For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, August 26, 2021 USDL-21-1545

Technical Information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES – 2019 

Multifactor productivity–defined as output per unit of combined inputs–fell in 61 of the 86 4-digit 

NAICS manufacturing industries in 2019, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. In 2018 

multifactor productivity decreased in 37 manufacturing industries. Among transportation industries, 

multifactor productivity increased in air transportation and decreased in line-haul railroads. 

Eight of the nine largest 4-digit NAICS manufacturing industries (those with employment over 350,000) 

had decreasing multifactor productivity in 2019. (See chart 1.) Only the aerospace products and parts 

industry had rising multifactor productivity. Output fell or was unchanged from 2018 in all nine 

industries, with the largest decline occurring in printing and related support activities (-5.7 percent). A 

rise in combined inputs paired with falling or flat output resulted in declining multifactor productivity 

for five of the nine industries. 

Chart 1. Multifactor productivity, output, and combined inputs in the largest manufacturing industries, 

2019 

0.7 -1.2

-1.6

-2.0

-2.3

-4.2

-4.3

-4.6

-5.1

Aerospace products 

and parts 

Semiconductors and 

electronic 

components 

Motor 

vehicle 

parts 

Architectural and 

structural metals 

Plastics products 

Animal 

slaughtering 

and processing

Electronic 

instruments 

Machine shops and 

threaded products 

Printing and related 

support activities -8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Combined Inputs Percent Change

Note: Bubble size 

represents industry 

employment. Value in the 

bubble indicates percent 

change in multifactor 

productivity.

Output Percent Change
Among all 86 manufacturing industries, 3 industries posted multifactor productivity gains greater than 

5.0 percent (see table 1): 

• Leather and hide tanning and finishing (+8.8 percent) 

• Apparel knitting mills (+5.4 percent)

• Computer and peripheral equipment (+5.3 percent)

Multifactor productivity declined by 7.0 percent or more in 3 manufacturing industries in 2019: 

• Other leather products (-8.3 percent) 

• Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing (-7.8 percent) 

• Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers (-7.2 percent) 

Multifactor productivity increased in one of the two measured transportation industries: 

• Air transportation (+0.9 percent) 

• Line-haul railroads (-1.9 percent)

Multifactor Productivity: Definition and Concepts

Changes in multifactor productivity show the relationship between changes in real output and changes in 

the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases (energy, materials, and purchased 

services) used in producing that output. Multifactor productivity is also known as total factor 

productivity. 

A variety of factors that influence economic growth are not specifically accounted for among measured 

inputs, including technological change, returns to scale, enhancements in managerial and staff skills, 

changes in the organization of production, and other efficiency improvements. Multifactor productivity 

reflects these factors. See the technical note for more information.

Components of Multifactor Productivity Growth: Output and Combined Inputs

In 2019, output increased in 13 of 86 manufacturing industries, compared to 53 industries in 2018. (See 

chart 2.) Output increased by 3.0 percent or more in the following 5 industries in 2019: 

• Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries (+5.3 percent)

• Other textile product mills (+4.9 percent) 

• Other food products (+4.5 percent)

• Cut and sew apparel (+3.3 percent)

• Electrical equipment (+3.2 percent)

Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate purchases rose in 32 of 86 manufacturing 

industries in 2019, compared to 55 industries in 2018. Nearly half of the manufacturing industries saw 

growth in hours worked and capital services (38 industries each) and intermediate purchases (36 

industries). 

The following industries had the largest increases in combined inputs in 2019: 

• Animal slaughtering and processing (+4.3 percent)

• Ship and boat building (+4.0 percent)

2
• Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers (+3.8 percent)

• Other leather products (+3.1 percent) 

• Electronic instruments (+3.0 percent)

Chart 2. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in multifactor productivity, output, and 

combined inputs, 2016-19

In 2 manufacturing industries, multifactor productivity rose more than 5.0 percent despite falling 

output as combined inputs fell more rapidly. This occurred in: 

• Leather and hide tanning and finishing (+8.8 percent)

• Apparel knitting mills (+5.4 percent)

In the air transportation industry, output increased 4.0 percent and combined inputs increased 3.1 

percent in 2019. In line-haul railroads, output declined 3.6 percent and combined inputs declined 1.7 

percent.

Trends in Multifactor Productivity for Selected Time Periods

Year-to-year movements and long-term trends in industry multifactor productivity may reflect cyclical 

changes in the economy. However, long-term average annual percent changes in multifactor 

productivity are more reliable indicators of historical trends in industry performance. 

More industries saw multifactor productivity growth over the long term than the short term. Over the 

long-term period from 1987 to 2019, multifactor productivity grew in 60 manufacturing industries, 

compared to only 25 from 2018 to 2019. (See tables 1 and 2.) Average annual rates of change in 

multifactor productivity for nearly all manufacturing industries ranged between -2.0 percent and +2.0 

percent over the long term. (See chart 3.) In contrast, multifactor productivity declined by 2.0 percent or 

more in 42 industries in 2019. No industry saw an average annual decline of that magnitude from 1987 

to 2019. 

3
Chart 3. Distribution of multifactor productivity growth for all manufacturing industries, 1987-2019 and 

2018-2019

Between 1987 and 2019, the number of manufacturing industries with growth in multifactor productivity 

was highest in 1992, 2003, and 2010. These were years of economic growth following recessions. In 

contrast, relatively few manufacturing industries saw multifactor productivity growth in the recession 

years of 2001 and 2009. (See chart 4.) 

Chart 4. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in multifactor productivity, 1988-2019 

Average annual percent changes in multifactor productivity by industry for sub periods between 1987 

and 2019 are shown in table 3. The sub period from 1990 to 1995 saw the greatest number of 

manufacturing industries with multifactor productivity growth. 

From 1987 to 2019, multifactor productivity rose in both air transportation and line-haul railroads by an 

average annual rate of 1.3 percent and 1.7 percent, respectively. While both industries posted gains in 

0

0

0

0

2

24

51

5

2

0

0

2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-5.0 or Less

-4.9 to -4.0

-3.9 to -3.0

-2.9 to -2.0

-1.9 to -1.0

-0.9 to 0.0

0.1 to 1.0

1.1 to 2.0

2.1 to 3.0

3.1 to 4.0

4.1 to 5.0

5.1 or More

Number of Industries

Average Annual 

Percent Change 1987-2019

9

8

13

12

10

9

7

7

3

3

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Number of Industries

2018-2019

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Note: Shaded areas denote years that include recessions 

Number of Industries

4
output, multifactor productivity grew more in line-haul railroads because its combined inputs showed 

little change over the long term. (See table 2 and chart 5.) 

