For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, March 21, 2013 USDL-13-0478 

Technical information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 2011

Labor productivity – defined as output per hour – rose in 63 percent of detailed manufacturing 

industries in 2011, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was down from 78 percent in 

2010. Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output, declined 

in 49 percent of the industries in 2011 compared to 71 percent in 2010. Two-thirds of the industries with 

productivity increases posted declines in unit labor costs. 

Fewer industries recorded gains in output in 2011 than in the previous year, while more industries 

posted gains in hours. (See chart 1 and table 1.) Output rose in 54 of the 86 NAICS 4-digit 

manufacturing industries in 2011, down from 60 industries in 2010. Hours rose in 51 of the industries in 

2011 compared to 41 in 2010. Hours rose in more industries in 2011 than in any year since 1997. 

Almost 70 percent of industries with productivity growth had gains greater than 2.5 percent. 

Productivity rose 10 percent or more in 5 industries: audio and video equipment, accessories and other 

apparel, leather and hide tanning and finishing, textile furnishings mills, and electric lighting equipment.

Chart 1. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in labor productivity, output, and hours, 2010 and 2011

 

Industry labor productivity measures are updated and revised as new data become available. The latest 

industry productivity data for manufacturing industries and industries in other sectors are available on

the BLS Industry Labor Productivity and Costs website at www.bls.gov/lpc/iprprodydata.htm.

0

20

40

60

80

2010 2011

Number of Industries

Increasing Productivity Increasing Output Increasing Hours
A larger number of the detailed industries posted productivity gains over the 1987-2011 period than in 

2011. Chart 2 contrasts the distribution of productivity changes over the long term with those in the most 

recent year. Between 1987 and 2011, labor productivity increased in 95 percent of the industries, with 

86 percent recording gains from 0.1 to 4.0 percent. In 2011, industry productivity performance was more 

evenly distributed, with slightly over one-third of industries posting productivity declines.

Chart 2. Distribution of average annual percent change in labor productivity, 1987-2011 and 2010-2011

Labor productivity increased in 13 of the 21 NAICS 3-digit manufacturing industries in 2011, as output 

increased in 16 industries and hours fell in 10. Chart 3 shows the range of productivity and unit labor 

cost changes for all 21 industries. Productivity rose fastest in textile product mills, where output 

increased despite a drop in hours. Only 3 of the 21 industries registered greater productivity growth, or 

smaller productivity declines, than in the previous year. 

Unit labor costs fell in 10 of the 21 NAICS 3-digit industries. Unit labor costs declined more frequently 

in industries where productivity rose, as productivity gains offset increases in hourly compensation. Unit 

labor costs fell in 9 of the 13 industries where productivity rose. 

Chart 3. Percent change in labor productivity and unit labor costs in 3-digit NAICS manufacturing industries, 2010-2011

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent of Industries

Average Annual Percent Change

1987-2011

0

10

20

30

40

50

Annual Percent Change

2010-2011

-8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0

Percent change

Percent change in unit labor costs

-8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0

Textile product mills

Machinery

Electrical equipment and appliances

Printing and related support activities

Computer and electronic products

Paper and paper products

Nonmetallic mineral products

Petroleum and coal products

Fabricated metal products

Transportation equipment

Apparel

Wood products

Chemicals

Food

Furniture and related products

Leather and allied products

Plastics and rubber products

Miscellaneous manufacturing

Textile mills

Primary metals

Beverages and tobacco products

Percent change

Percent change in labor productivity

2
The measures in this news release incorporate 2011 data and revisions to 2010 data from the Annual 

Survey of Manufactures (ASM) published by the Census Bureau and the annual benchmark revision of 

the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey published in February 2013. All of the measures 

for 2011 in this release are preliminary and subject to revision. 

The industries included in this news release are classified according to the 2007 NAICS. While the rates 

of change reported by BLS in this release are rounded to one decimal place, all percent changes are 

calculated using index numbers rounded to three decimal places. 

