For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, June 28, 2018 USDL-18-1059

Technical Information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES - 2016 

Multifactor productivity – defined as output per unit of combined inputs – rose in 37 of the 86 4-digit 

NAICS manufacturing industries in 2016, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was 

up from 2015, when multifactor productivity increased in 21 manufacturing industries. In 2016, 

multifactor productivity rose in one of the two transportation industries measured (air transportation), 

the same as in 2015. 

Chart 1 shows the percent change in multifactor productivity, output, and combined inputs in 2016 for 

the largest 4-digit manufacturing industries (those with employment over 300,000). 

Chart 1. Multifactor productivity, output, and combined inputs in the largest manufacturing 

industries, 2016 

Of the 12 largest industries, multifactor productivity increased the most in printing and related support 

activities (3.6 percent), as output increased while combined inputs declined. Output growth occurred in 

7 out of the 12 industries. In 5 of these, combined inputs fell or grew at a slower rate than output, 

leading to multifactor productivity growth. However, output fell more than combined inputs in 4 of the 

12 industries, leading to declines in multifactor productivity. In the case of 2 industries (animal 

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Aerospace products and parts

Machine shops and threaded products

Semiconductors and electronic components

Animal slaughtering and processing

Electronic instruments

Motor vehicle parts

Architectural and structural metals

Bakeries and tortilla products

Medical equipment and supplies

Other miscellaneous manufacturing

Plastics products

Printing and related support activities

Percent Change

Multifactor Productivity Output Combined Inputs
slaughtering and processing, and motor vehicle parts), increases in output coincided with larger 

increases in combined inputs, causing slight declines in multifactor productivity.

Among all 86 manufacturing industries (see table 1), 4 industries posted multifactor productivity gains 

greater than 4.0 percent: 

• Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (9.4 percent)

• Leather and hide tanning and finishing (7.8 percent)

• Alumina and aluminum production (7.3 percent)

• Clay products and refractories (4.9 percent)

Multifactor productivity declined by 6.0 percent or more in 5 manufacturing industries in 2016. The 

largest productivity decline occurred in agriculture, construction, and mining machinery (-8.6 percent). 

Multifactor productivity moved in opposite directions in the two measured transportation industries: 

• Air transportation (0.6 percent)

• Line-haul railroads (-0.9 percent)

Components of Multifactor Productivity Growth: Output and Combined Inputs

In 2016, output increased in 32 manufacturing industries, compared to 46 industries in 2015. (See chart 

2.) Output increased by 5.0 percent or more in the following 2 industries in 2016: 

• Other food products (6.6 percent)

• Electric lighting equipment (5.6 percent)

Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate purchases rose in 28 manufacturing industries in 

2016, compared to 64 industries in 2015. Just under half of the manufacturing industries saw growth in 

hours worked (40 industries), while fewer industries had growth in capital services (35 industries) and 

intermediate purchases (30 industries). 

Multifactor Productivity: Definition and Concepts

Multifactor productivity indexes relate the change in real output to the change in the 

combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases (energy, materials, and 

purchased services) used in producing that output. Multifactor productivity is also 

known as total factor productivity.

A variety of factors that influence economic growth are not specifically accounted 

for among measured inputs, including: technological change, returns to scale, 

enhancements in managerial and staff skills, changes in the organization of 

production, and other efficiency improvements. Multifactor productivity reflects 

these factors. See the technical note for more information.

2
The following industries had the largest increases in combined inputs in 2016: 

• Agricultural chemicals (6.6 percent)

• Footwear (5.6 percent)

• Animal slaughtering and processing (5.0 percent)

• Petroleum and coal products (4.2 percent)

Chart 2. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in multifactor productivity, output, 

and combined inputs, 2014-2016 

In 4 manufacturing industries, multifactor productivity rose more than 3.0 percent despite falling 

output, as combined inputs fell more rapidly. This occurred in: 

• Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (9.4 percent)

• Leather and hide tanning and finishing (7.8 percent)

• Clay products and refractories (4.9 percent)

• Other nonferrous metal production (3.5 percent)

In the air transportation industry, output increased 3.5 percent and combined inputs increased 2.8 

percent in 2016. In line-haul railroads, output fell 4.1 percent and combined inputs decreased 3.2 

percent.

Trends in Multifactor Productivity for Selected Time Periods

Year-to-year movements and long-term trends in industry multifactor productivity may reflect cyclical 

changes in the economy. However, long-term average annual percent changes in multifactor 

productivity are more reliable indicators of historical trends in industry performance. 

More industries saw multifactor productivity growth over the long term than the short term. Over the 

long term period from 1987 to 2016, multifactor productivity grew in 53 manufacturing industries, 

compared to only 37 from 2015 to 2016. (See tables 1 and 2.) Over the long term, average annual rates 

of change in multifactor productivity ranged between -2.0 percent and 2.0 percent for nearly all 

manufacturing industries. (See chart 3.) 

40

57 58

21

46

64

37

32 28

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Increasing Multifactor

Productivity

Increasing Output Increasing Combined Inputs

2014 2015 2016

Number of Industries

3
Chart 3. Distribution of multifactor productivity growth for all manufacturing industries, 

1987-2016 and 2015-2016 

In contrast, multifactor productivity declined by 2.0 percent or more in 26 industries in 2016. Only one 

industry (pharmaceuticals and medicines) saw an average annual decline of that magnitude from 1987 to 

2016. 

Between 1987 and 2016, the number of manufacturing industries with growth in multifactor productivity 

was highest in 2003 and 2010. These were years of economic growth following recessions. In contrast, 

relatively few manufacturing industries saw multifactor productivity growth in the recession years of 

2001 and 2009. (See chart 4.) 

Chart 4. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in multifactor productivity, 

1988-2016 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Note: Shaded areas denote years that include recessions 

Number of Industries

4
Table 3 displays the average annual percent changes in multifactor productivity by industry for sub 

periods between 1987 and 2016. The sub period from 2000 to 2007 saw the greatest number of 

manufacturing industries with multifactor productivity growth. 

From 1987 to 2016, multifactor productivity rose in both air transportation and line-haul railroads by an 

average annual rate of 1.3 percent and 1.5 percent, respectively. While both industries posted gains in 

output, productivity grew more in line-haul railroads because its combined inputs showed little change 

over the long term. (See chart 5.)

