Internet address: http://www.bls.gov/mfp 

Historical, technical USDL 04-148 

information: (202) 691-5606 For Release: 10:00 AM EST 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Tuesday, February 10, 2004 

MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING, 2001 

The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today reported multifactor 

productivity data--output per unit of combined inputs—for the manufacturing sector and for durable goods, 

nondurable goods, and two-digit (SIC) manufacturing industries through the year 2001. Multifactor 

productivity is designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological change, 

efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources, and other factors. Multifactor 

productivity, therefore, differs from the labor productivity (output per hour) measures that are published 

quarterly by BLS since it requires information on capital services and other data that are available only on an 

annual basis. 

In 2001, multifactor productivity in manufacturing changed at the following percentage rates: 

 2000-01

 Manufacturing -0.8 

 Durable manufacturing 0.6 

 Nondurable manufacturing -2.2 

The decline in multifactor productivity in manufacturing was the first in 10 years. The 2001 annual 

changes are summarized in table A; further detail and historical measures are shown in tables 1 through 3. 

This is the last release of manufacturing productivity measures based on the Standard Industrial 

Classification (SIC) system. SIC-based productivity and related series through 2001 will remain available 

but will no longer be updated. In the future, historical and new measures will be based on the North 

American Industrial Classfication System (NAICS). 
2

The data sources and methods used in the preparation of the manufacturing series differ from those 

used in preparing the private business and private nonfarm business series published elsewhere, and these 

measures are not directly comparable. See BLS News Release USDL 03-158, Multifactor Productivity 

Trends, 2001 and see page 8 and the Summary of Methods for further information on data sources and 

methods. 

The multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing differ in several ways from those for private 

business and private nonfarm business in their treatment of labor input, output, and classes of factor inputs. 

First, the manufacturing measure of labor input is a direct aggregate of hours. This is in contrast to the major 

sector measures for which estimates of the effects of changing labor composition have been developed. 

Next, the output concept used for multifactor productivity in manufacturing is “sectoral output.” 

Sectoral output is similar to gross output, but excludes shipments from one establishment to another within 

the same manufacturing industry or sector. In contrast, the output concept used for private business and 

nonfarm business is “gross product originating”. Gross product originating in private business equals gross 

domestic product in the economy less government, private households, and non-profit institutions. Gross 

product originating excludes intermediate transactions between businesses. 

 The resulting manufacturing multifactor productivity measure compares what is produced in the 

manufacturing sector for use outside of manufacturing with the inputs used in the manufacturing process 

obtained from outside of manufacturing. The comparison excludes flows of intermediate inputs between 

manufacturing establishments from measures of both output and inputs. However, the comparison does 

include capital service inputs and capital goods produced, even when these goods are produced and 

consumed in manufacturing. 

Finally, multifactor productivity in manufacturing compares "sectoral output" to three classes of 

inputs: 1) hours at work of labor employed within manufacturing; 2) capital services employed by 

manufacturing establishments; and 3) purchases of energy, materials, and business services from outside of 

manufacturing (intermediates). 

In manufacturing, intermediates are the largest input in terms of costs. Furthermore, research has 

shown that substitution among inputs, including intermediates, affects productivity change. Therefore, it is 

important to include intermediates in productivity measures at the level of manufacturing. In contrast, the 

more aggregate productivity measures compare "value-added" output with two classes of inputs, capital and 

labor. Because of these differences in methods, productivity change in manufacturing cannot be directly 

compared with changes in private business or private nonfarm business. 

Manufacturing productivity in 2001 and historical trends 

Multifactor productivity in manufacturing declined 0.8 percent in 2001. The decline was the result of 

a 4.5 percent decline in sectoral output and a 3.7 percent decrease in combined inputs. Capital services 

continued to grow in 2001, but at a much more modest rate, posting a 1.5 percent advance. The decline in 

hours accelerated in 2001, falling 5.6 percent. 
3 

Multifactor productivity grew 1.2 percent annually from 1949 (when the manufacturing series started) 

to 2001. Sectoral output increased at a 3.1 percent annual rate, and combined inputs rose 1.9 percent per 

year (table A). Unlike the private business and private nonfarm business sectors, the productivity slowdown 

in manufacturing was confined to the 1973-79 period. Multifactor productivity, which had been growing 1.5 

percent annually prior to 1973, fell 0.6 percent per year between 1973 and 1979. Output growth slowed to 

2.5 percent, while combined inputs grew 3.1 percent over the 1973-79 time period. 