Year-to-year movements in industry productivity may be erratic, particularly in smaller industries. The 

annual measures based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a census of 

establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output and use of labor may reflect 

cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a result, long-term productivity trends 

tend to be more reliable indicators of industry performance than year-to-year changes.

More detailed data, including industry productivity and related indexes; rates of change; and levels of 

industry employment, hours, nominal value of production, and labor compensation are available on the 

BLS Labor Productivity and Costs website at www.bls.gov/lpc. Additional information can be obtained

by calling the Division of Industry Productivity Studies (202-691-5618) or by sending a request by 

e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. Information in this report will be made available to sensory-impaired 

individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-

877-8339. 

Customers can subscribe to the industry productivity program’s news releases on the BLS website at 

https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

3
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship between 

industry output and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to 

period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although the labor productivity measures 

relate output to hours of all persons in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor 

or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including 

changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of 

purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of production; 

managerial skill; and the characteristics and effort of the workforce.

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various 

products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived by 

deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is 

measured by physical quantities of output. For manufacturing industries, industry output reflects sectoral 

value of production, derived by adjusting shipments for changes in inventories and removing intraindustry transactions.

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual 

surveys of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with information on price 

changes primarily from BLS. 

Labor Hours: The primary source of industry employment and hours data is the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES provides monthly data on the number of total and 

production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments as well as data on 

the average weekly hours of production workers in those establishments. CES data are supplemented

with data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to estimate employment and hours of selfemployed and unpaid family workers in each industry. Data from the CPS, together with the CES data, 

are also used to estimate the historical average weekly hours of nonproduction workers for each 

industry. CES and CPS data are supplemented or further disaggregated for some industries using data 

from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other 

sources. Hours of all persons in an industry are treated as homogeneous and are directly aggregated. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of industry labor compensation by an 

index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between hourly

compensation and labor productivity (real output per hour) and are an indicator of inflationary pressures 

on producers. Increases in hourly compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity 

offset compensation increases and lower unit labor costs. 

Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a 

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 

Supplemental payments include legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. 

The legally required portion consists primarily of Federal old age and survivors’ insurance, 

unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all 

programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. 

4
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2010-2011

Industry NAICS

code

2011

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2010-2011

Output

per hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Manufacturing

Food............................................................................ 311 1,493.4 -0.1 -0.4 -0.3 0.8 1.3

Animal food................................................................. 3111 52.1 -7.1 -3.3 4.1 2.1 5.7

Grain and oilseed milling.................................................. 3112 59.4 -8.1 -6.3 2.0 1.1 7.9

Sugar and confectionery products........................................ 3113 68.2 -7.0 -0.9 6.5 1.8 2.7

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty........................... 3114 172.8 2.5 -0.2 -2.6 0.6 0.8

Dairy products.............................................................. 3115 133.9 -3.2 -0.5 2.7 0.9 1.4

Animal slaughtering and processing..................................... 3116 493.1 3.2 1.6 -1.6 -0.1 -1.7

Seafood product preparation and packaging............................ 3117 38.5 -2.7 -2.3 0.5 7.7 10.2

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing....................................... 3118 304.9 0.7 -0.4 -1.1 0.2 0.6

Other food products........................................................ 3119 170.5 2.4 2.3 0.0 2.2 -0.2

Beverages and tobacco products........................................... 312 191.9 -5.7 1.2 7.4 2.9 1.7

Beverages................................................................... 3121 176.2 -4.1 3.7 8.2 3.9 0.3

Tobacco and tobacco products........................................... 3122 15.7 -3.7 -4.7 -1.0 -2.7 2.0

Textile mills.................................................................... 313 129.1 -1.9 -2.1 -0.1 0.6 2.7

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.............................................. 3131 29.4 -10.4 -9.1 1.5 -4.4 5.2

Fabric mills.................................................................. 3132 61.5 -1.2 -0.6 0.6 1.6 2.2

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills............................ 3133 38.2 2.9 0.1 -2.7 2.4 2.3

