipments, inventories, and orders from the Census Bureau. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours reflect annual hours worked by all employed persons in an industry. Data 

on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and production worker 

jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented with CPS selfemployed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are 

derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production 

workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of 

hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some 

industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the 

BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours 

worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly aggregated; no 

adjustments for labor composition are made. 

Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a 

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 

Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary 

programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of Federal old age and survivors’ insurance, 

unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all 

programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from 
6 

the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The 

estimates for 2012 are constructed using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and 

Wages (QCEW).
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2011-2012

Industry NAICS

code

2012

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2011-2012

Output

per hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Manufacturing

Food....................................................................... 311 1,514.8 1.1 3.7 2.6 3.3 -0.4

Grain and oilseed milling.............................................. 3112 60.7 -2.3 -0.1 2.3 7.2 7.3

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty....................... 3114 173.5 4.4 4.4 0.0 0.6 -3.7

Dairy products.......................................................... 3115 136.4 -2.8 2.5 5.5 4.3 1.7

Animal slaughtering and processing................................. 3116 485.2 0.5 0.5 -0.1 0.9 0.4

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing.................................. 3118 317.4 -2.0 4.0 6.2 2.6 -1.3

Other food products................................................... 3119 176.9 1.0 7.0 6.0 6.5 -0.5

Beverages and tobacco products....................................... 312 195.9 1.8 1.6 -0.2 3.2 1.6

Beverages.............................................................. 3121 181.5 3.4 4.0 0.5 4.7 0.7

Tobacco and tobacco products....................................... 3122 14.4 5.6 -4.5 -9.5 -5.6 -1.2

Textile mills................................................................ 313 128.0 0.4 2.8 2.3 0.7 -2.0

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.......................................... 3131 28.5 -0.5 -4.2 -3.7 -1.2 3.2

Fabric mills............................................................. 3132 60.0 1.0 4.7 3.7 1.7 -2.9

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills........................ 3133 39.5 -2.7 2.7 5.5 0.2 -2.4

Textile product mills...................................................... 314 125.9 -0.6 0.5 1.1 0.3 -0.2

Textile furnishings mills................................................ 3141 55.2 0.4 -1.2 -1.6 -2.4 -1.2

Other textile product mills............................................. 3149 70.7 -1.1 2.4 3.5 2.8 0.4

Apparel.................................................................... 315 169.9 -1.5 -3.5 -2.1 -2.7 0.8

Leather and allied products............................................. 316 35.0 -8.1 -0.1 8.6 4.7 4.8

Wood products............................................................ 321 361.5 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.7 -0.5

Sawmills and wood preservation..................................... 3211 89.9 1.9 4.2 2.2 4.6 0.4

Plywood and engineered wood products............................ 3212 64.0 -3.6 4.7 8.5 5.6 0.9

Other wood products.................................................. 3219 207.6 2.4 4.2 1.7 2.6 -1.5

Paper and paper products............................................... 322 381.9 0.6 -2.4 -3.0 0.4 2.9

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................... 3221 108.7 0.5 -2.5 -3.0 1.4 4.0

Converted paper products............................................ 3222 273.2 0.7 -2.3 -2.9 -0.3 2.1

Printing and related support activities.................................. 323 482.2 -0.2 -2.4 -2.2 -1.0 1.5

Printing and related support activities............................... 3231 482.2 -0.2 -2.4 -2.2 -1.0 1.5

Petroleum and coal products............................................ 324 113.2 -8.7 1.0 10.6 6.4 5.4

Petroleum and coal products......................................... 3241 113.2 -8.7 1.0 10.6 6.4 5.4

Chemicals................................................................. 325 797.6 -0.4 0.2 0.5 3.8 3.6

Basic chemicals........................................................ 3251 142.6 0.7 0.2 -0.5 1.6 1.3

Agricultural chemicals................................................. 3253 37.3 -7.2 -3.2 4.3 6.9 10.5

Pharmaceuticals and medicines...................................... 3254 273.1 -3.6 -3.5 0.1 6.3 10.1

