Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-21-1930

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 5, 2021

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — OCTOBER 2021

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 531,000 in October, and the unemployment rate edged

down by 0.2 percentage point to 4.6 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job 

growth was widespread, with notable job gains in leisure and hospitality, in professional and business 

services, in manufacturing, and in transportation and warehousing. Employment in public education 

declined over the month.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate edged down to 4.6 percent in October. The number of unemployed persons,

at 7.4 million, continued to trend down. Both measures are down considerably from their highs at the 

end of the February-April 2020 recession. However, they remain above their levels prior to the 

coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (3.5 percent and 5.7 million, respectively, in February 2020). (See 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

October 2019 – October 2021

Percent

125,000

130,000

135,000

140,000

145,000

150,000

155,000

160,000

Oct-19 Jan-20 Apr-20 Jul-20 Oct-20 Jan-21 Apr-21 Jul-21 Oct-21

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 

October 2019 – October 2021

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

Oct-19 Jan-20 Apr-20 Jul-20 Oct-20 Jan-21 Apr-21 Jul-21 Oct-21
-2-

table A-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how the household survey and its 

measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult men (4.3 percent) declined in 

October. The jobless rates for adult women (4.4 percent), teenagers (11.9 percent), Whites (4.0 percent), 

Blacks (7.9 percent), Asians (4.2 percent), and Hispanics (5.9 percent) showed little or no change over 

the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers, at 2.1 million, changed little in October 

but is 828,000 higher than in February 2020. The number of persons on temporary layoff, at 1.1 

million, was little changed over the month. This measure is down considerably from the high of 18.0 

million in April 2020 but is 306,000 above the February 2020 level. (See table A-11.)

In October, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) decreased by 

357,000 to 2.3 million but is 1.2 million higher than in February 2020. The long-term unemployed 

accounted for 31.6 percent of the total unemployed in October. (See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate was unchanged at 61.6 percent in October and has remained within 

a narrow range of 61.4 percent to 61.7 percent since June 2020. The participation rate is 1.7 percentage 

points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio, at 58.8 percent, was little 

changed over the month. This measure is up from its low of 51.3 percent in April 2020 but remains

below the figure of 61.1 percent in February 2020. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.4 million, was little changed in 

October. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time 

because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. This measure has 

essentially returned to its February 2020 level. (See table A-8.)

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 6.0 million in October, 

essentially unchanged over the month but up by 968,000 since February 2020. These individuals were 

not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks

preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 

the labor force was little changed at 1.7 million in October. These individuals wanted and were 

available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for 

work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, was essentially unchanged over 

the month at 455,000. (See Summary table A.)

Household Survey Supplemental Data

In October, 11.6 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, 

down from 13.2 percent in the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or 

worked at home for pay at some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey specifically because of the 

pandemic.

In October, 3.8 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer 

closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at 
-3-

some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 5.0 

million in September. Among those who reported in October that they were unable to work because of 

pandemic-related closures or lost business, 13.3 percent received at least some pay from their 

employer for the hours not worked, little changed from the prior month.

Among those not in the labor force in October, 1.3 million persons were prevented from looking for 

work due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 1.6 million in September. (To be counted as 

unemployed, by definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)

These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to 

help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables 

with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 531,000 in October. Thus far this year, monthly job 

growth has averaged 582,000. Nonfarm employment has increased by 18.2 million since a recent trough 

in April 2020 but is down by 4.2 million, or 2.8 percent, from its pre-pandemic level in February 2020. 

Job growth was widespread in October, with notable job gains occurring in leisure and hospitality, in 

professional and business services, in manufacturing, and in transportation and warehousing. 

Employment in public education declined over the month. (See table B-1. See the box note on page 5 for 

more information about how the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus 

pandemic.)

Employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 164,000 in October and has risen by 2.4 million 

thus far in 2021. Over the month, employment rose by 119,000 in food services and drinking places and 

by 23,000 in accommodation. Employment in leisure and hospitality is down by 1.4 million, or 8.2 

percent, since February 2020.

Professional and business services added 100,000 jobs in October, including a gain of 41,000 in 

temporary help services. Employment continued to rise in management and technical consulting services 

(+14,000), other professional and technical services (+9,000), scientific research and development 

services (+6,000), and legal services (+5,000). Employment in professional and business services is 

215,000 below its level in February 2020.

Employment in manufacturing increased by 60,000 in October, led by a gain in motor vehicles and 

parts (+28,000). Employment also rose in fabricated metal products (+6,000), chemicals (+6,000), and 

printing and related support activities (+4,000). Manufacturing employment is down by 270,000 since 

February 2020.

Employment in transportation and warehousing increased by 54,000 in October and is 149,000 above 

its February 2020 level. In October, job gains occurred in warehousing and storage (+20,000), transit 

and ground passenger transportation (+16,000), air transportation (+9,000), and truck transportation 

(+8,000). Employment in couriers and messengers decreased by 5,000 in October, after increasing in the 

prior 3 months. 

Construction employment rose by 44,000 in October, following an increase of 30,000 in September. In 

October, employment increased in nonresidential specialty trade contractors (+19,000) and in heavy and 
-4-

civil engineering construction (+12,000). Construction employment is 150,000 below its February 2020 

level.

Health care added 37,000 jobs in October, with most of the gain occurring in home health care services 

(+16,000) and nursing care facilities (+12,000). Employment in health care is down by 460,000 since 

February 2020.

In October, employment in retail trade rose by 35,000. Employment gains occurred in food and 

beverage stores (+16,000), general merchandise stores (+15,000), health and personal care stores 

(+8,000), and electronics and appliance stores (+6,000). These gains were partially offset by a job loss in 

building material and garden supply stores (-10,000). Retail trade employment is 140,000 lower than its 

level in February 2020.

Employment in the other services industry increased by 33,000 in October, as personal and laundry 

services added 28,000 jobs. Employment in other services is 169,000 below its February 2020 level. 

Employment in financial activities rose by 21,000 in October and has returned to its February 2020 

level. Over the month, job growth occurred in real estate and rental and leasing (+12,000) and in 

securities, commodity contracts, and investments (+11,000). 

Employment in wholesale trade increased by 14,000 in October, reflecting a gain in the durable goods 

component. Employment in wholesale trade is 158,000 lower than in February 2020.

Mining employment continued to trend up in October (+5,000) but is down by 87,000 from a peak in 

January 2019. 

In October, employment decreased in local government education and state government education

(-43,000 and -22,000, respectively). Employment changed little in private education (+17,000). Recent 

employment changes in public and private education are challenging to interpret, as pandemic-related 

staffing fluctuations have distorted the normal seasonal hiring and layoff patterns. Since February 2020, 

employment is down by 370,000 in local government education, by 205,000 in state government 

education, and by 148,000 in private education.

Employment in information changed little in October (+10,000) but is 122,000 lower than in February 

2020. 

In October, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 11 

cents to $30.96, following large increases in the prior 6 months. Over the past 12 months, average 

hourly earnings have increased by 4.9 percent. In October, average hourly earnings of private-sector 

production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 10 cents to $26.26. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.1 hour to 34.7 

hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek edged down by 0.1 hour to 40.3 hours, and overtime 

edged down by 0.1 hour to 3.2 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory 

employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.1 hour to 34.1 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised up by 117,000, from +366,000 

to +483,000, and the change for September was revised up by 118,000, from +194,000 to +312,000. 

With these revisions, employment in August and September combined is 235,000 higher than previously 
-5-

reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government 

agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________

The Employment Situation for November is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 3, 

2021, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on October 2021 Household 

and Establishment Survey Data

Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment survey, more data 

continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the pandemic. In the household survey, for the 

safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone 

interviews could not be done. 

To reflect the net effect of the contribution of business births (openings) and deaths (closings) to the 

establishment survey estimates, BLS uses a model to account for the relatively stable net employment 

change generated by business births and deaths. Beginning with data for March 2020, BLS introduced 

special adjustments to its birth-death model to better reflect the net contribution of births and deaths 

during the pandemic. BLS has determined that these adjustments are no longer necessary. Therefore, 

beginning with data for October 2021, BLS reverted back to the methodology used prior to the onset of 

the pandemic. More information about changes to the establishment survey’s birth-death model is 

available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbdqa.htm#qa9. 

As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified in the 

household survey as unemployed on temporary layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at 

work. However, the share of responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early months 

of the pandemic and has been considerably lower in recent months. 

Since March 2020, BLS has published an estimate of what the unemployment rate might have been had 

misclassified workers been included among the unemployed. Repeating this same approach, the 

seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in October 2021 would have been 0.1 percentage point higher 

than reported. However, this represents the upper bound of our estimate of misclassification and 

probably overstates the size of the misclassification error. 