Textile product mills.......................................................... 314 125.1 6.6 1.2 -5.1 0.0 -1.2

Textile furnishings mills.................................................... 3141 56.9 12.1 3.8 -7.4 -0.7 -4.3

Other textile product mills................................................. 3149 68.2 0.8 -2.1 -2.9 0.7 2.9

Apparel......................................................................... 315 168.8 1.0 -2.8 -3.7 -3.3 -0.5

Apparel knitting mills....................................................... 3151 22.7 -6.1 -15.7 -10.3 -8.8 8.2

Cut and sew apparel....................................................... 3152 133.8 1.5 -0.4 -1.9 -2.7 -2.4

Accessories and other apparel........................................... 3159 12.3 14.0 0.4 -11.9 0.5 0.1

Leather and allied products.................................................. 316 30.1 -0.3 0.5 0.8 2.5 2.0

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.................................. 3161 3.9 13.7 6.3 -6.4 1.6 -4.4

Footwear.................................................................... 3162 12.5 -5.4 -1.8 3.8 0.8 2.6

Other leather products..................................................... 3169 13.7 -1.7 -1.3 0.4 4.6 6.0

Wood products................................................................ 321 359.8 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.7 -0.3

Sawmills and wood preservation......................................... 3211 90.3 -5.9 -0.5 5.8 2.6 3.1

Plywood and engineered wood products................................ 3212 62.4 2.6 2.5 -0.1 -1.3 -3.7

Other wood products....................................................... 3219 207.1 3.7 1.4 -2.2 0.6 -0.8

Paper and paper products................................................... 322 388.3 2.7 0.1 -2.5 0.5 0.3

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills....................................... 3221 109.3 1.1 0.4 -0.7 1.0 0.6

Converted paper products................................................. 3222 279.0 3.3 0.0 -3.2 0.1 0.1

Printing and related support activities...................................... 323 496.4 4.7 -0.9 -5.3 -1.7 -0.8

Printing and related support activities.................................... 3231 496.4 4.7 -0.9 -5.3 -1.7 -0.8

Petroleum and coal products................................................ 324 112.6 1.9 1.3 -0.5 4.3 3.0

Petroleum and coal products.............................................. 3241 112.6 1.9 1.3 -0.5 4.3 3.0

Chemicals..................................................................... 325 790.5 0.3 -0.2 -0.6 2.6 2.9

Basic chemicals............................................................ 3251 142.4 -0.9 -1.8 -0.9 5.8 7.7

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................ 3252 91.4 -0.2 -1.2 -1.1 4.7 6.0

Agricultural chemicals...................................................... 3253 37.1 -6.9 -3.9 3.3 3.2 7.4

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.......................................... 3254 270.7 2.7 2.0 -0.6 0.4 -1.5

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.......................................... 3255 57.4 7.8 1.6 -5.7 1.6 0.0

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries.............................. 3256 106.0 -0.7 3.6 4.4 2.0 -1.6

Other chemical products and preparations.............................. 3259 85.5 0.3 -2.8 -3.1 2.8 5.7

Plastics and rubber products................................................ 326 637.2 -0.9 1.8 2.7 2.9 1.0

Plastics products........................................................... 3261 510.2 -1.5 0.6 2.1 2.5 1.9

Rubber products............................................................ 3262 127.0 1.6 6.9 5.2 4.2 -2.5

Nonmetallic mineral products................................................ 327 383.5 2.6 1.7 -1.0 1.2 -0.5

Clay products and refractories............................................ 3271 51.1 4.3 0.4 -3.7 2.7 2.3

Glass and glass products................................................. 3272 84.5 4.3 4.8 0.5 2.5 -2.2

5
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2010-2011 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

2011

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2010-2011

Output

per hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Cement and concrete products........................................... 3273 165.5 1.4 -0.5 -1.8 -0.4 0.0

Lime and gypsum products............................................... 3274 13.6 7.1 4.4 -2.5 0.7 -3.5