Paints, coatings, and adhesives...................................... 3255 57.6 -6.4 -1.1 5.7 7.0 8.2

Plastics and rubber products............................................ 326 650.5 1.8 3.2 1.3 3.9 0.7

Plastics products....................................................... 3261 519.1 2.8 4.3 1.4 4.5 0.2

Rubber products....................................................... 3262 131.4 -1.9 -1.1 0.9 1.9 3.0

Nonmetallic mineral products........................................... 327 391.2 -0.4 1.1 1.5 3.7 2.5

Clay products and refractories........................................ 3271 54.3 -1.7 4.5 6.3 0.9 -3.4

Glass and glass products............................................. 3272 86.7 -1.2 -2.9 -1.7 2.6 5.6

Cement and concrete products....................................... 3273 167.2 2.8 5.5 2.6 3.8 -1.5

Lime and gypsum products........................................... 3274 14.1 2.6 4.5 1.9 10.6 5.9

Other nonmetallic mineral products.................................. 3279 68.9 -2.7 -3.6 -0.9 4.6 8.5

Primary metals............................................................ 331 406.9 0.8 2.1 1.3 5.0 2.9

Alumina and aluminum production................................... 3313 61.3 -2.8 3.4 6.4 3.4 0.0

Foundries............................................................... 3315 128.0 4.5 3.7 -0.7 6.5 2.7

Fabricated metal products............................................... 332 1,434.1 2.0 7.2 5.1 7.4 0.2

Forging and stamping................................................. 3321 98.3 2.3 6.1 3.8 8.4 2.2

Cutlery and hand tools................................................ 3322 42.2 -2.3 5.2 7.6 6.6 1.3

Architectural and structural metals................................... 3323 344.9 4.7 8.3 3.4 7.0 -1.2

Spring and wire products............................................. 3326 42.9 -4.6 -7.3 -2.8 2.4 10.4

7
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2011-2012 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

2012

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2011-2012

Output

per hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Machine shops and threaded products.............................. 3327 371.6 2.2 7.2 4.8 7.3 0.2

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals....................... 3328 137.2 2.1 7.1 4.8 6.5 -0.6

Other fabricated metal products...................................... 3329 276.2 0.0 8.6 8.6 8.6 0.0

Machinery................................................................. 333 1,114.5 3.4 7.0 3.5 5.7 -1.2

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery................... 3331 248.5 5.4 13.0 7.2 10.9 -1.9

Industrial machinery................................................... 3332 107.2 -3.8 -3.4 0.3 1.0 4.6

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment.................... 3334 128.5 3.1 0.8 -2.2 -0.5 -1.3

Metalworking machinery.............................................. 3335 184.2 0.3 8.2 7.9 8.3 0.1

Computer and electronic products...................................... 334 1,097.3 2.7 1.4 -1.2 0.1 -1.3

Semiconductors and electronic components........................ 3344 388.1 5.5 5.3 -0.2 -0.2 -5.2

Electronic instruments................................................. 3345 400.5 -5.5 -5.7 -0.2 0.3 6.4

Electrical equipment and appliances................................... 335 374.8 -2.0 1.9 4.0 4.4 2.4

Electric lighting equipment............................................ 3351 46.7 -2.6 2.9 5.6 12.8 9.7

Household appliances................................................. 3352 55.6 -3.3 -0.4 3.1 2.0 2.3

Electrical equipment................................................... 3353 144.3 -3.0 2.6 5.7 3.4 0.8

Other electrical equipment and components........................ 3359 128.2 0.2 2.1 1.9 3.5 1.4

Transportation equipment............................................... 336 1,471.5 5.6 12.8 6.8 5.2 -6.7

Motor vehicles.......................................................... 3361 167.8 12.2 20.0 6.9 5.6 -12.0

Motor vehicle parts.................................................... 3363 486.1 5.0 16.0 10.4 7.7 -7.2

Aerospace products and parts........................................ 3364 500.7 4.8 6.7 1.8 2.8 -3.7

Ship and boat building................................................. 3366 130.9 -2.1 7.1 9.4 6.7 -0.4

