Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-21-0582

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, April 2, 2021

Technical information: 

Household data: cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — MARCH 2021

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 916,000 in March, and the unemployment rate edged 

down to 6.0 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. These improvements in the

labor market reflect the continued resumption of economic activity that had been curtailed due to the

coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Job growth was widespread in March, led by gains in leisure and 

hospitality, public and private education, and construction.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate edged down to 6.0 percent in March. The rate is down considerably from its 

recent high in April 2020 but is 2.5 percentage points higher than its pre-pandemic level in February 

2020. The number of unemployed persons, at 9.7 million, continued to trend down in March but is 4.0 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

March 2019 – March 2021

Percent

125,000

130,000

135,000

140,000

145,000

150,000

155,000

160,000

Mar-19 Jun-19 Sep-19 Dec-19 Mar-20 Jun-20 Sep-20 Dec-20 Mar-21

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 

March 2019 – March 2021

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

Mar-19 Jun-19 Sep-19 Dec-19 Mar-20 Jun-20 Sep-20 Dec-20 Mar-21
-2-

million higher than in February 2020. (See table A-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information 

about how the household survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Asians rose to 6.0 percent in March, 

following a decline in the previous month. The jobless rate for Hispanics edged down to 7.9 percent

over the month, while the rates for adult men (5.8 percent), adult women (5.7 percent), teenagers (13.0 

percent), Whites (5.4 percent), and Blacks (9.6 percent) changed little. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of persons on temporary layoff declined by 203,000 in March to 

2.0 million. This measure is down considerably from the recent high of 18.0 million in April 2020 but is 

1.3 million higher than in February 2020. The number of permanent job losers, at 3.4 million, was little 

changed in March but is 2.1 million higher than February 2020. (See table A-11.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 4.2 million, changed 

little over the month but is up by 3.1 million since February 2020. In March, these long-term 

unemployed accounted for 43.4 percent of the total unemployed. The number of persons jobless 5 to 14 

weeks declined by 313,000 to 1.9 million. The number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks, at 2.2 

million, was essentially unchanged over the month. (See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate changed little at 61.5 percent in March. This measure is 1.8 

percentage points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio, at 57.8 percent, was 

up by 0.2 percentage point over the month but is 3.3 percentage points lower than in February 2020. 

(See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 5.8 million, changed little in 

March but is 1.4 million higher than in February 2020. These individuals, who would have preferred 

full-time employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable 

to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was about unchanged at 6.9 

million in March but is up by 1.8 million since February 2020. These individuals were not counted as 

unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the last 4 weeks or were 

unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who currently want a job, the number of persons marginally 

attached to the labor force, at 1.9 million, was essentially unchanged in March but is up by 416,000 

since February 2020. These individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job 

sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The 

number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were 

available for them, was 523,000 in March, essentially unchanged from the previous month. (See 

Summary table A.)

Household Survey Supplemental Data

In March, 21.0 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, down 

from 22.7 percent in the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked 

at home for pay at some point in the last 4 weeks specifically because of the pandemic.
-3-

In March, 11.4 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer 

closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at 

some point in the last 4 weeks due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 13.3 million in the 

previous month. Among those who reported in March that they were unable to work because of 

pandemic-related closures or lost business, 10.2 percent received at least some pay from their 

employer for the hours not worked, little changed from the previous month.

Among those not in the labor force in March, 3.7 million persons were prevented from looking for 

work due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 4.2 million the month before. (To be counted as 

unemployed, by definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)

These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to 

help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables 

with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 916,000 in March but is down by 8.4 million, or 5.5 

percent, from its pre-pandemic peak in February 2020. Job growth in March was widespread, with the 

largest gains occurring in leisure and hospitality, public and private education, and construction. (See 

table B-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how the establishment survey and its 

measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)

In March, employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 280,000, as pandemic-related restrictions 

eased in many parts of the country. Nearly two-thirds of the increase was in food services and drinking 

places (+176,000). Job gains also occurred in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+64,000) and in

accommodation (+40,000). Employment in leisure and hospitality is down by 3.1 million, or 18.5 

percent, since February 2020.

In March, employment increased in both public and private education, reflecting the continued 

resumption of in-person learning and other school-related activities in many parts of the country. 

Employment rose by 76,000 in local government education, by 50,000 in state government 

education, and by 64,000 in private education. Employment is down from February 2020 in local 

government education (-594,000), state government education (-270,000), and private education 

(-310,000).

Construction added 110,000 jobs in March, following job losses in the previous month (-56,000) that 

were likely weather-related. Employment growth in the industry was widespread in March, with gains of 

65,000 in specialty trade contractors, 27,000 in heavy and civil engineering construction, and 18,000 in 

construction of buildings. Employment in construction is 182,000 below its February 2020 level.

Employment in professional and business services rose by 66,000 over the month but is down by 

685,000 since February 2020. In March, employment in administrative and support services continued to 

trend up (+37,000), although employment in its temporary help services component was essentially 

unchanged. Employment also continued on an upward trend in management and technical consulting 

services (+8,000) and in computer systems design and related services (+6,000). 
-4-

Manufacturing employment rose by 53,000 in March, with job gains occurring in both durable goods 

(+30,000) and nondurable goods (+23,000). Employment in manufacturing is down by 515,000 since 

February 2020.

Transportation and warehousing added 48,000 jobs in March. Employment increased in couriers and 

messengers (+17,000), transit and ground passenger transportation (+13,000), support activities for 

transportation (+6,000), and air transportation (+6,000). Since February 2020, employment in couriers 

and messengers is up by 206,000 (or 23.3 percent), while employment is down by 112,000 (or 22.8

percent) in transit and ground passenger transportation and by 104,000 (or 20.1 percent) in air 

transportation. 

Employment in the other services industry increased by 42,000 over the month, reflecting job gains in 

personal and laundry services (+19,000) and in repair and maintenance (+18,000). Employment in other 

services is down by 396,000 since February 2020.

Social assistance added 25,000 jobs in March, mostly in individual and family services (+20,000). 

Employment in social assistance is 306,000 lower than in February 2020.

Employment in wholesale trade increased by 24,000 in March, with job gains in both durable goods 

(+14,000) and nondurable goods (+10,000). Employment in wholesale trade is 234,000 lower than in 

February 2020.

Retail trade added 23,000 jobs in March. Job growth in clothing and clothing accessories stores 

(+16,000), motor vehicle and parts dealers (+13,000), and furniture and home furnishing stores (+6,000)

was partially offset by losses in building material and garden supply stores (-9,000) and general 

merchandise stores (-7,000). Employment in retail trade is 381,000 below its February 2020 level.

Employment in mining rose by 21,000 in March, largely in support activities for mining (+19,000). 

Mining employment is down by 130,000 since a peak in January 2019.

Financial activities added 16,000 jobs in March. Job gains in insurance carriers and related activities 

(+11,000) and real estate (+10,000) more than offset losses in credit intermediation and related activities 

(-7,000). Financial activities has 87,000 fewer jobs than in February 2020.

Employment in health care and information changed little in March. 

In March, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls fell by 4 cents to 

$29.96. Average hourly earnings for private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees, at 

$25.21, changed little (+2 cents). The large employment fluctuations over the past year—especially in 

industries with lower-paid workers—complicate the analysis of recent trends in average hourly earnings. 

(See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.3 hour to 34.9 

hours in March, following a decline of 0.4 hour in the prior month. In manufacturing, the workweek 

increased by 0.2 hour to 40.5 hours over the month, and overtime increased by 0.1 hour to 3.3 hours. 

The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls 

rose by 0.3 hour to 34.3 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)
-5-

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for January was revised up by 67,000, from +166,000 

to +233,000, and the change for February was revised up by 89,000, from +379,000 to +468,000. With 

these revisions, employment in January and February combined was 156,000 higher than previously 

reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government 

agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________

The Employment Situation for April is scheduled to be released on Friday, May 7, 2021, at 8:30 

a.m. (ET).

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on March 2021 Household 

and Establishment Survey Data

Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment survey, more data 

continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the pandemic. In the household survey, for the 

safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone 

interviews could not be done. 

As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified as 

unemployed on temporary layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at work. However, the 

share of responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early months of the pandemic 

and has been considerably lower in recent months. Since March 2020, BLS has published an estimate of 

what the unemployment rate might have been had misclassified workers been included among the 

unemployed. Repeating this same approach, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in March 2021 

would have been 0.4 percentage point higher than reported. However, this represents the upper bound of 

our estimate of misclassification and probably overstates the size of the misclassification error. 

