Historical, technical USDL 06-774 

 information: (202) 691-5618 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EDT 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 TUESDAY, MAY 2, 2006 

Internet: http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm 

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY 

MANUFACTURING, 2004 

Labor productivity—defined as output per hour—rose in 2004 in most of the 

manufacturing industries studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Labor. In 2004, the most recent year for which underlying data are available, labor 

productivity increased in 67 percent of the manufacturing industries. Output, the 

production of manufactured goods, rose in 63 percent of these industries while hours 

declined in 60 percent of these industries. Unit labor costs declined in 57 percent of 

manufacturing industries, and in almost three quarters of the industries that registered 

productivity growth. 

 

The share of industries with productivity increases over a longer period was even 

greater. From 1987 to 2004, labor productivity increased in all but one manufacturing 

industry. Output rose in 80 percent of the industries, and hours declined in 81 percent of 

them. Unit labor costs declined in 17 percent of manufacturing industries between 1987 

and 2004. 

 

The attached tables present data for all manufacturing industries at the 3- and 4-

digit levels of detail as classified in the North American Industry Classification System 

(NAICS). 

 

2003-2004 change 

In 2004, labor productivity rose in 58 of the 86 manufacturing industries. (See 

table 1.) One half of the industries posted productivity gains of at least 2.0 percent, and 

more than a quarter had growth of over 5.0 percent. Labor productivity rose more than 

20.0 percent in three industries. Productivity increased 42.3 percent per year, on average, 

in audio and video equipment manufacturing (NAICS 3343), 27.3 percent per year in 

other leather products manufacturing (NAICS 3169), and 21.1 percent per year in iron 

and steel mills and ferroalloy production (NAICS 3311). Among the 33 percent of 

industries with declining labor productivity, the turbine and power transmission 

equipment industry (NAICS 3336) had the largest productivity drop of 13.3 percent, 

followed by a 12.9 percent decline in apparel knitting mills (NAICS 3151). 
2

Labor productivity rose in 2004 in each of the four largest manufacturing 

industries, those with more than 500,000 employees. The largest, motor vehicle parts 

manufacturing (NAICS 3363), recorded a productivity gain of 1.1 percent. The next 

largest industry, printing and related support activities (NAICS 323), had a 2.5 percent 

increase in output per hour. The two other industries, plastics product manufacturing 

(NAICS 3261) and animal slaughtering and processing (NAICS 3116), recorded hourly 

productivity increases of 0.9 and 2.0 percent, respectively. Among these four largest 

industries, two increased output slightly and all four industries posted slight to moderate 

declines in hours. 

Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of 

output, fell in 49 of the 86 manufacturing industries in 2004. (See table 2.) Industries in 

the computer and electronic product subsector (NAICS 334), which recorded large 

productivity increases, accounted for the three largest declines in unit labor costs. Unit 

labor costs fell 27.6 percent in audio and video equipment manufacturing (NAICS 3343), 

25.9 percent in computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing (NAICS 3341), and 

12.0 percent in semiconductor and electronic component manufacturing (NAICS 3344). 

Long-term trends 

From 1987 to 2004, 85 of the 86 manufacturing industries registered productivity 

gains. (See table 1.) Output increased in 69 of the industries, and hours declined in 70 of 

them. Productivity advanced at least 5.0 percent per year in six industries. Computer and 

peripheral equipment manufacturing (NAICS 3341) posted the largest average annual 

gain, 24.1 percent per year, on average. The semiconductor and electronic component 

manufacturing industry (NAICS 3344) was second with an average rise of 19.7 percent 

per year. These industries recorded the fastest growth in output, 19.2 and 17.9 percent 

per year, respectively, and posted average annual declines in hours of 3.9 and 1.5 percent, 

respectively. Accessories and other apparel manufacturing (NAICS 3159) was the only 

manufacturing industry that experienced a decline in labor productivity (1.7 percent) 

from 1987 to 2004. Both output and hours decreased in this industry. 