Other nonmetallic mineral products...................................... 3279 68.8 0.3 2.1 1.8 2.6 0.4

Primary metals................................................................ 331 391.1 -2.0 7.5 9.7 9.0 1.4

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production........................... 3311 92.8 -0.1 9.5 9.7 11.2 1.5

Steel products from purchased steel..................................... 3312 57.0 -7.6 6.9 15.7 7.7 0.7

Alumina and aluminum production....................................... 3313 56.6 5.7 6.1 0.4 7.5 1.3

Other nonferrous metal production....................................... 3314 61.7 1.3 1.7 0.4 4.9 3.1

Foundries................................................................... 3315 123.0 -6.0 10.1 17.1 9.8 -0.3

Fabricated metal products................................................... 332 1,373.2 1.9 7.9 5.9 6.4 -1.4

Forging and stamping...................................................... 3321 95.4 1.5 10.2 8.5 5.6 -4.1

Cutlery and hand tools..................................................... 3322 40.9 3.3 -0.1 -3.2 3.1 3.1

Architectural and structural metals....................................... 3323 336.7 -2.8 3.0 5.9 2.5 -0.5

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.................................. 3324 90.4 0.8 10.8 9.9 6.5 -3.9

Hardware.................................................................... 3325 23.9 -1.5 -0.5 1.0 -0.7 -0.2

Spring and wire products.................................................. 3326 41.9 5.6 3.3 -2.1 3.1 -0.2

Machine shops and threaded products.................................. 3327 353.9 3.5 13.6 9.7 11.4 -1.9

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals........................... 3328 131.6 3.6 10.2 6.4 9.1 -1.0

Other fabricated metal products.......................................... 3329 258.5 6.3 7.9 1.5 5.4 -2.4

Machinery...................................................................... 333 1,068.9 4.8 12.8 7.6 8.2 -4.1

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery........................ 3331 228.2 6.9 17.5 9.9 13.6 -3.4

Industrial machinery........................................................ 3332 104.4 6.4 13.1 6.3 7.7 -4.8

Commercial and service industry machinery............................ 3333 93.1 3.3 4.3 1.0 3.1 -1.1

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment......................... 3334 130.3 -2.2 3.5 5.8 1.5 -1.9

Metalworking machinery................................................... 3335 172.6 7.8 18.2 9.6 10.5 -6.6

Turbine and power transmission equipment............................. 3336 98.4 7.9 19.6 10.8 9.3 -8.6

Other general purpose machinery........................................ 3339 241.9 3.1 10.0 6.7 7.7 -2.1

Computer and electronic products.......................................... 334 1,111.3 4.4 4.0 -0.4 4.0 0.0

Computer and peripheral equipment..................................... 3341 157.6 -22.9 -28.5 -7.3 -5.4 32.4

Communications equipment............................................... 3342 115.6 5.3 5.7 0.4 11.8 5.8

Audio and video equipment............................................... 3343 20.2 19.7 16.5 -2.7 12.6 -3.4

Semiconductors and electronic components............................ 3344 387.4 8.5 14.8 5.8 4.0 -9.4

Electronic instruments..................................................... 3345 406.0 6.4 3.2 -3.0 3.4 0.2

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction....................... 3346 24.5 -2.4 -9.0 -6.7 -5.0 4.4

Electrical equipment and appliances........................................ 335 368.3 4.8 5.8 1.0 3.1 -2.6

Electric lighting equipment................................................ 3351 46.0 10.0 6.2 -3.5 1.4 -4.6

Household appliances..................................................... 3352 56.9 -0.5 -2.1 -1.6 -5.9 -3.9

Electrical equipment....................................................... 3353 139.7 5.1 6.0 0.8 2.5 -3.3

Other electrical equipment and components............................ 3359 125.7 4.3 8.7 4.2 7.0 -1.5

Transportation equipment.................................................... 336 1,398.0 1.2 5.6 4.4 5.5 -0.1

Motor vehicles.............................................................. 3361 158.8 7.4 11.6 3.9 9.3 -2.1

