Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-16-0001 

8:30 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 8, 2016

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — DECEMBER 2015 

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 292,000 in December, and the unemployment rate was 

unchanged at 5.0 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment gains 

occurred in several industries, led by professional and business services, construction, health care, and 

food services and drinking places. Mining employment continued to decline. 

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal 

adjustment factors, a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted 

estimates back to January 2011 were subject to revision. The unemployment rates for January 

2015 through November 2015 (as originally published and as revised) appear in table A on 

page 5, along with additional information about the revisions. 

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month 

change, seasonally adjusted, December 2013 –

December 2015

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Dec-13 Mar-14 Jun-14 Sep -14 Dec-14 Mar-15 Jun -15 Sep-15 Dec-15

Percent Thousands

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Dec-13 M ar-14 Jun-14 Sep-14 Dec-14 M ar-15 Jun-15 Sep-15 Dec-15

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

December 2013 – December 2015
- 2 - 

Household Survey Data 

The number of unemployed persons, at 7.9 million, was essentially unchanged in December, and the 

unemployment rate was 5.0 percent for the third month in a row. Over the past 12 months, the 

unemployment rate and the number of unemployed persons were down by 0.6 percentage point and 

800,000, respectively. (See table A-1.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for blacks declined to 8.3 percent in 

December, while the rates for adult men (4.7 percent), adult women (4.4 percent), teenagers (16.1 

percent), whites (4.5 percent), Asians (4.0 percent), and Hispanics (6.3 percent) showed little or no 

change. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was essentially unchanged 

at 2.1 million in December and accounted for 26.3 percent of the unemployed. The number of long-term 

unemployed has shown little movement since June, but was down by 687,000 over the year. (See table 

A-12.) 

The civilian labor force participation rate, at 62.6 percent, was little changed in December and has 

shown little movement in recent months. In December, the employment-population ratio, at 59.5 

percent, changed little. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to as 

involuntary part-time workers) was little changed at 6.0 million in December but was down by 764,000 

over the year. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part 

time because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find a full-time job. (See 

table A-8.) 

In December, 1.8 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, down by 427,000 from 

a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force, 

wanted and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They 

were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the 

survey. (See table A-16.) 

Among the marginally attached, there were 663,000 discouraged workers in December, little changed 

from a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are persons not 

currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining 1.2 

million persons marginally attached to the labor force in December had not searched for work for 

reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.) 

Establishment Survey Data 

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 292,000 in December. Employment rose in several 

industries, including professional and business services, construction, health care, and food services and 

drinking places. Mining employment continued to decline. In 2015, payroll employment growth totaled 

2.7 million, compared with 3.1 million in 2014. (See table B-1.) 

Employment in professional and business services increased by 73,000 in December, with temporary 

help services accounting for 34,000 of the gain. In 2015, professional and business services added 

605,000 jobs, compared with a gain of 704,000 in 2014. 
- 3 - 

Construction showed strong job growth for the third consecutive month, gaining 45,000 jobs in 

December. Job gains occurred among specialty trade contractors (+29,000) and in construction of 

buildings (+10,000). Over the year, construction added 263,000 jobs, compared with a gain of 338,000 

jobs in 2014. 

In December, health care employment rose by 39,000, with most of the increase occurring in 

ambulatory health care services (+23,000) and hospitals (+12,000). Job growth in health care averaged 

40,000 per month in 2015, compared with 26,000 per month in 2014. 

Food services and drinking places added 37,000 jobs in December. In 2015, the industry added 

357,000 jobs. 

Employment in transportation and warehousing rose by 23,000 in December, with a gain of 15,000 in 

couriers and messengers. 

Within the information industry, motion pictures and sound recording added 15,000 jobs in December, 

offsetting a decline of 13,000 in the prior month. 

Employment in mining continued to decline in December (-8,000). After adding 41,000 jobs in 2014, 

mining lost 129,000 jobs in 2015, with most of the loss in support activities for mining. 

Manufacturing employment changed little in December, though its nondurable goods component added 

14,000 jobs. In 2015, manufacturing employment was little changed (+30,000), following strong growth 

in 2014 (+215,000). 

Employment in other major industries, including wholesale trade, retail trade, financial activities, and 

government, changed little over the month. 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.5 hours in 

December. The manufacturing workweek edged down by 0.1 hour to 40.6 hours, and factory overtime 

edged up by 0.1 hour to 3.3 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory 

employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls, at $25.24, 

changed little (-1 cent), following an increase of 5 cents in November. Over the year, average hourly 

earnings have risen by 2.5 percent. In December, average hourly earnings of private-sector production 

and nonsupervisory employees, at $21.22, changed little (+2 cents). (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised from +298,000 to +307,000, 

and the change for November was revised from +211,000 to +252,000. With these revisions, 

employment gains in October and November combined were 50,000 higher than previously reported. 

Over the past 3 months, job gains have averaged 284,000 per month. 

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 5, 2016, at 

8:30 a.m. (EST). 
- 4 - 

Revisions in the Establishment Survey Data 

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2016 on February 5, 2016, 

the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey will introduce revisions to nonfarm payroll 

employment, hours, and earnings data to reflect the annual benchmark adjustment for March 

2015 and updated seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data beginning with 

April 2014 and seasonally adjusted data beginning with January 2011 are subject to revision. 

Consistent with standard practice, some historical data may be subject to minor revisions 

resulting from issues identified during the benchmark process. 

Upcoming Changes to the Household Survey

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2016 on February 5, 2016, 

new population controls will be used in the Current Population Survey (CPS) estimation 

process. These new controls reflect the annual updating of intercensal population estimates by 

the U.S. Census Bureau. In accordance with usual practice, historical data will not be revised to 

incorporate the new controls; consequently, household survey data for January 2016 will not be 

directly comparable with data for December 2015 or earlier periods. A table showing the 

effects of the new controls on the major labor force series will be included in the January 2016 

release. 

Upcoming Changes to The Employment Situation News Release

Effective with the release of January 2016 data on February 5, 2016, the U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics will introduce changes to The Employment Situation news release table B-1. 

The establishment survey will publish additional industry employment data with the first 

preliminary release of monthly estimates. Employment Situation table B-1 will include 27 

additional industries for both not seasonally adjusted and seasonally adjusted employment. A 

sample of the new table B-1 is available on the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/ces/cesnewtableb1.htm. 

 
- 5 - 

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

At the end of each calendar year, BLS routinely updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the labor 

force series derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS), or household survey. As a result of this 

process, seasonally adjusted data for January 2011 through November 2015 were subject to revision. 

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2015 through November 2015, as first published and 

as revised. The revisions to seasonal adjustment did not change the overall civilian unemployment rate 

for any month of 2015. Revised seasonally adjusted data for other major labor force series beginning in 

December 2014 appear in table B. 

An article describing the seasonal adjustment methodology for the household survey data and revised 

data for January 2015 through November 2015 is available at www.bls.gov/cps/seasonal-adjustmentmethodology-2016.pdf. 

Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables of this release can be accessed at 

www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Revised historical seasonally adjusted data are available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and http://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/. 

Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2015 and changes due to revision

January - November 2015

January ......................................... 5.7 5.7 0.0

February ....................................... 5.5 5.5 .0

March .......................................... 5.5 5.5 .0

April ............................................. 5.4 5.4 .0

May ............................................. 5.5 5.5 .0

June .............................................. 5.3 5.3 .0

July .............................................. 5.3 5.3 .0

August .......................................... 5.1 5.1 .0

September .................................... 5.1 5.1 .0

October ........................................ 5.0 5.0 .0

November .................................... 5.0 5.0 .0

Month As first

published As revised Change
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

2014 2015

Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . . . 249,027 249,723 249,899 250,080 250,266 250,455 250,663 250,876 251,096 251,325 251,541 251,747 251,936

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,142 157,025 156,878 156,890 157,032 157,367 156,984 157,115 157,061 156,867 157,096 157,367 157,833

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 62.9 62.8 62.7 62.7 62.8 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.4 62.5 62.5 62.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,439 148,104 148,231 148,333 148,509 148,748 148,722 148,866 149,043 148,942 149,197 149,444 149,929

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 59.2 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.4 59.3 59.3 59.4 59.3 59.3 59.4 59.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,704 8,920 8,646 8,557 8,523 8,619 8,262 8,249 8,018 7,925 7,899 7,924 7,904

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 111,875 112,117 112,209 112,304 112,400 112,498 112,605 112,714 112,825 112,940 113,049 113,149 113,241

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,322 80,737 80,769 80,731 80,836 80,855 80,651 80,752 80,642 80,578 80,660 80,623 80,927

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 72.0 72.0 71.9 71.9 71.9 71.6 71.6 71.5 71.3 71.3 71.3 71.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,085 76,472 76,575 76,647 76,773 76,807 76,762 76,871 76,865 76,775 76,857 76,823 77,119

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 68.0 68.2 68.2 68.3 68.3 68.3 68.2 68.2 68.1 68.0 68.0 67.9 68.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,237 4,265 4,194 4,084 4,063 4,048 3,890 3,880 3,776 3,803 3,803 3,800 3,808

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 120,557 120,970 121,060 121,152 121,246 121,342 121,445 121,551 121,660 121,773 121,880 121,979 122,071

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,106 70,491 70,335 70,364 70,453 70,712 70,657 70,783 70,805 70,679 70,833 71,139 71,069

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 58.3 58.1 58.1 58.1 58.3 58.2 58.2 58.2 58.0 58.1 58.3 58.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,597 66,932 66,866 66,909 66,972 67,175 67,302 67,323 67,504 67,465 67,624 67,891 67,911

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 55.2 55.3 55.2 55.2 55.2 55.4 55.4 55.4 55.5 55.4 55.5 55.7 55.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,509 3,559 3,469 3,455 3,481 3,538 3,355 3,460 3,301 3,214 3,209 3,249 3,157

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.4

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 16,595 16,636 16,630 16,624 16,619 16,615 16,613 16,611 16,611 16,612 16,612 16,619 16,624

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,715 5,797 5,774 5,794 5,743 5,800 5,676 5,581 5,615 5,610 5,603 5,605 5,837

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.8 34.7 34.9 34.6 34.9 34.2 33.6 33.8 33.8 33.7 33.7 35.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,757 4,700 4,790 4,777 4,763 4,766 4,659 4,672 4,674 4,702 4,715 4,729 4,899

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 28.7 28.3 28.8 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.0 28.1 28.1 28.3 28.4 28.5 29.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 1,096 984 1,018 980 1,033 1,018 909 941 908 887 875 938

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 18.9 17.0 17.6 17.1 17.8 17.9 16.3 16.8 16.2 15.8 15.6 16.1

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.