Chart 5. Multifactor productivity, output, and combined inputs for transportation industries, 

1987-2016 

Multifactor Productivity as a Source of Labor Productivity Growth

Multifactor productivity measures differ from the BLS labor productivity measures because they 

compare output to the combined inputs of hours worked, capital, and intermediate purchases. Labor 

productivity relates output only to hours worked. Mathematically, an industry’s labor productivity is 

equal to multifactor productivity plus the effects of factor substitution; that is, the combined effects of 

5
changes in weighted capital services relative to hours worked and weighted intermediate purchases 

relative to hours worked. These factor substitutions are referred to as contribution of capital intensity 

and contribution of intermediate purchases intensity. 

Eighty-one out of the 86 manufacturing industries posted gains in labor productivity from 1987 to 2016. 

Among these 81 industries, substitution of intermediate purchases for labor was the leading source of 

labor productivity growth. (See table 4.) Growth in the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity 

occurs when firms purchase a greater share of materials instead of using their own labor. Contribution of 

intermediate purchases intensity may also rise when firms substitute contracted labor for payroll labor. 

Chart 6 illustrates sources of labor productivity growth for three sub periods occurring between 1987 

and 2016. Between 2000 and 2007, multifactor productivity growth was the predominant source of labor 

productivity growth in many of the manufacturing industries. In contrast, labor productivity growth was 

driven mostly by contribution of intermediate purchases intensity in the other two sub periods. 

Chart 6. Greatest sources of growth for manufacturing industries with increasing labor 

productivity

Chart 7 displays the industries with the greatest labor productivity growth from 1987 to 2016. Strong 

growth in multifactor productivity was the dominant source of labor productivity growth in the 

industries that manufacture computers and electronic products (computer and peripheral equipment, 

semiconductors and electronic components, and communications equipment). Labor productivity growth 

in the measured transportation industries (air transportation and line-haul railroads) was also primarily 

driven by multifactor productivity growth. The remaining manufacturing industries with high average 

annual growth in labor productivity mostly saw greater growth in factor substitution of intermediate 

purchases for labor. 

2

5 4

63

38

30

12

35

11

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1987-2000 2000-2007 2007-2016

Number of 

Industries

Contribution of Capital Intensity

Contribution of Intermediate Purchases Intensity

Multifactor Productivity

Greatest source of labor 

productivity growth 

6
Chart 7. Sources of labor productivity growth for industries with greatest growth in labor 

productivity, 1987-2016 

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Fabric mills

Motor vehicle parts

Air transportation

Household appliances

Electronic instruments

Motor vehicles

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills

Line-haul railroads

Railroad rolling stock

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys

Other transportation equipment

Communications equipment

Semiconductors and electronic...

Computer and peripheral equipment

Average Annual Percent Change

Contribution of Capital Intensity Contribution of Intermediate Purchases Intensity Multifactor Productivity

Note: The sum of long term rates of change for multifactor productivity, contribution of capital intensity, and 

contribution of intermediate purchases intensity may differ slightly from the long term rate of change in labor 

productivity. This is due to the rates being calculated as compound average annual rates as opposed to 

logarithmic rates.

7
Want to know more? 

More data are available on the productivity dashboard, 

www.bls.gov/mfp/mfp_by_industry_dashboard.xlsx. 

• Detailed data series: indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures

• Additional years, annual rates of change, and long-term data

More information from the BLS productivity program is available at www.bls.gov/mfp. 

• More detailed capital and intermediate purchases data available upon request

Questions? 

Additional information can be obtained by calling the BLS productivity program at (202) 691-5606 

or by sending an email to productivity@bls.gov. Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay 

Service: (800) 877-8339. 

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8
Technical Note

Multifactor Productivity: Multifactor productivity measures are derived by dividing an index of real 

industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases. The 

multifactor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions of capital, labor, and 

intermediate inputs. Rather, they reflect the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors 

that are not specifically accounted for on the input side, including technological change, returns to scale, 

improved skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements. 

Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real 

terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is 

derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry 

transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal 

value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air 

transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight 

ton-miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses. 

Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic 

censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air 

transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of 

Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S. 

Department of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American 

Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, and several other sources. 

Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of 

capital, labor, and intermediate purchases (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased 

services). The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares as 

weights. The labor weight is based on labor compensation, including fringe benefits. The weight for 

intermediate purchases is based on the total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services.

The capital weight is based on total capital cost, which is calculated as the value of sectoral production 

minus the costs of labor compensation and intermediate purchases.

Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets. 

Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be 

proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of 

separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land. 

For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 24 categories of equipment, 10 categories 

of structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry 

are estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by 

asset type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the 

economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census. Additional annual investment data 

comes from the fixed asset accounts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Annual investment 

data is supplemented with the 1997 benchmark capital flow table from the BEA as well as the 2008 and 

2012 Annual Capital Expenditures Survey from the Bureau of the Census. Price changes are removed 

from the annual investment data before calculating stocks. Price deflators for each asset category are 

constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS Producer Price Indexes) with weights that 

reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities. 

9
The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental 

prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate 

of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the 

specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. 

For air transportation, a weighted index of 44 types of airframes and 34 types of engines is derived from 

quantities and purchase prices from BTS. For assets other than airframes and engines, capital stocks are 

calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. For these assets, a more detailed breakdown of annual 

expenditures on equipment and structures from the BEA is used. Inventories of parts and supplies are 

also included; the current dollar series is deflated with a weighted cost index based on data from Airlines 

for America (A4A) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies 

inventories are aggregated using cost share weights to derive an overall measure of capital input. 

For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of 

structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA 

data. The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. 

Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and 

AMTRAK were deflated with price indexes from BEA. 

Labor Input: For manufacturing industries, labor hours reflect annual hours worked by all employed 

persons in an industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number 

of total and nonsupervisory worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are 

supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry employment. 

Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on average weekly 

hours paid of nonsupervisory workers, CPS data on hours of supervisory, self-employed, and unpaid 

family workers, and ratios of hours-worked to hours-paid based on data from the BLS National 

Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or 

further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 

the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of 

workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made. 

For air transportation, annual labor input estimates are based on monthly employment data from DOT 

supplemented by employment and hours from the CES program and hours from the CPS. For line-haul 

railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from DOT data and supplemented with data from 

AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an adjustment to remove capitalized 

labor hours in order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized labor costs are embedded in the 

railroad investment data.

Intermediate Purchases Input: The index of intermediate purchases is a Törnqvist index of separate 

quantities of materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for 

electricity consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are 

derived by deflating current dollar values with appropriate price deflators. 