Other transportation equipment...................................... 3369 34.1 15.4 21.3 5.1 -3.9 -20.8

Furniture and related products.......................................... 337 378.4 3.9 4.7 0.7 2.8 -1.8

Household and institutional furniture................................. 3371 240.2 5.1 6.4 1.2 2.7 -3.4

Miscellaneous manufacturing........................................... 339 632.8 4.4 5.5 1.1 4.6 -0.9

Medical equipment and supplies..................................... 3391 315.6 5.8 6.4 0.6 4.7 -1.6

8
Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-2012

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2012

Output

per hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Manufacturing

Food.......................................................................................... 311 1.1 1.3 0.2 2.9 1.6

Grain and oilseed milling................................................................. 3112 1.5 0.9 -0.6 2.3 1.4

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty.......................................... 3114 1.2 1.1 -0.1 2.7 1.6

Dairy products............................................................................. 3115 1.4 1.1 -0.3 3.2 2.1

Animal slaughtering and processing.................................................... 3116 1.0 2.0 1.0 3.3 1.3

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing..................................................... 3118 0.4 0.4 -0.1 2.0 1.7

Other food products...................................................................... 3119 0.7 2.2 1.5 4.1 1.9

Beverages and tobacco products.......................................................... 312 0.7 -0.2 -0.9 1.4 1.6

Beverages................................................................................. 3121 1.8 1.5 -0.3 2.1 0.5

Tobacco and tobacco products.......................................................... 3122 1.8 -3.3 -5.0 -1.3 2.1

Textile mills.................................................................................. 313 3.2 -2.5 -5.5 -3.0 -0.5

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills............................................................. 3131 2.4 -2.8 -5.1 -3.1 -0.4

Fabric mills................................................................................ 3132 4.2 -2.3 -6.2 -3.0 -0.8

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills........................................... 3133 1.5 -3.0 -4.4 -2.8 0.2

Textile product mills......................................................................... 314 0.9 -1.8 -2.7 0.1 2.0

Textile furnishings mills.................................................................. 3141 0.5 -2.6 -3.1 -0.8 1.9

Other textile product mills................................................................ 3149 1.9 -0.4 -2.3 1.2 1.7

Apparel....................................................................................... 315 -1.1 -7.6 -6.6 -5.8 2.0

Leather and allied products................................................................ 316 1.0 -4.2 -5.1 -2.7 1.6

Wood products............................................................................... 321 1.2 -0.7 -1.9 1.2 1.9

Sawmills and wood preservation........................................................ 3211 2.1 -0.1 -2.2 0.8 0.9

Plywood and engineered wood products............................................... 3212 0.8 -0.9 -1.7 0.7 1.6

Other wood products..................................................................... 3219 1.0 -0.8 -1.8 1.6 2.4

Paper and paper products.................................................................. 322 1.9 -0.2 -2.1 1.1 1.4

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills...................................................... 3221 2.8 -0.5 -3.2 0.5 0.9

Converted paper products............................................................... 3222 1.4 -0.1 -1.5 1.6 1.7

Printing and related support activities..................................................... 323 1.3 -0.7 -2.0 0.5 1.2

Printing and related support activities.................................................. 3231 1.3 -0.7 -2.0 0.5 1.2

Petroleum and coal products............................................................... 324 2.3 1.2 -1.0 3.8 2.6

Petroleum and coal products............................................................ 3241 2.3 1.2 -1.0 3.8 2.6

Chemicals.................................................................................... 325 1.4 0.6 -0.7 2.9 2.3

Basic chemicals........................................................................... 3251 2.2 0.3 -1.9 2.0 1.7

Agricultural chemicals.................................................................... 3253 1.6 0.2 -1.3 2.1 1.9

Pharmaceuticals and medicines......................................................... 3254 -0.1 1.9 1.9 5.7 3.7

Paints, coatings, and adhesives......................................................... 3255 0.9 -0.7 -1.6 2.1 2.8

Plastics and rubber products............................................................... 326 2.0 1.2 -0.7 2.4 1.1

