Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-23-0151 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, February 3, 2023

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — JANUARY 2023 

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 517,000 in January, and the unemployment rate changed 

little at 3.4 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job growth was widespread, led 

by gains in leisure and hospitality, professional and business services, and health care. Employment also 

increased in government, partially reflecting the return of workers from a strike. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Changes to The Employment Situation Data

Establishment survey data have been revised as a result of the annual benchmarking process, the NAICS 

2022 conversion, and the updating of seasonal adjustment factors. Also, household survey data for 

January 2023 reflect updated population estimates. See the notes beginning on page 4 for more 

information. 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

January 2021 – January 2023

Percent Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, January 2021 – January 2023

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

Jan-21 Apr-21 Jul-21 Oct-21 Jan-22 Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Jan-21 Apr-21 Jul-21 Oct-21 Jan-22 Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23
-2- 

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.4 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 5.7 million, 

changed little in January. The unemployment rate has shown little net movement since early 2022. (See 

table A-1. See the note on page 5 and tables B and C for more information about annual population 

adjustments to the household survey estimates.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.2 percent), adult women 

(3.1 percent), teenagers (10.3 percent), Whites (3.1 percent), Blacks (5.4 percent), Asians (2.8 percent), 

and Hispanics (4.5 percent) showed little change in January. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks decreased to 1.9 million in January. The number of 

long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was essentially unchanged at 1.1 million. 

The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.4 percent of the total unemployed in January. (See table A12.) 

In January, both the labor force participation rate, at 62.4 percent, and the employment-population 

ratio, at 60.2 percent, were unchanged after removing the effects of the annual adjustments to the 

population controls. These measures have shown little net change since early 2022 and remain below 

their pre-pandemic February 2020 levels (63.3 percent and 61.1 percent, respectively). (See table A-1. 

For additional information about the effects of the population adjustments, see table C.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.1 million, was little changed in 

January. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time 

because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 5.3 million in January, 

little changed from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they 

were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take 

a job. (See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 

the labor force, at 1.4 million, changed little in January. These individuals wanted and were available 

for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 

weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached 

who believed that no jobs were available for them, was also little changed over the month at 342,000. 

(See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 517,000 in January, compared with an average monthly 

gain of 401,000 in 2022. Job growth was widespread in January, led by gains in leisure and hospitality, 

professional and business services, and health care. Employment also increased in government, partially 

reflecting the return of workers from a strike. (See table B-1. See the note on page 4 and table A for 

more information about the annual benchmark process.) 

Leisure and hospitality added 128,000 jobs in January compared with an average of 89,000 jobs per 

month in 2022. Over the month, food services and drinking places added 99,000 jobs, while 
-3- 

employment continued to trend up in accommodation (+15,000). Employment in leisure and hospitality 

remains below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by 495,000, or 2.9 percent.

In January, employment in professional and business services rose by 82,000, led by gains in 

professional, scientific, and technical services (+41,000). Job growth in professional and business 

services averaged 63,000 per month in 2022. 

Government employment increased by 74,000 in January. Employment in state government education 

increased by 35,000, reflecting the return of university workers after a strike. 

Health care added 58,000 jobs in January. Job growth occurred in ambulatory health care services 

(+30,000), nursing and residential care facilities (+17,000), and hospitals (+11,000). In 2022, health care 

added an average of 47,000 jobs per month. 

Employment in retail trade rose by 30,000 in January, following little net growth in 2022 (an average 

of +7,000 per month). In January, job gains in general merchandise retailers (+16,000) and in furniture, 

home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers (+7,000) were partially offset by a decline in 

health and personal care retailers (-6,000). 

Construction added 25,000 jobs in January, reflecting an employment gain in specialty trade 

contractors (+22,000). Employment in the construction industry grew by an average of 22,000 per 

month in 2022. 

In January, transportation and warehousing added 23,000 jobs, the same as the industry’s average 

monthly gain in 2022. Over the month, employment in support activities for transportation increased by 

7,000. 

Employment in social assistance increased by 21,000 in January, little different from the 2022 average 

gain of 19,000 per month. 

Manufacturing employment continued to trend up in January (+19,000). In 2022, manufacturing added 

an average of 33,000 jobs per month. 

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining, 

quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; wholesale trade; information; financial activities; and other 

services. 

In January, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 10 cents, or 

0.3 percent, to $33.03. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.4 percent. 

In January, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose 

by 7 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $28.26. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.3 hour to 34.7 hours in 

January. In manufacturing, the average workweek increased by 0.4 hour to 40.5 hours, and overtime 

increased by 0.1 hour to 3.1 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory 

employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.2 hour to 34.1 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for November was revised up by 34,000, from 

+256,000 to +290,000, and the change for December was revised up by 37,000, from +223,000 to 
-4-

+260,000. With these revisions, employment gains in November and December combined were 71,000 

higher than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from 

businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of 

seasonal factors. The annual benchmark process also contributed to the November and December 

revisions.)

_____________

The Employment Situation for February is scheduled to be released on Friday, March 10, 2023, at 

8:30 a.m. (ET).

Revisions to Establishment Survey Data

In accordance with annual practice, the establishment survey data released today have been 

benchmarked to reflect comprehensive counts of payroll jobs for March 2022. These counts are derived 

principally from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), which counts jobs covered 

by the Unemployment Insurance (UI) tax system. In addition, the basis for industry classification in the 

establishment survey has been revised from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System 

(NAICS) to NAICS 2022. Approximately 10 percent of employment was reclassified into different 

industries as a result of the NAICS revision. Implementation of NAICS 2022 resulted in major revisions 

reflecting content and coding changes in the retail trade and information sectors, as well as minor 

revisions within the mining and logging, manufacturing, wholesale trade, financial activities, and other 

services sectors. Many industry titles and descriptions were also updated to better reflect official NAICS 

titles. 

Revisions due to both the NAICS 2022 conversion and the benchmark process affected more historical 

data than typical in the annual benchmark process. The NAICS revisions are reflected for the entire 

history of affected industries for both seasonally and not seasonally adjusted data. Details of the updated 

titles and new, discontinued, and collapsed industries (and resulting changes to tables B-1 through B-9)

are available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesnewseries.htm.

The total nonfarm employment level for March 2022 was revised upward by 568,000 (+506,000 on a not 

seasonally adjusted basis, or +0.3 percent). The average not seasonally adjusted benchmark revision (in 

absolute terms) over the past 10 years is 0.1 percent. 

The over-the-year change in total nonfarm employment for March 2022 was revised from +6,425,000 to 

+7,096,000 (seasonally adjusted). Table A presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a 

seasonally adjusted basis from January to December 2022.

All revised historical establishment survey data are available on the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/ces/data/home.htm. In addition, an article that discusses the benchmark and postbenchmark revisions and other technical issues is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
-5- 

Adjustments to Population Estimates for the Household Survey

Effective with data for January 2023, updated population estimates were incorporated into the household 

survey. Population estimates for the household survey are developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. Each 

year, the Census Bureau updates the estimates to reflect new information and assumptions about the 

growth of the population since the previous decennial census. The change in population reflected in the 

new estimates results from adjustments for net international migration, updated vital statistics, and 

improvements in estimation methodology. 

In accordance with usual practice, BLS will not revise the official household survey estimates for 

December 2022 and earlier months. However, to show the impact of the population adjustments, table B 

displays differences in selected December labor force series based on the old and new population 

estimates.

The adjustments increased the estimated size of the civilian noninstitutional population in December by 

954,000, the civilian labor force by 871,000, employment by 810,000, and unemployment by 60,000. 

The number of persons not in the labor force increased by 82,000. Although the total unemployment rate

was unaffected, the employment-population ratio and labor force participation rate each increased by 0.1 

percentage point. 

Table A. Revisions to total nonfarm employment, January to December 2022, seasonally adjusted 

(Numbers in thousands)

As revised

As 

previously 

published

Difference As revised

As 

previously 

published

Difference

2022

January......................... 150,106 149,744 362 364 504 -140

February........................ 151,010 150,458 552 904 714 190

March............................ 151,424 150,856 568 414 398 16

April............................ 151,678 151,224 454 254 368 -114

May.............................. 152,042 151,610 432 364 386 -22

June................................ 152,412 151,903 509 370 293 77

July................................ 152,980 152,440 540 568 537 31

August........................... 153,332 152,732 600 352 292 60

September..................... 153,682 153,001 681 350 269 81

October.......................... 154,006 153,264 742 324 263 61

November...................... 154,296 153,520 776 290 256 34

December (p).................. 154,556 153,743 813 260 223 37

(p) = preliminary.

Year and month

Level Over-the-month change
-6- 

Data users are cautioned that these annual population adjustments can affect the comparability of 

household data series over time. Table C shows the effect of the introduction of new population 

estimates on the change in selected labor force measures between December 2022 and January 2023. 

Additional information on the population adjustments and their effect on national labor force estimates 

is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-pop-control-adjustments.pdf.

Population controls for veterans, which are derived from a Department of Veterans Affairs population 

model and are updated periodically, have also been updated with the release of data for January 2023. 

Historical data have not been revised.