More information about the impact of the pandemic on the two surveys is available at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-october-2021.htm.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Change from:

Sept. 2021-

Oct. 2021

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 260,925 261,611 261,766 261,908 142

Civilian labor force........................................................... 160,718 161,537 161,354 161,458 104

Participation rate.......................................................... 61.6 61.7 61.6 61.6 0.0

Employed................................................................... 149,669 153,154 153,680 154,039 359

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 57.4 58.5 58.7 58.8 0.1

Unemployed............................................................... 11,049 8,384 7,674 7,419 -255

Unemployment rate.................................................... 6.9 5.2 4.8 4.6 -0.2

Not in labor force............................................................ 100,207 100,074 100,412 100,450 38

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 6.9 5.2 4.8 4.6 -0.2

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 6.7 5.1 4.7 4.3 -0.4

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 6.5 4.8 4.2 4.4 0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 14.0 11.2 11.5 11.9 0.4

White.......................................................................... 6.0 4.5 4.2 4.0 -0.2

Black or African American.................................................. 10.8 8.8 7.9 7.9 0.0

Asian.......................................................................... 7.6 4.6 4.2 4.2 0.0

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 8.8 6.4 6.3 5.9 -0.4

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 6.2 4.5 4.2 4.0 -0.2

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 9.9 7.8 7.9 7.4 -0.5

High school graduates, no college........................................ 8.1 6.0 5.8 5.4 -0.4

Some college or associate degree........................................ 6.6 5.1 4.5 4.4 -0.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 4.2 2.8 2.5 2.4 -0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 7,685 4,468 4,065 3,719 -346

Job leavers...................................................................... 763 822 788 840 52

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,017 2,487 2,289 2,210 -79

New entrants.................................................................... 526 512 490 537 47

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,494 2,083 2,237 2,085 -152

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 2,341 2,066 1,872 1,966 94

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 2,651 1,164 990 994 4

27 weeks and over............................................................. 3,534 3,179 2,683 2,326 -357

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 6,668 4,469 4,468 4,423 -45

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 5,298 3,183 3,180 3,178 -2

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,135 1,032 975 947 -28

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 19,465 20,359 20,389 20,605 216

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,958 1,577 1,744 1,681 -63

Discouraged workers........................................................ 590 392 450 455 5

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 483 312 531

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954 504 365 604

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 54 65 108

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 4 4

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 -1 30 44

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 49 31 60

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 34 20 41

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6.5 14.6 -5.6 27.7

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 15 11 19

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847 450 300 496

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 -5.2 7.3 13.5

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.5 22.2 57.3 35.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 67.3 57.4 54.4

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.5 -2.2 -0.2 0.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -9 33 4 10

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 17 7 21

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 139 76 100

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.2 27.4 6.1 41.1

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 72 13 64

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.0 13.7 34.0 46.9

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 71 88 164

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 36 -10 33

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -274 -21 -53 -73

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993 845 629 442

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984 709 562 491

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.9 49.8 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 81.4 81.4 81.5

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 34.6 34.8 34.7

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $29.52 $30.67 $30.85 $30.96

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,027.30 $1,061.18 $1,073.58 $1,074.31

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.7 108.9 109.9 110.1

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149.1 159.7 162.1 163.0

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.5 1.5 0.6

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (257 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 71.2 63.6 71.8

Manufacturing (75 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 64.7 57.3 70.0

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln. 
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,925 261,766 261,908 260,925 261,338 261,469 261,611 261,766 261,908

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,053 161,392 161,863 160,718 161,086 161,347 161,537 161,354 161,458

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 61.7 61.8 61.6 61.6 61.7 61.7 61.6 61.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,433 154,026 154,966 149,669 151,602 152,645 153,154 153,680 154,039

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.7 58.8 59.2 57.4 58.0 58.4 58.5 58.7 58.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,620 7,366 6,896 11,049 9,484 8,702 8,384 7,674 7,419

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 4.6 4.3 6.9 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8 4.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,872 100,373 100,045 100,207 100,253 100,123 100,074 100,412 100,450

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,317 5,710 5,567 6,682 6,428 6,517 5,682 5,969 5,978

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,218 126,648 126,719 126,218 126,434 126,499 126,570 126,648 126,719

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,464 85,715 85,725 85,495 85,320 85,507 85,684 85,797 85,720

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.7 67.7 67.6 67.7 67.5 67.6 67.7 67.7 67.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,794 81,731 82,163 79,537 80,176 80,712 81,100 81,501 81,825

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 64.5 64.8 63.0 63.4 63.8 64.1 64.4 64.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,670 3,984 3,562 5,958 5,144 4,795 4,584 4,296 3,896

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 4.6 4.2 7.0 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,754 40,933 40,994 40,722 41,114 40,992 40,886 40,850 40,998

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,854 118,337 118,406 117,854 118,125 118,192 118,261 118,337 118,406

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,575 82,865 82,786 82,505 82,414 82,526 82,665 82,847 82,689

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.1 70.0 69.9 70.0 69.8 69.8 69.9 70.0 69.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,330 79,230 79,556 77,013 77,545 78,041 78,440 78,927 79,163

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 67.0 67.2 65.3 65.6 66.0 66.3 66.7 66.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,245 3,635 3,230 5,492 4,869 4,484 4,225 3,919 3,526

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 4.4 3.9 6.7 5.9 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,279 35,472 35,620 35,349 35,711 35,667 35,597 35,490 35,717

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,707 135,118 135,189 134,707 134,905 134,970 135,041 135,118 135,189

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,589 75,677 76,138 75,222 75,766 75,840 75,853 75,557 75,737

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 56.0 56.3 55.8 56.2 56.2 56.2 55.9 56.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,639 72,295 72,803 70,131 71,426 71,934 72,054 72,179 72,214

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 53.5 53.9 52.1 52.9 53.3 53.4 53.4 53.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,950 3,382 3,335 5,091 4,340 3,906 3,799 3,378 3,523

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 4.5 4.4 6.8 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.5 4.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,118 59,441 59,052 59,485 59,139 59,130 59,188 59,561 59,452

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,520 126,982 127,051 126,520 126,770 126,837 126,906 126,982 127,051

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,728 72,784 73,296 72,255 72,855 72,883 72,842 72,533 72,784

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.5 57.3 57.7 57.1 57.5 57.5 57.4 57.1 57.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,109 69,699 70,274 67,534 68,817 69,235 69,357 69,466 69,604

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.8 54.9 55.3 53.4 54.3 54.6 54.7 54.7 54.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,619 3,085 3,022 4,721 4,038 3,648 3,485 3,067 3,179

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 4.2 4.1 6.5 5.5 5.0 4.8 4.2 4.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,792 54,198 53,755 54,265 53,915 53,954 54,065 54,449 54,267

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,551 16,447 16,451 16,551 16,443 16,440 16,443 16,447 16,451

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,750 5,743 5,780 5,958 5,817 5,938 6,031 5,975 5,984

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 34.9 35.1 36.0 35.4 36.1 36.7 36.3 36.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,994 5,097 5,137 5,122 5,240 5,369 5,357 5,287 5,271

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2 31.0 31.2 30.9 31.9 32.7 32.6 32.1 32.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 647 644 836 577 569 674 687 714

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 11.3 11.1 14.0 9.9 9.6 11.2 11.5 11.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,801 10,704 10,670 10,593 10,626 10,502 10,412 10,473 10,466

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,610 202,057 202,138 201,610 201,814 201,888 201,968 202,057 202,138

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,735 124,134 124,407 124,672 123,800 124,413 124,332 124,222 124,333

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 61.4 61.5 61.8 61.3 61.6 61.6 61.5 61.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,599 119,154 119,891 117,146 117,320 118,428 118,697 119,023 119,338

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 59.0 59.3 58.1 58.1 58.7 58.8 58.9 59.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,135 4,980 4,517 7,525 6,480 5,985 5,635 5,199 4,995

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 4.0 3.6 6.0 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,876 77,923 77,731 76,939 78,013 77,475 77,635 77,835 77,805

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,076 64,939 64,725 65,123 64,478 64,858 64,856 64,996 64,784

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 70.0 69.8 70.4 69.6 70.0 70.0 70.1 69.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,491 62,471 62,644 61,314 61,122 61,701 61,980 62,295 62,424

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.5 67.4 67.5 66.3 66.0 66.6 66.9 67.2 67.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,585 2,467 2,081 3,808 3,357 3,157 2,875 2,700 2,360

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 3.8 3.2 5.8 5.2 4.9 4.4 4.2 3.6

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,151 54,690 55,170 54,866 54,800 54,993 54,816 54,578 54,870

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 56.2 56.7 56.5 56.4 56.6 56.4 56.1 56.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,153 52,666 53,184 51,761 52,084 52,538 52,496 52,571 52,736

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.7 54.1 54.6 53.3 53.6 54.0 54.0 54.0 54.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,998 2,024 1,986 3,105 2,716 2,455 2,319 2,007 2,134

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 3.7 3.6 5.7 5.0 4.5 4.2 3.7 3.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,507 4,505 4,512 4,683 4,522 4,562 4,661 4,648 4,679

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.1 37.4 37.4 38.6 37.5 37.8 38.7 38.5 38.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,955 4,016 4,062 4,071 4,114 4,189 4,220 4,157 4,177

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.6 33.3 33.7 33.5 34.1 34.7 35.0 34.5 34.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 489 450 612 408 373 441 492 501

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 10.9 10.0 13.1 9.0 8.2 9.5 10.6 10.7

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,453 33,673 33,699 33,453 33,595 33,619 33,645 33,673 33,699

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,249 20,588 20,689 20,123 20,679 20,430 20,717 20,634 20,590

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 61.1 61.4 60.2 61.6 60.8 61.6 61.3 61.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,109 19,063 19,120 17,955 18,769 18,757 18,892 18,996 18,959

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 56.6 56.7 53.7 55.9 55.8 56.2 56.4 56.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,140 1,524 1,568 2,169 1,910 1,673 1,825 1,638 1,631

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 7.4 7.6 10.8 9.2 8.2 8.8 7.9 7.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,204 13,086 13,011 13,330 12,916 13,189 12,928 13,039 13,109

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,285 9,394 9,540 9,224 9,607 9,402 9,491 9,399 9,484

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.8 66.0 66.9 65.4 67.7 66.2 66.7 66.0 66.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,249 8,696 8,779 8,166 8,648 8,609 8,628 8,644 8,693

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.5 61.1 61.6 57.9 60.9 60.6 60.7 60.7 61.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,036 698 761 1,058 958 793 864 755 791

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 7.4 8.0 11.5 10.0 8.4 9.1 8.0 8.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,245 10,451 10,447 10,169 10,358 10,293 10,480 10,442 10,390

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 61.3 61.2 60.1 60.9 60.5 61.5 61.2 60.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,296 9,725 9,742 9,230 9,473 9,511 9,652 9,683 9,665

