For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, August 31, 2023 USDL-23-1892

Technical Information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/productivity

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TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES – 2021 

Total factor productivity–defined as output per unit of combined inputs–rose in 78 of the 86 4-digit 

NAICS manufacturing industries in 2021, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This 

represents an increase from 2020, when total factor productivity increased in 25 manufacturing 

industries. Total factor productivity also increased in air transportation and line-haul railroads in 2021. 

The ten largest 4-digit NAICS manufacturing industries (those with employment over 350,000) all 

experienced increasing total factor productivity in 2021. (See chart 1.) Output rose in seven of these 

industries and declined in three industries: aerospace products and parts (-2.9 percent), animal 

slaughtering and processing (-1.5 percent), and architectural and structural metals (-0.5 percent). 

Combined inputs (capital, hours worked, materials, energy, and purchased services) increased in only 

two of these industries: pharmaceuticals and medicines (+1.7 percent) and semiconductors and 

electronic components (+0.6 percent). 

Chart 1. Total factor productivity, output, and combined inputs in the largest manufacturing industries, 

2021 

12.3

11.0

10.1 8.0

3.6

4.2

2.7

2.1

1.8

1.2

Motor 

vehicle parts

Semiconductors and 

electronic components

Bakeries 

and tortilla 

products

Plastics 

products

Architectural and 

structural metals

Pharmaceuticals 

and medicines

Aerospace 

products and 

parts

Printing and related 

support activities

Electronic 

instruments

Animal slaughtering and 

processing

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

-10 -5 0 5 10 15

Combined Inputs Percent Change

Note: Bubble size represents 

industry employment. Value in 

the bubble indicates percent 

change in total factor 

productivity.

Output Percent Change
Six of the 78 manufacturing industries with rising total factor productivity in 2021 had increases of more

than 15.0 percent: 

• Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals (+19.9 percent)

• Clay products and refractories (+19.1 percent)

• Cutlery and handtools (+16.2 percent)

• Sugar and confectionery products (+15.9 percent)

• Rubber products (+15.5 percent) 

• Petroleum and coal products (+15.3 percent)

Only three manufacturing industries posted total factor productivity declines of more than 5.0 percent 

(see table 1): 

• Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (-20.8 percent)

• Glass and glass products (-5.9 percent)

• Alumina and aluminum production (-5.3 percent)

Total factor productivity increased in each of the two measured transportation industries: 

• Air transportation (+44.2 percent) 

• Line-haul railroads (+7.2 percent)

Total Factor Productivity: Definition and Concepts

Changes in total factor productivity show the relationship between changes in real output and changes in 

the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate inputs (energy, materials, and purchased 

services) used to produce that output. 

Measures of total factor productivity capture a variety of factors that influence economic growth that are 

not specifically accounted for among measured inputs, including technological change, returns to scale, 

enhancements in managerial and staff skills, changes in the organization of production, and other 

efficiency improvements. Total factor productivity reflects these factors. See the technical note for more 

information.

Components of Total Factor Productivity Growth: Output and Combined Inputs

The manufacturing sector rebounded in 2021 as output increased in 65 of 86 industries, compared to 17 

industries in 2020. (See chart 2.) Among the industries that posted gains, output increased by 15.0 

percent or more in the following six industries in 2021: 

• Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing (+60.9 percent)

• Motor vehicle bodies and trailers (+24.5 percent) 

• Other leather products (+21.9 percent)

• Clay products and refractories (+18.0 percent)

• Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals (+17.6 percent) 

• Audio and video equipment (+15.2 percent) 

2
Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs fell in 50 of 86 manufacturing industries in 

2021, compared to 71 in 2020. Thirty-one industries saw declines in hours worked. Intermediate inputs 

fell in 52 industries. Capital also fell in 64 of the manufacturing industries. 

Of the 35 industries with rising combined inputs in 2021, the five with the largest gains were: 

• Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing (+47.3 percent)

• Motor vehicle bodies and trailers (+13.3 percent)

• Other leather products (+8.6 percent)

• Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (+6.3 percent)

• Accessories and other apparel (+6.3 percent) 

Chart 2. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in total factor productivity, output, and 

combined inputs, 2018-21 

In industries where combined inputs declined faster than output, total factor productivity increased.

The greatest productivity gains occurred in: 

• Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers (+12.4 percent)

• Railroad rolling stock (+12.0 percent)

• Animal food (+7.4 percent) 

• Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty (+4.8 percent)

Total factor productivity in both measured transportation industries increased because output grew more 

rapidly than combined input usage. In the air transportation industry, output rose 71.3 percent and 

combined inputs rose 18.8 percent in 2021. In line-haul railroads, output increased 7.8 percent and 

combined inputs grew 0.5 percent.

3
Trends in Total Factor Productivity for Selected Time Periods

Both year-to-year movements and long-term trends in industry total factor productivity may reflect 

cyclical changes in the economy. This was particularly true in 2021 due to the continuation of the 

COVID-19 pandemic. While long-term annual percent changes in total factor productivity are affected 

by economic conditions such as the pandemic, these historical trends are nevertheless more reliable 

indicators of industry performance. 

More industries saw total factor productivity growth over the short term than the long term. Over the 

long-term period from 1987 to 2021, total factor productivity grew in 64 manufacturing industries, 

compared to 78 from 2020 to 2021. (See tables 1 and 2.) Annual rates of change in total factor

productivity for nearly all manufacturing industries ranged between –2.0 percent and +2.0 percent per 

year over the long term. (See chart 3.) In contrast, total factor productivity increased by 2.1 percent or 

more in 70 industries in 2021. Only four industries saw an annual increase of that magnitude from 1987 

to 2021. 

Although the distribution of total factor productivity growth for all the manufacturing industries may 

change significantly annually, 62 percent of industries are clustered between an increase of 0.1 percent 

and 1.0 percent in the long run. 

Chart 3. Distribution of total factor productivity growth for all manufacturing industries, 1987-2020 and 

2020-2021

4
Between 1987 and 2021, the number of manufacturing industries with growth in total factor productivity 

was highest in 1992, 2003, 2010, and 2021. These were years of economic growth following recessions. 

In contrast, relatively few manufacturing industries saw total factor productivity growth in the recession 

years of 2001, 2009, and 2020. (See chart 4.) 

Chart 4. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in total factor productivity, 1988-2021 

Annual percent changes in total factor productivity by industry for sub periods between 1987 and 2021 

are shown in table 3. The sub period from 1990 to 1995 saw the greatest number of manufacturing 

industries with total factor productivity growth. 