Table B. Effect of the updated population controls on December 2022 estimates by sex, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, not seasonally adjusted

(Numbers in thousands)

Category Total Men Women White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population....... 954 869 84 309 153 437 291

 Civilian labor force.......................... 871 857 14 365 168 291 289

 Participation rate....................... 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

 Employed..................................... 810 812 -2 335 149 282 271

 Employment-population ratio....... 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

 Unemployed................................. 60 45 16 30 20 8 19

 Unemployment rate................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1

 Not in labor force........................... 82 13 71 -56 -15 146 2

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or

African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose

ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Table C. December 2022-January 2023 changes in selected labor force measures, with 

adjustments for population control effects

(Numbers in thousands)

Category Dec.-Jan. change, 

as published

2023 population 

control effect

Dec.-Jan. change, after 

removing the population 

control effect 1

Civilian noninstitutional population....... 1,118 954 164

 Civilian labor force.......................... 866 871 -5

 Participation rate....................... 0.1 0.1 0.0

 Employed..................................... 894 810 84

 Employment-population ratio....... 0.1 0.1 0.0

 Unemployed................................. -28 60 -88

 Unemployment rate................... -0.1 0.0 -0.1

 Not in labor force........................... 252 82 170

1 This Dec.-Jan. change is calculated by subtracting the population control effect from the 

over-the-month change in the published seasonally adjusted estimates.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Change from:

Dec. 2022-

Jan. 2023

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 263,202 264,708 264,844 265,962 –

Civilian labor force........................................................... 163,633 164,527 164,966 165,832 –

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.2 62.2 62.3 62.4 –

Employed................................................................... 157,122 158,527 159,244 160,138 –

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 59.7 59.9 60.1 60.2 –

Unemployed............................................................... 6,511 6,000 5,722 5,694 –

Unemployment rate.................................................... 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.4 –

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,570 100,181 99,878 100,130 –

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.4 –

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.8 3.3 3.1 3.2 –

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.1 –

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 10.9 11.3 10.4 10.3 –

White.......................................................................... 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.1 –

Black or African American.................................................. 6.9 5.7 5.7 5.4 –

Asian.......................................................................... 3.5 2.6 2.4 2.8 –

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.9 4.0 4.1 4.5 –

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.8 –

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 6.3 4.4 5.0 4.5 –

High school graduates, no college........................................ 4.5 3.9 3.6 3.7 –

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.9 –

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.0 –

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 3,217 2,761 2,629 2,529 –

Job leavers...................................................................... 953 829 825 884 –

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,995 1,798 1,767 1,817 –

New entrants.................................................................... 438 558 497 531 –

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,428 2,244 2,233 1,946 –

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,619 1,694 1,639 1,785 –

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 819 821 826 890 –

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,683 1,215 1,069 1,111 –

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 3,735 3,688 3,878 4,050 –

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,412 2,546 2,648 2,685 –

Could only find part-time work............................................. 975 826 911 999 –

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 20,236 21,226 21,628 22,083 –

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,527 1,491 1,260 1,354 –

Discouraged workers........................................................ 406 406 410 342 –

- December - January changes in household data are not shown due to the introduction of updated population controls.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 290 260 517

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 228 269 443

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 41 43 46

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 8 5 2

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4 19 26 25

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 14 12 19

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 14 25 4

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 5.7 9.0 -6.5

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 0 -13 15

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 187 226 397

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 -0.4 10.5 11.3

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.1 -45.6 1.4 30.1

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 -37.1 13.0 22.9

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 -0.9 -0.1 -0.7

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13 -5 -5

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 11 11 6

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 0 39 82

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 -48.5 -40.9 25.9

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -5 95 76 105

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -20.9 82.6 80.3 79.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 123 64 128

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -7 29 16 18

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 62 -9 74

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 321 291 356

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 290 265 313

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 81.4 81.3 81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 34.5 34.4 34.7

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31.63 $32.80 $32.93 $33.03

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,094.40 $1,131.60 $1,132.79 $1,146.14

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.2 114.3 114.2 115.6

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3 -0.1 -0.1 1.2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.2 179.2 179.8 182.5

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.5

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 63.4 65.4 69.0

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 59.7 56.3 56.3

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 666,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,202 264,844 265,962 263,202 264,356 264,535 264,708 264,844 265,962

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,825 164,224 165,070 163,633 164,619 164,646 164,527 164,966 165,832

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.2 62.2 62.3 62.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,618 158,872 158,692 157,122 158,850 158,593 158,527 159,244 160,138

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 60.0 59.7 59.7 60.1 60.0 59.9 60.1 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,207 5,352 6,378 6,511 5,770 6,053 6,000 5,722 5,694

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.3 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,378 100,621 100,892 99,570 99,736 99,890 100,181 99,878 100,130

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,872 4,948 5,466 5,718 5,813 5,681 5,528 5,176 5,314

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,236 129,050 129,998 128,236 128,807 128,897 128,983 129,050 129,998

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,488 87,251 87,842 86,997 87,659 87,772 87,793 87,864 88,334

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 67.6 67.6 67.8 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 67.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,376 84,304 84,120 83,451 84,532 84,559 84,557 84,880 85,186

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 65.3 64.7 65.1 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.8 65.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,112 2,947 3,723 3,546 3,127 3,212 3,236 2,984 3,147

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 3.4 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,748 41,799 42,156 41,239 41,148 41,126 41,189 41,186 41,665

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,612 120,360 121,283 119,612 120,140 120,225 120,301 120,360 121,283

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,649 84,262 84,872 83,885 84,602 84,606 84,525 84,694 85,084

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.9 70.0 70.0 70.1 70.4 70.4 70.3 70.4 70.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,879 81,589 81,524 80,695 81,816 81,776 81,698 82,033 82,324

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.8 67.8 67.2 67.5 68.1 68.0 67.9 68.2 67.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,770 2,673 3,348 3,190 2,786 2,829 2,827 2,661 2,760

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 3.2 3.9 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,962 36,098 36,412 35,727 35,537 35,619 35,776 35,666 36,199

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,966 135,795 135,963 134,966 135,548 135,638 135,725 135,795 135,963

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,337 76,973 77,228 76,636 76,960 76,874 76,734 77,102 77,498

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 56.7 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.7 56.5 56.8 57.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,242 74,568 74,572 73,671 74,318 74,033 73,970 74,364 74,952

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 54.9 54.8 54.6 54.8 54.6 54.5 54.8 55.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,095 2,405 2,656 2,965 2,642 2,841 2,764 2,738 2,546

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.1 3.4 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,629 58,821 58,736 58,331 58,588 58,764 58,991 58,692 58,465

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,570 127,345 127,546 126,570 127,117 127,204 127,283 127,345 127,546

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,404 73,981 74,308 73,517 73,729 73,752 73,532 73,930 74,379

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 58.1 58.3 58.1 58.0 58.0 57.8 58.1 58.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,637 71,843 71,921 70,872 71,457 71,218 71,088 71,531 72,104

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 56.4 56.4 56.0 56.2 56.0 55.9 56.2 56.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,767 2,138 2,387 2,645 2,272 2,534 2,444 2,398 2,275

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 2.9 3.2 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,167 53,365 53,238 53,054 53,388 53,452 53,750 53,416 53,167

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,020 17,139 17,133 17,020 17,099 17,107 17,124 17,139 17,133

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,772 5,981 5,890 6,231 6,288 6,288 6,469 6,343 6,368

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 34.9 34.4 36.6 36.8 36.8 37.8 37.0 37.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,102 5,439 5,247 5,555 5,576 5,598 5,740 5,680 5,710

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0 31.7 30.6 32.6 32.6 32.7 33.5 33.1 33.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 541 643 676 712 690 729 662 658

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 9.1 10.9 10.9 11.3 11.0 11.3 10.4 10.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,248 11,158 11,242 10,789 10,811 10,819 10,655 10,796 10,765

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,819 203,684 204,062 202,819 203,420 203,522 203,617 203,684 204,062

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,148 125,934 126,133 125,697 126,117 126,180 125,902 126,408 126,699

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 61.8 61.8 62.0 62.0 62.0 61.8 62.1 62.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,320 122,301 121,675 121,404 122,261 122,063 121,807 122,556 122,776

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.3 60.0 59.6 59.9 60.1 60.0 59.8 60.2 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,828 3,633 4,458 4,293 3,856 4,117 4,094 3,852 3,924

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 2.9 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,671 77,750 77,928 77,122 77,303 77,342 77,716 77,276 77,362

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,514 65,789 65,973 65,657 65,884 66,032 65,759 66,045 66,118

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 70.0 69.8 70.2 70.2 70.3 70.0 70.3 70.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,913 63,876 63,596 63,521 64,012 64,026 63,767 64,189 64,210

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.2 68.0 67.3 67.9 68.2 68.2 67.9 68.3 68.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,601 1,912 2,377 2,137 1,871 2,006 1,992 1,856 1,908

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 2.9 3.6 3.3 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,127 55,533 55,601 55,178 55,348 55,340 55,174 55,461 55,637

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.0 57.0 57.0 56.8 57.1 57.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,334 54,181 53,977 53,467 53,885 53,691 53,562 53,918 54,093

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 55.7 55.6 55.2 55.5 55.3 55.1 55.5 55.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,794 1,353 1,624 1,711 1,463 1,649 1,611 1,543 1,544

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 2.4 2.9 3.1 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,506 4,612 4,559 4,861 4,885 4,807 4,969 4,902 4,944

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.1 36.8 36.5 39.0 39.1 38.5 39.7 39.2 39.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,073 4,244 4,101 4,416 4,364 4,346 4,478 4,449 4,472

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 33.9 32.9 35.4 34.9 34.8 35.8 35.5 35.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 369 458 445 521 462 491 453 472

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 8.0 10.0 9.2 10.7 9.6 9.9 9.2 9.5

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,978 34,301 34,487 33,978 34,204 34,237 34,272 34,301 34,487

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,914 21,278 21,544 21,054 21,260 21,247 21,365 21,418 21,697

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 62.0 62.5 62.0 62.2 62.1 62.3 62.4 62.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,392 20,146 20,335 19,604 20,016 19,988 20,139 20,189 20,535