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.9 57.0 57.1 54.5 55.7 55.9 56.7 56.8 56.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949 726 705 939 886 782 828 759 725

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 6.9 6.7 9.2 8.5 7.6 7.9 7.3 7.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 743 702 731 714 735 746 794 716

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.8 31.1 29.4 30.3 29.9 30.8 31.2 33.3 30.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 642 599 559 648 637 612 669 601

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 26.9 25.1 23.2 27.1 26.7 25.6 28.0 25.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 101 102 172 67 98 134 125 115

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 13.5 14.6 23.5 9.3 13.3 17.9 15.7 16.1

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,542 16,540 16,485 16,542 16,428 16,514 16,555 16,540 16,485

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,365 10,683 10,756 10,382 10,387 10,654 10,610 10,635 10,742

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 64.6 65.2 62.8 63.2 64.5 64.1 64.3 65.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,588 10,245 10,312 9,598 9,789 10,094 10,122 10,190 10,288

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 61.9 62.5 58.0 59.6 61.1 61.1 61.6 62.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 438 445 784 598 559 488 446 454

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 4.1 4.1 7.6 5.8 5.3 4.6 4.2 4.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,177 5,857 5,729 6,160 6,042 5,861 5,945 5,905 5,744

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 44,475 45,083 45,159 44,475 44,857 44,927 45,004 45,083 45,159

Civilian labor force................................ 29,235 29,577 29,736 29,156 29,367 29,529 29,534 29,617 29,681

Participation rate............................... 65.7 65.6 65.8 65.6 65.5 65.7 65.6 65.7 65.7

Employed....................................... 26,754 27,813 28,154 26,582 27,183 27,576 27,652 27,738 27,934

Employment-population ratio............... 60.2 61.7 62.3 59.8 60.6 61.4 61.4 61.5 61.9

Unemployed.................................... 2,481 1,764 1,582 2,575 2,184 1,953 1,882 1,880 1,748

Unemployment rate......................... 8.5 6.0 5.3 8.8 7.4 6.6 6.4 6.3 5.9

Not in labor force................................. 15,240 15,506 15,423 15,318 15,490 15,398 15,470 15,466 15,478

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,103 16,369 16,220 16,080 16,068 16,228 16,285 16,403 16,256

Participation rate............................... 80.2 80.3 79.5 80.1 79.3 79.9 80.1 80.5 79.7

Employed....................................... 14,845 15,488 15,495 14,767 15,005 15,225 15,318 15,411 15,409

Employment-population ratio............... 73.9 76.0 75.9 73.5 74.0 75.0 75.3 75.6 75.5

Unemployed.................................... 1,258 881 724 1,313 1,063 1,003 967 992 848

Unemployment rate......................... 7.8 5.4 4.5 8.2 6.6 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,816 11,938 12,127 11,746 12,071 12,020 11,977 11,915 12,029

Participation rate............................... 58.0 57.8 58.6 57.7 58.8 58.4 58.1 57.7 58.2

Employed....................................... 10,793 11,277 11,485 10,688 11,111 11,209 11,253 11,253 11,347

Employment-population ratio............... 53.0 54.6 55.5 52.5 54.1 54.5 54.6 54.5 54.9

Unemployed.................................... 1,023 661 642 1,058 959 811 725 662 681

Unemployment rate......................... 8.7 5.5 5.3 9.0 7.9 6.7 6.0 5.6 5.7

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,316 1,270 1,389 1,331 1,228 1,280 1,271 1,300 1,396

Participation rate............................... 32.6 31.3 34.1 33.0 30.4 31.6 31.3 32.0 34.3

Employed....................................... 1,117 1,048 1,173 1,127 1,066 1,142 1,081 1,074 1,177

Employment-population ratio............... 27.7 25.8 28.8 27.9 26.4 28.2 26.7 26.4 28.9

Unemployed.................................... 199 222 216 203 162 138 190 226 219

Unemployment rate......................... 15.1 17.5 15.5 15.3 13.2 10.8 15.0 17.4 15.7

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 9,052 9,263 8,921 9,169 9,142 9,254 9,158 9,127 9,033

Participation rate.................................. 45.4 45.9 45.9 46.0 44.1 46.7 45.8 45.3 46.5

Employed.......................................... 8,243 8,644 8,365 8,258 8,210 8,377 8,448 8,406 8,367

Employment-population ratio................. 41.4 42.9 43.1 41.5 39.6 42.3 42.2 41.7 43.1

Unemployed....................................... 809 619 555 911 932 877 710 721 666

Unemployment rate............................ 8.9 6.7 6.2 9.9 10.2 9.5 7.8 7.9 7.4

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,692 35,261 35,575 35,479 34,972 34,947 35,347 34,858 35,276

Participation rate.................................. 56.1 55.7 55.5 55.8 55.9 55.3 55.3 55.1 55.0

Employed.......................................... 32,910 33,351 33,774 32,607 32,517 32,735 33,232 32,838 33,365

Employment-population ratio................. 51.7 52.7 52.7 51.3 52.0 51.8 52.0 51.9 52.0

Unemployed....................................... 2,782 1,910 1,801 2,873 2,455 2,211 2,115 2,020 1,911

Unemployment rate............................ 7.8 5.4 5.1 8.1 7.0 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.4

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,145 35,840 35,710 35,762 36,079 35,896 35,845 35,826 35,354

Participation rate.................................. 63.1 63.1 63.4 62.4 63.1 63.0 63.6 63.0 62.7

Employed.......................................... 33,863 34,273 34,236 33,409 33,970 34,111 34,019 34,200 33,783

Employment-population ratio................. 59.1 60.3 60.8 58.3 59.4 59.9 60.4 60.2 60.0

Unemployed....................................... 2,282 1,567 1,474 2,354 2,109 1,785 1,826 1,626 1,571

Unemployment rate............................ 6.3 4.4 4.1 6.6 5.8 5.0 5.1 4.5 4.4

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 59,639 60,710 61,068 59,530 60,483 60,927 60,794 60,785 60,973

Participation rate.................................. 72.1 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.3 72.4 72.3 72.1 71.9

Employed.......................................... 57,199 59,213 59,654 57,041 58,392 59,027 59,077 59,246 59,493

Employment-population ratio................. 69.2 70.3 70.3 69.0 69.8 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.2

Unemployed....................................... 2,440 1,497 1,414 2,488 2,091 1,900 1,717 1,539 1,480

Unemployment rate............................ 4.1 2.5 2.3 4.2 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.4

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,359 17,981 16,449 16,059 1,910 1,922

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,706 8,417 7,607 7,267 1,099 1,150

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.4 46.8 46.2 45.3 57.5 59.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,224 8,090 7,180 6,999 1,044 1,091

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 45.0 43.6 43.6 54.7 56.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 327 428 268 55 59

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 3.9 5.6 3.7 5.0 5.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,653 9,564 8,842 8,792 811 772

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,503 4,607 3,727 3,834 776 773

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,497 3,637 2,963 3,081 534 557

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.7 79.0 79.5 80.4 68.8 72.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,281 3,500 2,765 2,974 516 526

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.9 76.0 74.2 77.6 66.5 68.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 137 198 107 18 30

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 3.8 6.7 3.5 3.4 5.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,006 969 764 753 242 216

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,101 3,131 2,604 2,599 497 532

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,256 2,236 1,934 1,879 323 357

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.8 71.4 74.3 72.3 65.0 67.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,136 2,144 1,832 1,804 303 340

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.9 68.5 70.4 69.4 61.1 63.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 92 101 74 19 18

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.1 5.2 4.0 6.0 4.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 895 670 720 174 175

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,711 6,328 6,475 6,105 236 223

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,155 1,002 1,117 952 38 50

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 15.8 17.2 15.6 16.3 22.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,116 961 1,081 917 35 45

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 15.2 16.7 15.0 14.8 20.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 40 35 35 4 5

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.0 3.2 3.7 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,556 5,326 5,358 5,153 198 173

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,044 3,915 3,643 3,521 401 394

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,797 1,542 1,593 1,355 204 186

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 39.4 43.7 38.5 50.8 47.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,691 1,485 1,501 1,304 190 180

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.8 37.9 41.2 37.0 47.3 45.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 57 93 51 14 6

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 3.7 5.8 3.8 6.9 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,247 2,373 2,050 2,166 197 208

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,874 235,095 105,419 106,291 128,455 128,804

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,260 151,257 76,842 77,395 73,417 73,862

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 64.3 72.9 72.8 57.2 57.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,364 144,876 71,745 74,192 68,619 70,684

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 61.6 68.1 69.8 53.4 54.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,895 6,381 5,097 3,203 4,798 3,178

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 4.2 6.6 4.1 6.5 4.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,614 83,837 28,577 28,896 55,038 54,941

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 29,583 31,195 231,342 230,713

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,093 6,987 154,960 154,876

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.6 22.4 67.0 67.1

Employed............................................................................. 5,417 6,352 145,016 148,615

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 18.3 20.4 62.7 64.4

Unemployed.......................................................................... 676 635 9,944 6,261

Unemployment rate............................................................... 11.1 9.1 6.4 4.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 23,489 24,208 76,382 75,837

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,611 2,900 76,968 76,743

Participation rate..................................................................... 35.3 37.5 81.9 82.1

Employed............................................................................. 2,340 2,636 71,822 73,652

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 31.6 34.1 76.4 78.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 270 264 5,145 3,091

Unemployment rate............................................................... 10.4 9.1 6.7 4.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,792 4,828 17,013 16,695

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,335 2,855 68,494 68,510

Participation rate..................................................................... 31.3 36.1 70.7 71.3

Employed............................................................................. 2,004 2,550 64,174 65,667

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 26.9 32.3 66.2 68.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 331 305 4,320 2,844

