For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, July 7, 2020 USDL-20-1348 

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – MAY 2020

The number of hires increased by 2.4 million to a series high of 6.5 million in May, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. This was the largest monthly increase of hires since the series began. 

Total separations decreased by 5.8 million to 4.1 million, the single largest decrease since the series 

began. Within separations, the quits rate rose to 1.6 percent while the layoffs and discharges rate fell to 

1.4 percent. Job openings increased to 5.4 million on the last business day of May. These improvements 

in the labor market reflected a limited resumption of economic activity that had been curtailed in March 

and April due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. This release includes 

estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by 

industry, and by four geographic regions. 

Job Openings

On the last business day of May, the number of job openings increased to 5.4 million (+401,000) while 

the rate was little changed at 3.9 percent. Job openings rose in accommodation and food services 

(+196,000), retail trade (+147,000), and construction (+118,000). Job openings decreased in information 

(-55,000), federal government (-37,000), and educational services (-27,000). The number of job 

openings increased in the South region. (See table 1.)

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on May 2020 JOLTS Data

Data collection for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey was affected by the coronavirus 

(COVID-19) pandemic. More information is available at the end of this news release and 

www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-may-2020.htm
- 2 -

Hires

In May, the number of hires increased to 6.5 million (+2,440,000) and the rate increased to 4.9 percent, a 

high for both series. Conversely, hires levels and rates saw series lows in April. In May, the hires level 

increased for total private (+2,432,000) and was little changed for government. Hires increased in a 

number of industries, with the greatest rise in accommodation and food services (+763,000), followed 

by health care and social assistance (+479,000), and construction (+427,000). The number of hires 

increased in all four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 

referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 

the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 

discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 

due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In May, the number and rate of total separations decreased to 4.1 million (-5,830,000) and 3.1 percent, 

respectively. The number of total separations in May was 1.5 million lower than the February level. 

Total separations decreased in many industries in May, with the largest decreases in accommodation and 

food services (-1,159,000), retail trade (-751,000), and other services (-704,000). The number of total 

separations increased in federal government (+28,000). Total separations decreased in all four regions.

(See table 3.)

In May, the number and rate of quits increased to 2.1 million (+190,000) and 1.6 percent, respectively. 

Quits rose to 2.0 million (+228,000) for total private and fell to 108,000 (-38,000) for government. Quits 

increased in accommodation and food services (+88,000), durable goods manufacturing (+38,000), and 

transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+27,000). Quits decreased in state and local government

education (-26,000), state and local government, excluding education (-25,000), and educational services 

(-22,000). The number of quits increased in the South region. (See table 4.)

The number and rate of layoffs and discharges decreased in May to 1.8 million (-5,912,000) and 1.4

percent, respectively. The rate, which had reached a series high of 7.6 percent in March, is now much 

closer to the pre-pandemic rate of 1.2 percent in February. The number of layoffs and discharges 

decreased for total private to 1.7 million (-5,809,000) and for government to 124,000 (-103,000). The 

layoffs and discharges level decreased in all but one industry. The largest declines occurred in 

accommodation and food services (-1,251,000), followed by retail trade (-758,000), and other services

(-698,000). Layoffs and discharges increased in federal government (+16,000). The number of layoffs 

and discharges decreased in all four regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations decreased in May (-108,000). Other separations decreased in 

professional and business services (-50,000), construction (-30,000), and state and local government,

excluding education (-9,000). Other separations decreased in the Midwest region. (See table 6.)
- 3 -

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 

employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 

hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 

Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 

if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in May, hires totaled 68.5 million and separations totaled 79.8 million, 

yielding a net employment loss of 11.3 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 

and separated more than once during the year.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for June 2020 are scheduled to be 

released on Monday, August 10, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on May 2020 Job Openings and Labor Turnover 

Survey Data 

Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 

42 percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone 

respondents were asked to report electronically. However, data collection was adversely impacted due 

to the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate 

for May was 45 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic averaged 54 percent.

BLS modified the JOLTS estimation methods starting in March and continuing through May to better 

reflect the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The estimation process usually includes 

an alignment of monthly hires minus separations to the over-the-month change in the Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) employment estimates. For May estimates, as in earlier months, BLS

suspended the alignment process because the differing reference periods for the CES employment 

estimates (pay period including the 12th of the month) and the JOLTS hires and separations estimates 

(the entire reference month) led to substantially different measurement outcomes. For more 

information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including more 

information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, please see www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openingsand-labor-turnover-covid19-may-2020.htm

Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) Data Corrections

This news release contains corrections to previously released January 2020 data in tables 1-6. An error 

in federal government data affected estimates for government, total nonfarm, and all four 

regions. More information on these corrections as well as a complete list of corrections in this news 

release and in the JOLTS database can be found at www.bls.gov/bls/errata/corrections-to-jobopenings-and-labor-turnover-survey-estimates-for-january-2020.htm.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 7,300 4,996 5,397 5,687 4,047 6,487 5,547 9,975 4,145