Between 1979 and 1990, multifactor productivity growth in manufacturing rebounded sharply to 1.1 

percent per year. Sectoral output growth continued to slow, and, in this period, all input growth rates fell. 

Hours declined, and the growth rates for both capital services and materials fell sharply. As a result, 

combined inputs grew only 0.8 percent annually. The rebound in productivity was associated mainly with 

slower growth in combined inputs. 

From 1990 to 1995, multifactor productivity growth accelerated further, almost matching the pre-1973 

growth rate. Multifactor productivity advanced 1.2 percent per year during this period. Output growth 

increased to 3.1 percent per year, while combined inputs rose 1.9 percent annually. The decline in hours 

slowed to 0.1 percent, and energy, materials, and purchased business services all grew much more rapidly 

than in the 1979-90 period. 

From 1995 to 2000, multifactor productivity advanced still faster at 2.3 percent per year. Sectoral 

output growth increased to 3.9 percent per year, while combined inputs continued to advance at about the 

same rate as in the early 1990s. Hours declined slightly during the 1995-2000 period, but the increase in the 

growth rate of capital services, to 3.8 percent, was notable. Each intermediate input--energy, non-energy 

materials, and purchased business services--grew less rapidly in the 1995-2000 period than in 1990-95. 

Among detailed manufacturing industries, only durable goods manufacturers experienced multifactor 

productivity gains in 2001 (table 3), while nondurable goods manufacturers experienced declines. Little 

difference existed prior to 1979, but the productivity gap between the two sectors widened thereafter, 

primarily due to the rapid productivity growth in industrial and commercial machinery and in electronic and 

other electrical equipment. Eleven of the 18 detailed industries experienced multifactor productivity 

declines in 2001. 

Over the 1949-2001 period, multifactor productivity advanced most rapidly in electronic and other 

electrical equipment, textile mill products, and industrial machinery. The printing and publishing industry 

was the only industry to experience a multifactor productivity decline over the entire period. In the more 

recent period of 1995-2000, multifactor productivity grew very rapidly in the information processing 

equipment industries. It rose 8.2 percent per year in electronic and other electrical equipment and 7.7 

percent per year in industrial machinery, the two industries where most information processing equipment is 

produced. 
4

Table A. Productivity and related data in manufacturing, percent changes, 1949-2001 

(percent per year) 

1949-01 1949-73 1973-79 1979-90 1990-95 1995-00 2000-01 

Productivity 

 Multifactor 

 productivity1

1.2 1.5 -0.6 1.1 1.2 2.3 -0.8 

 Output per hour 

 of all persons 

2.7 2.5 2.2 2.6 3.3 4.1 1.2 

 Output per unit 

 of capital services 

-0.5 0.0 -2.1 -0.8 0.6 0.1 -5.8 

Sectoral output 3.1 4.0 2.5 2.0 3.1 3.9 -4.5 

Inputs 

 Hours2 0.4 1.4 0.3 -0.7 -0.1 -0.2 -5.6 

 Capital services 3.6 4.0 4.7 2.8 2.5 3.8 1.5 

 Energy 2.5 4.9 0.8 0.3 1.9 0.4 -5.2 

 Non-energy materials 2.7 2.4 6.2 1.5 3.8 2.8 -1.3 

 Purchased business 

 services 

3.6 5.1 5.4 1.9 3.5 1.2 -8.3 

 Combined inputs3 1.9 2.4 3.1 0.8 1.9 1.5 -3.7 

1. Output per unit of combined hours, capital, energy, materials, and purchased business services inputs. 

2. Hours at work of all persons. 

3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of nominal costs.

 

Revisions 

The multifactor productivity data for the 1997-2000 period reflect a number of revisions to source data. 

For example, updated input-output tables and revised BEA chain-type price indexes have been incorporated. 

In addition, methods underlying energy and non-energy materials data have been improved, which affect 

estimates for many years in the series. 

Comprehensive tables containing additional data beyond the scope of this press release are available 

upon request at 202-691-5606 or at http://www.bls.gov/web/prod3.supp.toc.htm. 

