For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, February 9, 2021 USDL-21-0225 

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – DECEMBER 2020 

The number of job openings was little changed at 6.6 million on the last business day of December, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires decreased to 5.5 million while total separations 

were little changed at 5.5 million. Within separations, the quits rate and layoffs and discharges rate were 

little changed at 2.3 percent and 1.3 percent, respectively. This release includes estimates of the number 

and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by four 

geographic regions. 

Job Openings 

On the last business day of December, the number and rate of job openings were little changed at 6.6 

million and 4.5 percent, respectively. Job openings increased in professional and business services 

(+296,000). Job openings decreased in state and local government, excluding education (-65,000); arts, 

entertainment, and recreation (-50,000); and nondurable goods manufacturing (-30,000). The number of 

job openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.) 

Over the year, the number of job openings (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed in December. Job 

openings decreased in a number of industries over the year with the largest decreases in state and local 

government, excluding education; arts, entertainment, and recreation; and information. The job openings 

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on December 2020 JOLTS Data 

Data collection for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey was affected by the coronavirus 

(COVID-19) pandemic. More information is available at the end of this news release and at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-december-2020.htm. 

 3.0

 3.2

 3.4

 3.6

 3.8

 4.0

 4.2

 4.4

 4.6

 4.8

 5.0Dec-17 Jun-18 Dec-18 Jun-19 Dec-19 Jun-20 Dec-20

Percent Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted,

December 2017 - December 2020

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0Dec-17 Jun-18 Dec-18 Jun-19 Dec-19 Jun-20 Dec-20

Hires Separations Percent Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,

December 2017 - December 2020
- 2 - 

level increased in a number of industries over the year with the largest increases in professional and 

business services; nondurable goods manufacturing; and transportation, warehousing, and utilities. The 

number of job openings increased in the South region. (See table 7.) 

Hires

In December, the number of hires decreased to 5.5 million (-396,000), and the hires rate decreased to 

3.9 percent. Hires decreased in accommodation and food services (-221,000); transportation, 

warehousing, and utilities (-133,000); and arts, entertainment, and recreation (-82,000). Hires increased 

in retail trade (+94,000). The number of hires decreased in the South region. (See table 2.) 

The number of hires in December (not seasonally adjusted) edged down over the year (-237,000). Hires 

decreased in accommodation and food services; arts, entertainment, and recreation; and educational 

services. Hires increased in a number of industries with the largest increases in wholesale trade, 

nondurable goods manufacturing, and durable goods manufacturing. The number of hires decreased in 

the West region. (See table 8.) 

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 

voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 

workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 

by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 

to other locations of the same firm. 

In December, the number of total separations was little changed at 5.5 million, and the total separations 

rate was little changed at 3.8 percent. The total separations level decreased in federal government 

(-86,000). Total separations increased in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+68,000). Total separations 

were little changed in all four regions. (See table 3.) 

Over the year, the number of total separations (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed. Total 

separations increased in a number of industries with the largest increases in accommodation and food 

services; nondurable goods manufacturing; and state and local government, excluding education. Total 

separations decreased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities and in mining and logging. The 

number of total separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 9.) 

In December, the quits level and rate were little changed at 3.3 million and 2.3 percent, respectively. 

The number of quits decreased in federal government (-4,000). The number of quits increased in the 

Midwest region. (See table 4.) 

Over the year, the number of quits (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed. Quits decreased in 

accommodation and food services and state and in local government education. Quits increased in 

durable goods manufacturing. The number of quits decreased in the West region. (See table 10.) 

The number of layoffs and discharges decreased to 1.8 million (-243,000) in December. The layoffs 

and discharges rate was little changed at 1.3 percent. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in 

a number of industries with the largest decreases in federal government (-87,000); transportation, 

warehousing, and utilities (-52,000); and health care and social assistance (-42,000). Layoffs and 

discharges increased in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+50,000). Layoffs and discharges decreased 

in the Midwest region. (See table 5.) 
- 3 - 

Over the year, the layoffs and discharges level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed. Layoffs and 

discharges increased in accommodation and food services; educational services; and state and local 

government, excluding education. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in a number of 

industries with the largest decreases in construction; transportation, warehousing, and utilities; and retail 

trade. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased over the year in the South region. (See table 11.) 

The number of other separations increased in December to 362,000 (+74,000). Other separations 

increased in a number of industries with the largest increases in health care and social assistance 

(+15,000); state and local government, excluding education (+8,000); and nondurable goods 

manufacturing (+7,000). The other separations level increased in the South region. (See table 6.) 

Over the year, the other separations level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed. Other separations 

decreased in durable goods manufacturing. The number of other separations increased in federal 

government and in educational services. The number of other separations was little changed in all four 

regions. (See table 12.) 