More information about the impact of the pandemic on the two surveys is available at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-march-2021.htm.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Change from:

Feb. 2021-

Mar. 2021

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 259,758 260,851 260,918 261,003 85

Civilian labor force........................................................... 162,721 160,161 160,211 160,558 347

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.6 61.4 61.4 61.5 0.1

Employed................................................................... 155,536 150,031 150,239 150,848 609

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 59.9 57.5 57.6 57.8 0.2

Unemployed............................................................... 7,185 10,130 9,972 9,710 -262

Unemployment rate.................................................... 4.4 6.3 6.2 6.0 -0.2

Not in labor force............................................................ 97,037 100,690 100,708 100,445 -263

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 4.4 6.3 6.2 6.0 -0.2

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 4.1 6.0 6.0 5.8 -0.2

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 4.0 6.0 5.9 5.7 -0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 14.1 14.8 13.9 13.0 -0.9

White.......................................................................... 3.9 5.7 5.6 5.4 -0.2

Black or African American.................................................. 6.8 9.2 9.9 9.6 -0.3

Asian.......................................................................... 4.1 6.6 5.1 6.0 0.9

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 6.0 8.6 8.5 7.9 -0.6

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.5 5.7 5.6 5.3 -0.3

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 6.9 9.1 10.1 8.2 -1.9

High school graduates, no college........................................ 4.3 7.1 7.2 6.7 -0.5

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.7 6.2 5.9 5.9 0.0

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.5 4.0 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 4,198 6,997 6,586 6,226 -360

Job leavers...................................................................... 716 653 701 777 76

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,772 1,963 2,124 2,253 129

New entrants.................................................................... 526 542 582 497 -85

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 3,424 2,278 2,185 2,177 -8

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,785 2,528 2,254 1,941 -313

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 784 1,346 1,407 1,391 -16

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,188 4,023 4,148 4,218 70

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 5,787 5,954 6,088 5,826 -262

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 4,128 4,756 4,723 4,629 -94

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,311 986 1,166 984 -182

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 20,361 18,519 18,369 19,102 733

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,442 1,917 1,890 1,853 -37

Discouraged workers........................................................ 536 624 522 523 1

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1,683 233 468 916

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1,622 122 558 780

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -188 -7 -44 183

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -16 -1 -6 20

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -91 12 -56 110

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -81 -18 18 53

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -46 -17 9 30

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -7.3 -6.4 -3.0 -1.0

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -35 -1 9 23

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1,434 129 602 597

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18.6 14.2 6.2 23.7

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -126.2 18.5 28.0 22.5

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.0 5.9 35.5 47.5

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.4 0.9 -0.1 0.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -16 13 3 -2

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -25 7 -9 16

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -151 90 78 66

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -50.3 99.7 49.8 -0.8

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -218 -14 57 101

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -136.1 -91.7 50.8 36.4

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -782 -17 384 280

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -95 11 19 42

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -61 111 -90 136

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -360 64 132 539

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -375 69 135 487

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.0 49.8 49.8 49.7

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.6 48.4 48.5 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.1 81.4 81.5 81.5

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 35.0 34.6 34.9

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $28.74 $29.92 $30.00 $29.96

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $980.03 $1,047.20 $1,038.00 $1,045.60

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.6 106.5 105.7 107.3

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2.1 1.0 -0.8 1.5

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.6 152.3 151.6 153.7

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.4 1.0 -0.5 1.4

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (257 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 50.4 58.6 71.0

Manufacturing (75 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 46.0 60.7 74.0

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln. 
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,758 260,918 261,003 259,758 261,085 261,230 260,851 260,918 261,003

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,537 160,008 160,397 162,721 160,536 160,567 160,161 160,211 160,558

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 61.3 61.5 62.6 61.5 61.5 61.4 61.4 61.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,167 149,522 150,493 155,536 149,809 149,830 150,031 150,239 150,848

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.7 57.3 57.7 59.9 57.4 57.4 57.5 57.6 57.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,370 10,486 9,905 7,185 10,728 10,736 10,130 9,972 9,710

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 6.6 6.2 4.4 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,221 100,910 100,606 97,037 100,548 100,663 100,690 100,708 100,445

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,215 6,902 6,576 5,490 7,127 7,331 6,957 6,933 6,850

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,639 126,224 126,266 125,639 126,296 126,367 126,192 126,224 126,266

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,914 84,754 84,728 86,113 85,161 85,175 85,149 85,061 84,917

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 67.1 67.1 68.5 67.4 67.4 67.5 67.4 67.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,794 78,855 79,188 82,302 79,267 79,481 79,714 79,666 79,681

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 62.5 62.7 65.5 62.8 62.9 63.2 63.1 63.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,120 5,899 5,540 3,811 5,894 5,694 5,434 5,395 5,236

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 7.0 6.5 4.4 6.9 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,725 41,470 41,538 39,526 41,135 41,192 41,043 41,163 41,349

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,254 117,902 117,949 117,254 117,936 118,010 117,864 117,902 117,949

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,174 81,978 81,992 83,171 82,226 82,244 82,173 82,095 81,978

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 69.5 69.5 70.9 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.6 69.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,448 76,568 76,872 79,785 76,777 77,004 77,204 77,193 77,194

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.8 64.9 65.2 68.0 65.1 65.3 65.5 65.5 65.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,726 5,410 5,120 3,385 5,449 5,240 4,969 4,902 4,784

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 6.6 6.2 4.1 6.6 6.4 6.0 6.0 5.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,080 35,924 35,957 34,083 35,710 35,767 35,691 35,807 35,972

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,119 134,694 134,737 134,119 134,788 134,862 134,660 134,694 134,737

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,623 75,254 75,670 76,608 75,376 75,392 75,012 75,149 75,641

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 55.9 56.2 57.1 55.9 55.9 55.7 55.8 56.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,373 70,667 71,305 73,234 70,542 70,350 70,316 70,572 71,167

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.7 52.5 52.9 54.6 52.3 52.2 52.2 52.4 52.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,250 4,587 4,365 3,374 4,834 5,042 4,696 4,577 4,474

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 6.1 5.8 4.4 6.4 6.7 6.3 6.1 5.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,496 59,440 59,067 57,511 59,413 59,471 59,648 59,545 59,096

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,915 126,546 126,594 125,915 126,604 126,681 126,507 126,546 126,594

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,789 72,445 72,818 73,657 72,395 72,422 72,147 72,173 72,668

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6 57.2 57.5 58.5 57.2 57.2 57.0 57.0 57.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,908 68,163 68,730 70,691 67,941 67,872 67,851 67,928 68,513

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 53.9 54.3 56.1 53.7 53.6 53.6 53.7 54.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,881 4,283 4,088 2,966 4,453 4,551 4,296 4,245 4,155

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 5.9 5.6 4.0 6.2 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,126 54,101 53,775 52,258 54,209 54,259 54,360 54,373 53,926

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,590 16,470 16,460 16,590 16,545 16,538 16,481 16,470 16,460

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,574 5,585 5,587 5,894 5,915 5,900 5,841 5,942 5,913

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 33.9 33.9 35.5 35.8 35.7 35.4 36.1 35.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,811 4,792 4,890 5,060 5,091 4,955 4,975 5,118 5,142

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.0 29.1 29.7 30.5 30.8 30.0 30.2 31.1 31.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 793 697 834 825 946 865 825 771

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 14.2 12.5 14.1 13.9 16.0 14.8 13.9 13.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,015 10,885 10,873 10,696 10,630 10,638 10,640 10,528 10,547

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,023 201,606 201,642 201,023 201,685 201,749 201,588 201,606 201,642

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,761 123,680 123,768 125,803 124,038 124,208 123,727 123,737 123,819

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 61.3 61.4 62.6 61.5 61.6 61.4 61.4 61.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,660 116,369 116,981 120,840 116,665 116,703 116,699 116,859 117,166

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 57.7 58.0 60.1 57.8 57.8 57.9 58.0 58.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,101 7,312 6,787 4,963 7,373 7,505 7,027 6,878 6,653

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 5.9 5.5 3.9 5.9 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,261 77,926 77,874 75,220 77,647 77,541 77,862 77,869 77,823

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,501 64,441 64,348 65,420 64,648 64,593 64,550 64,434 64,289

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.1 69.7 69.6 71.0 69.9 69.8 69.8 69.7 69.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,842 60,565 60,753 63,012 60,844 60,872 60,988 60,989 60,935

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 65.5 65.7 68.4 65.8 65.8 66.0 66.0 65.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,659 3,875 3,596 2,407 3,804 3,721 3,561 3,446 3,353

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 6.0 5.6 3.7 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,894 54,824 55,040 55,777 54,717 54,980 54,529 54,599 54,911

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.8 56.5 56.7 57.7 56.4 56.6 56.2 56.3 56.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,974 51,985 52,340 53,789 51,765 51,871 51,739 51,782 52,155

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 53.6 53.9 55.6 53.3 53.4 53.3 53.4 53.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,921 2,838 2,699 1,988 2,953 3,109 2,790 2,817 2,756

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 5.2 4.9 3.6 5.4 5.7 5.1 5.2 5.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,366 4,416 4,380 4,606 4,673 4,635 4,648 4,704 4,619

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.9 36.5 36.3 37.8 38.5 38.2 38.4 38.9 38.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,844 3,818 3,888 4,038 4,056 3,960 3,972 4,088 4,076

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.6 31.6 32.2 33.2 33.4 32.7 32.8 33.8 33.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 598 492 568 616 675 676 616 543

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 13.5 11.2 12.3 13.2 14.6 14.5 13.1 11.8

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,238 33,511 33,530 33,238 33,486 33,516 33,493 33,511 33,530

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,455 20,041 20,283 20,558 20,165 20,055 20,189 20,154 20,362

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 59.8 60.5 61.8 60.2 59.8 60.3 60.1 60.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,018 17,989 18,281 19,164 18,087 18,061 18,323 18,159 18,412

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 53.7 54.5 57.7 54.0 53.9 54.7 54.2 54.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,438 2,052 2,002 1,394 2,077 1,994 1,866 1,995 1,951

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 10.2 9.9 6.8 10.3 9.9 9.2 9.9 9.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,783 13,470 13,247 12,680 13,321 13,461 13,305 13,357 13,168

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,404 9,278 9,394 9,450 9,217 9,222 9,348 9,340 9,430

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.2 65.6 66.3 67.5 65.2 65.2 66.1 66.0 66.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,691 8,261 8,406 8,798 8,184 8,265 8,468 8,383 8,501

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 58.4 59.4 62.9 57.9 58.4 59.9 59.2 60.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 1,017 988 652 1,033 956 880 957 928

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 11.0 10.5 6.9 11.2 10.4 9.4 10.2 9.8

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,363 10,120 10,197 10,359 10,242 10,088 10,138 10,127 10,181