Summary of Methods for the Manufacturing sector and manufacturing industries 

This note describes the major data sources and the procedures used in deriving BLS multifactor 

productivity indexes. More detailed information on methods, limitations, and data sources is provided in 

BLS Bulletin 2178 (September 1983), "Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 1948-81." Methods for 

measuring manufacturing multifactor productivity are discussed in "Measurement of productivity growth in 

U.S. manufacturing” in the July 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data not contained in 

the release can be obtained in print at 202-691-5606 or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/home.htm. 
5 

The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the relationship between output in real 

terms and the inputs involved in its production. They do not measure the specific contributions of labor, 

capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, multifactor productivity is designed to measure the joint 

influences on economic growth of technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, 

reallocation of resources due to shifts in factor inputs across industries, and other factors. The multifactor 

productivity indexes are derived by dividing an output index by an index of the combined input of labor, 

capital services, energy, non-energy materials, and business service inputs. The output indexes are computed 

as chained superlative indexes (Tornqvist indexes) of components of output. 

 

Capital input measures the services derived from the stock of physical assets and software. The assets 

included are fixed business equipment, structures, inventories, and land. Among equipment, BLS provides 

additional detail for information processing equipment and software (IPES). IPES is composed of four broad 

classes of assets: computers and related equipment, software, communications equipment, and other IPES 

equipment. Computers and related equipment includes mainframe computers, personal computers, printers, 

video displays, and other related equipment. Software is comprised of pre-packaged, custom, and ownaccount software. Communications equipment is not further differentiated. Other IPES includes scientific 

and related equipment, photocopying and related equipment, and office and accounting equipment. 

Structures include nonresidential structures and residential capital that is rented out by profit-making firms or 

persons. Financial assets are excluded. The aggregate capital measures are obtained by Tornqvist 

aggregation of the capital stocks for each asset type within each of 53 industries using estimated rental prices 

for each asset type. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate of return to all assets within the industry and 

rates of economic depreciation and revaluation for the specific asset; rental prices are adjusted for the effects 

of taxes. Data on investments in physical assets are obtained from BEA. Current-dollar gross product 

originating (GPO) data, obtained from BEA, are used in estimating capital rental prices. 

Hours paid of employees are obtained from the Current Employment Statistics program. The hours at 

work of proprietors, unpaid family workers, and farm employees are derived from the Current Population 

Survey. The hours of employees are converted to an at-work basis by using the Hours at Work survey. 

Labor input in manufacturing is measured as the sum of hours at work of all persons. The construction of 

hours at work follows the methods used in the private business sector described in USDL 03-158 Multifactor 

Productivity Trends, 2001, except that hours in manufacturing are directly aggregated and do not include the 

effects of changing labor composition. 

The labor and capital components of the input indexes are combined with Tornqvist weights that 

represent each component's share of total costs. Total costs are defined as the value of output (gross product 

originating) less a portion of indirect business taxes. Most indirect taxes, such as excise taxes, are excluded 

from costs; however, property and motor vehicle taxes remain in total costs. The index uses changing 

weights: The share in each year is averaged with the preceding year's share. 

The output index for total manufacturing is computed using a chained superlative index (Tornqvist) of 

4-digit SIC industry outputs. Industry outputs are developed by BLS from data obtained from the Annual 

Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and the Census of Manufactures (CM) from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, together with Producer Price Indexes from BLS and price data from BEA. 
6

Energy input is constructed using costs and quantity data from the ASM, the CM, and the 

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey of the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of 

Energy, together with BLS Producer Price Indexes. The series on non-energy materials input also relies on 

ASM and CM data. Indexes of purchased business services are developed by BLS using input-output tables 

to estimate the proportion of costs attributed to nine types of services. Tornqvist indexes of each of these 

three input classes are developed at the 2-digit SIC level and then aggregated to total manufacturing. As 

with the sectoral output measures, materials and energy inputs are adjusted to exclude transactions between 

establishments within the same sector. 