Unemployment rate............................................................... 14.2 10.7 6.3 4.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,119 5,050 28,375 27,572

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,147 1,232 9,498 9,622

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.8 7.9 23.5 23.4

Employed............................................................................. 1,073 1,166 9,020 9,296

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.3 7.5 22.3 22.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 74 66 478 326

Unemployment rate............................................................... 6.5 5.3 5.0 3.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 13,578 14,330 30,995 31,571

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 41,891 43,449 20,120 21,226 21,770 22,223

Civilian labor force.................................................. 26,919 28,564 15,452 16,570 11,468 11,994

Participation rate.................................................. 64.3 65.7 76.8 78.1 52.7 54.0

Employed.......................................................... 24,865 27,341 14,442 15,932 10,423 11,409

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.4 62.9 71.8 75.1 47.9 51.3

Unemployed....................................................... 2,055 1,224 1,010 639 1,045 585

Unemployment rate............................................ 7.6 4.3 6.5 3.9 9.1 4.9

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,971 14,885 4,669 4,656 10,303 10,229

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 219,034 218,458 106,098 105,492 112,937 112,966

Civilian labor force.................................................. 134,134 133,298 70,013 69,155 64,121 64,144

Participation rate.................................................. 61.2 61.0 66.0 65.6 56.8 56.8

Employed.......................................................... 125,569 127,626 65,352 66,232 60,216 61,394

Employment-population ratio................................. 57.3 58.4 61.6 62.8 53.3 54.3

Unemployed....................................................... 8,565 5,673 4,660 2,923 3,905 2,750

Unemployment rate............................................ 6.4 4.3 6.7 4.2 6.1 4.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 84,901 85,160 36,085 36,338 48,816 48,822

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,620 2,272 2,418 2,515 2,318 2,305 2,329 2,249 2,306

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,670 1,504 1,596 1,570 1,604 1,584 1,606 1,519 1,511

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 892 743 785 881 692 708 712 724 759

Unpaid family workers........................... 58 26 37 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 147,813 151,754 152,548 147,255 149,329 150,481 151,115 151,693 151,676

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 138,954 142,210 142,933 138,539 139,873 140,487 141,168 141,768 142,280

Government..................................... 20,799 20,343 20,586 20,678 20,578 20,761 20,793 20,487 20,453

Private industries............................... 118,155 121,866 122,347 117,939 119,460 119,955 120,345 121,741 121,872

Private households.......................... 636 768 766 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 117,520 121,099 121,581 117,304 118,948 119,334 119,608 120,981 120,954

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,789 9,491 9,548 8,690 9,146 9,571 9,541 9,418 9,442

Unpaid family workers........................... 70 53 68 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 6,338 4,130 4,094 6,668 4,627 4,483 4,469 4,468 4,423

Slack work or business conditions............. 5,065 2,960 2,913 5,298 3,430 2,965 3,183 3,180 3,178

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,115 982 928 1,135 1,007 1,116 1,032 975 947

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 19,921 20,432 21,128 19,465 20,337 20,087 20,359 20,389 20,605

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 6,237 4,077 3,998 6,552 4,544 4,351 4,414 4,406 4,328

Slack work or business conditions............. 5,002 2,924 2,838 5,227 3,381 2,908 3,126 3,130 3,059

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,092 967 927 1,113 996 1,099 1,019 960 946

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 19,465 20,037 20,773 19,029 19,982 19,736 20,027 20,003 20,268

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,433 154,026 154,966 149,669 151,602 152,645 153,154 153,680 154,039

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,994 5,097 5,137 5,122 5,240 5,369 5,357 5,287 5,271

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,845 2,071 1,999 1,824 1,952 1,971 2,025 2,013 1,981

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,148 3,026 3,137 3,295 3,287 3,378 3,293 3,256 3,284

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,440 148,929 149,830 144,547 146,362 147,277 147,797 148,393 148,768

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,225 13,448 13,800 13,212 13,399 13,342 13,238 13,498 13,709

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,215 135,481 136,030 131,566 133,068 134,135 134,652 134,958 135,223

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,365 98,702 99,355 95,875 97,331 98,131 98,289 98,346 98,746

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,018 34,780 35,257 33,836 34,284 34,589 34,742 34,664 35,010

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,100 33,085 33,237 31,903 32,612 32,923 32,914 32,915 33,020

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,247 30,837 30,862 30,136 30,436 30,620 30,633 30,767 30,716

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,850 36,778 36,674 35,692 35,737 36,003 36,363 36,611 36,477

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,794 81,731 82,163 79,537 80,176 80,712 81,100 81,501 81,825

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,464 2,501 2,608 2,524 2,631 2,670 2,660 2,574 2,661

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 997 972 878 942 944 949 974 979

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,594 1,503 1,636 1,647 1,679 1,720 1,691 1,584 1,685

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,330 79,230 79,556 77,013 77,545 78,041 78,440 78,927 79,163

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,720 6,846 6,969 6,749 6,737 6,713 6,769 6,868 6,969

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,610 72,384 72,587 70,291 70,955 71,479 71,690 72,046 72,168

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,369 52,634 53,007 51,140 51,804 52,220 52,348 52,398 52,700

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,150 18,598 18,855 18,056 18,167 18,472 18,535 18,516 18,714

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,292 17,891 17,866 17,209 17,616 17,707 17,699 17,793 17,784

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,927 16,145 16,286 15,876 16,021 16,041 16,115 16,090 16,202

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,241 19,751 19,580 19,151 19,150 19,259 19,342 19,647 19,467

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,639 72,295 72,803 70,131 71,426 71,934 72,054 72,179 72,214

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,530 2,596 2,529 2,598 2,609 2,698 2,697 2,713 2,610

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976 1,073 1,027 946 1,010 1,027 1,076 1,040 1,002

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554 1,523 1,501 1,648 1,608 1,658 1,602 1,672 1,600

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,109 69,699 70,274 67,534 68,817 69,235 69,357 69,466 69,604

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,505 6,602 6,831 6,463 6,662 6,629 6,469 6,630 6,740

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,605 63,097 63,443 61,275 62,113 62,655 62,962 62,912 63,055

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,995 46,069 46,348 44,735 45,527 45,911 45,941 45,948 46,045

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,867 16,182 16,401 15,781 16,117 16,116 16,207 16,149 16,296

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,808 15,194 15,371 14,694 14,995 15,216 15,215 15,122 15,236

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,321 14,692 14,576 14,260 14,415 14,579 14,519 14,677 14,514

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,609 17,028 17,095 16,540 16,587 16,744 17,021 16,964 17,010

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,951 43,821 43,910 43,761 43,533 43,823 43,641 43,593 43,706

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,001 35,044 35,209 34,685 34,891 35,208 35,043 35,013 34,907

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,275 9,618 9,696 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,165 128,484 128,848 123,646 126,201 127,466 127,436 128,027 128,306

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,269 25,542 26,119 26,139 25,610 25,360 25,783 25,747 25,906

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,866 7,032 7,166 6,669 7,109 7,026 7,041 7,045 6,978

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,315 6,146 6,334 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,681 10,234 10,332 9,571 9,837 10,279 10,253 10,142 10,201

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 11,049 7,674 7,419 6.9 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8 4.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 836 687 714 14.0 9.9 9.6 11.2 11.5 11.9

16 to 17 years.................................. 299 258 247 14.1 9.6 9.7 11.6 11.4 11.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 541 429 473 14.1 10.1 9.4 11.0 11.6 12.6

20 years and over................................ 10,213 6,987 6,705 6.6 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.5 4.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,619 1,166 1,104 10.9 9.1 9.1 9.3 8.0 7.5

25 years and over.............................. 8,626 5,902 5,624 6.2 5.4 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.0

25 to 54 years............................... 6,570 4,566 4,303 6.4 5.5 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.2

25 to 34 years............................. 2,679 1,958 1,764 7.3 6.5 6.1 5.6 5.3 4.8

35 to 44 years............................. 1,979 1,374 1,331 5.8 5.3 4.7 4.4 4.0 3.9

45 to 54 years............................. 1,912 1,235 1,208 6.0 4.6 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.8

55 years and over........................... 2,066 1,349 1,372 5.5 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.6

Men, 16 years and over............................ 5,958 4,296 3,896 7.0 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 466 377 370 15.6 9.5 10.4 11.9 12.8 12.2

16 to 17 years.................................. 169 136 117 16.1 10.5 10.1 11.2 12.3 10.7

18 to 19 years.................................. 300 243 257 15.4 8.8 10.5 12.6 13.3 13.2

20 years and over................................ 5,492 3,919 3,526 6.7 5.9 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 903 706 633 11.8 10.2 10.4 9.7 9.3 8.3

25 years and over.............................. 4,617 3,238 2,938 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.3 3.9

25 to 54 years............................... 3,574 2,502 2,227 6.5 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.1

25 to 34 years............................. 1,517 1,120 987 7.8 7.0 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.0

35 to 44 years............................. 1,045 767 689 5.7 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.1 3.7

45 to 54 years............................. 1,012 614 551 6.0 4.7 4.1 4.2 3.7 3.3

55 years and over........................... 1,043 737 711 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.0 3.6 3.5

Women, 16 years and over........................ 5,091 3,378 3,523 6.8 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.5 4.7

16 to 19 years..................................... 370 310 344 12.5 10.4 8.7 10.4 10.3 11.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 130 122 130 12.1 8.8 9.3 11.9 10.5 11.5

18 to 19 years.................................. 241 186 217 12.8 11.3 8.3 9.3 10.0 11.9

20 years and over................................ 4,721 3,067 3,179 6.5 5.5 5.0 4.8 4.2 4.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 716 460 471 10.0 7.9 7.7 9.0 6.5 6.5

25 years and over.............................. 4,008 2,664 2,686 6.1 5.3 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.1

