Technical USDL 05-1820 

 information: (202) 691-5618 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EST 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Tuesday, September 27, 2005 

Internet: http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm 

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

WHOLESALE TRADE, RETAIL TRADE, 

AND FOOD SERVICES AND DRINKING PLACES, 2004 

The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today on 

labor productivity changes for wholesale trade, retail trade, and food services and drinking 

places. In 2004, labor productivity⎯defined as output per hour⎯rose 7.8 percent in 

wholesale trade, 6.1 percent in retail trade, and 2.4 percent in food services and drinking 

places. Output increased in each of them, while hours increased in retail trade and food 

services and drinking places but remained steady in wholesale trade. Productivity 

increased in 40 of the 50 industries studied, as output rose in 46 industries and hours 

declined in 26 industries. 

 From 1987 to 2004, labor productivity rose at an average annual rate of 3.9 

percent per year in wholesale trade, 3.4 percent per year in retail trade, and 0.7 percent per 

year in food services and drinking places. In wholesale trade, output increased 4.4 percent 

per year, on average, while hours increased 0.4 percent per year. In retail trade, output 

increased 4.3 percent per year and hours rose 0.8 percent. In food services and drinking 

places, output increased at an average rate of 2.5 percent while hours increased 1.8 

percent. Unit labor costs, which reflect the total cost of labor required to produce a unit of 

output, increased in wholesale trade and food services and drinking places, and decreased 

in retail trade during this period. 

Industry productivity and cost measures are produced and published as data become 

available. Measures for industries in other sectors have been published in separate 

releases and can be accessed online at: http://www.bls.gov/schedule/archives/all_nr.htm
2

2003-04 change 

Labor productivity increased 12.8 percent in durable merchant wholesale trade 

(NAICS 423) and 4.4 percent in nondurable merchant wholesale trade (NAICS 424), but 

declined 0.5 percent in electronic markets and agents and brokers (NAICS 425) in 2004. 

Labor productivity grew in all nine of the detailed durable merchant wholesale industries, 

as output rose in each and hours fell in five of the nine industries. Of the nine detailed 

nondurable merchant wholesale industries, labor productivity grew in seven, as output 

rose in seven industries and hours fell in six industries. Among wholesale trade industries 

productivity grew most rapidly in electrical goods (NAICS 4236) and lumber and 

construction supplies (NAICS 4233), where output per hour rose 21.9 percent and 16.5 

percent, respectively. Unit labor costs declined in eight of the nine detailed durable 

merchant wholesale trade industries and in four of the nine detailed nondurable merchant 

wholesale trade industries, but rose in electronic markets and agents and brokers. 

 Labor productivity rose in 21 of the 27 detailed retail trade industries in 2004 (all 

4-digit NAICS industries and those 3-digit NAICS industries that are the same as 4-digit 

industries). The largest increases were 18.1 percent in sporting goods and musical 

instrument stores (NAICS 4511) and 17.2 percent in electronic shopping and mail order 

houses (NAICS 4541). Output grew in 25 of the 27 retail industries, and all but four of 

these experienced productivity increases. Hours declined in 15 retail industries, 13 of 

which experienced productivity increases. Productivity grew in five of the six largest 

retail trade industries, those with more than 1,000,000 employees. Unit labor costs fell in 

19 of 27 retail trade industries, led by a 13.2 percent decline in electronics and appliance 

stores (NAICS 443). 

Three of the four industries in food services and drinking places recorded 

productivity gains in 2004. The fastest productivity growth, 3.3 percent, occurred in 

limited-service eating places (NAICS 7222). Productivity grew 2.3 percent in the largest 

industry in this group, full-service restaurants (NAICS 7221). 

