For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, April 19, 2023 USDL-23-0723 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES — 2022

In 2022, 4.7 percent of families included an unemployed person, down from 6.7 percent in 2021, 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Of the nation's 83.8 million families, 80.1 

percent had at least one employed member in 2022. 

These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are collected as part of the 

Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households. Data in this news 

release are annual averages. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families 

maintained by women or men without spouses present. Unless otherwise noted, families include 

those with and without children under age 18. For further information, see the Technical Note in 

this news release.

Families and Unemployment

The number of families with at least one family member unemployed fell to 4.0 million in 2022. 

The proportion of families with an unemployed person shrank by 2.0 percentage points from the 

prior year to 4.7 percent as the labor market continued to recover from the recession induced by the 

COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. This was lower than the 4.9 percent of families that included at least 

one unemployed person in 2019 prior to the pandemic. In 2022, the proportion of families with an 

unemployed person declined for White (to 4.2 percent of families), Black (8.0 percent), Asian (4.3 

percent), and Hispanic (6.6 percent) families. Black and Hispanic families remained more likely to 

have an unemployed member than White or Asian families. (See table 1.)

Among families with an unemployed member in 2022, 70.9 percent also had at least one family 

member employed, up by 3.5 percentage points from the prior year. The proportion of families 

with an unemployed member that had at least one family member working full time also rose by 

3.5 percentage points to 62.0 percent in 2022. Among families with an unemployed member, Black 

families remained less likely to also have at least one family member working in 2022 (61.6 

percent of families) than White (73.4 percent), Asian (85.4 percent), and Hispanic (72.4 percent) 

families. (See table 1.) 

In 2022, 3.8 percent of married-couple families had an unemployed member, which was smaller 

than the shares of families maintained by women (7.5 percent) and of those maintained by men (7.1 

percent). Among families with an unemployed member, those maintained by women remained less 

likely to also include an employed family member (53.5 percent) than families maintained by men 
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(60.5 percent) and married-couple families (82.2 percent). (See tables 2 and 3.) 

Families and Employment

The share of families with at least one employed family member rose from 78.5 percent of families 

in 2021 to 80.1 percent in 2022. The likelihood of having an employed family member increased 

for White (to 79.4 percent of families), Black (80.0 percent), Asian (88.1 percent), and Hispanic 

(87.3 percent) families. In 2022, Asian and Hispanic families were more likely than White and 

Black families to have an employed family member. (See table 1.)

Families maintained by women remained less likely to have an employed member (78.5 percent) in 

2022 than families maintained by men (84.8 percent) or married-couple families (80.0 percent). 

Among married-couple families, both spouses were employed in 48.9 percent of families, up from 

46.8 percent in the prior year. In 2022, only one spouse was employed in 24.5 percent of marriedcouple families, down from 25.3 percent in 2021. (See table 2.)

Families with Children

In 2022, 33.3 million families, or two-fifths of all families, included children under age 18. 

(Children are biological, step-, or adopted children living in the household who are under age 18. 

Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related and unrelated children, and children 

not living in the household.) At least one parent was employed in 91.2 percent of families with 

children, up from 89.1 percent in 2021 and little different from its 2019 value of 91.4 percent. 

Among married-couple families with children, 97.4 percent had at least one employed parent in 

2022, and in 65.0 percent of these families both parents were employed. Among families 

maintained by fathers, 85.7 percent of fathers were employed, a greater share than the 75.0 percent 

of mothers who were employed in families maintained by mothers. (See tables 1 and 4.) 

Parents

The labor force participation rate—the percent of the population working or looking for work—for 

all mothers with children under age 18 was 72.9 percent in 2022, up by 1.7 percentage points from 

the prior year and higher than the 2019 value of 72.3 percent. The participation rate for fathers with 

children under age 18 rose from 92.5 percent in 2021 to 92.9 percent in 2022—still lower than the 

rate in 2019 (93.3 percent). (See table 5.) 