Productivity grew in each of the four largest manufacturing industries from 1987 

to 2004. In these industries, productivity grew most rapidly in motor vehicle parts 

manufacturing (NAICS 3363) (3.4 percent per year) and in plastics product 

manufacturing (NAICS 3261) (2.7 percent), and more slowly in printing and related 

support activities (NAICS 323) (0.9 percent) and animal slaughtering and processing 

(NAICS 3116) (0.7 percent). All four of these industries registered increases in output, 

while three of the four posted slight increases in hours. 

Unit labor costs fell in 15 of the 86 manufacturing industries from 1987 to 2004. 

Four industries in the computer and electronic product manufacturing subsector (NAICS 

334) recorded the largest declines in unit labor costs. Of these four industries, the largest 

decreases occurred in computer and peripheral equipment (NAICS 3341) (17.5 percent) 
3

and semiconductor and electronic component manufacturing (NAICS 3344) (13.6 

percent), the two industries where productivity rose most rapidly. 

The index numbers and rates of change reported by BLS in this news release are rounded 

to one decimal place. Effective with the release of today’s data, all percent changes in 

this release and on the BLS web site are calculated using index numbers to three decimal 

places. These index numbers are available at the BLS web site, 

http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm, or by contacting the BLS Division of Industry 

Productivity Studies. (Telephone 201-691-5618 or email DIPSWEB@BLS.GOV) 

Previously, the percent changes were calculated using the data underlying the index 

numbers rather than the index numbers themselves. The change in calculation method 

may cause published productivity growth rates to change slightly, likely by no more than 

a tenth, from the rates that were calculated using the earlier method. The convention of 

publishing the news release index values rounded to one decimal place will continue. 
4

Technical Note

Output

Industry output is measured as sectoral output, the total value of goods and 

services leaving the industry. Wherever possible, the indexes of industry output are 

calculated with a Törnqvist formula. This formula aggregates the growth rates of the 

various industry outputs between two periods, using their relative shares in industry value 

of production, averaged over the two periods, as weights. 

 

Industry output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data 

from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes primarily from 

BLS. 

Labor Hours 

The industry labor input measures represent the hours paid of all workers in the 

industry. The primary source of data on employment and hours is the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey, which provides monthly survey data on the number 

of jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments. The CES survey 

also provides data on the average weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory 

workers in these establishments. The Office of Productivity and Technology estimates 

the average weekly hours of supervisory and nonproduction workers by industry, using 

information from the Current Population Survey (CPS) together with the CES data. For 

the industries covered in this release, the hours of production and nonproduction workers 

are treated as homogeneous and are directly aggregated. 

Unit Labor Costs 

The unit labor cost series represents the cost of labor input required to produce 

one unit of output. The indexes of unit labor costs for each industry are computed by 

dividing an index of industry labor compensation by an index of industry output. 

Compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a measure of the cost to 

the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in 

kind. Supplemental payments include legally required expenditures and payments for 

voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of Federal old age 

and survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. 

Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by 

legislation, such as the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. 

Labor Productivity 

The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship between output 

and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to 
5

period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Industry output per hour 

indexes are prepared from data published by various public and private agencies, using 

the greatest level of industry detail available. 

Although the labor productivity measures relate output to hours of employees or 

all persons engaged in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor, 

capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many 

influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; 

utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial 

skill; and the characteristics and effort of the workforce. 

Year-to-year movements in productivity measures for some industries might be 

erratic, particularly in the smaller industries. The annual changes in an industry’s output 

and use of labor may reflect cyclical changes in the economy rather than long-term 

trends. Also, annual productivity indexes are based on sample data, which are likely to 

differ from data generated by a census of establishments in the industry. As a result, 

long-term trends tend to be more reliable indicators of the performance of an industry 

than are the year-to-year changes. 

Notes

The measures in this news release reflect revisions to the manufacturing series as 

published in table 51 of the Monthly Labor Review and in the news release Productivity 

and Costs by Industry, 2003 (released August 26, 2005). All of the measures for 2004 in 

this release are preliminary and subject to revision. 