25 to 54 years............................... 2,996 2,064 2,076 6.3 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.3

25 to 34 years............................. 1,161 837 776 6.9 5.8 6.0 5.3 4.9 4.5

35 to 44 years............................. 935 607 643 6.0 5.5 4.7 4.2 3.9 4.0

45 to 54 years............................. 900 621 657 5.9 4.6 3.5 3.9 4.1 4.3

55 years and over........................... 1,021 604 649 5.8 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.4 3.7

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 1,885 1,279 1,139 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.5

Married women, spouse present1................. 1,748 1,040 1,090 4.8 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.0

Women who maintain families2.................... 871 698 610 8.6 8.1 8.5 7.9 6.8 5.9

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 9,228 6,589 6,184 6.9 6.0 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,891 1,135 1,286 6.7 5.4 5.0 5.2 4.2 4.7

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 7,313 3,728 3,306 7,685 5,787 4,960 4,468 4,065 3,719

On temporary layoff.............................. 2,870 786 693 3,231 1,811 1,239 1,252 1,124 1,056

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 4,443 2,943 2,613 4,454 3,976 3,721 3,217 2,941 2,663

Permanent job losers.......................... 3,608 2,270 2,082 3,620 3,187 2,930 2,487 2,251 2,126

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 835 672 530 834 789 791 730 689 537

Job leavers........................................... 787 852 869 763 942 930 822 788 840

Reentrants............................................ 2,009 2,301 2,186 2,017 2,298 2,287 2,487 2,289 2,210

New entrants......................................... 511 486 536 526 494 463 512 490 537

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 68.9 50.6 47.9 69.9 60.8 57.4 53.9 53.3 50.9

On temporary layoff.............................. 27.0 10.7 10.1 29.4 19.0 14.3 15.1 14.7 14.5

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 41.8 39.9 37.9 40.5 41.8 43.1 38.8 38.5 36.4

Job leavers........................................... 7.4 11.6 12.6 6.9 9.9 10.8 9.9 10.3 11.5

Reentrants............................................ 18.9 31.2 31.7 18.3 24.1 26.5 30.0 30.0 30.2

New entrants......................................... 4.8 6.6 7.8 4.8 5.2 5.4 6.2 6.4 7.4

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 4.5 2.3 2.0 4.8 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.3

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,300 2,209 1,884 2,494 1,981 2,257 2,083 2,237 2,085

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 2,198 1,565 1,762 2,341 2,166 1,861 2,066 1,872 1,966

15 weeks and over.................................. 6,122 3,593 3,251 6,185 5,314 4,599 4,343 3,674 3,320

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 2,570 889 919 2,651 1,329 1,174 1,164 990 994

27 weeks and over............................... 3,552 2,704 2,332 3,534 3,985 3,425 3,179 2,683 2,326

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 22.7 29.2 27.7 21.4 31.6 29.5 29.6 28.4 26.7

Median duration, in weeks......................... 19.9 13.9 13.1 19.0 19.8 15.2 14.7 13.3 12.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 21.7 30.0 27.3 22.6 20.9 25.9 24.5 28.7 28.3

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 20.7 21.2 25.5 21.2 22.9 21.3 24.3 24.1 26.7

15 weeks and over.................................. 57.6 48.8 47.1 56.1 56.2 52.8 51.1 47.2 45.0

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 24.2 12.1 13.3 24.1 14.0 13.5 13.7 12.7 13.5

27 weeks and over............................... 33.4 36.7 33.8 32.1 42.1 39.3 37.4 34.5 31.6

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 150,433 154,966 10,620 6,896 6.6 4.3

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 63,277 65,335 2,448 1,453 3.7 2.2

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 27,004 27,665 1,212 656 4.3 2.3

Professional and related occupations.......................... 36,274 37,669 1,237 796 3.3 2.1

Service occupations................................................ 24,137 25,458 2,796 1,709 10.4 6.3

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,501 29,914 2,132 1,400 6.5 4.5

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,531 14,155 1,087 672 7.0 4.5

Office and administrative support occupations............... 15,970 15,759 1,045 728 6.1 4.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 13,956 14,258 993 616 6.6 4.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,117 1,076 73 65 6.1 5.7

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,240 8,356 691 446 7.7 5.1

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,599 4,826 229 104 4.7 2.1

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 18,562 20,001 1,730 1,169 8.5 5.5

Production occupations.......................................... 7,753 8,268 525 388 6.3 4.5

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 10,809 11,733 1,205 782 10.0 6.2

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 10,620 6,896 6.6 4.3

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 8,681 5,301 6.8 4.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 89 63 13.8 10.0

Construction.......................................................................... 674 398 6.8 4.0

Manufacturing........................................................................ 787 499 5.2 3.3

Durable goods..................................................................... 436 279 4.6 2.9

Nondurable goods................................................................ 351 220 6.3 4.0

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 1,333 1,019 6.5 5.2

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 588 381 7.9 4.7

Information............................................................................ 137 83 5.8 3.5

Financial activities................................................................... 383 192 3.8 1.9

Professional and business services............................................... 1,066 791 6.1 4.4

Education and health services..................................................... 1,007 677 4.2 2.8

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 2,102 960 16.3 7.5

Other services........................................................................ 514 239 8.3 3.5

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 110 83 6.3 5.1

Government workers................................................................... 685 467 3.2 2.2

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 632 510 6.1 4.7

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2020

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 3.8 2.2 2.0 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.3 2.1

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 4.5 2.3 2.0 4.8 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.3

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 6.6 4.6 4.3 6.9 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8 4.6

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 6.9 4.8 4.5 7.2 6.2 5.7 5.4 5.0 4.9

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 7.7 5.6 5.2 8.0 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.6

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 11.6 8.1 7.7 12.1 9.8 9.2 8.8 8.5 8.3

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2021

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 99,872 100,045 40,754 40,994 59,118 59,052

Persons who currently want a job................................ 6,317 5,567 2,996 2,478 3,321 3,089

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,923 1,638 1,049 842 874 796

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 594 460 367 315 228 145

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,328 1,178 682 527 646 651

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 6,866 7,166 3,363 3,467 3,503 3,699

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.2 5.0 5.1

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 3,813 4,193 2,101 2,194 1,711 1,999

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,716 1,598 565 540 1,150 1,059

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 248 361 145 215 103 146

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,046 953 541 499 505 454

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Change

from:

Sept.2021

-

Oct.2021p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,568 147,012 147,659 149,217 142,545 147,476 147,788 148,319 531

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,581 125,943 125,709 127,001 120,962 125,424 125,789 126,393 604

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,261 20,782 20,746 20,861 20,078 20,505 20,570 20,678 108

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 646 649 656 594 643 647 651 4

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.3 45.7 43.9 43.4 44.6 44.5 43.3 42.7 -0.6

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550.9 600.2 605.3 612.3 549.4 598.8 603.7 608.6 4.9

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.7 140.9 142.2 144.0 137.7 139.8 140.9 142.1 1.2

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.3 186.2 185.0 184.5 175.9 182.6 182.4 182.9 0.5

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.8 42.4 42.2 42.6 39.5 42.2 42.3 42.5 0.2

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 42.6 42.2 42.8 41.9 42.5 42.4 43.0 0.6

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.8 101.2 100.6 99.1 94.5 97.9 97.7 97.4 -0.3

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.9 273.1 278.1 283.8 235.8 276.4 280.4 283.6 3.2

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,506 7,644 7,627 7,669 7,329 7,424 7,454 7,498 44

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,671.9 1,725.0 1,721.2 1,727.7 1,645.5 1,691.9 1,699.1 1,702.5 3.4

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849.6 894.9 888.1 897.2 832.7 880.9 883.2 885.0 1.8

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822.3 830.1 833.1 830.5 812.8 811.0 815.9 817.5 1.6

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,090.9 1,097.2 1,104.1 1,111.0 1,029.8 1,033.4 1,041.5 1,053.6 12.1

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,743.2 4,822.1 4,801.9 4,830.4 4,653.4 4,698.7 4,713.5 4,741.9 28.4

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,153.8 2,215.6 2,203.0 2,222.0 2,114.5 2,173.9 2,175.9 2,185.0 9.1

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,589.4 2,606.5 2,598.9 2,608.4 2,538.9 2,524.8 2,537.6 2,556.9 19.3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,158 12,492 12,470 12,536 12,155 12,438 12,469 12,529 60

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,538 7,754 7,743 7,788 7,550 7,738 7,758 7,799 41

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.8 411.4 410.7 413.8 397.2 408.4 410.7 412.1 1.4

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399.1 403.8 402.7 402.5 394.6 397.4 398.3 397.9 -0.4

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346.1 355.5 353.8 355.4 348.7 355.8 356.6 358.6 2.0

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,376.3 1,417.2 1,419.8 1,425.8 1,380.2 1,417.3 1,425.2 1,431.0 5.8

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,049.0 1,081.9 1,080.6 1,080.0 1,054.2 1,080.4 1,086.9 1,087.1 0.2

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,069.2 1,091.7 1,088.1 1,092.6 1,071.6 1,088.5 1,090.8 1,094.3 3.5

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 162.9 166.6 166.8 168.3 162.6 166.0 167.2 168.2 1.0

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.2 85.3 85.0 84.8 84.7 85.1 85.4 85.4 0.0

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.5 374.8 373.7 374.4 369.2 373.2 374.3 375.5 1.2

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.9 430.1 428.3 430.3 421.5 429.8 429.8 430.8 1.0

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 34.9 34.3 34.8 33.5 34.4 34.1 34.4 0.3

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 372.2 381.9 380.5 381.8 372.4 380.3 380.8 382.0 1.2

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,577.7 1,620.4 1,617.8 1,640.4 1,580.5 1,620.9 1,618.3 1,642.0 23.7