In 2022, the labor force participation rate increased for mothers and fathers, regardless of marital 

status. The rate for married fathers increased by 0.2 percentage point from the prior year to 93.7 

percent in 2022 and the rate for fathers with other marital statuses increased by 1.4 percentage 

points to 88.4 percent. Among mothers, the rate for married mothers increased by 1.8 percentage 

points to 71.1 percent and the rate for mothers with other marital statuses rose by 1.6 percentage 

points to 76.9 percent. Married mothers remained less likely to participate in the labor force in 

2022 than mothers with other marital statuses. By contrast, married fathers remained more likely to 

participate in the labor force than fathers with other marital statuses. (Other marital status includes 

persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.) (See 

table 5.) 
-3- 

Mothers of younger children remained less likely to participate in the labor force than mothers with 

older children. In 2022, 67.9 percent of mothers with children under age 6 participated in the labor 

force compared with 76.7 percent of mothers whose youngest child was age 6 to 17. By contrast, 

fathers with children under age 6 were more likely to participate in the labor force than those 

whose youngest child was age 6 to 17 (94.4 percent versus 91.8 percent). (See table 5.)

In 2022, the unemployment rate for mothers decreased by 1.6 percentage points from the prior year 

to 3.4 percent, and the rate for fathers decreased by 1.6 percentage points to 2.2 percent. In 2022, 

the unemployment rate for married mothers remained considerably lower than the rate for mothers 

with other marital statuses—2.2 percent compared with 5.8 percent. Married fathers also continued 

to have a lower unemployment rate than fathers with other marital statuses (1.8 percent versus 4.0 

percent). Among mothers who had children under age 3, the unemployment rate for those with 

other marital statuses was about four times higher than that for married mothers (8.9 percent versus 

2.1 percent). (See tables 5 and 6.)

Employed fathers remained more likely to work full time than employed mothers in 2022—95.6 

percent compared with 80.5 percent. Among employed mothers, those with older children

remained more likely to work full time than those with younger children. In 2022, 82.2 percent of 

employed mothers whose youngest child was age 6 to 17 worked full time compared with 77.9 

percent of mothers with children under age 6. Whereas employed fathers of older and younger 

children were about equally likely to work full time: 95.6 percent of those with older children and 

95.7 percent of those with younger children worked full time. (See table 5.)
Technical Note

The estimates in this release are based on annual 

average data from the Current Population Survey 

(CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by the U.S. 

Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics 

(BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible 

households that provides information on the labor 

force status, demographics, and other 

characteristics of the nation's civilian 

noninstitutional population age 16 and over.

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.

Definitions

Definitions of the principal terms used in this 

release are described briefly below.

Householder. The householder is the family 

reference person. This is the person (or one of the 

persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned 

or rented. The relationship of other individuals in 

the household is defined in terms of their 

relationship to the householder. The race and 

Hispanic ethnicity of the family is determined by 

that of the householder.

Family. A family is a group of two or more 

persons residing together who are related by birth, 

marriage, or adoption; all such individuals are 

considered members of one family. The count of 

families is for "primary" families only. A primary 

family consists of a householder and all other 

persons related to and residing with the 

householder. Sub-families are excluded from the

count of families. A sub-family is a family that 

does not maintain their own household, such as a 

married couple living in the home of a friend and 

their family. In this example, the report would 

include only one family (the householder’s or 

primary family), not two.

Families include those with and without children 

under age 18. Families are further categorized as 

follows:

• Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex 

and same-sex married couples residing together 

and any of their family members residing in the 

household.

• Families maintained by women or men are 

made up of householders residing with one or

more family members but no spouse of either 

sex present. Unmarried domestic partners of 

either sex may or may not be present in the 

household.

This release presents data for two marital

status categories, defined below. Marital status is 

based on a person's status at the time of the survey.

Total married, spouse present. Married, spouse 

present, includes persons in either opposite-sex or 

same-sex marriages living together in the same 

household, even though one may be temporarily 

absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a 

hospital, or for other reasons.

Other marital status. Other marital status 

includes persons who are never married; widowed; 

divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent. 

Separated includes persons with legal separations, 

those living apart with intentions of obtaining a 

divorce, and other persons permanently or 

temporarily separated because of marital discord. 

Married, spouse absent, includes married persons 

living apart because either a husband or wife was 

employed and living at a considerable distance from 

home, was serving away from home in the Armed 

Forces, had moved to another area, or had a 

different place of residence for any other reason 

except separation as defined above.