 

Published productivity and unit labor cost indexes for selected NAICS industries, 

including the industries covered in this report, can be accessed electronically by visiting 

the Labor Productivity and Costs Web site: http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm. 

Measures for additional detailed manufacturing and trade industries are available upon 

request by calling the Division of Industry Productivity Studies (202-691-5618) or by 

sending a request by e-mail: dipsweb@bls.gov. Data on industry employment, annual 

hours, the net value of production, and the implicit price deflator for output also are 

available upon request. 

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be 

used without permission. Information in this report will be made available to sensoryimpaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral 

phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 
Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2004 and 2003-2004

2004 Annual percent change, 1987-2004 Annual percent change, 2003-2004

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

Manufacturing

311 Food 1495 1.3 1.6 0.3 1.5 -0.1 -1.5

3111 Animal food 50 3.5 2.1 -1.3 9.0 3.9 -4.6

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 60 2.8 1.5 -1.2 4.8 -1.2 -5.8

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 84 1.7 1.1 -0.5 3.4 0.7 -2.6

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 181 1.8 1.7 -0.2 2.7 -0.7 -3.4

3115 Dairy products 131 1.5 0.7 -0.8 -3.4 -3.3 0.1

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 505 0.7 2.2 1.6 2.0 -1.2 -3.2

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 42 1.5 0.7 -0.8 -8.4 0.6 9.9

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 285 0.7 0.7 0.0 2.9 4.1 1.2

3119 Other food products 156 1.2 2.2 1.0 -0.2 1.0 1.1

312 Beverages and tobacco products 195 1.1 -0.1 -1.1 2.8 1.5 -1.3

3121 Beverages 166 2.2 1.5 -0.7 3.4 2.8 -0.6

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 29 0.8 -2.4 -3.2 4.7 -0.7 -5.2

313 Textile mills 237 3.7 -1.2 -4.7 0.0 -7.7 -7.7

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 54 4.9 0.2 -4.5 1.4 0.1 -1.3

3132 Fabric mills 115 4.3 -1.4 -5.5 1.7 -9.7 -11.2

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 68 1.7 -1.8 -3.4 -3.4 -9.3 -6.2

314 Textile product mills 176 1.6 0.7 -0.9 7.6 3.6 -3.7

3141 Textile furnishings mills 101 1.7 0.7 -0.9 5.5 1.6 -3.7

3149 Other textile product mills 74 1.4 0.6 -0.9 12.7 8.5 -3.7

315 Apparel 286 2.2 -4.9 -7.0 -6.7 -14.4 -8.3

3151 Apparel knitting mills 42 1.2 -4.9 -6.0 -12.9 -17.5 -5.3

3152 Cut and sew apparel 221 2.8 -4.9 -7.5 -5.4 -14.3 -9.3

3159 Accessories and other apparel 23 -1.7 -4.6 -3.0 -7.0 -10.6 -3.8

316 Leather and allied products 42 2.5 -4.6 -6.9 8.9 -0.6 -8.7

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 7 0.3 -3.6 -3.9 3.5 -4.3 -7.5

3162 Footwear 19 1.6 -7.3 -8.8 -2.0 -8.6 -6.8

3169 Other leather products 16 1.5 -3.4 -4.8 27.3 12.7 -11.5

321 Wood products 550 1.1 0.9 -0.2 0.0 1.7 1.7

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 119 2.5 1.0 -1.5 -3.3 -1.6 1.7

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 118 0.1 1.1 1.0 -5.1 -1.4 3.9

3219 Other wood products 313 0.9 0.8 -0.1 4.4 5.2 0.8

322 Paper and paper products 496 2.1 0.5 -1.6 2.7 -0.3 -2.9

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 146 3.4 0.2 -3.1 2.9 -0.2 -3.0