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 59.7 60.1 61.6 60.4 59.5 59.8 59.7 60.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,806 9,201 9,296 9,806 9,320 9,238 9,274 9,225 9,294

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 54.2 54.8 58.3 55.0 54.5 54.7 54.4 54.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 919 902 553 921 849 864 902 887

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 9.1 8.8 5.3 9.0 8.4 8.5 8.9 8.7

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 643 691 748 706 746 703 687 752

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.3 26.8 28.9 30.8 29.3 31.0 29.3 28.7 31.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 527 579 560 583 558 581 551 616

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 22.0 24.2 23.0 24.2 23.2 24.2 23.0 25.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 116 112 189 123 188 122 136 136

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 18.0 16.2 25.2 17.4 25.2 17.3 19.8 18.1

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,419 16,588 16,532 16,419 16,558 16,583 16,423 16,588 16,532

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,486 10,404 10,433 10,473 10,380 10,253 10,317 10,315 10,422

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 62.7 63.1 63.8 62.7 61.8 62.8 62.2 63.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,058 9,873 9,817 10,040 9,685 9,645 9,631 9,792 9,799

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3 59.5 59.4 61.1 58.5 58.2 58.6 59.0 59.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 532 616 434 695 608 686 523 623

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 5.1 5.9 4.1 6.7 5.9 6.6 5.1 6.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,932 6,184 6,099 5,945 6,179 6,329 6,106 6,273 6,110

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 43,895 44,587 44,651 43,895 44,559 44,639 44,521 44,587 44,651

Civilian labor force................................ 29,372 29,145 29,232 29,402 29,152 29,150 28,920 29,174 29,273

Participation rate............................... 66.9 65.4 65.5 67.0 65.4 65.3 65.0 65.4 65.6

Employed....................................... 27,531 26,527 26,848 27,645 26,688 26,436 26,437 26,701 26,975

Employment-population ratio............... 62.7 59.5 60.1 63.0 59.9 59.2 59.4 59.9 60.4

Unemployed.................................... 1,841 2,619 2,384 1,757 2,463 2,714 2,482 2,473 2,298

Unemployment rate......................... 6.3 9.0 8.2 6.0 8.4 9.3 8.6 8.5 7.9

Not in labor force................................. 14,523 15,442 15,418 14,493 15,407 15,489 15,601 15,413 15,378

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,836 15,924 16,033 15,806 15,951 15,856 15,789 15,952 16,007

Participation rate............................... 79.9 79.1 79.5 79.8 79.3 78.6 78.5 79.2 79.3

Employed....................................... 14,943 14,557 14,733 15,006 14,700 14,462 14,578 14,727 14,804

Employment-population ratio............... 75.4 72.3 73.0 75.7 73.0 71.7 72.5 73.1 73.4

Unemployed.................................... 893 1,368 1,300 800 1,251 1,395 1,211 1,224 1,203

Unemployment rate......................... 5.6 8.6 8.1 5.1 7.8 8.8 7.7 7.7 7.5

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,208 11,845 11,869 12,244 11,821 11,906 11,779 11,794 11,909

Participation rate............................... 60.8 58.0 58.1 61.0 58.0 58.3 57.8 57.8 58.3

Employed....................................... 11,462 10,829 10,983 11,513 10,851 10,820 10,743 10,792 11,035

Employment-population ratio............... 57.1 53.0 53.7 57.3 53.2 52.9 52.7 52.9 54.0

Unemployed.................................... 746 1,016 886 731 970 1,086 1,036 1,002 874

Unemployment rate......................... 6.1 8.6 7.5 6.0 8.2 9.1 8.8 8.5 7.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,328 1,376 1,331 1,351 1,380 1,388 1,352 1,428 1,356

Participation rate............................... 33.2 34.1 33.0 33.8 34.2 34.3 33.6 35.4 33.6

Employed....................................... 1,126 1,141 1,133 1,125 1,137 1,155 1,116 1,182 1,135

Employment-population ratio............... 28.1 28.3 28.1 28.1 28.2 28.6 27.7 29.3 28.2

Unemployed.................................... 202 235 198 226 243 234 236 247 221

Unemployment rate......................... 15.2 17.0 14.9 16.7 17.6 16.8 17.4 17.3 16.3

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 9,184 8,600 8,835 9,302 9,276 9,147 9,169 8,942 8,936

Participation rate.................................. 45.3 44.2 43.9 45.9 45.7 45.0 44.9 45.9 44.4

Employed.......................................... 8,439 7,579 7,997 8,662 8,418 8,254 8,337 8,035 8,204

Employment-population ratio................. 41.6 38.9 39.8 42.7 41.4 40.7 40.8 41.2 40.8

Unemployed....................................... 745 1,021 838 640 858 893 832 907 731

Unemployment rate............................ 8.1 11.9 9.5 6.9 9.2 9.8 9.1 10.1 8.2

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,142 34,436 34,351 34,966 35,163 34,925 34,506 34,462 34,278

Participation rate.................................. 57.3 54.7 54.9 57.0 55.4 55.5 55.2 54.7 54.8

Employed.......................................... 33,460 31,750 31,902 33,455 32,435 32,198 32,051 31,977 31,984

Employment-population ratio................. 54.6 50.4 51.0 54.6 51.1 51.1 51.3 50.8 51.1

Unemployed....................................... 1,682 2,686 2,449 1,510 2,728 2,726 2,455 2,485 2,295

Unemployment rate............................ 4.8 7.8 7.1 4.3 7.8 7.8 7.1 7.2 6.7

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 37,256 35,489 35,782 37,281 35,644 35,676 35,440 35,450 35,771

Participation rate.................................. 64.5 62.8 63.3 64.5 62.3 62.5 62.3 62.7 63.3

Employed.......................................... 35,803 33,292 33,608 35,902 33,387 33,430 33,257 33,360 33,677

Employment-population ratio................. 62.0 58.9 59.5 62.1 58.4 58.6 58.4 59.0 59.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,453 2,197 2,174 1,379 2,257 2,246 2,183 2,089 2,094

Unemployment rate............................ 3.9 6.2 6.1 3.7 6.3 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.9

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 60,888 61,437 61,316 60,470 59,620 59,940 60,391 60,744 60,835

Participation rate.................................. 73.5 72.6 72.6 72.9 72.2 71.9 72.2 71.8 72.0

Employed.......................................... 59,405 59,092 59,086 58,979 57,095 57,665 57,969 58,417 58,612

Employment-population ratio................. 71.7 69.8 69.9 71.2 69.1 69.1 69.3 69.1 69.4

Unemployed....................................... 1,484 2,344 2,230 1,491 2,524 2,274 2,422 2,327 2,224

Unemployment rate............................ 2.4 3.8 3.6 2.5 4.2 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.7

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,578 18,914 16,678 16,905 1,900 2,009

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,072 8,995 7,974 7,820 1,098 1,176

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.8 47.6 47.8 46.3 57.8 58.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,703 8,544 7,653 7,403 1,051 1,141

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.8 45.2 45.9 43.8 55.3 56.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 452 321 417 47 35

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 5.0 4.0 5.3 4.3 2.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,506 9,919 8,704 9,085 802 833

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,267 4,622 3,551 3,833 716 789

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,394 3,637 2,864 3,103 530 534

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.5 78.7 80.6 81.0 74.0 67.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,254 3,414 2,756 2,900 497 514

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.2 73.9 77.6 75.7 69.4 65.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 223 107 203 33 20

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 6.1 3.7 6.5 6.2 3.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 985 687 730 186 255

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,249 3,315 2,711 2,776 538 539

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,437 2,455 2,087 2,063 350 392

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.0 74.1 77.0 74.3 65.0 72.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,359 2,345 2,021 1,964 338 381

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.6 70.8 74.6 70.7 62.8 70.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 110 66 99 12 11

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 4.5 3.2 4.8 3.4 2.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 860 624 713 188 146

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,941 6,804 6,699 6,541 242 263

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,327 1,141 1,303 1,106 24 35

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 16.8 19.5 16.9 9.8 13.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,273 1,090 1,249 1,059 24 31

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 16.0 18.7 16.2 9.8 11.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 51 54 47 0 3

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.3 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,614 5,663 5,396 5,435 218 228

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,121 4,173 3,717 3,755 404 418

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,914 1,762 1,719 1,548 195 214

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 42.2 46.3 41.2 48.2 51.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,817 1,694 1,626 1,480 192 214

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 40.6 43.7 39.4 47.5 51.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 68 94 68 3 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 3.9 5.5 4.4 1.4 0.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,207 2,411 1,998 2,207 209 204

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,458 233,443 104,614 104,963 127,844 128,480

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,507 149,422 77,080 76,020 74,427 73,403

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 64.0 73.7 72.4 58.2 57.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144,827 140,208 73,417 71,012 71,410 69,196

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 60.1 70.2 67.7 55.9 53.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,679 9,215 3,663 5,008 3,017 4,207

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 6.2 4.8 6.6 4.1 5.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,951 84,021 27,534 28,943 53,417 55,077

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 30,563 30,108 229,195 230,895

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,418 6,082 156,119 154,315

Participation rate..................................................................... 21.0 20.2 68.1 66.8

Employed............................................................................. 5,888 5,459 149,279 145,034

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 19.3 18.1 65.1 62.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 530 623 6,840 9,282

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.3 10.2 4.4 6.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,145 24,026 73,076 76,580

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,713 2,494 77,342 76,533

Participation rate..................................................................... 36.5 33.3 82.4 81.6

Employed............................................................................. 2,442 2,226 73,756 71,553

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 32.9 29.8 78.5 76.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 271 268 3,586 4,981

Unemployment rate............................................................... 10.0 10.7 4.6 6.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,715 4,985 16,569 17,222