For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of 

electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to 

exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using 

annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA. 

10
Constant dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current dollar industry purchases by 

a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each industry 

by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed commodities. The 

deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark inputoutput tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar 

manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by BEA. The value of fuels 

consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on PPIs for individual fuel 

categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy Information 

Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy. 

For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS are

deflated using cost indexes from A4A. For line-haul railroads, intermediate purchases data from STB are 

supplemented with data from other sources including AAR, AMTRAK, EIA, and the Edison Electric 

Institute. The nominal values are deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit price 

deflators calculated from BEA investment data.

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 

of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill. 

Contributions to Labor Productivity: 

Contribution of Capital Intensity: Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours 

worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in capital intensity times capital’s 

share of combined inputs yields the contribution of capital intensity. 

Contribution of Intermediate Purchases Intensity: Intermediate purchases intensity is the 

ratio of intermediate purchases to hours worked in the production process. Multiplying the 

change in intermediate purchases intensity times intermediate purchases’ share of combined 

inputs yields the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity. 

When positive, both the contribution of capital intensity and the contribution of intermediate 

purchases intensity represent sources of labor productivity growth. These statistics represent 

factor substitution in the production process. In other words, positive change in the contribution 

of capital intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 

substitution of capital for labor. Likewise, positive change in the contribution of intermediate 

purchases intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 

substitution of intermediate purchases for labor. 

Over a given time period, the average logarithmic growth rate of labor productivity will equal the 

sum of the average logarithmic growth rates of the contribution of capital intensity, the 

contribution of intermediate purchases intensity, and multifactor productivity. However, because 

both output and input data are expressed annually, average annual (as opposed to logarithmic) 

11
rates of change are calculated. Therefore, the sum of growth rates of multifactor productivity, the 

contribution of capital intensity, and the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity may not 

precisely equal the rate of change of labor productivity.

12
Table 1. Recent multifactor productivity and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2015-2016

Multifactor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediatepurchases

Manufacturing

Animal food.............................................. 3111 58.9 -0.8 0.6 1.4 -2.2 3.5 1.0

Grain and oilseed milling............................... 3112 60.5 1.0 -0.5 -1.5 3.3 -1.8 -1.8

Sugar and confectionery products.................... 3113 77.0 0.5 4.2 3.7 -4.1 1.2 7.1

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty. . . . . .. 3114 173.5 -1.4 -1.4 0.0 6.1 -0.3 -1.3

Dairy products........................................... 3115 141.6 2.7 2.1 -0.6 -0.7 1.9 -1.4

Animal slaughtering and processing.................. 3116 501.2 -0.9 4.0 5.0 4.0 2.5 5.7

Seafood product preparation and packaging........ 3117 39.9 0.0 -1.0 -1.1 15.9 -3.2 -3.6

Bakeries and tortilla products......................... 3118 328.3 0.5 1.0 0.5 -1.5 0.3 1.3

Other food products.................................... 3119 210.5 2.6 6.6 3.9 14.0 2.5 2.9

Beverages................................................ 3121 237.2 -2.5 -3.0 -0.5 8.4 1.6 -3.4

Tobacco.................................................. 3122 13.7 -4.3 -1.7 2.7 -0.1 2.4 4.8

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills........................... 3131 29.9 -3.8 -6.2 -2.5 -4.7 -4.0 -2.0

Fabric mills............................................... 3132 56.6 -2.4 -2.4 0.0 -8.1 -4.3 2.4

Textile and fabric finishing mills....................... 3133 33.4 2.4 -3.2 -5.5 -8.6 -4.0 -4.7

Textile furnishings mills................................ 3141 58.9 -0.4 -1.6 -1.2 2.0 -1.7 -1.9

Other textile product mills.............................. 3149 75.4 -2.2 0.3 2.5 5.2 -1.8 2.3

Apparel knitting mills.................................... 3151 12.6 2.5 -18.4 -20.4 -19.0 -5.6 -22.4

Cut and sew apparel................................... 3152 122.4 2.9 -4.3 -6.9 -11.2 -4.7 -4.8

Accessories and other apparel........................ 3159 13.5 -2.0 -4.3 -2.3 2.5 -4.3 -4.9

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.............. 3161 5.2 7.8 -3.6 -10.5 -5.8 -3.0 -11.2

Footwear................................................. 3162 13.7 -3.0 2.4 5.6 -2.5 -3.5 10.1

Other leather products................................. 3169 13.9 2.0 0.2 -1.8 -3.3 -4.1 -0.9

Sawmills and wood preservation...................... 3211 94.3 1.7 4.8 3.1 0.8 1.3 3.9

Plywood and engineered wood products............ 3212 78.2 2.7 3.9 1.2 2.5 1.2 0.8

Other wood products................................... 3219 242.5 1.5 3.3 1.8 4.7 0.3 0.9

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.................... 3221 100.8 0.2 -2.0 -2.2 -5.0 -1.5 -1.9

Converted paper products............................. 3222 270.9 -0.7 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.9

Printing and related support activities................ 3231 467.2 3.6 1.9 -1.6 -2.1 -3.7 -0.9

Petroleum and coal products.......................... 3241 113.7 -2.6 1.4 4.2 0.3 0.9 4.8

Basic chemicals......................................... 3251 149.8 3.7 3.3 -0.4 -0.6 1.9 -1.6

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers..................... 3252 92.3 2.3 0.6 -1.7 -5.9 2.1 -2.1

Agricultural chemicals.................................. 3253 36.0 -3.5 2.8 6.6 -5.6 11.7 5.3

Pharmaceuticals and medicines...................... 3254 286.2 -4.8 -3.4 1.4 0.5 1.6 1.5

Paints, coatings, and adhesives...................... 3255 63.5 0.9 2.0 1.0 -0.9 -0.1 1.9

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries.......... 3256 111.3 0.3 1.2 0.9 -3.4 1.0 1.7

Other chemical products and preparations.......... 3259 84.3 -3.2 -3.7 -0.6 -1.2 1.2 -1.0

Plastics products........................................ 3261 571.5 3.0 2.7 -0.3 1.3 1.2 -1.4

Rubber products........................................ 3262 134.6 -1.0 -3.9 -2.9 -0.3 -0.3 -4.8

Clay products and refractories........................ 3271 46.3 4.9 -0.5 -5.1 -8.4 -1.7 -4.6

Glass and glass products.............................. 3272 91.4 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 -3.0 0.0 0.9

Cement and concrete products....................... 3273 194.7 1.2 4.1 2.9 7.4 0.3 2.2

