Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-24-0006 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, January 5, 2024

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — DECEMBER 2023 

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 216,000 in December, and the unemployment rate

was unchanged at 3.7 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment 

continued to trend up in government, health care, social assistance, and construction, while 

transportation and warehousing lost jobs. 

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal adjustment factors, 

a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted estimates back to January 2019 

were subject to revision. The unemployment rates for January 2023 through November 2023 (as 

originally published and as revised) appear in table A on page 5, along with additional information about 

the revisions.

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

December 2021 – December 2023

Percent Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, December 2021 – December 2023

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Dec-22 Mar-23 Jun-23 Sep-23 Dec-23

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Dec-22 Mar-23 Jun-23 Sep-23 Dec-23
 

-2-

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate held at 3.7 percent in December, and the number of unemployed persons was 

essentially unchanged at 6.3 million. These measures are higher than a year earlier, when the jobless rate 

was 3.5 percent and the number of unemployed persons was 5.7 million. (See table A-1.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.5 percent), adult women 

(3.3 percent), teenagers (11.9 percent), Whites (3.5 percent), Blacks (5.2 percent), Asians (3.1 percent), 

and Hispanics (5.0 percent) showed little change in December. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.2 million, was little 

changed in December and over the year. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.7 percent of all 

unemployed persons in December. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate, at 62.5 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 60.1 

percent, both decreased by 0.3 percentage point in December. These measures showed little or no 

change over the year. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.2 million, changed little in 

December but was up by 333,000 over the year. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time 

employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find 

full-time jobs. (See table A-8.) 

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job edged up to 5.7 million in 

December and was up by 514,000 over the year. These individuals were not counted as unemployed 

because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were 

unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to

the labor force changed little at 1.6 million in December but was up by 306,000 over the year. These 

individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 

months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged 

workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, at 

346,000, was little changed in December and over the year. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 216,000 in December. Employment continued to 

trend up in government, health care, social assistance, and construction, while transportation and 

warehousing lost jobs. Payroll employment rose by 2.7 million in 2023 (an average monthly gain of 

225,000), less than the increase of 4.8 million in 2022 (an average monthly gain of 399,000). (See table 

B-1.) 
 

-3-

Government employment increased by 52,000 in December. Employment continued to trend up in local 

government (+37,000) and federal government (+7,000). Government added an average of 56,000 jobs 

per month in 2023, more than double the average monthly gain of 23,000 in 2022. 

In December, health care added 38,000 jobs. Employment continued to trend up in ambulatory health 

care services (+19,000) and hospitals (+15,000). Job growth in health care averaged 55,000 per month in 

2023, compared with the 2022 average monthly gain of 46,000. 

Employment in social assistance rose by 21,000 in December, mostly in individual and family services 

(+17,000). Social assistance employment rose by an average of 22,000 per month in 2023, little different 

than the average increase of 19,000 per month in 2022. 

In December, construction employment continued to trend up (+17,000). Employment in nonresidential 

building construction increased by 8,000. Construction added an average of 16,000 jobs per month in 

2023, little different than the 2022 average monthly gain of 22,000. 

Employment in transportation and warehousing declined by 23,000 in December. Couriers and 

messengers lost 32,000 jobs, while air transportation added 4,000 jobs. Since reaching a peak in October 

2022, employment in transportation and warehousing has decreased by 100,000. 

Employment in leisure and hospitality changed little in December (+40,000). The industry added an 

average of 39,000 jobs per month in 2023, less than half the average gain of 88,000 jobs per month in 

2022. Employment in the industry is below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by 163,000, or 1.0 

percent. 

Retail trade employment changed little in December (+17,000). Over the month, employment increased 

in warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers (+14,000); building material 

and garden equipment and supplies dealers (+8,000); and automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers 

(+4,000). These job gains were partially offset by a job loss in department stores (-13,000). Retail trade 

employment has shown little change, on net, since recovering in early 2022 from pandemic-related 

losses. 

In December, employment in professional and business services changed little (+13,000). Employment 

in professional, scientific, and technical services continued to trend up (+25,000); this industry added an 

average of 22,000 jobs per month in 2023, about half the average monthly gain of 41,000 in 2022. In 

December, employment in temporary help services continued its downward trend (-33,000) and has 

fallen by 346,000 since reaching a peak in March 2022. Overall, employment in professional and 

business services changed little in 2023. 

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining, 

quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; information; financial 

activities; and other services.

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 15 cents, 

or 0.4 percent, to $34.27. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.1 

percent. In December, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory 

employees rose by 10 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $29.42. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 
 

-4-

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 34.3 

hours in December. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at 39.8 hours, and 

overtime remained at 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory

employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised down by 45,000, from 

+150,000 to +105,000, and the change for November was revised down by 26,000, from +199,000 to 

+173,000. With these revisions, employment in October and November combined is 71,000 lower than 

previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and 

government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 2, 2024, at 

8:30 a.m. (ET).

Upcoming Changes to Household Survey Data 

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2024 on February 2, 2024, new 

population controls will be used in the household survey estimation process. These new controls reflect 

the annual update of population estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau. In accordance with usual practice, 

historical data will not be revised to incorporate the new controls. Consequently, household survey data 

for January 2024 will not be directly comparable with data for December 2023 or earlier periods. A table 

showing the effects of the new controls on the major labor force series will be included in The 

Employment Situation for January 2024. 

Upcoming Changes to Establishment Survey Data

 

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2024 on February 2, 2024, nonfarm

payroll employment, hours, and earnings data from the establishment survey will be revised to reflect 

the annual benchmark process and updated seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data 

beginning with April 2022 and seasonally adjusted data beginning with January 2019 are subject to 

revision. Consistent with standard practice, additional historical data may be revised as a result of the 

benchmark process.
 

-5-

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

At the end of each calendar year, BLS updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the national labor 

force series derived from the household survey. As a result of this process, seasonally adjusted data for 

January 2019 through November 2023 were subject to revision. (Not seasonally adjusted data were not 

subject to revision.) 

 

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2023 through November 2023, as first published and 

as revised. The rate changed by one-tenth of a percentage point in 1 of the 11 months and was 

unchanged in the remaining 10 months. Table B shows revised seasonally adjusted data for major labor 

force series back to December 2022. 

More information on this year’s revisions to seasonally adjusted household series is available at 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf. Detailed information on the seasonal 

adjustment methodology is found at www.bls.gov/cps/seasonal-adjustment-methodology.htm. 

Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables (A-1 through A-16) of this news 

release, including the revised seasonally adjusted data, can be accessed at 

www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Additional revised historical seasonally adjusted data are available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/. 