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers......................................... 3362 117.3 1.6 9.6 7.9 8.5 -1.0

Motor vehicle parts......................................................... 3363 454.6 1.3 7.2 5.9 6.2 -1.0

Aerospace products and parts............................................ 3364 488.2 -4.2 -1.4 2.9 4.5 6.0

Railroad rolling stock....................................................... 3365 21.3 5.2 17.0 11.1 6.9 -8.6

Ship and boat building..................................................... 3366 122.9 -1.3 0.5 1.8 3.1 2.5

Other transportation equipment........................................... 3369 34.9 -7.8 -6.4 1.5 -1.6 5.1

Furniture and related products.............................................. 337 375.8 -0.2 2.8 3.0 -1.0 -3.7

Household and institutional furniture..................................... 3371 237.8 -5.1 -2.5 2.7 -2.4 0.1

Office furniture and fixtures............................................... 3372 101.4 4.1 10.8 6.4 0.9 -9.0

Other furniture-related products.......................................... 3379 36.6 9.9 5.2 -4.3 1.0 -4.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing................................................ 339 625.6 -1.3 1.0 2.3 2.8 1.7

Medical equipment and supplies......................................... 3391 311.2 -2.4 -1.6 0.8 2.2 3.9

Other miscellaneous manufacturing...................................... 3399 314.4 0.6 4.6 4.0 3.5 -1.1

6
Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-2011

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2011

Output

per hour Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Manufacturing

Food.............................................................................................. 311 1.0 1.2 0.2 2.9 1.7

Animal food................................................................................... 3111 2.3 1.7 -0.5 3.2 1.4

Grain and oilseed milling.................................................................... 3112 1.7 1.0 -0.7 2.1 1.2

Sugar and confectionery products.......................................................... 3113 1.0 -0.1 -1.1 2.1 2.1

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty............................................. 3114 1.0 0.9 -0.1 2.7 1.8

Dairy products................................................................................ 3115 1.6 1.0 -0.6 3.2 2.1

Animal slaughtering and processing........................................................ 3116 1.0 2.0 1.0 3.4 1.3

Seafood product preparation and packaging.............................................. 3117 0.8 -0.1 -0.8 2.6 2.6

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing......................................................... 3118 0.5 0.2 -0.3 2.0 1.8

Other food products.......................................................................... 3119 0.7 2.0 1.3 4.0 2.0

Beverages and tobacco products............................................................. 312 0.6 -0.3 -0.9 1.3 1.6

Beverages..................................................................................... 3121 1.7 1.4 -0.3 1.9 0.5

Tobacco and tobacco products............................................................. 3122 1.6 -3.3 -4.7 -1.1 2.2

Textile mills...................................................................................... 313 3.4 -2.7 -5.8 -3.1 -0.5

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................................ 3131 2.6 -2.7 -5.2 -3.2 -0.5

Fabric mills.................................................................................... 3132 4.4 -2.6 -6.6 -3.2 -0.7

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills.............................................. 3133 1.8 -3.2 -4.9 -2.9 0.3

Textile product mills............................................................................. 314 1.0 -1.9 -2.9 0.1 2.1

Textile furnishings mills...................................................................... 3141 0.6 -2.7 -3.2 -0.7 2.0

Other textile product mills................................................................... 3149 2.1 -0.6 -2.6 1.2 1.7

Apparel........................................................................................... 315 -1.0 -7.8 -6.9 -6.0 2.0

Apparel knitting mills......................................................................... 3151 -0.3 -7.6 -7.3 -6.5 1.2

Cut and sew apparel......................................................................... 3152 -1.1 -7.9 -7.0 -6.0 2.1

Accessories and other apparel.............................................................. 3159 -1.4 -6.8 -5.5 -4.6 2.4

Leather and allied products.................................................................... 316 2.0 -4.3 -6.2 -3.0 1.4

Leather and hide tanning and finishing.................................................... 3161 1.8 -3.4 -5.1 -3.3 0.1