- 6 -
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Change from:

Nov. 2015-

Dec. 2015

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 249,027 251,541 251,747 251,936 189

Civilian labor force........................................................... 156,142 157,096 157,367 157,833 466

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.7 62.5 62.5 62.6 0.1

Employed................................................................... 147,439 149,197 149,444 149,929 485

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 0.1

Unemployed............................................................... 8,704 7,899 7,924 7,904 -20

Unemployment rate.................................................... 5.6 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.0

Not in labor force............................................................ 92,885 94,446 94,380 94,103 -277

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 5.6 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.0

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 0.0

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.4 -0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 16.8 15.8 15.6 16.1 0.5

White.......................................................................... 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.5 0.1

Black or African American.................................................. 10.4 9.2 9.4 8.3 -1.1

Asian.......................................................................... 4.2 3.5 3.9 4.0 0.1

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.3 -0.1

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.0 -0.1

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 8.8 7.3 6.8 6.7 -0.1

High school graduates, no college........................................ 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.6 0.2

Some college or associate degree........................................ 5.0 4.3 4.4 4.1 -0.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 4,330 3,944 3,873 3,796 -77

Job leavers...................................................................... 796 790 800 821 21

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,679 2,435 2,449 2,476 27

New entrants.................................................................... 966 812 847 858 11

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,371 2,339 2,412 2,405 -7

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 2,309 2,295 2,253 2,192 -61

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 1,261 1,227 1,270 1,235 -35

27 weeks and over............................................................. 2,772 2,132 2,054 2,085 31

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 6,786 5,761 6,085 6,022 -63

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 4,033 3,289 3,536 3,548 12

Could only find part-time work............................................. 2,421 2,189 2,221 2,172 -49

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 19,737 20,179 20,171 20,243 72

Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 2,260 1,916 1,717 1,833 –

Discouraged workers........................................................ 740 665 594 663 –

- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 307 252 292

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 312 240 275

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 34 39 45

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -4 -11 -8

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 35 48 45

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3 2 8

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 -7 -7 -6

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 -1.0 -3.1 -2.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 10 9 14

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 278 201 230

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 10.5 8.9 2.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.2 24.6 32.0 4.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.4 2.2 20.2 23.1

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 0.1 1.8 1.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 -9 16

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 11 15 11

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 94 21 73

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0 34.6 -12.0 34.4

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 73 50 59

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 61.2 39.8 52.6

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 48 47 29

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 10 14 11

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -5 12 17

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 202 235 284

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 201 239 276

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.3 49.4 49.4 49.4

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 48.0 48.0 48.0

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5 82.4 82.4 82.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 34.6 34.5 34.5

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $24.62 $25.20 $25.25 $25.24

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $851.85 $871.92 $871.13 $870.78

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.7 104.4 104.3 104.6

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.6 -0.1 0.3

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.6 125.6 125.7 126.0

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.2

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (263 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 57.6 61.4 64.4

Manufacturing (80 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.4 54.4 52.5 58.8

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2014 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? 

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.pdf. 

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? 

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release. 

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? 

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 

 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits? 

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work? 

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note 

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 143,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 588,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll employees. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. 

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys 

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force. 

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime 

during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. 

Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be 

looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The 

unemployment data derived from the household survey in no 

way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of 

unemployment insurance benefits. 

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and 

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information 

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm. 

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who received pay for any part of the reference pay 

period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted 

in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced 

for the private sector for all employees and for production 

and nonsupervisory employees. Production and

nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and 

related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging, 

construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory 

employees in private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2012 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/. 

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are: 

 The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey. 

 The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not. 

 The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age. 

 The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance. 
Seasonal adjustment 

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity. 

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year. 

Reliability of the estimates 

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 105,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -55,000 to +155,000 

(50,000 +/- 105,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point. 

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages. 

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data. 

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final. 

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment. 

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment 

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years. 

The sample-based estimates from the establishment 

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from 

-0.7 percent to 0.6 percent. 

Other information 

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. 
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249,027 251,747 251,936 249,027 251,096 251,325 251,541 251,747 251,936

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,521 157,340 157,245 156,142 157,061 156,867 157,096 157,367 157,833

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 62.5 62.4 62.7 62.6 62.4 62.5 62.5 62.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,190 149,766 149,703 147,439 149,043 148,942 149,197 149,444 149,929

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 59.5 59.4 59.2 59.4 59.3 59.3 59.4 59.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,331 7,573 7,542 8,704 8,018 7,925 7,899 7,924 7,904

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 4.8 4.8 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,506 94,407 94,691 92,885 94,035 94,458 94,446 94,380 94,103

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,212 5,326 5,705 6,407 5,918 5,944 6,039 5,637 5,886

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,301 121,577 121,671 120,301 121,250 121,365 121,474 121,577 121,671

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,800 83,258 83,439 83,239 83,487 83,430 83,505 83,503 83,876

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 68.5 68.6 69.2 68.9 68.7 68.7 68.7 68.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,052 79,142 79,158 78,437 79,211 79,148 79,225 79,182 79,546

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.9 65.1 65.1 65.2 65.3 65.2 65.2 65.1 65.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,748 4,115 4,280 4,802 4,276 4,282 4,279 4,321 4,330

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 4.9 5.1 5.8 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,501 38,319 38,233 37,062 37,763 37,935 37,969 38,074 37,795

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,875 113,149 113,241 111,875 112,825 112,940 113,049 113,149 113,241

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,068 80,548 80,663 80,322 80,642 80,578 80,660 80,623 80,927

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.6 71.2 71.2 71.8 71.5 71.3 71.3 71.3 71.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,801 76,911 76,827 76,085 76,865 76,775 76,857 76,823 77,119

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.8 68.0 67.8 68.0 68.1 68.0 68.0 67.9 68.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,267 3,637 3,836 4,237 3,776 3,803 3,803 3,800 3,808

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.5 4.8 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,807 32,601 32,578 31,553 32,184 32,363 32,389 32,526 32,314

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,726 130,170 130,265 128,726 129,846 129,960 130,067 130,170 130,265

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,721 74,082 73,807 72,904 73,574 73,437 73,591 73,865 73,957

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.5 56.9 56.7 56.6 56.7 56.5 56.6 56.7 56.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,138 70,624 70,544 69,002 69,833 69,794 69,971 70,262 70,383

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.7 54.3 54.2 53.6 53.8 53.7 53.8 54.0 54.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,584 3,458 3,262 3,902 3,742 3,643 3,620 3,603 3,574

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 4.7 4.4 5.4 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,005 56,088 56,458 55,822 56,272 56,523 56,476 56,305 56,308

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,557 121,979 122,071 120,557 121,660 121,773 121,880 121,979 122,071

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,058 71,482 71,055 70,106 70,805 70,679 70,833 71,139 71,069

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.1 58.6 58.2 58.2 58.2 58.0 58.1 58.3 58.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,797 68,335 68,131 66,597 67,504 67,465 67,624 67,891 67,911

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 56.0 55.8 55.2 55.5 55.4 55.5 55.7 55.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,262 3,147 2,924 3,509 3,301 3,214 3,209 3,249 3,157

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.4 4.1 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,499 50,497 51,016 50,451 50,855 51,094 51,047 50,840 51,002

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,595 16,619 16,624 16,595 16,611 16,612 16,612 16,619 16,624

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,395 5,310 5,527 5,715 5,615 5,610 5,603 5,605 5,837

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 32.0 33.2 34.4 33.8 33.8 33.7 33.7 35.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,592 4,520 4,745 4,757 4,674 4,702 4,715 4,729 4,899

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.7 27.2 28.5 28.7 28.1 28.3 28.4 28.5 29.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803 790 782 957 941 908 887 875 938

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 14.9 14.2 16.8 16.8 16.2 15.8 15.6 16.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,201 11,309 11,096 10,881 10,996 11,002 11,010 11,014 10,787

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,091 197,377 197,471 196,091 197,024 197,152 197,271 197,377 197,471

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,650 123,534 123,401 123,060 123,387 123,180 123,375 123,496 123,815

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 62.6 62.5 62.8 62.6 62.5 62.5 62.6 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,068 118,503 118,157 117,198 117,903 117,812 117,978 118,115 118,295

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.7 60.0 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,582 5,031 5,244 5,862 5,485 5,368 5,396 5,381 5,520

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,441 73,843 74,070 73,031 73,637 73,973 73,896 73,881 73,656

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,262 64,489 64,506 64,444 64,599 64,541 64,563 64,503 64,691

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 71.5 71.5 72.0 71.8 71.7 71.7 71.6 71.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,410 62,027 61,788 61,606 61,944 61,874 61,921 61,884 61,988