Lime and gypsum products............................ 3274 14.5 -1.0 1.8 2.9 -2.0 2.1 4.7

Other nonmetallic mineral products................... 3279 78.1 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.1

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................... 3311 83.0 9.4 -1.7 -10.1 -6.6 -3.9 -12.1

Steel products from purchased steel................. 3312 55.7 2.5 -9.1 -11.3 -10.1 -1.8 -12.8

Alumina and aluminum production.................... 3313 58.4 7.3 2.1 -4.8 -0.9 -0.5 -6.4

Other nonferrous metal production................... 3314 60.6 3.5 -2.4 -5.7 -1.9 -2.7 -7.4

Foundries................................................ 3315 118.0 -1.6 -7.5 -6.0 -4.9 -2.0 -8.1

Forging and stamping.................................. 3321 98.5 -3.3 -5.6 -2.4 -1.9 0.2 -3.4

Cutlery and handtools.................................. 3322 39.5 -6.1 -5.7 0.4 1.3 -1.6 0.9

Architectural and structural metals.................... 3323 376.0 0.4 1.3 1.0 0.2 -0.2 1.5

13
Table 1. Recent multifactor productivity and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2015-2016

Multifactor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediatepurchases

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.............. 3324 93.2 -3.9 -9.4 -5.7 -10.4 -0.6 -5.3

Hardware................................................. 3325 25.4 0.7 1.5 0.8 3.2 -2.0 0.6

Spring and wire products.............................. 3326 43.2 0.4 0.0 -0.4 -0.3 -0.1 -0.5

Machine shops and threaded products.............. 3327 368.7 -3.2 -5.6 -2.4 -4.7 0.4 -1.6

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals. . . . . .. 3328 138.2 -3.3 -4.6 -1.3 0.3 -0.9 -2.3

Other fabricated metal products...................... 3329 270.6 -1.0 -2.9 -2.0 -3.8 -0.4 -1.7

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.... 3331 207.7 -8.6 -19.4 -11.8 -14.4 -4.3 -12.7

Industrial machinery.................................... 3332 114.2 -4.1 -2.6 1.6 2.1 0.7 1.4

Commercial and service industry machinery........ 3333 90.8 -0.4 -1.1 -0.8 2.5 -0.3 -2.4

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment..... 3334 129.9 -2.3 -3.3 -1.1 3.5 -1.8 -2.3

Metalworking machinery............................... 3335 183.6 -1.1 -4.6 -3.6 -2.9 -0.3 -5.2

Turbine and power transmission equipment......... 3336 99.1 -4.4 -11.4 -7.3 -3.4 -3.1 -9.7

Other general purpose machinery.................... 3339 262.5 -1.7 -3.5 -1.8 -1.5 -0.3 -2.4

Computer and peripheral equipment................. 3341 162.8 -2.6 -4.0 -1.5 1.3 -4.5 -1.1

Communications equipment........................... 3342 88.4 -1.6 -4.0 -2.4 -0.8 -4.8 -2.9

Audio and video equipment............................ 3343 21.1 -6.3 -4.5 1.9 10.8 -4.8 0.9

Semiconductors and electronic components........ 3344 371.4 -2.6 -2.9 -0.3 -0.5 -0.1 -0.2

Electronic instruments.................................. 3345 398.5 -0.5 -0.7 -0.2 -0.4 -0.1 0.0

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing. .. 3346 16.6 -8.0 -8.5 -0.6 5.9 -7.0 -3.6

Electric lighting equipment............................. 3351 48.9 2.7 5.6 2.9 8.8 -0.5 1.8

Household appliances.................................. 3352 63.2 3.8 3.8 0.0 6.9 -0.9 -1.3

Electrical equipment.................................... 3353 140.8 -0.6 -4.0 -3.4 -5.0 -2.7 -3.0

Other electrical equipment and components........ 3359 133.6 0.2 -1.1 -1.3 2.8 0.0 -3.3

Motor vehicles........................................... 3361 212.1 -0.7 0.9 1.7 9.5 1.2 1.1

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers..................... 3362 152.4 -1.3 -1.3 0.0 0.6 3.7 -0.2

Motor vehicle parts..................................... 3363 584.7 -0.2 1.6 1.8 3.6 1.7 1.5

Aerospace products and parts........................ 3364 491.5 -6.7 -7.7 -1.1 0.5 1.1 -3.1

Railroad rolling stock................................... 3365 26.4 -3.7 -28.0 -25.3 -7.4 -2.0 -28.8

Ship and boat building................................. 3366 136.3 2.5 -2.8 -5.1 -5.2 1.1 -7.0

Other transportation equipment....................... 3369 34.9 -0.2 -1.4 -1.2 4.3 4.0 -3.5

Household and institutional furniture................. 3371 261.7 3.1 1.8 -1.3 1.6 -1.3 -2.6

Office furniture and fixtures............................ 3372 110.0 2.4 -0.1 -2.4 -0.2 1.1 -5.1

Other furniture related products....................... 3379 37.8 -0.7 -3.2 -2.5 1.5 0.4 -4.7

Medical equipment and supplies...................... 3391 317.6 1.4 0.7 -0.7 3.4 0.8 -4.0

Other miscellaneous manufacturing.................. 3399 330.2 2.0 -0.2 -2.2 0.7 -1.3 -3.9

Transportation

Air transportation........................................ 481 448.1 0.6 3.5 2.8 3.1 2.0 2.9

Line-haul railroads...................................... 482111 173.1 -0.9 -4.1 -3.2 -8.9 3.5 -6.3

14
Table 2. Long run multifactor productivity and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Multifactor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediatepurchases

Manufacturing

Animal food................................................................. 3111 -0.2 1.9 2.1 -0.1 1.8 2.5

Grain and oilseed milling.................................................. 3112 0.1 1.1 1.0 -0.7 0.3 1.4

Sugar and confectionery products....................................... 3113 0.1 0.5 0.5 -0.8 0.8 0.5

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty.......................... 3114 0.2 1.0 0.8 -0.2 0.9 0.9

Dairy products.............................................................. 3115 0.0 1.2 1.2 -0.3 1.5 1.3

Animal slaughtering and processing..................................... 3116 0.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.9 1.0

Seafood product preparation and packaging........................... 3117 0.4 0.6 0.2 -0.6 0.9 0.3

Bakeries and tortilla products............................................ 3118 -0.8 0.4 1.2 0.1 0.9 1.9

