For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, May 18, 2017 USDL-17-0619 

Technical information: (202) 691-5618 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY

SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES – 2016 

Labor productivity rose in 17 of 28 selected service-providing industries in 2016, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. This was greater than in 2015, when labor productivity increased in 14 

of 28 industries. In 2016, output and hours increased in fewer industries than in 2015. 

Unit labor costs declined in 5 industries in 2016. Each of the industries with declines in unit labor costs

also recorded increases in productivity. Increases in labor productivity counter the impact of rising hourly 

compensation on unit labor costs facing employers. 

Long term measures of productivity and cost through 2015 are available for 58 industries; included for the 

first time are veterinary services.

Chart 1. Selected service-providing industries with the largest change in productivity, 2016 

8.8

6.5

4.3

9.6

12.7

19.1

-3.5

-8.8

-2.6

-2.1

-2.8 -5.2

Accounting and 

bookkeeping services

Specialized freight trucking

Newspaper publishers

Line-haul railroads

Wireless 

telecommunications 

carriers

Cable and other 

subscription programming

Commercial banking

Warehousing and storage

General freight trucking, 

long-distance

Software publishers

General freight trucking, 

local

Water, sewage and 

other systems

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

-12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18

Industries with increasing productivity

Industries with decreasing productivity

Output Change

Hours Worked Change

Note: Bubble size represents industry employment. 

Value in the bubble indicates percent change in labor productivity.
Chart 1 shows the changes in output and hours worked for industries with large changes in productivity. 

Industries above the diagonal line had productivity growth. For most of these industries, output grew or 

was unchanged while hours worked declined. In the case of newspaper publishers, productivity growth 

occurred because hours worked declined more than output. 

Industries below the diagonal line exhibited declining productivity. Hours worked increased in most of 

these industries while output declined or grew at a slower rate. Productivity also declines when output 

decreases more than hours worked as was the case with general freight trucking, local.

Trends in Labor Productivity in 2016 

• Labor productivity increased in 17 of 28 industries in 2016. (See chart 2.) Among those with

increasing productivity, output grew in 13 industries.

• Hours worked grew in 15 of the 28 industries.

• Productivity gains of at least 8.0 percent occurred in 3 industries where output increases

coincided with declines in hours worked: cable and other subscription programming (19.1

percent), wireless telecommunications carriers (12.7 percent), and accounting and

bookkeeping services (8.8 percent).

• Three industries recorded productivity declines despite output gains of at least 3.0 percent

because of larger increases in hours worked: warehousing and storage (-8.8 percent);

couriers and messengers (-1.5 percent); and truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing (-1.4

percent).

Chart 2. Labor productivity growth in selected service-providing industries, 2016 

-8.8

-5.2

-3.5

-2.8

-2.6

-2.1

-1.5

-1.4

-1.0

-0.8

-0.2

0.3

0.4

1.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

2.1

2.3

2.7

3.0

3.4

4.3

6.5

8.8

9.6

12.7

19.1

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Warehousing and storage

Water, sewage and other systems

Commercial banking

General freight trucking, local

General freight trucking, long-distance

Software publishers

Couriers and messengers

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Power generation and supply

Automotive repair and maintenance

Engineering services

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Air transportation

Natural gas distribution

Postal service

Gambling industries

Drycleaning and laundry services

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Radio and television broadcasting

Periodical publishers

Wired telecommunications carriers

Amusement parks and arcades

Newspaper publishers

Specialized freight trucking

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Line-haul railroads

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Cable and other subscription programming

Percent Change

Productivity

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Percent Change

Output

Hours

2
Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2016 

• Unit labor costs fell in 5 industries in 2016. (See chart 3.) 

• All unit labor cost declines occurred in industries where productivity rose. 

• Each of the industries where productivity fell also recorded an increase in unit labor costs. 

• Hourly labor compensation rose in all but 1 of the 28 industries measured. 

Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation costs in selected service-providing 

industries, 2016 

Long Term Productivity Trends 

Chart 4 displays the number of industries with increases in productivity, output, and hours worked 

for selected time periods through 2015, the latest year for which data are available for all 58 

selected service-providing industries published on the BLS website. 

• Over the long term, productivity rose in 45 service-providing industries. For the majority 

of the industries studied, this period extends from 1987 to 2015. 

• Median long term productivity growth for all 58 industries was approximately 1.6 

percent per year.

• Output increased over the long term in 44 industries while hours worked increased in 38 

industries. 