Children. Data on children refer to own children 

under age 18 that live in the household. Included 

are biological, step-, and adopted children of the 

husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. 

Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, 

other related children, and all unrelated children 

living in the household. Children not living in the 

household are also not included.

Employed. Employed persons are all those who, 

during the survey reference week, (a) did any work 

at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own 

business, profession, or on their own farm; or (c) 

worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an 

enterprise operated by a member of the family. 

Persons who were temporarily absent from their 

jobs because of illness, vacation, labor disputes, or 

another reason also are counted as employed.

Full-time workers. Full-time workers are those 

who usually work 35 hours or more per week at all 

jobs.

Part-time workers. Part-time workers are those 

who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at 

all jobs.

Unemployed. The unemployed are persons who 

had no employment during the reference week, 
were available for work at that time, and had made 

specific efforts to find employment sometime 

during the 4-week period ending with the reference 

week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to 

a job from which they had been laid off need not 

be looking for work to be classified as 

unemployed.

Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force 

comprises all persons classified as employed or 

unemployed.

Labor force participation rate. The labor force

participation rate is the number of persons in the 

labor force as a percent of the population.

Employment-population ratio. The 

employment-population ratio is the number of 

employed persons as a percent of the population.

Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is 

the number of unemployed persons as a percent of 

the civilian labor force.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both 

sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, 

rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there 

is a chance that the sample estimates may differ 

from the true population values they represent. The 

exact difference, or sampling error, varies 

depending on the particular sample selected, and 

this variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or 

level of confidence, that an estimate based on a 

sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard 

errors from the true population value because of 

sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment 

of the population, inability to obtain information 

for all respondents in the sample, inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct 

information, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

Information about the reliability of data from 

the CPS and guidance on estimating standard 

errors are available at

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Comparability of the estimates

Effective with data for 2020, estimates of the 

number of married persons refer to those in 

opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 

2020, estimates of the number of married persons

referred to those in opposite-sex marriages only. 

The definition of families incorporated this change 

by expanding the definition of married-couple 

families to include same-sex married couples. This 

new classification resulted in a larger estimate of the 

number of persons who are married with a spouse 

present. It also resulted in a larger estimate of the 

number of married-couple families and the total 

number of families. The 2019 estimates mentioned

in this news release are revised data that incorporate 

the new classification of married persons. These

revised 2019 estimates, as published in the 

"Employment Characteristics of Families—2020" 

news release, do not match those originally 

published in the "Employment Characteristics of 

Families—2019" news release or in the BLS online 

database. Additional information about the 

classification change is available from the Census 

Bureau at

www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/work

ing-papers/2019/demo/SEHSD-WP-2018-30.pdf.

In addition, the data presented in this release are 

not strictly comparable with data for earlier years 

due to the introduction of updated population 

estimates, or controls, used in the CPS. The 

population controls are updated each year in 

January to reflect the latest information about 

population change. Additional information is 

available from the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021-2022 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic 2021 2022

EMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families............................................................................................................ 83,179 83,798

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 65,286 67,159

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 78.5 80.1

With at least one family member employed full time1........................................................ 59,839 61,745

With no family member employed................................................................................. 17,894 16,639

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 21.5 19.9

White

Total families............................................................................................................ 65,279 65,498

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 50,967 52,007

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 78.1 79.4

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 46,757 47,799

With no family member employed................................................................................. 14,312 13,491

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 21.9 20.6

Black or African American

Total families............................................................................................................ 10,248 10,372

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 7,851 8,295

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 76.6 80.0

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 7,063 7,551

With no family member employed................................................................................. 2,397 2,076

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 23.4 20.0

Asian

Total families............................................................................................................ 5,141 5,305

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 4,432 4,675

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 86.2 88.1

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 4,149 4,425

With no family member employed................................................................................. 709 630

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 13.8 11.9

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families............................................................................................................ 13,734 14,037

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 11,671 12,255

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 85.0 87.3

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 10,744 11,306

With no family member employed................................................................................. 2,063 1,782

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 15.0 12.7

UNEMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families............................................................................................................ 83,179 83,798