The five input indexes (capital services, hours, energy, materials, and purchased business services) are 

combined using Tornqvist aggregation, employing weights that represent each component's share of total 

costs. Total costs are defined as the value of manufacturing sectoral output. The index uses changing 

weights: The share in each year is averaged with the preceding year's share. 
7 

Table 1. Manufacturing sector: Productivity and related measures, 1949-2001 

Indexes 1996=100 

Productivity Inputs 

Year 

Output per 

hour of all 

persons 

Output 

per unit 

of capital 

Multifactor 

Productivity2

Sectoral

Output3 Hours4

Capital 

Services1 Energy Materials 

Purchased

business 

services 

Combined 

units of all 

inputs5

 

1949 29.7 121.5 59.7 22.7 76.4 18.7 27.0 26.1 15.2 37.9 

1950 30.1 128.9 62.8 24.9 82.5 19.3 28.3 25.8 17.7 39.6 

1955 34.3 130.7 66.8 31.3 91.2 24.0 39.4 32.0 22.8 46.9 

1960 37.0 119.7 67.9 32.8 88.8 27.4 47.9 33.0 25.3 48.3 

1965 42.9 131.5 77.2 42.2 98.3 32.1 62.5 35.6 33.3 54.7 

1966 43.4 131.7 77.5 45.5 104.8 34.5 67.0 37.9 37.6 58.6 

1967 45.0 125.4 77.1 46.9 104.1 37.4 72.3 39.7 42.6 60.8 

1968 46.6 125.8 79.4 49.2 105.6 39.1 76.8 40.2 42.5 62.0 

1969 47.4 122.8 79.9 50.6 106.9 41.2 79.5 40.2 45.1 63.4 

1970 48.0 112.2 78.8 48.2 100.6 43.0 79.7 38.7 43.6 61.2 

1971 51.2 112.1 81.0 49.6 96.9 44.3 80.8 41.2 43.1 61.2 

1972 53.3 118.4 84.0 54.1 101.4 45.7 83.0 44.0 46.0 64.3 

1973 54.3 120.5 85.4 57.9 106.6 48.0 85.6 46.0 50.1 67.7 

1974 54.1 110.9 80.8 56.4 104.1 50.8 87.9 50.5 53.7 69.8 

1975 56.8 99.9 78.5 53.3 93.9 53.4 81.8 53.1 51.9 67.9 

1976 59.2 104.9 81.3 58.2 98.3 55.5 84.9 57.5 53.2 71.6 

1977 61.6 108.8 82.4 63.1 102.4 58.0 85.0 64.9 57.6 76.6 

1978 62.2 109.8 83.1 66.4 106.7 60.5 86.1 67.7 60.8 79.9 

1979 61.8 106.3 82.5 67.1 108.7 63.2 89.7 65.9 68.5 81.4 

1980 62.0 97.2 81.2 64.3 103.7 66.1 86.1 63.9 65.8 79.2 

1981 62.7 93.3 81.7 64.6 103.0 69.2 85.8 63.5 63.5 79.0 

1982 66.0 87.2 83.0 62.0 94.0 71.2 77.6 61.9 55.9 74.7 

1983 68.0 90.2 85.1 64.8 95.4 71.9 78.5 62.0 62.7 76.2 

1984 70.3 96.6 87.7 71.5 101.6 74.0 83.5 68.2 66.6 81.5 

1985 72.9 96.1 89.2 73.5 100.8 76.5 80.7 72.2 62.1 82.4 

1986 76.1 96.3 90.7 75.6 99.4 78.5 81.4 74.2 65.4 83.4 

1987 78.3 97.6 93.6 78.3 100.0 80.2 86.5 70.9 70.8 83.7 

1988 79.9 100.7 95.3 82.2 102.8 81.6 89.9 71.9 77.4 86.2 

1989 80.0 99.2 93.5 82.6 103.3 83.2 90.2 75.0 82.6 88.3 

1990 82.2 97.5 93.3 83.2 101.1 85.3 93.1 77.5 84.7 89.1 

1991 84.1 93.6 92.4 81.5 96.9 87.1 93.2 78.5 84.6 88.3 

1992 88.6 95.9 94.0 85.5 96.5 89.1 93.1 83.5 92.0 90.9 

1993 90.2 96.9 95.1 88.3 97.8 91.1 96.6 86.5 92.9 92.8 

1994 93.0 99.7 97.3 92.9 99.9 93.2 99.9 90.3 96.0 95.5 

1995 96.5 100.6 99.2 96.9 100.4 96.4 102.3 93.1 100.4 97.7 

1996 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

1997 103.8 101.4 103.1 105.6 101.7 104.1 97.5 101.9 103.9 102.4 

1998 108.9 101.7 105.7 110.5 101.5 108.7 100.6 107.5 103.1 104.6 

1999 114.0 101.7 108.7 114.7 100.7 112.8 102.9 107.9 105.4 105.5 

 