Month As First Published As Revised Change

January........................... 3.4 3.4 0.0

February......................... 3.6 3.6 0.0

March............................. 3.5 3.5 0.0

April................................ 3.4 3.4 0.0

May................................. 3.7 3.7 0.0

June................................. 3.6 3.6 0.0

July................................. 3.5 3.5 0.0

August............................. 3.8 3.8 0.0

September....................... 3.8 3.8 0.0

October........................... 3.9 3.8 -0.1

November....................... 3.7 3.7 0.0

Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2023 and changes due to revision 

January - November 2023
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

2022 2023

Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . . . 264,844 265,962 266,112 266,272 266,443 266,618 266,801 267,002 267,213 267,428 267,642 267,822 267,991

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,998 165,871 166,263 166,690 166,678 166,823 167,000 167,113 167,840 167,897 167,723 168,127 167,451

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 62.4 62.5 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.8 62.8 62.7 62.8 62.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,300 160,152 160,301 160,824 160,962 160,707 161,004 161,209 161,500 161,550 161,280 161,866 161,183

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 60.1 60.2 60.2 60.4 60.4 60.3 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.3 60.4 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,698 5,719 5,962 5,866 5,715 6,117 5,997 5,904 6,340 6,347 6,443 6,262 6,268

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 120,360 121,283 121,346 121,415 121,488 121,565 121,646 121,735 121,832 121,931 122,029 122,111 122,187

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,702 85,039 85,145 85,565 85,393 85,481 85,776 85,770 85,951 86,124 85,687 86,256 86,007

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 70.1 70.2 70.5 70.3 70.3 70.5 70.5 70.5 70.6 70.2 70.6 70.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,051 82,281 82,340 82,688 82,596 82,520 82,836 82,896 82,800 82,853 82,526 83,084 82,958

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 68.2 67.8 67.9 68.1 68.0 67.9 68.1 68.1 68.0 68.0 67.6 68.0 67.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,651 2,759 2,805 2,877 2,797 2,962 2,941 2,874 3,151 3,271 3,161 3,172 3,050

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 127,345 127,546 127,613 127,684 127,761 127,845 127,932 128,028 128,132 128,237 128,342 128,430 128,513

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,951 74,472 74,703 74,723 74,920 75,030 74,963 75,167 75,514 75,453 75,487 75,399 75,047

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.1 58.4 58.5 58.5 58.6 58.7 58.6 58.7 58.9 58.8 58.8 58.7 58.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,570 72,176 72,257 72,368 72,597 72,527 72,605 72,837 73,107 73,119 73,066 73,049 72,587

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 56.2 56.6 56.6 56.7 56.8 56.7 56.8 56.9 57.1 57.0 56.9 56.9 56.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,382 2,295 2,446 2,355 2,324 2,503 2,358 2,330 2,407 2,333 2,421 2,350 2,460

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 17,139 17,133 17,153 17,173 17,194 17,208 17,223 17,239 17,249 17,260 17,270 17,281 17,291

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,345 6,360 6,415 6,402 6,365 6,312 6,261 6,176 6,374 6,321 6,549 6,472 6,396

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.0 37.1 37.4 37.3 37.0 36.7 36.4 35.8 37.0 36.6 37.9 37.5 37.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,680 5,695 5,704 5,767 5,770 5,660 5,563 5,476 5,593 5,578 5,688 5,733 5,638

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.6 33.6 32.9 32.3 31.8 32.4 32.3 32.9 33.2 32.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 665 711 635 595 652 698 699 781 743 861 739 758

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 10.5 11.1 9.9 9.3 10.3 11.2 11.3 12.3 11.8 13.1 11.4 11.9

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Change from:

Nov. 2023-

Dec. 2023

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 264,844 267,642 267,822 267,991 169

Civilian labor force........................................................... 164,998 167,723 168,127 167,451 -676

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.3 62.7 62.8 62.5 -0.3

Employed................................................................... 159,300 161,280 161,866 161,183 -683

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.1 60.3 60.4 60.1 -0.3

Unemployed............................................................... 5,698 6,443 6,262 6,268 6

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.7 0.0

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,846 99,919 99,695 100,540 845

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.7 0.0

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.1 3.7 3.7 3.5 -0.2

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 10.5 13.1 11.4 11.9 0.5

White.......................................................................... 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.5 0.2

Black or African American.................................................. 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.2 -0.6

Asian.......................................................................... 2.4 3.1 3.5 3.1 -0.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.2 4.8 4.6 5.0 0.4

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.2 0.1

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.0 5.8 6.3 6.0 -0.3

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.2 0.1

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.1 0.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 0.0

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,596 3,120 3,058 3,058 0

Job leavers...................................................................... 824 801 821 833 12

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,786 1,869 1,771 1,741 -30

New entrants.................................................................... 502 603 582 609 27

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,218 2,269 2,069 2,191 122

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,645 1,836 2,060 1,791 -269

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 792 1,079 931 1,104 173

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,106 1,291 1,220 1,245 25

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 3,878 4,284 3,994 4,211 217

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,643 2,985 2,790 2,960 170

Could only find part-time work............................................. 916 1,000 934 964 30

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,537 21,576 21,879 22,458 579

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,256 1,416 1,583 1,562 -21

Discouraged workers........................................................ 417 419 425 346 -79

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 105 173 216

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 44 136 164

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 -12 30 22

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -1 -2 -1

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 27 6 17

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -38 26 6

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 -37 34 8

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 -31.8 31.3 -2.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -17 -1 -8 -2

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 56 106 142

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 8.1 4.5 5.5

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.7 16.5 -24.4 17.4

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 -28.4 -5.0 -22.6

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.7 1.8 0.0 -0.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -9 -12 15 14

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -8 1 2

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 -26 -19 13

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -55.0 -42.1 -22.1 -33.3

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 84 109 74

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.1 67.1 96.0 58.9

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 25 12 40

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 -5 13 -1

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 61 37 52

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 177 180 165

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 119 126 115

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.9 49.9 49.9

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.3 81.4 81.4 81.5

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.3 34.4 34.3

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32.92 $34.00 $34.12 $34.27

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,132.45 $1,166.20 $1,173.73 $1,175.46

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.2 115.3 115.8 115.6

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.1 -0.3 0.4 -0.2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.7 187.5 188.9 189.4

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.3

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.0 56.4 56.6 59.6

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.8 43.1 48.6 47.9

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 666,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,844 267,822 267,991 264,844 267,213 267,428 267,642 267,822 267,991

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,224 167,977 166,661 164,998 167,840 167,897 167,723 168,127 167,451

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 62.7 62.2 62.3 62.8 62.8 62.7 62.8 62.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,872 162,149 160,754 159,300 161,500 161,550 161,280 161,866 161,183

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 60.5 60.0 60.1 60.4 60.4 60.3 60.4 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,352 5,827 5,907 5,698 6,340 6,347 6,443 6,262 6,268

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,621 99,845 101,330 99,846 99,374 99,531 99,919 99,695 100,540

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,948 5,006 5,465 5,157 5,374 5,424 5,376 5,343 5,671

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,050 130,903 130,985 129,050 130,608 130,713 130,816 130,903 130,985

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,251 89,258 88,610 87,875 89,114 89,335 88,968 89,555 89,250

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.6 68.2 67.6 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.0 68.4 68.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,304 85,910 85,198 84,897 85,527 85,657 85,327 85,981 85,794

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 65.6 65.0 65.8 65.5 65.5 65.2 65.7 65.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,947 3,347 3,412 2,978 3,587 3,678 3,641 3,574 3,456

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.4 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,799 41,646 42,375 41,175 41,494 41,378 41,848 41,348 41,735

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,360 122,111 122,187 120,360 121,832 121,931 122,029 122,111 122,187

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,262 86,094 85,564 84,702 85,951 86,124 85,687 86,256 86,007

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 70.5 70.0 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.2 70.6 70.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,589 83,128 82,493 82,051 82,800 82,853 82,526 83,084 82,958

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.8 68.1 67.5 68.2 68.0 68.0 67.6 68.0 67.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,673 2,966 3,071 2,651 3,151 3,271 3,161 3,172 3,050

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,098 36,017 36,623 35,658 35,881 35,807 36,343 35,854 36,180

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,795 136,919 137,006 135,795 136,605 136,715 136,826 136,919 137,006

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,973 78,719 78,051 77,123 78,726 78,562 78,755 78,572 78,201