Plastics products.......................................................................... 3261 1.8 1.5 -0.4 2.8 1.3

Rubber products.......................................................................... 3262 2.2 0.4 -1.8 1.1 0.8

Nonmetallic mineral products.............................................................. 327 0.9 -0.3 -1.2 1.4 1.7

Clay products and refractories.......................................................... 3271 0.7 -1.5 -2.2 -0.6 0.9

Glass and glass products................................................................ 3272 2.2 0.0 -2.1 0.8 0.8

Cement and concrete products.......................................................... 3273 0.1 -0.3 -0.4 2.0 2.3

Lime and gypsum products.............................................................. 3274 1.2 -0.7 -1.9 2.1 2.8

Other nonmetallic mineral products..................................................... 3279 1.4 0.6 -0.8 2.2 1.6

Primary metals............................................................................... 331 2.3 0.3 -2.0 1.1 0.8

Alumina and aluminum production...................................................... 3313 2.5 0.2 -2.3 0.8 0.7

Foundries.................................................................................. 3315 2.2 0.0 -2.1 1.0 1.0

Fabricated metal products.................................................................. 332 1.3 1.0 -0.3 2.5 1.5

Forging and stamping.................................................................... 3321 2.7 1.5 -1.2 2.0 0.5

Cutlery and hand tools................................................................... 3322 1.9 -0.4 -2.3 0.7 1.1

Architectural and structural metals...................................................... 3323 0.7 0.8 0.0 2.9 2.2

Spring and wire products................................................................ 3326 2.4 -0.3 -2.6 1.3 1.6

9
Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-

2012 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2012

Output

per hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Machine shops and threaded products................................................. 3327 2.0 2.9 0.8 4.0 1.1

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.......................................... 3328 2.8 2.8 0.1 3.1 0.3

Other fabricated metal products......................................................... 3329 1.3 0.6 -0.7 2.0 1.4

Machinery.................................................................................... 333 2.5 1.7 -0.7 2.1 0.3

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery...................................... 3331 2.9 3.6 0.7 3.3 -0.3

Industrial machinery...................................................................... 3332 2.3 1.1 -1.1 1.8 0.7

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment....................................... 3334 2.0 1.0 -1.0 1.8 0.8

Metalworking machinery................................................................. 3335 2.0 0.7 -1.4 1.3 0.7

Computer and electronic products......................................................... 334 10.4 7.7 -2.4 0.8 -6.4

Semiconductors and electronic components........................................... 3344 15.6 13.8 -1.6 1.1 -11.2

Electronic instruments.................................................................... 3345 3.6 1.5 -2.0 2.0 0.4

Electrical equipment and appliances...................................................... 335 2.3 0.0 -2.3 1.0 1.1

Electric lighting equipment............................................................... 3351 2.0 -0.4 -2.3 1.4 1.8

Household appliances.................................................................... 3352 3.2 -0.2 -3.3 -1.0 -0.7

Electrical equipment...................................................................... 3353 2.0 -0.2 -2.1 0.9 1.1

Other electrical equipment and components........................................... 3359 2.1 0.1 -2.0 1.7 1.6

Transportation equipment.................................................................. 336 3.1 1.7 -1.4 1.1 -0.6

Motor vehicles............................................................................. 3361 4.3 2.0 -2.2 0.3 -1.7

Motor vehicle parts....................................................................... 3363 3.3 2.5 -0.9 0.5 -1.9

Aerospace products and parts.......................................................... 3364 1.8 -0.1 -1.9 1.1 1.2

Ship and boat building................................................................... 3366 2.1 0.8 -1.2 2.6 1.8

Other transportation equipment......................................................... 3369 5.7 5.6 -0.1 3.7 -1.7

Furniture and related products............................................................. 337 1.6 -0.5 -2.1 0.8 1.4

Household and institutional furniture.................................................... 3371 1.4 -1.0 -2.4 0.5 1.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing.............................................................. 339 3.0 2.5 -0.4 3.8 1.3

Medical equipment and supplies........................................................ 3391 3.4 4.4 0.9 5.3 0.9

10