Chart 5. Multifactor productivity, output, and combined inputs for transportation industries, 1987-2019 

Multifactor Productivity as a Source of Labor Productivity Growth 

Multifactor productivity measures differ from the BLS labor productivity measures because they 

compare output to the combined inputs of hours worked, capital, and intermediate purchases. Labor 

productivity relates output only to hours worked. Mathematically, an industry’s labor productivity is 

equal to multifactor productivity plus the effects of factor substitution; that is, the combined effects of 

changes in weighted capital services relative to hours worked and weighted intermediate purchases 

relative to hours worked. These factor substitutions are referred to as contribution of capital intensity 

and contribution of intermediate purchases intensity. 

Eighty out of the 86 manufacturing industries posted gains in labor productivity from 1987 to 2019. 

Among these industries, substitution of intermediate purchases for labor was the leading source of labor 

productivity growth. (See table 4.) Growth in the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity occurs 

when firms purchase a greater share of materials instead of using their own labor. Contribution of 

intermediate purchases intensity may also rise when firms substitute contracted labor for payroll labor. 

5
Chart 6 illustrates sources of labor productivity growth for three sub periods occurring between 1987 

and 2019. Between 2000 and 2007, multifactor productivity growth was the predominant source of labor 

productivity growth in many of the manufacturing industries. In contrast, labor productivity growth was 

driven mostly by contribution of intermediate purchases intensity in the other two sub periods. 

Chart 6. Greatest sources of growth for manufacturing industries with increasing labor productivity

Industries with the greatest labor productivity growth from 1987 to 2019 are shown in chart 7. Strong 

growth in multifactor productivity was the dominant source of labor productivity growth in the 

industries that manufacture computers and electronic products (computer and peripheral equipment, 

semiconductors and electronic components, and audio and video equipment). Labor productivity growth 

in the two transportation industries, air transportation and line-haul railroads, was also primarily driven 

by multifactor productivity growth. The remaining manufacturing industries with high average annual 

growth in labor productivity were mostly fueled by the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity. 

6
Chart 7. Sources of labor productivity growth for industries with greatest growth in labor productivity, 

1987-2019 

Terminology Change for Multifactor Productivity Data

The BLS Productivity Program will replace the term multifactor productivity (MFP) with total factor 

productivity (TFP) beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021. This is a change in terminology only and 

will not affect the data or methodology. The use of the term total factor productivity will improve the 

visibility and accessibility of our data and will be accompanied by changes to the BLS website and 

future productivity news releases.

7
Additional Information 

The combined inputs measures for manufacturing industries in this release incorporate new data from 

the BLS International Price Program. Prices for imported materials are a component of intermediate 

purchases, and these prices are now more comprehensive and cover the entire history of the series. 

Accordingly, the multifactor productivity and combined inputs series for manufacturing industries have 

been revised for 2018 and all earlier years.

The combined inputs measure for line-haul railroads in this release incorporates additional data from the 

United States Surface Transportation Board (STB). The quantity of leased rail cars, which is a 

component of intermediate purchases, is reported in Schedule 710 of the annual STB reports of U.S. 

Class I railroads. Accordingly, the multifactor productivity and combined inputs series for line-haul 

railroads have been revised for 2018 and all earlier years. 

The COVID-19 pandemic did not impact the availability of source data used to construct the 

productivity measures in this release. Additional information can be found on the BLS website at 

https://www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-productivity-and-costsstatistics.htm#Multifactor-Productivity. 

Access the productivity data dashboard at www.bls.gov/mfp/mfp_by_industry_dashboard.xlsx for 

• Detailed data series: indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures

• Additional years, annual rates of change, and long-term data

More information from the BLS productivity program is available at www.bls.gov/mfp. 

• More detailed capital and intermediate purchases data available upon request

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. 

8
Technical Note

Multifactor Productivity: Multifactor productivity measures are derived by dividing an index of real 

industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases. The 

multifactor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions of capital, labor, and 

intermediate inputs. Rather, they reflect the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors 

that are not specifically accounted for on the input side, including technological change, returns to scale, 

improved skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements. 

Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real 

terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is 

derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry 

transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal 

value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air 

transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight 

ton-miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses. 

Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic 

censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air 

transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of 

Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S. 

Department of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American 

Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, and several other sources. 

Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of 

capital, labor, and intermediate purchases (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased 

services). The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares as 

weights. The labor weight is based on labor compensation, including fringe benefits. The weight for 

intermediate purchases is based on the total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services.

The capital weight is based on total capital cost, which is calculated as the value of sectoral production 

minus the costs of labor compensation and intermediate purchases.

Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets. 

Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be 

proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of 

separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land. 

For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 24 categories of equipment, 10 categories 

of structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry 

are estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by 

asset type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the 

economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census. Additional annual investment data 

comes from the fixed asset accounts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).

Annual investment data is supplemented with the 1997 benchmark capital flow table from the BEA as 

well as the 2008 and 2012 Annual Capital Expenditures Survey from the Bureau of the Census. Price 

changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks. Price deflators for each 

asset category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS Producer Price Indexes) 

with weights that reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities. 

9
The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental 

prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate 

of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the 

specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. 

For air transportation, a weighted index combining 23 categories of airframes and 21 categories of 

engines is derived from annual carrier operating inventories reported to BTS. For assets other than 

airframes and engines, capital stocks are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. For these 

assets, a more detailed breakdown of annual expenditures on equipment and structures from the BEA is 

used. Inventories of parts and supplies are also included; the current dollar series is deflated with a 

weighted cost index based on data from Airlines for America (A4A) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and 

engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies inventories are aggregated using cost share weights 

to derive an overall measure of capital input. 

For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of 

structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA 

data. The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. 

Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and 

AMTRAK were deflated with price indexes from BEA. 

Labor Input: For manufacturing industries, labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all 

employed persons in an industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS 

Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 

number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments 

are supplemented with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry 

employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the 

average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, 

and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National 

Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or 

further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 

the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of 

workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made. 

For air transportation, annual labor input estimates are based on monthly employment data from BTS

supplemented by employment and hours from the CES program and hours from the CPS. For line-haul 

railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from STB data and supplemented with data from 

AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an adjustment to remove capitalized 

labor hours in order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized labor costs are embedded in the 

railroad investment data.