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.6 68.8 68.5 68.8 68.9 68.7 68.7 68.7 68.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,852 2,462 2,718 2,837 2,655 2,668 2,642 2,619 2,702

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.8 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,207 54,906 54,560 54,177 54,382 54,227 54,431 54,638 54,521

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.5 57.8 57.4 57.5 57.4 57.2 57.4 57.6 57.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,992 52,860 52,596 51,781 52,180 52,134 52,284 52,466 52,391

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 55.7 55.4 55.0 55.1 55.0 55.1 55.3 55.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,216 2,046 1,964 2,397 2,202 2,093 2,147 2,172 2,130

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.7 3.6 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,181 4,139 4,335 4,440 4,406 4,411 4,381 4,355 4,603

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 33.6 35.2 36.0 35.8 35.8 35.6 35.4 37.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,666 3,616 3,773 3,811 3,779 3,804 3,773 3,765 3,916

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.7 29.4 30.6 30.9 30.7 30.9 30.7 30.6 31.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 523 562 629 628 607 608 590 687

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 12.6 13.0 14.2 14.2 13.8 13.9 13.5 14.9

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,040 31,557 31,594 31,040 31,438 31,479 31,518 31,557 31,594

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,933 19,458 19,359 19,029 19,394 19,364 19,402 19,447 19,442

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.0 61.7 61.3 61.3 61.7 61.5 61.6 61.6 61.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,009 17,682 17,795 17,045 17,563 17,573 17,623 17,628 17,819

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.8 56.0 56.3 54.9 55.9 55.8 55.9 55.9 56.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,924 1,776 1,565 1,984 1,831 1,791 1,779 1,819 1,623

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 9.1 8.1 10.4 9.4 9.2 9.2 9.4 8.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,107 12,099 12,235 12,010 12,044 12,115 12,116 12,110 12,152

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,698 8,740 8,759 8,715 8,762 8,751 8,770 8,752 8,780

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.6 66.6 66.7 67.8 67.1 66.9 66.9 66.7 66.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,741 7,915 7,994 7,765 7,955 7,971 7,964 7,885 8,017

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 60.3 60.9 60.4 60.9 60.9 60.8 60.1 61.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 825 764 951 807 780 806 867 763

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 9.4 8.7 10.9 9.2 8.9 9.2 9.9 8.7

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,561 10,047 9,890 9,606 9,936 9,892 9,956 10,009 9,928

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.9 63.0 61.9 61.2 62.5 62.2 62.5 62.8 62.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,800 9,247 9,240 8,810 9,129 9,107 9,154 9,218 9,241

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 58.0 57.9 56.1 57.4 57.2 57.5 57.8 57.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 801 650 796 807 785 802 791 686

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 8.0 6.6 8.3 8.1 7.9 8.1 7.9 6.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 671 710 708 697 721 677 686 734

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.1 26.9 28.5 28.4 28.0 29.0 27.2 27.6 29.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 521 560 471 480 495 505 525 560

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.8 20.9 22.5 18.9 19.3 19.9 20.3 21.1 22.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 150 150 237 217 226 172 161 174

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 22.4 21.2 33.5 31.2 31.3 25.4 23.5 23.7

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,886 14,476 14,553 13,886 14,558 14,508 14,440 14,476 14,553

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,796 9,100 9,185 8,778 9,110 9,042 8,955 9,132 9,168

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.3 62.9 63.1 63.2 62.6 62.3 62.0 63.1 63.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,424 8,743 8,821 8,408 8,789 8,711 8,637 8,778 8,805

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.7 60.4 60.6 60.5 60.4 60.0 59.8 60.6 60.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 356 365 370 321 331 318 354 363

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.9 4.0 4.2 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.9 4.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,090 5,377 5,367 5,108 5,448 5,466 5,485 5,344 5,385

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 38,839 40,005 40,090 38,839 39,737 39,828 39,916 40,005 40,090

Civilian labor force................................ 25,630 26,304 26,210 25,686 26,076 26,074 26,200 26,225 26,270

Participation rate............................... 66.0 65.8 65.4 66.1 65.6 65.5 65.6 65.6 65.5

Employed....................................... 23,995 24,654 24,591 24,016 24,347 24,410 24,535 24,543 24,614

Employment-population ratio............... 61.8 61.6 61.3 61.8 61.3 61.3 61.5 61.3 61.4

Unemployed.................................... 1,635 1,650 1,619 1,670 1,729 1,664 1,665 1,682 1,655

Unemployment rate......................... 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3

Not in labor force................................. 13,209 13,701 13,881 13,153 13,661 13,754 13,716 13,780 13,821

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 14,299 14,427 14,475 14,278 14,357 14,471 14,464 14,377 14,454

Participation rate............................... 81.3 80.0 80.1 81.2 80.1 80.6 80.4 79.7 79.9

Employed....................................... 13,490 13,665 13,639 13,510 13,595 13,676 13,723 13,601 13,659

Employment-population ratio............... 76.7 75.7 75.4 76.8 75.9 76.2 76.2 75.4 75.6

Unemployed.................................... 810 762 835 768 761 795 741 776 795

Unemployment rate......................... 5.7 5.3 5.8 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.5

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 10,167 10,819 10,608 10,202 10,604 10,511 10,643 10,754 10,646

Participation rate............................... 57.9 59.3 58.0 58.1 58.5 57.9 58.5 59.0 58.2

Employed....................................... 9,535 10,090 9,979 9,532 9,864 9,844 9,961 10,031 9,978

Employment-population ratio............... 54.3 55.3 54.6 54.2 54.5 54.2 54.7 55.0 54.6

Unemployed.................................... 631 729 629 670 740 667 682 723 668

Unemployment rate......................... 6.2 6.7 5.9 6.6 7.0 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,164 1,058 1,127 1,207 1,116 1,093 1,093 1,095 1,170

Participation rate............................... 31.6 28.4 30.2 32.8 30.1 29.4 29.4 29.4 31.3

Employed....................................... 970 899 972 975 888 889 851 912 977

Employment-population ratio............... 26.4 24.1 26.1 26.5 23.9 23.9 22.9 24.5 26.2

Unemployed.................................... 194 159 154 232 227 203 242 183 193

Unemployment rate......................... 16.6 15.0 13.7 19.2 20.4 18.6 22.1 16.7 16.5

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 11,003 11,014 10,810 11,042 10,719 10,597 10,729 10,958 10,847

Participation rate.................................. 45.3 46.0 45.3 45.4 45.5 44.8 45.7 45.7 45.4

Employed.......................................... 10,007 10,271 10,067 10,076 9,894 9,779 9,946 10,210 10,125

Employment-population ratio................. 41.2 42.9 42.2 41.4 42.0 41.3 42.4 42.6 42.4

Unemployed....................................... 996 743 742 967 825 818 784 748 722

Unemployment rate............................ 9.1 6.7 6.9 8.8 7.7 7.7 7.3 6.8 6.7

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,281 35,333 34,720 35,267 35,496 35,220 35,354 35,224 34,744

Participation rate.................................. 57.7 57.3 56.9 57.7 57.1 56.9 57.1 57.2 57.0

Employed.......................................... 33,406 33,495 32,765 33,414 33,545 33,370 33,492 33,315 32,812

Employment-population ratio................. 54.6 54.4 53.7 54.6 53.9 53.9 54.1 54.1 53.8

Unemployed....................................... 1,875 1,838 1,955 1,853 1,951 1,850 1,861 1,910 1,933

Unemployment rate............................ 5.3 5.2 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.6

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,845 37,428 37,679 37,059 37,148 37,330 37,464 37,610 37,869

Participation rate.................................. 66.3 66.4 66.2 66.7 66.1 66.2 66.2 66.7 66.5

Employed.......................................... 35,079 35,834 36,179 35,220 35,525 35,724 35,838 35,957 36,304

Employment-population ratio................. 63.2 63.5 63.6 63.4 63.2 63.3 63.3 63.8 63.8

Unemployed....................................... 1,766 1,593 1,500 1,839 1,623 1,607 1,626 1,653 1,565

Unemployment rate............................ 4.8 4.3 4.0 5.0 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 51,727 52,933 53,202 51,654 52,510 52,711 52,697 52,757 53,054

Participation rate.................................. 74.5 74.2 74.2 74.4 74.4 74.4 74.2 74.0 74.0

Employed.......................................... 50,350 51,681 51,970 50,193 51,224 51,408 51,366 51,451 51,746

Employment-population ratio................. 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.3 72.6 72.6 72.3 72.1 72.2

Unemployed....................................... 1,377 1,252 1,231 1,460 1,287 1,303 1,331 1,306 1,307

Unemployment rate............................ 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,379 21,059 19,390 19,053 1,989 2,006

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,787 10,745 9,511 9,507 1,276 1,237

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.5 51.0 49.0 49.9 64.2 61.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,280 10,231 9,090 9,030 1,189 1,201

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.1 48.6 46.9 47.4 59.8 59.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 514 420 478 87 36

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.8 4.4 5.0 6.8 2.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,592 10,314 9,879 9,546 713 769

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,515 3,677 2,867 3,017 647 660

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,760 3,041 2,303 2,556 457 485

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 82.7 80.3 84.7 70.5 73.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,569 2,868 2,142 2,406 426 462

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.1 78.0 74.7 79.8 65.9 70.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 173 161 150 30 22

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 5.7 7.0 5.9 6.6 4.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 636 564 460 191 175

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,404 3,458 2,906 2,938 499 520

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,764 2,725 2,404 2,363 360 362

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.2 78.8 82.8 80.4 72.2 69.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,677 2,590 2,338 2,228 339 362