Other food products....................................................... 3119 0.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.3 2.4

Beverages.................................................................. 3121 0.3 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.6 1.4

Tobacco..................................................................... 3122 -0.8 -2.9 -2.1 -4.6 -2.1 -1.9

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.............................................. 3131 0.7 -1.5 -2.1 -4.6 -2.3 -1.4

Fabric mills.................................................................. 3132 0.3 -2.8 -3.1 -5.5 -2.4 -2.4

Textile and fabric finishing mills.......................................... 3133 -0.1 -2.9 -2.9 -4.7 -2.3 -2.5

Textile furnishings mills................................................... 3141 -0.5 -2.2 -1.7 -2.7 -1.0 -1.8

Other textile product mills................................................. 3149 0.1 -0.4 -0.5 -1.7 0.4 -0.1

Apparel knitting mills....................................................... 3151 -0.5 -8.0 -7.5 -7.2 -2.7 -8.2

Cut and sew apparel...................................................... 3152 -1.6 -6.5 -5.0 -6.2 -2.7 -5.8

Accessories and other apparel........................................... 3159 -1.9 -6.4 -4.6 -3.7 -2.3 -5.4

Leather and hide tanning and finishing................................. 3161 -0.2 -2.9 -2.7 -3.8 -2.4 -2.7

Footwear.................................................................... 3162 -0.6 -5.0 -4.4 -6.0 -3.3 -3.9

Other leather products.................................................... 3169 -1.0 -3.7 -2.8 -3.9 -2.1 -3.0

Sawmills and wood preservation......................................... 3211 0.9 0.3 -0.6 -1.8 -1.1 0.0

Plywood and engineered wood products............................... 3212 -0.1 0.0 0.1 -0.8 0.2 0.5

Other wood products...................................................... 3219 -0.5 -0.3 0.2 -1.1 0.7 0.8

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills....................................... 3221 0.6 -0.5 -1.0 -3.1 -1.1 -0.4

Converted paper products................................................ 3222 -0.2 0.2 0.3 -1.3 0.6 0.7

Printing and related support activities................................... 3231 0.0 -0.6 -0.6 -1.8 0.3 -0.1

Petroleum and coal products............................................. 3241 -0.1 1.2 1.3 -1.1 1.1 1.5

Basic chemicals............................................................ 3251 -0.1 0.8 0.8 -1.5 0.5 1.5

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................ 3252 0.1 0.4 0.3 -1.7 0.2 0.7

Agricultural chemicals..................................................... 3253 0.3 0.7 0.4 -1.5 0.4 0.6

Pharmaceuticals and medicines......................................... 3254 -2.3 1.5 3.8 1.6 3.6 4.8

Paints, coatings, and adhesives......................................... 3255 -0.5 -0.1 0.4 -0.9 0.0 0.9

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries............................. 3256 0.2 1.2 1.0 -0.3 1.4 0.9

Other chemical products and preparations............................. 3259 -0.1 0.0 0.1 -1.9 -0.1 0.9

Plastics products........................................................... 3261 0.4 1.6 1.2 0.0 2.0 1.5

Rubber products........................................................... 3262 0.5 0.2 -0.3 -1.4 0.0 0.3

Clay products and refractories........................................... 3271 0.3 -1.5 -1.9 -2.5 -1.4 -1.5

Glass and glass products................................................. 3272 1.1 0.5 -0.6 -1.7 -0.4 0.0

Cement and concrete products.......................................... 3273 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.6

Lime and gypsum products............................................... 3274 -0.5 -0.4 0.1 -1.9 0.5 0.5

Other nonmetallic mineral products..................................... 3279 0.7 0.8 0.1 -0.3 -0.2 0.5

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys...................................... 3311 1.6 1.0 -0.6 -2.6 -2.0 0.5

Steel products from purchased steel.................................... 3312 0.1 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -1.6 -0.3

Alumina and aluminum production....................................... 3313 0.9 0.4 -0.5 -2.0 -0.9 0.0

Other nonferrous metal production...................................... 3314 0.6 0.2 -0.4 -1.8 -0.4 -0.1

Foundries................................................................... 3315 0.4 -0.4 -0.7 -2.0 -0.7 0.3

Forging and stamping..................................................... 3321 0.5 1.0 0.5 -0.9 1.2 1.2

Cutlery and handtools..................................................... 3322 -0.2 -1.1 -0.9 -2.3 -0.7 0.0

Architectural and structural metals....................................... 3323 -0.3 0.9 1.2 0.3 0.7 1.8

15
Table 2. Long run multifactor productivity and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Multifactor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediatepurchases

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers................................. 3324 0.0 0.2 0.2 -0.3 -0.3 0.6

Hardware.................................................................... 3325 -0.8 -2.3 -1.5 -2.9 -1.1 -1.0

Spring and wire products................................................. 3326 0.2 -0.1 -0.3 -2.0 0.2 0.4

Machine shops and threaded products................................. 3327 0.6 2.1 1.5 0.6 1.9 2.2

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.......................... 3328 0.8 1.9 1.1 0.0 1.2 1.7

Other fabricated metal products......................................... 3329 -0.5 -0.1 0.4 -0.6 0.4 1.0

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery....................... 3331 -0.2 1.2 1.4 -0.2 0.5 2.1

Industrial machinery....................................................... 3332 0.3 0.6 0.3 -0.7 1.0 0.8

Commercial and service industry machinery........................... 3333 0.2 -0.1 -0.3 -1.8 -0.4 0.4

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment........................ 3334 0.5 0.9 0.4 -0.7 0.7 0.8

Metalworking machinery.................................................. 3335 0.8 0.3 -0.4 -1.3 0.1 0.3

Turbine and power transmission equipment............................ 3336 0.0 1.0 1.0 -0.3 0.3 1.8

Other general purpose machinery....................................... 3339 0.1 1.2 1.1 -0.6 0.4 2.2

Computer and peripheral equipment.................................... 3341 12.1 11.4 -0.6 -3.2 0.6 -0.5

Communications equipment.............................................. 3342 2.6 1.9 -0.7 -3.3 1.7 -0.2

Audio and video equipment.............................................. 3343 2.1 -1.5 -3.6 -3.5 -1.0 -4.0

Semiconductors and electronic components........................... 3344 9.1 10.7 1.5 -1.5 5.7 0.1

Electronic instruments..................................................... 3345 0.9 1.3 0.4 -1.7 0.7 1.9

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing...................... 3346 1.7 -2.1 -3.7 -3.0 -0.7 -4.9