Intermediate Purchases Input: The index of intermediate purchases is a Törnqvist index of separate 

quantities of materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for 

electricity consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are 

derived by deflating current dollar values with appropriate price deflators. 

For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of 

electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to 

10
exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using 

annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA. 

Constant dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current dollar industry purchases by 

a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each industry 

by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed commodities. The 

deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark inputoutput tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar 

manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by BEA. The value of fuels 

consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on PPIs for individual fuel 

categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy Information 

Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy. 

For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS are

deflated using cost indexes from A4A. For line-haul railroads, intermediate purchases data from STB are 

supplemented with data from other sources including AAR and AMTRAK. The nominal values are 

deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit price deflators calculated from BEA 

investment data.

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 

of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill.

Contributions to Labor Productivity: 

Contribution of Capital Intensity: Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours 

worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in capital intensity times capital’s 

share of combined inputs yields the contribution of capital intensity. 

Contribution of Intermediate Purchases Intensity: Intermediate purchases intensity is the 

ratio of intermediate purchases to hours worked in the production process. Multiplying the 

change in intermediate purchases intensity times intermediate purchases’ share of combined 

inputs yields the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity. 

When positive, both the contribution of capital intensity and the contribution of intermediate 

purchases intensity represent sources of labor productivity growth. These statistics represent 

factor substitution in the production process. In other words, positive change in the contribution 

of capital intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 

substitution of capital for labor. Likewise, positive change in the contribution of intermediate 

purchases intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 

substitution of intermediate purchases for labor.

11
Over a given time period, the average logarithmic growth rate of labor productivity will equal the 

sum of the average logarithmic growth rates of the contribution of capital intensity, the 

contribution of intermediate purchases intensity, and multifactor productivity. However, because 

both output and input data are expressed annually, average annual (as opposed to logarithmic) 

rates of change are calculated. Therefore, the sum of growth rates of multifactor productivity, the 

contribution of capital intensity, and the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity may not 

precisely equal the rate of change of labor productivity.

12
Table 1. Recent multifactor productivity and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2019

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2018-2019

Multifactor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediatepurchases

Manufacturing

Animal food.............................................. 3111 64.8 1.7 -3.7 -5.3 6.8 1.2 -8.6

Grain and oilseed milling............................... 3112 61.4 3.3 -0.1 -3.2 -7.3 -0.1 -3.7

Sugar and confectionery products.................... 3113 77.8 0.2 1.7 1.4 -6.3 0.7 3.6

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty. . . . . .. 3114 176.0 -0.6 -1.7 -1.1 -1.0 -0.4 -1.4

Dairy products........................................... 3115 157.1 1.8 -1.3 -3.0 6.9 0.7 -5.6

Animal slaughtering and processing.................. 3116 535.4 -4.2 0.0 4.3 -0.7 3.6 5.5

Seafood product preparation and packaging........ 3117 35.6 1.2 0.7 -0.5 0.6 2.8 -1.0

Bakeries and tortilla products......................... 3118 347.9 1.7 1.1 -0.5 -0.4 0.3 -0.8

Other food products.................................... 3119 230.1 3.0 4.5 1.5 -1.2 4.5 0.4

Beverages................................................ 3121 277.6 -1.0 -0.9 0.2 -2.6 1.1 0.3

Tobacco.................................................. 3122 11.0 -2.8 -7.5 -4.8 -9.7 -3.4 -10.3

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills........................... 3131 28.7 1.5 -4.4 -5.9 1.4 -4.9 -7.5

Fabric mills............................................... 3132 54.4 -2.3 -3.6 -1.4 2.4 -4.5 -1.7

Textile and fabric finishing mills....................... 3133 30.1 -3.3 -4.6 -1.4 0.9 -4.0 -1.9

Textile furnishings mills................................ 3141 52.8 1.0 -4.9 -5.8 -8.5 -0.3 -6.6

Other textile product mills.............................. 3149 70.6 4.3 4.9 0.6 -4.3 -1.0 3.4

Apparel knitting mills.................................... 3151 9.9 5.4 -4.2 -9.0 -11.4 -5.3 -7.5

Cut and sew apparel................................... 3152 101.1 2.6 3.3 0.7 -7.0 -3.6 6.1

Accessories and other apparel........................ 3159 12.9 -3.2 -6.9 -3.8 -1.3 -2.9 -5.2

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.............. 3161 5.0 8.8 -3.5 -11.2 8.0 -1.8 -17.2

Footwear................................................. 3162 13.4 -3.4 -3.5 -0.1 2.9 -2.0 -1.7

Other leather products................................. 3169 14.1 -8.3 -5.5 3.1 8.7 -2.8 0.5

Sawmills and wood preservation...................... 3211 105.3 -1.2 -4.7 -3.6 3.2 0.1 -5.9

Plywood and engineered wood products............ 3212 82.8 -0.4 -0.5 -0.1 3.2 1.8 -1.7

Other wood products................................... 3219 256.9 -2.4 -5.1 -2.8 1.4 -0.7 -4.7

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.................... 3221 96.8 0.4 0.0 -0.4 2.0 -2.4 0.2

Converted paper products............................. 3222 269.1 -0.1 -1.7 -1.6 -5.0 0.1 -1.0

Printing and related support activities................ 3231 446.2 -5.1 -5.7 -0.6 -1.5 -3.3 0.3

Petroleum and coal products.......................... 3241 115.0 1.2 -0.7 -1.8 2.7 0.5 -2.3

Basic chemicals......................................... 3251 153.3 -3.6 -7.0 -3.5 1.7 0.1 -5.9

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers..................... 3252 96.2 -7.2 -10.0 -2.9 -0.4 3.4 -5.0

Agricultural chemicals.................................. 3253 36.4 -3.9 -5.3 -1.5 1.6 -2.5 -1.4

Pharmaceuticals and medicines...................... 3254 310.8 -2.1 -1.1 1.0 6.4 1.8 -2.7

Paints, coatings, and adhesives...................... 3255 66.2 -5.9 -6.3 -0.4 4.3 0.3 -1.8

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries.......... 3256 116.3 4.6 5.3 0.6 -3.6 1.4 0.8

Other chemical products and preparations.......... 3259 86.3 -4.9 -7.1 -2.4 2.1 -1.7 -3.7

Plastics products........................................ 3261 598.0 -2.3 -2.6 -0.3 -0.6 0.0 -0.4

Rubber products........................................ 3262 138.2 -1.3 -4.6 -3.3 -4.7 0.8 -4.1