Prior to the pandemic, air transportation total factor productivity grew at an annual rate of 1.2 percent 

for the period 1987-2019. (See table 2 and chart 5.) However, after accounting for the pandemic years, 

total factor productivity for the industry rose by an annual rate of only 0.4 percent per year. This change 

in the long-term trend is mainly due to air transportation output decreasing by 17.6 percent annually 

over the pandemic period (2019-2021). Output increased 4.0 percent in 2019, fell by 60.3 percent in 

2020, and then increased 71.3 percent in 2021. 

For line-haul railroads, single-year output deepened from a 3.6-percent decline in 2019 to a 15.7-percent 

decline in 2020, before rebounding in 2021, growing 7.8 percent. This resulted in a 4.7-percent annual 

output decline between 2019 and 2021. However, this change had a smaller effect on the long-term trend 

of total factor productivity, which increased 1.7 percent annually in the pre-pandemic 1987-2019 period 

compared to an increase of 1.5 percent from 1987-2021. 

5
Chart 5. Total factor productivity, output, and combined inputs for transportation industries, 1987-2021 

Total Factor Productivity as a Source of Labor Productivity Growth 

Total factor productivity measures differ from the BLS labor productivity measures because they 

compare output to the combined inputs of hours worked, capital, and intermediate inputs. Labor 

productivity relates output only to hours worked. Mathematically, an industry’s labor productivity is 

equal to total factor productivity plus the effects of factor substitution; that is, the combined effects of 

changes in weighted capital services relative to hours worked and weighted intermediate inputs relative 

to hours worked. These factor substitutions are referred to as contribution of capital intensity and 

contribution of intermediate inputs intensity. 

Eighty-two out of the 86 manufacturing industries posted gains in labor productivity from 1987 to 2021. 

Among these industries, substitution of intermediate inputs for labor was the leading source of labor 

productivity growth. (See table 4.) Growth in the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity occurs 

when firms purchase a greater share of materials instead of using their own labor. Contribution of 

intermediate inputs intensity may also rise when firms substitute contracted labor for payroll labor. 

Chart 6 illustrates sources of labor productivity growth for three sub periods occurring between 1987 

and 2021. Between 2000 and 2007, total factor productivity growth was as much of a contributor of 

labor productivity growth as intermediate inputs intensity. In contrast, labor productivity growth was 

driven mostly by contribution of intermediate inputs intensity in the other two sub periods.

6
Chart 6. Greatest sources of labor productivity growth for manufacturing industries with increasing labor 

productivity

Industries with the greatest labor productivity growth from 1987 to 2021 are shown in chart 7. These 

industries recorded annual labor productivity growth of more than 2.0 percent per year. Strong growth in 

total factor productivity was the dominant source of labor productivity growth in the seven industries 

with the highest labor productivity growth. This includes four industries that manufacture computers and 

electronic products (computer and peripheral equipment, semiconductors and electronic components, 

communication equipment, and audio and video equipment). Uniquely, the tobacco industry’s labor 

productivity growth was fueled by the contribution of capital intensity.

Chart 7. Sources of labor productivity growth for industries with greatest growth in labor productivity, 

1987-2021 

7
Additional Information 

Measures of hours worked for all industries reflect a change in methods and are revised historically. The 

new method of determining hours worked uses all-employee hours data from the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey as the main source of data. This is an improvement upon the prior 

method which instead used the CES production worker hours data. Another improvement is the use of 

BLS Current Population Survey (CPS) data to adjust CES all-employee hours paid to account for hours 

worked but not paid, also known as off-the-clock hours. Hours worked data also now incorporate all 

employee-based hours-worked-to-hours-paid ratios from the National Compensation Survey, rather than 

ratios based only on production workers. For more information on the new hours worked methodology, 

see www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2022/article/improving-estimates-of-hours-worked-for-us-productivitymeasurement.htm.

More information about the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) can be found at 

www.census.gov/naics/. 

Access www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/ for productivity data tables which include: 

• Additional industries and sectors 

• Detailed data series: indexes of total factor productivity and related measures; rates of change; 

and levels of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor 

compensation 

• Additional years and long-term data

More information from the BLS productivity program is available at https://www.bls.gov/productivity/. 

• More detailed capital and intermediate inputs data available upon request 

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services. 

8
Technical Note

Total Factor Productivity: Total factor productivity measures are derived by dividing an index of real 

industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate inputs. The total 

factor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions of capital, labor, and intermediate 

inputs. Rather, they reflect the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors that are not 

specifically accounted for on the input side, including technological change, returns to scale, improved 

skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements. 

Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real 

terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is 

derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry 

transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal 

value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air 

transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight 

ton-miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses. 

Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic 

censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air 

transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of 

Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S. 

Department of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American 

Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, and several other sources. 

Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of 

capital, labor, and intermediate inputs (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased services). 

The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares as weights. 

The labor weight is based on labor compensation, including fringe benefits. The weight for intermediate 

inputs is based on the total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services. The capital 

weight is based on total capital cost, which is calculated as the value of sectoral production minus the 

costs of labor compensation and intermediate inputs.

Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets. 

Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be 

proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of 

separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land. 

For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 24 categories of equipment, 10 categories 

of structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry 

are estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by 

asset type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the 

economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census. Additional annual investment data 

comes from the fixed asset accounts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). 

Annual investment data is supplemented with the 1997 benchmark capital flow table from the BEA as 

well as the 2008, 2012, and 2017 Annual Capital Expenditures Surveys from the Bureau of the Census. 

Price changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks. Price deflators for 

each asset category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS Producer Price 

Indexes) with weights that reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities.

9
The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental

prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate 

of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the 

specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes.

For air transportation, a weighted index combining 23 categories of airframes and 21 categories of

engines is derived from annual carrier operating inventories reported to BTS. For assets other than 

airframes and engines, capital stocks are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. For these 

assets, a more detailed breakdown of annual expenditures on equipment and structures from the BEA is

used. Inventories of parts and supplies are also included; the current dollar series is deflated with a 

weighted cost index based on data from Airlines for America (A4A) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and 

engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies inventories are aggregated using cost share weights 

to derive an overall measure of capital input. 

For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of 

structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA 

data. The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. 

Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and 

AMTRAK are deflated with price indexes from BEA. 

Labor Hours: For manufacturing industries, labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all 

employed persons in an industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS 

Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 

number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments

are supplemented with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry

employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the 

average weekly hours paid to all employees, CPS data on hours of self-employed and unpaid family 

workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from both the CPS and the National 

Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or 

further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 

the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of 

workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

For air transportation, annual labor input estimates are based on monthly employment data from BTS

supplemented by employment and hours from the CES program and hours from the CPS. For line-haul 

railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from STB data and supplemented with data from 

AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an adjustment to remove capitalized

labor hours in order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized labor costs are embedded in the 

railroad investment data.