Motor vehicles and parts2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888.2 919.8 918.1 943.1 889.2 917.4 911.8 939.5 27.7

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350.8 359.9 361.4 362.2 352.0 361.3 362.1 361.5 -0.6

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600.3 630.3 627.3 633.7 598.8 627.6 627.8 632.2 4.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,620 4,738 4,727 4,748 4,605 4,700 4,711 4,730 19

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,633.1 1,660.1 1,655.5 1,663.0 1,623.0 1,643.6 1,647.0 1,650.0 3.0

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.3 98.9 98.5 99.2 95.8 98.4 98.4 98.9 0.5

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.6 107.9 107.9 108.6 103.9 107.6 107.7 108.4 0.7

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.7 93.2 93.5 94.3 91.3 92.8 92.9 93.5 0.6

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.0 352.7 352.9 355.2 354.6 352.8 353.9 356.1 2.2

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 371.2 375.3 377.1 380.9 370.2 372.7 375.9 380.1 4.2

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.2 103.3 103.1 103.7 105.0 101.0 101.2 101.4 0.2

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838.0 859.6 854.3 860.2 840.0 859.8 859.5 865.1 5.6

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713.4 741.1 737.3 739.0 714.7 736.4 737.8 741.0 3.2

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.8 345.5 346.7 343.4 306.5 334.7 337.0 335.9 -1.1

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,320 105,161 104,963 106,140 100,884 104,919 105,219 105,715 496

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,889 27,329 27,419 27,761 26,847 27,491 27,613 27,717 104

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,596.4 5,735.7 5,723.1 5,748.1 5,587.6 5,716.9 5,724.2 5,737.7 13.5

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,054.2 3,146.2 3,141.6 3,155.9 3,050.2 3,133.0 3,140.8 3,154.9 14.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,063.3 2,109.4 2,104.3 2,111.9 2,060.1 2,105.4 2,105.5 2,104.4 -1.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Change

from:

Sept.2021

-

Oct.2021p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478.9 480.1 477.2 480.3 477.3 478.5 477.9 478.4 0.5

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,131.1 15,309.1 15,281.5 15,500.0 15,131.8 15,377.5 15,434.8 15,470.1 35.3

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,936.2 1,992.0 1,987.3 1,989.1 1,935.1 1,983.9 1,986.7 1,989.1 2.4

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,227.9 1,255.7 1,254.4 1,251.4 1,225.5 1,254.8 1,255.7 1,253.0 -2.7

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.2 171.7 166.4 167.3 154.2 165.1 165.1 167.6 2.5

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 556.1 564.6 566.5 570.4 555.4 564.0 565.9 568.5 2.6

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 432.2 440.1 440.3 447.2 432.3 446.8 446.7 446.0 -0.7

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 448.5 414.5 418.6 444.2 444.4 427.3 429.2 435.3 6.1

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,371.8 1,374.5 1,365.2 1,343.3 1,391.5 1,357.7 1,374.8 1,364.4 -10.4

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,133.5 3,107.3 3,070.8 3,098.0 3,127.2 3,094.6 3,084.7 3,100.3 15.6

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 959.0 997.3 1,006.5 1,031.4 958.9 1,009.0 1,016.2 1,024.4 8.2

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935.8 971.4 958.1 956.8 935.9 955.4 953.0 954.7 1.7

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 962.8 1,046.2 1,036.0 1,055.3 977.9 1,057.3 1,071.3 1,064.3 -7.0

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464.6 494.7 489.2 501.8 469.4 502.7 501.6 504.1 2.5

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,094.0 3,010.3 3,047.2 3,149.8 3,082.9 3,086.2 3,104.6 3,119.9 15.3

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983.1 967.4 971.7 1,012.2 975.4 1,001.1 1,006.6 1,005.0 -1.6

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,110.9 2,042.9 2,075.5 2,137.6 2,107.5 2,085.1 2,098.0 2,114.9 16.9

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780.4 837.1 827.9 838.6 770.1 828.2 831.9 832.5 0.6

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.3 623.7 634.4 644.5 606.2 628.4 634.1 635.1 1.0

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,622.5 5,746.8 5,879.9 5,977.2 5,587.7 5,860.2 5,917.6 5,972.0 54.4

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391.1 449.9 457.6 465.2 390.6 446.1 457.4 466.6 9.2

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.6 142.5 142.3 142.3 144.4 142.3 141.8 141.9 0.1

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.3 61.3 60.3 58.8 59.2 59.1 59.2 58.6 -0.6

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,474.4 1,520.5 1,520.6 1,531.6 1,460.4 1,503.1 1,507.6 1,515.5 7.9

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390.2 334.4 413.7 433.4 372.4 401.0 401.8 417.6 15.8

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.1 49.6 49.5 49.7 50.2 49.4 49.5 49.5 0.0

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 23.7 41.4 38.3 35.7 23.1 31.8 32.7 34.8 2.1

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 689.7 725.4 727.7 735.2 688.1 725.2 728.3 732.9 4.6

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980.0 984.4 1,004.4 1,009.0 992.3 1,038.2 1,060.1 1,055.2 -4.9

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,419.4 1,437.4 1,465.5 1,516.3 1,407.0 1,464.0 1,479.2 1,499.4 20.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539.1 537.6 534.5 536.1 540.1 536.7 536.5 536.7 0.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,654 2,784 2,772 2,787 2,650 2,778 2,782 2,792 10

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 755.7 778.2 770.6 772.2 754.8 775.2 770.6 773.1 2.5

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261.9 332.3 332.2 347.7 258.1 326.9 338.4 349.7 11.3

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.8 238.2 239.5 238.7 246.7 239.6 238.9 237.3 -1.6

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.4 672.6 668.7 666.5 681.2 674.8 669.9 668.8 -1.1

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.4 377.2 380.3 382.2 352.5 379.9 383.8 382.0 -1.8

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.3 385.2 380.2 380.1 356.2 381.6 380.6 381.3 0.7

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,751 8,901 8,857 8,898 8,746 8,854 8,861 8,882 21

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,523.5 6,562.5 6,533.8 6,556.6 6,526.4 6,550.3 6,544.8 6,553.6 8.8

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 20.3 20.3 20.2 20.1 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.1 -0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,655.9 2,670.9 2,658.3 2,658.7 2,662.8 2,667.5 2,666.2 2,664.8 -1.4

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,749.5 1,731.2 1,717.2 1,714.3 1,759.9 1,725.4 1,723.8 1,721.0 -2.8

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,366.0 1,341.4 1,327.1 1,322.6 1,375.3 1,336.2 1,332.7 1,328.8 -3.9

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 594.4 615.2 618.7 620.7 591.9 616.1 619.4 621.2 1.8

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 312.0 324.5 322.4 323.7 311.0 326.0 323.0 322.6 -0.4

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 974.8 1,007.2 996.0 1,011.8 971.6 998.6 996.9 1,008.1 11.2

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,872.5 2,864.1 2,859.3 2,866.0 2,871.7 2,864.0 2,861.5 2,860.6 -0.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,227.0 2,338.0 2,323.3 2,341.0 2,219.6 2,303.7 2,316.3 2,328.7 12.4

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,714.2 1,782.8 1,771.9 1,790.4 1,707.5 1,765.2 1,772.9 1,778.1 5.2

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Change

from:

Sept.2021

-

Oct.2021p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490.3 532.7 529.3 528.0 489.7 516.3 521.1 528.0 6.9

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 22.5 22.5 22.1 22.6 22.4 22.2 22.3 22.6 0.3

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,505 21,182 21,205 21,566 20,296 21,078 21,154 21,254 100

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,449.5 9,911.0 9,885.0 10,013.4 9,454.4 9,906.3 9,961.8 10,006.9 45.1

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,121.4 1,141.7 1,142.6 1,156.4 1,119.6 1,142.6 1,147.9 1,152.6 4.7

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 948.9 1,013.9 1,005.3 1,019.3 993.5 1,066.5 1,068.4 1,072.5 4.1

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,524.3 1,597.4 1,593.6 1,605.2 1,516.3 1,579.4 1,592.1 1,593.9 1.8

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.6 143.4 142.5 144.7 135.3 142.6 143.2 143.3 0.1

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201.7 2,292.8 2,280.7 2,306.6 2,188.6 2,272.1 2,283.0 2,290.0 7.0

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,548.8 1,643.4 1,649.3 1,684.0 1,533.9 1,635.1 1,647.0 1,660.6 13.6

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777.1 836.0 828.0 837.5 780.0 830.8 835.8 841.5 5.7

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 439.9 449.7 450.9 453.1 437.8 447.6 452.7 451.6 -1.1

Other professional and technical services. . . 751.8 792.7 792.1 806.6 749.4 789.6 791.7 800.9 9.2

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,332.3 2,347.3 2,337.6 2,344.3 2,336.0 2,336.9 2,339.2 2,345.9 6.7

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,723.4 8,923.8 8,982.7 9,207.9 8,505.6 8,835.1 8,852.5 8,901.1 48.6

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,274.7 8,467.7 8,526.0 8,744.3 8,057.8 8,383.9 8,397.9 8,441.4 43.5

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.2 566.6 566.4 569.8 524.6 563.1 565.0 567.5 2.5

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.5 152.8 151.1 153.0 152.1 153.0 151.8 151.9 0.1

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,260.4 3,348.4 3,436.7 3,636.6 3,131.3 3,373.9 3,383.1 3,423.9 40.8

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,654.2 2,699.1 2,776.4 2,954.0 2,519.5 2,724.3 2,730.4 2,771.5 41.1

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806.4 772.8 778.5 786.3 796.1 780.3 782.5 777.4 -5.1

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.2 163.2 166.0 165.1 151.0 161.7 167.2 166.4 -0.8