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 57.5 57.0 56.8 57.6 57.5 57.6 57.4 57.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,568 76,239 75,556 74,404 75,973 75,893 75,953 75,885 75,389

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.9 55.7 55.1 54.8 55.6 55.5 55.5 55.4 55.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,405 2,480 2,495 2,720 2,752 2,669 2,801 2,688 2,811

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,821 58,199 58,955 58,671 57,879 58,153 58,071 58,346 58,805

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,345 128,430 128,513 127,345 128,132 128,237 128,342 128,430 128,513

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,981 75,681 75,079 73,951 75,514 75,453 75,487 75,399 75,047

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.1 58.9 58.4 58.1 58.9 58.8 58.8 58.7 58.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,843 73,504 72,862 71,570 73,107 73,119 73,066 73,049 72,587

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 57.2 56.7 56.2 57.1 57.0 56.9 56.9 56.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,138 2,177 2,217 2,382 2,407 2,333 2,421 2,350 2,460

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,365 52,749 53,434 53,394 52,618 52,784 52,856 53,031 53,466

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,139 17,281 17,291 17,139 17,249 17,260 17,270 17,281 17,291

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,981 6,202 6,018 6,345 6,374 6,321 6,549 6,472 6,396

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.9 35.9 34.8 37.0 37.0 36.6 37.9 37.5 37.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,439 5,517 5,399 5,680 5,593 5,578 5,688 5,733 5,638

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 31.9 31.2 33.1 32.4 32.3 32.9 33.2 32.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 685 619 665 781 743 861 739 758

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 11.0 10.3 10.5 12.3 11.8 13.1 11.4 11.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,158 11,079 11,273 10,794 10,875 10,939 10,721 10,809 10,895

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,684 204,949 205,022 203,684 204,645 204,756 204,867 204,949 205,022

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,934 127,720 126,748 126,392 127,931 127,755 127,612 127,773 127,226

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 62.3 61.8 62.1 62.5 62.4 62.3 62.3 62.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,301 123,849 122,552 122,549 123,543 123,403 123,198 123,550 122,802

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 60.4 59.8 60.2 60.4 60.3 60.1 60.3 59.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,633 3,871 4,196 3,843 4,387 4,352 4,414 4,223 4,424

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,750 77,229 78,274 77,292 76,714 77,001 77,255 77,177 77,796

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,789 66,627 66,172 66,020 66,535 66,615 66,363 66,695 66,405

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 70.2 69.7 70.3 70.2 70.3 70.0 70.3 70.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,876 64,660 63,912 64,171 64,307 64,313 64,148 64,559 64,208

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 68.2 67.3 68.3 67.9 67.9 67.6 68.1 67.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,912 1,967 2,260 1,849 2,228 2,302 2,215 2,136 2,197

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.0 3.4 2.8 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,533 56,373 55,902 55,474 56,422 56,349 56,209 56,130 55,844

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 57.8 57.3 57.1 57.9 57.8 57.6 57.5 57.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,181 54,995 54,419 53,935 54,803 54,767 54,621 54,609 54,175

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.7 56.4 55.8 55.5 56.3 56.2 56.0 56.0 55.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,353 1,378 1,483 1,540 1,619 1,583 1,588 1,521 1,669

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,612 4,720 4,674 4,897 4,973 4,790 5,040 4,947 4,976

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.8 37.7 37.3 39.1 39.7 38.2 40.2 39.5 39.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,244 4,194 4,221 4,443 4,433 4,323 4,430 4,382 4,418

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 33.5 33.7 35.5 35.4 34.5 35.4 35.0 35.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 526 453 454 540 467 611 565 558

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 11.1 9.7 9.3 10.9 9.8 12.1 11.4 11.2

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,301 34,821 34,853 34,301 34,714 34,751 34,788 34,821 34,853

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,278 22,149 21,955 21,424 21,782 21,900 21,902 22,171 22,094

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 63.6 63.0 62.5 62.7 63.0 63.0 63.7 63.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,146 20,924 20,896 20,199 20,626 20,650 20,636 20,886 20,952

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.7 60.1 60.0 58.9 59.4 59.4 59.3 60.0 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,132 1,225 1,059 1,225 1,155 1,251 1,266 1,285 1,143

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.5 4.8 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,023 12,672 12,898 12,877 12,933 12,851 12,886 12,650 12,759

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,886 10,279 10,229 9,950 10,155 10,201 10,048 10,299 10,294

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.8 69.1 68.7 68.2 68.5 68.8 67.7 69.3 69.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,399 9,651 9,771 9,449 9,640 9,631 9,520 9,648 9,821

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 64.9 65.7 64.8 65.0 64.9 64.1 64.9 66.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 628 459 502 516 570 528 651 473

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 6.1 4.5 5.0 5.1 5.6 5.3 6.3 4.6

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,631 11,086 10,964 10,687 10,880 10,890 11,065 11,067 11,014

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 63.7 63.0 62.1 62.7 62.7 63.6 63.6 63.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,100 10,575 10,483 10,104 10,367 10,403 10,475 10,533 10,486

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.7 60.8 60.2 58.7 59.8 59.9 60.3 60.5 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 511 481 583 513 487 590 534 528

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.6 4.4 5.5 4.7 4.5 5.3 4.8 4.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 784 762 787 746 809 789 805 786

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.4 30.7 29.8 31.5 29.3 31.7 30.9 31.5 30.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646 698 643 647 619 615 642 705 644

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 27.3 25.1 25.9 24.3 24.2 25.1 27.6 25.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 85 120 140 126 193 147 100 142

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 10.9 15.7 17.7 16.9 23.9 18.7 12.4 18.0

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,005 17,769 17,896 17,005 17,515 17,633 17,593 17,769 17,896

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,890 11,494 11,384 10,940 11,487 11,587 11,490 11,548 11,436

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.0 64.7 63.6 64.3 65.6 65.7 65.3 65.0 63.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,650 11,096 11,054 10,677 11,125 11,255 11,134 11,144 11,084

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 62.4 61.8 62.8 63.5 63.8 63.3 62.7 61.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 398 330 263 362 332 356 404 353

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 3.5 2.9 2.4 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,115 6,275 6,511 6,065 6,028 6,047 6,103 6,221 6,459

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 46,624 47,974 48,068 46,624 47,671 47,774 47,877 47,974 48,068

Civilian labor force................................ 30,872 32,202 31,996 30,944 32,009 32,115 32,056 32,101 32,081

Participation rate............................... 66.2 67.1 66.6 66.4 67.1 67.2 67.0 66.9 66.7

Employed....................................... 29,594 30,822 30,418 29,642 30,451 30,637 30,525 30,636 30,480

Employment-population ratio............... 63.5 64.2 63.3 63.6 63.9 64.1 63.8 63.9 63.4

Unemployed.................................... 1,278 1,379 1,578 1,303 1,558 1,478 1,531 1,465 1,602

Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 4.3 4.9 4.2 4.9 4.6 4.8 4.6 5.0

Not in labor force................................. 15,752 15,772 16,072 15,680 15,662 15,659 15,822 15,873 15,986

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,691 17,271 17,199 16,753 17,172 17,256 17,128 17,267 17,261

Participation rate............................... 79.0 79.2 78.8 79.3 79.3 79.5 78.7 79.2 79.1

Employed....................................... 15,958 16,597 16,340 16,055 16,436 16,520 16,409 16,537 16,438

Employment-population ratio............... 75.6 76.2 74.8 76.0 75.9 76.1 75.4 75.9 75.3