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 5,594 3,975

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 6.7 4.7

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 3,771 2,819

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 67.4 70.9

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 3,272 2,466

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 58.5 62.0

White

Total families............................................................................................................ 65,279 65,498

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 3,894 2,724

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 6.0 4.2

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 2,723 2,000

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 69.9 73.4

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 2,368 1,747

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 60.8 64.1

Black or African American

Total families............................................................................................................ 10,248 10,372

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 1,050 830

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 10.3 8.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021-2022 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic 2021 2022

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 595 511

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 56.7 61.6

Some family member employed full time1................................................................... 513 446

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 48.8 53.7

Asian

Total families............................................................................................................ 5,141 5,305

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 395 228

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 7.7 4.3

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 299 194

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 75.6 85.4

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 258 176

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 65.2 77.1

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families............................................................................................................ 13,734 14,037

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 1,391 932

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 10.1 6.6

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 951 675

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 68.4 72.4

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 821 586

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 59.0 62.8

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

NOTE: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is

owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not

presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data. Beginning in 2020, family estimates reflect a change in the classification of marital status. This change

expanded the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex married couples. As a result, data under the new definition are not strictly

comparable with data prior to 2020.
Table 2. Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2021-2022 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2021 2022 2021 2022

TOTAL MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES1

Total........................................................................................ 60,471 60,877 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 47,612 48,707 78.7 80.0

With only one spouse employed................................................... 15,300 14,892 25.3 24.5

With both spouses employed...................................................... 28,275 29,783 46.8 48.9

Other employment combinations.................................................. 4,037 4,032 6.7 6.6

With no family member employed................................................... 12,859 12,170 21.3 20.0

Opposite-sex married-couple families

Total........................................................................................ 59,843 60,186 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 47,067 48,092 78.7 79.9

Husband only........................................................................ 10,897 10,652 18.2 17.7

Wife only.............................................................................. 4,250 4,075 7.1 6.8

Husband and wife................................................................... 27,900 29,353 46.6 48.8

Other employment combinations.................................................. 4,019 4,012 6.7 6.7

With no family member employed................................................... 12,776 12,093 21.3 20.1

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN2

Total........................................................................................ 15,515 15,574 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 11,748 12,224 75.7 78.5

Householder only.................................................................... 6,065 6,267 39.1 40.2

Householder and other member(s)................................................ 3,520 3,709 22.7 23.8

Other member(s), not householder................................................ 2,163 2,248 13.9 14.4

With no family member employed................................................... 3,767 3,350 24.3 21.5

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN2

Total........................................................................................ 7,194 7,348 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 5,926 6,228 82.4 84.8

Householder only.................................................................... 2,784 2,893 38.7 39.4

Householder and other member(s)................................................ 2,161 2,369 30.0 32.2

Other member(s), not householder................................................ 982 966 13.6 13.2

With no family member employed................................................... 1,268 1,119 17.6 15.2

1

Includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families.

2

Includes families with no spouse of either sex present.

NOTE: In families maintained by women or men with no spouse present, householder refers to the woman or man maintaining the family. Detail may

not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Beginning in 2020, family

estimates reflect a change in the classification of marital status. This change expanded the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex

married couples. As a result, data under the new definition are not strictly comparable with data prior to 2020.
Table 3. Unemployment in families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type,

2021-2022 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2021 2022 2021 2022

TOTAL MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES1

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 3,313 2,284 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 2,602 1,878 78.5 82.2

No family member employed......................................................... 711 406 21.5 17.8

Unemployment of family members

At least one spouse unemployed2

................................................... 2,340 1,478 70.6 64.7

One spouse employed.............................................................. 1,633 1,074 49.3 47.0

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 972 806 29.4 35.3

Opposite-sex married-couple families

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 3,279 2,255 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 2,574 1,854 78.5 82.2

No family member employed......................................................... 705 401 21.5 17.8

Unemployment of family members

Husband unemployed3

................................................................ 1,314 787 40.1 34.9

Wife employed....................................................................... 784 484 23.9 21.5

Wife unemployed, husband employed or not in labor force...................... 994 667 30.3 29.6

Husband employed.................................................................. 824 572 25.1 25.4

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 971 801 29.6 35.5

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN4

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 1,528 1,171 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 745 627 48.7 53.5

No family member employed......................................................... 783 545 51.3 46.5

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed............................................................. 749 508 49.0 43.3

Other member(s) employed........................................................ 185 136 12.1 11.6

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 780 664 51.0 56.7

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN4

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 753 519 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 425 314 56.4 60.5

No family member employed......................................................... 328 205 43.6 39.5

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed............................................................. 456 289 60.6 55.7

Other member(s) employed........................................................ 187 132 24.8 25.4

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 296 230 39.4 44.3

1

Includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families.