3222 Converted paper products 350 1.4 0.7 -0.7 2.7 -0.4 -2.9

323 Printing and related support activities * 663 0.9 0.1 -0.8 2.5 0.0 -2.4

324 Petroleum and coal products * 112 3.2 1.3 -1.9 3.3 2.4 -0.9

325 Chemicals 887 2.2 1.7 -0.4 4.7 3.4 -1.2

3251 Basic chemicals 156 2.7 0.3 -2.3 9.2 6.0 -2.9

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 110 2.8 1.2 -1.5 0.9 4.4 3.5

3253 Agricultural chemicals 42 2.2 1.0 -1.1 6.8 7.5 0.6

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 290 1.0 4.2 3.1 3.6 1.0 -2.5

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 68 1.7 0.6 -1.1 3.5 5.3 1.7

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 115 2.5 2.1 -0.4 8.3 5.6 -2.4

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 107 2.7 0.6 -2.1 -3.5 -4.5 -1.1

326 Plastics and rubber products 806 2.7 2.8 0.1 0.9 0.1 -0.8

3261 Plastics products 634 2.7 3.2 0.5 0.9 0.1 -0.8

3262 Rubber products 173 2.3 1.3 -1.1 1.0 0.1 -0.9

327 Nonmetallic mineral products 506 1.2 1.2 -0.1 -2.9 1.5 4.5

3271 Clay products and refractories 65 1.4 -0.3 -1.7 5.6 1.1 -4.3

3272 Glass and glass products 113 1.9 0.8 -1.1 -1.0 0.9 2.0

3273 Cement and concrete products 235 0.5 1.8 1.2 -5.8 0.6 6.8
Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2004 and 2003-2004--Continued

2004 Annual percent change, 1987-2004 Annual percent change, 2003-2004

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

3274 Lime and gypsum products 20 0.9 0.3 -0.6 -3.1 3.3 6.5

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 75 1.5 1.1 -0.4 -4.3 4.1 8.8

331 Primary metals 467 2.8 0.7 -2.1 10.1 9.6 -0.4

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 95 5.4 1.8 -3.4 21.1 18.3 -2.3

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 61 1.0 0.2 -0.8 0.1 1.8 1.7

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 74 2.5 0.1 -2.3 8.0 6.7 -1.3

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 72 1.3 -1.0 -2.3 0.5 -0.2 -0.7

3315 Foundries 165 2.5 1.1 -1.3 6.4 6.8 0.4

332 Fabricated metal products 1497 1.5 1.3 -0.3 -1.8 0.0 1.9

3321 Forging and stamping 110 2.9 1.7 -1.2 5.2 5.8 0.6

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 59 1.5 0.0 -1.5 -1.4 -2.6 -1.3

3323 Architectural and structural metals 389 0.9 1.4 0.5 -4.9 -3.9 1.1

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 92 0.9 -0.2 -1.0 -8.0 -4.2 4.1

3325 Hardware 38 2.0 -1.0 -2.9 -1.4 -4.4 -3.1

3326 Spring and wire products 62 2.9 1.6 -1.3 -3.6 -6.2 -2.7

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 327 2.3 3.1 0.8 -2.5 4.2 6.9

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 144 3.0 3.3 0.3 5.9 7.6 1.6

3329 Other fabricated metal products 278 1.2 0.2 -1.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.2

333 Machinery 1143 2.5 1.5 -1.0 0.5 3.3 2.8

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 195 3.2 2.7 -0.4 9.1 15.2 5.6

3332 Industrial machinery 121 3.0 2.1 -0.9 6.9 8.6 1.6

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 115 1.2 -0.4 -1.6 1.5 1.5 0.0

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 153 2.6 2.1 -0.5 0.3 1.4 1.1

3335 Metalworking machinery 201 1.9 0.4 -1.5 1.4 2.4 1.0

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 93 2.6 1.6 -1.0 -13.3 -11.4 2.1

3339 Other general purpose machinery 265 2.4 1.3 -1.0 -3.3 1.6 5.1

334 Computer and electronic products 1312 13.5 10.6 -2.6 11.5 7.9 -3.3

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 210 24.1 19.2 -3.9 15.0 7.0 -7.0