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 58.7 59.0 57.7 58.5 58.4 58.8 58.9 59.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,522 1,132 1,209 1,450 1,244 1,259 1,226 1,229 1,162

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 5.3 5.6 6.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,063 13,023 12,943 12,924 12,944 12,990 12,907 12,883 12,790

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,669 9,886 10,038 9,738 9,892 9,783 9,947 9,956 10,115

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.0 67.8 68.2 67.4 68.0 67.2 68.3 68.3 68.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,934 9,399 9,461 9,053 9,322 9,269 9,408 9,446 9,579

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 64.5 64.2 62.7 64.1 63.7 64.6 64.8 65.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 487 577 685 570 514 539 510 535

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 4.9 5.8 7.0 5.8 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,560 10,631 10,790 10,568 10,637 10,696 10,633 10,679 10,804

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 61.7 62.6 61.9 61.9 62.2 61.8 62.0 62.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,921 10,100 10,276 9,957 10,057 10,080 10,077 10,093 10,301

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.1 58.7 59.6 58.3 58.6 58.6 58.6 58.6 59.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 531 514 611 579 616 556 586 504

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 5.0 4.8 5.8 5.4 5.8 5.2 5.5 4.7

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 761 716 748 731 768 785 784 778

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.7 30.4 28.5 30.3 29.4 30.8 31.4 31.4 31.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 646 599 594 636 639 654 650 655

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 25.9 23.9 24.0 25.6 25.7 26.2 26.0 26.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 114 118 154 95 128 131 134 123

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 15.0 16.4 20.6 12.9 16.7 16.7 17.1 15.8

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,903 17,005 17,541 16,903 17,132 17,129 16,980 17,005 17,541

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,806 10,890 11,196 10,870 11,106 11,106 10,995 10,918 11,240

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 64.0 63.8 64.3 64.8 64.8 64.8 64.2 64.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,403 10,650 10,856 10,489 10,832 10,781 10,704 10,654 10,926

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 62.6 61.9 62.1 63.2 62.9 63.0 62.7 62.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 241 340 382 274 325 291 265 313

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 2.2 3.0 3.5 2.5 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,097 6,115 6,345 6,032 6,025 6,023 5,984 6,086 6,301

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 45,740 46,624 47,010 45,740 46,373 46,459 46,545 46,624 47,010

Civilian labor force................................ 30,274 30,872 31,131 30,384 30,673 30,725 30,600 30,893 31,153

Participation rate............................... 66.2 66.2 66.2 66.4 66.1 66.1 65.7 66.3 66.3

Employed....................................... 28,595 29,594 29,430 28,905 29,462 29,430 29,382 29,611 29,737

Employment-population ratio............... 62.5 63.5 62.6 63.2 63.5 63.3 63.1 63.5 63.3

Unemployed.................................... 1,679 1,278 1,701 1,479 1,211 1,295 1,218 1,281 1,416

Unemployment rate......................... 5.5 4.1 5.5 4.9 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.5

Not in labor force................................. 15,466 15,752 15,879 15,355 15,700 15,734 15,944 15,731 15,857

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,538 16,691 16,834 16,578 16,536 16,653 16,526 16,725 16,795

Participation rate............................... 79.8 79.0 78.8 80.0 78.7 79.1 78.4 79.2 78.6

Employed....................................... 15,676 15,958 15,875 15,872 15,967 16,000 15,925 16,047 16,073

Employment-population ratio............... 75.6 75.6 74.3 76.6 76.0 76.0 75.5 76.0 75.2

Unemployed.................................... 862 734 958 705 569 653 601 677 722

Unemployment rate......................... 5.2 4.4 5.7 4.3 3.4 3.9 3.6 4.0 4.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,367 12,837 13,024 12,384 12,771 12,655 12,637 12,785 13,024

Participation rate............................... 59.5 60.6 61.1 59.6 60.6 59.9 59.7 60.3 61.1

Employed....................................... 11,717 12,385 12,391 11,781 12,314 12,185 12,179 12,307 12,447

Employment-population ratio............... 56.4 58.5 58.1 56.7 58.4 57.7 57.6 58.1 58.4

Unemployed.................................... 651 453 633 603 457 469 458 478 577

Unemployment rate......................... 5.3 3.5 4.9 4.9 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.7 4.4

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,369 1,343 1,274 1,423 1,366 1,417 1,438 1,383 1,334

Participation rate............................... 32.4 31.1 29.4 33.7 31.8 33.0 33.4 32.0 30.8

Employed....................................... 1,203 1,252 1,164 1,252 1,181 1,245 1,279 1,257 1,217

Employment-population ratio............... 28.5 29.0 26.9 29.6 27.5 29.0 29.7 29.1 28.1

Unemployed.................................... 166 92 110 171 185 173 159 126 116

Unemployment rate......................... 12.1 6.8 8.7 12.0 13.6 12.2 11.0 9.1 8.7

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,762 8,918 8,829 8,746 8,990 9,141 8,901 8,885 8,814

Participation rate.................................. 44.9 45.8 46.1 44.8 45.7 46.6 45.6 45.6 46.0

Employed.......................................... 8,044 8,428 8,267 8,194 8,491 8,574 8,506 8,443 8,417

Employment-population ratio................. 41.2 43.3 43.1 42.0 43.1 43.7 43.5 43.4 43.9

Unemployed....................................... 719 490 562 551 499 567 395 442 397

Unemployment rate............................ 8.2 5.5 6.4 6.3 5.5 6.2 4.4 5.0 4.5

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,764 35,532 35,983 36,994 35,282 35,070 35,192 35,605 36,189

Participation rate.................................. 56.7 56.1 56.1 57.1 56.2 55.9 55.7 56.2 56.4

Employed.......................................... 34,877 34,270 34,457 35,312 33,975 33,692 33,816 34,339 34,836

Employment-population ratio................. 53.8 54.1 53.7 54.5 54.1 53.7 53.5 54.2 54.3

Unemployed....................................... 1,887 1,262 1,526 1,682 1,307 1,378 1,377 1,266 1,353

Unemployment rate............................ 5.1 3.6 4.2 4.5 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.7

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,182 35,849 35,952 35,347 35,575 35,806 35,880 35,789 36,082

Participation rate.................................. 62.9 62.8 63.2 63.2 62.7 62.7 62.9 62.7 63.5

Employed.......................................... 33,871 34,851 34,859 34,106 34,558 34,734 34,748 34,735 35,046

Employment-population ratio................. 60.5 61.0 61.3 60.9 60.9 60.8 60.9 60.8 61.7

Unemployed....................................... 1,311 998 1,093 1,242 1,017 1,071 1,133 1,054 1,036

Unemployment rate............................ 3.7 2.8 3.0 3.5 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.9 2.9

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 61,803 63,241 62,863 61,737 63,519 63,312 63,041 63,150 62,854

Participation rate.................................. 72.7 72.8 72.7 72.6 72.9 72.7 72.5 72.7 72.7

Employed.......................................... 60,349 62,156 61,526 60,343 62,381 62,089 61,781 61,947 61,591

Employment-population ratio................. 71.0 71.5 71.1 71.0 71.6 71.3 71.1 71.3 71.2

Unemployed....................................... 1,454 1,085 1,338 1,394 1,138 1,223 1,260 1,203 1,263

Unemployment rate............................ 2.4 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,495 18,024 16,474 15,991 2,021 2,033

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,872 8,630 7,669 7,490 1,204 1,141

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.0 47.9 46.6 46.8 59.6 56.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,535 8,390 7,371 7,294 1,164 1,096

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 46.5 44.7 45.6 57.6 53.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 240 298 196 40 44

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 2.8 3.9 2.6 3.3 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,623 9,394 8,805 8,501 817 892

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,757 4,913 3,879 4,002 878 911

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,787 3,918 3,166 3,275 620 644

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.6 79.7 81.6 81.8 70.7 70.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,591 3,768 2,994 3,167 596 601

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5 76.7 77.2 79.1 67.9 66.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 150 172 108 24 42

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 3.8 5.4 3.3 3.9 6.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971 995 713 728 258 267

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,311 3,011 2,834 2,569 477 442

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,417 2,197 2,071 1,862 346 335

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.0 73.0 73.1 72.5 72.6 75.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,389 2,161 2,043 1,827 346 334

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2 71.8 72.1 71.1 72.5 75.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 36 28 35 1 1

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.9 0.2 0.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 813 763 706 131 107

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,368 6,099 6,115 5,841 253 258

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993 827 955 809 38 19

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 13.6 15.6 13.8 15.1 7.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 823 911 805 32 19

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 13.5 14.9 13.8 12.8 7.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4 44 4 6 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 0.5 4.6 0.5 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,375 5,272 5,160 5,032 215 239

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,059 4,001 3,646 3,579 413 422

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,675 1,687 1,477 1,544 199 143

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 42.2 40.5 43.1 48.1 34.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,612 1,638 1,423 1,495 189 143

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.7 40.9 39.0 41.8 45.8 33.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 50 54 49 10 1

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 2.9 3.7 3.1 4.8 0.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,384 2,314 2,169 2,035 214 279

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,614 238,664 107,121 109,368 128,493 129,296

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,745 154,167 77,789 79,289 73,956 74,877

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.4 64.6 72.6 72.5 57.6 57.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,118 148,269 74,107 75,919 71,012 72,350

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 62.1 69.2 69.4 55.3 56.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,627 5,898 3,682 3,370 2,945 2,527

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.8 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,869 84,497 29,332 30,078 54,537 54,419

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 31,600 32,585 231,603 233,376

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,213 7,847 155,612 157,223

Participation rate..................................................................... 22.8 24.1 67.2 67.4