2

Includes families with both spouses unemployed.

3 Total opposite-sex married couple families with unemployed husbands, including those with unemployed wives.

4

Includes families with no spouse of either sex present.

NOTE: In families maintained by women or men with no spouse present, householder refers to the woman or man maintaining the family. Detail may

not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Beginning in 2020, family

estimates reflect a change in the classification of marital status. This change expanded the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex

married couples. As a result, data under the new definition are not strictly comparable with data prior to 2020.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2021-2022 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2021 2022 2021 2022

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Total families.............................................................................. 32,756 33,253 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 29,198 30,318 89.1 91.2

No parent employed................................................................... 3,558 2,934 10.9 8.8

Total married-couple families1

Total........................................................................................ 22,156 22,672 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 21,372 22,088 96.5 97.4

Both parents employed............................................................. 13,794 14,746 62.3 65.0

Only one parent employed......................................................... 7,577 7,342 34.2 32.4

Neither parent employed.............................................................. 784 584 3.5 2.6

Opposite-sex married couple families

Total...................................................................................... 22,050 22,528 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 21,269 21,946 96.5 97.4

Mother employed................................................................. 14,955 15,808 67.8 70.2

Both parents employed........................................................ 13,720 14,648 62.2 65.0

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 1,234 1,160 5.6 5.1

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 6,315 6,139 28.6 27.2

Neither parent employed........................................................... 780 581 3.5 2.6

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 7,904 7,852 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 5,624 5,892 71.2 75.0

Mother not employed................................................................ 2,280 1,960 28.8 25.0

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 2,696 2,729 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 2,202 2,338 81.7 85.7

Father not employed................................................................ 494 391 18.3 14.3

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Total families.............................................................................. 19,029 19,379 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 17,058 17,722 89.6 91.5

No parent employed................................................................... 1,971 1,657 10.4 8.5

Total married-couple families1

Total........................................................................................ 12,553 12,848 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 12,085 12,472 96.3 97.1

Both parents employed............................................................. 8,140 8,679 64.9 67.6

Only one parent employed......................................................... 3,945 3,793 31.4 29.5

Neither parent employed.............................................................. 467 376 3.7 2.9

Opposite-sex married couple families

Total...................................................................................... 12,491 12,763 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 12,026 12,389 96.3 97.1

Mother employed................................................................. 8,908 9,377 71.3 73.5

Both parents employed........................................................ 8,098 8,622 64.8 67.6

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 810 755 6.5 5.9

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 3,118 3,011 25.0 23.6

Neither parent employed........................................................... 464 374 3.7 2.9

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 4,881 4,846 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 3,687 3,818 75.5 78.8

Mother not employed................................................................ 1,194 1,028 24.5 21.2

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 1,595 1,684 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 1,286 1,432 80.6 85.0

Father not employed................................................................ 309 253 19.4 15.0

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Total families.............................................................................. 13,727 13,874 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 12,140 12,596 88.4 90.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2021-2022 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2021 2022 2021 2022

No parent employed................................................................... 1,587 1,278 11.6 9.2

Total married-couple families1

Total........................................................................................ 9,603 9,824 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 9,286 9,616 96.7 97.9

Both parents employed............................................................. 5,654 6,066 58.9 61.8

Only one parent employed......................................................... 3,632 3,549 37.8 36.1

Neither parent employed.............................................................. 317 208 3.3 2.1

Opposite-sex married couple families

Total...................................................................................... 9,559 9,765 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 9,243 9,558 96.7 97.9

Mother employed................................................................. 6,046 6,430 63.3 65.9

Both parents employed........................................................ 5,622 6,026 58.8 61.7

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 424 404 4.4 4.1

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 3,197 3,127 33.4 32.0

Neither parent employed........................................................... 316 207 3.3 2.1

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 3,023 3,005 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 1,937 2,074 64.1 69.0

Mother not employed................................................................ 1,086 931 35.9 31.0

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 1,101 1,045 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 916 906 83.2 86.7

Father not employed................................................................ 185 139 16.8 13.3

1

Includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families.