Total private....................................... 6,600 4,332 4,742 5,343 3,812 6,244 5,211 9,536 3,857

Mining and logging1............................ 29 10 11 28 13 15 24 67 29

Construction1................................... 373 247 365 386 246 673 380 835 311

Manufacturing.................................. 482 315 328 340 326 426 336 762 284

Durable goods1.............................. 293 170 180 191 161 167 190 511 173

Nondurable goods1

.......................... 189 146 148 149 166 259 146 251 111

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,283 883 987 1,169 1,025 1,200 1,147 1,953 929

Wholesale trade............................. 214 145 144 164 117 141 152 281 179

Retail trade................................... 746 521 668 766 723 805 766 1,267 516

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 323 217 175 239 185 254 229 405 234

Information1

..................................... 127 132 77 106 39 61 93 128 54

Financial activities.............................. 367 251 255 222 162 181 215 299 160

Finance and insurance..................... 267 185 201 138 129 98 129 112 104

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 100 66 54 84 34 83 86 187 56

Professional and business services......... 1,268 982 981 1,132 800 867 1,123 1,359 819

Education and health services............... 1,358 1,051 997 677 545 1,040 635 1,323 535

Educational services1

....................... 130 102 75 100 69 84 94 277 52

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,227 949 922 578 477 956 541 1,046 483

Leisure and hospitality........................ 1,018 314 547 1,064 490 1,345 1,045 1,989 619

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 121 41 78 165 31 122 172 314 103

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 898 273 469 898 460 1,223 873 1,675 516

Other services.................................. 294 147 194 219 165 436 214 821 117

Government....................................... 701 664 655 344 235 244 336 439 288

Federal1

......................................... 111 114 77 35 46 41 34 39 67

State and local................................. 590 550 578 309 189 203 302 400 220

State and local education.................. 210 194 211 155 111 132 170 170 103

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 380 356 367 154 78 70 132 230 117

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 4.6 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.1 4.9 3.7 7.6 3.1

Total private....................................... 4.9 3.8 4.1 4.2 3.5 5.6 4.1 8.8 3.5

Mining and logging1

............................ 3.8 1.5 1.7 3.7 2.1 2.3 3.3 10.2 4.6

Construction1

................................... 4.8 3.6 4.9 5.2 3.7 9.6 5.1 12.7 4.4

Manufacturing.................................. 3.6 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.8 3.6 2.6 6.6 2.4

Durable goods1

.............................. 3.5 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 7.2 2.4

Nondurable goods1.......................... 3.8 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.8 5.8 3.1 5.8 2.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 4.4 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.2 4.8 4.1 8.0 3.7

Wholesale trade............................. 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.1 2.5 2.6 5.1 3.2

Retail trade................................... 4.6 3.8 4.7 4.9 5.4 5.9 4.9 9.5 3.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 5.0 3.7 3.0 3.9 3.3 4.5 3.7 7.2 4.2

Information1

..................................... 4.3 4.8 2.9 3.7 1.5 2.4 3.2 4.9 2.1

Financial activities.............................. 4.0 2.9 2.9 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.5 3.5 1.9

Finance and insurance..................... 4.0 2.8 3.0 2.2 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 4.1 3.0 2.4 3.6 1.6 3.8 3.7 8.8 2.6

Professional and business services......... 5.6 4.9 4.8 5.3 4.2 4.5 5.3 7.1 4.2

Education and health services............... 5.3 4.6 4.3 2.8 2.5 4.7 2.6 6.1 2.4

Educational services1

....................... 3.4 3.0 2.2 2.7 2.1 2.5 2.5 8.3 1.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 5.7 4.9 4.7 2.8 2.6 5.1 2.7 5.7 2.6

Leisure and hospitality........................ 5.8 3.5 5.3 6.4 5.7 13.7 6.3 23.2 6.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 4.8 3.4 6.3 6.8 2.7 10.4 7.1 27.2 8.8

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 6.0 3.5 5.1 6.4 6.2 14.1 6.2 22.5 6.0

Other services.................................. 4.8 3.1 3.8 3.7 3.6 9.0 3.6 17.9 2.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Government....................................... 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.4

Federal1

......................................... 3.8 3.8 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.3 2.3

State and local................................. 2.9 2.8 3.1 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.5 2.1 1.2

State and local education.................. 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.1

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 3.9 3.8 4.0 1.7 0.9 0.8 1.4 2.6 1.3

1 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data

are identical.

p Preliminary
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Industries are classified in accordance 

with the North American Industry Classification 

System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting Internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future, 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work, and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Excluded from separations are

transfers within the same location; employees on 

strike; employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 

establishments. The sample is stratified by 

ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment 

size class. The establishments are drawn from a 

universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled 

by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) program which includes all employers 

subject to state unemployment insurance laws and 

federal agencies subject to the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio 

adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment 

is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data

elements.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. 

Also within the first year, new businesses may go out 

of business, referred to as a death. Because not all 

births and deaths of establishments can be reflected 

on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS 

sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and 

separations from them during their early existence. 

BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses 

establishment birth and death activity from previous 

years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences as well as sampling and nonsampling 

errors between the two surveys historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust

again.

Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses X-13 ARIMA 

for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal 

adjustment methodology is used in which new 

seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each

month, using all relevant data up to and including 

current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally 

adjusted CES employment trends are applied to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment 

trends (hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the 

seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates. The JOLTS estimates are 

revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES 

employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal 

adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels 

are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and 

the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data 

elements. The seasonally adjusted data are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. These 

annual updates result in revisions to both the 

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series, for the period since the last 

benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual 

level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
annual average employment level, and multiplying 

that quotient by 100. This figure will be 

approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly 

rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates 

are published only for not seasonally adjusted data 

and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job 

openings because job openings are a stock, or pointin-time, measurement for the last business day of 

each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs 

when a sample is surveyed rather than the entire 

population. There is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected.

This variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that 

there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true

population value because of sampling error. 

Sampling error estimates are available at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for 

many reasons including: the failure to include a 

segment of the population; the inability to obtain data 

from all units in the sample; the inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 

timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data; and 

errors from the employment benchmark data used in 

estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total............................................... 7,300 7,012 7,004 6,011 4,996 5,397 4.6 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.7 3.9

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,600 6,231 6,236 5,284 4,332 4,742 4.9 4.6 4.6 3.9 3.8 4.1

Mining and logging3....................... 29 19 26 12 10 11 3.8 2.7 3.4 1.7 1.5 1.7

Construction3

............................... 373 267 296 240 247 365 4.8 3.4 3.7 3.1 3.6 4.9

Manufacturing.............................. 482 408 422 310 315 328 3.6 3.1 3.2 2.4 2.7 2.7

Durable goods3

.......................... 293 256 269 178 170 180 3.5 3.1 3.2 2.2 2.3 2.4

Nondurable goods3

...................... 189 152 153 132 146 148 3.8 3.1 3.1 2.7 3.2 3.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,283 1,214 1,168 1,069 883 987 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.8

Wholesale trade......................... 214 172 183 156 145 144 3.5 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.5

Retail trade............................... 746 759 715 626 521 668 4.6 4.6 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.7

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 323 283 270 286 217 175 5.0 4.3 4.2 4.4 3.7 3.0

Information3................................. 127 152 132 119 132 77 4.3 5.0 4.4 4.0 4.8 2.9

Financial activities......................... 367 427 400 336 251 255 4.0 4.6 4.3 3.7 2.9 2.9

Finance and insurance................. 267 312 306 262 185 201 4.0 4.6 4.5 3.9 2.8 3.0

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 100 115 94 75 66 54 4.1 4.7 3.8 3.1 3.0 2.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,268 1,265 1,357 1,192 982 981 5.6 5.6 5.9 5.3 4.9 4.8

Education and health services........... 1,358 1,294 1,252 1,193 1,051 997 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.3

Educational services3................... 130 133 121 106 102 75 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.7 3.0 2.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,227 1,161 1,131 1,087 949 922 5.7 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,018 919 950 664 314 547 5.8 5.2 5.3 3.9 3.5 5.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 121 148 135 130 41 78 4.8 5.6 5.2 5.1 3.4 6.3

Accommodation and food services. .. 898 771 815 534 273 469 6.0 5.1 5.4 3.7 3.5 5.1

Other services.............................. 294 264 232 147 147 194 4.8 4.3 3.8 2.4 3.1 3.8

Government................................... 701 781 769 727 664 655 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0

Federal3

..................................... 111 113 119 131 114 77 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.3 3.8 2.6

State and local............................. 590 669 649 596 550 578 2.9 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.1

State and local education.............. 210 275 252 215 194 211 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.2

State and local, excluding

education3

............................. 380 393 397 381 356 367 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.0

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 1,251 1,224 1,237 1,102 972 972 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.8

South........................................... 2,720 2,631 2,589 2,251 1,856 2,070 4.7 4.5 4.4 3.9 3.7 4.1

Midwest........................................ 1,663 1,522 1,556 1,286 1,067 1,127 4.8 4.4 4.5 3.8 3.6 3.7

West............................................ 1,666 1,634 1,621 1,373 1,101 1,227 4.5 4.4 4.4 3.7 3.5 3.8

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and all regions’ data in this table have been corrected for the month of January 2020.
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total............................................... 5,687 5,921 5,864 5,111 4,047 6,487 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.1 4.9

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,343 5,541 5,489 4,744 3,812 6,244 4.2 4.3 4.2 3.7 3.5 5.6

Mining and logging......................... 28 20 25 19 13 15 3.7 2.8 3.4 2.7 2.1 2.3

Construction................................ 386 435 390 389 246 673 5.2 5.7 5.1 5.1 3.7 9.6

Manufacturing.............................. 340 311 334 299 326 426 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.8 3.6

Durable goods........................... 191 174 196 159 161 167 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.3 2.3