Net Change in Employment 

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 

employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 

hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 

Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 

if the hires level is steady or rising. 

Over the 12 months ending in December, hires totaled 70.2 million and separations totaled 75.7 million, 

yielding a net employment loss of 5.5 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 

and separated more than once during the year. 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for January 2021 are scheduled to be 

released on Thursday, March 11, 2021 at 10:00 a.m. (ET). 

Upcoming Revisions to the JOLTS Estimates 

As part of an annual process, the January 2021 release on March 11, 2021 will incorporate the annual 

updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

factors. Unadjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January 2016 forward are subject to revision. 
- 4 - 

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on December 2020 

 Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data 

Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 42 

percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone 

respondents were asked to report electronically. However, data collection was adversely impacted due to 

the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate for 

December was 42 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic averaged 54 percent. 

For the December preliminary and the November final JOLTS estimates, suppression of the alignment 

process has been discontinued. The differences between the JOLTS hires minus separations and CES 

over the month employment changes are no longer significantly different. More information about the 

impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including information about the JOLTS 

estimation methodology, is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnovercovid19-december-2020.htm. 
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 6,552 6,572 6,646 5,927 5,935 5,539 5,762 5,523 5,460

Total private....................................... 5,838 5,904 6,048 5,574 5,592 5,208 5,419 5,110 5,130

Mining and logging1............................ 13 16 16 25 25 25 31 20 18

Construction1................................... 216 232 195 467 395 416 432 361 366

Manufacturing.................................. 360 487 475 334 396 396 342 366 374

Durable goods1.............................. 222 246 263 192 221 220 193 205 208

Nondurable goods1

.......................... 138 241 211 142 175 176 149 161 166

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,192 1,185 1,229 1,161 1,287 1,261 1,115 1,088 1,055

Wholesale trade............................. 187 182 170 133 153 166 123 137 145

Retail trade................................... 762 686 748 772 724 818 741 715 709

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 244 317 311 256 410 277 250 235 201

Information1

..................................... 146 81 96 87 73 66 84 71 70

Financial activities.............................. 319 262 280 218 215 204 203 186 171

Finance and insurance..................... 235 206 223 135 142 131 134 129 115

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 84 56 57 83 73 74 69 57 56

Professional and business services......... 1,223 1,227 1,523 1,151 1,200 1,182 1,134 1,129 1,052

Education and health services............... 1,203 1,288 1,247 723 714 702 690 667 674

Educational services1

....................... 106 99 82 104 92 77 97 88 105

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,097 1,189 1,165 619 622 625 593 580 568

Leisure and hospitality........................ 916 888 761 1,165 1,079 777 1,146 1,026 1,161

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 127 116 66 186 140 58 184 85 153

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 789 771 695 979 939 718 963 941 1,008

Other services.................................. 250 239 226 243 209 180 242 197 191

Government....................................... 715 668 598 352 343 331 343 413 329

Federal1

......................................... 88 98 95 43 52 53 45 134 48

State and local................................. 626 571 502 309 291 278 298 279 282

State and local education.................. 234 198 194 153 127 132 164 133 127

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 393 373 308 156 164 147 134 147 154

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 4.1 4.4 4.5 3.9 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.8

Total private....................................... 4.3 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2

Mining and logging1

............................ 1.8 2.4 2.4 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.2 2.9

Construction1

................................... 2.8 3.0 2.6 6.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 4.9 4.9

Manufacturing.................................. 2.7 3.8 3.7 2.6 3.2 3.2 2.7 3.0 3.0

Durable goods1

.............................. 2.7 3.1 3.3 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.7 2.7

Nondurable goods1.......................... 2.8 5.0 4.4 3.0 3.8 3.8 3.1 3.5 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.8 4.7 4.0 4.0 3.9

Wholesale trade............................. 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.2 2.7 2.9 2.1 2.4 2.5

Retail trade................................... 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.9 4.8 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 3.8 5.0 4.8 4.1 6.7 4.5 4.0 3.9 3.3

Information1

..................................... 4.8 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.7

Financial activities.............................. 3.5 2.9 3.1 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.0

Finance and insurance..................... 3.5 3.1 3.3 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 3.4 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.6 2.5

Professional and business services......... 5.4 5.6 6.9 5.4 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.5 5.1

Education and health services............... 4.7 5.2 5.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9

Educational services1

....................... 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.5 3.1

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 5.0 5.6 5.5 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9

Leisure and hospitality........................ 5.2 6.2 5.5 6.9 8.0 6.0 6.8 7.6 9.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 4.9 6.1 3.8 7.5 7.8 3.5 7.4 4.8 9.1