Employed............................................................................. 6,553 7,292 149,065 151,399

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 20.7 22.4 64.4 64.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 660 554 6,547 5,824

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.1 7.1 4.2 3.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,386 24,739 75,991 76,153

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,160 3,206 77,363 78,534

Participation rate..................................................................... 39.4 40.5 81.6 81.8

Employed............................................................................. 2,799 2,970 73,847 75,225

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 34.9 37.5 77.9 78.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 361 236 3,517 3,309

Unemployment rate............................................................... 11.4 7.4 4.5 4.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,869 4,716 17,444 17,513

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,865 3,212 68,788 69,128

Participation rate..................................................................... 35.6 38.8 71.3 71.9

Employed............................................................................. 2,640 2,969 66,059 66,863

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 32.8 35.9 68.4 69.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 226 243 2,729 2,265

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.9 7.6 4.0 3.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,185 5,066 27,723 27,040

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,188 1,428 9,461 9,561

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.7 8.7 23.5 23.2

Employed............................................................................. 1,114 1,353 9,160 9,311

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.2 8.3 22.7 22.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 73 75 301 250

Unemployment rate............................................................... 6.2 5.2 3.2 2.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,332 14,957 30,825 31,599

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 44,624 45,899 21,886 22,530 22,738 23,369

Civilian labor force.................................................. 29,255 29,945 16,869 17,243 12,387 12,702

Participation rate.................................................. 65.6 65.2 77.1 76.5 54.5 54.4

Employed.......................................................... 27,978 28,692 16,192 16,491 11,786 12,201

Employment-population ratio................................. 62.7 62.5 74.0 73.2 51.8 52.2

Unemployed....................................................... 1,277 1,253 677 752 601 501

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.4 4.9 3.9

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,368 15,954 5,017 5,287 10,352 10,667

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 218,579 220,063 106,351 107,468 112,228 112,595

Civilian labor force.................................................. 133,569 135,125 69,619 70,599 63,950 64,526

Participation rate.................................................. 61.1 61.4 65.5 65.7 57.0 57.3

Employed.......................................................... 127,640 130,000 66,184 67,629 61,456 62,371

Employment-population ratio................................. 58.4 59.1 62.2 62.9 54.8 55.4

Unemployed....................................................... 5,929 5,125 3,435 2,970 2,494 2,155

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.4 3.8 4.9 4.2 3.9 3.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 85,009 84,938 36,732 36,869 48,278 48,069

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,224 2,267 2,145 2,311 2,178 2,206 2,228 2,311 2,245

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,454 1,482 1,428 1,505 1,473 1,495 1,492 1,496 1,485

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 735 755 682 769 696 692 715 791 720

Unpaid family workers........................... 36 31 35 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 153,394 156,604 156,547 154,585 156,762 156,570 156,344 156,818 157,645

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 144,501 147,639 147,532 145,922 147,291 147,109 147,381 147,886 148,822

Government..................................... 21,593 21,943 21,968 21,188 21,331 21,211 21,084 21,683 21,548

Private industries............................... 122,907 125,696 125,564 124,386 126,371 126,102 126,468 126,169 126,981

Private households.......................... 575 692 669 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 122,332 125,003 124,895 123,741 125,712 125,460 125,819 125,538 126,248

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,830 8,923 8,952 9,109 9,155 9,261 8,970 9,036 9,217

Unpaid family workers........................... 64 43 63 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,176 3,991 4,498 3,735 3,843 3,664 3,688 3,878 4,050

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,828 2,755 3,114 2,412 2,576 2,535 2,546 2,648 2,685

Could only find part-time work.................. 935 893 993 975 942 867 826 911 999

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,105 22,084 22,096 20,236 21,260 21,297 21,226 21,628 22,083

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,094 3,903 4,401 3,671 3,762 3,578 3,623 3,810 3,959

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,782 2,703 3,057 2,383 2,526 2,487 2,497 2,611 2,646

Could only find part-time work.................. 927 873 983 966 940 862 819 892 988

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 19,738 21,640 21,683 19,878 20,912 20,950 20,844 21,211 21,674

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,618 158,872 158,692 157,122 158,850 158,593 158,527 159,244 160,138

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,102 5,439 5,247 5,555 5,576 5,598 5,740 5,680 5,710

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,965 2,251 2,033 2,183 2,100 2,200 2,241 2,371 2,265

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,137 3,188 3,215 3,384 3,462 3,387 3,500 3,312 3,462

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,516 153,433 153,444 151,567 153,274 152,994 152,787 153,564 154,428

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,376 13,728 14,336 13,753 13,752 13,780 13,759 13,834 14,705

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,141 139,705 139,108 137,886 139,503 139,160 138,845 139,477 139,834

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,214 102,069 101,921 100,703 101,954 101,509 101,400 101,848 102,366

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,726 35,152 35,343 35,019 35,349 35,296 35,073 35,066 35,594

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,050 35,029 34,904 34,162 34,619 34,611 34,777 34,983 35,010

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,437 31,888 31,674 31,522 31,986 31,601 31,550 31,799 31,762

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,927 37,636 37,188 37,183 37,550 37,651 37,446 37,630 37,468

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,376 84,304 84,120 83,451 84,532 84,559 84,557 84,880 85,186

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,497 2,714 2,596 2,756 2,716 2,783 2,859 2,847 2,862

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899 1,018 907 1,022 962 1,034 1,059 1,109 1,039

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,599 1,696 1,689 1,743 1,750 1,752 1,809 1,748 1,838

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,879 81,589 81,524 80,695 81,816 81,776 81,698 82,033 82,324

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,797 6,967 7,144 7,028 7,040 7,144 7,071 7,080 7,354

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,082 74,623 74,379 73,771 74,703 74,548 74,451 74,767 75,036

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,236 54,325 54,269 53,713 54,325 54,106 54,119 54,370 54,708

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,346 18,644 18,717 18,578 18,829 18,701 18,548 18,629 18,916

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,264 18,743 18,752 18,420 18,579 18,649 18,761 18,798 18,896

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,626 16,938 16,801 16,716 16,917 16,756 16,810 16,943 16,896

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,846 20,298 20,110 20,058 20,378 20,442 20,332 20,396 20,328

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,242 74,568 74,572 73,671 74,318 74,033 73,970 74,364 74,952

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,605 2,725 2,651 2,799 2,861 2,815 2,881 2,833 2,848

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,067 1,233 1,125 1,161 1,138 1,167 1,182 1,262 1,226

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,538 1,492 1,526 1,640 1,712 1,635 1,691 1,564 1,624

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,637 71,843 71,921 70,872 71,457 71,218 71,088 71,531 72,104

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,578 6,761 7,192 6,724 6,712 6,636 6,688 6,755 7,351

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,059 65,082 64,729 64,115 64,801 64,612 64,394 64,711 64,798

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,978 47,744 47,651 46,990 47,628 47,403 47,281 47,477 47,658

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,380 16,508 16,627 16,441 16,519 16,596 16,525 16,436 16,678

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,786 16,286 16,152 15,742 16,040 15,963 16,016 16,185 16,114

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,811 14,950 14,873 14,807 15,069 14,845 14,740 14,857 14,866

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,081 17,338 17,078 17,125 17,172 17,209 17,113 17,233 17,140

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,145 46,099 45,927 45,314 45,920 45,624 45,988 46,209 46,119

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,004 36,763 36,569 35,923 36,582 36,179 36,322 36,472 36,490

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,983 10,150 10,154 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,747 131,812 131,175 131,151 132,575 132,179 132,300 132,299 132,577

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,871 27,060 27,516 25,815 26,249 26,413 26,115 26,794 27,400

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,337 8,140 7,877 7,466 7,755 7,519 7,676 8,046 8,001

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,366 6,811 6,560 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,564 9,678 9,635 9,878 9,851 9,953 9,686 9,827 9,937

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 6,511 5,722 5,694 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 676 662 658 10.9 11.3 11.0 11.3 10.4 10.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 275 217 277 11.2 12.2 9.8 11.5 8.4 10.9

18 to 19 years.................................. 401 461 384 10.6 11.0 11.9 11.3 12.2 10.0

20 years and over................................ 5,835 5,059 5,035 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,076 1,085 1,116 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.8 7.3 7.1

25 years and over.............................. 4,841 4,025 4,020 3.4 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8

25 to 54 years............................... 3,646 3,008 3,136 3.5 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 1,566 1,400 1,459 4.3 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 1,239 862 927 3.5 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.6

45 to 54 years............................. 842 746 750 2.6 2.1 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.3

55 years and over........................... 1,179 1,032 874 3.1 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.3

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,546 2,984 3,147 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 356 323 387 11.4 11.2 12.1 12.5 10.2 11.9

16 to 17 years.................................. 157 114 183 13.3 13.1 11.7 15.6 9.3 15.0

18 to 19 years.................................. 198 223 207 10.2 10.3 12.6 10.9 11.3 10.1

20 years and over................................ 3,190 2,661 2,760 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 656 555 620 8.5 7.9 7.2 7.7 7.3 7.8

25 years and over.............................. 2,600 2,139 2,225 3.4 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 1,941 1,564 1,722 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 850 763 856 4.4 3.6 3.9 4.1 3.9 4.3

35 to 44 years............................. 671 441 484 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.5

45 to 54 years............................. 419 360 382 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.2

55 years and over........................... 659 575 504 3.2 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.4

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,965 2,738 2,546 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.3

16 to 19 years..................................... 320 339 271 10.3 11.5 9.8 10.0 10.7 8.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 119 103 93 9.3 11.3 8.0 7.4 7.6 7.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 203 238 177 11.0 11.6 11.1 11.7 13.2 9.8