Unemployed.................................... 734 674 860 699 736 736 719 729 824

Unemployment rate......................... 4.4 3.9 5.0 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.8

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,837 13,368 13,367 12,805 13,363 13,355 13,265 13,260 13,346

Participation rate............................... 60.6 61.5 61.3 60.4 61.8 61.7 61.1 61.0 61.3

Employed....................................... 12,385 12,866 12,790 12,328 12,776 12,785 12,727 12,737 12,746

Employment-population ratio............... 58.5 59.2 58.7 58.2 59.1 59.0 58.6 58.6 58.5

Unemployed.................................... 453 502 577 477 587 570 537 523 601

Unemployment rate......................... 3.5 3.8 4.3 3.7 4.4 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.5

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,343 1,562 1,430 1,386 1,473 1,504 1,664 1,574 1,474

Participation rate............................... 31.1 35.2 32.2 32.1 33.4 34.1 37.6 35.5 33.2

Employed....................................... 1,252 1,359 1,288 1,259 1,238 1,332 1,389 1,361 1,296

Employment-population ratio............... 29.0 30.6 29.0 29.2 28.1 30.2 31.4 30.7 29.2

Unemployed.................................... 92 203 142 127 235 172 275 213 177

Unemployment rate......................... 6.8 13.0 9.9 9.2 15.9 11.4 16.5 13.5 12.0

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,918 9,549 9,417 8,885 9,261 9,203 9,312 9,492 9,384

Participation rate.................................. 45.8 48.5 47.6 45.6 47.7 47.0 48.0 48.3 47.5

Employed.......................................... 8,428 8,992 8,803 8,445 8,759 8,698 8,771 8,891 8,819

Employment-population ratio................. 43.3 45.7 44.5 43.4 45.1 44.4 45.2 45.2 44.6

Unemployed....................................... 490 557 613 441 502 506 542 601 564

Unemployment rate............................ 5.5 5.8 6.5 5.0 5.4 5.5 5.8 6.3 6.0

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,532 35,817 35,662 35,616 36,250 36,198 35,637 35,790 35,748

Participation rate.................................. 56.1 57.4 57.0 56.2 56.5 56.8 56.9 57.3 57.1

Employed.......................................... 34,270 34,413 34,167 34,348 34,848 34,708 34,195 34,327 34,247

Employment-population ratio................. 54.1 55.1 54.6 54.2 54.4 54.5 54.6 55.0 54.7

Unemployed....................................... 1,262 1,404 1,495 1,268 1,402 1,490 1,442 1,463 1,501

Unemployment rate............................ 3.6 3.9 4.2 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,849 36,164 35,765 35,816 35,845 35,918 35,814 35,874 35,737

Participation rate.................................. 62.8 62.6 62.4 62.7 63.2 62.7 62.2 62.1 62.4

Employed.......................................... 34,851 35,215 34,715 34,757 34,751 34,843 34,691 34,866 34,623

Employment-population ratio................. 61.0 61.0 60.6 60.9 61.3 60.8 60.3 60.4 60.4

Unemployed....................................... 998 949 1,050 1,059 1,094 1,076 1,123 1,009 1,114

Unemployment rate............................ 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 63,241 64,518 64,293 63,239 64,330 64,234 64,504 64,452 64,297

Participation rate.................................. 72.8 72.8 72.3 72.8 73.4 73.4 72.8 72.7 72.3

Employed.......................................... 62,156 63,230 63,053 62,029 62,886 62,851 63,133 63,091 62,933

Employment-population ratio................. 71.5 71.4 70.9 71.4 71.8 71.8 71.2 71.2 70.8

Unemployed....................................... 1,085 1,289 1,239 1,210 1,444 1,383 1,371 1,360 1,364

Unemployment rate............................ 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,237 17,727 16,203 15,686 2,034 2,041

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,770 8,716 7,592 7,505 1,177 1,211

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.1 49.2 46.9 47.8 57.9 59.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,487 8,455 7,329 7,284 1,158 1,171

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.5 47.7 45.2 46.4 56.9 57.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 261 263 221 20 41

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.0 3.5 2.9 1.7 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,467 9,011 8,611 8,181 857 830

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,021 5,094 4,098 4,201 923 893

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,029 4,114 3,349 3,441 680 673

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.2 80.8 81.7 81.9 73.6 75.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,907 3,980 3,240 3,323 666 657

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.8 78.1 79.1 79.1 72.2 73.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 134 109 118 13 16

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.4 1.9 2.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992 980 749 760 244 220

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,185 2,965 2,724 2,476 461 489

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,185 2,189 1,880 1,841 305 349

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.6 73.8 69.0 74.3 66.1 71.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,117 2,127 1,812 1,797 305 331

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.5 71.7 66.5 72.6 66.1 67.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 62 68 44 0 18

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.8 3.6 2.4 0.0 5.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 776 844 635 156 140

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,100 5,806 5,857 5,562 243 244

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 759 932 738 33 22

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 13.1 15.9 13.3 13.4 8.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 736 897 715 33 22

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 12.7 15.3 12.8 13.4 8.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 23 35 23 0 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.1 3.8 3.2 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,136 5,047 4,925 4,824 210 222

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,931 3,862 3,524 3,447 407 415

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,592 1,653 1,431 1,485 160 168

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 42.8 40.6 43.1 39.4 40.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,534 1,612 1,380 1,450 154 162

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.0 41.7 39.2 42.1 37.8 39.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 42 51 35 7 7

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 2.5 3.6 2.4 4.1 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,339 2,209 2,093 1,962 247 247

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,329 240,868 108,183 110,479 129,146 130,389

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,028 155,581 78,544 79,996 74,484 75,586

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 64.6 72.6 72.4 57.7 58.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,134 150,208 75,956 76,962 72,178 73,246

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.4 70.2 69.7 55.9 56.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,894 5,374 2,588 3,034 2,306 2,340

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.8 3.1 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,301 85,287 29,639 30,483 54,662 54,804

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 32,874 33,847 231,970 234,144

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,761 8,293 156,463 158,367

Participation rate..................................................................... 23.6 24.5 67.4 67.6

Employed............................................................................. 7,370 7,741 151,501 153,013

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 22.4 22.9 65.3 65.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 390 552 4,962 5,355

Unemployment rate............................................................... 5.0 6.7 3.2 3.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 25,114 25,554 75,507 75,776

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,208 3,478 77,843 78,963

Participation rate..................................................................... 40.0 42.3 82.1 82.3

Employed............................................................................. 3,052 3,216 75,240 76,007

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 38.0 39.1 79.4 79.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 156 262 2,603 2,955

Unemployment rate............................................................... 4.9 7.5 3.3 3.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,819 4,744 16,924 17,004

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,184 3,419 68,853 69,440

Participation rate..................................................................... 38.2 39.4 71.7 72.3

Employed............................................................................. 2,998 3,197 66,762 67,295

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 35.9 36.8 69.5 70.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 186 221 2,090 2,145

Unemployment rate............................................................... 5.8 6.5 3.0 3.1

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,160 5,268 27,235 26,589

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,368 1,396 9,768 9,965

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.3 8.2 23.8 23.6

Employed............................................................................. 1,320 1,328 9,499 9,710

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 8.0 7.8 23.1 23.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 49 68 269 254

Unemployment rate............................................................... 3.6 4.9 2.8 2.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 15,135 15,542 31,348 32,183

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 45,736 48,049 22,302 23,679 23,434 24,370

Civilian labor force.................................................. 30,077 31,591 17,165 18,157 12,912 13,435