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 5.2 6.2 5.8 6.8 8.0 6.4 6.7 8.1 8.9

Other services.................................. 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.3 4.1 3.6 3.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Government....................................... 3.1 3.0 2.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.5

Federal1

......................................... 3.0 3.3 3.2 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.6 4.6 1.6

State and local................................. 3.1 3.0 2.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

State and local education.................. 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.3

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 4.0 4.0 3.3 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.7

1 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data

are identical.

p Preliminary
Technical Note 

 Special technical note: This technical note 

describes the procedures regularly used on a monthly 

basis to develop estimates from JOLTS survey 

responses. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of 

the procedures described in this technical note have 

been modified. The modifications are briefly 

described in the box note in the news release and are 

described in more detail at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemicon-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm. 

 This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Industries are classified in accordance 

with the North American Industry Classification 

System. 

Definitions 

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements. 

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting Internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar 

sources. 

 Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future, 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work, and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. 
Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 

discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Excluded from separations are 

transfers within the same location; employees on 

strike; employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly. 

Estimation Method

 The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 

establishments. The sample is stratified by 

ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment 

size class. The establishments are drawn from a 

universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled 

by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) program which includes all employers 

subject to state unemployment insurance laws and 

federal agencies subject to the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees program. 

 Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio 

adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment 

is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data 

elements. 

 Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. 

Also within the first year, new businesses may go out 

of business, referred to as a death. Because not all 

births and deaths of establishments can be reflected 

on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS 

sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and 

separations from them during their early existence. 

BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses 

establishment birth and death activity from previous 

years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations. 

 Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences as well as sampling and nonsampling 

errors between the two surveys historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust 

again. 

 Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses X-13 ARIMA 

for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal 

adjustment methodology is used in which new 

seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each 

month, using all relevant data up to and including 

current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally 

adjusted CES employment trends are applied to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment 

trends (hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the 

seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

 Annual estimates. The JOLTS estimates are 

revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES 

employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal 

adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels 

are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and 

the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data 

elements. The seasonally adjusted data are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. These 
annual updates result in revisions to both the 

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series, for the period since the last 

benchmark was established. 

 Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual 

level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

annual average employment level, and multiplying 

that quotient by 100. This figure will be 

approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly 

rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates 

are published only for not seasonally adjusted data 

and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job 

openings because job openings are a stock, or pointin-time, measurement for the last business day of 

each month. 

Reliability of the estimates 

 JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs 

when a sample is surveyed rather than the entire 

population. There is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected. 

This variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that 

there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true 

population value because of sampling error. 

Sampling error estimates are available at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm. 

 The JOLTS estimates also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for 

many reasons including: the failure to include a 

segment of the population; the inability to obtain data 

from all units in the sample; the inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 

timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data; and 

errors from the employment benchmark data used in 

estimation. 

Other information 

 Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339. 
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total............................................... 6,552 6,352 6,494 6,632 6,572 6,646 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.5

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,838 5,636 5,795 5,936 5,904 6,048 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.8

Mining and logging3

....................... 13 15 17 21 16 16 1.8 2.4 2.7 3.2 2.4 2.4

Construction3............................... 216 275 223 246 232 195 2.8 3.7 3.0 3.2 3.0 2.6

Manufacturing.............................. 360 469 492 531 487 475 2.7 3.7 3.9 4.2 3.8 3.7

Durable goods3

.......................... 222 249 267 296 246 263 2.7 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.1 3.3

Nondurable goods3

...................... 138 220 225 236 241 211 2.8 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.0 4.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,192 1,130 1,142 1,083 1,185 1,229 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.3

Wholesale trade......................... 187 187 180 180 182 170 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9

Retail trade............................... 762 705 671 643 686 748 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.7

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 244 238 291 260 317 311 3.8 3.9 4.7 4.2 5.0 4.8

Information3................................. 146 82 121 122 81 96 4.8 3.1 4.4 4.5 3.0 3.5

Financial activities......................... 319 284 301 291 262 280 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.1

Finance and insurance................. 235 222 240 215 206 223 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.3

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 84 61 61 76 56 57 3.4 2.7 2.7 3.3 2.5 2.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,223 1,195 1,268 1,220 1,227 1,523 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.6 5.6 6.9

Education and health services........... 1,203 1,182 1,215 1,373 1,288 1,247 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.6 5.2 5.1

Educational services3................... 106 108 106 122 99 82 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.4 2.8 2.4

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,097 1,074 1,110 1,250 1,189 1,165 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.9 5.6 5.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 916 761 772 817 888 761 5.2 5.7 5.6 5.8 6.2 5.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 127 83 86 99 116 66 4.9 4.9 4.8 5.4 6.1 3.8