3342 Communications equipment 148 7.8 4.9 -2.7 0.2 -0.5 -0.7

3343 Audio and video equipment 33 8.4 4.5 -3.6 42.3 33.9 -5.9

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 454 19.7 17.9 -1.5 11.7 9.0 -2.5

3345 Electronic instruments 431 4.2 1.3 -2.8 12.7 9.7 -2.7

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 36 2.9 3.0 0.1 11.2 6.4 -4.4

335 Electrical equipment and appliances 445 2.9 0.5 -2.4 4.5 0.9 -3.4

3351 Electric lighting equipment 65 1.7 0.2 -1.5 7.8 2.4 -5.0

3352 Household appliances 89 4.6 2.1 -2.4 6.9 3.0 -3.6

3353 Electrical equipment 154 2.8 -0.1 -2.9 6.7 2.1 -4.3

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 138 2.3 0.2 -2.1 -0.3 -1.8 -1.5

336 Transportation equipment 1767 2.9 1.8 -1.1 -2.3 -1.5 0.8

3361 Motor vehicles 256 3.8 2.7 -1.0 0.9 -1.9 -2.8

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 165 1.4 2.6 1.2 -1.5 9.3 10.9

3363 Motor vehicle parts 692 3.4 3.9 0.5 1.1 0.3 -0.8

3364 Aerospace products and parts 442 1.8 -1.9 -3.6 -6.0 -4.8 1.3

3365 Railroad rolling stock 25 4.9 4.6 -0.3 -9.8 2.8 14.0

3366 Ship and boat building 148 2.1 0.9 -1.2 2.2 3.6 1.4

3369 Other transportation equipment 39 5.0 5.3 0.3 3.1 4.3 1.1

337 Furniture and related products 573 2.1 1.8 -0.3 2.8 4.4 1.5

3371 Household and institutional furniture 385 1.9 1.7 -0.2 2.8 6.9 4.0

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 135 2.4 1.5 -0.9 2.3 -0.8 -3.0

3379 Other furniture-related products 53 2.0 2.7 0.6 10.1 5.5 -4.2

339 Miscellaneous manufacturing 658 3.1 3.1 0.1 1.3 0.3 -1.0

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 304 3.8 4.8 1.0 1.6 0.6 -1.0

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 354 2.3 1.7 -0.6 1.0 0.0 -1.0

 * 3-digit industry is the same as the 4-digit.
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2004 and 2003-2004

2004 Annual percent change, 1987-2004 Annual percent change, 2003-2004

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

Manufacturing

311 Food 1495 3.2 1.6 1.6 2.2 -0.1 2.3

3111 Animal food 50 3.2 2.1 1.1 -0.1 3.9 -3.8

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 60 2.0 1.5 0.5 3.5 -1.2 4.8

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 84 2.4 1.1 1.2 -3.0 0.7 -3.7

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 181 2.7 1.7 1.0 -2.7 -0.7 -2.0

3115 Dairy products 131 3.0 0.7 2.3 2.0 -3.3 5.5

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 505 3.8 2.2 1.5 4.1 -1.2 5.4

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 42 3.0 0.7 2.2 -4.3 0.6 -4.9

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 285 2.8 0.7 2.0 0.9 4.1 -3.0

3119 Other food products 156 4.8 2.2 2.5 9.6 1.0 8.5

312 Beverages and tobacco products 195 1.5 -0.1 1.6 0.7 1.5 -0.8

3121 Beverages 166 1.9 1.5 0.4 2.3 2.8 -0.5

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 29 0.0 -2.4 2.5 -4.8 -0.7 -4.1

313 Textile mills 237 -1.4 -1.2 -0.1 -7.5 -7.7 0.3

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 54 -1.0 0.2 -1.2 -6.5 0.1 -6.6

3132 Fabric mills 115 -1.1 -1.4 0.3 -8.7 -9.7 1.2

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 68 -2.2 -1.8 -0.4 -5.6 -9.3 4.1