20 years and over................................ 2,645 2,398 2,275 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1

20 to 24 years.................................. 420 530 496 5.9 6.0 6.6 5.9 7.3 6.3

25 years and over.............................. 2,242 1,886 1,795 3.4 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.7

25 to 54 years............................... 1,706 1,444 1,414 3.5 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.9

25 to 34 years............................. 716 637 604 4.2 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.7 3.5

35 to 44 years............................. 567 421 443 3.5 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.7

45 to 54 years............................. 423 386 368 2.8 1.9 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.4

55 years and over........................... 540 452 386 3.1 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.2

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 910 844 837 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.8

Married women, spouse present1................. 891 764 710 2.4 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.9

Women who maintain families2.................... 527 383 403 5.0 4.7 5.7 4.9 3.6 3.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 5,342 4,661 4,634 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.4

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,198 1,079 1,078 4.4 3.7 3.9 4.4 3.9 3.8

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3,924 2,583 3,226 3,217 2,530 2,695 2,761 2,629 2,529

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,467 848 1,238 952 772 853 806 814 734

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,458 1,735 1,987 2,265 1,758 1,842 1,956 1,815 1,795

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,707 1,255 1,330 1,633 1,202 1,267 1,351 1,339 1,257

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 750 480 657 632 555 575 605 476 538

Job leavers........................................... 948 768 881 953 904 861 829 825 884

Reentrants............................................ 1,973 1,613 1,807 1,995 1,834 1,873 1,798 1,767 1,817

New entrants......................................... 362 388 465 438 460 494 558 497 531

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 54.5 48.3 50.6 48.7 44.2 45.5 46.4 46.0 43.9

On temporary layoff.............................. 20.4 15.8 19.4 14.4 13.5 14.4 13.5 14.2 12.7

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 34.1 32.4 31.2 34.3 30.7 31.1 32.9 31.7 31.2

Job leavers........................................... 13.1 14.4 13.8 14.4 15.8 14.5 13.9 14.4 15.3

Reentrants............................................ 27.4 30.1 28.3 30.2 32.0 31.6 30.2 30.9 31.5

New entrants......................................... 5.0 7.3 7.3 6.6 8.0 8.3 9.4 8.7 9.2

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2.4 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5

Job leavers........................................... 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,888 2,128 2,358 2,428 2,158 2,215 2,244 2,233 1,946

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,765 1,490 1,965 1,619 1,643 1,774 1,694 1,639 1,785

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,554 1,733 2,055 2,501 1,990 1,987 2,036 1,895 2,001

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 856 749 926 819 901 817 821 826 890

27 weeks and over............................... 1,698 984 1,129 1,683 1,089 1,169 1,215 1,069 1,111

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 23.0 19.1 19.1 24.5 20.3 20.8 21.4 19.5 20.4

Median duration, in weeks......................... 8.5 7.5 8.4 9.6 8.5 8.4 8.8 8.9 9.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 40.1 39.8 37.0 37.1 37.3 37.1 37.6 38.7 33.9

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 24.5 27.8 30.8 24.7 28.4 29.7 28.4 28.4 31.1

15 weeks and over.................................. 35.4 32.4 32.2 38.2 34.4 33.2 34.1 32.9 34.9

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 11.9 14.0 14.5 12.5 15.6 13.7 13.7 14.3 15.5

27 weeks and over............................... 23.6 18.4 17.7 25.7 18.8 19.6 20.3 18.5 19.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 155,618 158,692 7,207 6,378 4.4 3.9

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 66,740 69,249 1,583 1,460 2.3 2.1

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 28,536 29,934 623 604 2.1 2.0

Professional and related occupations.......................... 38,204 39,315 961 856 2.5 2.1

Service occupations................................................ 24,232 25,244 1,733 1,401 6.7 5.3

Sales and office occupations...................................... 31,164 30,358 1,347 1,184 4.1 3.8

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,581 14,185 642 645 4.2 4.4

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,583 16,173 705 538 4.1 3.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 13,858 14,023 915 894 6.2 6.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 924 915 88 65 8.7 6.7

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,094 8,399 689 709 7.8 7.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,840 4,709 139 120 2.8 2.5

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 19,624 19,817 1,243 968 6.0 4.7

Production occupations.......................................... 7,973 8,292 455 260 5.4 3.0

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,651 11,526 788 708 6.3 5.8

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 7,207 6,378 4.4 3.9

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 5,822 5,061 4.5 3.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 46 2 8.4 0.3

Construction.......................................................................... 709 720 7.1 6.9

Manufacturing........................................................................ 549 399 3.6 2.6

Durable goods..................................................................... 305 228 3.1 2.3

Nondurable goods................................................................ 245 172 4.4 3.1

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 956 992 4.8 5.1

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 365 345 4.5 4.2

Information............................................................................ 102 114 4.2 3.9

Financial activities................................................................... 196 236 1.9 2.3

Professional and business services............................................... 835 649 4.5 3.5

Education and health services..................................................... 699 599 2.9 2.4

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 1,046 797 8.2 6.0

Other services........................................................................ 317 209 4.9 3.3

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 129 70 8.5 4.9

Government workers................................................................... 477 429 2.2 1.9

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 416 354 4.1 3.5

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 2.4 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 4.4 3.3 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 4.7 3.5 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.6

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 5.4 4.0 4.7 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.2

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 7.9 6.4 7.4 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.6

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2022

Jan.

2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 100,378 100,892 41,748 42,156 58,629 58,736

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,872 5,466 2,971 2,722 2,901 2,744

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,623 1,434 925 730 698 704

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 422 349 320 233 102 117

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,200 1,085 605 498 596 587

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,337 7,877 3,597 3,847 3,741 4,030

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.7 5.0 4.4 4.6 5.1 5.4

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,259 4,418 2,310 2,367 1,949 2,051

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,736 1,862 591 634 1,145 1,228

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 282 343 152 214 130 129

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,017 1,212 523 610 495 602

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.2022 -

Jan.2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,932 155,642 155,349 152,844 150,106 154,296 154,556 155,073 517

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,993 132,866 132,748 130,582 128,031 131,972 132,241 132,684 443

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,330 21,501 21,378 21,060 20,785 21,425 21,468 21,514 46

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 627 627 620 578 624 629 631 2

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 45.9 46.0 45.6 44.9 45.6 45.9 45.6 -0.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 521.0 581.0 581.0 574.3 533.5 578.6 583.0 585.6 2.6

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.2 117.1 118.3 117.7 111.1 117.1 117.6 118.6 1.0

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.2 187.9 184.0 179.7 180.0 187.1 186.4 185.7 -0.7

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.0 41.0 40.8 40.6 39.2 41.1 41.1 40.7 -0.4

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.9 43.1 43.3 43.3 42.3 43.3 43.5 43.7 0.2

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.3 103.8 99.9 95.8 98.5 102.6 101.8 101.3 -0.5

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236.6 276.0 278.7 276.9 242.4 274.4 279.0 281.3 2.3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,251 7,900 7,766 7,546 7,590 7,833 7,859 7,884 25

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,668.3 1,782.3 1,772.9 1,740.3 1,718.4 1,772.9 1,785.3 1,789.4 4.1

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 876.6 934.2 928.1 906.7 902.9 929.0 934.0 934.1 0.1

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 791.7 848.1 844.8 833.6 815.5 843.9 851.3 855.3 4.0

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 948.8 1,101.4 1,041.4 984.0 1,043.0 1,078.4 1,079.0 1,077.8 -1.2

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,633.7 5,016.5 4,951.7 4,821.4 4,828.3 4,981.2 4,994.4 5,016.3 21.9

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,161.1 2,335.9 2,303.0 2,244.9 2,247.8 2,321.9 2,325.8 2,331.2 5.4

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,472.6 2,680.6 2,648.7 2,576.5 2,580.5 2,659.3 2,668.6 2,685.1 16.5

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,513 12,974 12,985 12,894 12,617 12,968 12,980 12,999 19

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,798 8,072 8,103 8,051 7,849 8,073 8,098 8,102 4

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420.5 428.1 429.4 429.6 422.8 429.0 430.6 431.7 1.1

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.3 429.4 428.2 426.6 414.9 428.7 432.6 436.8 4.2

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357.0 366.4 367.8 364.5 357.8 365.6 366.0 365.6 -0.4

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,401.9 1,444.3 1,448.4 1,444.5 1,410.6 1,447.4 1,450.1 1,453.2 3.1

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,076.7 1,115.9 1,123.0 1,118.6 1,082.9 1,119.1 1,122.8 1,124.8 2.0

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,067.6 1,100.4 1,103.0 1,095.6 1,071.3 1,099.9 1,100.9 1,100.2 -0.7

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.7 166.9 168.2 167.5 159.8 166.4 167.4 167.7 0.3

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.5 84.8 84.5 83.6 85.8 84.9 85.2 84.1 -1.1

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.7 392.9 393.6 392.2 376.1 393.4 394.0 394.8 0.8

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.5 423.1 424.2 419.8 418.9 422.9 422.1 420.9 -1.2

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2 32.7 32.5 32.5 30.7 32.3 32.2 32.8 0.6

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.0 404.5 403.9 405.5 396.8 405.1 405.3 407.1 1.8

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,680.8 1,772.0 1,791.2 1,765.8 1,687.7 1,766.8 1,781.8 1,773.4 -8.4

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988.8 1,044.4 1,059.2 1,036.9 991.7 1,038.6 1,047.6 1,041.1 -6.5

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.9 375.9 373.6 368.7 380.8 376.6 373.6 373.1 -0.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617.9 634.8 634.5 631.2 622.9 634.9 634.6 636.0 1.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,715 4,902 4,882 4,843 4,768 4,895 4,882 4,897 15