Accommodation and food services. .. 789 678 686 718 771 695 5.2 5.8 5.7 5.8 6.2 5.8

Other services.............................. 250 242 243 233 239 226 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.0

Government................................... 715 716 699 696 668 598 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.7

Federal3

..................................... 88 123 95 94 98 95 3.0 3.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.2

State and local............................. 626 594 605 601 571 502 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.6

State and local education.............. 234 199 207 221 198 194 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.0

State and local, excluding

education3

............................. 393 394 397 380 373 308 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.3

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 1,135 1,080 1,101 1,163 1,156 1,173 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.3

South........................................... 2,439 2,512 2,584 2,583 2,544 2,613 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.8

Midwest........................................ 1,400 1,366 1,388 1,426 1,420 1,395 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3

West............................................ 1,578 1,394 1,421 1,460 1,452 1,464 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total............................................... 5,927 5,952 5,886 5,912 5,935 5,539 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.9

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,574 5,394 5,570 5,578 5,592 5,208 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.3

Mining and logging......................... 25 16 19 17 25 25 3.6 2.6 3.1 2.8 3.9 4.0

Construction................................ 467 396 394 400 395 416 6.2 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.6

Manufacturing.............................. 334 384 374 376 396 396 2.6 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2

Durable goods........................... 192 207 207 218 221 220 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.9

Nondurable goods....................... 142 177 166 158 175 176 3.0 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,161 1,248 1,255 1,278 1,287 1,261 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7

Wholesale trade......................... 133 135 212 135 153 166 2.2 2.4 3.8 2.4 2.7 2.9

Retail trade............................... 772 863 745 777 724 818 4.9 5.7 4.9 5.1 4.8 5.4

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 256 250 299 366 410 277 4.1 4.3 5.1 6.2 6.7 4.5

Information.................................. 87 87 103 103 73 66 3.0 3.4 3.9 3.9 2.8 2.5

Financial activities......................... 218 217 238 227 215 204 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3

Finance and insurance................. 135 145 162 144 142 131 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 83 73 76 84 73 74 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.3 3.3

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,151 1,170 1,108 1,116 1,200 1,182 5.4 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.8 5.7

Education and health services........... 723 719 725 735 714 702 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0

Educational services.................... 104 93 70 91 92 77 2.7 2.6 2.0 2.6 2.7 2.3

Health care and social assistance. . .. 619 626 655 644 622 625 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,165 934 1,053 1,044 1,079 777 6.9 7.4 8.0 7.8 8.0 6.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 186 129 115 132 140 58 7.5 8.0 6.8 7.6 7.8 3.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 979 806 938 912 939 718 6.8 7.3 8.2 7.8 8.0 6.4

Other services.............................. 243 222 302 282 209 180 4.1 4.1 5.5 5.1 3.8 3.3

Government................................... 352 558 316 334 343 331 1.6 2.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5

Federal...................................... 43 315 59 50 52 53 1.5 10.0 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.8

State and local............................. 309 243 257 284 291 278 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5

State and local education.............. 153 105 114 128 127 132 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 156 138 143 156 164 147 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.6

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 935 1,017 982 985 957 908 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.5

South........................................... 2,358 2,278 2,297 2,353 2,434 2,202 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.2

Midwest........................................ 1,263 1,311 1,181 1,227 1,313 1,236 3.8 4.3 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.0

West............................................ 1,371 1,346 1,425 1,347 1,230 1,194 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.6

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total............................................... 5,762 4,689 4,844 5,142 5,523 5,460 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.8

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,419 4,413 4,504 4,674 5,110 5,130 4.2 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.2 4.2

Mining and logging......................... 31 19 23 21 20 18 4.3 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.2 2.9

Construction................................ 432 324 290 331 361 366 5.7 4.5 4.0 4.5 4.9 4.9

Manufacturing.............................. 342 332 354 350 366 374 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0

Durable goods........................... 193 190 206 200 205 208 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7

Nondurable goods....................... 149 141 148 150 161 166 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,115 1,103 1,063 1,123 1,088 1,055 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.9

Wholesale trade......................... 123 152 125 131 137 145 2.1 2.7 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

Retail trade............................... 741 719 687 739 715 709 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.7 4.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 250 232 251 253 235 201 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.3

Information.................................. 84 57 51 56 71 70 2.9 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.7 2.7

Financial activities......................... 203 205 190 193 186 171 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0

Finance and insurance................. 134 133 111 111 129 115 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 69 72 79 82 57 56 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.7 2.6 2.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,134 960 989 1,011 1,129 1,052 5.3 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.5 5.1

Education and health services........... 690 606 618 647 667 674 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9