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,542 2,506 69,285 68,417

Participation rate..................................................................... 33.3 33.4 71.6 70.8

Employed............................................................................. 2,330 2,214 66,379 64,580

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 30.5 29.5 68.6 66.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 212 292 2,906 3,837

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.3 11.6 4.2 5.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,086 5,002 27,437 28,181

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,163 1,082 9,492 9,365

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.5 7.2 24.6 23.1

Employed............................................................................. 1,116 1,019 9,144 8,901

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.2 6.7 23.7 22.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 47 63 348 464

Unemployment rate............................................................... 4.0 5.9 3.7 5.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,344 14,039 29,069 31,176

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 42,323 43,059 20,474 20,674 21,849 22,385

Civilian labor force.................................................. 27,819 27,775 15,965 15,838 11,854 11,937

Participation rate.................................................. 65.7 64.5 78.0 76.6 54.3 53.3

Employed.......................................................... 26,478 25,886 15,301 14,841 11,178 11,045

Employment-population ratio................................. 62.6 60.1 74.7 71.8 51.2 49.3

Unemployed....................................................... 1,341 1,889 665 997 676 892

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.8 6.8 4.2 6.3 5.7 7.5

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,504 15,285 4,509 4,836 9,995 10,449

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 217,435 217,944 105,165 105,593 112,270 112,351

Civilian labor force.................................................. 134,718 132,623 69,949 68,890 64,769 63,733

Participation rate.................................................. 62.0 60.9 66.5 65.2 57.7 56.7

Employed.......................................................... 128,689 124,607 66,493 64,347 62,195 60,260

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.2 57.2 63.2 60.9 55.4 53.6

Unemployed....................................................... 6,029 8,016 3,456 4,543 2,574 3,473

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.5 6.0 4.9 6.6 4.0 5.4

Not in labor force.................................................... 82,717 85,321 35,216 36,702 47,501 48,619

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,263 2,184 2,109 2,352 2,432 2,461 2,466 2,308 2,228

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,580 1,450 1,429 1,668 1,553 1,569 1,552 1,519 1,518

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 661 676 623 663 837 823 827 712 635

Unpaid family workers........................... 22 58 57 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 152,904 147,338 148,384 153,093 147,314 147,351 147,535 147,895 148,598

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 144,163 138,602 139,161 144,327 138,891 138,971 138,941 139,243 139,382

Government..................................... 21,484 21,218 20,958 21,147 20,418 20,709 20,689 20,829 20,644

Private industries............................... 122,679 117,383 118,203 123,110 118,525 118,123 118,102 118,151 118,616

Private households.......................... 712 604 650 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 121,967 116,779 117,553 122,327 117,902 117,472 117,532 117,451 117,896

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,704 8,665 9,143 8,799 8,570 8,638 8,721 8,787 9,241

Unpaid family workers........................... 37 72 80 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,879 6,309 5,913 5,787 6,641 6,170 5,954 6,088 5,826

Slack work or business conditions............. 4,159 4,958 4,660 4,128 5,223 4,891 4,756 4,723 4,629

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,404 1,124 1,061 1,311 1,167 1,045 986 1,166 984

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,764 19,042 19,523 20,361 18,580 18,237 18,519 18,369 19,102

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,788 6,199 5,859 5,728 6,582 6,082 5,824 5,986 5,804

Slack work or business conditions............. 4,090 4,887 4,622 4,064 5,176 4,819 4,691 4,661 4,592

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,392 1,116 1,060 1,300 1,163 1,037 986 1,154 982

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,392 18,670 19,151 19,987 18,182 17,846 18,112 17,998 18,726

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,167 149,522 150,493 155,536 149,809 149,830 150,031 150,239 150,848

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,811 4,792 4,890 5,060 5,091 4,955 4,975 5,118 5,142

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,636 1,709 1,742 1,812 1,797 1,785 1,784 1,868 1,923

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,175 3,082 3,149 3,279 3,277 3,192 3,222 3,245 3,256

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,356 144,730 145,603 150,476 144,718 144,876 145,055 145,121 145,706

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,248 13,017 13,009 13,382 13,203 13,167 13,216 13,216 13,150

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,107 131,714 132,593 137,047 131,461 131,637 131,689 131,789 132,492

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,141 96,364 96,911 100,126 95,861 96,225 96,307 96,461 96,856

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,429 33,966 34,125 35,410 33,581 33,913 33,884 33,988 34,099

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,050 32,061 32,356 33,125 32,098 32,011 32,162 32,146 32,406

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,662 30,337 30,431 31,591 30,182 30,300 30,261 30,327 30,351

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,966 35,350 35,682 36,921 35,600 35,412 35,382 35,328 35,636

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,794 78,855 79,188 82,302 79,267 79,481 79,714 79,666 79,681

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,346 2,287 2,316 2,517 2,490 2,477 2,510 2,474 2,488

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 846 774 826 863 881 892 938 879

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,622 1,442 1,542 1,712 1,630 1,603 1,634 1,550 1,632

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,448 76,568 76,872 79,785 76,777 77,004 77,204 77,193 77,194

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,688 6,623 6,594 6,800 6,722 6,672 6,810 6,763 6,711

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,760 69,945 70,278 72,991 70,040 70,220 70,317 70,329 70,499

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,170 51,162 51,374 53,345 51,025 51,246 51,368 51,436 51,542

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,957 18,042 18,188 18,998 17,889 18,172 18,133 18,145 18,229

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,687 17,281 17,393 17,776 17,288 17,201 17,358 17,390 17,468

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,527 15,839 15,793 16,571 15,848 15,873 15,876 15,901 15,845

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,590 18,783 18,904 19,646 19,015 18,974 18,950 18,892 18,957

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,373 70,667 71,305 73,234 70,542 70,350 70,316 70,572 71,167

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,465 2,504 2,574 2,543 2,600 2,478 2,465 2,644 2,654

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912 864 968 986 934 904 892 930 1,044

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,553 1,641 1,607 1,567 1,647 1,589 1,588 1,695 1,624

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,908 68,163 68,730 70,691 67,941 67,872 67,851 67,928 68,513

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,561 6,394 6,415 6,582 6,481 6,495 6,406 6,453 6,440

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,347 61,769 62,315 64,056 61,422 61,417 61,371 61,460 61,993

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,971 45,202 45,537 46,781 44,836 44,979 44,939 45,024 45,314

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,472 15,925 15,936 16,412 15,692 15,741 15,751 15,843 15,870

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,363 14,779 14,963 15,349 14,810 14,810 14,804 14,756 14,938

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,135 14,497 14,638 15,020 14,334 14,428 14,384 14,426 14,506

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,376 16,567 16,778 17,275 16,586 16,438 16,432 16,436 16,679

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,901 43,887 43,681 45,901 43,754 43,720 43,819 44,033 43,695

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,700 35,044 35,255 36,381 34,795 34,817 34,668 34,803 34,910

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,402 9,367 9,402 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,981 123,981 124,840 129,059 124,292 124,689 124,990 124,868 125,803

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,187 25,541 25,653 26,564 25,373 24,917 24,627 25,109 25,078

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,358 6,787 7,004 7,191 6,559 6,460 6,623 6,678 6,817

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,287 5,670 6,024 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,364 9,341 9,766 9,462 9,408 9,461 9,548 9,498 9,876

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 7,185 9,972 9,710 4.4 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.0

16 to 19 years..................................... 834 825 771 14.1 13.9 16.0 14.8 13.9 13.0

16 to 17 years.................................. 354 325 278 16.3 14.9 14.5 15.9 14.8 12.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 483 514 500 12.8 13.4 17.0 14.2 13.7 13.3

20 years and over................................ 6,351 9,148 8,939 4.0 6.4 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.8

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,254 1,408 1,502 8.6 10.7 11.2 9.7 9.6 10.3

25 years and over.............................. 5,023 7,813 7,349 3.5 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.3

25 to 54 years............................... 3,757 5,823 5,639 3.6 6.1 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.5

25 to 34 years............................. 1,557 2,331 2,454 4.2 7.0 6.6 6.8 6.4 6.7

35 to 44 years............................. 1,168 1,929 1,752 3.4 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.1

45 to 54 years............................. 1,032 1,563 1,433 3.2 5.5 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.5

55 years and over........................... 1,264 1,985 1,692 3.3 5.8 6.0 5.3 5.3 4.5

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,811 5,395 5,236 4.4 6.9 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.2

16 to 19 years..................................... 425 493 452 14.5 15.1 15.5 15.7 16.6 15.4

16 to 17 years.................................. 159 175 143 16.1 14.5 15.3 15.0 15.7 14.0

18 to 19 years.................................. 269 331 314 13.6 15.5 15.8 16.0 17.6 16.1

20 years and over................................ 3,385 4,902 4,784 4.1 6.6 6.4 6.0 6.0 5.8

20 to 24 years.................................. 667 761 823 8.9 11.9 12.1 10.0 10.1 10.9

25 years and over.............................. 2,671 4,203 3,889 3.5 6.2 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.2

25 to 54 years............................... 1,957 3,077 2,986 3.5 6.3 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.5

25 to 34 years............................. 842 1,287 1,299 4.2 7.7 6.6 7.0 6.6 6.7

35 to 44 years............................. 595 1,032 939 3.2 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.1

45 to 54 years............................. 520 759 749 3.0 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.5

55 years and over........................... 714 1,125 903 3.5 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.6 4.5

Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,374 4,577 4,474 4.4 6.4 6.7 6.3 6.1 5.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 408 332 319 13.8 12.8 16.5 14.0 11.2 10.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 195 149 135 16.5 15.2 13.7 16.8 13.9 11.5

18 to 19 years.................................. 215 183 185 12.0 11.2 18.2 12.3 9.7 10.3