Nondurable goods....................... 149 137 138 140 166 259 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.8 5.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,169 1,220 1,221 1,137 1,025 1,200 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.8

Wholesale trade......................... 164 138 153 136 117 141 2.8 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.5

Retail trade............................... 766 818 812 764 723 805 4.9 5.2 5.2 4.9 5.4 5.9

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 239 264 256 237 185 254 3.9 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.3 4.5

Information.................................. 106 86 96 74 39 61 3.7 3.0 3.3 2.6 1.5 2.4

Financial activities......................... 222 217 243 218 162 181 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.5 1.9 2.1

Finance and insurance................. 138 142 161 151 129 98 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 84 75 81 67 34 83 3.6 3.2 3.4 2.9 1.6 3.8

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,132 1,163 1,104 1,103 800 867 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.1 4.2 4.5

Education and health services........... 677 753 762 663 545 1,040 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.5 4.7

Educational services.................... 100 109 95 92 69 84 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.5

Health care and social assistance. . .. 578 644 667 571 477 956 2.8 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.6 5.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,064 1,126 1,091 673 490 1,345 6.4 6.7 6.5 4.1 5.7 13.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 165 176 168 127 31 122 6.8 7.1 6.8 5.2 2.7 10.4

Accommodation and food services. .. 898 949 923 546 460 1,223 6.4 6.6 6.4 3.9 6.2 14.1

Other services.............................. 219 210 224 168 165 436 3.7 3.5 3.8 2.8 3.6 9.0

Government................................... 344 381 375 367 235 244 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.2

Federal...................................... 35 45 51 58 46 41 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.4

State and local............................. 309 336 324 309 189 203 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.0 1.1

State and local education.............. 155 173 157 153 111 132 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.4

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 154 163 167 156 78 70 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 0.9 0.8

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 923 948 960 869 534 945 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.2 3.9

South........................................... 2,247 2,343 2,321 1,998 1,584 2,224 4.1 4.2 4.2 3.6 3.3 4.6

Midwest........................................ 1,204 1,186 1,231 1,097 914 1,447 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.2 5.0

West............................................ 1,313 1,444 1,352 1,147 1,015 1,872 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.3 3.3 6.1

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and all regions’ data in this table have been corrected for the month of January 2020.
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total............................................... 5,547 5,713 5,595 14,643 9,975 4,145 3.7 3.8 3.7 9.7 7.6 3.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,211 5,382 5,244 14,243 9,536 3,857 4.1 4.2 4.0 11.1 8.8 3.5

Mining and logging......................... 24 24 20 42 67 29 3.3 3.4 2.8 6.0 10.2 4.6

Construction................................ 380 386 359 756 835 311 5.1 5.1 4.7 9.9 12.7 4.4

Manufacturing.............................. 336 331 318 804 762 284 2.6 2.6 2.5 6.3 6.6 2.4

Durable goods........................... 190 184 183 474 511 173 2.4 2.3 2.3 5.9 7.2 2.4

Nondurable goods....................... 146 147 135 329 251 111 3.1 3.1 2.8 6.9 5.8 2.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,147 1,220 1,221 2,408 1,953 929 4.1 4.4 4.4 8.7 8.0 3.7

Wholesale trade......................... 152 137 155 252 281 179 2.6 2.3 2.6 4.2 5.1 3.2

Retail trade............................... 766 830 812 1,654 1,267 516 4.9 5.3 5.2 10.6 9.5 3.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 229 253 254 502 405 234 3.7 4.1 4.1 8.1 7.2 4.2

Information.................................. 93 75 87 107 128 54 3.2 2.6 3.0 3.7 4.9 2.1

Financial activities......................... 215 217 210 350 299 160 2.5 2.5 2.4 4.0 3.5 1.9

Finance and insurance................. 129 141 150 169 112 104 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.6 1.7 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 86 75 60 181 187 56 3.7 3.2 2.5 7.7 8.8 2.6

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,123 1,151 1,073 1,714 1,359 819 5.3 5.3 5.0 8.0 7.1 4.2

Education and health services........... 635 701 699 1,747 1,323 535 2.6 2.9 2.8 7.1 6.1 2.4

Educational services.................... 94 83 93 327 277 52 2.5 2.2 2.4 8.6 8.3 1.5

Health care and social assistance. . .. 541 617 606 1,420 1,046 483 2.7 3.0 2.9 6.9 5.7 2.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,045 1,090 1,036 5,345 1,989 619 6.3 6.5 6.1 32.7 23.2 6.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 172 172 157 599 314 103 7.1 6.9 6.3 24.5 27.2 8.8

Accommodation and food services. .. 873 918 880 4,746 1,675 516 6.2 6.4 6.1 34.1 22.5 6.0

Other services.............................. 214 187 220 969 821 117 3.6 3.1 3.7 16.4 17.9 2.4

Government................................... 336 331 351 400 439 288 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.4

Federal...................................... 34 48 41 39 39 67 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.3 2.3

State and local............................. 302 283 311 361 400 220 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 1.2

State and local education.............. 170 149 155 180 170 103 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.1