Educational services.................... 97 59 64 80 88 105 2.5 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.5 3.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 593 547 553 567 580 568 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,146 708 737 777 1,026 1,161 6.8 5.6 5.6 5.8 7.6 9.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 184 53 84 100 85 153 7.4 3.3 5.0 5.7 4.8 9.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 963 655 653 678 941 1,008 6.7 5.9 5.7 5.8 8.1 8.9

Other services.............................. 242 98 190 163 197 191 4.1 1.8 3.5 3.0 3.6 3.5

Government................................... 343 276 340 469 413 329 1.5 1.3 1.6 2.2 1.9 1.5

Federal...................................... 45 57 90 202 134 48 1.6 1.8 2.9 6.8 4.6 1.6

State and local............................. 298 219 250 266 279 282 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5

State and local education.............. 164 116 129 135 133 127 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 134 103 121 132 147 154 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 887 702 710 851 889 878 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.4 3.4

South........................................... 2,249 1,895 1,912 2,032 2,060 2,072 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.0

Midwest........................................ 1,220 1,055 1,098 1,181 1,274 1,186 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.1 3.8

West............................................ 1,406 1,037 1,125 1,078 1,300 1,323 4.0 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.9 4.0

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total............................................... 3,528 2,839 3,074 3,150 3,180 3,286 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,331 2,696 2,920 2,972 3,011 3,117 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6

Mining and logging......................... 13 7 9 9 12 9 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.4

Construction................................ 170 103 142 122 164 183 2.2 1.4 2.0 1.7 2.2 2.5

Manufacturing.............................. 206 207 235 216 234 230 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9

Durable goods........................... 110 117 129 119 127 129 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7

Nondurable goods....................... 97 90 106 97 106 100 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 734 722 702 732 722 762 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8

Wholesale trade......................... 77 86 92 91 72 93 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.6

Retail trade............................... 507 502 466 500 517 518 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.4

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 150 134 144 141 132 151 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.5

Information.................................. 41 29 29 33 40 38 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.4

Financial activities......................... 127 126 106 119 111 98 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.1

Finance and insurance................. 88 89 65 67 76 70 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 40 37 40 52 36 28 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.3 1.6 1.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 622 558 627 599 610 597 2.9 2.8 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.9

Education and health services........... 500 398 425 464 434 458 2.0 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.0

Educational services.................... 66 32 32 41 45 53 1.7 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.6

Health care and social assistance. . .. 434 366 392 423 389 405 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 771 488 536 574 566 629 4.6 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 72 15 38 52 48 64 2.9 0.9 2.2 3.0 2.7 3.8

Accommodation and food services. .. 698 473 498 522 518 564 4.9 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.4 5.0

Other services.............................. 147 58 110 104 119 115 2.5 1.1 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.1

Government................................... 197 142 155 178 169 169 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8

Federal...................................... 23 19 20 29 24 20 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.7

State and local............................. 174 124 134 149 146 149 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8

State and local education.............. 98 66 70 72 72 71 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 76 58 65 77 74 78 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.9

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 462 389 425 455 455 419 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6

South........................................... 1,452 1,233 1,303 1,344 1,365 1,403 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7

Midwest........................................ 760 633 680 701 700 771 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.5

West............................................ 854 583 667 650 659 693 2.4 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total............................................... 1,893 1,533 1,437 1,676 2,055 1,812 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,815 1,464 1,311 1,454 1,869 1,725 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.4

Mining and logging......................... 17 11 11 11 8 9 2.3 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.4

Construction................................ 243 206 135 197 187 170 3.2 2.9 1.9 2.7 2.5 2.3

Manufacturing.............................. 110 102 97 111 112 120 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0

Durable goods........................... 67 60 65 67 63 68 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9

Nondurable goods....................... 43 42 32 44 49 52 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 323 340 302 323 321 234 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.9

Wholesale trade3

........................ 35 61 21 33 59 38 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.7

Retail trade............................... 197 194 191 198 174 160 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 90 85 90 92 88 36 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.6

Information.................................. 37 25 17 21 27 29 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.1

Financial activities......................... 48 52 60 49 54 51 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6

Finance and insurance................. 24 21 26 20 37 25 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 24 31 34 29 17 26 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.3 0.8 1.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 454 352 305 358 452 381 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.8 2.2 1.8

Education and health services........... 150 164 155 154 201 166 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7

Educational services.................... 26 21 28 35 38 45 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3

Health care and social assistance. . .. 124 143 127 119 163 121 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 342 188 166 177 437 500 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.3 3.2 3.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 108 35 44 46 35 85 4.3 2.1 2.6 2.6 1.9 5.0

Accommodation and food services. .. 234 154 122 130 402 416 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.1 3.4 3.7