20 years and over................................ 2,966 4,245 4,155 4.0 6.2 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.7

20 to 24 years.................................. 587 647 680 8.2 9.4 10.1 9.5 9.1 9.5

25 years and over.............................. 2,352 3,610 3,460 3.5 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.3

25 to 54 years............................... 1,800 2,745 2,653 3.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.5

25 to 34 years............................. 716 1,044 1,155 4.2 6.2 6.6 6.6 6.2 6.8

35 to 44 years............................. 573 897 813 3.6 5.6 5.2 5.6 5.7 5.2

45 to 54 years............................. 512 804 685 3.3 5.5 5.7 5.1 5.3 4.5

55 years and over........................... 559 883 811 3.1 5.8 6.1 5.1 5.1 4.6

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 1,069 1,750 1,464 2.3 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.2

Married women, spouse present1................. 1,144 1,553 1,383 3.0 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.3 3.8

Women who maintain families2.................... 526 784 822 5.3 7.7 7.2 8.3 7.7 8.0

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 5,469 8,397 8,156 4.1 6.9 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.1

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,691 1,607 1,544 6.0 6.0 7.0 6.4 6.0 5.8

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 4,441 7,051 6,448 4,198 7,468 7,210 6,997 6,586 6,226

On temporary layoff.............................. 2,223 2,546 2,202 2,047 2,762 3,039 2,746 2,229 2,026

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,219 4,505 4,246 2,151 4,705 4,171 4,251 4,357 4,200

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,559 3,547 3,462 1,517 3,718 3,370 3,503 3,497 3,432

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 660 958 784 634 987 802 749 860 768

Job leavers........................................... 695 706 754 716 698 743 653 701 777

Reentrants............................................ 1,784 2,183 2,295 1,772 1,968 2,250 1,963 2,124 2,253

New entrants......................................... 449 546 407 526 551 509 542 582 497

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 60.3 67.2 65.1 58.2 69.9 67.3 68.9 65.9 63.8

On temporary layoff.............................. 30.2 24.3 22.2 28.4 25.9 28.4 27.0 22.3 20.8

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 30.1 43.0 42.9 29.8 44.0 38.9 41.9 43.6 43.1

Job leavers........................................... 9.4 6.7 7.6 9.9 6.5 6.9 6.4 7.0 8.0

Reentrants............................................ 24.2 20.8 23.2 24.6 18.4 21.0 19.3 21.3 23.1

New entrants......................................... 6.1 5.2 4.1 7.3 5.2 4.7 5.3 5.8 5.1

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2.7 4.4 4.0 2.6 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.1 3.9

Job leavers........................................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 3,118 2,051 1,876 3,424 2,455 2,904 2,278 2,185 2,177

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 2,008 2,693 2,142 1,785 2,404 2,222 2,528 2,254 1,941

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,244 5,742 5,886 1,972 5,804 5,529 5,369 5,555 5,609

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 999 1,523 1,610 784 1,875 1,572 1,346 1,407 1,391

27 weeks and over............................... 1,245 4,219 4,276 1,188 3,929 3,956 4,023 4,148 4,218

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 17.5 27.2 30.6 16.7 23.0 23.4 26.0 27.6 29.7

Median duration, in weeks......................... 7.3 18.3 21.6 5.8 18.9 16.8 15.3 18.3 19.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 42.3 19.6 18.9 47.7 23.0 27.3 22.4 21.9 22.4

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 27.2 25.7 21.6 24.9 22.5 20.9 24.8 22.6 20.0

15 weeks and over.................................. 30.4 54.8 59.4 27.5 54.4 51.9 52.8 55.6 57.7

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 13.6 14.5 16.3 10.9 17.6 14.8 13.2 14.1 14.3

27 weeks and over............................... 16.9 40.2 43.2 16.5 36.8 37.1 39.5 41.5 43.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 155,167 150,493 7,370 9,905 4.5 6.2

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 65,995 64,503 1,654 2,063 2.4 3.1

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 28,050 27,555 635 978 2.2 3.4

Professional and related occupations.......................... 37,945 36,948 1,020 1,085 2.6 2.9

Service occupations................................................ 25,308 23,194 1,700 2,533 6.3 9.8

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,781 30,520 1,258 1,982 3.9 6.1

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,560 14,503 652 970 4.3 6.3

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,221 16,017 606 1,011 3.6 5.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 13,918 13,402 990 1,109 6.6 7.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,103 1,025 131 106 10.6 9.4

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,029 7,647 727 802 8.3 9.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,786 4,730 132 201 2.7 4.1

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 19,166 18,875 1,305 1,787 6.4 8.7

Production occupations.......................................... 7,962 7,668 454 583 5.4 7.1

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,203 11,207 851 1,204 7.1 9.7

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 7,370 9,905 4.5 6.2

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 5,968 8,344 4.6 6.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 52 100 6.2 15.0

Construction.......................................................................... 658 835 6.9 8.6

Manufacturing........................................................................ 636 780 4.1 5.2

Durable goods..................................................................... 336 427 3.5 4.6

Nondurable goods................................................................ 300 353 5.3 6.4

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 962 1,330 5.0 6.7

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 380 630 5.1 8.3

Information............................................................................ 47 173 1.8 6.6

Financial activities................................................................... 230 346 2.2 3.4

Professional and business services............................................... 838 1,167 4.7 6.7

Education and health services..................................................... 771 937 3.1 3.8

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 1,131 1,625 8.1 13.0

Other services........................................................................ 262 421 3.9 6.7

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 139 111 8.3 7.3

Government workers................................................................... 486 592 2.2 2.7

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 327 451 3.4 4.4

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.4 3.6 3.7 1.2 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 2.7 4.4 4.0 2.6 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.1 3.9

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 4.5 6.6 6.2 4.4 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.0

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 4.8 6.9 6.5 4.7 7.1 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.4

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 5.3 7.7 7.2 5.3 7.9 7.9 7.4 7.3 7.1

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 8.9 11.6 10.9 8.8 12.0 11.7 11.1 11.1 10.7

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2021

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 97,221 100,606 39,725 41,538 57,496 59,067

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,215 6,576 2,559 3,169 2,656 3,407

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,380 1,783 744 914 636 869

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 514 488 302 282 212 207

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 866 1,295 442 633 424 662

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,358 7,004 3,566 3,405 3,792 3,599

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.3 5.2 5.0

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,227 4,030 2,225 2,128 2,002 1,902

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,904 1,627 640 492 1,264 1,135

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 237 357 129 193 109 164

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 932 950 550 572 382 378

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Change

from:

Feb.2021 -

Mar.2021p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,952 140,980 142,077 143,400 150,840 142,736 143,204 144,120 916

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,825 119,527 120,312 121,432 128,066 121,169 121,727 122,507 780

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,638 19,802 19,778 20,079 20,949 20,221 20,177 20,360 183

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 593 584 608 674 596 590 610 20

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.7 46.4 46.2 44.2 47.6 46.2 46.1 45.0 -1.1

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622.0 546.1 537.4 563.6 626.3 549.9 544.2 565.2 21.0

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134.2 130.8 130.7 131.7 135.2 133.0 132.7 133.3 0.6

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.5 175.5 174.5 178.5 184.3 179.2 179.2 180.3 1.1

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 42.9 43.2 43.7 44.9 42.4 42.9 43.6 0.7

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 41.5 41.6 41.9 42.1 41.8 41.8 41.8 0.0

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.6 91.1 89.7 92.9 97.3 95.0 94.5 94.9 0.4

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.3 239.8 232.2 253.4 306.8 237.7 232.3 251.6 19.3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,297 7,067 7,006 7,217 7,557 7,412 7,356 7,466 110

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,639.1 1,623.2 1,621.3 1,658.3 1,676.3 1,666.3 1,671.5 1,689.3 17.8

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813.1 833.6 838.5 856.6 832.7 854.9 862.5 872.7 10.2

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.0 789.6 782.8 801.7 843.6 811.4 809.0 816.6 7.6

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,021.9 946.8 933.4 987.1 1,097.4 1,054.6 1,035.6 1,062.9 27.3

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,635.7 4,496.8 4,451.0 4,571.2 4,783.5 4,691.1 4,649.2 4,714.2 65.0

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,050.5 2,066.1 2,049.8 2,100.6 2,109.7 2,141.3 2,130.8 2,157.6 26.8

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,585.2 2,430.7 2,401.2 2,470.6 2,673.8 2,549.8 2,518.4 2,556.6 38.2

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,672 12,142 12,188 12,254 12,718 12,213 12,231 12,284 53

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,949 7,551 7,574 7,616 7,961 7,581 7,590 7,620 30

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.3 400.1 401.2 402.2 408.3 403.3 403.0 404.4 1.4

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.4 381.6 379.5 388.0 417.0 394.6 393.1 396.0 2.9

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379.6 346.7 346.6 351.0 378.5 347.4 346.0 348.6 2.6

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,452.4 1,377.7 1,384.1 1,400.1 1,454.2 1,382.8 1,384.1 1,397.8 13.7

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,105.2 1,052.9 1,057.2 1,059.5 1,104.9 1,052.7 1,055.6 1,059.1 3.5

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,078.9 1,071.0 1,074.9 1,079.0 1,079.5 1,073.1 1,075.5 1,078.6 3.1

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 161.4 162.3 163.4 163.5 161.7 162.6 163.4 163.6 0.2

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.4 85.8 85.5 86.2 87.2 85.6 85.6 85.9 0.3

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.5 369.0 369.5 370.4 373.6 369.7 369.4 370.1 0.7

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425.2 420.2 422.7 425.2 425.1 420.9 422.9 424.8 1.9

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 33.7 33.8 33.7 31.9 34.3 34.2 34.2 0.0

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 394.6 370.2 371.5 373.2 395.7 370.1 371.3 374.0 2.7