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 904.8 902.0 899.3 899.6 901.0 900.1 895.6 896.0 0.4

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,175.1 2,244.0 2,204.3 2,209.2 2,112.1 2,133.1 2,133.6 2,139.5 5.9

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1 317.9 323.7 324.7 289.7 318.7 319.1 318.8 -0.3

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448.7 456.1 456.7 463.6 447.8 451.2 454.6 459.7 5.1

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,427 23,356 23,583 23,929 23,235 23,693 23,706 23,770 64

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,540.3 3,325.8 3,562.2 3,783.5 3,393.8 3,634.2 3,613.4 3,630.4 17.0

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,886.6 20,029.8 20,020.5 20,145.6 19,841.0 20,058.5 20,092.5 20,139.4 46.9

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,934.6 16,004.1 15,971.1 16,039.6 15,905.9 15,996.4 15,995.4 16,032.6 37.2

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,664.4 7,844.0 7,860.3 7,920.6 7,647.5 7,843.4 7,876.7 7,909.0 32.3

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,662.4 2,707.3 2,706.8 2,724.2 2,658.3 2,711.0 2,712.0 2,720.6 8.6

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976.2 1,023.8 1,022.4 1,028.9 976.0 1,019.8 1,024.5 1,026.8 2.3

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 939.4 995.9 999.4 1,009.9 937.2 993.8 1,004.8 1,009.2 4.4

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991.2 1,008.5 1,010.7 1,014.2 992.0 1,009.2 1,011.9 1,013.3 1.4

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 284.4 297.0 297.5 299.4 285.2 297.1 298.5 299.1 0.6

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,505.3 1,496.5 1,505.5 1,526.8 1,496.7 1,496.9 1,507.7 1,523.5 15.8

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.5 315.0 318.0 317.2 302.1 315.6 317.3 316.5 -0.8

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,136.3 5,153.7 5,150.0 5,153.1 5,128.0 5,153.4 5,149.3 5,150.4 1.1

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,133.9 3,006.4 2,960.8 2,965.9 3,130.4 2,999.6 2,969.4 2,973.2 3.8

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,453.0 1,367.7 1,347.2 1,356.5 1,451.5 1,365.3 1,349.4 1,361.2 11.8

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 614.9 597.2 592.8 589.5 615.0 594.9 592.8 590.0 -2.8

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910.0 891.1 870.7 870.2 908.1 889.8 876.3 872.1 -4.2

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 156.0 150.4 150.1 149.7 155.9 149.6 150.9 149.9 -1.0

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,952.0 4,025.7 4,049.4 4,106.0 3,935.1 4,062.1 4,097.1 4,106.8 9.7

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,602.6 2,673.4 2,656.7 2,689.8 2,599.7 2,674.3 2,686.2 2,692.3 6.1

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 182.1 182.8 184.0 185.3 182.7 184.7 185.4 185.9 0.5

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 281.6 284.7 282.2 286.4 281.8 283.1 285.1 287.5 2.4

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885.7 884.8 926.5 944.5 871.0 920.0 940.4 941.1 0.7

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,607 15,826 15,405 15,433 13,622 15,280 15,368 15,532 164

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,754.6 2,384.8 2,214.6 2,170.1 1,779.5 2,156.8 2,196.3 2,217.2 20.9

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 319.9 459.5 484.3 494.7 312.3 441.7 471.4 483.0 11.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Change

from:

Sept.2021

-

Oct.2021p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.1 152.9 145.5 146.4 132.6 143.3 146.5 147.1 0.6

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,301.6 1,772.4 1,584.8 1,529.0 1,334.6 1,571.8 1,578.4 1,587.1 8.7

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,852.3 13,441.1 13,189.9 13,262.6 11,842.3 13,122.8 13,172.1 13,314.7 142.6

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,445.8 1,875.4 1,793.4 1,776.7 1,455.5 1,758.3 1,767.7 1,790.9 23.2

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 10,406.5 11,565.7 11,396.5 11,485.9 10,386.8 11,364.5 11,404.4 11,523.8 119.4

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,487 5,783 5,722 5,766 5,488 5,745 5,735 5,768 33

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,309.9 1,378.4 1,372.5 1,389.4 1,307.0 1,371.5 1,372.6 1,381.0 8.4

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,315.0 1,429.3 1,422.8 1,445.4 1,313.5 1,427.7 1,421.5 1,449.6 28.1

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,862.2 2,975.2 2,926.5 2,931.0 2,867.4 2,945.3 2,940.6 2,937.6 -3.0

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,987 21,069 21,950 22,216 21,583 22,052 21,999 21,926 -73

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,978 2,887 2,893 2,879 2,975 2,884 2,885 2,882 -3

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,376.0 2,288.2 2,289.2 2,281.6 2,372.1 2,278.4 2,278.9 2,278.1 -0.8

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.0 599.2 603.3 597.6 602.8 605.3 605.9 603.5 -2.4

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,118 4,793 5,092 5,177 4,945 5,077 5,056 5,031 -25

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,427.3 2,135.2 2,448.2 2,544.5 2,253.8 2,428.6 2,413.0 2,391.5 -21.5

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,690.5 2,658.0 2,643.6 2,632.7 2,691.0 2,648.0 2,643.1 2,639.5 -3.6

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,891 13,389 13,965 14,160 13,663 14,091 14,058 14,013 -45

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,610.6 6,922.8 7,636.0 7,870.1 7,341.4 7,789.0 7,703.5 7,660.1 -43.4

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,280.2 6,466.0 6,328.8 6,290.3 6,321.9 6,302.4 6,354.5 6,352.8 -1.7

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.8 34.6 34.8 34.7

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.0 40.0 40.5 39.9

Mining and logging................................................................ 44.7 45.0 45.3 44.8

Construction....................................................................... 38.9 38.8 40.1 38.7

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.3

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.6 40.5 40.5 40.4

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.2 40.3 40.2 40.1

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.8 33.6 33.6 33.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.5 34.4 34.4 34.5

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.7 39.1 39.3 39.3

Retail trade...................................................................... 31.0 30.8 30.7 30.8

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 39.0 38.7 38.5 38.6

Utilities........................................................................... 42.8 42.9 42.2 42.0

Information......................................................................... 36.7 37.0 36.8 36.8

Financial activities................................................................ 37.7 37.5 37.5 37.5

Professional and business services............................................ 36.6 36.5 36.7 36.7

Education and health services.................................................. 33.5 33.3 33.4 33.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.0 26.2 26.2 26.2

Other services..................................................................... 32.4 32.0 32.2 32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.0

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Total private............................................... $29.52 $30.67 $30.85 $30.96 $1,027.30 $1,061.18 $1,073.58 $1,074.31

Goods-producing....................................... 30.13 31.21 31.38 31.48 1,205.20 1,248.40 1,270.89 1,256.05

Mining and logging.................................. 34.89 35.54 35.57 35.56 1,559.58 1,599.30 1,611.32 1,593.09

Construction.......................................... 31.87 33.09 33.26 33.38 1,239.74 1,283.89 1,333.73 1,291.81

Manufacturing........................................ 28.86 29.88 30.02 30.15 1,165.94 1,207.15 1,212.81 1,215.05

Durable goods.................................... 30.37 31.44 31.57 31.67 1,233.02 1,273.32 1,278.59 1,279.47

Nondurable goods................................ 26.35 27.30 27.45 27.61 1,059.27 1,100.19 1,103.49 1,107.16

Private service-providing.............................. 29.37 30.55 30.72 30.84 992.71 1,026.48 1,032.19 1,039.31

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 25.41 26.50 26.65 26.65 876.65 911.60 916.76 919.43

Wholesale trade.................................. 32.66 33.80 33.93 34.11 1,263.94 1,321.58 1,333.45 1,340.52

Retail trade........................................ 21.11 22.05 22.23 22.05 654.41 679.14 682.46 679.14

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.46 26.71 26.79 27.05 992.94 1,033.68 1,031.42 1,044.13

Utilities............................................. 44.33 45.16 45.25 45.20 1,897.32 1,937.36 1,909.55 1,898.40

Information........................................... 44.77 44.27 44.31 44.55 1,643.06 1,637.99 1,630.61 1,639.44

Financial activities................................... 38.66 40.09 40.29 40.57 1,457.48 1,503.38 1,510.88 1,521.38

Professional and business services.............. 35.38 36.99 37.14 37.40 1,294.91 1,350.14 1,363.04 1,372.58

Education and health services..................... 28.72 30.02 30.34 30.41 962.12 999.67 1,013.36 1,015.69

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 17.12 18.79 18.86 19.04 445.12 492.30 494.13 498.85

Other services....................................... 26.51 27.44 27.50 27.58 858.92 878.08 885.50 888.08

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2021 -

Oct.

2021p

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2021 -

Oct.