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.6 74.9 80.5 75.8 68.1 69.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 135 67 135 21 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 5.0 2.8 5.7 5.7 0.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 733 501 575 139 158

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,125 8,705 8,801 8,394 324 311

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,457 2,255 2,355 2,174 102 80

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.9 25.9 26.8 25.9 31.4 25.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,350 2,179 2,259 2,107 91 72

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.8 25.0 25.7 25.1 28.0 23.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 76 96 67 11 9

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.4 4.1 3.1 10.9 10.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,668 6,450 6,446 6,220 222 231

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,335 5,219 4,816 4,704 519 515

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,806 2,724 2,448 2,414 358 310

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.6 52.2 50.8 51.3 69.0 60.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,684 2,594 2,351 2,288 333 305

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.3 49.7 48.8 48.6 64.1 59.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 130 97 125 25 5

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.8 4.0 5.2 7.0 1.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,529 2,495 2,368 2,290 161 205

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218,754 221,985 96,447 98,160 122,307 123,825

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142,814 144,625 72,318 72,999 70,496 71,626

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 65.2 75.0 74.4 57.6 57.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,302 137,878 68,161 69,367 67,141 68,510

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 62.1 70.7 70.7 54.9 55.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,512 6,748 4,157 3,632 3,355 3,116

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.7 5.7 5.0 4.8 4.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,940 77,360 24,129 25,161 51,811 52,199

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 29,546 29,447 219,481 222,489

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 5,983 5,660 149,538 151,585

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.3 19.2 68.1 68.1

Employed............................................................................. 5,312 5,076 141,878 144,627

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 18.0 17.2 64.6 65.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 671 584 7,660 6,958

Unemployment rate............................................................... 11.2 10.3 5.1 4.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 23,563 23,787 69,943 70,904

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,681 2,447 75,476 76,148

Participation rate..................................................................... 34.6 32.4 81.8 81.9

Employed............................................................................. 2,356 2,136 71,263 72,342

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 30.4 28.3 77.3 77.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 326 312 4,213 3,806

Unemployment rate............................................................... 12.1 12.7 5.6 5.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,076 5,110 16,740 16,858

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,282 2,237 66,604 67,563

Participation rate..................................................................... 28.8 27.9 69.8 70.3

Employed............................................................................. 1,996 2,005 63,435 64,668

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 25.2 25.0 66.5 67.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 287 232 3,169 2,895

Unemployment rate............................................................... 12.6 10.4 4.8 4.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,639 5,781 28,844 28,523

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,019 976 7,458 7,874

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.4 7.0 23.4 23.6

Employed............................................................................. 960 936 7,180 7,616

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 6.9 6.7 22.6 22.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 59 40 279 257

Unemployment rate............................................................... 5.8 4.1 3.7 3.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 12,848 12,897 24,359 25,523

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 39,896 40,737 19,543 19,959 20,353 20,778

Civilian labor force.................................................. 26,286 26,681 15,390 15,540 10,897 11,141

Participation rate.................................................. 65.9 65.5 78.7 77.9 53.5 53.6

Employed.......................................................... 24,890 25,426 14,605 14,859 10,286 10,567

Employment-population ratio................................. 62.4 62.4 74.7 74.5 50.5 50.9

Unemployed....................................................... 1,396 1,255 785 681 611 574

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.3 4.7 5.1 4.4 5.6 5.2

Not in labor force.................................................... 13,610 14,056 4,154 4,419 9,456 9,638

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 209,131 211,199 100,758 101,713 108,373 109,486

Civilian labor force.................................................. 129,235 130,564 67,410 67,898 61,825 62,666

Participation rate.................................................. 61.8 61.8 66.9 66.8 57.0 57.2

Employed.......................................................... 122,300 124,277 63,447 64,299 58,852 59,978

Employment-population ratio................................. 58.5 58.8 63.0 63.2 54.3 54.8

Unemployed....................................................... 6,936 6,287 3,963 3,599 2,973 2,688

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.4 4.8 5.9 5.3 4.8 4.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 79,896 80,635 33,348 33,814 46,549 46,820

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,220 2,363 2,273 2,355 2,350 2,368 2,394 2,424 2,411

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,426 1,540 1,482 1,505 1,436 1,516 1,568 1,557 1,562

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 764 801 760 820 889 821 804 822 814

Unpaid family workers........................... 30 22 32 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 144,970 147,404 147,430 145,132 146,666 146,535 146,864 147,110 147,587

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 136,371 138,642 138,989 136,455 137,989 137,999 138,182 138,478 139,054

Government..................................... 20,098 21,140 20,905 20,002 20,624 20,558 20,597 21,088 20,824

Private industries............................... 116,272 117,501 118,083 116,414 117,340 117,503 117,509 117,368 118,193

Private households.......................... 771 736 735 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 115,501 116,766 117,348 115,609 116,512 116,727 116,711 116,626 117,432

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,540 8,692 8,386 8,707 8,667 8,356 8,639 8,593 8,551

Unpaid family workers........................... 59 70 55 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 6,970 5,967 6,179 6,786 6,481 6,034 5,761 6,085 6,022

Slack work or business conditions............. 4,176 3,468 3,678 4,033 3,826 3,563 3,289 3,536 3,548

Could only find part-time work.................. 2,377 2,194 2,129 2,421 2,229 2,123 2,189 2,221 2,172

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,089 21,094 20,585 19,737 19,772 19,997 20,179 20,171 20,243

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 6,855 5,855 6,046 6,695 6,374 5,942 5,702 5,970 5,910

Slack work or business conditions............. 4,100 3,396 3,594 3,977 3,775 3,507 3,264 3,469 3,482

Could only find part-time work.................. 2,372 2,183 2,123 2,411 2,227 2,098 2,176 2,208 2,161

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 19,732 20,721 20,294 19,407 19,481 19,687 19,817 19,783 19,932

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,190 149,766 149,703 147,439 149,043 148,942 149,197 149,444 149,929

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,592 4,520 4,745 4,757 4,674 4,702 4,715 4,729 4,899

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,609 1,518 1,594 1,675 1,620 1,625 1,577 1,559 1,648

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,983 3,002 3,151 3,058 3,050 3,073 3,130 3,142 3,232

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142,598 145,246 144,958 142,681 144,370 144,240 144,481 144,714 145,030

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,755 13,965 13,975 13,837 14,313 13,975 14,034 13,920 14,061

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,843 131,281 130,983 128,881 130,076 130,191 130,518 130,837 130,995

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,985 97,303 96,968 96,008 96,632 96,759 96,721 96,960 96,976

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,452 33,019 32,987 32,362 32,769 32,806 32,793 32,814 32,891

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,987 31,474 31,430 31,026 31,348 31,355 31,360 31,361 31,466

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,546 32,810 32,551 32,621 32,515 32,598 32,568 32,785 32,620

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,858 33,978 34,014 32,873 33,444 33,432 33,796 33,877 34,019

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,052 79,142 79,158 78,437 79,211 79,148 79,225 79,182 79,546

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,251 2,231 2,332 2,352 2,345 2,373 2,368 2,358 2,427

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 747 761 825 806 800 778 781 780

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,450 1,485 1,570 1,504 1,539 1,576 1,595 1,571 1,631

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,801 76,911 76,827 76,085 76,865 76,775 76,857 76,823 77,119

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,083 7,020 7,090 7,166 7,257 7,112 7,151 7,026 7,173

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,718 69,892 69,737 68,929 69,622 69,631 69,766 69,767 69,945

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,326 51,982 51,774 51,484 51,889 51,945 51,836 51,862 51,935

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,532 17,829 17,777 17,543 17,712 17,743 17,730 17,732 17,785

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,702 16,883 16,882 16,754 16,928 16,946 16,914 16,829 16,933

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,092 17,270 17,115 17,187 17,249 17,257 17,192 17,302 17,217

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,392 17,910 17,963 17,446 17,732 17,686 17,931 17,905 18,010

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,138 70,624 70,544 69,002 69,833 69,794 69,971 70,262 70,383

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,341 2,289 2,413 2,405 2,328 2,329 2,347 2,371 2,472

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 771 833 850 814 825 799 778 868

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,533 1,517 1,580 1,554 1,512 1,497 1,535 1,571 1,601

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,797 68,335 68,131 66,597 67,504 67,465 67,624 67,891 67,911

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,672 6,946 6,885 6,672 7,057 6,863 6,883 6,894 6,888

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,125 61,390 61,246 59,952 60,454 60,560 60,752 61,070 61,051

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,658 45,321 45,194 44,524 44,742 44,813 44,886 45,098 45,042

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,919 15,191 15,210 14,819 15,057 15,064 15,064 15,082 15,106

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,285 14,591 14,548 14,272 14,419 14,409 14,445 14,533 14,533

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,454 15,540 15,437 15,434 15,267 15,341 15,377 15,483 15,403

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,467 16,069 16,051 15,427 15,712 15,747 15,866 15,972 16,009

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,610 44,952 45,162 44,631 44,985 44,907 44,858 44,816 45,187

Married women, spouse present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,921 35,503 35,318 34,673 34,980 35,023 35,146 35,185 35,080

Women who maintain families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,330 9,702 9,853 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,394 121,897 122,013 119,999 122,045 121,873 122,054 122,099 122,603

Part-time workers2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,796 27,870 27,689 27,445 26,949 27,009 27,209 27,332 27,359

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,308 7,596 7,855 7,211 7,224 7,351 7,452 7,414 7,738

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.2

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,666 5,692 5,842 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,304 9,493 9,146 9,527 9,556 9,177 9,443 9,415 9,364

1 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

2 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 8,704 7,924 7,904 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0