Long-term trends 

 Between 1987 and 2004, average annual productivity growth of 5.8 percent in 

durable merchant wholesale trade (NAICS 423) exceeded the 1.9 percent growth in 

nondurable merchant wholesale trade (NAICS 424) and the 3.3 percent growth in 

electronic markets and agents and brokers (NAICS 425). Labor productivity increased in 

all nine of the detailed industries in durable merchant wholesale trade, as output rose in 

each and hours declined in two of them. Labor productivity increased in all but one of the 

nine industries in nondurable merchant wholesale trade, where output rose in seven of the 

nine industries and hours declined in four of them. Output per hour rose most rapidly in 

commercial equipment wholesalers (NAICS 4234) and in electric goods wholesalers 

(NAICS 4236), advancing at average annual rates of 14.9 percent per year and 9.8 percent 

per year, respectively. Unit labor costs declined in three of the nine durable merchant 

wholesale trade industries during the period, but increased in each of the nondurable 

wholesale industries and in electronic markets and agents and brokers. 
3

Output per hour increased in all but one of the 27 detailed retail trade industries 

from 1987 to 2004; only specialty food stores (NAICS 4452) recorded a productivity 

decline, 0.3 percent. Labor productivity rose at a rapid 13.3 percent per year, on average, 

in electronics and appliance stores (NAICS 443) and 12.7 percent in electronic shopping 

and mail order houses (NAICS 4541). Output increased in 25 of the 27 retail industries, 

while hours increased in 21 industries. Among the six largest retail industries productivity 

growth was greatest in other general merchandise stores (NAICS 4529), where output per 

hour increased 7.6 percent per year. Unit labor costs declined in 15 of the 27 retail trade 

industries between 1987 and 2004 and declined by 0.3 percent per year in retail trade 

overall. 

 Each of the food services industries recorded average annual growth in labor 

productivity of 1.2 percent or less from 1987 to 2004. During the same period, labor 

productivity in drinking places (NAICS 7224) declined 0.6 percent per year as output 

remained the same and hours increased 0.6 percent. Unit labor costs increased in each 

industry and rose by 3.1 percent per year in food services and drinking places overall. 

 The index numbers and rates of change reported by BLS for productivity and costs 

by industry in its news release and on its Internet site are rounded to one decimal place, 

based upon unrounded data using many decimal places. This rounding protocol has been 

practiced in order to facilitate ease of use and interpretation of the published data. This 

has meant, however, that if data users calculated rates of change using the published 

rounded index figures, their results could differ from the published rates of change, simply 

due to differences in rounding. 

 In order to make the data directly used in the calculation more readily available to 

the public and to ensure greater transparency of its calculating methods, BLS, beginning 

with the first publication of the Productivity and Costs by Industry news release in 2006, 

will modify its industry productivity program practices. It will post on its web site 

productivity index numbers rounded to three decimal places, and, in addition, will 

calculate all published rates of change from those indexes. The change in calculation 

method may cause published productivity growth rates to change slightly—likely by no 

more than a tenth—from the rates that would have been calculated using the current 

method. The convention of publishing in the news release index values rounded to one 

decimal place will continue. 
4

Technical Note 

Labor Productivity 

The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship between output 

and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to 

period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Industry output per hour 

indexes are prepared from data published by various public and private agencies, using the 

greatest level of industry detail available. 

 

Although the labor productivity measures relate output to hours of employees or 

all persons engaged in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor, 

capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many 

influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization 

of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and 

the characteristics and effort of the workforce 

. 

Year-to-year movements in productivity measures for some industries might be 

erratic, particularly in the smaller industries. The annual changes in an industry’s output 

and use of labor may reflect cyclical changes in the economy rather than long-term trends. 

Also, annual productivity indexes are based on sample data, which are likely to differ 

from data generated by a census of establishments in the industry. As a result, long-term 

trends tend to be more reliable indicators of the performance of an industry than are the 

year-to-year changes. 

Output 

Industry output is measured as “sectoral output”, the total value of goods and 

services leaving the industry. Output measures for the trade and food services and 

drinking places industries are derived from the value of the goods and services sold, 

adjusted for price change. Data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, are used in developing industry 

output measures for these industries, together with information on price changes primarily 

from BLS. 

 

The indexes of industry output used in measuring labor productivity and unit labor 

costs are, wherever possible, calculated with a Tornqvist formula. This formula 

aggregates the growth rates of the various industry outputs between two periods using 

their relative shares in industry value of production, averaged over the two periods, as 

weights. 