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 132 134 156 181 230 117 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.6 1.3

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 883 913 888 2,807 1,851 704 3.2 3.3 3.2 10.1 7.7 2.9

South........................................... 2,097 2,255 2,097 4,978 3,429 1,704 3.8 4.0 3.8 9.0 7.2 3.5

Midwest........................................ 1,202 1,251 1,293 3,635 2,170 838 3.7 3.8 3.9 11.0 7.6 2.9

West............................................ 1,364 1,293 1,317 3,222 2,525 900 3.9 3.7 3.7 9.1 8.3 2.9

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and all regions’ data in this table have been corrected for the month of January 2020.
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total............................................... 3,486 3,575 3,436 2,789 1,877 2,067 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.4 1.6

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,294 3,399 3,245 2,619 1,731 1,959 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.8

Mining and logging......................... 13 14 12 9 6 8 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.3 0.9 1.3

Construction................................ 163 165 153 130 86 109 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.5

Manufacturing.............................. 203 188 183 150 104 143 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.9 1.2

Durable goods........................... 116 103 107 86 49 87 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.7 1.2

Nondurable goods....................... 87 84 75 64 55 56 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 774 831 794 607 447 510 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.2 1.8 2.1

Wholesale trade......................... 97 86 101 93 52 66 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.6 0.9 1.2

Retail trade............................... 538 597 546 386 305 327 3.4 3.8 3.5 2.5 2.3 2.4

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 139 148 147 129 90 117 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.6 2.1

Information.................................. 51 40 50 35 28 19 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.1 0.8

Financial activities......................... 135 145 123 93 70 88 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.8 1.0

Finance and insurance................. 83 89 88 70 48 70 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.1 0.8 1.1

Real estate and rental and leasing3

... 51 57 35 23 21 19 2.2 2.4 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.9

Professional and business services. . . .. 638 684 628 561 337 398 3.0 3.2 2.9 2.6 1.7 2.1

Education and health services........... 412 476 478 426 356 300 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.3

Educational services.................... 48 55 58 50 43 21 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.6

Health care and social assistance. . .. 364 421 420 376 313 279 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 761 758 699 534 255 342 4.6 4.5 4.2 3.3 3.0 3.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 73 79 77 52 30 29 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.1 2.6 2.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 688 679 622 483 225 313 4.9 4.7 4.3 3.5 3.0 3.6

Other services.............................. 144 98 125 74 44 41 2.4 1.6 2.1 1.3 1.0 0.8

Government................................... 192 176 191 170 146 108 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5

Federal...................................... 15 19 19 17 15 28 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.0

State and local............................. 177 156 172 152 130 80 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.4

State and local education.............. 99 83 90 79 69 43 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 78 73 82 73 62 37 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.4

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 492 493 494 404 275 250 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.0

South........................................... 1,403 1,494 1,347 1,098 791 981 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.7 2.0

Midwest........................................ 788 798 783 654 418 408 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.0 1.5 1.4

West............................................ 803 790 812 633 394 427 2.3 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.3 1.4

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and all regions’ data in this table have been corrected for the month of January 2020.
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total............................................... 1,764 1,749 1,846 11,489 7,708 1,796 1.2 1.1 1.2 7.6 5.9 1.4

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,678 1,659 1,752 11,316 7,481 1,672 1.3 1.3 1.4 8.8 6.9 1.5

Mining and logging......................... 10 9 6 32 59 19 1.4 1.2 0.8 4.5 9.1 2.9

Construction................................ 207 194 202 604 709 192 2.8 2.6 2.6 7.9 10.8 2.7

Manufacturing.............................. 114 115 113 632 635 118 0.9 0.9 0.9 4.9 5.5 1.0

Durable goods........................... 61 64 63 374 447 72 0.8 0.8 0.8 4.7 6.3 1.0

Nondurable goods....................... 53 51 49 257 188 45 1.1 1.1 1.0 5.4 4.3 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 316 325 363 1,730 1,458 382 1.1 1.2 1.3 6.2 6.0 1.5

Wholesale trade3

........................ 45 47 47 154 220 100 0.8 0.8 0.8 2.6 4.0 1.8

Retail trade............................... 196 193 224 1,226 940 182 1.3 1.2 1.4 7.8 7.1 1.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 76 85 91 350 297 100 1.2 1.4 1.5 5.6 5.3 1.8

Information.................................. 37 24 32 64 97 29 1.3 0.8 1.1 2.2 3.7 1.1

Financial activities......................... 56 40 67 228 208 58 0.6 0.5 0.8 2.6 2.4 0.7

Finance and insurance................. 23 31 42 77 53 26 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 33 9 25 151 156 33 1.4 0.4 1.0 6.4 7.3 1.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 441 413 392 1,086 904 352 2.1 1.9 1.8 5.1 4.7 1.8

Education and health services........... 178 160 167 1,274 918 187 0.7 0.7 0.7 5.2 4.2 0.8

Educational services.................... 40 22 30 272 227 23 1.1 0.6 0.8 7.2 6.8 0.7