Intermediate Inputs: The index of intermediate inputsis a Törnqvist index of separate quantities of

materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for electricity

consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are derived by 

deflating current dollar values with appropriate price deflators. 

For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of 

electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to

exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using 

annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA.

10
Constant dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current dollar industry purchases by 

a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each industry 

by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed commodities. The 

deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark inputoutput tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar 

manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by BEA. The value of fuels 

consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on PPIs for individual fuel 

categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy Information 

Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy. 

For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS are

deflated using cost indexes from A4A. For line-haul railroads, intermediate inputs data from STB are 

supplemented with data from other sources including AAR and AMTRAK. The nominal values are 

deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit price deflators calculated from BEA 

investment data.

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 

of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill. 

Contributions to Labor Productivity: 

Contribution of Capital Intensity: Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours 

worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in capital intensity times capital’s 

share of combined inputs yields the contribution of capital intensity. 

Contribution of Intermediate Inputs Intensity: Intermediate inputs intensity is the ratio of 

intermediate inputs to hours worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in 

intermediate inputs intensity times intermediate inputs’ share of combined inputs yields the 

contribution of intermediate inputs intensity. 

When positive, both the contribution of capital intensity and the contribution of intermediate 

inputs intensity represent sources of labor productivity growth. These statistics represent factor 

substitution in the production process. In other words, positive change in the contribution of 

capital intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 

substitution of capital for labor. Likewise, positive change in the contribution of intermediate 

inputs intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 

substitution of intermediate inputs for labor.

Over a given time period, the average logarithmic growth rate of labor productivity will equal the 

sum of the average logarithmic growth rates of the contribution of capital intensity, the 

contribution of intermediate inputs intensity, and total factor productivity. However, because 

11
both output and input data are expressed annually, average annual (as opposed to logarithmic) 

rates of change are calculated. Therefore, the sum of growth rates of total factor productivity, the 

contribution of capital intensity, and the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity may not 

precisely equal the rate of change of labor productivity. 

Annual Percent Change: The annual percent change is the compound annual growth rate in an index 

series over a period of more than one year. The change of an index series varies from year to year. 

However, the annual percent change is the constant rate that can be applied to each year in a period, 

from the start to the end, that would give the same total result. It is calculated as (Ending Value/Starting 

Value)^(1/Number of Years)-1. 

12
Table 1. Recent total factor productivity and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2021

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2020-2021

Total factor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediateinputs

Manufacturing

Animal food.............................................. 3111 71.4 7.4 -1.3 -8.1 1.6 -1.0 -11.8

Grain and oilseed milling............................... 3112 62.7 12.2 0.3 -10.7 -0.3 -0.4 -13.4

Sugar and confectionery products.................... 3113 78.2 15.9 11.3 -4.0 9.0 0.5 -8.4

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty. . . . . .. 3114 174.1 4.8 -0.9 -5.5 4.6 -1.0 -10.0

Dairy products........................................... 3115 154.4 2.4 0.9 -1.5 1.7 0.5 -2.6

Animal slaughtering and processing.................. 3116 529.0 1.2 -1.5 -2.6 -2.3 0.4 -3.7

Seafood product preparation and packaging........ 3117 34.8 6.0 0.4 -5.3 17.4 -1.2 -10.3

Bakeries and tortilla products......................... 3118 338.1 10.1 3.6 -5.9 3.5 -0.1 -11.9

Other food products.................................... 3119 240.1 7.4 2.8 -4.3 9.1 0.8 -9.8

Beverages................................................ 3121 294.3 11.8 8.4 -3.0 11.8 -0.4 -8.7

Tobacco.................................................. 3122 10.7 0.7 -5.4 -6.1 -0.9 -5.4 -10.1

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills........................... 3131 26.5 -1.6 -0.5 1.2 12.1 -5.8 -0.5

Fabric mills............................................... 3132 48.2 3.6 1.5 -1.9 1.4 -2.5 -2.8

Textile and fabric finishing mills....................... 3133 26.2 -1.0 -2.5 -1.5 -6.8 -4.1 0.1

Textile furnishings mills................................ 3141 47.4 10.0 10.8 0.8 1.2 -2.1 1.5

Other textile product mills.............................. 3149 65.5 7.6 8.8 1.1 0.2 -2.0 2.1

Apparel knitting mills.................................... 3151 7.8 8.2 3.5 -4.4 -8.8 -6.3 -1.2

Cut and sew apparel................................... 3152 79.7 6.4 10.7 4.0 -2.0 -3.8 7.4

Accessories and other apparel........................ 3159 12.7 2.3 8.8 6.3 5.2 -2.1 7.2

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.............. 3161 4.2 4.8 9.4 4.4 -15.3 -6.2 15.8

Footwear................................................. 3162 11.5 2.9 6.8 3.8 0.1 -5.5 6.2

Other leather products................................. 3169 13.9 12.3 21.9 8.6 -5.3 -1.5 21.3

Sawmills and wood preservation...................... 3211 100.5 2.7 -0.9 -3.5 5.6 -1.8 -6.8

Plywood and engineered wood products............ 3212 83.2 -3.5 1.5 5.2 9.0 -2.2 8.1

Other wood products................................... 3219 253.3 2.0 7.1 5.0 7.9 1.3 4.8

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.................... 3221 88.3 2.9 -1.5 -4.3 -2.1 -2.5 -5.9

Converted paper products............................. 3222 261.6 3.5 3.3 -0.2 3.8 0.2 -1.7

Printing and related support activities................ 3231 391.9 2.1 0.4 -1.6 3.2 -3.8 -3.7

Petroleum and coal products.......................... 3241 105.4 15.3 8.6 -5.8 2.8 -5.2 -6.2

Basic chemicals......................................... 3251 149.1 8.2 10.1 1.7 -3.6 -1.8 4.7

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers..................... 3252 91.1 3.4 -0.4 -3.7 -4.4 -2.7 -3.8

Agricultural chemicals.................................. 3253 37.9 -0.7 -4.1 -3.4 3.7 -4.8 -3.5

Pharmaceuticals and medicines...................... 3254 339.2 4.2 6.0 1.7 5.9 2.8 -3.7

Paints, coatings, and adhesives...................... 3255 63.1 8.6 9.6 1.0 0.3 0.6 1.4