16 to 19 years..................................... 957 875 938 16.8 16.8 16.2 15.8 15.6 16.1

16 to 17 years.................................. 385 322 346 18.7 18.6 17.6 18.0 17.1 17.4

18 to 19 years.................................. 562 565 581 15.5 15.8 15.8 14.8 15.2 15.2

20 years and over................................ 7,746 7,048 6,966 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,654 1,480 1,460 10.7 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.4

25 years and over.............................. 6,090 5,608 5,507 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0

25 to 54 years............................... 4,752 4,311 4,399 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.3

25 to 34 years............................. 2,016 1,913 1,853 5.9 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.3

35 to 44 years............................. 1,390 1,289 1,320 4.3 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.0

45 to 54 years............................. 1,346 1,108 1,226 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.6

55 years and over........................... 1,367 1,300 1,132 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.2

Men, 16 years and over............................ 4,802 4,321 4,330 5.8 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2

16 to 19 years..................................... 564 521 522 19.4 17.6 16.8 16.7 18.1 17.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 200 184 202 19.5 18.8 19.0 20.2 19.1 20.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 345 341 305 18.7 17.0 16.1 15.1 17.8 15.8

20 years and over................................ 4,237 3,800 3,808 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

20 to 24 years.................................. 939 887 824 11.6 9.8 10.4 10.6 11.2 10.3

25 years and over.............................. 3,303 2,936 2,994 4.6 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1

25 to 54 years............................... 2,534 2,255 2,344 4.7 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.3

25 to 34 years............................. 1,063 1,049 1,050 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.6 5.6

35 to 44 years............................. 751 641 678 4.3 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.9

45 to 54 years............................. 720 565 616 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.5

55 years and over........................... 769 682 650 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.4 3.7 3.5

Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,902 3,603 3,574 5.4 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8

16 to 19 years..................................... 393 355 416 14.0 15.9 15.6 14.9 13.0 14.4

16 to 17 years.................................. 184 138 144 17.8 18.5 16.2 15.8 15.1 14.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 217 224 276 12.2 14.6 15.4 14.4 12.5 14.7

20 years and over................................ 3,509 3,249 3,157 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 716 592 636 9.7 7.9 7.9 8.1 7.9 8.5

25 years and over.............................. 2,787 2,672 2,513 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.0

25 to 54 years............................... 2,218 2,056 2,054 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4

25 to 34 years............................. 953 865 803 6.0 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.0

35 to 44 years............................. 640 648 642 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.2

45 to 54 years............................. 626 543 610 3.9 4.1 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.8

55 years and over........................... 618 599 520 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.1

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present...................... 1,381 1,246 1,259 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7

Married women, spouse present.................. 1,132 1,107 1,095 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0

Women who maintain families1

.................... 791 719 607 7.8 8.1 7.1 7.5 6.9 5.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers2................................... 7,263 6,554 6,576 5.7 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1

Part-time workers3.................................. 1,434 1,416 1,331 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.6

1 Not seasonally adjusted.

2 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

3 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 4,355 3,633 3,820 4,330 4,014 3,883 3,944 3,873 3,796

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,034 768 1,000 963 968 901 936 939 937

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 3,320 2,865 2,820 3,367 3,046 2,982 3,007 2,934 2,859

Permanent job losers.......................... 2,340 2,072 2,006 2,386 2,137 2,139 2,115 2,112 2,044

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 980 793 814 981 909 843 893 822 815

Job leavers........................................... 741 791 762 796 787 778 790 800 821

Reentrants............................................ 2,422 2,361 2,239 2,679 2,344 2,443 2,435 2,449 2,476

New entrants......................................... 814 788 721 966 846 832 812 847 858

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 52.3 48.0 50.6 49.4 50.2 48.9 49.4 48.6 47.7

On temporary layoff.............................. 12.4 10.1 13.3 11.0 12.1 11.3 11.7 11.8 11.8

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 39.9 37.8 37.4 38.4 38.1 37.6 37.7 36.8 36.0

Job leavers........................................... 8.9 10.4 10.1 9.1 9.9 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.3

Reentrants............................................ 29.1 31.2 29.7 30.5 29.3 30.8 30.5 30.7 31.1

New entrants......................................... 9.8 10.4 9.6 11.0 10.6 10.5 10.2 10.6 10.8

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

New entrants......................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,261 2,173 2,280 2,371 2,106 2,373 2,339 2,412 2,405

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 2,149 2,144 2,031 2,309 2,354 2,211 2,295 2,253 2,192

15 weeks and over.................................. 3,922 3,256 3,231 4,033 3,443 3,337 3,359 3,324 3,320

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 1,229 1,249 1,206 1,261 1,254 1,228 1,227 1,270 1,235

27 weeks and over............................... 2,693 2,007 2,025 2,772 2,189 2,109 2,132 2,054 2,085

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 32.4 29.1 27.6 32.5 28.3 26.3 28.0 27.9 27.6

Median duration, in weeks......................... 13.0 11.4 10.9 12.6 12.1 11.3 11.1 10.7 10.5

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 27.1 28.7 30.2 27.2 26.6 30.0 29.3 30.2 30.4

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 25.8 28.3 26.9 26.5 29.8 27.9 28.7 28.2 27.7

15 weeks and over.................................. 47.1 43.0 42.8 46.3 43.6 42.1 42.0 41.6 41.9

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 14.8 16.5 16.0 14.5 15.9 15.5 15.4 15.9 15.6

27 weeks and over............................... 32.3 26.5 26.9 31.8 27.7 26.6 26.7 25.7 26.3

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Total, 16 years and over1............................................. 147,190 149,703 8,331 7,542 5.4 4.8

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 56,888 59,030 1,568 1,208 2.7 2.0

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 23,191 24,544 596 474 2.5 1.9

Professional and related occupations.......................... 33,697 34,486 972 734 2.8 2.1

Service occupations................................................ 25,745 25,729 1,859 1,858 6.7 6.7

Sales and office occupations...................................... 33,455 33,776 1,716 1,500 4.9 4.3

Sales and related occupations.................................. 15,848 15,671 831 787 5.0 4.8

Office and administrative support occupations............... 17,607 18,105 885 713 4.8 3.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 13,248 13,610 1,171 1,163 8.1 7.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 871 1,000 177 172 16.9 14.7

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 7,466 7,602 763 807 9.3 9.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,911 5,008 230 183 4.5 3.5

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 17,854 17,557 1,168 1,071 6.1 5.8

Production occupations.......................................... 8,669 8,243 573 458 6.2 5.3

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 9,185 9,314 595 614 6.1 6.2

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Total, 16 years and over1................................................................ 8,331 7,542 5.4 4.8

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 6,341 5,848 5.2 4.7

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 45 104 4.1 11.2

Construction.......................................................................... 680 645 8.3 7.5

Manufacturing........................................................................ 596 616 3.9 4.0

Durable goods..................................................................... 368 364 3.8 3.8

Nondurable goods................................................................ 228 253 4.2 4.3

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 1,125 1,005 5.3 4.9

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 261 264 4.2 4.0

Information............................................................................ 167 81 5.7 2.9

Financial activities................................................................... 328 260 3.4 2.6

Professional and business services............................................... 903 838 5.8 5.2

Education and health services..................................................... 868 725 3.8 3.1

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 1,022 1,018 7.5 7.4

Other services........................................................................ 346 293 5.4 4.5

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 189 190 12.1 11.7

Government workers................................................................... 574 445 2.8 2.1

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 412 338 4.2 3.5

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2014

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Aug.

2015

Sept.

2015

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015

Dec.

2015

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 5.4 4.8 4.8 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 5.8 5.2 5.2 6.0 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 6.7 5.8 5.9 6.9 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.1

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 11.1 9.6 9.8 11.2 10.3 10.0 9.8 9.9 9.9

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2014

Dec.

2015

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 93,506 94,691 37,501 38,233 56,005 56,458

Persons who currently want a job................................ 6,212 5,705 2,984 2,639 3,227 3,066

Marginally attached to the labor force1........................ 2,260 1,833 1,169 929 1,091 904

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 740 663 441 396 299 267

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,520 1,170 727 533 792 638

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,308 7,855 3,538 3,840 3,771 4,016

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.0 5.2 4.5 4.9 5.5 5.7

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 3,924 4,315 2,142 2,345 1,782 1,970

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,986 2,067 681 696 1,306 1,371

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 232 230 144 133 87 98

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,109 1,194 544 647 565 546

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Change

from:

Nov.2015 -

Dec.2015p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,484 143,764 144,180 144,191 140,592 142,698 142,950 143,242 292

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,223 121,419 121,718 121,820 118,690 120,726 120,966 121,241 275

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,389 19,817 19,727 19,566 19,489 19,567 19,606 19,651 45

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912 809 793 781 913 801 790 782 -8

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.6 54.9 53.0 52.5 53.0 52.3 51.8 52.2 0.4

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858.3 753.8 739.8 728.9 859.6 748.6 737.7 730.2 -7.5

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.9 187.7 185.1 185.3 201.2 187.5 185.4 184.5 -0.9

Mining, except oil and gas1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.7 198.1 193.9 188.6 207.0 194.8 193.0 191.9 -1.1

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 66.1 64.7 63.3 72.0 66.1 64.8 63.6 -1.2

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.7 368.0 360.8 355.0 451.4 366.3 359.3 353.8 -5.5

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,175 6,659 6,599 6,448 6,275 6,445 6,493 6,538 45

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,381.2 1,444.2 1,439.7 1,425.6 1,388.0 1,411.6 1,420.5 1,430.6 10.1

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673.9 715.3 717.0 706.8 677.4 697.8 705.1 710.1 5.0