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,648.9 1,719.7 1,726.1 1,708.9 1,667.6 1,714.5 1,719.3 1,726.2 6.9

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.8 96.6 96.1 96.4 98.7 96.5 96.2 97.1 0.9

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.2 102.7 102.3 103.0 105.7 102.8 102.6 103.3 0.7

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.3 94.7 92.8 93.2 92.6 93.8 92.7 94.8 2.1

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.3 360.7 358.9 359.9 355.3 360.9 359.3 360.1 0.8

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 372.7 384.3 385.0 378.6 376.1 381.2 381.6 381.8 0.2

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.6 106.8 102.0 99.9 102.5 106.1 103.9 103.9 0.0

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885.1 921.9 915.5 907.2 889.1 922.0 915.6 912.1 -3.5

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737.1 757.0 755.4 749.4 742.8 759.7 755.8 757.0 1.2

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.2022 -

Jan.2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.3 357.4 347.6 346.0 337.9 357.0 355.4 360.4 5.0

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,663 111,365 111,370 109,522 107,246 110,547 110,773 111,170 397

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,241 29,272 29,504 28,758 28,289 28,731 28,756 28,819 63

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,809.3 6,023.1 6,032.5 5,993.0 5,854.7 6,019.2 6,029.7 6,041.0 11.3

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,207.4 3,320.2 3,330.8 3,322.1 3,225.8 3,324.2 3,331.6 3,341.9 10.3

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,106.1 2,176.4 2,175.9 2,149.4 2,131.0 2,170.8 2,174.2 2,174.5 0.3

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 495.8 526.5 525.8 521.5 497.9 524.2 523.9 524.6 0.7

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,361.4 15,765.7 15,866.4 15,449.5 15,395.3 15,451.1 15,452.5 15,482.6 30.1

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,962.0 2,024.4 2,019.6 2,004.1 1,985.9 2,025.4 2,026.8 2,028.5 1.7

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,234.1 1,260.8 1,257.3 1,249.3 1,243.7 1,261.2 1,260.1 1,259.8 -0.3

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.3 174.7 172.7 168.8 173.4 178.4 178.7 179.2 0.5

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564.6 588.9 589.6 586.0 568.8 585.8 588.0 589.5 1.5

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,363.5 1,395.0 1,385.1 1,357.6 1,421.9 1,421.8 1,419.5 1,417.0 -2.5

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,137.8 3,244.1 3,260.6 3,213.4 3,154.9 3,219.3 3,227.1 3,228.9 1.8

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921.4 900.6 906.5 885.5 918.4 881.2 879.3 886.2 6.9

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 466.4 458.4 462.6 451.5 458.8 447.3 447.5 445.4 -2.1

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 455.0 442.2 443.9 434.0 448.7 425.7 426.6 428.2 1.6

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,192.9 3,228.4 3,269.0 3,126.8 3,124.8 3,051.8 3,041.6 3,057.6 16.0

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982.0 1,009.8 1,038.0 956.7 940.2 915.7 910.4 915.3 4.9

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,210.9 2,218.6 2,231.0 2,170.1 2,184.5 2,136.1 2,131.2 2,142.3 11.1

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,123.6 1,131.9 1,139.5 1,119.9 1,111.6 1,110.4 1,113.5 1,107.9 -5.6

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,009.0 1,052.8 1,055.5 1,049.4 1,018.2 1,051.1 1,055.2 1,058.9 3.7

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,144.6 1,204.0 1,239.2 1,171.4 1,133.5 1,151.0 1,150.7 1,158.1 7.4

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,506.6 1,584.5 1,591.4 1,521.4 1,526.1 1,539.1 1,538.8 1,539.5 0.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,520.8 6,926.8 7,049.9 6,761.3 6,489.2 6,704.6 6,717.6 6,740.5 22.9

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476.8 519.3 520.5 521.7 481.4 520.7 523.8 526.6 2.8

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.3 148.4 148.7 148.7 144.0 148.4 148.9 149.4 0.5

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.8 63.3 64.5 62.8 60.3 64.8 65.6 65.9 0.3

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,533.4 1,616.4 1,610.3 1,590.5 1,557.4 1,605.5 1,610.6 1,614.7 4.1

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404.0 439.6 444.1 444.0 398.4 422.7 429.8 437.2 7.4

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.5 48.2 48.1 47.6 51.0 48.2 47.9 48.2 0.3

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 23.2 28.9 27.5 27.4 29.6 32.0 31.9 33.1 1.2

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 765.2 814.1 820.2 813.9 769.0 805.7 810.5 817.0 6.5

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,185.1 1,263.8 1,385.3 1,164.5 1,120.3 1,121.0 1,111.5 1,108.4 -3.1

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,881.5 1,984.8 1,980.7 1,940.2 1,877.8 1,935.6 1,937.1 1,940.0 2.9

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.3 555.9 555.5 553.7 550.2 556.0 555.9 555.2 -0.7

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,943 3,145 3,135 3,069 2,985 3,129 3,124 3,119 -5

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.5 487.7 469.1 432.9 443.1 477.8 465.9 465.9 0.0

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907.7 954.3 955.5 945.3 911.3 953.5 953.9 952.6 -1.3

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 350.3 359.3 358.7 351.9 353.1 357.3 358.6 355.9 -2.7

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655.3 662.3 661.6 653.7 657.3 661.2 658.1 656.7 -1.4

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440.6 480.9 489.6 484.1 442.6 479.7 486.2 485.2 -1.0

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.1 200.8 200.8 200.6 177.4 199.8 201.6 202.5 0.9

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,883 9,116 9,136 9,056 8,941 9,097 9,108 9,114 6

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,600.2 6,710.0 6,720.9 6,685.8 6,613.8 6,697.0 6,698.0 6,699.1 1.1

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 21.7 21.8 21.7 21.0 21.8 21.8 21.8 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700.3 2,684.3 2,686.3 2,680.4 2,701.4 2,685.2 2,683.4 2,682.8 -0.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.2022 -

Jan.2023p

Credit intermediation and related -

Continued

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,750.3 1,779.4 1,784.8 1,783.1 1,750.3 1,780.8 1,783.3 1,783.2 -0.1

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,363.0 1,374.4 1,376.8 1,375.9 1,362.5 1,376.1 1,376.5 1,375.8 -0.7

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 614.3 581.6 579.8 577.6 616.2 581.1 578.5 580.1 1.6

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 335.7 323.3 321.7 319.7 334.9 323.3 321.6 319.5 -2.1

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,012.7 1,070.9 1,073.4 1,073.0 1,019.1 1,068.1 1,071.0 1,077.8 6.8

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,866.3 2,933.1 2,939.4 2,910.7 2,872.3 2,921.9 2,921.8 2,916.7 -5.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,282.4 2,405.7 2,415.1 2,370.1 2,327.0 2,399.8 2,410.4 2,414.5 4.1

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,761.3 1,850.6 1,855.1 1,829.1 1,788.1 1,841.9 1,847.0 1,855.8 8.8

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.6 532.4 537.2 519.1 516.9 535.4 540.9 536.4 -4.5

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 22.7 22.8 21.9 22.0 22.5 22.5 22.3 -0.2

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,786 23,028 22,901 22,493 22,164 22,791 22,830 22,912 82

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,225.7 10,714.5 10,744.1 10,710.7 10,263.5 10,684.8 10,713.1 10,754.4 41.3

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,164.2 1,186.8 1,189.7 1,177.9 1,170.2 1,180.1 1,181.5 1,183.9 2.4

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,109.4 1,109.3 1,129.1 1,167.2 1,077.6 1,133.0 1,131.2 1,138.6 7.4

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554.7 1,643.9 1,644.4 1,629.6 1,575.1 1,638.9 1,644.3 1,650.6 6.3

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.9 156.6 159.1 156.1 146.6 154.9 157.1 158.3 1.2

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400.9 2,504.3 2,490.3 2,488.3 2,405.1 2,489.6 2,492.9 2,493.5 0.6

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,721.3 1,841.2 1,850.0 1,838.3 1,733.9 1,823.2 1,833.2 1,851.1 17.9

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856.1 910.4 915.0 908.8 862.5 910.7 913.9 916.8 2.9

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461.5 493.5 493.8 487.2 469.0 493.6 493.4 494.8 1.4

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813.7 868.5 872.7 857.3 823.4 860.9 865.6 866.9 1.3

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,451.8 2,509.8 2,524.2 2,503.7 2,460.2 2,507.9 2,515.7 2,513.2 -2.5

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,108.0 9,804.1 9,632.3 9,278.1 9,440.6 9,598.0 9,601.3 9,644.5 43.2

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,650.9 9,315.6 9,147.9 8,798.4 8,976.7 9,114.0 9,117.7 9,155.4 37.7

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.7 609.5 609.7 607.1 569.2 609.0 612.6 615.2 2.6

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.5 159.2 158.3 158.8 154.5 157.9 158.0 158.9 0.9

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,728.2 4,023.9 3,946.6 3,732.1 3,841.4 3,875.9 3,860.0 3,877.4 17.4

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,998.1 3,222.3 3,149.0 2,964.2 3,091.3 3,092.9 3,052.0 3,077.9 25.9

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821.2 785.0 785.4 781.0 815.7 765.6 767.3 774.3 7.0

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.5 176.5 179.3 178.7 161.0 177.2 181.5 183.0 1.5

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 924.5 976.5 978.9 967.8 936.9 969.4 971.8 979.5 7.7

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 1,995.1 2,245.6 2,150.6 2,044.8 2,180.9 2,220.8 2,224.0 2,228.3 4.3