Electric lighting equipment................................................ 3351 0.5 -0.3 -0.7 -1.8 -0.1 -0.5

Household appliances..................................................... 3352 1.6 0.4 -1.2 -2.6 -0.7 -0.8

Electrical equipment....................................................... 3353 -0.1 -0.6 -0.5 -1.9 -1.0 0.7

Other electrical equipment and components........................... 3359 0.4 0.2 -0.2 -1.3 0.1 0.3

Motor vehicles.............................................................. 3361 0.1 2.1 2.0 -1.0 1.3 2.5

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers........................................ 3362 -0.4 1.7 2.2 0.5 1.3 2.6

Motor vehicle parts........................................................ 3363 1.0 2.8 1.8 -0.1 0.3 2.6

Aerospace products and parts........................................... 3364 -0.1 0.4 0.5 -1.7 0.5 2.0

Railroad rolling stock...................................................... 3365 0.3 4.2 3.8 0.5 0.2 5.3

Ship and boat building.................................................... 3366 0.3 0.7 0.4 -1.1 0.1 1.6

Other transportation equipment.......................................... 3369 1.1 3.4 2.2 -0.2 2.4 2.8

Household and institutional furniture.................................... 3371 0.1 -0.5 -0.6 -1.8 -0.1 -0.1

Office furniture and fixtures............................................... 3372 0.1 0.2 0.0 -1.2 0.6 0.6

Other furniture related products.......................................... 3379 0.7 1.3 0.6 -0.8 -0.2 1.4

Medical equipment and supplies......................................... 3391 0.6 3.3 2.7 1.2 3.7 3.1

Other miscellaneous manufacturing..................................... 3399 0.4 0.3 -0.1 -1.1 0.6 0.3

Transportation

Air transportation........................................................... 481 1.3 2.7 1.4 -0.3 3.2 1.9

Line-haul railroads......................................................... 482111 1.5 1.7 0.1 -1.8 0.5 1.6

16
 Manufacturing

Animal food.......................................................................... 3111 -0.2 0.9 0.5 -1.0 1.8 -2.2 -0.8

Grain and oilseed milling..................................................... 3112 0.1 -0.1 0.5 0.6 0.2 -0.5 1.0

Sugar and confectionery products....................................... 3113 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.8 0.2 -1.5 0.5

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty...................... 3114 0.2 -2.1 1.2 0.8 1.3 -0.8 -1.4

Dairy products..................................................................... 3115 0.0 -1.1 0.3 -0.5 1.1 -0.4 2.7

Animal slaughtering and processing.................................... 3116 0.5 -0.2 0.9 1.0 1.9 -0.9 -0.9

Seafood product preparation and packaging....................... 3117 0.4 -1.5 -0.2 0.9 2.7 -0.8 0.0

Bakeries and tortilla products.............................................. 3118 -0.8 -4.0 0.4 -0.6 0.7 -1.6 0.5

Other food products............................................................. 3119 0.2 0.2 1.0 -0.6 1.6 -0.9 2.6

Beverages........................................................................... 3121 0.3 1.0 1.4 -1.1 1.8 -0.7 -2.5

Tobacco............................................................................... 3122 -0.8 1.6 1.4 0.6 -1.0 -3.5 -4.3

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................ 3131 0.7 0.6 0.2 1.0 3.6 -1.3 -3.8

Fabric mills.......................................................................... 3132 0.3 0.2 1.4 0.8 2.9 -2.6 -2.4

Textile and fabric finishing mills........................................... 3133 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.9 0.3 -0.9 2.4

Textile furnishings mills....................................................... 3141 -0.5 -0.4 1.5 -1.2 0.5 -2.0 -0.4

Other textile product mills.................................................... 3149 0.1 -0.4 0.2 -0.7 1.7 -0.6 -2.2

Apparel knitting mills............................................................ 3151 -0.5 0.8 1.9 -2.0 -2.7 0.3 2.5

Cut and sew apparel............................................................ 3152 -1.6 -1.2 0.7 -0.7 -3.4 -2.1 2.9

Accessories and other apparel............................................ 3159 -1.9 0.8 0.5 -6.1 -3.5 -0.6 -2.0

Leather and hide tanning and finishing................................ 3161 -0.2 -4.3 0.5 3.6 -3.8 1.7 7.8

Footwear.............................................................................. 3162 -0.6 -1.8 -0.1 -1.0 -0.2 -0.5 -3.0

Other leather products......................................................... 3169 -1.0 0.6 -3.4 3.0 1.8 -4.5 2.0

Sawmills and wood preservation......................................... 3211 0.9 1.3 -1.1 0.0 1.7 1.6 1.7

Plywood and engineered wood products............................. 3212 -0.1 -1.0 -0.7 -0.2 0.6 0.1 2.7

Other wood products........................................................... 3219 -0.5 -0.8 -1.2 -0.8 0.4 -0.5 1.5

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills....................................... 3221 0.6 -1.7 -0.2 1.6 1.7 0.3 0.2

Converted paper products................................................... 3222 -0.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.4 0.5 -0.7 -0.7

Printing and related support activities.................................. 3231 0.0 -0.1 -0.6 -1.2 0.9 0.4 3.6

Petroleum and coal products............................................... 3241 -0.1 -1.5 1.6 2.9 -1.6 -1.1 -2.6

Basic chemicals................................................................... 3251 -0.1 -1.0 -2.9 -0.6 3.2 -0.4 3.7

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................ 3252 0.1 -1.7 0.6 0.3 1.9 -1.1 2.3

Agricultural chemicals.......................................................... 3253 0.3 1.7 0.8 -0.1 2.9 -2.1 -3.5

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.......................................... 3254 -2.3 -1.6 -2.7 -2.1 -0.3 -3.8 -4.8

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.......................................... 3255 -0.5 -2.0 -0.7 -1.0 0.8 -0.6 0.9

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries......................... 3256 0.2 -1.2 0.2 -1.5 4.2 -1.3 0.3

Other chemical products and preparations.......................... 3259 -0.1 -1.2 0.5 0.8 -0.3 -0.5 -3.2

Plastics products................................................................. 3261 0.4 -0.6 1.0 0.8 0.8 -0.1 3.0

Rubber products.................................................................. 3262 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.5 0.6 -0.4 -1.0

Clay products and refractories............................................. 3271 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.0 -0.5 0.0 4.9

Glass and glass products.................................................... 3272 1.1 -0.2 1.6 2.0 0.6 1.0 0.0