Clay products and refractories........................ 3271 44.5 -4.8 -3.9 1.0 6.7 -3.3 -0.7

Glass and glass products.............................. 3272 87.7 0.2 -2.1 -2.3 -5.2 -0.6 -1.6

Cement and concrete products....................... 3273 203.1 -3.6 -3.4 0.2 2.5 -2.1 0.2

Lime and gypsum products............................ 3274 16.3 -2.9 -2.5 0.4 -3.0 1.7 0.7

Other nonmetallic mineral products................... 3279 81.7 0.3 1.6 1.2 -2.8 -1.0 4.5

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................... 3311 87.3 -1.6 -6.8 -5.3 1.0 0.5 -7.7

Steel products from purchased steel................. 3312 58.7 -5.8 -5.4 0.5 -1.7 -0.5 1.2

Alumina and aluminum production.................... 3313 60.3 3.4 -2.6 -5.8 -0.8 0.4 -8.5

Other nonferrous metal production................... 3314 62.0 3.6 0.3 -3.1 -1.0 1.4 -4.8

Foundries................................................ 3315 119.2 -0.9 -4.6 -3.8 -1.0 -1.5 -6.0

Forging and stamping.................................. 3321 100.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.1 -2.6 0.1 0.8

Cutlery and handtools.................................. 3322 38.8 -1.7 -2.5 -0.9 -4.0 -2.0 1.5

Architectural and structural metals.................... 3323 399.7 -2.0 -0.7 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.3

13
Table 1. Recent multifactor productivity and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2019

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2018-2019

Multifactor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediatepurchases

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.............. 3324 95.4 -4.7 -1.1 3.8 0.4 1.2 5.5

Hardware................................................. 3325 25.9 -1.4 -3.2 -1.9 -3.8 -1.4 -1.2

Spring and wire products.............................. 3326 44.5 -5.2 -6.0 -0.8 -2.7 -1.3 0.2

Machine shops and threaded products.............. 3327 374.8 -4.6 -4.5 0.1 -0.7 0.1 0.7

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals. . . . . .. 3328 141.8 -3.2 -1.0 2.3 2.2 0.1 3.5

Other fabricated metal products...................... 3329 286.2 -2.9 -1.6 1.3 -0.9 -0.3 3.1

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.... 3331 221.7 -3.2 -3.1 0.1 -1.2 -1.4 0.8

Industrial machinery.................................... 3332 120.1 -0.8 -3.0 -2.3 -1.7 -0.3 -2.9

Commercial and service industry machinery........ 3333 94.1 -2.1 -2.6 -0.5 -0.7 -0.5 -0.5

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment..... 3334 138.5 -3.3 -1.2 2.1 4.0 0.2 2.2

Metalworking machinery............................... 3335 183.9 -5.6 -7.9 -2.4 -0.3 -1.6 -4.3

Turbine and power transmission equipment......... 3336 99.9 -0.6 -4.0 -3.4 0.7 -0.1 -5.3

Other general purpose machinery.................... 3339 277.9 -3.0 -1.5 1.5 0.2 1.1 2.2

Computer and peripheral equipment................. 3341 161.5 5.3 2.0 -3.2 5.4 -5.1 -5.4

Communications equipment........................... 3342 84.4 2.3 1.2 -1.1 -1.4 -4.5 -0.8

Audio and video equipment............................ 3343 20.7 -2.4 -1.6 0.8 2.4 -4.6 0.7

Semiconductors and electronic components........ 3344 378.3 -1.2 -0.9 0.3 -0.2 -1.4 0.6

Electronic instruments.................................. 3345 425.7 -4.3 -1.4 3.0 3.3 1.1 3.3

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing. .. 3346 12.4 -7.8 -15.5 -8.3 -8.2 -7.4 -8.4

Electric lighting equipment............................. 3351 46.3 -4.2 -5.1 -1.0 -11.6 -0.8 4.4

Household appliances.................................. 3352 63.2 -1.1 -0.8 0.2 -6.2 0.4 1.9

Electrical equipment.................................... 3353 146.9 1.5 3.2 1.7 -0.6 0.2 3.2

Other electrical equipment and components........ 3359 150.3 -1.1 -0.6 0.5 0.7 -1.0 1.0

Motor vehicles........................................... 3361 237.4 -0.2 -1.3 -1.1 0.4 1.2 -1.6

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers..................... 3362 163.6 -3.0 -7.2 -4.3 -5.2 2.1 -4.6

Motor vehicle parts..................................... 3363 597.9 -1.6 -4.2 -2.7 -4.2 -5.5 -2.1

Aerospace products and parts........................ 3364 535.1 0.7 -0.3 -1.0 2.5 3.4 -6.0

Railroad rolling stock................................... 3365 23.9 -2.4 -8.8 -6.6 -7.3 -0.9 -6.7

Ship and boat building................................. 3366 143.1 -4.2 -0.4 4.0 6.8 1.1 3.1

Other transportation equipment....................... 3369 37.0 -0.8 0.5 1.4 -3.7 3.8 1.8

Household and institutional furniture................. 3371 260.0 -5.6 -7.6 -2.2 -3.4 -0.3 -2.0

Office furniture and fixtures............................ 3372 114.4 -3.8 -3.8 0.0 2.7 -0.8 -1.2

Other furniture related products....................... 3379 34.9 0.1 -1.6 -1.7 -2.8 -1.3 -1.4

Medical equipment and supplies...................... 3391 333.2 -3.8 -2.5 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.1

Other miscellaneous manufacturing.................. 3399 344.6 -2.5 -1.4 1.1 0.9 -1.5 2.3

Transportation

Air transportation........................................ 481 494.4 0.9 4.0 3.1 1.7 4.1 3.8

Line-haul railroads...................................... 482111 158.8 -1.9 -3.6 -1.7 -5.1 1.4 -2.8

14
Table 2. Long run multifactor productivity and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2019

Multifactor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediatepurchases

Manufacturing

Animal food................................................................. 3111 -0.1 1.6 1.7 0.2 1.8 1.8

Grain and oilseed milling.................................................. 3112 0.0 0.9 0.8 -0.8 0.2 1.2

Sugar and confectionery products....................................... 3113 0.0 0.6 0.6 -0.6 0.7 0.8

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty.......................... 3114 0.1 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.7

Dairy products.............................................................. 3115 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.2 1.5 1.1

Animal slaughtering and processing..................................... 3116 0.6 1.7 1.1 1.1 2.0 0.9