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,725.9 1,591.3 1,598.1 1,598.1 1,721.5 1,593.1 1,596.9 1,593.9 -3.0

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983.9 903.7 906.8 909.8 978.9 904.4 901.4 900.4 -1.0

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.7 354.9 352.7 351.6 383.2 355.4 353.5 352.2 -1.3

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615.0 604.5 608.3 613.0 617.8 608.5 610.7 615.2 4.5

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,723 4,591 4,614 4,638 4,757 4,632 4,641 4,664 23

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,630.2 1,619.1 1,623.3 1,625.8 1,647.9 1,635.9 1,636.4 1,639.8 3.4

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.8 95.0 94.2 96.7 104.0 95.1 94.0 96.8 2.8

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.0 105.2 106.3 106.2 110.0 105.8 106.7 106.7 0.0

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.6 89.6 92.0 94.1 103.0 91.0 92.7 94.1 1.4

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.5 355.9 354.5 356.3 362.6 356.8 355.6 356.0 0.4

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 413.1 368.6 366.8 372.2 415.3 370.2 368.5 374.4 5.9

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.6 99.2 99.9 100.1 113.0 103.7 103.7 103.2 -0.5

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852.7 844.7 851.6 855.3 852.1 848.8 850.3 853.3 3.0

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727.1 721.3 726.9 725.7 727.8 723.3 726.3 726.0 -0.3

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.5 292.0 298.5 305.3 321.6 301.0 306.5 313.9 7.4

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,187 99,725 100,534 101,353 107,117 100,948 101,550 102,147 597

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,423 26,957 26,805 26,907 27,729 27,023 27,093 27,187 94

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,847.9 5,600.8 5,609.4 5,635.0 5,876.6 5,631.4 5,637.6 5,661.3 23.7

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,204.1 3,076.5 3,083.1 3,096.7 3,214.8 3,088.0 3,092.6 3,106.9 14.3

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,136.2 2,047.4 2,050.2 2,061.3 2,151.6 2,064.4 2,066.8 2,076.5 9.7

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Change

from:

Feb.2021 -

Mar.2021p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507.6 476.9 476.1 477.0 510.2 479.0 478.2 477.9 -0.3

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,286.8 15,111.0 15,002.7 15,046.7 15,483.6 15,178.3 15,206.3 15,228.8 22.5

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,015.9 1,931.2 1,943.1 1,957.6 2,025.2 1,945.5 1,953.9 1,966.9 13.0

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,297.3 1,232.8 1,240.4 1,244.7 1,301.1 1,234.2 1,239.4 1,248.5 9.1

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.3 145.4 148.2 154.6 159.9 155.1 155.8 158.2 2.4

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 562.3 553.0 554.5 558.3 564.2 556.2 558.7 560.2 1.5

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 459.0 438.2 435.9 441.3 461.7 435.9 438.2 443.8 5.6

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 459.4 417.7 416.8 416.9 457.1 411.3 417.3 414.5 -2.8

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,318.3 1,335.4 1,339.7 1,386.0 1,313.9 1,401.8 1,395.9 1,386.8 -9.1

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,028.1 3,138.1 3,143.8 3,130.9 3,059.4 3,152.5 3,164.6 3,162.6 -2.0

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,022.3 982.3 983.3 992.4 1,028.4 978.2 991.2 996.2 5.0

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937.2 929.7 923.8 928.7 947.9 937.5 936.9 939.5 2.6

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,201.6 1,002.2 950.8 950.4 1,240.9 992.1 965.5 981.8 16.3

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524.6 476.8 470.7 464.5 533.7 464.9 469.5 463.5 -6.0

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,932.2 3,097.6 3,019.5 3,000.2 3,002.7 3,080.2 3,084.3 3,077.2 -7.1

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978.2 998.0 957.6 951.9 1,012.1 973.4 977.5 977.3 -0.2

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 1,954.0 2,099.6 2,061.9 2,048.3 1,990.7 2,106.8 2,106.8 2,099.9 -6.9

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810.8 763.2 774.0 775.7 830.5 777.8 785.9 791.5 5.6

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577.4 598.6 601.3 602.1 582.2 600.6 603.1 604.5 1.4

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,741.7 5,706.7 5,655.3 5,686.2 5,822.1 5,674.0 5,709.5 5,757.0 47.5

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516.7 409.3 404.5 411.5 518.5 412.2 407.2 412.9 5.7

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.6 141.7 141.7 141.7 158.3 142.4 141.6 140.7 -0.9

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.6 56.3 57.2 58.4 67.0 58.4 59.2 60.2 1.0

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,492.2 1,454.8 1,453.5 1,461.3 1,516.2 1,480.2 1,479.4 1,482.7 3.3

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.9 367.3 381.0 393.7 484.6 357.2 367.6 380.4 12.8

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 48.7 48.1 49.0 52.2 48.7 48.5 49.1 0.6

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 26.4 19.0 19.1 22.1 33.5 25.2 25.2 27.9 2.7

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 751.1 689.8 692.5 696.8 754.3 690.5 693.8 699.9 6.1

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844.3 1,100.0 1,041.4 1,040.0 893.7 1,043.6 1,072.2 1,088.9 16.7

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,337.8 1,419.8 1,416.3 1,411.7 1,343.8 1,415.6 1,414.8 1,414.3 -0.5

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546.5 538.9 537.8 539.4 547.0 539.4 539.3 539.6 0.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,888 2,648 2,670 2,669 2,898 2,672 2,675 2,673 -2

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 784.7 760.1 758.9 760.7 788.7 764.4 761.5 764.6 3.1

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421.9 238.2 252.9 258.2 430.6 256.9 260.9 263.8 2.9

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260.8 246.6 250.7 241.7 260.3 247.7 248.9 240.7 -8.2

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703.6 690.9 690.5 689.1 702.1 689.8 687.7 686.5 -1.2

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.9 351.7 356.1 355.1 361.4 353.1 354.0 353.3 -0.7

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.2 360.0 361.0 364.2 355.0 359.8 361.5 364.5 3.0

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,805 8,733 8,734 8,748 8,850 8,781 8,772 8,788 16

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,498.2 6,534.0 6,535.0 6,539.0 6,506.2 6,545.0 6,540.0 6,544.8 4.8

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 20.0 20.2 20.2 20.1 20.0 20.2 20.3 20.2 -0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,666.4 2,669.4 2,672.8 2,665.5 2,668.1 2,668.5 2,671.0 2,664.4 -6.6

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,783.9 1,746.4 1,742.9 1,738.2 1,783.0 1,746.3 1,742.0 1,738.3 -3.7

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,396.5 1,359.4 1,357.9 1,353.0 1,395.5 1,359.7 1,356.6 1,353.2 -3.4

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 580.2 606.2 610.2 607.5 582.6 606.3 610.2 607.0 -3.2

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 302.3 316.8 319.7 319.8 302.5 315.9 318.8 319.1 0.3

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 961.9 974.2 973.1 971.6 965.6 978.3 975.6 975.9 0.3

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,849.9 2,870.2 2,868.9 2,881.8 2,852.5 2,878.0 2,873.1 2,884.3 11.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,307.2 2,198.6 2,198.8 2,209.1 2,343.4 2,236.4 2,232.0 2,243.6 11.6

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,721.3 1,695.8 1,698.0 1,704.1 1,742.9 1,717.7 1,716.2 1,726.2 10.0

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.3 480.8 478.9 483.1 577.6 496.2 493.5 495.2 1.7

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Change

from:

Feb.2021 -

Mar.2021p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 22.6 22.0 21.9 21.9 22.9 22.5 22.3 22.2 -0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,050 20,291 20,442 20,535 21,318 20,640 20,718 20,784 66

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,694.1 9,553.9 9,654.3 9,664.9 9,666.6 9,561.1 9,592.8 9,620.3 27.5

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,157.3 1,115.6 1,122.7 1,122.7 1,162.6 1,123.1 1,129.0 1,127.6 -1.4

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 1,126.6 1,066.4 1,113.2 1,117.1 1,018.5 1,001.0 1,000.5 1,000.9 0.4

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,524.6 1,511.3 1,515.4 1,520.3 1,543.9 1,528.5 1,532.0 1,539.4 7.4

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.4 134.2 133.7 134.4 140.3 135.7 134.7 135.2 0.5

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,200.9 2,209.8 2,221.8 2,209.0 2,226.4 2,215.9 2,224.8 2,230.3 5.5

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,550.5 1,558.3 1,569.9 1,571.4 1,570.2 1,579.2 1,582.5 1,590.1 7.6

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759.9 783.3 790.9 795.1 762.1 789.1 794.3 795.4 1.1

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 480.0 432.1 438.0 440.2 482.5 435.1 439.2 442.6 3.4

Other professional and technical services. . . 754.9 742.9 748.7 754.7 760.2 753.5 755.8 758.8 3.0

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,408.0 2,330.8 2,325.7 2,330.2 2,419.0 2,339.1 2,338.1 2,338.9 0.8

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,947.5 8,406.1 8,461.7 8,539.5 9,232.3 8,740.1 8,786.7 8,825.2 38.5

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,498.0 7,964.9 8,021.3 8,095.4 8,775.8 8,290.8 8,338.0 8,374.6 36.6

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 541.1 532.3 534.9 539.6 544.9 537.0 539.5 542.5 3.0

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.9 153.0 152.6 154.3 163.8 154.5 153.2 153.6 0.4

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,408.1 3,207.5 3,246.1 3,272.1 3,527.7 3,334.6 3,381.0 3,393.9 12.9

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,786.6 2,594.1 2,634.7 2,664.5 2,894.5 2,720.3 2,770.1 2,769.3 -0.8