314 Textile product mills 176 1.8 0.7 1.1 1.8 3.6 -1.7

3141 Textile furnishings mills 101 1.0 0.7 0.3 -0.4 1.6 -1.9

3149 Other textile product mills 74 2.8 0.6 2.3 4.5 8.5 -3.7

315 Apparel 286 -4.5 -4.9 0.4 -10.1 -14.4 5.0

3151 Apparel knitting mills 42 -4.4 -4.9 0.5 -15.9 -17.5 2.0

3152 Cut and sew apparel 221 -4.7 -4.9 0.2 -9.0 -14.3 6.2

3159 Accessories and other apparel 23 -2.2 -4.6 2.5 -9.4 -10.6 1.4

316 Leather and allied products 42 -3.2 -4.6 1.4 -0.5 -0.6 0.1

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 7 -1.2 -3.6 2.5 -9.7 -4.3 -5.7

3162 Footwear 19 -4.6 -7.3 2.9 1.3 -8.6 10.9

3169 Other leather products 16 -2.3 -3.4 1.1 4.1 12.7 -7.7

321 Wood products 550 3.4 0.9 2.4 8.2 1.7 6.5

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 119 2.0 1.0 1.0 5.8 -1.6 7.5

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 118 3.6 1.1 2.5 5.7 -1.4 7.3

3219 Other wood products 313 3.9 0.8 3.1 10.4 5.2 4.9

322 Paper and paper products 496 1.9 0.5 1.4 -0.6 -0.3 -0.3

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 146 0.9 0.2 0.7 -1.8 -0.2 -1.6

3222 Converted paper products 350 2.7 0.7 2.0 0.3 -0.4 0.7

323 Printing and related support activities * 663 1.8 0.1 1.7 -1.3 0.0 -1.3

324 Petroleum and coal products * 112 3.7 1.3 2.4 6.0 2.4 3.5

325 Chemicals 887 3.2 1.7 1.4 -2.2 3.4 -5.5

3251 Basic chemicals 156 2.3 0.3 2.0 -1.2 6.0 -6.8

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 110 1.7 1.2 0.5 -5.2 4.4 -9.2

3253 Agricultural chemicals 42 1.9 1.0 0.9 2.5 7.5 -4.6

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 290 6.3 4.2 2.0 0.5 1.0 -0.5

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 68 2.5 0.6 1.8 0.1 5.3 -4.9

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 115 2.8 2.1 0.7 -3.5 5.6 -8.6

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 107 1.7 0.6 1.1 -10.0 -4.5 -5.7

326 Plastics and rubber products 806 3.7 2.8 0.9 -1.1 0.1 -1.2

3261 Plastics products 634 4.2 3.2 1.0 -0.9 0.1 -1.0

3262 Rubber products 173 2.2 1.3 0.9 -1.8 0.1 -1.8

327 Nonmetallic mineral products 506 2.6 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.5 0.2

3271 Clay products and refractories 65 0.9 -0.3 1.3 -1.8 1.1 -2.8

3272 Glass and glass products 113 1.4 0.8 0.6 -1.8 0.9 -2.7

3273 Cement and concrete products 235 3.7 1.8 1.9 3.9 0.6 3.3
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2004 and 2003-2004--Continued

2004 Annual percent change, 1987-2004 Annual percent change, 2003-2004

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

3274 Lime and gypsum products 20 2.7 0.3 2.4 -2.5 3.3 -5.6

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 75 2.8 1.1 1.7 4.6 4.1 0.5

331 Primary metals 467 1.0 0.7 0.3 3.3 9.6 -5.7

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 95 0.1 1.8 -1.7 7.2 18.3 -9.3

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 61 1.6 0.2 1.4 2.6 1.8 0.8

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 74 1.2 0.1 1.1 0.7 6.7 -5.6

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 72 1.5 -1.0 2.5 0.0 -0.2 0.2