Seafood product preparation and packaging........................... 3117 0.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.9 1.0 0.0

Bakeries and tortilla products............................................ 3118 -0.8 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.8 1.6

Other food products....................................................... 3119 0.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.3 2.3

Beverages.................................................................. 3121 0.5 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.5

Tobacco..................................................................... 3122 -0.6 -2.8 -2.2 -5.0 -2.2 -1.6

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.............................................. 3131 1.0 -1.8 -2.7 -3.8 -2.5 -2.2

Fabric mills.................................................................. 3132 1.0 -2.7 -3.7 -5.2 -2.6 -3.4

Textile and fabric finishing mills.......................................... 3133 0.1 -3.0 -3.1 -4.1 -2.5 -2.9

Textile furnishings mills................................................... 3141 -0.4 -2.5 -2.2 -2.8 -0.9 -2.5

Other textile product mills................................................. 3149 0.4 -0.5 -0.8 -1.7 0.3 -0.6

Apparel knitting mills....................................................... 3151 -0.5 -7.2 -6.8 -7.2 -3.1 -7.3

Cut and sew apparel...................................................... 3152 -0.9 -6.2 -5.3 -6.3 -2.8 -5.9

Accessories and other apparel........................................... 3159 -1.9 -6.0 -4.1 -3.5 -2.4 -4.6

Leather and hide tanning and finishing................................. 3161 1.1 -2.8 -3.9 -3.5 -2.3 -4.2

Footwear.................................................................... 3162 -0.6 -4.7 -4.1 -5.5 -3.3 -3.7

Other leather products.................................................... 3169 -0.6 -3.5 -3.0 -3.5 -2.0 -3.2

Sawmills and wood preservation......................................... 3211 0.8 0.2 -0.6 -1.2 -0.9 -0.3

Plywood and engineered wood products............................... 3212 0.1 -0.1 -0.3 -0.6 0.3 0.1

Other wood products...................................................... 3219 -0.4 -0.3 0.1 -0.8 0.5 0.4

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills....................................... 3221 0.7 -0.7 -1.4 -2.8 -1.3 -0.9

Converted paper products................................................ 3222 0.0 0.2 0.2 -1.3 0.5 0.5

Printing and related support activities................................... 3231 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 -1.8 0.1 -0.3

Petroleum and coal products............................................. 3241 -0.2 1.2 1.4 -0.8 1.0 1.6

Basic chemicals............................................................ 3251 -0.1 0.4 0.5 -1.3 0.5 0.9

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................ 3252 0.2 0.2 0.1 -1.5 0.5 0.3

Agricultural chemicals..................................................... 3253 0.6 0.3 -0.3 -1.0 0.4 -0.7

Pharmaceuticals and medicines......................................... 3254 -1.7 0.9 2.7 1.8 3.4 2.1

Paints, coatings, and adhesives......................................... 3255 -0.3 -0.2 0.1 -0.4 0.1 0.3

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries............................. 3256 0.5 1.2 0.7 -0.2 1.3 0.4

Other chemical products and preparations............................. 3259 0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -1.7 -0.1 0.2

Plastics products........................................................... 3261 0.3 1.4 1.1 0.1 1.9 1.3

Rubber products........................................................... 3262 0.6 0.3 -0.2 -1.3 0.1 0.3

Clay products and refractories........................................... 3271 0.2 -1.3 -1.5 -2.2 -1.4 -1.1

Glass and glass products................................................. 3272 0.9 0.4 -0.5 -1.6 -0.3 0.0

Cement and concrete products.......................................... 3273 -0.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 -0.1 0.5

Lime and gypsum products............................................... 3274 -0.6 -0.6 0.1 -1.4 0.5 0.2

Other nonmetallic mineral products..................................... 3279 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.0 -0.2 0.6

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys...................................... 3311 1.2 0.7 -0.5 -2.1 -1.9 0.7

Steel products from purchased steel.................................... 3312 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.5 -1.5 0.3

Alumina and aluminum production....................................... 3313 0.9 0.2 -0.7 -1.7 -0.8 -0.3

Other nonferrous metal production...................................... 3314 0.4 -0.2 -0.6 -1.5 -0.3 -0.5

Foundries................................................................... 3315 0.4 -0.4 -0.8 -1.8 -0.8 0.0

Forging and stamping..................................................... 3321 0.7 1.1 0.4 -1.0 1.1 1.0

Cutlery and handtools..................................................... 3322 0.1 -1.1 -1.2 -2.1 -0.8 -0.5

Architectural and structural metals....................................... 3323 -0.2 0.9 1.1 0.4 0.7 1.5

15
Table 2. Long run multifactor productivity and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2019

Multifactor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediatepurchases

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers................................. 3324 0.2 0.5 0.3 -0.4 -0.3 0.7

Hardware.................................................................... 3325 -0.5 -2.0 -1.5 -2.7 -1.1 -1.1

Spring and wire products................................................. 3326 0.3 -0.2 -0.5 -1.9 0.1 0.1

Machine shops and threaded products................................. 3327 0.7 2.2 1.5 0.6 1.8 2.2

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.......................... 3328 0.9 1.9 0.9 0.3 1.0 1.3

Other fabricated metal products......................................... 3329 -0.6 -0.2 0.4 -0.5 0.3 1.0

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery....................... 3331 0.0 1.7 1.7 0.0 0.3 2.5

Industrial machinery....................................................... 3332 0.6 0.8 0.2 -0.6 0.9 0.6

Commercial and service industry machinery........................... 3333 -0.2 -0.3 -0.1 -1.5 -0.6 0.7

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment........................ 3334 0.4 0.7 0.3 -0.5 0.6 0.6

Metalworking machinery.................................................. 3335 0.7 0.3 -0.4 -1.1 0.0 0.4

Turbine and power transmission equipment............................ 3336 0.1 1.0 1.0 -0.2 0.2 1.7

Other general purpose machinery....................................... 3339 0.1 1.2 1.1 -0.4 0.4 2.2

Computer and peripheral equipment.................................... 3341 9.9 10.1 0.1 -2.8 -0.1 1.1

Communications equipment.............................................. 3342 2.1 1.8 -0.3 -3.1 0.7 0.6

Audio and video equipment.............................................. 3343 2.3 -1.1 -3.4 -3.4 -1.5 -3.5

Semiconductors and electronic components........................... 3344 8.3 10.3 1.8 -1.5 4.4 1.7

Electronic instruments..................................................... 3345 0.4 1.3 1.0 -1.4 0.3 3.1