2000 118.3 101.0 111.3 117.4 99.2 116.2 104.3 106.9 106.5 105.5 

2001 119.7 95.1 110.3 112.1 93.6 117.9 98.9 105.5 97.7 101.6 

See footnotes following table 2. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 
8

 Table 2. Manufacturing sector: Productivity and related measures, 1950-2001 

Percent Change 

Productivity Inputs 

Year 

Output per 

hour of all 

persons 

Output 

per unit 

of capital 

Multifactor 

Productivity2

Sectoral

Output3 Hours4

Capital 

Services1 Energy Materials 

Purchased

business 

services 

Combined 

units of all 

inputs5

1950 1.5 6.1 5.1 9.7 8.1 3.4 4.8 -1.3 16.8 4.4 

1955 4.0 5.7 2.8 9.7 5.5 3.8 14.0 8.7 11.3 6.7 

1960 2.2 -0.7 0.3 1.7 -0.4 2.4 1.8 4.1 1.7 1.5 

1965 2.4 3.0 2.7 8.4 5.9 5.2 5.7 4.5 7.0 5.5 

1966 1.1 0.2 0.4 7.6 6.5 7.4 7.4 6.4 12.9 7.2 

1967 3.7 -4.8 -0.6 3.1 -0.6 8.2 7.8 4.6 13.4 3.7 

1968 3.5 0.3 3.0 5.0 1.4 4.8 6.2 1.3 -0.2 2.0 

1969 1.7 -2.3 0.7 2.9 1.2 5.3 3.5 0.0 6.1 2.2 

1970 1.2 -8.6 -1.4 -4.8 -5.9 4.2 0.3 -3.7 -3.4 -3.4 

1971 6.7 -0.1 2.8 2.9 -3.6 3.0 1.5 6.5 -1.1 0.0 

1972 4.2 5.6 3.7 8.9 4.6 3.2 2.7 6.8 6.7 5.0 

1973 1.9 1.8 1.7 7.1 5.1 5.2 3.1 4.6 8.9 5.3 

1974 -0.3 -7.9 -5.5 -2.6 -2.3 5.8 2.7 9.6 7.2 3.1 

1975 4.9 -10.0 -2.8 -5.4 -9.9 5.1 -7.0 5.3 -3.3 -2.7 

1976 4.2 5.0 3.5 9.1 4.8 3.9 3.8 8.3 2.4 5.4 

1977 4.1 3.7 1.4 8.4 4.1 4.5 0.1 12.7 8.3 6.9 

1978 1.0 0.9 0.9 5.2 4.2 4.3 1.2 4.4 5.6 4.3 

1979 -0.7 -3.2 -0.8 1.2 1.9 4.5 4.2 -2.7 12.7 2.0 

1980 0.4 -8.5 -1.5 -4.2 -4.6 4.7 -4.0 -3.0 -4.0 -2.7 

1981 1.1 -4.1 0.6 0.4 -0.7 4.6 -0.4 -0.7 -3.4 -0.2 

1982 5.2 -6.6 1.6 -3.9 -8.7 2.9 -9.6 -2.5 -12.1 -5.4 

1983 3.0 3.4 2.5 4.5 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.3 12.1 1.9 

1984 3.5 7.1 3.1 10.2 6.5 2.9 6.4 9.9 6.3 6.9 

1985 3.7 -0.5 1.7 2.9 -0.8 3.4 -3.3 5.9 -6.8 1.2 

1986 4.3 0.2 1.7 2.8 -1.4 2.6 0.8 2.7 5.4 1.2 

1987 3.0 1.4 3.2 3.6 0.6 2.2 6.2 -4.4 8.3 0.4 

1988 2.0 3.1 1.8 4.9 2.8 1.7 4.0 1.4 9.3 3.0 

1989 0.1 -1.4 -1.9 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.2 4.4 6.7 2.5 