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20

Software publishers

General freight trucking, local

Water, sewage and other systems

Automotive repair and maintenance

Air transportation

Warehousing and storage

Wired telecommunications carriers

General freight trucking, long-distance

Power generation and supply

Amusement parks and arcades

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Commercial banking

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Couriers and messengers

Postal service

Newspaper publishers

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Radio and television broadcasting

Natural gas distribution

Periodical publishers

Gambling industries

Drycleaning and laundry services

Engineering services

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Specialized freight trucking

Line-haul railroads

Cable and other subscription programming

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs Productivity Hourly Compensation

3
• Productivity increased in 36 of the 58 industries in the more recent 2007 to 2015 period that 

began with a severe recession. Only 35 industries had increases in output and 23 experienced 

growth in hours worked. 

• Veterinary services is published for the first time in this release. Productivity in this industry 

increased by 0.9 percent from 2014 to 2015. 

Chart 4. Number of selected service-providing industries with increases in labor productivity, 

output, and hours worked

0

10

20

30

40

50

1987 - 2015 * 1987 - 2007 * 2007 - 2015 2014 - 2015

Number of Industries

Productivity Output Hours Worked

* Note: Measures for 44 industries begin in 1987 while measures for 14 additional industries begin in later years.

58

4
Want to know more? 

Find data at www.bls.gov/lpc for: 

• Additional industries and sectors 

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels 

of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation 

• Additional years and long-term data

Questions? 

Additional information can be obtained by calling the BLS productivity program at (202) 691-5618 

or by sending an email to productivity@bls.gov. Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay 

Service: (800) 877-8339. 

Subscribe to news releases

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

5
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the 

labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in 

the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity 

measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not 

measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects

of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity,

energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment

services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and 

managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of 

output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor 

compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship 

between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly 

compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation 

increases and reduce unit labor costs.

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various 

products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually 

derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some 

industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. 

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and 

annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information 

Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Transportation; the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior; the 

U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 

Industrial production data from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census Bureau are used to 

construct preliminary output measures for 2016 for some industries. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an

industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current

Employment Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 

number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm

establishments are supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to 

estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS 

employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on 

hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to 

hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries,

employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. 

Additional sources of employment and hours data for certain service industries include the 

Association of American Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal 

Service. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly

aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

6
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries,

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in 

kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for 

voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and

survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for 

voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the 

employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census 

Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2016 are constructed using data from 

the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).

7
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2015-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.................................................................. 22 556.2 -0.8 3.7 -0.8 0.0 2.9

Utilities.................................................................. 221 556.2 -0.8 3.7 -0.8 0.0 2.9

Power generation and supply......................................... 2211 393.6 -1.0 4.0 -0.7 0.3 3.3

Natural gas distribution................................................ 2212 112.5 1.0 1.7 -0.8 -1.8 0.8

Water, sewage and other systems................................... 2213 50.1 -5.2 9.3 -3.3 2.1 5.7

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation....................................................... 481 448.1 0.4 5.7 3.4 2.9 9.3

Line-haul railroads..................................................... 482111 173.1 9.6 -7.0 -0.1 -8.9 -7.1

Truck transportation.................................................... 484 1,671.2 0.5 1.8 0.0 -0.5 1.8

General freight trucking................................................ 4841 1,201.5 -2.3 5.1 -1.9 0.5 3.1

General freight trucking, local......................................... 48411 317.4 -2.8 9.3 -3.7 -0.9 5.3

General freight trucking, long-distance............................... 48412 884.1 -2.6 4.2 -1.7 0.9 2.5

Specialized freight trucking............................................ 4842 469.7 6.5 -4.5 3.4 -2.9 -1.3

Postal service........................................................... 491 608.9 1.3 3.1 1.2 -0.2 4.4

Postal service........................................................... 4911 608.9 1.3 3.1 1.2 -0.2 4.4

Couriers and messengers............................................. 492 675.4 -1.5 3.4 3.6 5.2 7.1

Warehousing and storage............................................. 493 922.1 -8.8 5.6 5.1 15.2 11.0

Warehousing and storage............................................. 4931 922.1 -8.8 5.6 5.1 15.2 11.0

Information

Publishing............................................................... 511 760.0 2.3 7.3 -0.4 -2.6 6.9

Newspaper publishers................................................. 51111 183.0 4.3 2.5 -5.8 -9.7 -3.5

Periodical publishers................................................... 51112 108.4 2.7 1.6 -4.2 -6.7 -2.7

Software publishers.................................................... 5112 356.1 -2.1 10.4 1.8 4.0 12.4

Broadcasting, except Internet......................................... 515 277.2 7.7 -2.7 4.3 -3.2 1.4

Radio and television broadcasting................................... 5151 223.0 2.3 2.0 1.3 -0.9 3.4

Cable and other subscription programming......................... 5152 54.2 19.1 -9.6 6.6 -10.5 -3.6