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855.6 802.9 799.7 794.5 860.6 799.6 798.8 799.7 0.9

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208.8 144.3 143.9 146.9 210.1 147.8 146.7 147.7 1.0

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 941.7 893.5 899.2 906.0 949.0 905.5 903.0 913.0 10.0

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,051.9 1,939.6 1,955.1 1,987.8 2,191.2 2,115.6 2,124.3 2,128.3 4.0

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326.9 291.8 289.8 294.2 328.5 296.2 291.5 295.9 4.4

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449.5 441.2 440.4 444.1 456.5 449.3 448.7 450.6 1.9

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,471 23,105 23,393 23,515 24,347 23,235 23,292 23,393 101

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,850.3 3,321.2 3,541.8 3,612.7 3,696.3 3,398.2 3,404.6 3,469.0 64.4

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,621.0 19,783.3 19,851.2 19,902.5 20,650.4 19,836.6 19,887.4 19,923.8 36.4

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,360.9 15,854.6 15,884.7 15,904.4 16,397.4 15,898.8 15,923.8 15,935.3 11.5

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,772.3 7,657.2 7,696.5 7,714.7 7,790.1 7,683.9 7,716.1 7,731.4 15.3

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,694.6 2,652.2 2,663.6 2,667.1 2,699.4 2,658.0 2,669.0 2,671.9 2.9

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957.4 984.0 987.6 989.8 959.7 985.9 991.4 992.4 1.0

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 982.1 949.2 951.6 957.7 986.8 953.4 954.6 962.1 7.5

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998.5 986.2 992.1 993.6 997.7 989.0 992.5 992.6 0.1

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 286.9 289.8 292.6 291.6 287.2 289.6 291.5 291.5 0.0

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,537.2 1,486.2 1,493.8 1,499.7 1,542.9 1,495.1 1,501.1 1,505.3 4.2

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.6 309.6 315.2 315.2 316.3 312.9 316.0 315.6 -0.4

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,233.9 5,132.7 5,132.2 5,139.6 5,235.5 5,140.2 5,138.3 5,137.7 -0.6

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,354.7 3,064.7 3,056.0 3,050.1 3,371.8 3,074.7 3,069.4 3,066.2 -3.2

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,572.9 1,411.0 1,400.6 1,400.2 1,581.6 1,415.0 1,406.3 1,408.0 1.7

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 648.7 604.7 608.2 608.0 650.7 606.9 610.5 609.8 -0.7

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969.1 897.8 895.7 891.8 974.5 900.2 900.1 897.3 -2.8

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 164.0 151.2 151.5 150.1 165.0 152.6 152.5 151.1 -1.4

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,260.1 3,928.7 3,966.5 3,998.1 4,253.0 3,937.8 3,963.6 3,988.5 24.9

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,728.8 2,603.0 2,620.2 2,638.6 2,733.3 2,611.1 2,622.8 2,642.9 20.1

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 186.7 182.5 183.8 185.3 186.3 183.4 184.1 184.8 0.7

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 317.8 273.0 274.5 277.8 320.6 276.7 276.3 278.3 2.0

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,026.8 870.2 888.0 896.4 1,012.9 866.6 880.4 882.5 2.1

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,745 12,576 13,037 13,473 16,133 13,117 13,501 13,781 280

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,244.7 1,534.4 1,580.7 1,674.5 2,406.2 1,696.4 1,729.3 1,793.7 64.4

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 471.2 291.6 304.9 329.2 498.2 328.2 328.0 348.9 20.9

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.9 118.1 118.3 123.5 172.4 128.0 129.2 131.5 2.3

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Change

from:

Feb.2021 -

Mar.2021p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,611.6 1,124.7 1,157.5 1,221.8 1,735.6 1,240.2 1,272.1 1,313.3 41.2

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,500.4 11,041.5 11,456.4 11,798.7 13,726.6 11,421.0 11,771.7 11,987.6 215.9

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,980.0 1,334.3 1,380.6 1,432.6 2,050.3 1,402.0 1,443.3 1,483.4 40.1

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,520.4 9,707.2 10,075.8 10,366.1 11,676.3 10,019.0 10,328.4 10,504.2 175.8

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,805 5,415 5,453 5,506 5,842 5,480 5,499 5,541 42

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,341.7 1,298.6 1,301.1 1,320.0 1,344.6 1,312.7 1,305.2 1,323.5 18.3

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,492.5 1,284.7 1,307.8 1,332.1 1,507.0 1,302.1 1,326.0 1,344.6 18.6

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,970.8 2,831.4 2,844.0 2,854.2 2,990.5 2,864.7 2,868.0 2,873.2 5.2

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,127 21,453 21,765 21,968 22,774 21,567 21,477 21,613 136

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,857 2,861 2,858 2,858 2,879 2,876 2,875 2,882 7

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,262.1 2,258.5 2,252.4 2,253.7 2,277.8 2,268.6 2,265.8 2,273.1 7.3

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594.9 602.1 606.0 603.8 601.5 607.8 609.3 608.9 -0.4

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,405 4,913 5,090 5,164 5,242 5,008 4,956 5,002 46

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,703.6 2,242.7 2,420.8 2,495.1 2,536.2 2,324.7 2,277.1 2,326.7 49.6

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,701.3 2,670.6 2,669.6 2,669.3 2,706.0 2,682.9 2,679.0 2,675.5 -3.5

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,865 13,679 13,817 13,946 14,653 13,683 13,646 13,729 83

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,328.4 7,521.0 7,648.8 7,753.5 8,009.3 7,394.7 7,359.9 7,435.9 76.0

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,536.5 6,158.3 6,168.4 6,192.1 6,643.6 6,288.2 6,286.0 6,293.1 7.1

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.1 35.0 34.6 34.9

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.0 40.2 39.7 40.3

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.0 45.3 45.0 45.6

Construction....................................................................... 39.1 39.4 38.3 39.6

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.3 40.4 40.3 40.5

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.6 40.7 40.5 40.8

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.8 39.9 40.1 40.0

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.9 33.9 33.6 33.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 34.4 34.2 34.4

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.7 39.1 38.7 39.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.6 30.7 30.6 30.7

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.0 39.0 38.7 39.1

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 42.8 42.8 42.8

Information......................................................................... 36.3 37.3 37.2 37.2

Financial activities................................................................ 37.6 37.8 37.7 37.7

Professional and business services............................................ 36.1 36.9 36.6 36.8

Education and health services.................................................. 33.0 33.7 33.3 33.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.1 25.8 25.3 26.0

Other services..................................................................... 31.4 32.6 32.2 32.5

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3

Durable goods....................................................................... 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Total private............................................... $28.74 $29.92 $30.00 $29.96 $980.03 $1,047.20 $1,038.00 $1,045.60

Goods-producing....................................... 29.65 30.35 30.39 30.41 1,186.00 1,220.07 1,206.48 1,225.52

Mining and logging.................................. 34.43 34.58 34.78 34.29 1,549.35 1,566.47 1,565.10 1,563.62

Construction.......................................... 31.37 32.17 32.24 32.16 1,226.57 1,267.50 1,234.79 1,273.54

Manufacturing........................................ 28.37 29.05 29.10 29.15 1,143.31 1,173.62 1,172.73 1,180.58

Durable goods.................................... 29.77 30.51 30.56 30.64 1,208.66 1,241.76 1,237.68 1,250.11

Nondurable goods................................ 25.99 26.59 26.68 26.67 1,034.40 1,060.94 1,069.87 1,066.80

Private service-providing.............................. 28.52 29.82 29.90 29.85 938.31 1,010.90 1,004.64 1,008.93

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 24.76 25.70 25.67 25.78 844.32 884.08 877.91 886.83

Wholesale trade.................................. 31.88 32.97 33.07 33.12 1,233.76 1,289.13 1,279.81 1,291.68

Retail trade........................................ 20.33 21.37 21.26 21.44 622.10 656.06 650.56 658.21

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.06 25.66 25.72 25.71 952.28 1,000.74 995.36 1,005.26

Utilities............................................. 42.57 44.19 44.10 44.09 1,796.45 1,891.33 1,887.48 1,887.05

Information........................................... 43.25 44.35 44.61 43.85 1,569.98 1,654.26 1,659.49 1,631.22

Financial activities................................... 36.90 39.20 39.50 39.67 1,387.44 1,481.76 1,489.15 1,495.56

Professional and business services.............. 34.52 35.67 35.79 35.82 1,246.17 1,316.22 1,309.91 1,318.18

Education and health services..................... 28.05 29.31 29.37 29.18 925.65 987.75 978.02 974.61

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 16.89 17.24 17.41 17.67 407.05 444.79 440.47 459.42

Other services....................................... 25.78 26.91 27.12 26.98 809.49 877.27 873.26 876.85

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2021 -

Mar.

2021p

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2021 -

Mar.