Cement and concrete products........................................... 3273 -0.2 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.0 -1.3 1.2

Lime and gypsum products................................................. 3274 -0.5 -2.0 -2.2 1.3 0.3 -0.7 -1.0

Other nonmetallic mineral products..................................... 3279 0.7 -0.7 2.1 -0.6 2.7 -0.3 -0.2

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys...................................... 3311 1.6 1.1 1.9 1.6 0.6 2.2 9.4

Steel products from purchased steel................................... 3312 0.1 1.3 2.3 -0.1 -0.5 -0.9 2.5

Alumina and aluminum production...................................... 3313 0.9 -0.6 -0.6 0.3 1.2 2.2 7.3

Other nonferrous metal production...................................... 3314 0.6 -2.6 1.8 2.7 -3.3 2.9 3.5

Foundries............................................................................. 3315 0.4 -0.2 1.6 0.0 1.2 -0.6 -1.6

2015-2016

Table 3. Multifactor productivity in selected periods

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change

1987-2016 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2016

17
Forging and stamping.......................................................... 3321 0.5 -0.7 0.5 0.1 3.8 -1.4 -3.3

Cutlery and handtools.......................................................... 3322 -0.2 -1.6 1.0 -0.4 0.5 -0.8 -6.1

Architectural and structural metals...................................... 3323 -0.3 -1.2 0.8 -0.7 1.4 -1.6 0.4

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers............................... 3324 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.8 0.8 -2.1 -3.9

Hardware............................................................................. 3325 -0.8 -2.3 0.7 -0.1 -0.6 -1.6 0.7

Spring and wire products..................................................... 3326 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.1 1.7 -1.6 0.4

Machine shops and threaded products............................... 3327 0.6 0.9 3.2 0.2 1.5 -1.4 -3.2

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals...................... 3328 0.8 0.9 2.1 -0.7 3.6 -1.2 -3.3

Other fabricated metal products.......................................... 3329 -0.5 -1.8 0.3 -1.1 1.8 -2.0 -1.0

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery................. 3331 -0.2 2.5 0.0 -1.0 2.0 -2.5 -8.6

Industrial machinery............................................................ 3332 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.1 1.4 -1.1 -4.1

Commercial and service industry machinery....................... 3333 0.2 0.8 -0.2 -1.2 -0.2 1.3 -0.4

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment.................. 3334 0.5 -0.2 0.7 0.3 1.7 -0.3 -2.3

Metalworking machinery...................................................... 3335 0.8 0.1 1.4 -1.0 2.8 0.1 -1.1

Turbine and power transmission equipment........................ 3336 0.0 -0.7 -0.1 0.5 -0.2 0.1 -4.4

Other general purpose machinery....................................... 3339 0.1 0.3 0.0 -0.1 1.9 -1.2 -1.7

Computer and peripheral equipment................................... 3341 12.1 7.1 14.9 24.0 19.1 1.2 -2.6

Communications equipment................................................ 3342 2.6 3.9 5.2 5.5 3.8 -1.7 -1.6

Audio and video equipment................................................. 3343 2.1 3.1 2.5 1.9 3.7 0.5 -6.3

Semiconductors and electronic components....................... 3344 9.1 7.1 18.1 21.9 7.7 -0.2 -2.6

Electronic instruments......................................................... 3345 0.9 1.8 1.0 -0.4 1.3 1.0 -0.5

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing................ 3346 1.7 0.5 5.5 -3.0 3.7 1.3 -8.0

Electric lighting equipment................................................... 3351 0.5 -2.0 0.3 0.4 2.0 0.3 2.7

Household appliances......................................................... 3352 1.6 -0.2 2.8 0.9 3.5 0.6 3.8

Electrical equipment............................................................ 3353 -0.1 0.7 2.2 -1.8 1.4 -1.7 -0.6

Other electrical equipment and components....................... 3359 0.4 -1.6 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.2

Motor vehicles..................................................................... 3361 0.1 0.5 -1.3 0.0 2.8 -1.2 -0.7

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers......................................... 3362 -0.4 -3.0 2.2 -1.5 0.6 -1.3 -1.3

Motor vehicle parts.............................................................. 3363 1.0 -0.6 2.4 0.9 1.9 0.1 -0.2

Aerospace products and parts............................................. 3364 -0.1 -2.2 -1.0 -1.0 2.7 -0.6 -6.7

Railroad rolling stock........................................................... 3365 0.3 2.1 -1.4 4.9 -1.8 -0.1 -3.7

Ship and boat building......................................................... 3366 0.3 0.0 -1.5 -0.1 0.3 1.5 2.5

Other transportation equipment........................................... 3369 1.1 -2.1 4.3 -0.4 6.0 -2.3 -0.2

Household and institutional furniture................................... 3371 0.1 -0.4 0.7 -0.5 1.1 -0.5 3.1

Office furniture and fixtures................................................. 3372 0.1 -2.7 0.3 1.8 1.0 -0.6 2.4

Other furniture related products........................................... 3379 0.7 -0.2 0.8 -0.4 2.3 0.5 -0.7

Medical equipment and supplies......................................... 3391 0.6 2.3 0.2 1.5 1.2 -0.5 1.4

Other miscellaneous manufacturing.................................... 3399 0.4 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.8 -0.3 2.0

Transportation

Air transportation................................................................. 481 1.3 -0.6 -0.2 -0.1 4.6 1.0 0.6

Line-haul railroads............................................................... 482111 1.5 4.4 4.3 1.2 1.0 -0.3 -0.9

2000-2007 2007-2016 2015-2016

Table 3. Multifactor productivity in selected periods — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change

1987-2016 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000

18
 Manufacturing

Animal food................................................................................... 3111 2.0 0.4 1.8 -0.2

Grain and oilseed milling............................................................... 3112 1.8 0.2 1.5 0.1

Sugar and confectionery products................................................ 3113 1.3 0.5 0.7 0.1

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty................................ 3114 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.2

Dairy products............................................................................... 3115 1.5 0.3 1.2 0.0

Animal slaughtering and processing............................................. 3116 0.5 0.1 -0.1 0.5

Seafood product preparation and packaging................................ 3117 1.1 0.1 0.6 0.4

Bakeries and tortilla products........................................................ 3118 0.3 0.2 0.9 -0.8

Other food products...................................................................... 3119 0.2 -0.3 0.2 0.2

Beverages..................................................................................... 3121 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.3

Tobacco........................................................................................ 3122 1.7 2.0 0.6 -0.8