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707.3 728.9 722.7 718.8 710.6 713.8 715.4 720.5 5.1

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 897.6 1,009.5 974.0 916.7 932.7 946.0 948.1 952.9 4.8

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,896.4 4,205.0 4,185.2 4,105.8 3,954.3 4,087.6 4,124.7 4,154.1 29.4

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 1,685.8 1,835.4 1,829.4 1,794.9 1,719.2 1,781.4 1,805.6 1,823.7 18.1

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,210.6 2,369.6 2,355.8 2,310.9 2,235.1 2,306.2 2,319.1 2,330.4 11.3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,302 12,349 12,335 12,337 12,301 12,321 12,323 12,331 8

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,786 7,785 7,778 7,773 7,782 7,779 7,772 7,766 -6

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.6 383.9 385.5 384.0 376.8 382.2 383.8 385.3 1.5

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.6 410.3 408.7 400.9 396.3 404.2 404.5 404.6 0.1

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.2 392.4 391.7 389.7 407.9 392.4 391.9 389.1 -2.8

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,474.6 1,448.4 1,446.8 1,447.0 1,473.3 1,447.2 1,446.4 1,444.9 -1.5

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,143.7 1,112.2 1,109.5 1,107.3 1,144.0 1,114.0 1,111.9 1,105.6 -6.3

Computer and electronic products1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,055.6 1,050.6 1,051.3 1,054.1 1,054.8 1,052.7 1,052.0 1,053.1 1.1

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 168.3 171.3 171.5 172.9 167.8 171.5 171.6 172.6 1.0

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.7 87.3 86.9 86.9 91.4 87.4 86.9 86.7 -0.2

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369.2 367.0 367.4 367.6 369.1 367.7 367.5 367.2 -0.3

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.0 389.3 389.7 390.4 388.7 390.4 390.4 390.8 0.4

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 372.6 373.4 372.3 374.8 371.8 373.7 372.2 374.3 2.1

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,595.7 1,619.3 1,617.4 1,616.6 1,591.0 1,620.2 1,615.5 1,612.2 -3.3

Motor vehicles and parts2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907.6 935.6 934.0 931.8 902.5 934.9 931.8 929.4 -2.4

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.0 394.5 393.2 396.4 382.6 395.6 394.5 396.6 2.1

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586.1 599.8 601.9 602.2 583.9 597.2 599.5 600.5 1.0

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,516 4,564 4,557 4,564 4,519 4,542 4,551 4,565 14

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,483.6 1,506.0 1,501.7 1,501.5 1,484.6 1,492.2 1,498.3 1,501.8 3.5

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.3 116.5 116.7 116.8 118.3 116.8 116.7 116.7 0.0

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.9 116.3 116.3 115.4 115.9 115.3 114.8 114.6 -0.2

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.4 137.1 137.0 137.0 137.8 136.4 136.6 136.4 -0.2

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.2 366.7 367.0 368.4 367.6 367.2 367.3 367.8 0.5

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 452.2 445.6 447.7 448.0 450.2 444.9 445.7 445.5 -0.2

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.6 114.5 114.2 113.3 111.7 113.3 114.0 115.0 1.0

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811.6 812.2 814.2 818.7 811.6 813.7 815.3 817.8 2.5

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681.6 688.7 688.1 691.5 682.6 688.9 689.5 692.8 3.3

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.9 260.2 253.8 253.3 238.9 253.4 253.2 256.7 3.5

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,834 101,602 101,991 102,254 99,201 101,159 101,360 101,590 230

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,402 27,103 27,587 27,858 26,669 27,020 27,083 27,114 31

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,882.1 5,936.0 5,949.6 5,947.0 5,875.5 5,929.6 5,938.5 5,940.9 2.4

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,936.4 2,954.0 2,955.0 2,960.0 2,935.4 2,952.5 2,955.9 2,958.2 2.3

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,031.3 2,068.2 2,082.5 2,069.4 2,031.1 2,064.1 2,072.3 2,070.2 -2.1

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914.4 913.8 912.1 917.6 909.0 913.0 910.3 912.5 2.2

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,058.6 15,781.4 16,186.4 16,332.1 15,497.3 15,735.0 15,767.0 15,771.3 4.3

Motor vehicle and parts dealers1

. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,882.3 1,957.0 1,957.3 1,957.9 1,894.0 1,950.3 1,959.7 1,969.3 9.6

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,203.7 1,250.7 1,250.7 1,254.4 1,208.1 1,245.7 1,251.2 1,259.1 7.9

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Change

from:

Nov.2015 -

Dec.2015p

Retail trade - Continued

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 482.4 469.8 481.0 485.7 457.4 464.1 463.8 461.1 -2.7

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 523.3 515.5 536.7 534.5 491.9 506.3 505.5 504.5 -1.0

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,208.6 1,244.1 1,242.5 1,242.2 1,246.6 1,266.4 1,270.9 1,279.4 8.5

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,049.2 3,044.4 3,052.5 3,059.7 3,020.5 3,036.7 3,032.5 3,032.1 -0.4

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,045.5 1,026.4 1,041.7 1,046.9 1,025.9 1,023.8 1,027.2 1,027.9 0.7

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886.1 910.9 910.0 909.8 889.1 909.4 909.4 912.7 3.3

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,536.2 1,410.8 1,513.6 1,538.9 1,370.7 1,399.1 1,394.7 1,377.2 -17.5

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688.3 602.7 662.7 674.0 626.2 600.2 609.5 604.9 -4.6

General merchandise stores1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,368.5 3,191.0 3,361.8 3,425.1 3,138.6 3,200.2 3,206.2 3,201.5 -4.7

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,501.6 1,312.9 1,414.7 1,463.6 1,342.8 1,322.3 1,315.4 1,309.6 -5.8

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.1 850.3 849.7 864.3 821.7 831.5 838.0 847.0 9.0

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552.1 558.5 576.9 593.1 514.7 547.0 549.6 553.7 4.1

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,903.7 4,820.6 4,884.2 5,010.0 4,738.5 4,789.4 4,809.6 4,832.7 23.1

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.0 454.5 452.2 453.3 443.3 454.3 453.8 454.7 0.9

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.4 233.9 234.8 234.6 241.3 234.8 235.8 235.5 -0.3

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.8 62.7 60.7 60.4 67.4 62.1 61.7 61.2 -0.5

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,437.6 1,468.0 1,463.8 1,458.0 1,441.1 1,451.2 1,454.9 1,460.2 5.3

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488.6 488.7 486.3 488.1 471.1 470.7 469.4 471.1 1.7

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 49.9 49.8 50.0 47.6 50.0 49.8 50.1 0.3

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 25.9 32.4 26.2 25.2 30.6 31.7 31.1 30.3 -0.8

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 636.8 651.8 656.1 655.2 632.3 647.5 653.7 651.9 -1.8

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752.1 580.8 645.9 774.3 616.6 599.6 610.2 625.3 15.1

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764.9 797.9 808.4 810.9 747.2 787.5 789.2 792.4 3.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.2 565.2 566.8 568.6 557.9 565.9 567.7 569.1 1.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,775 2,810 2,816 2,827 2,767 2,810 2,801 2,817 16

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 724.8 718.0 718.2 720.3 721.4 717.1 716.0 716.6 0.6

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.5 394.5 391.1 400.0 381.4 397.7 385.0 400.2 15.2

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288.9 288.6 289.3 289.9 287.5 288.0 288.2 288.7 0.5

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865.6 868.3 873.3 871.4 861.5 867.6 868.7 867.8 -0.9

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288.2 298.2 299.2 298.6 286.5 298.2 298.8 297.8 -1.0

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229.9 242.2 244.9 246.9 228.5 241.6 244.0 245.4 1.4

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,059 8,175 8,187 8,208 8,049 8,170 8,185 8,196 11

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,994.8 6,074.0 6,094.1 6,109.1 5,978.9 6,073.7 6,083.5 6,093.1 9.6

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 18.5 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.6 0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,573.6 2,575.2 2,580.7 2,586.5 2,565.9 2,577.3 2,578.4 2,579.9 1.5

Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . . 1,702.2 1,688.8 1,693.5 1,696.5 1,700.2 1,692.7 1,694.7 1,695.1 0.4

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,285.7 1,264.3 1,267.4 1,269.5 1,284.5 1,268.3 1,268.5 1,268.3 -0.2

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 888.6 911.6 914.5 917.8 888.0 911.0 914.2 916.5 2.3

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,514.1 2,568.6 2,580.3 2,586.2 2,506.5 2,566.9 2,572.4 2,578.1 5.7

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,064.2 2,101.1 2,092.8 2,098.6 2,070.5 2,096.4 2,101.7 2,103.2 1.5

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,503.5 1,533.5 1,530.7 1,543.6 1,501.2 1,530.9 1,535.0 1,539.7 4.7

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536.9 543.9 538.5 531.4 545.9 542.0 543.3 540.2 -3.1

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.6 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.3 -0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,519 20,132 20,114 20,123 19,439 19,950 19,971 20,044 73

Professional and technical services1

. . . . . . . . . . . 8,526.7 8,713.2 8,753.0 8,804.2 8,489.5 8,729.9 8,757.2 8,768.3 11.1

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,124.2 1,127.9 1,128.8 1,133.1 1,120.0 1,126.6 1,126.8 1,128.0 1.2

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 981.3 960.5 984.4 1,027.9 980.9 1,021.2 1,033.2 1,028.3 -4.9

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,403.3 1,446.9 1,438.1 1,437.8 1,403.9 1,436.8 1,433.9 1,438.7 4.8

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,818.9 1,906.7 1,912.5 1,908.6 1,814.4 1,897.5 1,901.8 1,905.6 3.8