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries.......... 3256 123.7 1.8 -0.1 -1.9 1.7 1.4 -6.2

Other chemical products and preparations.......... 3259 80.9 8.7 4.7 -3.7 1.6 -1.1 -6.2

Plastics products........................................ 3261 603.2 8.0 4.1 -3.6 3.5 -0.2 -7.2

Rubber products........................................ 3262 132.5 15.5 13.8 -1.5 5.9 -0.6 -5.1

Clay products and refractories........................ 3271 36.6 19.1 18.0 -0.9 -10.9 -2.0 5.3

Glass and glass products.............................. 3272 87.2 -5.9 -5.1 0.8 4.7 -3.1 0.3

Cement and concrete products....................... 3273 199.4 4.4 4.5 0.1 0.6 -1.2 0.5

Lime and gypsum products............................ 3274 15.3 4.3 4.9 0.6 -1.4 -1.5 2.0

Other nonmetallic mineral products................... 3279 80.5 6.2 7.7 1.4 -1.8 0.8 3.2

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys................... 3311 80.2 -20.8 -15.9 6.3 -1.4 -4.8 13.3

Steel products from purchased steel................. 3312 54.6 -2.4 -6.1 -3.8 0.2 -3.7 -4.7

Alumina and aluminum production.................... 3313 57.7 -5.3 -1.8 3.7 4.8 -2.7 6.4

Other nonferrous metal production................... 3314 56.4 9.0 4.5 -4.1 -4.2 -1.0 -6.0

Foundries................................................ 3315 103.5 5.1 6.0 0.9 2.5 -2.4 1.2

Forging and stamping.................................. 3321 90.4 11.1 2.2 -8.1 4.9 -2.2 -14.2

Cutlery and handtools.................................. 3322 37.8 16.2 9.3 -6.0 5.5 -0.5 -14.2

Architectural and structural metals.................... 3323 395.1 3.6 -0.5 -4.0 3.2 0.7 -8.8

13
Table 1. Recent total factor productivity and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2021

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2020-2021

Total factor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediateinputs

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.............. 3324 87.3 12.4 -1.6 -12.4 -0.8 0.6 -19.1

Hardware................................................. 3325 24.3 3.4 -2.4 -5.6 -0.4 -1.2 -9.2

Spring and wire products.............................. 3326 40.6 13.4 5.5 -6.9 0.4 -1.3 -11.6

Machine shops and threaded products.............. 3327 334.0 14.2 8.9 -4.7 -1.5 0.0 -8.5

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals. . . . . .. 3328 129.1 19.9 17.6 -1.9 -2.6 -1.1 -1.9

Other fabricated metal products...................... 3329 270.1 10.9 5.0 -5.3 3.6 -2.5 -10.5

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.... 3331 197.3 10.9 13.5 2.3 0.2 -2.7 4.2

Industrial machinery.................................... 3332 123.3 0.1 2.1 2.1 5.8 0.3 0.4

Commercial and service industry machinery........ 3333 86.2 10.6 12.6 1.9 -3.9 -0.1 4.7

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment..... 3334 138.4 2.3 0.8 -1.5 6.8 0.0 -5.5

Metalworking machinery............................... 3335 161.4 13.9 12.7 -1.0 -1.8 -0.4 -0.7

Turbine and power transmission equipment......... 3336 86.7 12.2 13.8 1.4 2.1 -1.6 1.8

Other general purpose machinery.................... 3339 269.2 6.9 5.7 -1.1 2.2 -0.4 -2.9

Computer and peripheral equipment................. 3341 158.6 3.6 6.7 3.0 -0.8 -3.6 4.7

Communications equipment........................... 3342 85.9 3.4 4.9 1.4 -3.5 -5.1 4.3

Audio and video equipment............................ 3343 19.2 11.6 15.2 3.2 -8.5 -6.0 8.6

Semiconductors and electronic components........ 3344 374.4 11.0 11.7 0.6 -1.4 -2.6 2.3

Electronic instruments.................................. 3345 419.6 1.8 1.8 0.0 2.1 -0.3 -1.1

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing. .. 3346 12.6 9.3 60.9 47.3 -2.8 -7.2 84.8

Electric lighting equipment............................. 3351 42.2 13.3 10.8 -2.2 -1.2 -1.2 -3.3

Household appliances.................................. 3352 70.2 10.1 9.1 -0.9 16.4 -2.1 -4.6

Electrical equipment.................................... 3353 139.3 7.4 4.7 -2.5 2.6 -0.6 -5.7

Other electrical equipment and components........ 3359 145.8 6.7 2.1 -4.3 2.5 -2.6 -7.6

Motor vehicles........................................... 3361 254.2 1.4 3.9 2.5 23.1 -1.2 1.1

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers..................... 3362 166.1 9.9 24.5 13.3 9.0 1.7 16.2

Motor vehicle parts..................................... 3363 546.4 12.3 5.9 -5.7 3.5 -5.2 -8.1

Aerospace products and parts........................ 3364 483.1 2.7 -2.9 -5.5 -2.1 -0.2 -8.2

Railroad rolling stock................................... 3365 19.1 12.0 -2.8 -13.1 -10.5 -0.6 -14.7

Ship and boat building................................. 3366 148.4 1.7 5.6 3.9 6.5 3.6 2.5

Other transportation equipment....................... 3369 41.8 12.0 14.3 2.1 19.1 0.4 -1.3

Household and institutional furniture................. 3371 258.4 6.5 4.2 -2.2 6.3 0.5 -7.1

Office furniture and fixtures............................ 3372 100.7 3.4 -3.7 -6.8 -0.7 0.0 -12.9

Other furniture related products....................... 3379 37.4 2.9 2.1 -0.8 10.9 2.3 -4.5

Medical equipment and supplies...................... 3391 329.2 8.2 9.9 1.6 3.2 0.5 1.2

Other miscellaneous manufacturing.................. 3399 319.3 10.9 12.6 1.5 6.3 -2.5 0.4

Transportation

Air transportation........................................ 481 450.4 44.2 71.3 18.8 4.3 1.1 63.6

Line-haul railroads...................................... 482111 131.2 7.2 7.8 0.5 -1.2 -0.3 3.0

14
Table 2. Long run total factor productivity and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2021

Total factor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediateinputs

Manufacturing

Animal food................................................................. 3111 0.1 1.6 1.5 0.3 1.7 1.6

Grain and oilseed milling.................................................. 3112 0.3 1.0 0.7 -0.7 0.2 0.9

Sugar and confectionery products....................................... 3113 0.2 0.6 0.4 -0.3 0.7 0.4