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.......................................................... 3131 3.3 0.2 2.3 0.7

Fabric mills.................................................................................... 3132 2.8 0.5 2.0 0.3

Textile and fabric finishing mills.................................................... 3133 1.8 0.3 1.6 -0.1

Textile furnishings mills................................................................. 3141 0.5 0.4 0.6 -0.5

Other textile product mills.............................................................. 3149 1.3 0.2 1.0 0.1

Apparel knitting mills..................................................................... 3151 -0.8 0.5 -0.9 -0.5

Cut and sew apparel..................................................................... 3152 -0.3 1.0 0.3 -1.6

Accessories and other apparel...................................................... 3159 -2.9 0.2 -1.2 -1.9

Leather and hide tanning and finishing......................................... 3161 1.0 0.1 1.0 -0.2

Footwear....................................................................................... 3162 1.0 0.5 1.1 -0.6

Other leather products.................................................................. 3169 0.2 0.8 0.4 -1.0

Sawmills and wood preservation................................................... 3211 2.1 -0.1 1.3 0.9

Plywood and engineered wood products....................................... 3212 0.8 0.0 0.9 -0.1

Other wood products..................................................................... 3219 0.8 0.1 1.2 -0.5

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................................ 3221 2.7 0.6 1.5 0.6

Converted paper products............................................................. 3222 1.4 0.3 1.3 -0.2

Printing and related support activities........................................... 3231 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.0

Petroleum and coal products........................................................ 3241 2.3 0.3 2.2 -0.1

Basic chemicals............................................................................ 3251 2.3 0.5 1.9 -0.1

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers.................................................. 3252 2.1 0.4 1.6 0.1

Agricultural chemicals................................................................... 3253 2.2 0.7 1.2 0.3

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................................... 3254 -0.1 0.9 1.2 -2.3

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.................................................... 3255 0.8 0.2 1.1 -0.5

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries................................... 3256 1.5 0.7 0.6 0.2

Other chemical products and preparations................................... 3259 2.0 0.5 1.6 -0.1

Plastics products........................................................................... 3261 1.6 0.4 0.8 0.4

Rubber products............................................................................ 3262 1.7 0.2 1.0 0.5

Clay products and refractories...................................................... 3271 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.3

Glass and glass products.............................................................. 3272 2.2 0.3 0.8 1.1

Cement and concrete products..................................................... 3273 0.0 0.0 0.2 -0.2

Lime and gypsum products........................................................... 3274 1.5 0.6 1.4 -0.5

Other nonmetallic mineral products.............................................. 3279 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.7

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................................ 3311 3.6 0.0 2.1 1.6

Steel products from purchased steel............................................. 3312 0.3 -0.2 0.3 0.1

Alumina and aluminum production................................................ 3313 2.4 0.2 1.4 0.9

Other nonferrous metal production............................................... 3314 2.0 0.3 1.2 0.6

Foundries...................................................................................... 3315 1.7 0.1 1.2 0.4

Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity

Industry

2012 

NAICS 

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Labor 

productivity

Contribution of 

capital intensity

Contribution of 

intermediate 

purchases intensity

Multifactor 

productivity

19
Forging and stamping................................................................... 3321 2.0 0.2 1.3 0.5

Cutlery and handtools................................................................... 3322 1.3 0.4 1.1 -0.2

Architectural and structural metals................................................ 3323 0.6 0.0 0.8 -0.3

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers......................................... 3324 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0

Hardware....................................................................................... 3325 0.7 0.4 1.1 -0.8

Spring and wire products............................................................... 3326 1.9 0.3 1.3 0.2

Machine shops and threaded products......................................... 3327 1.5 0.2 0.7 0.6

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals............................... 3328 1.8 0.1 0.9 0.8

Other fabricated metal products.................................................... 3329 0.5 0.2 0.8 -0.5

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery........................... 3331 1.4 0.1 1.5 -0.2

Industrial machinery...................................................................... 3332 1.3 0.2 0.8 0.3

Commercial and service industry machinery................................. 3333 1.7 0.2 1.2 0.2

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment............................ 3334 1.6 0.2 0.9 0.5

Metalworking machinery................................................................ 3335 1.7 0.1 0.7 0.8

Turbine and power transmission equipment................................. 3336 1.3 0.2 1.2 0.0

Other general purpose machinery................................................. 3339 1.8 0.1 1.6 0.1

Computer and peripheral equipment............................................. 3341 15.0 0.9 1.7 12.1

Communications equipment.......................................................... 3342 5.3 0.8 1.9 2.6

Audio and video equipment........................................................... 3343 2.1 0.2 -0.2 2.1

Semiconductors and electronic components................................ 3344 12.4 2.1 0.8 9.1

Electronic instruments................................................................... 3345 3.0 0.5 1.5 0.9

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.......................... 3346 1.0 0.5 -1.2 1.7

Electric lighting equipment............................................................ 3351 1.5 0.4 0.7 0.5

Household appliances................................................................... 3352 3.0 0.3 1.1 1.6

Electrical equipment...................................................................... 3353 1.4 0.2 1.3 -0.1

Other electrical equipment and components................................. 3359 1.5 0.2 0.9 0.4

Motor vehicles............................................................................... 3361 3.1 0.4 2.6 0.1

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers.................................................. 3362 1.2 0.1 1.6 -0.4

Motor vehicle parts........................................................................ 3363 2.9 0.0 1.9 1.0

Aerospace products and parts...................................................... 3364 2.1 0.5 1.7 -0.1

Railroad rolling stock..................................................................... 3365 3.6 0.1 3.2 0.3

Ship and boat building................................................................... 3366 1.8 0.1 1.4 0.3

Other transportation equipment.................................................... 3369 3.7 0.5 2.0 1.1

Household and institutional furniture............................................. 3371 1.3 0.2 1.0 0.1

Office furniture and fixtures........................................................... 3372 1.3 0.3 0.9 0.1

Other furniture related products.................................................... 3379 2.1 0.1 1.3 0.7

Medical equipment and supplies................................................... 3391 2.2 0.8 0.7 0.6

Other miscellaneous manufacturing.............................................. 3399 1.4 0.3 0.7 0.4

Transportation

Air transportation........................................................................... 481 3.0 0.8 0.9 1.3

Line-haul railroads......................................................................... 482111 3.6 0.7 1.3 1.5

Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity — Continued

Industry

2012 

NAICS 

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Labor 

productivity

Contribution of 

capital intensity

Contribution of 

intermediate 

purchases intensity

Multifactor 

productivity

20