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,295.4 1,332.6 1,341.3 1,347.5 1,280.1 1,321.9 1,328.0 1,332.2 4.2

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,195.0 2,237.0 2,240.7 2,248.8 2,190.5 2,237.2 2,241.3 2,244.4 3.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Change

from:

Nov.2015 -

Dec.2015p

Professional and business services - Continued

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,797.1 9,181.4 9,120.1 9,069.8 8,759.4 8,983.0 8,972.3 9,031.6 59.3

Administrative and support services1. . . . . . . . 8,412.0 8,780.6 8,719.1 8,670.2 8,370.4 8,583.3 8,570.6 8,628.2 57.6

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,638.5 3,742.4 3,729.7 3,761.1 3,537.7 3,624.7 3,617.0 3,659.3 42.3

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,957.9 3,038.7 3,025.0 3,049.8 2,863.3 2,935.4 2,923.4 2,957.8 34.4

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926.6 932.1 939.4 941.3 900.3 918.3 918.4 916.6 -1.8

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 1,871.2 2,063.1 2,017.6 1,931.8 1,952.0 2,012.8 2,010.0 2,012.9 2.9

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.1 400.8 401.0 399.6 389.0 399.7 401.7 403.4 1.7

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,893 22,465 22,567 22,552 21,718 22,264 22,314 22,373 59

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,545.3 3,641.6 3,680.4 3,613.6 3,439.9 3,486.3 3,496.9 3,503.5 6.6

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,347.4 18,823.6 18,886.5 18,938.3 18,277.7 18,777.2 18,817.0 18,869.6 52.6

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,914.6 15,302.4 15,345.6 15,389.8 14,863.7 15,269.7 15,299.0 15,338.4 39.4

Ambulatory health care services1. . . . . . . . . 6,794.5 7,015.3 7,031.1 7,052.1 6,766.9 6,992.7 7,001.5 7,024.9 23.4

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,516.6 2,590.2 2,596.6 2,605.4 2,501.8 2,583.3 2,587.5 2,591.3 3.8

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728.6 752.8 756.5 760.9 726.5 752.6 755.3 758.8 3.5

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,297.5 1,353.4 1,356.5 1,356.2 1,289.6 1,344.1 1,344.4 1,348.1 3.7

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,825.9 4,970.2 4,988.4 4,998.9 4,815.6 4,960.5 4,975.5 4,987.8 12.3

Nursing and residential care facilities1

. . . . 3,294.2 3,316.9 3,326.1 3,338.8 3,281.2 3,316.5 3,322.0 3,325.7 3.7

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,657.2 1,663.5 1,668.4 1,671.8 1,653.4 1,662.3 1,664.4 1,666.9 2.5

Social assistance1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,432.8 3,521.2 3,540.9 3,548.5 3,414.0 3,507.5 3,518.0 3,531.2 13.2

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874.0 893.7 898.9 893.1 860.4 878.4 880.2 880.4 0.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,597 15,264 15,066 15,027 14,948 15,291 15,338 15,367 29

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,967.2 2,147.8 2,039.3 2,023.7 2,133.2 2,181.8 2,193.3 2,190.1 -3.2

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 440.6 488.2 460.7 458.6 459.3 480.0 477.4 478.0 0.6

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.5 148.6 142.3 141.0 145.2 148.0 146.9 147.8 0.9

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,388.1 1,511.0 1,436.3 1,424.1 1,528.7 1,553.8 1,569.0 1,564.3 -4.7

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,629.3 13,116.5 13,027.0 13,003.7 12,814.7 13,109.2 13,144.6 13,176.7 32.1

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,829.1 1,892.8 1,847.4 1,835.7 1,896.9 1,902.4 1,906.4 1,901.6 -4.8

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 10,800.2 11,223.7 11,179.6 11,168.0 10,917.8 11,206.8 11,238.2 11,275.1 36.9

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,589 5,653 5,654 5,659 5,611 5,654 5,668 5,679 11

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,243.0 1,280.2 1,275.8 1,275.4 1,253.3 1,276.5 1,280.5 1,284.6 4.1

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,380.9 1,399.9 1,399.6 1,405.8 1,380.7 1,400.2 1,402.2 1,405.8 3.6

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,965.3 2,972.4 2,978.7 2,977.9 2,976.5 2,977.2 2,985.7 2,988.6 2.9

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,261 22,345 22,462 22,371 21,902 21,972 21,984 22,001 17

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,744.0 2,734.0 2,741.0 2,766.0 2,732.0 2,740.0 2,745.0 2,749.0 4.0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,133.0 2,141.1 2,142.3 2,144.1 2,134.6 2,142.9 2,145.3 2,145.6 0.3

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611.3 593.1 598.9 621.7 597.6 596.6 599.3 603.7 4.4

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,194.0 5,269.0 5,286.0 5,232.0 5,079.0 5,104.0 5,107.0 5,113.0 6.0

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,555.0 2,628.6 2,649.1 2,593.5 2,430.5 2,456.3 2,460.0 2,464.8 4.8

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,639.1 2,640.6 2,636.4 2,638.9 2,648.9 2,647.3 2,646.6 2,648.4 1.8

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,323.0 14,342.0 14,435.0 14,373.0 14,091.0 14,128.0 14,132.0 14,139.0 7.0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,109.7 8,040.7 8,136.7 8,102.2 7,796.7 7,790.8 7,789.5 7,789.3 -0.2

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,213.5 6,300.8 6,297.9 6,270.4 6,294.1 6,337.1 6,342.9 6,350.1 7.2

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2014 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.6 34.6 34.5 34.5

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.6 40.5 40.3 40.5

Mining and logging................................................................ 44.9 44.1 44.2 44.3

Construction....................................................................... 39.2 39.7 39.1 39.7

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.9 40.7 40.7 40.6

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.4 41.0 41.1 41.1

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.2 40.2 40.0 39.8

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.6

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 38.9 38.8 38.9

Retail trade...................................................................... 31.4 31.4 31.4 31.3

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 39.0 38.8 38.9 39.1

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 42.6 42.7 42.3

Information......................................................................... 36.3 36.1 36.1 35.9

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.7 37.6 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.3 36.2 36.2 36.3

Education and health services.................................................. 32.7 32.8 32.8 32.8

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3

Other services..................................................................... 31.8 31.9 31.8 31.9

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.3

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.3

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2014 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Total private............................................... $24.62 $25.20 $25.25 $25.24 $851.85 $871.92 $871.13 $870.78

Goods-producing....................................... 25.77 26.38 26.45 26.43 1,046.26 1,068.39 1,065.94 1,070.42

Mining and logging.................................. 30.70 31.35 31.71 31.27 1,378.43 1,382.54 1,401.58 1,385.26

Construction.......................................... 26.81 27.52 27.62 27.59 1,050.95 1,092.54 1,079.94 1,095.32

Manufacturing........................................ 24.87 25.45 25.50 25.49 1,017.18 1,035.82 1,037.85 1,034.89

Durable goods.................................... 26.21 26.74 26.75 26.74 1,085.09 1,096.34 1,099.43 1,099.01

Nondurable goods................................ 22.49 23.21 23.30 23.30 904.10 933.04 932.00 927.34

Private service-providing.............................. 24.34 24.92 24.96 24.96 812.96 832.33 833.66 833.66

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 21.49 22.01 21.99 22.02 743.55 761.55 760.85 761.89

Wholesale trade.................................. 28.19 28.90 28.83 28.80 1,096.59 1,124.21 1,118.60 1,120.32

Retail trade........................................ 17.12 17.69 17.65 17.71 537.57 555.47 554.21 554.32

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.88 22.93 23.01 22.99 892.32 889.68 895.09 898.91

Utilities............................................. 35.94 37.58 37.93 37.60 1,516.67 1,600.91 1,619.61 1,590.48

Information........................................... 34.35 35.34 35.57 35.65 1,246.91 1,275.77 1,284.08 1,279.84

Financial activities................................... 31.05 31.73 31.85 31.94 1,161.27 1,196.22 1,197.56 1,200.94

Professional and business services.............. 29.48 30.27 30.35 30.24 1,070.12 1,095.77 1,098.67 1,097.71

Education and health services..................... 24.90 25.39 25.47 25.42 814.23 832.79 835.42 833.78

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.10 14.45 14.46 14.50 370.83 380.04 380.30 381.35

Other services....................................... 22.17 22.50 22.53 22.55 705.01 717.75 716.45 719.35

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2014 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2015 -

Dec.

2015p

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2015 -

Dec.