Health care and social assistance. . .. 138 139 136 1,001 691 164 0.7 0.7 0.7 4.8 3.7 0.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 255 295 318 4,783 1,722 262 1.5 1.8 1.9 29.2 20.1 2.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 96 90 77 545 281 73 4.0 3.6 3.1 22.3 24.3 6.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 159 205 240 4,238 1,441 190 1.1 1.4 1.7 30.4 19.4 2.2

Other services.............................. 65 84 93 884 770 72 1.1 1.4 1.6 15.0 16.8 1.5

Government................................... 86 90 95 173 227 124 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.6

Federal...................................... 7 16 8 9 12 28 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.0

State and local............................. 78 74 86 164 215 97 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.1 0.5

State and local education.............. 47 41 42 79 78 38 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 31 33 44 85 137 59 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.5 0.7

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 335 356 348 2,348 1,509 395 1.2 1.3 1.2 8.4 6.3 1.6

South........................................... 579 604 624 3,747 2,510 620 1.0 1.1 1.1 6.7 5.3 1.3

Midwest........................................ 352 384 440 2,898 1,650 380 1.1 1.2 1.3 8.8 5.8 1.3

West............................................ 498 405 435 2,496 2,039 401 1.4 1.1 1.2 7.1 6.7 1.3

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and all regions’ data in this table have been corrected for the month of January 2020.
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total............................................... 297 389 313 366 390 282 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 239 323 247 308 324 226 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 1 2 2 2 2 2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4

Construction3

............................... 10 27 5 22 40 10 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 19 28 23 22 23 24 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods........................... 13 16 13 14 14 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods3

...................... 6 12 10 9 8 10 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 56 64 64 71 48 37 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 10 5 6 5 9 12 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Retail trade............................... 33 40 42 42 21 8 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 14 19 16 24 18 17 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3

Information3................................. 5 11 5 8 3 5 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2

Financial activities......................... 24 31 19 30 21 14 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Finance and insurance................. 22 22 19 22 11 9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing3

... 2 9 1 7 10 5 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 44 54 53 67 119 69 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.4

Education and health services........... 46 65 55 47 50 48 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Educational services.................... 6 7 4 4 7 8 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Health care and social assistance3

. .. 40 58 51 43 43 40 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 29 37 19 28 12 15 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation3

... 3 3 2 2 3 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1

Accommodation and food services3... 26 34 17 26 9 14 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

Other services3............................. 5 5 2 11 7 4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1

Government................................... 58 65 66 58 66 55 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 11 13 14 12 11 11 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

State and local............................. 47 53 52 46 55 44 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

State and local education.............. 24 25 23 22 23 22 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 23 28 29 24 31 22 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 56 65 46 56 68 58 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

South........................................... 116 157 126 133 129 103 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Midwest........................................ 62 70 70 83 102 50 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2

West............................................ 64 97 71 93 92 71 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and all regions’ data in this table have been corrected for the month of January 2020.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total..................................................................... 7,245 5,305 5,266 4.6 3.9 3.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,545 4,658 4,621 4.9 4.1 4.0

Mining and logging............................................... 29 10 11 3.8 1.5 1.7

Construction....................................................... 373 247 365 4.7 3.7 4.9

Manufacturing..................................................... 482 315 328 3.6 2.7 2.7

Durable goods.................................................. 293 170 180 3.5 2.3 2.4

Nondurable goods............................................. 189 146 148 3.8 3.3 3.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,249 824 937 4.3 3.3 3.6

Wholesale trade................................................ 214 157 139 3.5 2.8 2.4

Retail trade..................................................... 713 450 623 4.4 3.3 4.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 323 217 175 5.0 3.8 3.0

Information........................................................ 127 132 77 4.3 4.8 2.9

Financial activities................................................ 348 275 224 3.8 3.1 2.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 248 210 171 3.7 3.2 2.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 100 66 54 4.1 3.0 2.4

Professional and business services............................ 1,269 1,027 947 5.6 5.1 4.7

Education and health services.................................. 1,319 1,168 935 5.2 5.0 4.0

Educational services.......................................... 130 102 75 3.3 2.8 2.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,188 1,066 859 5.5 5.4 4.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,073 497 599 6.0 5.5 5.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 144 85 97 5.4 7.0 7.4

Accommodation and food services.......................... 929 412 502 6.1 5.3 5.4

Other services.................................................... 276 162 198 4.5 3.4 3.9

Government.......................................................... 700 647 645 3.0 2.8 2.9

Federal............................................................. 111 114 77 3.8 3.8 2.6

State and local.................................................... 589 533 568 2.9 2.7 3.0

State and local education..................................... 209 177 201 1.9 1.7 2.0

State and local, excluding education........................ 380 356 367 3.9 3.8 4.0

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,249 997 943 4.3 4.0 3.7

South................................................................. 2,673 1,994 2,023 4.6 4.0 4.0

Midwest............................................................... 1,694 1,114 1,117 4.9 3.8 3.7

West.................................................................. 1,628 1,200 1,183 4.4 3.8 3.7