2

Includes families with no spouse of either sex present.

NOTE: Own children include biological, step-, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data. Beginning in 2020, family estimates reflect a change in the classification of marital status. This

change expanded the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex married couples. As a result, data under the new definition are not

strictly comparable with data prior to 2020.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children

under 18, 2021-2022 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2021 2022

Total Men Women Total Men Women

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 62,258 27,990 34,269 63,029 28,424 34,605

Civilian labor force.................................................. 50,308 25,902 24,406 51,635 26,411 25,224

Participation rate.................................................. 80.8 92.5 71.2 81.9 92.9 72.9

Employed.......................................................... 48,091 24,912 23,179 50,213 25,844 24,369

Full-time workers1.............................................. 42,253 23,802 18,451 44,327 24,712 19,615

Part-time workers2

............................................. 5,838 1,110 4,728 5,886 1,132 4,755

Employment-population ratio.................................... 77.2 89.0 67.6 79.7 90.9 70.4

Unemployed....................................................... 2,217 989 1,228 1,422 568 854

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.4 3.8 5.0 2.8 2.2 3.4

Total married, spouse present3

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 47,140 23,645 23,495 48,079 24,151 23,928

Civilian labor force.................................................. 38,413 22,120 16,293 39,649 22,633 17,016

Participation rate.................................................. 81.5 93.5 69.3 82.5 93.7 71.1

Employed.......................................................... 37,188 21,432 15,756 38,859 22,218 16,642

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 33,073 20,561 12,512 34,739 21,364 13,374

Part-time workers2

............................................. 4,115 871 3,244 4,121 853 3,267

Employment-population ratio.................................... 78.9 90.6 67.1 80.8 92.0 69.6

Unemployed....................................................... 1,225 688 537 790 415 374

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.2 3.1 3.3 2.0 1.8 2.2

Other marital status4

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 15,118 4,344 10,774 14,950 4,273 10,677

Civilian labor force.................................................. 11,895 3,782 8,113 11,986 3,778 8,208

Participation rate.................................................. 78.7 87.0 75.3 80.2 88.4 76.9

Employed.......................................................... 10,903 3,480 7,423 11,353 3,626 7,728

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 9,180 3,241 5,939 9,588 3,347 6,240

Part-time workers2............................................. 1,723 240 1,484 1,766 278 1,487

Employment-population ratio.................................... 72.1 80.1 68.9 75.9 84.9 72.4

Unemployed....................................................... 992 301 690 632 152 480

Unemployment rate............................................ 8.3 8.0 8.5 5.3 4.0 5.8

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 35,127 15,644 19,483 35,857 16,129 19,728

Civilian labor force.................................................. 29,019 14,310 14,710 29,935 14,810 15,125

Participation rate.................................................. 82.6 91.5 75.5 83.5 91.8 76.7

Employed.......................................................... 27,823 13,791 14,032 29,167 14,498 14,669

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 24,588 13,199 11,390 25,910 13,855 12,055

Part-time workers2............................................. 3,234 592 2,642 3,257 643 2,614

Employment-population ratio.................................... 79.2 88.2 72.0 81.3 89.9 74.4

Unemployed....................................................... 1,197 519 678 768 312 456

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.1 3.6 4.6 2.6 2.1 3.0

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 27,131 12,345 14,786 27,172 12,295 14,877

Civilian labor force.................................................. 21,289 11,592 9,697 21,700 11,602 10,098

Participation rate.................................................. 78.5 93.9 65.6 79.9 94.4 67.9

Employed.......................................................... 20,268 11,121 9,147 21,046 11,346 9,700

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 17,665 10,603 7,061 18,416 10,857 7,560

Part-time workers2

............................................. 2,604 518 2,085 2,629 489 2,141

Employment-population ratio.................................... 74.7 90.1 61.9 77.5 92.3 65.2

Unemployed....................................................... 1,020 471 550 654 256 398