Other services.............................. 91 23 63 54 71 66 1.5 0.4 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.2

Government................................... 78 69 127 222 186 87 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.4

Federal...................................... 9 23 60 152 97 10 0.3 0.7 1.9 5.1 3.4 0.4

State and local............................. 69 46 67 70 88 77 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4

State and local education.............. 40 26 34 40 37 30 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 29 20 33 30 51 47 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.5

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 347 264 232 352 380 388 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.5

South........................................... 692 540 476 552 608 538 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0

Midwest........................................ 389 355 351 417 505 344 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.1

West............................................ 464 374 378 355 561 542 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.6

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total............................................... 341 317 333 317 288 362 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 272 253 274 248 230 289 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 1 1 3 1 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1

Construction3

............................... 19 15 12 12 10 13 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 26 23 22 23 20 24 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods........................... 16 13 12 14 15 11 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Nondurable goods3...................... 9 10 10 9 6 13 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 58 41 59 68 45 58 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 10 5 11 7 6 13 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Retail trade............................... 38 23 30 41 25 31 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 10 13 18 20 15 14 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Information3................................. 6 3 4 2 3 3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Financial activities......................... 27 27 25 25 21 22 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

Finance and insurance................. 22 23 19 24 16 20 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 5 4 5 1 5 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 58 50 58 55 67 74 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

Education and health services........... 39 44 38 29 32 50 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Educational services.................... 4 5 5 4 5 8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance3

. .. 35 38 34 25 27 42 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 34 32 35 27 23 32 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation3

... 3 4 2 2 2 4 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Accommodation and food services3... 30 28 33 25 21 28 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

Other services3............................. 4 16 18 6 7 10 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2

Government................................... 68 64 59 69 58 73 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 13 15 10 21 13 18 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.6

State and local............................. 56 50 48 48 46 55 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

State and local education.............. 27 25 25 23 24 27 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 29 25 24 25 21 29 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 77 48 53 45 54 71 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

South........................................... 104 121 133 136 87 131 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

Midwest........................................ 71 67 67 64 68 71 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West............................................ 88 80 80 73 79 89 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 5,974 6,320 6,178 3.8 4.2 4.1

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,282 5,659 5,597 3.9 4.4 4.4

Mining and logging............................................... 13 16 16 1.8 2.4 2.4

Construction....................................................... 216 232 195 2.8 3.0 2.6

Manufacturing..................................................... 360 487 475 2.7 3.8 3.7

Durable goods.................................................. 222 246 263 2.7 3.1 3.3

Nondurable goods............................................. 138 241 211 2.8 4.9 4.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,045 1,153 1,149 3.5 4.0 4.0

Wholesale trade................................................ 168 165 152 2.7 2.8 2.6

Retail trade..................................................... 633 671 685 3.8 4.1 4.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 244 317 311 3.6 4.8 4.6

Information........................................................ 146 81 96 4.8 3.0 3.5

Financial activities................................................ 306 245 267 3.4 2.7 3.0

Finance and insurance........................................ 222 190 210 3.3 2.8 3.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 84 56 57 3.4 2.5 2.5

Professional and business services............................ 1,069 1,144 1,398 4.7 5.2 6.3

Education and health services.................................. 1,147 1,241 1,197 4.5 5.0 4.9

Educational services.......................................... 106 99 82 2.7 2.7 2.3

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,041 1,143 1,115 4.8 5.4 5.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 744 836 586 4.3 5.9 4.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 98 97 37 4.1 5.5 2.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 646 739 550 4.4 6.0 4.7

Other services.................................................... 236 225 218 3.8 3.9 3.8

Government.......................................................... 691 661 580 2.9 2.9 2.6

Federal............................................................. 88 98 95 3.0 3.2 3.2

State and local.................................................... 603 563 485 2.9 2.9 2.5

State and local education..................................... 211 191 177 1.9 1.9 1.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 393 373 308 4.1 4.0 3.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,055 1,119 1,104 3.6 4.1 4.0

South................................................................. 2,245 2,470 2,463 3.8 4.5 4.5

Midwest............................................................... 1,255 1,381 1,258 3.6 4.2 3.9

West.................................................................. 1,418 1,350 1,352 3.8 3.9 3.9

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 4,407 5,532 4,170 2.9 3.8 2.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 4,199 5,243 3,976 3.2 4.3 3.3

Mining and logging............................................... 16 22 17 2.2 3.5 2.7

Construction....................................................... 264 299 261 3.5 4.0 3.6

Manufacturing..................................................... 226 354 297 1.8 2.9 2.4

Durable goods.................................................. 130 204 165 1.6 2.7 2.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 96 150 132 2.0 3.2 2.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 950 1,554 1,060 3.3 5.7 3.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 97 133 134 1.6 2.4 2.3