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing...................... 3346 0.9 -3.6 -4.4 -3.7 -1.6 -5.5

Electric lighting equipment................................................ 3351 0.4 -0.2 -0.6 -2.1 -0.2 0.1

Household appliances..................................................... 3352 1.5 0.4 -1.0 -2.6 -0.7 -0.6

Electrical equipment....................................................... 3353 0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -1.7 -0.9 0.9

Other electrical equipment and components........................... 3359 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.9 -0.2 0.1

Motor vehicles.............................................................. 3361 0.2 1.9 1.6 -0.6 1.1 2.0

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers........................................ 3362 -0.2 1.8 1.9 0.5 1.7 2.4

Motor vehicle parts........................................................ 3363 1.4 2.5 1.1 -0.2 0.3 1.7

Aerospace products and parts........................................... 3364 0.4 0.6 0.1 -1.3 0.4 1.0

Railroad rolling stock...................................................... 3365 0.6 2.7 2.1 0.0 0.0 3.3

Ship and boat building.................................................... 3366 0.3 0.8 0.5 -0.6 0.1 1.5

Other transportation equipment.......................................... 3369 1.5 3.6 2.1 -0.1 2.3 2.6

Household and institutional furniture.................................... 3371 0.2 -0.7 -0.9 -1.6 -0.1 -0.7

Office furniture and fixtures............................................... 3372 0.3 0.2 0.0 -1.0 0.5 0.4

Other furniture related products.......................................... 3379 0.4 0.7 0.3 -1.2 -0.4 1.2

Medical equipment and supplies......................................... 3391 0.5 2.9 2.5 0.9 3.4 2.9

Other miscellaneous manufacturing..................................... 3399 0.4 0.1 -0.3 -0.9 0.3 -0.2

Transportation

Air transportation........................................................... 481 1.3 2.8 1.5 -0.2 3.5 2.1

Line-haul railroads......................................................... 482111 1.7 1.7 0.0 -1.7 0.6 1.0

16
 Manufacturing

Animal food........................................................................ 3111 -0.1 0.6 0.8 -0.7 1.6 -1.5 1.7

Grain and oilseed milling.................................................... 3112 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.3 -0.6 3.3

Sugar and confectionery products...................................... 3113 0.0 0.2 1.3 1.9 0.1 -1.6 0.2

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty..................... 3114 0.1 -1.8 1.4 0.6 0.7 -0.4 -0.6

Dairy products.................................................................... 3115 0.1 -1.1 0.6 -0.3 1.1 -0.1 1.8

Animal slaughtering and processing.................................. 3116 0.6 0.0 1.2 0.9 1.7 -0.3 -4.2

Seafood product preparation and packaging...................... 3117 0.4 -1.6 0.5 1.0 2.1 -0.3 1.2

Bakeries and tortilla products............................................. 3118 -0.8 -3.7 0.8 -0.5 0.3 -1.4 1.7

Other food products........................................................... 3119 0.2 0.2 1.3 -0.6 1.3 -0.5 3.0

Beverages.......................................................................... 3121 0.5 1.4 2.2 -1.3 2.2 -0.7 -1.0

Tobacco............................................................................. 3122 -0.6 1.8 1.9 0.4 -1.1 -2.4 -2.8

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills............................................... 3131 1.0 1.2 0.7 0.7 3.8 -0.5 1.5

Fabric mills........................................................................ 3132 1.0 0.8 2.0 1.0 3.1 -0.5 -2.3

Textile and fabric finishing mills......................................... 3133 0.1 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.4 -0.9 -3.3

Textile furnishings mills...................................................... 3141 -0.4 -0.1 1.8 -1.1 0.6 -1.6 1.0

Other textile product mills.................................................. 3149 0.4 0.1 0.7 -0.6 1.6 0.1 4.3

Apparel knitting mills.......................................................... 3151 -0.5 0.9 2.2 -2.4 -3.0 0.3 5.4

Cut and sew apparel.......................................................... 3152 -0.9 -1.2 0.9 -0.9 -3.1 -0.4 2.6

Accessories and other apparel........................................... 3159 -1.9 1.4 0.7 -6.8 -3.1 -1.1 -3.2

Leather and hide tanning and finishing............................... 3161 1.1 -3.9 -0.1 4.3 -4.3 4.8 8.8

Footwear............................................................................ 3162 -0.6 -1.9 0.2 -0.4 -0.3 -0.9 -3.4

Other leather products....................................................... 3169 -0.6 0.2 -3.3 3.6 -0.2 -1.5 -8.3

Sawmills and wood preservation........................................ 3211 0.8 1.5 -0.1 0.0 2.0 0.7 -1.2

Plywood and engineered wood products............................ 3212 0.1 -0.7 0.0 -0.1 1.2 -0.1 -0.4

Other wood products.......................................................... 3219 -0.4 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 0.9 -0.8 -2.4

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills..................................... 3221 0.7 -1.3 0.1 1.9 2.1 0.2 0.4

Converted paper products.................................................. 3222 0.0 0.3 0.3 -0.3 0.9 -0.6 -0.1

Printing and related support activities................................ 3231 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.8 1.0 -0.2 -5.1

Petroleum and coal products............................................. 3241 -0.2 -1.9 1.9 3.0 -1.9 -0.9 1.2

Basic chemicals................................................................. 3251 -0.1 -0.6 -2.4 -1.0 3.7 -0.8 -3.6

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers....................................... 3252 0.2 -1.4 0.9 0.6 2.2 -1.1 -7.2

Agricultural chemicals........................................................ 3253 0.6 1.0 1.3 0.4 3.0 -1.2 -3.9

Pharmaceuticals and medicines........................................ 3254 -1.7 -1.5 -1.8 -1.4 0.6 -3.2 -2.1

Paints, coatings, and adhesives......................................... 3255 -0.3 -1.9 -0.3 -0.5 1.3 -0.9 -5.9

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries........................ 3256 0.5 -1.2 0.6 -0.7 4.5 -1.0 4.6

Other chemical products and preparations......................... 3259 0.1 -1.2 0.8 1.9 0.0 -0.5 -4.9

Plastics products................................................................ 3261 0.3 -0.1 1.5 0.6 0.8 -0.5 -2.3

Rubber products................................................................ 3262 0.6 1.0 1.5 0.9 1.0 -0.3 -1.3

Clay products and refractories........................................... 3271 0.2 1.3 1.6 1.1 -0.4 -0.8 -4.8

Glass and glass products................................................... 3272 0.9 0.4 2.0 2.0 0.6 0.2 0.2