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.8 4.1 5.7 3.0 2.2 3.9

WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 199,187 98,498 100,689 200,945 100,194 100,751

Civilian labor force.................................................. 110,896 59,603 51,293 112,652 61,009 51,643

Participation rate.................................................. 55.7 60.5 50.9 56.1 60.9 51.3

Employed.......................................................... 104,490 55,917 48,573 108,078 58,359 49,719

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children

under 18, 2021-2022 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2021 2022

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Full-time workers1.............................................. 84,907 47,709 37,197 87,918 49,764 38,154

Part-time workers2............................................. 19,583 8,207 11,376 20,160 8,595 11,565

Employment-population ratio.................................... 52.5 56.8 48.2 53.8 58.2 49.3

Unemployed....................................................... 6,406 3,686 2,720 4,574 2,650 1,923

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.8 6.2 5.3 4.1 4.3 3.7

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

2 Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.

3

Includes persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages.

4

Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

NOTE: Own children include biological, step-, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data. Estimates for 2020 introduced a change in the classification of marital status; estimates of

married persons refer to those in opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. As a result, data by marital status are not strictly comparable with data prior

to 2020.
Table 6. Employment status of mothers with own children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest

child and marital status, 2021-2022 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2021 2022

With own children under 3 years old With own children under 3 years old

Total 2 years 1 year Under 1

year

Total 2 years 1 year Under 1

year

TOTAL MOTHERS

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 8,224 2,657 2,957 2,609 8,256 2,666 2,874 2,716

Civilian labor force..................................... 5,187 1,714 1,878 1,594 5,413 1,825 1,915 1,672

Participation rate.................................... 63.1 64.5 63.5 61.1 65.6 68.5 66.6 61.6

Employed............................................. 4,883 1,616 1,767 1,500 5,192 1,764 1,829 1,600

Full-time workers1

................................ 3,700 1,224 1,340 1,136 3,989 1,361 1,392 1,236

Part-time workers2

................................ 1,183 393 427 364 1,204 403 437 364

Employment-population ratio...................... 59.4 60.8 59.7 57.5 62.9 66.2 63.6 58.9

Unemployed.......................................... 304 98 111 94 220 61 87 72

Unemployment rate.............................. 5.9 5.7 5.9 5.9 4.1 3.3 4.5 4.3

Total married, spouse present3

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 5,794 1,873 2,075 1,847 5,917 1,882 2,052 1,983

Civilian labor force..................................... 3,628 1,183 1,295 1,149 3,872 1,254 1,358 1,259

Participation rate.................................... 62.6 63.2 62.4 62.2 65.4 66.6 66.2 63.5

Employed............................................. 3,499 1,140 1,248 1,110 3,789 1,237 1,323 1,230

Full-time workers1................................ 2,673 863 953 857 2,949 964 1,018 967

Part-time workers2

................................ 825 277 295 253 840 273 305 263

Employment-population ratio...................... 60.4 60.9 60.2 60.1 64.0 65.7 64.4 62.0

Unemployed.......................................... 129 43 47 39 83 18 36 29

Unemployment rate.............................. 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.4 2.1 1.4 2.6 2.3

Other marital status4

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 2,430 785 883 762 2,339 784 822 733

Civilian labor force..................................... 1,559 531 583 445 1,541 571 557 413

Participation rate.................................... 64.2 67.7 66.0 58.4 65.9 72.8 67.8 56.3

Employed............................................. 1,385 476 519 390 1,403 528 506 369

Full-time workers1................................ 1,027 360 387 280 1,040 397 374 268

Part-time workers2

................................ 358 116 132 110 364 130 132 101

Employment-population ratio...................... 57.0 60.7 58.8 51.2 60.0 67.3 61.6 50.4

Unemployed.......................................... 174 55 64 55 137 43 51 43

Unemployment rate.............................. 11.2 10.4 11.0 12.4 8.9 7.6 9.1 10.5

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

2 Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.

3

Includes persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages.

4

Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

NOTE: Own children include biological, step-, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data. Estimates for 2020 introduced a change in the classification of marital status; estimates of

married persons refer to those in opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. As a result, data by marital status are not strictly comparable with data prior

to 2020.