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty.......................... 3114 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.5

Dairy products.............................................................. 3115 0.3 1.3 1.0 0.1 1.4 1.0

Animal slaughtering and processing..................................... 3116 0.5 1.4 1.0 1.1 2.0 0.8

Seafood product preparation and packaging........................... 3117 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -0.9 0.9 -0.6

Bakeries and tortilla products............................................ 3118 -0.4 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.8 1.1

Other food products....................................................... 3119 0.4 2.1 1.7 2.2 1.3 1.8

Beverages.................................................................. 3121 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.2

Tobacco..................................................................... 3122 -0.4 -2.7 -2.2 -5.0 -2.4 -1.2

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.............................................. 3131 0.8 -2.5 -3.2 -3.8 -2.7 -3.0

Fabric mills.................................................................. 3132 1.0 -2.8 -3.8 -5.1 -2.6 -3.5

Textile and fabric finishing mills.......................................... 3133 -0.1 -3.4 -3.2 -4.2 -2.6 -3.0

Textile furnishings mills................................................... 3141 -0.1 -2.3 -2.2 -2.7 -1.1 -2.5

Other textile product mills................................................. 3149 0.4 -0.5 -0.9 -1.8 0.2 -0.7

Apparel knitting mills....................................................... 3151 -0.4 -7.2 -6.8 -7.4 -3.2 -7.2

Cut and sew apparel...................................................... 3152 -0.9 -6.0 -5.1 -6.5 -2.9 -5.5

Accessories and other apparel........................................... 3159 -1.8 -5.6 -3.8 -3.2 -2.4 -4.3

Leather and hide tanning and finishing................................. 3161 1.4 -2.8 -4.1 -4.1 -2.4 -4.5

Footwear.................................................................... 3162 -0.5 -4.8 -4.3 -6.0 -3.4 -3.7

Other leather products.................................................... 3169 -0.1 -2.7 -2.6 -3.6 -1.9 -2.4

Sawmills and wood preservation......................................... 3211 1.0 0.2 -0.8 -1.4 -0.9 -0.6

Plywood and engineered wood products............................... 3212 -0.1 -0.3 -0.2 -0.6 0.1 0.2

Other wood products...................................................... 3219 -0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.8 0.5 0.7

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills....................................... 3221 0.7 -0.9 -1.6 -2.7 -1.3 -1.3

Converted paper products................................................ 3222 0.0 -0.4 -0.4 -1.1 0.5 -0.5

Printing and related support activities................................... 3231 0.2 -1.0 -1.1 -2.1 -0.2 -0.8

Petroleum and coal products............................................. 3241 0.2 0.9 0.6 -1.0 0.7 0.8

Basic chemicals............................................................ 3251 0.3 0.6 0.3 -1.5 0.4 0.6

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................ 3252 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -1.4 0.4 -0.1

Agricultural chemicals..................................................... 3253 1.1 0.6 -0.5 -1.0 0.2 -1.0

Pharmaceuticals and medicines......................................... 3254 -1.3 1.1 2.4 1.9 3.4 1.2

Paints, coatings, and adhesives......................................... 3255 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 -0.7 0.1 0.1

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries............................. 3256 0.2 0.8 0.5 -0.1 1.3 0.0

Other chemical products and preparations............................. 3259 0.4 0.0 -0.4 -1.9 -0.1 -0.1

Plastics products........................................................... 3261 0.4 1.3 0.9 0.1 1.8 1.1

Rubber products........................................................... 3262 0.8 0.3 -0.5 -1.4 0.1 -0.1

Clay products and refractories........................................... 3271 0.3 -1.3 -1.6 -2.5 -1.5 -1.1

Glass and glass products................................................. 3272 0.4 -0.1 -0.5 -1.5 -0.4 0.0

Cement and concrete products.......................................... 3273 -0.1 0.3 0.4 0.1 -0.2 0.6

Lime and gypsum products............................................... 3274 -0.6 -0.4 0.3 -1.4 0.5 0.6

Other nonmetallic mineral products..................................... 3279 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.0 -0.2 0.9

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys...................................... 3311 0.7 -0.2 -0.9 -2.3 -2.0 0.1

Steel products from purchased steel.................................... 3312 0.1 -0.2 -0.4 -0.7 -1.5 0.0

Alumina and aluminum production....................................... 3313 1.0 -0.4 -1.4 -1.8 -0.8 -1.4

Other nonferrous metal production...................................... 3314 0.9 -0.6 -1.4 -1.9 -0.3 -1.8

Foundries................................................................... 3315 0.4 -0.9 -1.3 -2.1 -0.8 -0.7

Forging and stamping..................................................... 3321 0.7 0.4 -0.3 -1.3 0.9 0.0

Cutlery and handtools..................................................... 3322 0.4 -1.0 -1.3 -2.0 -0.8 -0.9

Architectural and structural metals....................................... 3323 -0.1 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.7 1.2

15
Table 2. Long run total factor productivity and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2021

Total factor

productivity Output Combinedinputs

Hours

worked Capital Intermediateinputs

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers................................. 3324 0.4 0.2 -0.2 -0.6 -0.2 0.0

Hardware.................................................................... 3325 -0.4 -1.9 -1.5 -2.6 -1.1 -1.1

Spring and wire products................................................. 3326 0.5 -0.4 -0.9 -2.0 0.0 -0.5

Machine shops and threaded products................................. 3327 0.9 1.9 1.0 0.2 1.7 1.5

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.......................... 3328 1.2 1.8 0.6 -0.2 0.9 1.0

Other fabricated metal products......................................... 3329 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 -0.7 0.2 0.6

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery....................... 3331 0.2 1.5 1.2 -0.2 0.2 2.0

Industrial machinery....................................................... 3332 0.5 0.7 0.2 -0.4 0.9 0.4

Commercial and service industry machinery........................... 3333 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -1.5 -0.5 0.6

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment........................ 3334 0.4 0.5 0.1 -0.3 0.6 0.1

Metalworking machinery.................................................. 3335 1.1 0.4 -0.7 -1.6 0.0 0.1

Turbine and power transmission equipment............................ 3336 0.1 0.5 0.4 -0.7 0.2 1.0

Other general purpose machinery....................................... 3339 0.2 0.9 0.7 -0.6 0.4 1.5

Computer and peripheral equipment.................................... 3341 9.6 9.2 -0.4 -3.3 -0.3 0.5

Communications equipment.............................................. 3342 2.1 1.6 -0.5 -3.0 0.5 0.2

Audio and video equipment.............................................. 3343 2.6 0.0 -2.5 -2.8 -1.7 -2.4