2015p

Total private..................................... 102.7 104.4 104.3 104.6 0.3 120.6 125.6 125.7 126.0 0.2

Goods-producing............................. 90.1 90.3 90.0 90.7 0.8 105.0 107.6 107.6 108.3 0.7

Mining and logging........................ 128.8 111.0 109.7 108.9 -0.7 158.8 139.7 139.7 136.7 -2.1

Construction................................ 84.8 88.2 87.5 89.5 2.3 98.8 105.5 105.0 107.3 2.2

Manufacturing.............................. 90.5 90.2 90.2 90.1 -0.1 104.7 106.8 107.0 106.8 -0.2

Durable goods........................... 90.7 89.8 89.9 89.9 0.0 105.6 106.6 106.8 106.7 -0.1

Nondurable goods...................... 90.7 91.1 90.8 90.7 -0.1 103.5 107.3 107.4 107.2 -0.2

Private service-providing.................... 106.0 108.1 108.3 108.6 0.3 125.1 130.6 131.1 131.4 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 100.4 101.7 101.9 102.0 0.1 116.1 120.5 120.6 120.9 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 99.7 100.6 100.5 100.8 0.3 117.3 121.4 121.0 121.2 0.2

Retail trade.............................. 98.8 100.4 100.6 100.3 -0.3 111.9 117.4 117.3 117.4 0.1

Transportation and warehousing...... 105.8 106.4 107.1 108.1 0.9 122.8 123.8 125.0 126.2 1.0

Utilities.................................... 101.9 104.3 104.9 104.2 -0.7 121.0 129.5 131.4 129.4 -1.5

Information................................. 91.7 92.6 92.3 92.4 0.1 112.2 116.6 117.0 117.2 0.2

Financial activities......................... 98.6 100.9 100.8 100.9 0.1 119.4 124.8 125.2 125.7 0.4

Professional and business services..... 111.0 113.6 113.7 114.4 0.6 132.6 139.3 139.8 140.2 0.3

Education and health services........... 114.0 117.2 117.5 117.8 0.3 133.7 140.2 140.9 141.0 0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 112.2 114.7 115.1 115.3 0.2 127.6 133.8 134.3 134.9 0.4

Other services............................. 98.9 99.9 99.9 100.4 0.5 124.4 127.6 127.7 128.5 0.6

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2014 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Total nonfarm............................................. 69,330 70,511 70,609 70,750 49.3 49.4 49.4 49.4

Total private............................................ 56,809 57,926 58,018 58,139 47.9 48.0 48.0 48.0

Goods-producing.................................... 4,265 4,277 4,280 4,286 21.9 21.9 21.8 21.8

Mining and logging............................... 123 112 110 110 13.5 14.0 13.9 14.1

Construction....................................... 796 805 807 807 12.7 12.5 12.4 12.3

Manufacturing..................................... 3,346 3,360 3,363 3,369 27.2 27.3 27.3 27.3

Durable goods.................................. 1,798 1,813 1,813 1,813 23.1 23.3 23.3 23.3

Nondurable goods............................. 1,548 1,547 1,550 1,556 34.3 34.1 34.1 34.1

Private service-providing........................... 52,544 53,649 53,738 53,853 53.0 53.0 53.0 53.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 10,780 10,948 10,958 10,957 40.4 40.5 40.5 40.4

Wholesale trade................................ 1,715.0 1,739.4 1,743.1 1,740.0 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.3

Retail trade..................................... 7,816.5 7,941.4 7,940.1 7,938.5 50.4 50.5 50.4 50.3

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,114.0 1,132.1 1,139.1 1,142.2 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.6

Utilities........................................... 134.1 135.3 135.6 136.6 24.0 23.9 23.9 24.0

Information......................................... 1,112 1,123 1,123 1,126 40.2 40.0 40.1 40.0

Financial activities................................ 4,611 4,667 4,676 4,685 57.3 57.1 57.1 57.2

Professional and business services............ 8,658 8,914 8,918 8,952 44.5 44.7 44.7 44.7

Education and health services.................. 16,695 17,139 17,171 17,220 76.9 77.0 77.0 77.0

Leisure and hospitality........................... 7,750 7,903 7,930 7,947 51.8 51.7 51.7 51.7

Other services..................................... 2,938 2,955 2,962 2,966 52.4 52.3 52.3 52.2

Government............................................. 12,521 12,585 12,591 12,611 57.2 57.3 57.3 57.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2014 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Total private............................................................................... 97,923 99,507 99,678 99,942

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,051 14,120 14,147 14,196

Mining and logging.................................................................. 669 582 574 570

Construction.......................................................................... 4,719 4,864 4,901 4,944

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,663 8,674 8,672 8,682

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,361 5,365 5,359 5,361

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,302 3,309 3,313 3,321

Private service-providing.............................................................. 83,872 85,387 85,531 85,746

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 22,478 22,714 22,771 22,807

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,740.9 4,756.5 4,762.6 4,767.4

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,186.9 13,356.8 13,383.9 13,395.4

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,100.2 4,147.9 4,169.2 4,187.5

Utilities.............................................................................. 450.0 452.8 455.1 456.3

Information............................................................................ 2,245 2,281 2,274 2,285

Financial activities................................................................... 6,213 6,322 6,336 6,342

Professional and business services............................................... 16,025 16,361 16,365 16,454

Education and health services..................................................... 19,069 19,543 19,580 19,630

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 13,172 13,465 13,491 13,507

Other services........................................................................ 4,670 4,701 4,714 4,721

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2014 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.8 33.7 33.7 33.7

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.6 41.4 41.2 41.3

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.6 45.5 45.7 45.8

Construction....................................................................... 39.9 40.2 39.6 40.1

Manufacturing..................................................................... 42.1 41.7 41.7 41.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 42.4 42.0 42.0 42.1

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.6 41.4 41.3 41.1

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.5 32.4 32.5 32.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.9 33.6 33.8 33.8

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.6 38.5 38.5 38.6

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.3 30.0 30.2 30.1

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 39.0 38.7 38.9 39.1

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 42.3 42.7 42.6

Information......................................................................... 35.8 35.6 35.8 35.6

Financial activities................................................................ 36.8 37.1 37.1 37.1

Professional and business services............................................ 35.7 35.4 35.5 35.5

Education and health services.................................................. 32.0 32.1 32.1 32.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.2 25.0 25.0 25.1

Other services..................................................................... 30.8 30.7 30.7 30.7

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.1

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.0

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2014 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Total private............................................... $20.72 $21.18 $21.20 $21.22 $700.34 $713.77 $714.44 $715.11

Goods-producing....................................... 21.66 22.13 22.14 22.19 901.06 916.18 912.17 916.45

Mining and logging.................................. 26.63 26.63 26.62 26.51 1,267.59 1,211.67 1,216.53 1,214.16

Construction.......................................... 24.78 25.36 25.43 25.46 988.72 1,019.47 1,007.03 1,020.95

Manufacturing........................................ 19.62 20.05 20.06 20.08 826.00 836.09 836.50 837.34

Durable goods.................................... 20.69 21.07 21.09 21.10 877.26 884.94 885.78 888.31

Nondurable goods................................ 17.86 18.38 18.36 18.40 742.98 760.93 758.27 756.24

Private service-providing.............................. 20.52 20.98 21.00 21.02 666.90 679.75 682.50 683.15

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 18.36 18.79 18.76 18.78 622.40 631.34 634.09 634.76

Wholesale trade.................................. 23.31 23.78 23.76 23.78 899.77 915.53 914.76 917.91

Retail trade........................................ 14.43 14.97 14.91 14.95 437.23 449.10 450.28 450.00

Transportation and warehousing............... 20.74 20.74 20.79 20.73 808.86 802.64 808.73 810.54

Utilities............................................. 33.16 34.57 34.67 34.52 1,399.35 1,462.31 1,480.41 1,470.55

Information........................................... 28.46 29.02 29.45 29.53 1,018.87 1,033.11 1,054.31 1,051.27

Financial activities................................... 25.00 25.52 25.58 25.62 920.00 946.79 949.02 950.50

Professional and business services.............. 24.32 24.97 25.00 24.97 868.22 883.94 887.50 886.44

Education and health services..................... 21.83 22.23 22.23 22.27 698.56 713.58 713.58 714.87

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 12.29 12.51 12.53 12.56 309.71 312.75 313.25 315.26

Other services....................................... 18.71 19.01 19.03 19.07 576.27 583.61 584.22 585.45

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2014 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2015 -

Dec.

2015p

Dec.

2014

Oct.

2015

Nov.

2015p

Dec.

2015p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2015 -

Dec.

2015p

Total private..................................... 110.3 111.8 111.9 112.2 0.3 152.7 158.2 158.6 159.2 0.4

Goods-producing............................. 89.3 89.3 89.1 89.6 0.6 118.5 121.1 120.8 121.7 0.7

Mining and logging........................ 169.2 140.7 139.4 138.7 -0.5 262.1 217.9 215.8 213.9 -0.9

Construction................................ 94.3 97.9 97.2 99.3 2.2 126.1 134.1 133.4 136.5 2.3

Manufacturing.............................. 83.7 83.0 83.0 83.1 0.1 107.4 108.9 108.9 109.1 0.2

Durable goods........................... 85.4 84.7 84.6 84.8 0.2 110.3 111.4 111.4 111.7 0.3

Nondurable goods...................... 80.9 80.7 80.6 80.4 -0.2 102.1 104.8 104.6 104.6 0.0

Private service-providing.................... 116.1 117.9 118.4 118.7 0.3 163.4 169.5 170.5 171.1 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 106.2 106.4 107.3 107.5 0.2 139.1 142.6 143.6 144.0 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 107.8 107.8 108.0 108.4 0.4 148.0 151.1 151.1 151.8 0.5

Retail trade.............................. 101.1 101.4 102.3 102.1 -0.2 125.1 130.1 130.7 130.8 0.1

Transportation and warehousing...... 120.4 120.8 122.1 123.2 0.9 158.4 159.0 161.0 162.1 0.7

Utilities.................................... 97.1 97.9 99.4 99.4 0.0 134.4 141.3 143.8 143.2 -0.4

Information................................. 91.7 92.7 92.9 92.8 -0.1 129.2 133.2 135.5 135.7 0.1

Financial activities......................... 107.6 110.4 110.7 110.8 0.1 165.5 173.4 174.2 174.6 0.2

Professional and business services..... 128.2 129.8 130.2 130.9 0.5 185.6 192.9 193.7 194.5 0.4

Education and health services........... 130.2 133.9 134.2 134.5 0.2 187.6 196.4 196.7 197.6 0.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 121.6 123.3 123.5 124.2 0.6 169.7 175.2 175.8 177.1 0.7

Other services............................. 100.9 101.2 101.5 101.6 0.1 137.5 140.2 140.7 141.2 0.4

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2014 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.