Labor Hours 

The industry labor input measures represent the hours paid of all workers in the 

industry. Data on employment and average weekly hours paid are used to construct 

measures of total hours for different categories of workers. The primary source of 
5

employment and hours data is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, 

which provides monthly survey data on the number of jobs held by wage and salary 

workers in nonfarm establishments. The CES also provides average weekly hours of 

production and nonsupervisory workers in these establishments. The Office of 

Productivity and Technology estimates average weekly hours for supervisory and 

nonproduction workers by industry using information from the Current Population Survey 

(CPS) together with the CES data. For the trade and food services and drinking places 

industries, estimates of the hours of proprietors and unpaid family workers from the CPS 

are added to hours of supervisory and nonsupervisory employees. Hours for different 

types of workers are treated as homogeneous and are directly aggregated. The indexes of 

hours are developed by dividing the aggregate hours for each year by the base-period 

aggregate. 

Unit Labor Costs 

The unit labor cost series in this release describe the cost of labor input required to 

produce one unit of output. The indexes of unit labor costs for each industry are computed 

by dividing an index of industry labor compensation by the index of industry output. 

Compensation is a measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of 

labor. It is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments. Payroll includes salaries, 

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and 

compensation in kind. Supplemental payments are divided into legally required 

expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required expenditures 

include employers’ contributions to Social Security, unemployment insurance taxes, and 

workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not 

specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. 

Adjustments and Revisions 

The measures in this news release replace the wholesale trade, retail trade, and 

food services and drinking places series published in Productivity and Costs by Industry, 

2003 (released August 26, 2005), and include some revisions to those series. The 

measures in this release incorporate new benchmark sales data from the Bureau of the 

Census’ 2002 Census of Wholesale Trade and 2002 Census of Retail Trade. The Census 

data include historical revisions that reflect new rules for classifying wholesale and retail 

establishments by industry. The revisions resulted in some historical changes to the 

wholesale and retail industry productivity and cost measures. In addition, the measures in 

this release reflect changes to the output series underlying the wholesale trade industry 

productivity measures. In particular, the output measures for wholesale trade electronic 

markets and agents and brokers (NAICS 425) previously included e-commerce revenues 

of merchant wholesalers; those revenues are now included in the output measures for each 

merchant wholesale trade industry instead. Because of the lack of reliable historical data 

at the detailed industry level, separate productivity and related measures are no longer 

maintained for NAICS 42511, business to business electronic markets, or NAICS 42512, 
6

agents and brokers. Also, in the retail trade sector, the method for constructing output of 

new car dealers (NAICS 441110) was changed to be consistent with the methods used for 

the other retail trade industries. Previously, the output measure for that industry mainly 

reflected changes in base-year weighted physical quantities of output from industry 

sources. Finally, the labor hours measures reported here reflect the new estimates of 

supervisory worker hours that were introduced and discussed in the Productivity and 

Costs by Industry, 2003 news release (released August 26, 2005). All of the measures for 

2004 in this release are preliminary and are subject to revision. 

Additional Information 

The attached tables include data for all 3- and 4-digit NAICS industries in retail 

trade, wholesale trade and food services and drinking places. Productivity and unit labor 

cost data for NAICS industries in this news release can be accessed electronically by 

visiting the Labor Productivity and Costs web site (http://www.bls.gov/lpc/). Measures 

for additional selected 5-and 6-digit industries are available upon request by calling the 

Division of Industry Productivity Studies (202-691-5618) or by sending a request by email (dipsweb@bls.gov). Data on industry employment, annual hours, net value of 

production and the implicit price deflator for output also are available upon request for all 

industries maintained. Historical productivity and related series for 3- and 4-digit SIC 

industries through 2000 also are available on the BLS web site or will be provided upon 

request. 