Semiconductors and electronic components........................... 3344 8.4 9.9 1.4 -1.3 4.0 1.1

Electronic instruments..................................................... 3345 0.5 1.2 0.7 -1.4 0.3 2.4

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing...................... 3346 0.5 -3.2 -3.7 -2.9 -1.9 -4.9

Electric lighting equipment................................................ 3351 0.7 -0.4 -1.1 -2.0 -0.3 -1.0

Household appliances..................................................... 3352 1.9 0.7 -1.1 -2.0 -0.8 -1.0

Electrical equipment....................................................... 3353 0.5 -0.3 -0.8 -1.8 -0.9 -0.1

Other electrical equipment and components........................... 3359 0.6 -0.1 -0.7 -1.1 -0.2 -0.6

Motor vehicles.............................................................. 3361 0.2 1.5 1.2 -0.6 0.9 1.6

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers........................................ 3362 0.0 2.0 1.9 0.5 1.7 2.4

Motor vehicle parts........................................................ 3363 1.6 2.0 0.3 -0.4 0.0 0.7

Aerospace products and parts........................................... 3364 -0.4 -0.5 -0.1 -1.6 0.5 0.8

Railroad rolling stock...................................................... 3365 0.8 1.5 0.7 -0.6 0.0 1.3

Ship and boat building.................................................... 3366 0.5 1.0 0.5 -0.7 0.3 1.4

Other transportation equipment.......................................... 3369 1.6 3.3 1.8 0.5 2.4 1.9

Household and institutional furniture.................................... 3371 0.4 -0.6 -1.0 -1.5 0.0 -1.0

Office furniture and fixtures............................................... 3372 0.1 -0.4 -0.5 -1.3 0.5 -0.4

Other furniture related products.......................................... 3379 0.4 0.8 0.4 -0.7 0.0 1.1

Medical equipment and supplies......................................... 3391 0.5 2.7 2.2 0.7 3.3 2.5

Other miscellaneous manufacturing..................................... 3399 0.6 0.1 -0.5 -1.0 0.2 -0.4

Transportation

Air transportation........................................................... 481 0.4 1.5 1.0 -0.3 3.2 1.2

Line-haul railroads......................................................... 482111 1.5 1.3 -0.2 -2.2 0.6 0.7

16
 Manufacturing

Animal food.................................................................................. 3111 0.1 0.6 0.8 -0.7 1.6 -1.5 3.6

Grain and oilseed milling.............................................................. 3112 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.3 -0.4 3.7

Sugar and confectionery products................................................ 3113 0.2 0.2 1.3 1.9 0.1 -1.5 3.9

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty............................... 3114 0.3 -1.8 1.4 0.6 0.7 -0.3 2.6

Dairy products.............................................................................. 3115 0.3 -1.1 0.6 -0.3 1.1 0.0 1.4

Animal slaughtering and processing............................................ 3116 0.5 0.0 1.2 0.9 1.7 -0.3 -1.0

Seafood product preparation and packaging................................ 3117 0.5 -1.6 0.5 1.0 2.1 -0.3 0.5

Bakeries and tortilla products....................................................... 3118 -0.4 -3.7 0.8 -0.5 0.3 -1.2 4.3

Other food products..................................................................... 3119 0.4 0.2 1.3 -0.6 1.3 -0.5 3.1

Beverages................................................................................... 3121 0.6 1.4 2.2 -1.2 2.2 -0.5 1.7

Tobacco....................................................................................... 3122 -0.4 1.8 1.9 0.4 -1.1 -2.2 1.7

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills........................................................ 3131 0.8 1.2 0.7 0.7 3.8 -0.7 -1.1

Fabric mills.................................................................................. 3132 1.0 0.8 2.0 1.0 3.1 -1.0 3.0

Textile and fabric finishing mills................................................... 3133 -0.1 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.4 -0.9 -3.8

Textile furnishings mills................................................................ 3141 -0.1 -0.1 1.8 -1.1 0.6 -1.8 5.7

Other textile product mills............................................................ 3149 0.4 0.1 0.7 -0.6 1.6 -0.2 2.9

Apparel knitting mills.................................................................... 3151 -0.4 0.9 2.2 -2.3 -3.0 0.1 2.2

Cut and sew apparel.................................................................... 3152 -0.9 -1.2 0.9 -0.9 -3.1 -0.2 -1.3

Accessories and other apparel..................................................... 3159 -1.8 1.4 0.7 -6.8 -3.1 -1.6 2.8

Leather and hide tanning and finishing......................................... 3161 1.4 -4.0 -0.1 4.3 -4.3 6.1 -1.4

Footwear...................................................................................... 3162 -0.5 -1.9 0.2 -0.4 -0.3 -0.7 0.6

Other leather products................................................................. 3169 -0.1 0.2 -3.4 3.6 -0.2 -0.8 3.5

Sawmills and wood preservation.................................................. 3211 1.0 1.5 -0.1 0.0 2.0 0.7 4.6

Plywood and engineered wood products...................................... 3212 -0.1 -0.7 0.0 -0.1 1.2 0.1 -4.9

Other wood products.................................................................... 3219 -0.1 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 0.9 -0.8 4.6

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills............................................... 3221 0.7 -1.2 0.1 1.8 2.1 0.1 1.2

Converted paper products............................................................ 3222 0.0 0.3 0.3 -0.3 0.9 -0.7 1.4

Printing and related support activities.......................................... 3231 0.2 0.1 -0.1 -1.0 1.0 0.3 0.2

Petroleum and coal products....................................................... 3241 0.2 -1.9 1.9 3.0 -1.9 -0.9 7.4

Basic chemicals........................................................................... 3251 0.3 -0.6 -2.4 -1.0 3.7 -0.5 5.5

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers................................................. 3252 0.1 -1.4 0.9 0.6 2.2 -1.1 -0.4

Agricultural chemicals.................................................................. 3253 1.1 1.0 1.4 0.4 3.1 -0.8 7.9

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.................................................. 3254 -1.3 -1.5 -1.8 -1.4 0.6 -2.7 2.3

Paints, coatings, and adhesives................................................... 3255 -0.1 -1.9 -0.3 -0.5 1.3 -0.8 3.5

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries.................................. 3256 0.2 -1.2 0.6 -0.7 4.5 -1.1 -3.1

Other chemical products and preparations................................... 3259 0.4 -1.2 0.8 1.9 0.0 -0.4 4.8

Plastics products......................................................................... 3261 0.4 -0.1 1.5 0.6 0.8 -0.6 2.2