3315 Foundries 165 1.7 1.1 0.6 2.2 6.8 -4.3

332 Fabricated metal products 1497 2.6 1.3 1.3 2.7 0.0 2.7

3321 Forging and stamping 110 1.8 1.7 0.1 5.6 5.8 -0.1

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 59 1.8 0.0 1.8 -2.7 -2.6 0.0

3323 Architectural and structural metals 389 3.5 1.4 2.0 1.9 -3.9 6.0

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 92 1.1 -0.2 1.3 0.9 -4.2 5.4

3325 Hardware 38 0.0 -1.0 0.9 -4.1 -4.4 0.4

3326 Spring and wire products 62 2.3 1.6 0.7 -3.6 -6.2 2.8

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 327 4.1 3.1 0.9 4.6 4.2 0.4

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 144 3.5 3.3 0.2 4.7 7.6 -2.7

3329 Other fabricated metal products 278 1.6 0.2 1.4 3.4 -0.3 3.7

333 Machinery 1143 2.0 1.5 0.4 0.1 3.3 -3.1

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 195 2.3 2.7 -0.4 3.2 15.2 -10.4

3332 Industrial machinery 121 2.5 2.1 0.5 -0.7 8.6 -8.5

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 115 0.2 -0.4 0.6 -2.2 1.5 -3.6

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 153 2.5 2.1 0.3 -1.4 1.4 -2.7

3335 Metalworking machinery 201 1.6 0.4 1.2 0.9 2.4 -1.5

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 93 0.9 1.6 -0.7 0.7 -11.4 13.7

3339 Other general purpose machinery 265 2.6 1.3 1.3 -0.8 1.6 -2.3

334 Computer and electronic products 1312 1.0 10.6 -8.7 -3.5 7.9 -10.6

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 210 -1.6 19.2 -17.5 -20.7 7.0 -25.9

3342 Communications equipment 148 0.6 4.9 -4.1 -9.6 -0.5 -9.1

3343 Audio and video equipment 33 2.4 4.5 -2.0 -3.1 33.9 -27.6

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 454 1.8 17.9 -13.6 -4.1 9.0 -12.0

3345 Electronic instruments 431 1.4 1.3 0.1 4.6 9.7 -4.6

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 36 2.5 3.0 -0.5 12.8 6.4 6.1

335 Electrical equipment and appliances 445 1.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 0.9 0.4

3351 Electric lighting equipment 65 1.6 0.2 1.4 4.9 2.4 2.4

3352 Household appliances 89 1.4 2.1 -0.7 1.1 3.0 -1.9

3353 Electrical equipment 154 0.9 -0.1 1.0 0.5 2.1 -1.5

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 138 1.4 0.2 1.3 1.0 -1.8 2.8

336 Transportation equipment 1767 1.7 1.8 0.0 2.0 -1.5 3.6

3361 Motor vehicles 256 2.5 2.7 -0.2 5.1 -1.9 7.2

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 165 4.7 2.6 2.0 9.4 9.3 0.2

3363 Motor vehicle parts 692 3.0 3.9 -0.9 -0.3 0.3 -0.6

3364 Aerospace products and parts 442 -0.5 -1.9 1.4 1.7 -4.8 6.9

3365 Railroad rolling stock 25 2.8 4.6 -1.7 -2.3 2.8 -5.0

3366 Ship and boat building 148 2.1 0.9 1.2 5.6 3.6 1.9

3369 Other transportation equipment 39 3.9 5.3 -1.3 -1.8 4.3 -5.8

337 Furniture and related products 573 3.2 1.8 1.4 3.5 4.4 -0.8

3371 Household and institutional furniture 385 3.2 1.7 1.5 5.3 6.9 -1.5

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 135 2.9 1.5 1.3 -0.9 -0.8 -0.1

3379 Other furniture-related products 53 3.8 2.7 1.1 8.0 5.5 2.3

339 Miscellaneous manufacturing 658 4.7 3.1 1.5 2.2 0.3 2.0

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 304 5.7 4.8 0.9 3.1 0.6 2.5

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 354 3.8 1.7 2.1 1.4 0.0 1.4

 * 3-digit industry is the same as the 4-digit.