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308.2 339.4 339.1 328.1 317.0 338.2 342.4 338.7 -3.7

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457.1 488.5 484.4 479.7 463.9 484.0 483.6 489.1 5.5

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 23,694 25,024 24,966 24,744 23,887 24,756 24,832 24,937 105

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,604.9 4,043.1 3,922.8 3,760.7 3,719.6 3,859.2 3,854.7 3,880.5 25.8

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,089.2 20,981.2 21,043.6 20,983.6 20,167.7 20,897.1 20,977.4 21,056.6 79.2

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,979.9 16,607.0 16,662.7 16,602.8 16,037.3 16,543.3 16,596.2 16,654.4 58.2

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,937.5 8,288.3 8,314.6 8,273.1 7,976.4 8,250.3 8,278.0 8,307.9 29.9

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,754.3 2,860.1 2,877.0 2,860.4 2,767.6 2,847.4 2,858.9 2,870.0 11.1

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,003.7 1,033.8 1,031.3 1,026.8 1,004.9 1,029.2 1,031.2 1,028.5 -2.7

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,046.8 1,114.0 1,114.7 1,108.3 1,052.1 1,108.8 1,110.3 1,114.7 4.4

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,011.2 1,054.6 1,057.9 1,056.9 1,014.1 1,051.3 1,052.7 1,059.4 6.7

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 316.1 320.8 321.1 322.3 316.4 320.4 320.3 322.3 2.0

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,488.3 1,570.2 1,576.3 1,562.5 1,502.3 1,558.9 1,569.4 1,575.8 6.4

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.1 334.8 336.3 335.9 319.0 334.4 335.2 337.1 1.9

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,092.3 5,247.3 5,262.7 5,245.6 5,099.7 5,229.3 5,243.4 5,254.3 10.9

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.2022 -

Jan.2023p

Health care - Continued

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 2,950.1 3,071.4 3,085.4 3,084.1 2,961.2 3,063.7 3,074.8 3,092.2 17.4

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,341.2 1,375.1 1,382.9 1,379.2 1,344.5 1,369.6 1,375.6 1,380.1 4.5

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.3 620.5 623.4 621.1 595.8 619.7 622.2 625.0 2.8

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866.8 920.8 925.2 928.3 870.0 920.0 922.3 930.7 8.4

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 149.8 155.0 153.9 155.5 150.8 154.4 154.7 156.3 1.6

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,109.3 4,374.2 4,380.9 4,380.8 4,130.4 4,353.8 4,381.2 4,402.2 21.0

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,725.1 2,905.9 2,912.9 2,912.6 2,734.7 2,895.9 2,913.1 2,922.7 9.6

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 196.4 207.1 210.1 209.6 196.8 206.2 208.1 209.4 1.3

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 266.0 273.1 274.1 272.9 271.7 272.6 274.9 277.9 3.0

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921.8 988.1 983.8 985.7 927.2 979.0 985.1 992.2 7.1

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,592 15,998 15,948 15,657 15,374 16,258 16,322 16,450 128

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,954.4 2,248.5 2,240.9 2,154.1 2,212.7 2,380.2 2,400.2 2,415.0 14.8

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.7 495.4 488.2 453.4 464.6 510.3 514.6 516.7 2.1

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.7 164.5 161.6 152.9 150.9 165.5 164.9 166.4 1.5

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,414.0 1,588.6 1,591.1 1,547.8 1,597.2 1,704.4 1,720.7 1,731.9 11.2

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,637.4 13,749.3 13,707.1 13,503.1 13,161.0 13,877.6 13,921.6 14,035.0 113.4

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,578.9 1,772.7 1,770.8 1,749.9 1,690.4 1,834.5 1,846.9 1,861.7 14.8

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,058.5 11,976.6 11,936.3 11,753.2 11,470.6 12,043.1 12,074.7 12,173.3 98.6

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,524 5,782 5,780 5,745 5,606 5,785 5,801 5,819 18

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,343.7 1,418.7 1,410.8 1,407.6 1,360.4 1,414.1 1,418.2 1,422.6 4.4

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,413.4 1,515.5 1,522.3 1,507.6 1,442.4 1,517.9 1,522.7 1,531.1 8.4

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,766.5 2,847.6 2,846.8 2,830.0 2,803.6 2,853.2 2,859.7 2,865.7 6.0

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,939 22,776 22,601 22,262 22,075 22,324 22,315 22,389 74

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,864 2,884 2,891 2,869 2,874 2,873 2,873 2,878 5

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,253.9 2,281.0 2,279.2 2,269.9 2,266.1 2,276.5 2,278.6 2,281.6 3.0

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610.2 603.2 611.7 599.2 607.8 596.6 594.7 596.6 1.9

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,998 5,290 5,165 5,012 5,101 5,116 5,078 5,117 39

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,369.6 2,633.8 2,509.1 2,355.9 2,457.3 2,453.1 2,412.2 2,446.9 34.7

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,628.8 2,656.3 2,656.3 2,655.8 2,643.8 2,663.2 2,665.7 2,670.1 4.4

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,077 14,602 14,545 14,381 14,100 14,335 14,364 14,394 30

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,842.0 8,136.0 8,118.4 7,994.6 7,735.8 7,848.3 7,864.6 7,881.9 17.3

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,235.3 6,466.3 6,426.1 6,386.3 6,364.3 6,486.6 6,499.3 6,512.0 12.7

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.6 34.5 34.4 34.7

Goods-producing.................................................................... 39.8 39.8 39.7 40.2

Mining and logging................................................................ 44.7 46.3 45.6 46.5

Construction....................................................................... 38.7 38.5 38.6 39.2

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.3 40.2 40.1 40.5

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.7 40.6 40.6 40.9

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.7 39.6 39.4 39.8

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.6 33.4 33.4 33.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.2 34.2 34.2 34.3

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.1 38.8 38.8 39.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.4 30.3 30.3 30.3

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.9 38.4 38.4 38.8

Utilities........................................................................... 42.6 42.1 41.7 41.3

Information......................................................................... 36.9 36.7 36.4 36.5

Financial activities................................................................ 37.5 37.4 37.3 37.5

Professional and business services............................................ 36.7 36.5 36.4 36.7

Private education and health services......................................... 33.4 33.4 33.3 33.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.9 25.5 25.3 25.8

Other services..................................................................... 32.2 32.2 32.3 32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.1

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 2.9 2.8 3.0

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Total private............................................... $31.63 $32.80 $32.93 $33.03 $1,094.40 $1,131.60 $1,132.79 $1,146.14

Goods-producing....................................... 31.90 33.00 33.11 33.24 1,269.62 1,313.40 1,314.47 1,336.25

Mining and logging.................................. 35.32 36.45 36.68 36.85 1,578.80 1,687.64 1,672.61 1,713.53

Construction.......................................... 33.89 35.43 35.60 35.75 1,311.54 1,364.06 1,374.16 1,401.40

Manufacturing........................................ 30.58 31.40 31.46 31.57 1,232.37 1,262.28 1,261.55 1,278.59

Durable goods.................................... 32.18 32.98 32.94 33.04 1,309.73 1,338.99 1,337.36 1,351.34

Nondurable goods................................ 27.88 28.74 28.93 29.07 1,106.84 1,138.10 1,139.84 1,156.99

Private service-providing.............................. 31.56 32.76 32.89 32.98 1,060.42 1,094.18 1,098.53 1,108.13

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 27.16 28.17 28.22 28.35 928.87 963.41 965.12 972.41

Wholesale trade.................................. 34.49 35.68 35.89 36.26 1,348.56 1,384.38 1,392.53 1,414.14

Retail trade........................................ 22.56 23.46 23.44 23.53 685.82 710.84 710.23 712.96

Transportation and warehousing............... 27.24 28.11 28.11 28.08 1,032.40 1,079.42 1,079.42 1,089.50

Utilities............................................. 46.41 48.14 48.47 48.88 1,977.07 2,026.69 2,021.20 2,018.74

Information........................................... 45.14 47.46 47.73 47.78 1,665.67 1,741.78 1,737.37 1,743.97

Financial activities................................... 40.88 42.13 42.40 42.48 1,533.00 1,575.66 1,581.52 1,593.00

Professional and business services.............. 37.92 39.40 39.55 39.64 1,391.66 1,438.10 1,439.62 1,454.79

Private education and health services............ 31.40 32.47 32.64 32.80 1,048.76 1,084.50 1,086.91 1,098.80

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 19.42 20.61 20.77 20.78 502.98 525.56 525.48 536.12

Other services....................................... 28.44 29.41 29.43 29.62 915.77 947.00 950.59 956.73

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Total private..................................... 111.2 114.3 114.2 115.6 1.2 168.2 179.2 179.8 182.5 1.5

Goods-producing............................. 94.2 97.1 97.1 98.5 1.4 135.9 144.9 145.3 148.0 1.9

Mining and logging........................ 81.2 90.8 90.1 92.2 2.3 115.1 132.9 132.7 136.4 2.8

Construction................................ 101.3 104.0 104.6 106.5 1.8 149.1 160.0 161.8 165.5 2.3

Manufacturing.............................. 91.5 93.8 93.6 94.7 1.2 130.1 136.9 137.0 139.0 1.5

Durable goods........................... 89.9 92.3 92.6 93.3 0.8 128.5 135.2 135.4 136.9 1.1

Nondurable goods...................... 94.5 96.8 96.0 97.3 1.4 133.7 141.1 140.9 143.5 1.8

Private service-providing.................... 116.0 118.9 119.1 120.3 1.0 178.0 189.3 190.4 192.8 1.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 105.7 107.4 107.5 108.0 0.5 154.8 163.1 163.5 165.1 1.0