Rubber products.......................................................................... 3262 0.8 1.0 1.5 0.9 1.0 -0.2 3.3

Clay products and refractories..................................................... 3271 0.3 1.3 1.6 1.1 -0.4 -1.0 3.5

Glass and glass products............................................................. 3272 0.4 0.4 2.0 2.0 0.6 0.0 -5.1

Cement and concrete products.................................................... 3273 -0.1 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.1 -1.6 3.1

Lime and gypsum products.......................................................... 3274 -0.6 -1.5 -1.8 0.9 0.7 -1.4 0.6

Other nonmetallic mineral products............................................. 3279 0.7 -0.2 2.5 -0.6 2.4 -0.3 1.2

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys............................................... 3311 0.7 0.9 2.1 2.3 0.3 0.9 -6.5

Steel products from purchased steel............................................ 3312 0.1 1.3 2.7 0.0 -0.4 -0.9 0.7

Alumina and aluminum production............................................... 3313 1.0 -0.3 -0.3 0.7 1.2 1.7 1.3

Other nonferrous metal production............................................... 3314 0.9 -3.7 1.7 3.9 -3.2 1.6 8.4

Foundries..................................................................................... 3315 0.4 -0.1 2.0 0.7 0.7 -0.5 1.0

2019-2021

Table 3. Total factor productivity in selected periods

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

Annual percent change

1987-2021 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2019

17
Table 3. Total factor productivity in selected periods — Continued

Forging and stamping.................................................................. 3321 0.7 -0.4 0.5 -0.3 4.1 -0.4 0.8

Cutlery and handtools.................................................................. 3322 0.4 -1.1 1.0 -0.7 0.6 0.1 4.5

Architectural and structural metals............................................... 3323 -0.1 -0.9 0.8 -1.0 1.4 -0.8 1.1

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers........................................ 3324 0.4 0.7 1.6 0.7 0.8 -1.1 3.6

Hardware..................................................................................... 3325 -0.4 -1.9 0.7 -0.2 -0.7 -0.8 1.8

Spring and wire products............................................................. 3326 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.0 1.7 -1.0 4.5

Machine shops and threaded products........................................ 3327 0.9 1.4 3.2 0.0 1.6 -0.7 3.6

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals............................... 3328 1.2 1.3 2.1 -0.9 3.6 -0.2 4.4

Other fabricated metal products................................................... 3329 -0.3 -1.4 0.3 -1.3 1.9 -1.8 4.5

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.......................... 3331 0.2 2.6 0.2 -1.0 1.6 -1.2 3.4

Industrial machinery..................................................................... 3332 0.5 0.3 1.8 0.0 1.4 0.0 -1.0

Commercial and service industry machinery................................ 3333 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.3 -0.5 0.0 3.9

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment........................... 3334 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.4 1.6 -0.4 0.3

Metalworking machinery.............................................................. 3335 1.1 0.3 1.7 -1.3 2.7 0.2 7.4

Turbine and power transmission equipment................................. 3336 0.1 -0.5 0.2 0.6 -0.3 0.2 0.6

Other general purpose machinery................................................ 3339 0.2 0.5 0.3 -0.2 1.9 -0.9 1.6

Computer and peripheral equipment............................................ 3341 9.6 6.6 14.0 22.4 17.0 0.7 4.1

Communications equipment........................................................ 3342 2.1 3.2 5.6 5.6 2.8 -1.2 0.3

Audio and video equipment.......................................................... 3343 2.6 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.9 1.6 5.2

Semiconductors and electronic components................................ 3344 8.4 6.4 18.4 22.0 7.4 0.7 6.2

Electronic instruments................................................................. 3345 0.5 1.7 1.1 -0.3 1.2 0.0 -0.1

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing.......................... 3346 0.5 0.7 6.0 -2.7 2.2 -1.7 2.8

Electric lighting equipment........................................................... 3351 0.7 -1.7 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.3 4.6

Household appliances.................................................................. 3352 1.9 0.2 3.3 0.9 3.4 0.6 6.2

Electrical equipment.................................................................... 3353 0.5 1.0 2.8 -1.5 1.1 -0.7 4.1

Other electrical equipment and components................................ 3359 0.6 -1.2 1.9 1.1 0.3 0.1 3.7

Motor vehicles.............................................................................. 3361 0.2 0.4 -0.9 0.3 2.8 -0.8 0.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers.................................................. 3362 0.0 -2.3 2.3 -1.2 0.2 -0.4 3.6

Motor vehicle parts...................................................................... 3363 1.6 -0.8 3.2 1.7 2.1 0.6 5.3

Aerospace products and parts..................................................... 3364 -0.4 -1.5 0.0 -0.2 2.1 -0.5 -8.1

Railroad rolling stock................................................................... 3365 0.8 0.7 0.3 4.7 -1.6 0.4 3.2

Ship and boat building................................................................. 3366 0.5 0.3 -0.3 0.5 -0.4 1.4 1.3

Other transportation equipment................................................... 3369 1.6 -2.2 6.3 -0.5 5.6 -1.0 2.5

Household and institutional furniture............................................ 3371 0.4 -0.1 1.3 -0.2 1.0 -0.3 2.8

Office furniture and fixtures.......................................................... 3372 0.1 -2.4 0.9 2.1 0.9 -0.3 -3.0

Other furniture related products................................................... 3379 0.4 0.0 1.4 0.3 1.7 -0.5 -1.0

Medical equipment and supplies.................................................. 3391 0.5 2.0 0.1 1.1 1.6 -0.8 1.6

Other miscellaneous manufacturing............................................. 3399 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.3 -0.4 3.0

Transportation

Air transportation......................................................................... 481 0.4 -0.7 -0.1 -0.1 4.5 0.9 -11.4

Line-haul railroads....................................................................... 482111 1.5 3.9 4.4 1.6 1.3 0.2 -1.2

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

Annual percent change

1987-2021 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2019 2019-2021

18
 Manufacturing

Animal food.............................................................................................. 3111 1.3 0.3 0.9 0.1

Grain and oilseed milling.......................................................................... 3112 1.7 0.2 1.2 0.3

Sugar and confectionery products........................................................... 3113 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.2

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty........................................... 3114 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.3

Dairy products.......................................................................................... 3115 1.2 0.2 0.7 0.3

Animal slaughtering and processing........................................................ 3116 0.4 0.1 -0.2 0.5

Seafood product preparation and packaging........................................... 3117 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.5

Bakeries and tortilla products................................................................... 3118 0.2 0.1 0.5 -0.4

Other food products................................................................................. 3119 -0.1 -0.3 -0.2 0.4