Cement and concrete products.......................................... 3273 -0.3 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.1 -1.5 -3.6

Lime and gypsum products................................................ 3274 -0.6 -1.5 -1.8 0.9 0.7 -1.3 -2.9

Other nonmetallic mineral products.................................... 3279 0.5 -0.2 2.5 -0.6 2.4 -0.8 0.3

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys..................................... 3311 1.2 0.9 2.1 2.3 0.3 0.9 -1.6

Steel products from purchased steel.................................. 3312 0.1 1.3 2.7 0.0 -0.4 -0.9 -5.8

Alumina and aluminum production..................................... 3313 0.9 -0.3 -0.2 0.8 1.2 1.5 3.4

Other nonferrous metal production..................................... 3314 0.4 -3.7 1.7 3.9 -3.2 1.6 3.6

Foundries........................................................................... 3315 0.4 -0.1 2.0 0.7 0.7 -0.4 -0.9

2018-2019

Table 3. Multifactor productivity in selected periods

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change

1987-2019 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2019

17
Forging and stamping........................................................ 3321 0.7 -0.4 0.5 -0.3 4.1 -0.5 -0.4

Cutlery and handtools........................................................ 3322 0.1 -1.1 1.0 -0.7 0.6 0.0 -1.7

Architectural and structural metals..................................... 3323 -0.2 -0.9 0.8 -1.0 1.4 -0.9 -2.0

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.............................. 3324 0.2 0.7 1.6 0.7 0.8 -1.1 -4.7

Hardware........................................................................... 3325 -0.5 -1.9 0.7 -0.2 -0.7 -0.6 -1.4

Spring and wire products................................................... 3326 0.3 0.5 1.5 0.0 1.7 -0.9 -5.2

Machine shops and threaded products.............................. 3327 0.7 1.4 3.2 0.0 1.6 -0.8 -4.6

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals..................... 3328 0.9 1.3 2.1 -0.9 3.6 -0.4 -3.2

Other fabricated metal products......................................... 3329 -0.6 -1.5 0.3 -1.3 1.9 -1.8 -2.9

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery................ 3331 0.0 2.6 0.3 -1.0 1.6 -1.2 -3.2

Industrial machinery........................................................... 3332 0.6 0.3 1.8 0.0 1.5 0.0 -0.8

Commercial and service industry machinery...................... 3333 -0.2 1.0 0.0 -1.3 -0.5 0.1 -2.1

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment................. 3334 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.4 1.6 -0.5 -3.3

Metalworking machinery.................................................... 3335 0.7 0.3 1.7 -1.3 2.7 0.1 -5.6

Turbine and power transmission equipment....................... 3336 0.1 -0.5 0.2 0.6 -0.3 0.2 -0.6

Other general purpose machinery...................................... 3339 0.1 0.5 0.3 -0.2 1.9 -0.9 -3.0

Computer and peripheral equipment.................................. 3341 9.9 6.6 14.0 22.4 17.0 0.6 5.3

Communications equipment.............................................. 3342 2.1 3.2 5.6 5.6 2.8 -1.5 2.3

Audio and video equipment................................................ 3343 2.3 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.9 1.3 -2.4

Semiconductors and electronic components...................... 3344 8.3 6.4 18.3 21.8 7.5 0.3 -1.2

Electronic instruments....................................................... 3345 0.4 1.7 1.1 -0.3 1.2 -0.5 -4.3

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing................ 3346 0.9 0.8 6.0 -2.7 2.2 -0.5 -7.8

Electric lighting equipment................................................. 3351 0.4 -2.4 0.4 0.4 1.4 0.6 -4.2

Household appliances........................................................ 3352 1.5 -0.3 3.0 0.8 3.4 0.5 -1.1

Electrical equipment.......................................................... 3353 0.1 0.3 2.3 -1.7 1.1 -0.7 1.5

Other electrical equipment and components...................... 3359 0.2 -2.0 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.0 -1.1

Motor vehicles.................................................................... 3361 0.2 0.4 -0.9 0.3 2.8 -0.8 -0.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers........................................ 3362 -0.2 -2.3 2.3 -1.2 0.2 -0.5 -3.0

Motor vehicle parts............................................................. 3363 1.4 -0.8 3.2 1.7 2.1 0.6 -1.6

Aerospace products and parts........................................... 3364 0.4 -1.5 0.0 -0.2 2.1 0.4 0.7

Railroad rolling stock.......................................................... 3365 0.6 0.6 0.3 4.7 -1.7 0.4 -2.4

Ship and boat building....................................................... 3366 0.3 0.3 -0.3 0.5 -0.4 0.9 -4.2

Other transportation equipment.......................................... 3369 1.5 -2.2 6.3 -0.5 5.6 -1.0 -0.8

Household and institutional furniture.................................. 3371 0.2 -0.1 1.3 -0.2 1.0 -0.5 -5.6

Office furniture and fixtures................................................ 3372 0.3 -2.4 0.9 2.1 0.9 -0.4 -3.8

Other furniture related products......................................... 3379 0.4 0.0 1.4 0.3 1.7 -0.6 0.1

Medical equipment and supplies........................................ 3391 0.5 2.0 0.1 1.1 1.6 -0.7 -3.8

Other miscellaneous manufacturing................................... 3399 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.3 -0.3 -2.5

Transportation

Air transportation............................................................... 481 1.3 -0.7 -0.1 -0.1 4.5 1.0 0.9

Line-haul railroads............................................................. 482111 1.7 3.9 4.4 1.6 1.3 0.2 -1.9

2000-2007 2007-2019 2018-2019

Table 3. Multifactor productivity in selected periods — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change

1987-2019 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000

18
 Manufacturing

Animal food.................................................................................... 3111 1.4 0.3 1.2 -0.1

Grain and oilseed milling............................................................... 3112 1.7 0.2 1.4 0.0

Sugar and confectionery products................................................. 3113 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.0

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty................................ 3114 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.1

Dairy products............................................................................... 3115 1.0 0.2 0.7 0.1

Animal slaughtering and processing.............................................. 3116 0.5 0.1 -0.2 0.6

Seafood product preparation and packaging................................. 3117 1.2 0.2 0.6 0.4

Bakeries and tortilla products........................................................ 3118 0.0 0.1 0.6 -0.8

Other food products....................................................................... 3119 0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.2

Beverages..................................................................................... 3121 0.2 -0.2 -0.1 0.5

Tobacco......................................................................................... 3122 2.2 2.2 0.6 -0.6