2021p

Total private..................................... 105.7 108.9 109.9 110.1 0.2 149.1 159.7 162.1 163.0 0.6

Goods-producing............................. 91.5 93.4 94.9 94.0 -0.9 124.6 131.8 134.6 133.7 -0.7

Mining and logging........................ 83.4 90.9 92.1 91.6 -0.5 116.9 129.7 131.5 130.8 -0.5

Construction................................ 98.3 99.3 103.0 100.0 -2.9 136.1 142.8 148.9 145.1 -2.6

Manufacturing.............................. 88.3 90.4 90.6 90.8 0.2 118.6 125.6 126.5 127.4 0.7

Durable goods........................... 86.3 88.2 88.5 88.7 0.2 116.4 123.2 124.0 124.8 0.6

Nondurable goods...................... 92.4 94.5 94.5 94.7 0.2 123.5 131.0 131.7 132.6 0.7

Private service-providing.................... 109.8 113.5 113.8 114.7 0.8 156.7 168.5 170.0 171.9 1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 101.1 103.2 103.6 104.3 0.7 138.5 147.5 149.0 150.0 0.7

Wholesale trade......................... 95.4 98.6 99.2 99.5 0.3 130.3 139.4 140.8 141.9 0.8

Retail trade.............................. 95.3 96.2 96.2 96.8 0.6 132.9 140.1 141.4 141.0 -0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 125.2 130.3 130.9 132.5 1.2 162.2 177.1 178.4 182.3 2.2

Utilities.................................... 100.0 99.6 98.0 97.5 -0.5 146.5 148.6 146.4 145.6 -0.5

Information................................. 88.8 93.9 93.5 93.8 0.3 141.6 148.0 147.5 148.8 0.9

Financial activities......................... 108.0 108.8 108.9 109.1 0.2 162.9 170.1 171.1 172.7 0.9

Professional and business services..... 116.5 120.6 121.7 122.3 0.5 166.9 180.7 183.1 185.2 1.1

Education and health services........... 127.1 128.8 129.3 129.6 0.2 175.6 186.1 188.7 189.7 0.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 101.1 114.2 114.9 116.1 1.0 139.6 173.2 174.8 178.4 2.1

Other services............................. 102.5 106.0 106.5 107.1 0.6 149.0 159.4 160.5 161.9 0.9

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Total nonfarm............................................. 70,923 73,543 73,598 73,902 49.8 49.9 49.8 49.8

Total private............................................ 58,515 60,703 60,842 61,218 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,541 4,671 4,691 4,716 22.6 22.8 22.8 22.8

Mining and logging............................... 86 83 83 83 14.5 12.9 12.8 12.7

Construction....................................... 973 1,029 1,036 1,041 13.3 13.9 13.9 13.9

Manufacturing..................................... 3,482 3,559 3,572 3,592 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.7

Durable goods.................................. 1,845 1,887 1,896 1,908 24.4 24.4 24.4 24.5

Nondurable goods............................. 1,637 1,672 1,676 1,684 35.5 35.6 35.6 35.6

Private service-providing........................... 53,974 56,032 56,151 56,502 53.5 53.4 53.4 53.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 10,526 10,798 10,882 10,955 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5

Wholesale trade................................ 1,674.4 1,725.4 1,724.1 1,724.0 30.0 30.2 30.1 30.0

Retail trade..................................... 7,334.8 7,439.6 7,489.4 7,529.0 48.5 48.4 48.5 48.7

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,383.0 1,499.1 1,533.7 1,566.7 24.8 25.6 25.9 26.2

Utilities........................................... 134.0 133.9 135.0 134.9 24.8 24.9 25.2 25.1

Information......................................... 1,060 1,100 1,094 1,098 40.0 39.6 39.3 39.3

Financial activities................................ 4,951 4,966 4,970 4,970 56.6 56.1 56.1 56.0

Professional and business services............ 9,323 9,738 9,781 9,878 45.9 46.2 46.2 46.5

Education and health services.................. 17,934 18,250 18,243 18,301 77.2 77.0 77.0 77.0

Leisure and hospitality........................... 7,258 8,114 8,123 8,219 53.3 53.1 52.9 52.9

Other services..................................... 2,922 3,066 3,058 3,081 53.2 53.4 53.3 53.4

Government............................................. 12,408 12,840 12,756 12,684 57.5 58.2 58.0 57.8

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Total private............................................................................... 98,541 102,100 102,367 103,036

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,242 14,633 14,665 14,724

Mining and logging.................................................................. 421 480 483 486

Construction.......................................................................... 5,415 5,504 5,522 5,522

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,406 8,649 8,660 8,716

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,105 5,302 5,304 5,349

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,301 3,347 3,356 3,367

Private service-providing.............................................................. 84,299 87,467 87,702 88,312

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 22,684 23,155 23,247 23,338

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,443.9 4,549.2 4,558.1 4,569.1

Retail trade........................................................................ 12,922.6 13,089.0 13,142.6 13,189.2

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,889.4 5,089.7 5,119.7 5,152.4

Utilities.............................................................................. 428.1 426.9 426.8 427.4

Information............................................................................ 2,088 2,207 2,216 2,219

Financial activities................................................................... 6,648 6,669 6,685 6,686

Professional and business services............................................... 16,322 16,823 16,919 17,104

Education and health services..................................................... 20,333 20,719 20,666 20,756

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 11,755 13,218 13,297 13,509

Other services........................................................................ 4,469 4,676 4,672 4,700

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.2 34.1 34.2 34.1

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.6 40.8 41.4 40.7

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.2 46.5 47.3 46.9

Construction....................................................................... 39.1 39.4 41.0 39.3

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.3 41.4 41.4 41.3

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.4 41.4 41.4 41.2

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.0 41.4 41.4 41.3

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.1 33.0 33.0 33.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.5 34.2 34.2 34.4

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.5 38.9 39.0 39.2

Retail trade...................................................................... 31.0 30.7 30.7 30.9

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 39.2 38.5 38.3 38.5

Utilities........................................................................... 42.6 42.7 42.2 41.7

Information......................................................................... 36.5 37.3 36.3 36.1

Financial activities................................................................ 37.3 37.3 37.4 37.4

Professional and business services............................................ 36.1 36.2 36.5 36.3

Education and health services.................................................. 32.8 32.6 32.7 32.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.6 25.0 24.9 25.0

Other services..................................................................... 31.4 31.0 31.2 31.1

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.1

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Total private............................................... $24.83 $26.01 $26.16 $26.26 $849.19 $886.94 $894.67 $895.47

Goods-producing....................................... 25.58 26.73 26.90 26.93 1,038.55 1,090.58 1,113.66 1,096.05

Mining and logging.................................. 30.27 31.64 31.47 31.43 1,368.20 1,471.26 1,488.53 1,474.07

Construction.......................................... 29.40 30.70 30.81 30.94 1,149.54 1,209.58 1,263.21 1,215.94

Manufacturing........................................ 22.99 24.02 24.14 24.22 949.49 994.43 999.40 1,000.29

Durable goods.................................... 24.04 25.06 25.18 25.28 995.26 1,037.48 1,042.45 1,041.54

Nondurable goods................................ 21.34 22.38 22.50 22.53 874.94 926.53 931.50 930.49

Private service-providing.............................. 24.68 25.86 26.00 26.12 816.91 853.38 858.00 861.96

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 21.57 22.61 22.72 22.82 744.17 773.26 777.02 785.01

Wholesale trade.................................. 26.98 27.89 28.07 28.22 1,038.73 1,084.92 1,094.73 1,106.22

Retail trade........................................ 17.87 18.68 18.72 18.80 553.97 573.48 574.70 580.92

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.79 24.25 24.51 24.65 893.37 933.63 938.73 949.03

Utilities............................................. 39.07 40.17 40.16 40.29 1,664.38 1,715.26 1,694.75 1,680.09

Information........................................... 36.50 36.58 36.46 36.87 1,332.25 1,364.43 1,323.50 1,331.01

Financial activities................................... 29.62 30.53 30.58 30.76 1,104.83 1,138.77 1,143.69 1,150.42

Professional and business services.............. 29.39 30.93 31.11 31.34 1,060.98 1,119.67 1,135.52 1,137.64

Education and health services..................... 25.67 27.18 27.45 27.53 841.98 886.07 897.62 900.23

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.84 16.50 16.51 16.68 365.06 412.50 411.10 417.00

Other services....................................... 22.65 23.40 23.41 23.58 711.21 725.40 730.39 733.34

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2021 -

Oct.

2021p

Oct.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021p

Oct.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2021 -

Oct.

2021p

Total private..................................... 112.3 116.0 116.7 117.1 0.3 186.4 201.7 204.0 205.5 0.7

Goods-producing............................. 88.4 91.2 92.8 91.6 -1.3 138.4 149.3 152.8 151.0 -1.2

Mining and logging........................ 101.1 118.6 121.4 121.1 -0.2 178.0 218.3 222.2 221.4 -0.4

Construction................................ 106.0 108.6 113.4 108.7 -4.1 168.3 180.0 188.6 181.5 -3.8

Manufacturing.............................. 79.7 82.2 82.3 82.6 0.4 119.8 129.1 129.9 130.9 0.8

Durable goods........................... 79.4 82.5 82.5 82.8 0.4 119.2 129.0 129.7 130.7 0.8

Nondurable goods...................... 79.7 81.6 81.9 81.9 0.0 120.2 129.1 130.2 130.4 0.2

Private service-providing.................... 118.9 123.0 123.3 124.2 0.7 201.3 218.1 219.9 222.5 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 109.4 110.7 111.2 112.3 1.0 168.7 178.9 180.5 183.1 1.4

Wholesale trade......................... 101.5 105.0 105.5 106.3 0.8 161.7 172.9 174.8 177.1 1.3

Retail trade.............................. 101.4 101.7 102.1 103.1 1.0 155.2 162.8 163.8 166.1 1.4

Transportation and warehousing...... 145.1 148.3 148.4 150.1 1.1 210.4 228.9 231.5 235.5 1.7

Utilities.................................... 93.3 93.2 92.1 91.1 -1.1 152.1 156.3 154.4 153.3 -0.7

Information................................. 87.0 94.0 91.8 91.4 -0.4 157.2 170.1 165.7 166.9 0.7

Financial activities......................... 116.7 117.1 117.7 117.7 0.0 212.7 219.9 221.4 222.7 0.6

Professional and business services..... 131.7 136.2 138.1 138.8 0.5 230.3 250.4 255.4 258.7 1.3

Education and health services........... 142.2 144.0 144.1 144.7 0.4 240.9 258.4 261.1 263.0 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 105.9 121.0 121.3 123.7 2.0 178.5 226.8 227.4 234.3 3.0

Other services............................. 98.4 101.7 102.2 102.5 0.3 162.4 173.3 174.4 176.1 1.0

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.