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals 

upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-

877-8339. 
2004 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

Wholesale Trade

42 Wholesale trade 5832 3.9 4.4 0.4 7.8 7.8 0.0

423 Durable goods 3042 5.8 6.0 0.2 12.8 12.2 -0.6

4231 Motor vehicles and parts 354 4.4 4.3 0.0 6.7 7.0 0.3

4232 Furniture and furnishings 116 2.5 2.5 0.0 10.1 8.6 -1.3

4233 Lumber and construction supplies 247 1.2 2.7 1.5 16.5 22.5 5.1

4234 Commercial equipment 653 14.9 15.2 0.3 14.0 10.7 -2.9

4235 Metals and minerals 123 1.0 0.8 -0.1 15.6 15.1 -0.4

4236 Electric goods 350 9.8 9.6 -0.2 21.9 17.6 -3.5

4237 Hardware and plumbing 238 1.8 2.5 0.7 4.7 6.2 1.4

4238 Machinery and supplies 672 2.8 2.8 0.0 14.9 16.5 1.3

4239 Miscellaneous durable goods 289 2.1 2.3 0.2 12.9 8.9 -3.5

424 Nondurable goods 2085 1.9 2.1 0.2 4.4 2.9 -1.5

4241 Paper and paper products 156 2.6 2.2 -0.3 7.0 3.6 -3.2

4242 Druggists' goods 224 5.2 7.9 2.5 8.5 8.7 0.2

4243 Apparel and piece goods 157 2.2 2.4 0.1 4.8 4.6 -0.2

4244 Grocery and related products 710 1.0 1.8 0.8 0.5 -1.4 -2.0

4245 Farm product raw materials 75 3.0 -0.1 -3.1 11.3 3.7 -6.9

4246 Chemicals 135 -0.1 0.7 0.8 -4.9 -1.6 3.4

4247 Petroleum 103 3.8 0.6 -3.1 14.2 1.5 -11.1

4248 Alcoholic beverages 143 0.5 1.9 1.5 -3.9 1.8 5.9

4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods 384 0.3 0.0 -0.3 8.2 6.0 -2.0

425 Electronic markets and agents and brokers 705 3.3 5.5 2.1 -0.5 7.3 7.9

Retail Trade

44-45 Retail trade 15933 3.4 4.3 0.8 6.1 6.5 0.4

441 Motor vehicle and parts dealers 1989 3.0 4.3 1.3 4.0 6.4 2.3

4411 Automobile dealers 1306 2.8 4.2 1.3 6.5 6.5 0.0

4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 165 3.8 6.5 2.6 5.9 9.7 3.6

4413 Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores 518 3.2 4.0 0.8 -4.7 2.9 8.0

442 Furniture and home furnishings stores 605 4.6 5.4 0.8 8.4 7.4 -0.9

4421 Furniture stores 308 4.3 4.9 0.6 9.9 9.6 -0.2

4422 Home furnishings stores 297 5.0 6.0 1.0 6.6 4.9 -1.6

443 Electronics and appliance stores 549 13.3 14.7 1.2 11.6 16.5 4.4

444 Building material and garden supply stores 1273 3.7 5.7 1.9 9.9 13.3 3.1

4441 Building material and supplies dealers 1113 3.7 5.9 2.2 9.9 14.2 3.9

4442 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 160 4.0 4.2 0.2 9.3 7.0 -2.2

445 Food and beverage stores 2918 0.2 0.3 0.0 5.8 1.4 -4.1

4451 Grocery stores 2493 0.2 0.3 0.1 5.7 1.1 -4.4

4452 Specialty food stores 274 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 9.4 7.6 -1.7

4453 Beer, wine and liquor stores 152 1.8 0.2 -1.6 6.6 2.7 -3.7

446 Health and personal care stores 968 2.9 4.0 1.0 6.2 3.7 -2.4

447 Gasoline stations 901 2.3 1.8 -0.5 1.4 3.2 1.9

448 Clothing and clothing accessories stores 1455 4.5 4.8 0.3 -0.1 6.6 6.7

4481 Clothing stores 1069 4.6 5.2 0.6 0.0 7.7 7.6

4482 Shoe stores 192 3.7 2.6 -1.0 -8.5 1.9 11.4

4483 Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 193 4.7 4.8 0.1 6.3 5.4 -0.9

451 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores 712 4.2 4.9 0.7 15.4 4.1 -9.8