1990 2.8 -1.7 -0.2 0.7 -2.1 2.5 3.2 3.3 2.5 0.9 

1991 2.3 -4.0 -1.0 -2.0 -4.2 2.2 0.2 1.4 -0.1 -1.0 

1992 5.3 2.5 1.8 4.8 -0.4 2.2 -0.1 6.4 8.7 3.0 

1993 1.8 1.0 1.1 3.3 1.4 2.2 3.7 3.5 1.0 2.1 

1994 3.0 2.9 2.3 5.3 2.2 2.3 3.4 4.4 3.4 3.0 

1995 3.9 0.9 2.0 4.3 0.4 3.4 2.4 3.2 4.6 2.3 

1996 3.6 -0.6 0.8 3.2 -0.4 3.8 -2.2 7.4 -0.4 2.3 

1997 3.8 1.4 3.1 5.6 1.7 4.1 -2.5 1.9 3.9 2.4 

1998 4.9 0.3 2.6 4.7 -0.2 4.4 3.3 5.4 -0.8 2.1 

1999 4.6 0.0 2.8 3.8 -0.8 3.8 2.2 0.4 2.2 0.9 

2000 3.8 -0.7 2.3 2.3 -1.5 3.0 1.3 -1.0 1.1 -0.1 

2001 1.2 -5.8 -0.8 -4.5 -5.6 1.5 -5.2 -1.3 -8.3 -3.7 

See footnotes following table 2. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 
9

Footnotes, Tables 1-2 

Source: Output data are from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, and modified 

by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), U.S. Department of Labor. Compensation and hours data are 

from BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied by BEA and the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture. See also Summary of Methods in this release. 

(1) A measure of the flow of capital services used in the sector. 

(2) Sectoral output per combined units of capital, hours, energy, non-energy materials, 

and purchased business services. 

(3) Manufacturing gross output excluding transactions between manufacturing 

establishments, superlative chained index. 

(4) Hours at work of all persons. 

(5) Combined units of capital services, hours, energy, non-energy materials, and 

purchased business services, superlative chained index. 
10

 Table 3. Manufacturing industries: Multifactor productivity trends, 1949-2001 

Average annual growth rates 

Industry 1949-01 1949-73 1973-79 1979-90 1990-95 1995-00 2000-01

Manufacturing 1.2 1.5 -0.6 1.1 1.2 2.3 -0.8 

Nondurable manufacturing 0.6 1.3 -0.5 0.3 0.3 0.0 -2.2 

Food and kindred products 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.7 -0.8 -3.1 

Tobacco manufactures N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 

Textile mill products 2.3 2.3 3.3 2.1 1.6 1.8 2.0 

Apparel & related products 1.0 0.7 1.9 0.6 0.8 2.1 2.5 

Paper and allied products 0.6 1.6 -1.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 -1.9 

Printing and publishing -0.3 0.5 -0.7 -0.9 -1.2 -0.6 -5.0 

Chemicals & allied products 0.9 2.5 -2.5 0.7 -0.2 -0.3 -1.1 

Petroleum refining 0.4 0.8 -0.6 -0.1 0.3 0.5 0.3 

Rubber & misc. plastic products 0.7 1.0 -1.9 1.4 1.2 1.5 -1.0 

Leather & leather products N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 

Durable manufacturing 1.6 1.5 -0.6 1.8 2.0 4.2 0.6 

Lumber and wood products 1.0 1.7 0.4 2.5 -1.7 -1.3 -1.2 

Furniture and fixtures 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.7 -0.4 

Stone, clay, glass 

 & concrete products 

0.6 1.1 -1.2 1.4 0.7 0.0 -5.2 

Primary metals industries 0.1 0.4 -2.3 0.3 0.8 0.0 1.4 

Fabricated metals products 0.3 0.5 -1.0 0.5 1.0 0.2 -3.1 

Industrial & 

 commercial machinery 

2.1 0.7 0.2 3.2 3.1 7.7 1.4 

Electronic & other electrical 

 equipment 

3.1 2.1 0.9 3.0 5.9 8.2 4.4 

Transportation equipment 0.8 1.5 -0.5 0.2 0.5 1.3 1.0 

Instruments 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.4 0.0 2.6 -0.9 

Miscellaneous manufacturing 1.0 1.6 -0.7 1.1 -0.2 1.8 -3.0 

N.A. Multifactor productivity measures for tobacco and leather manufacturers are not published because of 

 the small size of the industry and data limitations. These industries are included in the aggregate 

 measures for total and nondurable manufacturing. 

Note: Multifactor productivity measures by industry are not directly comparable to measures 

for aggregate manufacturing because industry measures exclude transactions only within 

the specific industry while the aggregate manufacturing measures also exclude 

transactions between all manufacturing industries.