Participation rate.................................................. 65.8 65.7 77.0 76.7 55.1 55.1

Employed.......................................................... 29,130 30,387 16,610 17,477 12,520 12,910

Employment-population ratio................................. 63.7 63.2 74.5 73.8 53.4 53.0

Unemployed....................................................... 947 1,205 554 680 393 525

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.1 3.8 3.2 3.7 3.0 3.9

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,659 16,458 5,137 5,523 10,522 10,935

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 219,109 219,942 106,748 107,306 112,361 112,636

Civilian labor force.................................................. 134,147 135,069 70,086 70,453 64,061 64,616

Participation rate.................................................. 61.2 61.4 65.7 65.7 57.0 57.4

Employed.......................................................... 129,742 130,367 67,693 67,721 62,049 62,646

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.2 59.3 63.4 63.1 55.2 55.6

Unemployed....................................................... 4,405 4,702 2,393 2,732 2,012 1,970

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.9 3.1 3.0

Not in labor force.................................................... 84,962 84,872 36,662 36,853 48,300 48,020

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,267 2,234 2,156 2,317 2,279 2,286 2,201 2,262 2,205

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,482 1,535 1,497 1,503 1,553 1,563 1,468 1,549 1,520

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 755 683 646 789 694 694 707 701 680

Unpaid family workers........................... 31 16 14 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 156,604 159,916 158,598 156,970 159,275 159,306 159,166 159,578 158,993

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 147,639 150,878 149,325 147,988 150,262 150,134 150,170 150,505 149,702

Government..................................... 21,943 22,072 21,951 21,696 21,249 21,618 21,664 21,878 21,700

Private industries............................... 125,696 128,807 127,373 126,359 128,893 128,558 128,454 128,612 128,086

Private households.......................... 692 771 787 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 125,003 128,035 126,586 125,766 128,254 127,958 127,800 127,889 127,414

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,923 9,011 9,242 9,014 8,827 9,043 8,957 9,014 9,335

Unpaid family workers........................... 43 26 31 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 3,991 3,871 4,324 3,878 4,221 4,069 4,284 3,994 4,211

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,755 2,700 3,071 2,643 2,821 2,799 2,985 2,790 2,960

Could only find part-time work.................. 893 911 940 916 1,017 940 1,000 934 964

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 22,084 22,662 23,020 21,537 22,030 22,177 21,576 21,879 22,458

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 3,903 3,796 4,229 3,812 4,149 3,988 4,205 3,931 4,138

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,703 2,654 3,019 2,597 2,779 2,753 2,941 2,735 2,913

Could only find part-time work.................. 873 903 926 898 1,016 930 992 923 953

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,640 22,210 22,604 21,113 21,582 21,752 21,214 21,444 22,060

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,872 162,149 160,754 159,300 161,500 161,550 161,280 161,866 161,183

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,439 5,517 5,399 5,680 5,593 5,578 5,688 5,733 5,638

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,251 2,172 2,091 2,362 2,104 2,121 2,161 2,235 2,194

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,188 3,345 3,308 3,320 3,466 3,432 3,518 3,514 3,446

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,433 156,632 155,355 153,620 155,907 155,972 155,592 156,133 155,545

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,728 14,781 14,616 13,861 14,611 14,684 14,565 14,787 14,756

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,705 141,851 140,739 139,576 141,129 141,218 140,887 141,194 140,617

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,069 103,930 103,265 101,964 103,508 103,515 103,311 103,451 103,161

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,152 35,953 35,888 35,121 35,972 35,945 35,799 35,779 35,859

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,029 35,832 35,566 35,010 35,467 35,501 35,486 35,680 35,546

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,888 32,145 31,811 31,833 32,069 32,069 32,026 31,992 31,757

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,636 37,921 37,474 37,612 37,620 37,704 37,576 37,742 37,455

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,304 85,910 85,198 84,897 85,527 85,657 85,327 85,981 85,794

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,714 2,783 2,705 2,846 2,727 2,804 2,801 2,897 2,836

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,018 1,014 952 1,105 1,015 1,061 1,067 1,071 1,033

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,696 1,769 1,753 1,748 1,675 1,725 1,730 1,846 1,807

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,589 83,128 82,493 82,051 82,800 82,853 82,526 83,084 82,958

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,967 7,406 7,293 7,099 7,367 7,316 7,262 7,446 7,432

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,623 75,722 75,200 74,817 75,288 75,452 75,118 75,514 75,397

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,325 55,420 55,048 54,451 55,279 55,279 55,012 55,262 55,178

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,644 19,144 19,066 18,679 19,208 19,120 18,975 19,088 19,104

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,743 19,149 19,038 18,812 19,050 19,112 19,043 19,107 19,108

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,938 17,127 16,944 16,960 17,020 17,047 16,994 17,067 16,966

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,298 20,302 20,152 20,365 20,009 20,173 20,106 20,252 20,219

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,568 76,239 75,556 74,404 75,973 75,893 75,953 75,885 75,389

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,725 2,735 2,694 2,834 2,866 2,774 2,887 2,836 2,802

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,233 1,158 1,139 1,257 1,089 1,061 1,094 1,164 1,162

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,492 1,577 1,555 1,572 1,791 1,707 1,788 1,668 1,639

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,843 73,504 72,862 71,570 73,107 73,119 73,066 73,049 72,587

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,761 7,375 7,323 6,762 7,244 7,368 7,303 7,342 7,324

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,082 66,129 65,539 64,759 65,841 65,766 65,769 65,679 65,220

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,744 48,510 48,216 47,513 48,230 48,236 48,298 48,189 47,983

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,508 16,809 16,822 16,442 16,763 16,825 16,823 16,691 16,755

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,286 16,683 16,528 16,198 16,417 16,389 16,443 16,573 16,438

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,950 15,017 14,867 14,873 15,050 15,022 15,032 14,926 14,791

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,338 17,619 17,322 17,246 17,611 17,530 17,471 17,490 17,237

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,099 46,384 46,319 46,186 45,956 46,338 46,059 46,344 46,392

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,763 37,118 36,982 36,564 37,339 37,198 37,018 36,887 36,790

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,150 9,916 9,718 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,812 134,634 132,585 132,422 134,267 134,145 134,502 134,727 133,196

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,060 27,515 28,169 26,712 27,201 27,348 26,702 27,032 27,794

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,140 8,463 8,696 8,020 8,069 8,173 8,360 8,343 8,565

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,811 6,872 6,637 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,678 9,695 9,888 9,804 9,521 9,737 9,664 9,715 10,014

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,698 6,262 6,268 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7

16 to 19 years..................................... 665 739 758 10.5 12.3 11.8 13.1 11.4 11.9

16 to 17 years.................................. 214 287 331 8.3 11.9 12.8 14.7 11.4 13.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 458 455 433 12.1 12.7 11.1 12.5 11.5 11.2

20 years and over................................ 5,033 5,522 5,510 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,095 1,051 1,006 7.3 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.6 6.4

25 years and over.............................. 4,015 4,498 4,574 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2

25 to 54 years............................... 2,996 3,356 3,491 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3

25 to 34 years............................. 1,388 1,458 1,556 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.2 3.9 4.2

35 to 44 years............................. 864 1,055 1,079 2.4 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9

45 to 54 years............................. 745 843 856 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.6

55 years and over........................... 1,026 1,138 1,089 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8

Men, 16 years and over............................ 2,978 3,574 3,456 3.4 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 327 402 407 10.3 13.8 12.7 14.6 12.2 12.5