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total..................................................................... 6,318 4,320 7,052 4.2 3.3 5.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,949 4,165 6,791 4.6 3.8 6.1

Mining and logging............................................... 29 17 16 3.9 2.6 2.5

Construction....................................................... 488 380 769 6.5 5.9 10.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 377 331 462 2.9 2.9 4.0

Durable goods.................................................. 218 160 192 2.7 2.3 2.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 159 171 269 3.3 4.0 6.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,213 967 1,257 4.4 4.0 5.1

Wholesale trade................................................ 163 118 142 2.8 2.1 2.6

Retail trade..................................................... 828 697 879 5.3 5.3 6.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 221 152 235 3.6 2.7 4.2

Information........................................................ 114 37 65 4.0 1.4 2.5

Financial activities................................................ 250 174 206 2.9 2.0 2.4

Finance and insurance........................................ 154 123 109 2.4 1.9 1.7

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 96 51 96 4.2 2.4 4.5

Professional and business services............................ 1,205 918 935 5.7 4.8 4.8

Education and health services.................................. 642 535 1,008 2.7 2.4 4.5

Educational services.......................................... 79 44 60 2.1 1.2 1.8

Health care and social assistance........................... 563 491 947 2.8 2.7 5.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,344 622 1,575 8.0 7.3 15.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 266 46 188 10.7 4.1 15.6

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,078 576 1,386 7.5 7.8 15.8

Other services.................................................... 287 185 500 4.9 4.1 10.3

Government.......................................................... 369 156 261 1.6 0.7 1.2

Federal............................................................. 40 45 46 1.4 1.6 1.6

State and local.................................................... 329 110 215 1.6 0.6 1.2

State and local education..................................... 103 30 71 1.0 0.3 0.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 226 81 144 2.4 0.9 1.6

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,085 614 1,112 3.9 2.6 4.5

South................................................................. 2,390 1,625 2,297 4.3 3.4 4.7

Midwest............................................................... 1,440 1,009 1,692 4.4 3.5 5.8

West.................................................................. 1,403 1,072 1,950 4.0 3.6 6.3

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total..................................................................... 5,602 9,670 4,041 3.7 7.4 3.0

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,199 9,345 3,694 4.1 8.6 3.3

Mining and logging............................................... 23 66 26 3.1 10.3 4.2

Construction....................................................... 363 800 277 4.8 12.3 3.9

Manufacturing..................................................... 343 763 282 2.7 6.7 2.4

Durable goods.................................................. 191 518 172 2.4 7.3 2.4

Nondurable goods............................................. 151 245 110 3.2 5.7 2.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,119 1,865 889 4.1 7.7 3.6

Wholesale trade................................................ 147 287 173 2.5 5.2 3.1

Retail trade..................................................... 770 1,202 500 5.0 9.1 3.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 201 376 216 3.3 6.8 3.9

Information........................................................ 91 126 50 3.2 4.8 1.9

Financial activities................................................ 212 304 152 2.4 3.6 1.8

Finance and insurance........................................ 127 117 95 2.0 1.8 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 85 187 57 3.7 8.9 2.6

Professional and business services............................ 1,150 1,375 850 5.4 7.2 4.4

Education and health services.................................. 668 1,280 551 2.8 5.8 2.5

Educational services.......................................... 127 247 78 3.4 7.1 2.3

Health care and social assistance........................... 541 1,032 473 2.7 5.6 2.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,015 1,954 504 6.0 22.9 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 129 294 50 5.2 26.1 4.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 885 1,660 454 6.2 22.5 5.2

Other services.................................................... 216 811 114 3.7 17.7 2.3

Government.......................................................... 403 325 348 1.8 1.5 1.6

Federal............................................................. 29 33 63 1.0 1.2 2.2

State and local.................................................... 374 292 285 1.9 1.5 1.5

State and local education..................................... 248 96 178 2.3 0.9 1.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 125 196 107 1.4 2.2 1.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 817 1,771 628 3.0 7.4 2.6

South................................................................. 2,202 3,330 1,699 4.0 7.0 3.5

Midwest............................................................... 1,203 2,067 826 3.7 7.3 2.8

West.................................................................. 1,380 2,502 889 3.9 8.3 2.9

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total..................................................................... 3,613 1,744 2,082 2.4 1.3 1.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,373 1,650 1,927 2.6 1.5 1.7

Mining and logging............................................... 14 6 8 1.9 1.0 1.2

Construction....................................................... 159 77 92 2.1 1.2 1.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 217 109 146 1.7 1.0 1.2

Durable goods.................................................. 122 59 89 1.5 0.8 1.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 95 50 57 2.0 1.2 1.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 798 417 517 2.9 1.7 2.1

Wholesale trade................................................ 97 58 64 1.6 1.1 1.1

Retail trade..................................................... 571 267 347 3.7 2.0 2.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 129 92 106 2.1 1.6 1.9

Information........................................................ 53 26 20 1.9 1.0 0.8