4511 Sporting goods and musical instrument stores 485 4.9 5.4 0.5 18.1 5.3 -10.9

4512 Book, periodical, and music stores 227 2.6 3.9 1.3 9.9 1.9 -7.3

452 General merchandise stores 2864 3.9 5.5 1.6 4.1 6.6 2.4

4521 Department stores 1625 1.3 2.9 1.6 1.5 1.3 -0.3

4529 Other general merchandise stores 1240 7.6 9.4 1.6 5.3 11.1 5.5

Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2004 and 2003-2004

Annual percent change, 1987-2004 Annual percent change, 2003-2004
2004 

NAICS Industry Employment Output Output

code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours

453 Miscellaneous store retailers 1092 3.8 4.9 1.1 4.1 3.7 -0.4

4531 Florists 134 1.5 0.2 -1.3 -5.8 -6.6 -0.8

4532 Office supplies, stationery and gift stores 440 6.0 6.3 0.3 6.3 0.4 -5.5

4533 Used merchandise stores 172 2.3 6.4 4.0 0.0 1.3 1.3

4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 345 2.0 4.3 2.3 2.7 8.4 5.6

454 Nonstore retailers 607 9.9 10.0 0.1 14.6 14.0 -0.5

4541 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 250 12.7 17.2 3.9 17.2 17.4 0.2

4542 Vending machine operators 62 0.1 -1.8 -1.9 -0.9 -5.4 -4.5

4543 Direct selling establishments 295 5.0 3.3 -1.7 10.0 9.9 -0.1

Food Services and Drinking Places 

722 Food services and drinking places 9081 0.7 2.5 1.8 2.4 5.6 3.1

7221 Full-service restaurants 4329 0.8 2.7 1.9 2.3 4.8 2.5

7222 Limited-service eating places 3830 0.8 2.6 1.8 3.3 7.1 3.7

7223 Special food services 530 1.2 2.5 1.3 -0.2 1.3 1.5

7224 Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 392 -0.6 0.0 0.6 0.6 7.9 7.2

Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series, 1987-2004 and 2003-2004--Continued

Annual percent change, 1987-2004 Annual percent change, 2003-2004
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2004 and 2003-2004

2004 Annual percent change, 1987-2004 Annual percent change, 2003-2004

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

Wholesale Trade

42 Wholesale trade 5832 5.1 4.4 0.7 5.0 7.8 -2.6

423 Durable goods 3042 4.8 6.0 -1.1 4.6 12.2 -6.8

4231 Motor vehicles and parts 354 4.2 4.3 -0.1 2.4 7.0 -4.3

4232 Furniture and furnishings 116 5.3 2.5 2.7 4.9 8.6 -3.5

4233 Lumber and construction supplies 247 4.3 2.7 1.5 12.6 22.5 -8.1

4234 Commercial equipment 653 5.2 15.2 -8.7 1.3 10.7 -8.5

4235 Metals and minerals 123 4.6 0.8 3.7 14.6 15.1 -0.4

4236 Electric goods 350 5.3 9.6 -4.0 4.0 17.6 -11.6

4237 Hardware and plumbing 238 4.8 2.5 2.3 6.9 6.2 0.7

4238 Machinery and supplies 672 4.5 2.8 1.7 5.1 16.5 -9.7

4239 Miscellaneous durable goods 289 5.1 2.3 2.8 5.2 8.9 -3.4

424 Nondurable goods 2085 5.1 2.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 -0.1

4241 Paper and paper products 156 4.2 2.2 1.9 1.4 3.6 -2.1

4242 Druggists' goods 224 11.6 7.9 3.4 1.8 8.7 -6.3

4243 Apparel and piece goods 157 4.5 2.4 2.1 4.6 4.6 0.0

4244 Grocery and related products 710 5.0 1.8 3.2 2.7 -1.4 4.2

4245 Farm product raw materials 75 3.0 -0.1 3.1 -1.7 3.7 -5.2

4246 Chemicals 135 4.8 0.7 4.0 3.6 -1.6 5.3

4247 Petroleum 103 2.6 0.6 2.0 2.8 1.5 1.3

4248 Alcoholic beverages 143 4.8 1.9 2.9 10.3 1.8 8.3

4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods 384 3.4 0.0 3.4 0.7 6.0 -5.0