16 to 17 years.................................. 113 164 185 9.3 12.1 15.4 16.3 13.3 15.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 223 244 229 11.3 15.2 11.4 14.2 11.7 11.3

20 years and over................................ 2,651 3,172 3,050 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 567 571 509 7.4 8.4 8.3 7.8 7.1 6.4

25 years and over.............................. 2,138 2,624 2,587 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3

25 to 54 years............................... 1,565 1,942 1,984 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.5

25 to 34 years............................. 762 844 885 3.9 3.9 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.4

35 to 44 years............................. 442 631 625 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2

45 to 54 years............................. 361 468 474 2.1 2.8 3.1 2.6 2.7 2.7

55 years and over........................... 573 682 603 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.7 3.3 2.9

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,720 2,688 2,811 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 338 338 352 10.7 10.7 10.8 11.7 10.6 11.1

16 to 17 years.................................. 101 123 147 7.5 11.8 10.1 13.1 9.5 11.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 235 211 204 13.0 10.3 10.8 10.8 11.2 11.1

20 years and over................................ 2,382 2,350 2,460 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 528 480 497 7.2 5.8 5.6 6.2 6.1 6.4

25 years and over.............................. 1,877 1,874 1,987 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.0

25 to 54 years............................... 1,431 1,414 1,506 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 626 614 671 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 422 424 454 2.5 2.9 2.5 2.9 2.5 2.7

45 to 54 years............................. 383 375 381 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.5

55 years and over........................... 446 458 480 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.7

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 828 965 980 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1

Married women, spouse present1................. 764 760 825 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2

Women who maintain families2.................... 383 495 475 3.6 4.9 4.0 4.6 4.8 4.7

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,658 5,177 5,228 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,097 1,108 1,084 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.6 3.9 3.8

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,583 2,816 3,048 2,596 2,946 2,869 3,120 3,058 3,058

On temporary layoff.............................. 848 720 981 788 813 813 904 889 917

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 1,735 2,096 2,067 1,808 2,132 2,056 2,217 2,169 2,140

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,255 1,536 1,466 1,332 1,545 1,421 1,636 1,589 1,543

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 480 560 601 476 588 636 581 580 597

Job leavers........................................... 768 810 777 824 804 797 801 821 833

Reentrants............................................ 1,613 1,660 1,570 1,786 1,931 2,024 1,869 1,771 1,741

New entrants......................................... 388 541 512 502 592 586 603 582 609

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 48.3 48.3 51.6 45.5 47.0 45.7 48.8 49.1 49.0

On temporary layoff.............................. 15.8 12.4 16.6 13.8 13.0 13.0 14.1 14.3 14.7

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 32.4 36.0 35.0 31.7 34.0 32.8 34.7 34.8 34.3

Job leavers........................................... 14.4 13.9 13.2 14.4 12.8 12.7 12.5 13.2 13.4

Reentrants............................................ 30.1 28.5 26.6 31.3 30.8 32.3 29.2 28.4 27.9

New entrants......................................... 7.3 9.3 8.7 8.8 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.8

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0

New entrants......................................... 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,128 1,873 2,102 2,218 2,224 2,053 2,269 2,069 2,191

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,490 1,939 1,619 1,645 1,913 2,043 1,836 2,060 1,791

15 weeks and over.................................. 1,733 2,016 2,185 1,898 2,296 2,288 2,370 2,150 2,350

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 749 897 1,000 792 970 985 1,079 931 1,104

27 weeks and over............................... 984 1,119 1,185 1,106 1,326 1,303 1,291 1,220 1,245

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 19.1 19.9 21.9 19.5 20.4 21.4 21.6 19.5 22.3

Median duration, in weeks......................... 7.5 9.3 9.0 8.3 8.8 9.1 8.6 9.0 9.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 39.8 32.1 35.6 38.5 34.6 32.2 35.0 33.0 34.6

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 27.8 33.3 27.4 28.6 29.7 32.0 28.4 32.8 28.3

15 weeks and over.................................. 32.4 34.6 37.0 33.0 35.7 35.8 36.6 34.2 37.1

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 14.0 15.4 16.9 13.8 15.1 15.4 16.7 14.8 17.4

27 weeks and over............................... 18.4 19.2 20.1 19.2 20.6 20.4 19.9 19.4 19.7

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 158,872 160,754 5,352 5,907 3.3 3.5

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 69,297 70,572 1,198 1,314 1.7 1.8

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 29,725 30,327 537 607 1.8 2.0

Professional and related occupations.......................... 39,572 40,245 661 706 1.6 1.7

Service occupations................................................ 25,334 25,689 1,225 1,177 4.6 4.4

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,185 30,043 1,008 1,152 3.2 3.7

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,053 14,332 488 654 3.4 4.4

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,133 15,710 520 497 3.1 3.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,295 14,411 689 732 4.6 4.8

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 945 978 69 102 6.8 9.5

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,491 8,631 510 502 5.7 5.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,860 4,802 110 128 2.2 2.6

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 19,760 20,039 829 998 4.0 4.7

Production occupations.......................................... 8,152 8,372 223 333 2.7 3.8

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,608 11,667 606 665 5.0 5.4

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 5,352 5,907 3.3 3.5

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,117 4,595 3.2 3.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 12 9 1.9 1.7

Construction.......................................................................... 443 442 4.4 4.4

Manufacturing........................................................................ 271 456 1.8 3.0

Durable goods..................................................................... 175 206 1.8 2.1

Nondurable goods................................................................ 95 250 1.8 4.6

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 688 810 3.6 4.0

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 349 322 4.0 3.9

Information............................................................................ 67 86 2.4 3.1

Financial activities................................................................... 271 293 2.6 2.9

Professional and business services............................................... 668 721 3.5 3.9

Education and health services..................................................... 483 560 2.0 2.2

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 694 662 5.4 4.8

Other services........................................................................ 170 236 2.7 3.5

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 75 110 5.0 7.0

Government workers................................................................... 381 330 1.7 1.5

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 391 359 3.9 3.5

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.0 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 6.4 6.7 7.0 6.5 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.0 7.1

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 100,621 101,330 41,799 42,375 58,821 58,955

Persons who currently want a job................................ 4,948 5,465 2,349 2,599 2,600 2,867

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,260 1,567 673 769 587 798

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 421 350 217 190 204 160

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 839 1,217 456 579 384 638

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 8,140 8,696 4,075 4,108 4,065 4,588

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.1 5.4 4.8 4.8 5.5 6.1

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,594 5,085 2,454 2,632 2,140 2,452

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,940 2,113 759 658 1,182 1,455

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 388 399 226 217 163 181

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,133 1,028 589 560 544 468

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.2023 -

Dec.2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,344 157,936 158,395 158,228 154,535 156,843 157,016 157,232 216

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,746 134,669 134,993 134,930 132,204 133,929 134,065 134,229 164

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,377 21,806 21,746 21,646 21,461 21,631 21,661 21,683 22

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 649 643 640 628 644 642 641 -1

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.5 48.1 46.4 45.1 45.7 47.2 45.8 45.0 -0.8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 580.5 601.2 596.8 595.1 582.4 596.4 596.2 595.8 -0.4

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.0 119.7 119.5 120.0 117.2 119.1 118.6 119.1 0.5

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.9 188.2 188.1 187.1 186.5 186.6 187.6 188.4 0.8

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 40.9 41.1 41.1 41.1 40.8 41.2 41.1 -0.1

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.2 44.0 44.2 44.3 43.5 44.1 44.5 44.4 -0.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.9 103.3 102.8 101.7 102.0 101.7 101.9 102.9 1.0