Retail trade..................................................... 584 876 645 3.6 5.7 4.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 269 544 281 4.2 8.7 4.3

Information........................................................ 63 71 44 2.2 2.7 1.6

Financial activities................................................ 155 185 136 1.8 2.1 1.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 97 124 88 1.5 1.9 1.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 58 61 48 2.5 2.7 2.2

Professional and business services............................ 962 1,097 996 4.5 5.3 4.8

Education and health services.................................. 529 594 504 2.1 2.5 2.1

Educational services.......................................... 61 67 37 1.6 1.9 1.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 468 527 467 2.3 2.6 2.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 860 892 542 5.2 6.7 4.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 120 105 39 5.2 6.2 2.4

Accommodation and food services.......................... 739 787 503 5.2 6.8 4.5

Other services.................................................... 174 175 120 3.0 3.2 2.2

Government.......................................................... 208 289 194 0.9 1.3 0.9

Federal............................................................. 33 67 44 1.2 2.3 1.5

State and local.................................................... 175 221 150 0.9 1.2 0.8

State and local education..................................... 77 88 62 0.7 0.9 0.6

State and local, excluding education........................ 98 134 88 1.1 1.5 1.0

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 666 870 640 2.4 3.3 2.4

South................................................................. 1,814 2,273 1,712 3.2 4.3 3.2

Midwest............................................................... 915 1,242 948 2.7 4.0 3.0

West.................................................................. 1,012 1,146 871 2.8 3.4 2.6

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 5,482 5,042 5,395 3.6 3.5 3.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,183 4,711 5,088 4.0 3.9 4.2

Mining and logging............................................... 33 15 19 4.6 2.5 3.0

Construction....................................................... 474 372 422 6.4 5.0 5.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 286 334 334 2.2 2.7 2.7

Durable goods.................................................. 161 175 182 2.0 2.3 2.4

Nondurable goods............................................. 125 159 152 2.6 3.4 3.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,149 1,031 1,114 4.0 3.8 4.0

Wholesale trade................................................ 106 122 131 1.8 2.2 2.3

Retail trade..................................................... 748 699 730 4.6 4.5 4.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 295 209 253 4.6 3.4 3.9

Information........................................................ 80 64 71 2.8 2.4 2.7

Financial activities................................................ 180 169 149 2.0 1.9 1.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 115 115 98 1.8 1.8 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 65 53 51 2.8 2.4 2.3

Professional and business services............................ 1,155 1,048 1,069 5.3 5.0 5.1

Education and health services.................................. 592 558 593 2.4 2.4 2.5

Educational services.......................................... 69 55 91 1.8 1.5 2.6

Health care and social assistance........................... 523 503 502 2.5 2.5 2.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,005 942 1,125 6.1 7.1 8.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 174 105 171 7.5 6.3 10.8

Accommodation and food services.......................... 831 837 954 5.9 7.2 8.6

Other services.................................................... 229 178 192 3.9 3.2 3.5

Government.......................................................... 299 332 308 1.3 1.5 1.4

Federal............................................................. 49 133 53 1.7 4.6 1.8

State and local.................................................... 249 198 255 1.2 1.0 1.4

State and local education..................................... 127 68 107 1.2 0.7 1.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 123 131 148 1.3 1.5 1.7

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 884 829 892 3.2 3.1 3.4

South................................................................. 2,070 1,819 2,017 3.7 3.4 3.8

Midwest............................................................... 1,193 1,219 1,170 3.6 3.9 3.7

West.................................................................. 1,335 1,175 1,316 3.8 3.5 3.9

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 2,978 2,749 2,934 1.9 1.9 2.0

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 2,827 2,618 2,794 2.2 2.1 2.3

Mining and logging............................................... 9 9 6 1.3 1.4 0.9

Construction....................................................... 137 137 162 1.8 1.8 2.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 148 201 186 1.2 1.6 1.5

Durable goods.................................................. 78 104 103 1.0 1.4 1.3

Nondurable goods............................................. 70 97 83 1.5 2.1 1.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 658 687 725 2.3 2.5 2.6

Wholesale trade................................................ 61 59 78 1.0 1.0 1.4

Retail trade..................................................... 439 503 478 2.7 3.2 3.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 159 125 169 2.5 2.0 2.6

Information........................................................ 35 38 33 1.2 1.4 1.3

Financial activities................................................ 113 107 89 1.3 1.2 1.0

Finance and insurance........................................ 74 72 61 1.1 1.1 0.9

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 40 36 28 1.7 1.6 1.2

Professional and business services............................ 540 543 518 2.5 2.6 2.5

Education and health services.................................. 435 356 423 1.8 1.5 1.8