425 Electronic markets and agents and brokers 705 6.2 5.5 0.7 13.1 7.3 5.4

Retail Trade

44-45 Retail trade 15933 4.0 4.3 -0.3 2.8 6.5 -3.5

441 Motor vehicle and parts dealers 1989 4.6 4.3 0.2 2.4 6.4 -3.8

4411 Automobile dealers 1306 4.7 4.2 0.4 0.9 6.5 -5.3

4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 165 6.8 6.5 0.4 9.4 9.7 -0.3

4413 Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores 518 3.5 4.0 -0.5 6.1 2.9 3.0

442 Furniture and home furnishings stores 605 4.2 5.4 -1.1 2.6 7.4 -4.5

4421 Furniture stores 308 3.8 4.9 -1.0 3.5 9.6 -5.6

4422 Home furnishings stores 297 4.7 6.0 -1.2 1.6 4.9 -3.2

443 Electronics and appliance stores 549 4.8 14.7 -8.6 1.2 16.5 -13.2

444 Building material and garden supply stores 1273 4.7 5.7 -1.0 7.8 13.3 -4.9

4441 Building material and supplies dealers 1113 4.9 5.9 -1.0 8.3 14.2 -5.2

4442 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 160 3.4 4.2 -0.8 3.9 7.0 -2.9

445 Food and beverage stores 2918 3.3 0.3 3.1 0.2 1.4 -1.2

4451 Grocery stores 2493 3.5 0.3 3.2 1.0 1.1 -0.1

4452 Specialty food stores 274 2.6 -0.1 2.7 -4.0 7.6 -10.8

4453 Beer, wine and liquor stores 152 2.4 0.2 2.3 -4.1 2.7 -6.6

446 Health and personal care stores 968 5.1 4.0 1.1 3.8 3.7 0.1

447 Gasoline stations 901 2.6 1.8 0.8 -0.1 3.2 -3.2

448 Clothing and clothing accessories stores 1455 3.3 4.8 -1.4 6.8 6.6 0.2

4481 Clothing stores 1069 3.7 5.2 -1.5 8.9 7.7 1.2

4482 Shoe stores 192 1.9 2.6 -0.7 2.3 1.9 0.4

4483 Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 193 3.1 4.8 -1.6 2.6 5.4 -2.7

451 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores 712 4.7 4.9 -0.2 -1.7 4.1 -5.6

4511 Sporting goods and musical instrument stores 485 4.6 5.4 -0.8 -2.7 5.3 -7.5

4512 Book, periodical, and music stores 227 4.8 3.9 0.8 0.6 1.9 -1.2

452 General merchandise stores 2864 4.1 5.5 -1.4 4.0 6.6 -2.4

4521 Department stores 1625 3.3 2.9 0.4 3.8 1.3 2.5

4529 Other general merchandise stores 1240 5.2 9.4 -3.9 4.3 11.1 -6.1
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs, 1987-2004 and 2003-2004--Continued

2004 Annual percent change, 1987-2004 Annual percent change, 2003-2004

NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor

code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs

453 Miscellaneous store retailers 1092 3.3 4.9 -1.5 -0.1 3.7 -3.7

4531 Florists 134 1.3 0.2 1.1 0.6 -6.6 7.7

4532 Office supplies, stationery and gift stores 440 3.6 6.3 -2.6 -4.8 0.4 -5.1

4533 Used merchandise stores 172 6.9 6.4 0.5 6.7 1.3 5.3

4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 345 2.6 4.3 -1.6 3.0 8.4 -5.0

454 Nonstore retailers 607 3.2 10.0 -6.2 3.9 14.0 -8.9

4541 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 250 7.6 17.2 -8.1 7.2 17.4 -8.7

4542 Vending machine operators 62 1.3 -1.8 3.2 1.6 -5.4 7.5

4543 Direct selling establishments 295 0.9 3.3 -2.3 1.1 9.9 -8.0

Food Services and Drinking Places 

722 Food services and drinking places 9081 5.7 2.5 3.1 5.9 5.6 0.3

7221 Full-service restaurants 4329 6.7 2.7 3.9 6.5 4.8 1.6

7222 Limited-service eating places 3830 5.3 2.6 2.6 5.8 7.1 -1.2

7223 Special food services 530 4.0 2.5 1.5 5.0 1.3 3.7

7224 Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 392 2.3 0.0 2.4 1.3 7.9 -6.1