Wholesale trade......................... 101.0 103.0 103.2 103.9 0.7 145.7 153.8 154.9 157.6 1.7

Retail trade.............................. 95.3 95.3 95.3 95.5 0.2 142.1 147.8 147.7 148.6 0.6

Transportation and warehousing...... 141.3 147.9 148.2 150.3 1.4 195.8 211.5 212.0 214.7 1.3

Utilities.................................... 101.4 101.3 100.3 99.2 -1.1 155.5 161.1 160.6 160.2 -0.2

Information................................. 100.6 104.9 103.9 104.0 0.1 161.7 177.2 176.5 176.9 0.2

Financial activities......................... 109.8 111.5 111.3 112.0 0.6 175.1 183.1 184.0 185.5 0.8

Professional and business services..... 127.3 130.1 130.0 131.6 1.2 195.5 207.7 208.3 211.2 1.4

Private education and health services... 130.3 135.0 135.0 136.4 1.0 196.8 210.9 212.0 215.2 1.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 113.6 118.3 117.8 121.1 2.8 178.0 196.7 197.4 203.0 2.8

Other services............................. 104.1 107.4 108.0 108.4 0.4 162.2 173.1 174.3 175.9 0.9

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Total nonfarm............................................. 74,640 76,844 76,989 77,252 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private............................................ 61,844 63,848 63,976 64,205 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,738 4,955 4,963 4,966 22.8 23.1 23.1 23.1

Mining and logging............................... 74 80 81 83 12.8 12.8 12.9 13.2

Construction....................................... 1,059 1,110 1,111 1,113 14.0 14.2 14.1 14.1

Manufacturing..................................... 3,605 3,765 3,771 3,770 28.6 29.0 29.1 29.0

Durable goods.................................. 1,914 2,008 2,016 2,014 24.4 24.9 24.9 24.9

Nondurable goods............................. 1,691 1,757 1,755 1,756 35.5 35.9 35.9 35.9

Private service-providing........................... 57,106 58,893 59,013 59,239 53.2 53.3 53.3 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,146 11,309 11,328 11,348 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4

Wholesale trade................................ 1,769.9 1,833.5 1,845.4 1,849.6 30.2 30.5 30.6 30.6

Retail trade..................................... 7,505.1 7,504.3 7,513.0 7,520.4 48.7 48.6 48.6 48.6

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,733.1 1,828.7 1,825.1 1,833.2 26.7 27.3 27.2 27.2

Utilities........................................... 137.8 142.8 144.1 144.8 25.0 25.7 25.9 26.1

Information......................................... 1,179 1,262 1,268 1,274 39.5 40.3 40.6 40.8

Financial activities................................ 4,997 5,069 5,074 5,082 55.9 55.7 55.7 55.8

Professional and business services............ 10,284 10,508 10,504 10,553 46.4 46.1 46.0 46.1

Private education and health services......... 18,350 19,059 19,113 19,174 76.8 77.0 77.0 76.9

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,142 8,595 8,615 8,684 53.0 52.9 52.8 52.8

Other services..................................... 3,008 3,091 3,111 3,124 53.7 53.4 53.6 53.7

Government............................................. 12,796 12,996 13,013 13,047 58.0 58.2 58.3 58.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Total private............................................................................... 104,319 107,392 107,544 108,023

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,882 15,370 15,398 15,439

Mining and logging.................................................................. 435 467 472 478

Construction.......................................................................... 5,630 5,789 5,803 5,822

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,817 9,114 9,123 9,139

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,414 5,608 5,623 5,631

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,403 3,506 3,500 3,508

Private service-providing.............................................................. 89,437 92,022 92,146 92,584

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,851 24,183 24,199 24,256

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,662.1 4,778.0 4,793.8 4,802.4

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,092.6 13,119.4 13,124.7 13,146.1

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,658.4 5,843.5 5,839.1 5,865.9

Utilities.............................................................................. 437.8 442.2 441.7 442.0

Information............................................................................ 2,374 2,488 2,486 2,478

Financial activities................................................................... 6,714 6,857 6,850 6,860

Professional and business services............................................... 17,760 18,171 18,125 18,214

Private education and health services............................................ 20,852 21,534 21,611 21,730

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 13,344 14,086 14,155 14,312

Other services........................................................................ 4,542 4,703 4,720 4,734

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.0 33.9 33.9 34.1

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.6 40.4 40.3 40.8

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.3 47.3 46.8 48.6

Construction....................................................................... 39.5 39.2 39.4 39.9

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.1 40.8 40.6 40.9

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.3 41.1 41.0 41.2

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.8 40.4 40.1 40.5

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.9 32.9 32.8 33.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 34.2 34.0 34.5

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.1 38.9 38.7 39.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.4 30.5 30.2 30.8

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.7 37.9 38.0 38.3

Utilities........................................................................... 42.5 42.7 42.6 42.6

Information......................................................................... 36.7 36.5 36.0 36.1

Financial activities................................................................ 37.3 37.0 37.0 37.0

Professional and business services............................................ 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.6

Private education and health services......................................... 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.7 24.5 24.4 24.6

Other services..................................................................... 31.2 31.1 31.2 31.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.2 3.7 3.6 3.8

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.8

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.7

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Total private............................................... $26.88 $28.09 $28.19 $28.26 $913.92 $952.25 $955.64 $963.67

Goods-producing....................................... 27.32 28.58 28.70 28.92 1,109.19 1,154.63 1,156.61 1,179.94

Mining and logging.................................. 31.87 33.26 33.57 33.94 1,475.58 1,573.20 1,571.08 1,649.48

Construction.......................................... 31.44 33.00 33.20 33.38 1,241.88 1,293.60 1,308.08 1,331.86

Manufacturing........................................ 24.54 25.60 25.64 25.84 1,008.59 1,044.48 1,040.98 1,056.86

Durable goods.................................... 25.62 26.87 26.78 26.94 1,058.11 1,104.36 1,097.98 1,109.93

Nondurable goods................................ 22.79 23.53 23.76 24.05 929.83 950.61 952.78 974.03

Private service-providing.............................. 26.79 27.99 28.08 28.12 881.39 920.87 921.02 927.96

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 23.40 24.47 24.52 24.58 797.94 836.87 833.68 848.01

Wholesale trade.................................. 28.53 29.76 29.93 29.93 1,115.52 1,157.66 1,158.29 1,167.27

Retail trade........................................ 19.31 20.04 20.08 20.19 587.02 611.22 606.42 621.85

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.10 26.44 26.32 26.46 946.27 1,002.08 1,000.16 1,013.42

Utilities............................................. 41.28 43.09 43.39 43.44 1,754.40 1,839.94 1,848.41 1,850.54

Information........................................... 37.44 38.56 38.78 38.73 1,374.05 1,407.44 1,396.08 1,398.15

Financial activities................................... 31.17 32.75 32.92 32.97 1,162.64 1,211.75 1,218.04 1,219.89

Professional and business services.............. 31.87 33.13 33.26 33.35 1,156.88 1,202.62 1,207.34 1,220.61

Private education and health services............ 28.32 29.57 29.66 29.80 920.40 963.98 966.92 974.46

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 16.98 18.24 18.35 18.21 419.41 446.88 447.74 447.97

Other services....................................... 24.35 25.26 25.31 25.39 759.72 785.59 789.67 794.71

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Jan.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Total private..................................... 118.2 121.3 121.5 122.7 1.0 212.3 227.8 228.9 231.8 1.3

Goods-producing............................. 92.3 94.9 94.8 96.3 1.6 154.5 166.1 166.6 170.5 2.3

Mining and logging........................ 107.0 117.4 117.4 123.5 5.2 198.4 227.1 229.2 243.7 6.3

Construction................................ 111.3 113.6 114.5 116.3 1.6 189.0 202.5 205.2 209.6 2.1

Manufacturing.............................. 83.2 85.4 85.0 85.8 0.9 133.5 142.9 142.6 145.0 1.7

Durable goods........................... 84.0 86.6 86.6 87.2 0.7 134.4 145.3 144.8 146.6 1.2

Nondurable goods...................... 81.8 83.5 82.7 83.7 1.2 131.7 138.8 138.8 142.3 2.5

Private service-providing.................... 125.4 129.0 128.8 130.2 1.1 230.4 247.6 248.0 251.1 1.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 113.8 115.8 115.2 117.1 1.6 190.4 202.5 201.8 205.8 2.0

Wholesale trade......................... 108.2 110.3 110.1 111.2 1.0 182.2 193.8 194.5 196.4 1.0

Retail trade.............................. 100.9 101.5 100.5 102.7 2.2 167.1 174.3 173.0 177.7 2.7

Transportation and warehousing...... 161.4 167.6 167.9 170.0 1.3 257.9 282.1 281.3 286.4 1.8

Utilities.................................... 95.2 96.6 96.2 96.3 0.1 164.0 173.7 174.3 174.6 0.2

Information................................. 99.4 103.7 102.2 102.1 -0.1 184.3 197.9 196.1 195.8 -0.2

Financial activities......................... 117.9 119.4 119.3 119.5 0.2 226.0 240.6 241.6 242.3 0.3

Professional and business services..... 143.9 147.2 146.9 148.8 1.3 272.8 290.2 290.6 295.2 1.6

Private education and health services... 144.5 149.7 150.2 151.5 0.9 270.1 292.1 294.1 298.0 1.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 120.7 126.4 126.5 129.0 2.0 232.8 261.8 263.6 266.7 1.2

Other services............................. 99.4 102.6 103.3 103.9 0.6 176.3 188.8 190.5 192.2 0.9

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.