2021p

Total private..................................... 109.6 106.5 105.7 107.3 1.5 150.6 152.3 151.6 153.7 1.4

Goods-producing............................. 95.5 92.6 91.3 93.5 2.4 127.9 127.0 125.4 128.5 2.5

Mining and logging........................ 95.3 84.8 83.4 87.4 4.8 131.7 117.8 116.5 120.3 3.3

Construction................................ 101.9 100.7 97.1 101.9 4.9 138.8 140.7 136.0 142.4 4.7

Manufacturing.............................. 92.2 88.8 88.7 89.5 0.9 121.7 119.9 120.0 121.3 1.1

Durable goods........................... 91.0 86.9 86.5 87.5 1.2 120.3 117.7 117.5 119.1 1.4

Nondurable goods...................... 94.5 92.2 92.9 93.1 0.2 124.6 124.5 125.8 126.0 0.2

Private service-providing.................... 113.5 110.2 109.8 111.2 1.3 157.3 159.7 159.7 161.3 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 103.2 101.4 101.1 102.0 0.9 137.8 140.6 140.0 141.9 1.4

Wholesale trade......................... 100.3 97.1 96.2 97.4 1.2 133.8 133.9 133.1 134.9 1.4

Retail trade.............................. 96.2 94.6 94.5 94.9 0.4 129.3 133.6 132.8 134.5 1.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 127.1 127.1 127.0 129.3 1.8 162.1 166.0 166.1 169.2 1.9

Utilities.................................... 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 0.0 140.5 145.8 145.5 145.6 0.1

Information................................. 96.1 91.0 90.9 90.8 -0.1 147.9 143.7 144.4 141.8 -1.8

Financial activities......................... 109.0 108.8 108.4 108.6 0.2 156.9 166.3 166.9 168.0 0.7

Professional and business services..... 120.7 119.4 118.9 119.9 0.8 168.7 172.5 172.3 173.9 0.9

Education and health services........... 131.2 127.9 126.6 127.6 0.8 177.0 180.3 178.9 179.1 0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 110.9 96.6 97.5 102.2 4.8 151.2 134.3 136.9 145.7 6.4

Other services............................. 105.8 103.0 102.1 103.8 1.7 149.4 151.9 151.7 153.5 1.2

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Total nonfarm............................................. 75,429 71,031 71,353 71,668 50.0 49.8 49.8 49.7

Total private............................................ 62,285 58,623 58,980 59,233 48.6 48.4 48.5 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,715 4,579 4,589 4,622 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.7

Mining and logging............................... 89 81 81 85 13.2 13.6 13.7 13.9

Construction....................................... 983 988 992 1,000 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.4

Manufacturing..................................... 3,643 3,510 3,516 3,537 28.6 28.7 28.7 28.8

Durable goods.................................. 1,932 1,858 1,862 1,863 24.3 24.5 24.5 24.4

Nondurable goods............................. 1,711 1,652 1,654 1,674 36.0 35.7 35.6 35.9

Private service-providing........................... 57,570 54,044 54,391 54,611 53.7 53.5 53.6 53.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,075 10,625 10,652 10,668 39.9 39.3 39.3 39.2

Wholesale trade................................ 1,768.5 1,686.4 1,689.3 1,697.5 30.1 29.9 30.0 30.0

Retail trade..................................... 7,666.6 7,368.2 7,374.9 7,375.4 49.5 48.5 48.5 48.4

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,507.4 1,436.8 1,453.7 1,461.5 25.9 25.3 25.5 25.4

Utilities........................................... 132.7 133.6 133.6 133.6 24.3 24.8 24.8 24.8

Information......................................... 1,151 1,070 1,065 1,055 39.7 40.0 39.8 39.5

Financial activities................................ 5,008 4,964 4,968 4,960 56.6 56.5 56.6 56.4

Professional and business services............ 9,782 9,508 9,566 9,584 45.9 46.1 46.2 46.1

Education and health services.................. 18,838 17,965 18,014 18,066 77.4 77.3 77.3 77.2

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,591 7,006 7,195 7,334 53.3 53.4 53.3 53.2

Other services..................................... 3,125 2,906 2,931 2,944 53.5 53.0 53.3 53.1

Government............................................. 13,144 12,408 12,373 12,435 57.7 57.5 57.6 57.5

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Total private............................................................................... 105,083 98,672 99,151 99,784

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,936 14,332 14,283 14,471

Mining and logging.................................................................. 478 427 422 438

Construction.......................................................................... 5,598 5,447 5,391 5,524

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,860 8,458 8,470 8,509

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,458 5,137 5,142 5,176

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,402 3,321 3,328 3,333

Private service-providing.............................................................. 90,147 84,340 84,868 85,313

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,441 22,854 22,905 22,978

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,701.7 4,475.4 4,479.6 4,506.2

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,215.3 12,975.3 12,999.3 13,000.7

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,086.8 4,975.1 4,997.9 5,042.6

Utilities.............................................................................. 436.7 428.1 428.2 428.9

Information............................................................................ 2,327 2,118 2,120 2,122

Financial activities................................................................... 6,843 6,664 6,649 6,647

Professional and business services............................................... 17,260 16,646 16,725 16,744

Education and health services..................................................... 21,350 20,354 20,389 20,467

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,125 11,250 11,616 11,866

Other services........................................................................ 4,801 4,454 4,464 4,489

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.4 34.4 34.0 34.3

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.7 41.2 40.4 41.2

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.4 46.3 45.3 46.7

Construction....................................................................... 39.5 40.2 38.6 40.1

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.3 41.6 41.4 41.6

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.4 41.9 41.5 41.9

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.1 33.3 32.9 33.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.0 34.5 34.3 34.5

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.4 38.9 38.5 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.6 31.0 30.9 31.1

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.9 38.9 38.6 38.8

Utilities........................................................................... 42.6 42.6 42.7 42.7

Information......................................................................... 35.3 36.5 36.4 36.4

Financial activities................................................................ 36.7 37.5 37.4 37.4

Professional and business services............................................ 35.5 36.3 35.9 36.3

Education and health services.................................................. 32.2 32.9 32.6 32.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 22.8 24.6 24.0 24.7

Other services..................................................................... 30.4 31.6 31.0 31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.3

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.3

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.3

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Total private............................................... $24.15 $25.14 $25.19 $25.21 $806.61 $864.82 $856.46 $864.70

Goods-producing....................................... 25.22 25.85 25.81 25.94 1,026.45 1,065.02 1,042.72 1,068.73

Mining and logging.................................. 30.70 30.49 30.62 30.56 1,393.78 1,411.69 1,387.09 1,427.15

Construction.......................................... 29.06 29.69 29.69 29.77 1,147.87 1,193.54 1,146.03 1,193.78

Manufacturing........................................ 22.58 23.20 23.25 23.28 932.55 965.12 962.55 968.45

Durable goods.................................... 23.56 24.23 24.27 24.28 975.38 1,015.24 1,007.21 1,017.33

Nondurable goods................................ 20.99 21.57 21.66 21.70 860.59 886.53 892.39 894.04

Private service-providing.............................. 23.92 24.99 25.07 25.06 767.83 832.17 824.80 831.99

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 20.99 21.71 21.71 21.78 713.66 749.00 744.65 751.41

Wholesale trade.................................. 26.44 27.25 27.27 27.33 1,015.30 1,060.03 1,049.90 1,060.40

Retail trade........................................ 17.07 17.90 17.91 17.98 522.34 554.90 553.42 559.18

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.49 23.02 22.98 23.01 852.37 895.48 887.03 892.79

Utilities............................................. 37.80 39.14 39.54 39.40 1,610.28 1,667.36 1,688.36 1,682.38

Information........................................... 34.95 36.60 36.78 36.86 1,233.74 1,335.90 1,338.79 1,341.70

Financial activities................................... 28.35 29.88 29.85 29.79 1,040.45 1,120.50 1,116.39 1,114.15

Professional and business services.............. 28.58 29.70 29.83 29.84 1,014.59 1,078.11 1,070.90 1,083.19

Education and health services..................... 24.97 26.08 26.19 26.18 804.03 858.03 853.79 856.09

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.63 14.81 15.07 15.30 333.56 364.33 361.68 377.91

Other services....................................... 22.12 22.93 23.02 23.10 672.45 724.59 713.62 725.34

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2021 -

Mar.

2021p

Mar.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021p

Mar.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2021 -

Mar.

2021p

Total private..................................... 117.0 113.1 112.3 114.1 1.6 188.8 190.1 189.1 192.2 1.6

Goods-producing............................. 92.9 90.2 88.2 91.1 3.3 143.5 142.8 139.4 144.7 3.8

Mining and logging........................ 115.3 105.1 101.6 108.7 7.0 205.9 186.3 180.9 193.2 6.8

Construction................................ 110.7 109.6 104.2 110.9 6.4 173.7 175.8 167.0 178.3 6.8

Manufacturing.............................. 84.0 80.8 80.5 81.3 1.0 124.0 122.5 122.4 123.7 1.1

Durable goods........................... 84.9 80.9 80.2 81.5 1.6 124.9 122.3 121.5 123.5 1.6

Nondurable goods...................... 82.2 80.4 80.8 80.9 0.1 121.9 122.6 123.6 124.1 0.4

Private service-providing.................... 123.3 119.7 119.0 120.7 1.4 202.3 205.1 204.6 207.4 1.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 111.5 110.3 109.9 110.9 0.9 167.2 171.1 170.5 172.5 1.2

Wholesale trade......................... 107.2 103.3 102.4 103.8 1.4 167.2 166.2 164.7 167.4 1.6

Retail trade.............................. 102.3 101.8 101.6 102.3 0.7 149.7 156.1 156.0 157.6 1.0

Transportation and warehousing...... 145.9 146.5 146.0 148.1 1.4 208.9 214.6 213.6 216.9 1.5

Utilities.................................... 95.1 93.3 93.5 93.7 0.2 150.1 152.4 154.3 154.0 -0.2

Information................................. 93.8 88.2 88.1 88.2 0.1 162.2 159.9 160.4 160.9 0.3

Financial activities......................... 118.2 117.6 117.0 117.0 0.0 206.2 216.2 214.9 214.4 -0.2

Professional and business services..... 137.0 135.1 134.2 135.9 1.3 232.8 238.6 238.1 241.2 1.3

Education and health services........... 146.6 142.8 141.7 142.7 0.7 241.6 245.8 245.0 246.6 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 118.0 101.4 102.1 107.4 5.2 196.0 170.5 174.8 186.5 6.7

Other services............................. 102.4 98.7 97.1 98.9 1.9 165.0 164.9 162.8 166.4 2.2

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.