Financial activities................................................ 137 67 90 1.6 0.8 1.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 86 46 71 1.3 0.7 1.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 51 21 19 2.2 1.0 0.9

Professional and business services............................ 647 341 412 3.0 1.8 2.1

Education and health services.................................. 415 331 280 1.7 1.5 1.3

Educational services.......................................... 51 28 22 1.3 0.8 0.7

Health care and social assistance........................... 364 304 257 1.8 1.6 1.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 785 236 322 4.7 2.8 3.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 66 11 15 2.6 1.0 1.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 719 225 308 5.0 3.0 3.5

Other services.................................................... 149 40 40 2.5 0.9 0.8

Government.......................................................... 240 94 155 1.0 0.4 0.7

Federal............................................................. 15 14 27 0.5 0.5 1.0

State and local.................................................... 225 80 127 1.1 0.4 0.7

State and local education..................................... 138 27 81 1.3 0.3 0.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 87 53 47 0.9 0.6 0.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 503 240 243 1.8 1.0 1.0

South................................................................. 1,458 737 957 2.6 1.5 2.0

Midwest............................................................... 830 381 443 2.5 1.3 1.5

West.................................................................. 822 386 438 2.3 1.3 1.4

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total..................................................................... 1,689 7,560 1,670 1.1 5.8 1.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 1,588 7,381 1,535 1.2 6.8 1.4

Mining and logging............................................... 8 58 16 1.1 9.1 2.6

Construction....................................................... 193 683 174 2.6 10.5 2.4

Manufacturing..................................................... 107 631 114 0.8 5.5 1.0

Durable goods.................................................. 57 444 70 0.7 6.2 1.0

Nondurable goods............................................. 50 187 43 1.1 4.3 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 262 1,404 330 1.0 5.8 1.3

Wholesale trade................................................ 45 220 100 0.8 4.0 1.8

Retail trade..................................................... 160 918 137 1.0 7.0 1.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 58 267 93 0.9 4.8 1.7

Information........................................................ 33 97 25 1.2 3.7 1.0

Financial activities................................................ 50 214 51 0.6 2.5 0.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 18 58 17 0.3 0.9 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 31 156 33 1.4 7.4 1.5

Professional and business services............................ 464 923 369 2.2 4.8 1.9

Education and health services.................................. 206 900 221 0.9 4.1 1.0

Educational services.......................................... 69 214 46 1.8 6.1 1.4

Health care and social assistance........................... 137 686 175 0.7 3.7 0.9

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 201 1,706 167 1.2 20.0 1.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 60 280 34 2.4 24.8 2.8

Accommodation and food services.......................... 141 1,426 132 1.0 19.3 1.5

Other services.................................................... 63 764 70 1.1 16.7 1.4

Government.......................................................... 101 179 135 0.4 0.8 0.6

Federal............................................................. 5 9 26 0.2 0.3 0.9

State and local.................................................... 96 169 109 0.5 0.9 0.6

State and local education..................................... 79 55 67 0.7 0.5 0.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 18 114 42 0.2 1.3 0.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 264 1,463 330 1.0 6.1 1.3

South................................................................. 623 2,478 635 1.1 5.2 1.3

Midwest............................................................... 307 1,593 326 0.9 5.6 1.1

West.................................................................. 495 2,026 380 1.4 6.7 1.2

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

May

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020p

Total..................................................................... 299 366 289 0.2 0.3 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 237 314 231 0.2 0.3 0.2

Mining and logging............................................... 1 2 2 0.1 0.2 0.4

Construction....................................................... 10 40 10 0.1 0.6 0.1

Manufacturing..................................................... 19 24 23 0.1 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 12 15 13 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 6 8 10 0.1 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 58 44 42 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 5 9 9 0.1 0.2 0.2

Retail trade..................................................... 39 17 16 0.3 0.1 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 14 18 17 0.2 0.3 0.3

Information........................................................ 5 3 5 0.2 0.1 0.2

Financial activities................................................ 25 23 11 0.3 0.3 0.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 23 13 7 0.4 0.2 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 2 10 5 0.1 0.5 0.2

Professional and business services............................ 38 111 69 0.2 0.6 0.4

Education and health services.................................. 47 48 50 0.2 0.2 0.2

Educational services.......................................... 7 6 10 0.2 0.2 0.3

Health care and social assistance........................... 40 43 40 0.2 0.2 0.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 29 12 15 0.2 0.1 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 3 3 1 0.1 0.3 0.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 26 9 14 0.2 0.1 0.2

Other services.................................................... 5 7 4 0.1 0.2 0.1

Government.......................................................... 62 52 58 0.3 0.2 0.3

Federal............................................................. 10 10 10 0.4 0.3 0.3

State and local.................................................... 52 42 48 0.3 0.2 0.3

State and local education..................................... 32 13 30 0.3 0.1 0.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 21 29 19 0.2 0.3 0.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 50 68 55 0.2 0.3 0.2

South................................................................. 120 114 107 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 66 93 57 0.2 0.3 0.2

West.................................................................. 63 90 70 0.2 0.3 0.2

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.