Wired telecommunications carriers................................... 5171 590.6 3.0 4.6 1.4 -1.6 6.1

Wireless telecommunications carriers................................ 5172 122.5 12.7 -10.4 8.5 -3.8 -2.9

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking................................................... 52211 1,307.0 -3.5 3.8 -0.6 3.1 3.2

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing............................ 53212 76.3 -1.4 3.8 4.2 5.7 8.2

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services............................... 5412 1,145.4 8.8 -3.3 8.1 -0.6 4.6

Accounting and bookkeeping services............................... 54121 1,145.4 8.8 -3.3 8.1 -0.6 4.6

Engineering services................................................... 54133 973.0 -0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.6

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services....................... 5615 238.4 0.3 3.4 6.6 6.2 10.2

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories.................................. 6215 271.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 0.1 4.3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades...................................... 7131 208.8 3.4 3.9 2.7 -0.7 6.6

Gambling industries.................................................... 7132 136.1 1.3 1.5 2.1 0.8 3.7

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance................................. 8111 1,113.5 -0.8 7.1 -0.5 0.3 6.5

Drycleaning and laundry services.................................... 8123 316.6 1.3 1.3 2.4 1.0 3.7

8
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2015

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2015

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 556.0 2.2 1.5 1.4 -0.8 2.9

Utilities.............................................................. 221 556.0 2.2 1.5 1.4 -0.8 2.9

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 394.2 3.1 0.5 2.1 -1.0 2.7

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 112.9 0.6 3.8 -0.3 -1.0 3.5

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 48.9 -1.6 4.5 0.8 2.5 5.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 434.9 3.1 0.6 2.6 -0.4 3.3

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 189.8 3.6 -0.3 2.0 -1.5 1.7

Truck transportation1

.............................................. 484 1,668.9 0.6 0.9 2.1 1.5 3.0

General freight trucking1.......................................... 4841 1,193.1 1.1 1.0 2.4 1.3 3.4

General freight trucking, local1................................... 48411 313.1 2.4 0.2 3.6 1.2 3.8

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 880.0 1.2 0.4 2.3 1.1 2.7

Specialized freight trucking2

...................................... 4842 475.8 0.7 1.8 2.2 1.4 4.0

Used household and office goods moving...................... 48421 98.7 -0.7 2.6 -0.2 0.5 2.4

Other specialized trucking, local2................................ 48422 236.9 0.1 2.4 1.9 1.8 4.4

Other specialized trucking, long-distance2

...................... 48423 140.1 1.3 1.2 3.9 2.5 5.1

Postal service...................................................... 491 596.9 0.5 3.2 -0.7 -1.2 2.5

Postal service...................................................... 4911 596.9 0.5 3.2 -0.7 -1.2 2.5

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 641.5 -1.9 3.3 0.4 2.4 3.7

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 493 837.4 2.2 0.0 5.8 3.5 5.7

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 4931 837.4 2.2 0.0 5.8 3.5 5.7

General warehousing and storage1

............................. 49311 725.4 3.4 -0.9 7.2 3.6 6.2

Refrigerated warehousing and storage1

........................ 49312 55.9 -0.3 1.7 2.8 3.1 4.6

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 770.9 3.7 1.5 3.4 -0.3 4.9

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 435.8 -0.4 4.4 -2.6 -2.2 1.7

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 201.2 -1.2 4.4 -4.3 -3.1 -0.1

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 113.5 -0.8 5.1 -1.6 -0.8 3.4

Book publishers................................................... 51113 72.7 -0.4 5.0 -0.9 -0.5 4.1

Software publishers............................................... 5112 335.1 11.6 -6.0 18.1 5.9 11.1

Motion picture and video exhibition............................. 51213 137.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 -0.1 3.6

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 289.4 2.9 1.8 3.0 0.1 4.8

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 227.9 1.9 2.1 1.6 -0.3 3.7

Radio broadcasting................................................ 51511 92.9 3.7 1.6 2.6 -1.0 4.3

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 61.5 5.1 2.7 6.9 1.7 9.8

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 5171 598.0 3.7 -0.8 2.8 -0.9 1.9

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 5172 129.8 11.7 -6.7 19.1 6.6 11.1

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,284.7 3.4 1.8 3.2 -0.2 5.1

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental.............................................. 532111 120.2 1.8 2.0 2.7 0.9 4.8

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 72.2 2.2 1.1 2.5 0.4 3.6

Video tape and disc rental....................................... 53223 14.1 6.8 -2.1 -1.2 -7.4 -3.3