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278.6 293.3 289.2 288.0 278.7 290.7 290.0 288.3 -1.7

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,763 8,195 8,113 7,993 7,859 8,033 8,039 8,056 17

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,773.2 1,841.2 1,826.5 1,830.0 1,785.9 1,819.2 1,817.5 1,829.5 12.0

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 928.2 947.9 935.9 936.5 934.3 934.8 932.2 936.1 3.9

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 845.0 893.3 890.6 893.5 851.6 884.4 885.3 893.4 8.1

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,040.2 1,182.9 1,156.1 1,101.5 1,081.5 1,132.0 1,136.5 1,136.0 -0.5

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,949.3 5,170.7 5,130.2 5,061.0 4,991.4 5,082.0 5,084.8 5,090.7 5.9

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,301.4 2,402.5 2,380.1 2,342.8 2,324.8 2,364.4 2,361.5 2,363.1 1.6

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,647.9 2,768.2 2,750.1 2,718.2 2,666.6 2,717.6 2,723.3 2,727.6 4.3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,988 12,962 12,990 13,013 12,974 12,954 12,980 12,986 6

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,107 8,107 8,149 8,170 8,096 8,110 8,144 8,152 8

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429.2 420.2 420.5 418.7 429.3 420.5 420.5 418.4 -2.1

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.9 438.6 437.7 434.0 432.4 434.2 434.2 434.2 0.0

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.6 368.4 365.6 369.5 366.5 369.3 367.3 367.9 0.6

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,448.6 1,455.1 1,458.3 1,463.6 1,449.4 1,456.3 1,458.6 1,461.5 2.9

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,124.6 1,127.8 1,132.0 1,134.9 1,123.0 1,132.0 1,132.7 1,134.3 1.6

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,102.4 1,095.7 1,096.7 1,101.6 1,100.7 1,097.5 1,098.8 1,100.4 1.6

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.2 166.4 166.3 168.1 167.4 166.4 166.7 167.5 0.8

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.5 86.3 86.0 85.6 85.2 86.4 86.0 85.6 -0.4

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.8 382.3 383.4 385.2 393.9 383.6 384.3 385.2 0.9

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.4 427.8 428.2 429.6 422.0 428.3 429.0 429.6 0.6

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 32.9 32.8 33.1 32.3 32.9 32.7 32.6 -0.1

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.9 406.5 404.9 406.0 405.2 407.0 405.6 405.1 -0.5

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,792.0 1,811.1 1,848.6 1,852.7 1,782.4 1,807.8 1,842.6 1,844.0 1.4

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,060.0 1,051.1 1,084.1 1,084.9 1,048.1 1,046.9 1,078.2 1,076.1 -2.1

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.7 355.2 356.3 356.9 373.2 356.9 356.0 355.3 -0.7

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.4 628.2 628.7 631.9 634.3 628.5 627.7 630.9 3.2

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,881 4,855 4,841 4,843 4,878 4,844 4,836 4,834 -2

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,725.4 1,732.1 1,728.2 1,735.4 1,717.3 1,724.9 1,724.8 1,726.4 1.6

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.0 93.0 93.8 92.8 96.0 93.0 93.6 92.8 -0.8

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3 97.4 97.3 97.2 102.6 97.8 97.2 96.7 -0.5

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.6 90.5 90.1 89.6 91.9 90.6 90.0 89.9 -0.1

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359.0 346.6 347.8 349.0 358.7 347.6 347.4 347.3 -0.1

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 385.5 374.5 373.0 370.5 381.5 373.4 370.4 368.2 -2.2

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.0 106.9 106.3 106.6 104.0 105.3 107.0 108.5 1.5

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915.2 911.2 909.3 911.3 916.1 913.8 911.7 910.4 -1.3

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755.4 736.7 734.6 733.0 754.7 737.4 733.3 730.7 -2.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.2023 -

Dec.2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347.8 366.3 360.9 357.7 355.3 360.3 360.7 362.6 1.9

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,369 112,863 113,247 113,284 110,743 112,298 112,404 112,546 142

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,506 28,963 29,399 29,661 28,767 28,871 28,846 28,846 0

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,032.5 6,098.7 6,099.2 6,110.1 6,028.8 6,089.0 6,093.5 6,099.0 5.5

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,331.1 3,370.7 3,374.8 3,383.0 3,330.0 3,370.7 3,373.9 3,377.1 3.2

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,175.6 2,194.2 2,192.0 2,199.1 2,174.6 2,187.6 2,190.2 2,195.2 5.0

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 525.8 533.8 532.4 528.0 524.2 530.7 529.4 526.7 -2.7

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,868.1 15,564.5 15,859.4 15,979.1 15,477.8 15,550.3 15,525.9 15,543.3 17.4

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,019.7 2,061.9 2,061.6 2,060.8 2,026.1 2,058.2 2,059.5 2,063.0 3.5

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,257.3 1,271.8 1,276.1 1,277.9 1,259.7 1,271.9 1,274.7 1,275.3 0.6

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.7 174.5 168.7 164.5 178.6 173.9 172.5 171.3 -1.2

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589.7 615.6 616.8 618.4 587.7 612.4 612.4 616.4 4.0

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,386.9 1,349.3 1,344.6 1,369.1 1,416.4 1,375.8 1,376.7 1,384.2 7.5

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,259.9 3,249.9 3,283.9 3,283.5 3,231.9 3,251.2 3,251.2 3,247.7 -3.5

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906.0 844.9 856.9 865.4 877.5 840.5 834.8 831.5 -3.3

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 462.6 437.3 444.4 451.4 448.2 435.6 431.9 430.4 -1.5

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 443.4 407.6 412.5 414.0 426.7 403.8 402.3 401.1 -1.2

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,269.2 3,192.1 3,309.7 3,351.5 3,068.4 3,173.8 3,152.1 3,153.7 1.6

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,038.0 957.7 1,011.8 1,035.4 917.4 946.3 929.4 916.7 -12.7

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,231.2 2,234.4 2,297.9 2,316.1 2,151.0 2,227.5 2,222.8 2,237.0 14.2

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,139.7 1,105.7 1,119.5 1,122.5 1,114.1 1,099.0 1,095.4 1,091.1 -4.3

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,055.6 1,077.6 1,082.4 1,081.8 1,055.4 1,075.7 1,077.6 1,082.0 4.4

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,239.9 1,139.8 1,213.7 1,251.5 1,153.0 1,141.1 1,142.6 1,154.4 11.8

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,591.2 1,543.3 1,587.1 1,593.0 1,535.0 1,535.0 1,536.0 1,535.7 -0.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,049.5 6,736.8 6,877.1 7,008.8 6,704.9 6,669.8 6,664.8 6,642.2 -22.6

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520.5 554.8 556.0 559.9 523.6 554.2 558.2 561.9 3.7

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.7 150.2 150.2 150.2 148.8 150.2 150.0 150.5 0.5

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 70.5 67.9 66.7 65.7 69.6 68.8 68.3 -0.5

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,611.0 1,592.4 1,592.9 1,588.4 1,607.1 1,581.5 1,583.0 1,586.3 3.3

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.0 454.6 452.7 455.7 428.7 435.6 436.7 440.4 3.7

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.1 47.8 48.0 47.6 47.9 47.9 47.9 47.6 -0.3

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 27.5 37.4 33.7 33.7 31.2 36.4 37.0 38.1 1.1

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 820.7 819.6 822.2 829.0 809.0 815.8 816.4 819.5 3.1