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.......................................................... 3131 2.1 0.1 1.1 1.0

Fabric mills.................................................................................... 3132 2.6 0.4 1.2 1.0

Textile and fabric finishing mills..................................................... 3133 1.2 0.2 0.8 0.1

Textile furnishings mills................................................................. 3141 0.3 0.4 0.2 -0.4

Other textile product mills.............................................................. 3149 1.3 0.2 0.7 0.4

Apparel knitting mills...................................................................... 3151 0.0 0.6 -0.1 -0.5

Cut and sew apparel...................................................................... 3152 0.1 0.9 0.2 -0.9

Accessories and other apparel...................................................... 3159 -2.5 0.1 -0.7 -1.9

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.......................................... 3161 0.7 0.2 -0.5 1.1

Footwear........................................................................................ 3162 0.9 0.4 1.1 -0.6

Other leather products................................................................... 3169 0.0 0.4 0.1 -0.6

Sawmills and wood preservation................................................... 3211 1.4 -0.1 0.7 0.8

Plywood and engineered wood products....................................... 3212 0.5 -0.1 0.5 0.1

Other wood products..................................................................... 3219 0.4 0.1 0.7 -0.4

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................................................. 3221 2.1 0.4 1.0 0.7

Converted paper products............................................................. 3222 1.5 0.3 1.2 0.0

Printing and related support activities............................................ 3231 1.1 0.3 0.8 0.0

Petroleum and coal products......................................................... 3241 1.9 0.2 2.0 -0.2

Basic chemicals............................................................................. 3251 1.7 0.4 1.4 -0.1

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers.................................................. 3252 1.7 0.4 1.2 0.2

Agricultural chemicals.................................................................... 3253 1.4 0.5 0.2 0.6

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.................................................... 3254 -0.9 0.7 0.2 -1.7

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.................................................... 3255 0.2 0.1 0.5 -0.3

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries................................... 3256 1.4 0.6 0.3 0.5

Other chemical products and preparations................................... 3259 1.6 0.4 1.0 0.1

Plastics products........................................................................... 3261 1.3 0.3 0.7 0.3

Rubber products............................................................................ 3262 1.7 0.2 0.9 0.6

Clay products and refractories....................................................... 3271 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.2

Glass and glass products.............................................................. 3272 2.0 0.3 0.8 0.9

Cement and concrete products..................................................... 3273 -0.3 -0.1 0.0 -0.3

Lime and gypsum products........................................................... 3274 0.8 0.5 0.9 -0.6

Other nonmetallic mineral products............................................... 3279 0.7 -0.1 0.3 0.5

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................................................ 3311 2.9 -0.1 1.8 1.2

Steel products from purchased steel............................................. 3312 0.5 -0.2 0.6 0.1

Alumina and aluminum production................................................ 3313 1.9 0.1 0.9 0.9

Other nonferrous metal production................................................ 3314 1.4 0.2 0.7 0.4

Foundries....................................................................................... 3315 1.5 0.1 0.9 0.4

Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity

Industry

2017

NAICS 

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2019

Labor 

productivity

Contribution of 

capital intensity

Contribution of 

intermediate 

purchases intensity

Multifactor 

productivity

19
Forging and stamping.................................................................... 3321 2.1 0.2 1.2 0.7

Cutlery and handtools.................................................................... 3322 1.1 0.3 0.7 0.1

Architectural and structural metals................................................ 3323 0.5 0.0 0.7 -0.2

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers......................................... 3324 0.9 0.0 0.7 0.2

Hardware....................................................................................... 3325 0.7 0.3 0.9 -0.5

Spring and wire products............................................................... 3326 1.7 0.3 1.1 0.3

Machine shops and threaded products......................................... 3327 1.5 0.2 0.7 0.7

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals................................ 3328 1.6 0.0 0.6 0.9

Other fabricated metal products.................................................... 3329 0.3 0.2 0.7 -0.6

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery........................... 3331 1.6 0.1 1.6 0.0

Industrial machinery...................................................................... 3332 1.5 0.1 0.7 0.6

Commercial and service industry machinery................................. 3333 1.2 0.2 1.2 -0.2

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment............................ 3334 1.2 0.2 0.7 0.4

Metalworking machinery................................................................ 3335 1.5 0.1 0.7 0.7

Turbine and power transmission equipment................................. 3336 1.3 0.1 1.0 0.1

Other general purpose machinery................................................. 3339 1.6 0.1 1.4 0.1

Computer and peripheral equipment............................................. 3341 13.3 1.1 1.9 9.9

Communications equipment.......................................................... 3342 5.0 0.7 2.2 2.1

Audio and video equipment........................................................... 3343 2.4 0.1 -0.1 2.3

Semiconductors and electronic components................................. 3344 12.0 1.8 1.5 8.3

Electronic instruments................................................................... 3345 2.7 0.4 2.0 0.4

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.......................... 3346 0.1 0.3 -1.1 0.9

Electric lighting equipment............................................................. 3351 1.9 0.4 1.1 0.4

Household appliances................................................................... 3352 3.1 0.4 1.2 1.5

Electrical equipment...................................................................... 3353 1.6 0.2 1.3 0.1

Other electrical equipment and components................................. 3359 0.8 0.1 0.6 0.2

Motor vehicles............................................................................... 3361 2.5 0.3 1.9 0.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers................................................... 3362 1.2 0.1 1.3 -0.2

Motor vehicle parts........................................................................ 3363 2.7 0.0 1.2 1.4

Aerospace products and parts...................................................... 3364 1.9 0.3 1.1 0.4

Railroad rolling stock..................................................................... 3365 2.7 0.1 2.0 0.6

Ship and boat building................................................................... 3366 1.5 0.1 1.1 0.3

Other transportation equipment..................................................... 3369 3.7 0.5 1.7 1.5

Household and institutional furniture............................................. 3371 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.2

Office furniture and fixtures........................................................... 3372 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.3

Other furniture related products..................................................... 3379 2.0 0.1 1.4 0.4

Medical equipment and supplies................................................... 3391 2.0 0.8 0.8 0.5

Other miscellaneous manufacturing.............................................. 3399 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.4

Transportation

Air transportation........................................................................... 481 3.0 0.8 1.0 1.3

Line-haul railroads......................................................................... 482111 3.4 0.7 1.0 1.7

Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity — Continued

Industry

2017 

NAICS 

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2019

Labor 

productivity

Contribution of 

capital intensity

Contribution of 

intermediate 

purchases intensity

Multifactor 

productivity

20