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services3

......................... 5412 1,126.6 2.6 1.2 3.4 0.7 4.5

Accounting and bookkeeping services3......................... 54121 1,126.6 2.6 1.2 3.4 0.7 4.5

Offices of certified public accountants3

......................... 541211 468.3 1.9 2.4 2.9 1.1 5.4

Tax preparation services......................................... 541213 139.9 0.5 1.8 2.4 1.9 4.2

Other accounting services3

....................................... 541219 346.6 4.7 -2.1 4.9 0.2 2.7

Architectural services............................................. 54131 191.4 1.5 1.9 2.4 0.9 4.4

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 963.7 1.2 3.0 2.8 1.6 5.9

Advertising agencies.............................................. 54181 218.1 1.6 2.5 2.2 0.6 4.7

Photography studios, portrait..................................... 541921 59.5 0.2 1.8 1.2 1.0 3.0

See footnotes at end of table.

9
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2015

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2015

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Veterinary services4

............................................... 54194 358.2 -1.1 4.1 1.3 2.5 5.5

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search5

................ 56131 301.6 4.1 0.3 5.1 1.0 5.5

Travel arrangement and reservation services3................. 5615 226.0 6.2 -1.2 3.6 -2.4 2.3

Travel agencies.................................................... 56151 100.0 5.5 -0.6 4.2 -1.2 3.5

Janitorial services................................................. 56172 1,354.2 1.9 1.5 3.5 1.6 5.0

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories5

............................ 6215 270.3 2.0 0.5 5.1 3.1 5.7

Medical laboratories5.............................................. 621511 194.4 1.8 0.5 5.1 3.2 5.6

Diagnostic imaging centers5

..................................... 621512 75.9 2.2 0.7 5.2 2.9 6.0

Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse

hospitals6........................................................ 6221,3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades7................................. 7131 203.4 -2.7 6.2 -0.9 1.9 5.2

Amusement and theme parks.................................... 71311 179.6 -0.8 4.2 1.9 2.8 6.2

Gambling industries3.............................................. 7132 136.2 2.0 2.4 2.0 0.1 4.4

Golf courses and country clubs2................................. 71391 382.4 -1.2 4.2 -0.1 1.1 4.1

Fitness and recreational sports centers2........................ 71394 601.9 3.7 -0.8 4.0 0.3 3.2

Bowling centers.................................................... 71395 68.6 0.5 2.7 -1.1 -1.6 1.5

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services.............................. 72 13,279.1 0.8 2.7 2.3 1.5 5.1

Accommodation................................................... 721 1,953.9 2.1 1.7 2.8 0.7 4.5

Traveler accommodation......................................... 7211 1,868.4 2.1 1.7 2.8 0.7 4.5

Hotels and motels, except casino hotels........................ 72111 1,565.1 1.5 2.4 2.2 0.7 4.7

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 11,325.2 0.4 3.1 2.1 1.7 5.3

Special food services............................................. 7223 807.0 1.0 1.6 2.4 1.4 4.0

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages........................... 7224 383.3 -0.5 3.5 -0.6 -0.1 2.8

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 10,134.9 0.5 3.3 2.3 1.8 5.6

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 5,254.0 0.6 3.6 2.3 1.7 6.0

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 4,880.9 0.4 2.8 2.3 1.9 5.1

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,131.6 1.0 2.3 1.4 0.4 3.7

Reupholstery and furniture repair................................ 81142 20.5 -0.5 3.4 -2.7 -2.2 0.6

Personal care services........................................... 8121 1,198.0 2.4 1.6 3.4 1.0 5.1

Hair, nail, and skin care services................................ 81211 974.7 2.3 1.7 3.0 0.7 4.8

Funeral homes and funeral services............................ 81221 110.5 -0.4 4.1 -0.3 0.1 3.9

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 310.3 2.0 1.5 1.0 -0.9 2.5

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners....................... 81231 40.2 2.5 1.7 0.5 -2.0 2.2

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 81232 143.1 0.8 2.1 -1.1 -1.9 1.0

Linen and uniform supply......................................... 81233 127.0 2.1 1.1 2.9 0.8 4.0

Photofinishing...................................................... 81292 11.6 2.6 2.0 -4.3 -6.7 -2.4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, average annual percent changes are for 1992-2015.

For NAICS industries 4842, 484220, 484230, 71391, and 71394, average annual percent changes are for 2002-2015.

For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, average annual percent changes are for 1997-2015.

For NAICS industry 54194, average annual percent changes are for 2004-2015.

For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994-2015.

For NAICS industry 6221,3, average annual percent changes are for 1993-2014. Employment is for 2014.

For NAICS industry 7131, average annual percent changes are for 2007-2015.

4,675.9 0.5 3.3 1.9 1.4 5.3

10