Footwear...................................................................................... 3162 2.3 -5.6 -7.7 -4.0 1.7

Other leather products....................................................................... 3169 0.5 -3.8 -4.2 -1.5 2.4

Wood products.................................................................................. 321 1.3 -0.9 -2.2 1.1 2.0

Sawmills and wood preservation........................................................... 3211 2.1 -0.3 -2.4 0.6 0.9

Plywood and engineered wood products.................................................. 3212 1.0 -1.2 -2.2 0.5 1.6

Other wood products......................................................................... 3219 1.0 -1.0 -2.0 1.5 2.5

Paper and paper products..................................................................... 322 1.9 -0.2 -2.0 1.1 1.3

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.......................................................... 3221 2.9 -0.4 -3.2 0.4 0.8

Converted paper products................................................................... 3222 1.4 0.0 -1.4 1.7 1.7

Printing and related support activities......................................................... 323 1.4 -0.7 -2.1 0.5 1.2

Printing and related support activities...................................................... 3231 1.4 -0.7 -2.1 0.5 1.2

Petroleum and coal products.................................................................. 324 2.7 1.2 -1.4 3.7 2.5

Petroleum and coal products................................................................ 3241 2.7 1.2 -1.4 3.7 2.5

Chemicals........................................................................................ 325 1.5 0.7 -0.9 2.9 2.2

Basic chemicals.............................................................................. 3251 2.4 0.3 -2.1 2.0 1.7

Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers........................................................... 3252 2.4 0.4 -1.9 1.8 1.4

Agricultural chemicals........................................................................ 3253 2.1 0.3 -1.7 1.9 1.5

Pharmaceuticals and medicines............................................................ 3254 0.2 2.1 1.9 5.6 3.4

Paints, coatings, and adhesives............................................................ 3255 1.3 -0.7 -1.9 1.9 2.6

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries................................................ 3256 2.5 1.8 -0.7 2.4 0.6

Other chemical products and preparations................................................ 3259 2.4 0.0 -2.3 1.3 1.3

Plastics and rubber products.................................................................. 326 1.9 1.2 -0.8 2.3 1.1

Plastics products............................................................................. 3261 1.8 1.3 -0.4 2.7 1.3

Rubber products.............................................................................. 3262 2.4 0.4 -1.9 1.1 0.7

Nonmetallic mineral products.................................................................. 327 1.1 -0.3 -1.4 1.3 1.6

Clay products and refractories.............................................................. 3271 0.8 -1.8 -2.6 -0.6 1.2

Glass and glass products.................................................................... 3272 2.4 0.1 -2.2 0.7 0.6

7
Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-

2011 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2011

Output

per hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Cement and concrete products............................................................. 3273 0.1 -0.5 -0.6 1.9 2.4

Lime and gypsum products.................................................................. 3274 1.2 -0.9 -2.1 1.7 2.7

Other nonmetallic mineral products........................................................ 3279 1.7 0.8 -0.9 2.1 1.3

Primary metals.................................................................................. 331 2.3 0.2 -2.1 0.9 0.7

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production............................................. 3311 4.3 1.8 -2.3 0.6 -1.2

Steel products from purchased steel....................................................... 3312 -0.7 -1.1 -0.5 1.5 2.7

Alumina and aluminum production......................................................... 3313 2.7 0.0 -2.6 0.7 0.7

Other nonferrous metal production......................................................... 3314 1.1 -1.2 -2.2 2.1 3.3

Foundries...................................................................................... 3315 2.0 -0.2 -2.2 0.7 0.9

Fabricated metal products..................................................................... 332 1.4 0.8 -0.6 2.3 1.6

Forging and stamping........................................................................ 3321 2.7 1.3 -1.4 1.8 0.4

Cutlery and hand tools....................................................................... 3322 2.2 -0.6 -2.7 0.5 1.1

Architectural and structural metals......................................................... 3323 0.6 0.5 -0.1 2.8 2.3

Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers.................................................... 3324 0.7 0.0 -0.7 1.6 1.6

Hardware...................................................................................... 3325 0.5 -3.5 -4.0 -1.9 1.6

Spring and wire products.................................................................... 3326 2.8 0.0 -2.7 1.2 1.2

Machine shops and threaded products.................................................... 3327 2.0 2.7 0.7 3.9 1.1

Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals............................................. 3328 2.8 2.7 -0.2 3.0 0.3

Other fabricated metal products............................................................ 3329 1.4 0.3 -1.1 1.7 1.4

Machinery........................................................................................ 333 2.5 1.5 -1.0 1.9 0.4

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.......................................... 3331 2.8 3.2 0.4 3.0 -0.2

Industrial machinery.......................................................................... 3332 2.6 1.3 -1.3 1.9 0.6

Commercial and service industry machinery.............................................. 3333 1.6 -0.5 -2.0 0.6 1.1

HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment........................................... 3334 2.0 1.1 -1.0 1.9 0.8

Metalworking machinery..................................................................... 3335 2.2 0.4 -1.8 1.1 0.7

Turbine and power transmission equipment............................................... 3336 1.9 1.5 -0.4 1.4 -0.1

Other general purpose machinery.......................................................... 3339 2.7 1.6 -1.1 2.5 1.0

Computer and electronic products............................................................ 334 10.7 8.0 -2.5 0.9 -6.6

Computer and peripheral equipment....................................................... 3341 18.4 13.4 -4.3 -3.3 -14.7

Communications equipment................................................................. 3342 5.3 2.3 -2.8 0.6 -1.6

Audio and video equipment................................................................. 3343 2.3 -2.4 -4.6 -1.6 0.8

Semiconductors and electronic components.............................................. 3344 16.1 14.2 -1.6 1.2 -11.4

Electronic instruments....................................................................... 3345 4.1 1.8 -2.1 2.0 0.2

Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction......................................... 3346 1.3 -0.8 -2.1 -1.8 -1.0

Electrical equipment and appliances.......................................................... 335 2.5 -0.1 -2.5 0.9 1.0

Electric lighting equipment................................................................... 3351 2.2 -0.5 -2.6 0.9 1.4

Household appliances....................................................................... 3352 3.4 -0.2 -3.5 -1.1 -0.9

Electrical equipment.......................................................................... 3353 2.2 -0.3 -2.4 0.8 1.1

Other electrical equipment and components.............................................. 3359 2.2 0.0 -2.1 1.7 1.6

Transportation equipment...................................................................... 336 3.1 1.3 -1.7 0.9 -0.4

Motor vehicles................................................................................ 3361 4.0 1.3 -2.6 0.1 -1.2

Motor vehicle bodies and trailers........................................................... 3362 1.0 0.5 -0.5 2.8 2.3

Motor vehicle parts........................................................................... 3363 3.3 1.9 -1.3 0.2 -1.6

Aerospace products and parts.............................................................. 3364 1.8 -0.3 -2.1 1.0 1.3

Railroad rolling stock......................................................................... 3365 5.2 4.1 -1.0 3.5 -0.6

Ship and boat building....................................................................... 3366 2.3 0.6 -1.7 2.4 1.9

Other transportation equipment............................................................. 3369 5.4 5.0 -0.4 4.1 -0.8

Furniture and related products................................................................. 337 1.5 -0.7 -2.2 0.8 1.5

Household and institutional furniture....................................................... 3371 1.3 -1.3 -2.5 0.4 1.7

Office furniture and fixtures.................................................................. 3372 1.2 -0.3 -1.6 1.2 1.5

Other furniture-related products............................................................. 3379 2.4 1.2 -1.2 1.8 0.6

Miscellaneous manufacturing.................................................................. 339 2.9 2.4 -0.5 3.8 1.4

Medical equipment and supplies............................................................ 3391 3.3 4.3 0.9 5.4 1.0

Other miscellaneous manufacturing........................................................ 3399 2.3 0.7 -1.6 2.3 1.6

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