Educational services.......................................... 46 30 45 1.2 0.8 1.3

Health care and social assistance........................... 389 326 378 1.9 1.6 1.9

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 630 440 563 3.8 3.3 4.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 52 34 51 2.3 2.1 3.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 578 406 511 4.1 3.5 4.6

Other services.................................................... 121 100 91 2.0 1.8 1.7

Government.......................................................... 151 131 139 0.7 0.6 0.6

Federal............................................................. 22 23 20 0.8 0.8 0.7

State and local.................................................... 129 108 120 0.6 0.6 0.6

State and local education..................................... 68 44 53 0.6 0.4 0.5

State and local, excluding education........................ 61 64 67 0.7 0.7 0.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 388 388 349 1.4 1.5 1.3

South................................................................. 1,218 1,196 1,281 2.2 2.3 2.4

Midwest............................................................... 636 609 669 1.9 1.9 2.1

West.................................................................. 736 556 636 2.1 1.7 1.9

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 2,171 2,052 2,100 1.4 1.4 1.5

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 2,093 1,887 2,011 1.6 1.5 1.6

Mining and logging............................................... 22 6 13 3.1 0.9 2.0

Construction....................................................... 318 225 247 4.3 3.0 3.4

Manufacturing..................................................... 108 116 122 0.8 0.9 1.0

Durable goods.................................................. 64 59 66 0.8 0.8 0.9

Nondurable goods............................................. 45 57 56 0.9 1.2 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 438 305 335 1.5 1.1 1.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 35 59 38 0.6 1.0 0.7

Retail trade..................................................... 276 177 227 1.7 1.1 1.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 126 69 70 1.9 1.1 1.1

Information........................................................ 40 23 34 1.4 0.9 1.3

Financial activities................................................ 45 45 44 0.5 0.5 0.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 25 32 23 0.4 0.5 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 20 13 21 0.9 0.6 0.9

Professional and business services............................ 557 445 473 2.6 2.1 2.3

Education and health services.................................. 119 173 121 0.5 0.7 0.5

Educational services.......................................... 20 23 39 0.5 0.6 1.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 99 150 83 0.5 0.8 0.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 342 479 530 2.1 3.6 4.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 119 68 115 5.1 4.1 7.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 223 411 414 1.6 3.6 3.7

Other services.................................................... 105 71 91 1.8 1.3 1.7

Government.......................................................... 78 165 89 0.3 0.8 0.4

Federal............................................................. 12 100 12 0.4 3.4 0.4

State and local.................................................... 66 65 78 0.3 0.3 0.4

State and local education..................................... 40 13 32 0.4 0.1 0.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 26 52 45 0.3 0.6 0.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 425 400 474 1.5 1.5 1.8

South................................................................. 749 544 603 1.3 1.0 1.1

Midwest............................................................... 478 556 426 1.4 1.8 1.4

West.................................................................. 519 552 597 1.5 1.7 1.8

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Dec.

2019

Nov.

2020

Dec.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 334 241 361 0.2 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 263 205 282 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging............................................... 1 1 1 0.2 0.1 0.1

Construction....................................................... 19 10 13 0.3 0.1 0.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 29 17 26 0.2 0.1 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 20 12 13 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 9 6 13 0.2 0.1 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 52 39 53 0.2 0.1 0.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 9 5 14 0.2 0.1 0.3

Retail trade..................................................... 33 19 25 0.2 0.1 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 10 15 14 0.2 0.2 0.2

Information........................................................ 6 3 3 0.2 0.1 0.1

Financial activities................................................ 22 17 17 0.2 0.2 0.2

Finance and insurance........................................ 16 12 15 0.3 0.2 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 5 5 2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Professional and business services............................ 58 59 78 0.3 0.3 0.4

Education and health services.................................. 38 29 49 0.2 0.1 0.2

Educational services.......................................... 3 2 7 0.1 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 35 27 42 0.2 0.1 0.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 34 23 32 0.2 0.2 0.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 3 2 4 0.2 0.1 0.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 30 21 28 0.2 0.2 0.3

Other services.................................................... 4 7 10 0.1 0.1 0.2

Government.......................................................... 71 36 79 0.3 0.2 0.4

Federal............................................................. 16 10 21 0.5 0.3 0.7

State and local.................................................... 55 26 58 0.3 0.1 0.3

State and local education..................................... 19 11 22 0.2 0.1 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 36 15 35 0.4 0.2 0.4

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 72 40 70 0.3 0.1 0.3

South................................................................. 103 83 132 0.2 0.2 0.3

Midwest............................................................... 79 54 75 0.2 0.2 0.2

West.................................................................. 80 65 84 0.2 0.2 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.