Beverages................................................................................................ 3121 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.6

Tobacco................................................................................................... 3122 2.5 2.2 0.7 -0.4

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills..................................................................... 3131 1.3 0.0 0.5 0.8

Fabric mills............................................................................................... 3132 2.4 0.4 1.1 1.0

Textile and fabric finishing mills............................................................... 3133 0.9 0.2 0.8 -0.1

Textile furnishings mills............................................................................ 3141 0.4 0.3 0.2 -0.1

Other textile product mills......................................................................... 3149 1.3 0.2 0.8 0.4

Apparel knitting mills................................................................................ 3151 0.2 0.6 0.1 -0.4

Cut and sew apparel................................................................................ 3152 0.6 0.8 0.6 -0.9

Accessories and other apparel................................................................ 3159 -2.5 0.1 -0.8 -1.8

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.................................................... 3161 1.3 0.2 -0.2 1.4

Footwear.................................................................................................. 3162 1.3 0.4 1.3 -0.5

Other leather products............................................................................. 3169 0.9 0.4 0.6 -0.1

Sawmills and wood preservation............................................................. 3211 1.6 -0.1 0.7 1.0

Plywood and engineered wood products................................................. 3212 0.3 -0.2 0.5 -0.1

Other wood products................................................................................ 3219 0.9 0.1 0.9 -0.1

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills........................................................... 3221 1.9 0.4 0.8 0.7

Converted paper products....................................................................... 3222 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.0

Printing and related support activities...................................................... 3231 1.1 0.3 0.6 0.2

Petroleum and coal products................................................................... 3241 1.9 0.2 1.4 0.2

Basic chemicals....................................................................................... 3251 2.1 0.5 1.3 0.3

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers............................................................. 3252 1.4 0.4 0.9 0.1

Agricultural chemicals.............................................................................. 3253 1.6 0.4 0.1 1.1

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.............................................................. 3254 -0.8 0.6 -0.1 -1.3

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.............................................................. 3255 0.6 0.1 0.6 -0.1

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries............................................. 3256 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.2

Other chemical products and preparations.............................................. 3259 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.4

Plastics products...................................................................................... 3261 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.4

Rubber products...................................................................................... 3262 1.7 0.2 0.8 0.8

Clay products and refractories................................................................. 3271 1.3 0.2 0.7 0.3

Glass and glass products......................................................................... 3272 1.4 0.3 0.7 0.4

Cement and concrete products................................................................ 3273 0.2 0.0 0.2 -0.1

Lime and gypsum products...................................................................... 3274 1.0 0.5 1.2 -0.6

Other nonmetallic mineral products......................................................... 3279 1.1 -0.1 0.4 0.7

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys........................................................... 3311 2.2 0.0 1.5 0.7

Steel products from purchased steel....................................................... 3312 0.5 -0.2 0.5 0.1

Alumina and aluminum production........................................................... 3313 1.4 0.1 0.3 1.0

Other nonferrous metal production.......................................................... 3314 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.9

Foundries................................................................................................. 3315 1.3 0.2 0.7 0.4

Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity

Industry

2017

NAICS 

code

Annual percent change, 1987-2021

Labor 

productivity

Contribution of 

capital intensity

Contribution of 

intermediate inputs 

intensity

Total factor 

productivity

19
Forging and stamping.............................................................................. 3321 1.7 0.2 0.8 0.7

Cutlery and handtools.............................................................................. 3322 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.4

Architectural and structural metals........................................................... 3323 0.5 0.0 0.5 -0.1

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers................................................... 3324 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.4

Hardware.................................................................................................. 3325 0.7 0.3 0.8 -0.4

Spring and wire products......................................................................... 3326 1.6 0.3 0.8 0.5

Machine shops and threaded products.................................................... 3327 1.7 0.2 0.6 0.9

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals.......................................... 3328 2.0 0.1 0.7 1.2

Other fabricated metal products............................................................... 3329 0.5 0.2 0.6 -0.3

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery..................................... 3331 1.7 0.1 1.4 0.2

Industrial machinery................................................................................. 3332 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.5

Commercial and service industry machinery........................................... 3333 1.4 0.2 1.2 0.0

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment....................................... 3334 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.4

Metalworking machinery.......................................................................... 3335 2.0 0.1 0.8 1.1

Turbine and power transmission equipment............................................ 3336 1.2 0.2 0.9 0.1

Other general purpose machinery........................................................... 3339 1.5 0.1 1.2 0.2

Computer and peripheral equipment....................................................... 3341 12.9 1.1 1.8 9.6

Communications equipment.................................................................... 3342 4.7 0.7 1.9 2.1

Audio and video equipment...................................................................... 3343 2.9 0.0 0.3 2.6

Semiconductors and electronic components........................................... 3344 11.4 1.7 1.0 8.4

Electronic instruments.............................................................................. 3345 2.6 0.4 1.7 0.5

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing..................................... 3346 -0.3 0.3 -1.1 0.5

Electric lighting equipment....................................................................... 3351 1.7 0.4 0.6 0.7

Household appliances.............................................................................. 3352 2.7 0.2 0.7 1.9

Electrical equipment................................................................................. 3353 1.5 0.2 0.9 0.5

Other electrical equipment and components........................................... 3359 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.6

Motor vehicles.......................................................................................... 3361 2.1 0.3 1.6 0.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers............................................................. 3362 1.5 0.1 1.4 0.0

Motor vehicle parts................................................................................... 3363 2.4 0.0 0.7 1.6

Aerospace products and parts................................................................. 3364 1.2 0.4 1.2 -0.4

Railroad rolling stock................................................................................ 3365 2.0 0.1 1.1 0.8

Ship and boat building.............................................................................. 3366 1.8 0.1 1.1 0.5

Other transportation equipment............................................................... 3369 2.8 0.4 0.9 1.6

Household and institutional furniture........................................................ 3371 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4

Office furniture and fixtures...................................................................... 3372 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.1

Other furniture related products............................................................... 3379 1.5 0.1 1.0 0.4

Medical equipment and supplies.............................................................. 3391 2.0 0.8 0.7 0.5

Other miscellaneous manufacturing........................................................ 3399 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.6

Transportation

Air transportation...................................................................................... 481 1.8 0.7 0.6 0.4

Line-haul railroads.................................................................................... 482111 3.5 0.9 1.1 1.5

Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity — Continued

Industry

2017 

NAICS 

code

Annual percent change, 1987-2021

Labor 

productivity

Contribution of 

capital intensity

Contribution of 

intermediate inputs 

intensity

Total factor 

productivity

20