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,383.6 1,114.4 1,244.4 1,374.9 1,109.5 1,112.9 1,110.7 1,078.4 -32.3

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,980.9 1,895.1 1,909.1 1,902.7 1,933.4 1,865.7 1,856.1 1,851.2 -4.9

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555.5 562.5 563.2 563.0 555.3 562.2 562.2 561.8 -0.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,139 3,030 3,055 3,070 3,120 3,022 3,037 3,051 14

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470.1 439.3 466.9 474.1 461.7 432.6 451.9 463.3 11.4

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955.5 919.6 918.4 919.0 952.3 920.9 918.0 916.3 -1.7

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 359.9 350.3 348.9 350.1 359.6 349.5 347.3 348.0 0.7

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.7 635.0 633.8 635.1 658.1 635.3 633.6 633.8 0.2

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490.0 494.2 495.0 501.2 486.7 493.8 495.9 500.3 4.4

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200.8 191.5 192.1 190.8 201.3 190.3 190.0 189.4 -0.6

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,132 9,173 9,166 9,171 9,101 9,145 9,146 9,148 2

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,716.2 6,714.7 6,714.5 6,716.3 6,691.7 6,706.0 6,701.2 6,698.8 -2.4

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.8 21.9 21.9 21.9 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,684.9 2,636.1 2,630.4 2,627.2 2,681.3 2,638.4 2,630.5 2,624.3 -6.2

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.2023 -

Dec.2023p

Credit intermediation and related -

Continued

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,784.7 1,766.6 1,766.4 1,766.2 1,783.4 1,772.2 1,768.6 1,765.7 -2.9

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,376.9 1,354.5 1,354.0 1,353.0 1,376.6 1,359.7 1,356.7 1,353.9 -2.8

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 579.5 560.8 557.4 556.3 577.6 558.1 555.5 553.5 -2.0

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 320.7 308.7 306.6 304.7 320.3 308.1 306.4 305.1 -1.3

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,073.5 1,096.1 1,097.3 1,097.2 1,068.3 1,091.9 1,093.5 1,092.8 -0.7

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,936.0 2,960.6 2,964.9 2,970.0 2,920.3 2,953.8 2,955.3 2,959.8 4.5

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,416.1 2,458.0 2,451.0 2,454.6 2,409.2 2,439.4 2,444.7 2,449.0 4.3

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,855.6 1,871.1 1,868.3 1,872.8 1,844.9 1,854.5 1,857.4 1,859.6 2.2

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537.7 564.0 559.8 558.8 541.8 562.2 564.5 566.6 2.1

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.8 22.9 22.9 23.0 22.5 22.7 22.8 22.8 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,907 23,222 23,182 23,012 22,814 22,952 22,933 22,946 13

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,750.7 10,959.5 10,992.1 11,014.6 10,713.5 10,939.4 10,955.5 10,980.8 25.3

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,190.0 1,187.4 1,192.3 1,200.4 1,180.4 1,182.3 1,186.0 1,190.5 4.5

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130.5 1,118.2 1,135.1 1,159.0 1,131.7 1,158.0 1,157.7 1,162.1 4.4

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,645.5 1,697.5 1,695.8 1,689.7 1,644.7 1,686.7 1,690.3 1,690.6 0.3

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.3 162.6 162.2 161.2 157.2 161.4 160.3 159.6 -0.7

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,492.2 2,529.9 2,536.8 2,533.2 2,493.4 2,519.4 2,523.0 2,531.5 8.5

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,850.9 1,909.4 1,910.9 1,910.9 1,832.2 1,888.4 1,891.2 1,896.0 4.8

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914.5 946.5 951.6 953.1 913.9 946.6 951.7 953.9 2.2

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493.9 506.3 505.2 507.5 493.3 503.5 502.7 504.6 1.9

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873.9 901.7 902.2 899.6 866.7 893.1 892.5 892.0 -0.5

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,523.7 2,525.3 2,521.6 2,534.4 2,516.3 2,526.1 2,521.6 2,527.7 6.1

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,632.1 9,736.7 9,668.7 9,463.1 9,584.0 9,486.8 9,455.6 9,437.3 -18.3

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 9,147.9 9,236.4 9,166.9 8,961.0 9,101.6 8,989.6 8,955.9 8,935.0 -20.9

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 610.0 638.3 639.2 636.4 612.8 633.4 636.2 638.5 2.3

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.7 167.0 166.5 166.0 158.4 165.4 165.7 165.7 0.0

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,945.7 3,814.0 3,799.8 3,691.5 3,839.5 3,652.0 3,621.9 3,592.6 -29.3

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,147.1 3,028.4 3,011.9 2,916.7 3,037.9 2,886.4 2,864.3 2,831.0 -33.3

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784.8 745.0 748.5 747.0 766.2 739.0 732.2 728.8 -3.4

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.2 189.0 190.0 189.2 180.9 187.7 190.4 191.2 0.8

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 979.2 988.6 994.1 988.7 970.9 984.1 986.8 985.7 -1.1

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,151.1 2,341.4 2,281.5 2,196.6 2,230.2 2,281.9 2,277.4 2,286.8 9.4

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339.2 353.1 347.3 345.6 342.8 346.2 345.4 345.6 0.2

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.2 500.3 501.8 502.1 482.4 497.2 499.7 502.3 2.6

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 24,960 25,894 26,070 26,043 24,827 25,695 25,804 25,878 74

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,920.4 4,098.5 4,138.5 4,070.4 3,856.3 3,959.9 3,972.9 3,987.4 14.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,039.2 21,795.9 21,931.1 21,972.6 20,970.2 21,735.2 21,831.2 21,890.1 58.9

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,660.1 17,177.9 17,285.0 17,323.0 16,591.3 17,129.3 17,207.6 17,245.3 37.7

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,314.9 8,562.0 8,619.5 8,639.9 8,272.8 8,533.8 8,573.4 8,592.6 19.2

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,877.4 2,956.3 2,979.6 2,989.1 2,855.9 2,944.6 2,960.6 2,966.0 5.4

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,031.4 1,036.7 1,043.0 1,039.9 1,031.2 1,036.2 1,040.3 1,036.4 -3.9

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,114.6 1,160.6 1,166.5 1,170.9 1,110.2 1,155.0 1,159.9 1,165.9 6.0

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,058.2 1,073.6 1,082.6 1,089.7 1,053.0 1,073.9 1,079.2 1,083.6 4.4

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 321.1 325.0 328.0 328.2 320.4 324.7 327.5 327.6 0.1

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,575.7 1,664.9 1,674.4 1,676.6 1,567.7 1,655.0 1,661.2 1,668.2 7.0

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.5 344.9 345.4 345.5 334.4 344.5 344.7 344.9 0.2

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,262.8 5,406.8 5,432.2 5,444.0 5,245.3 5,393.2 5,413.2 5,428.5 15.3

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.2023 -

Dec.2023p

Health care - Continued

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,082.4 3,209.1 3,233.3 3,239.1 3,073.2 3,202.3 3,221.0 3,224.2 3.2

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,382.1 1,439.9 1,447.4 1,452.5 1,375.9 1,433.7 1,440.4 1,445.1 4.7

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.5 645.6 650.2 651.3 621.7 644.8 649.1 649.9 0.8

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923.0 966.0 978.2 977.6 921.2 966.4 974.6 972.4 -2.2

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 153.8 157.6 157.5 157.7 154.4 157.4 156.9 156.8 -0.1

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,379.1 4,618.0 4,646.1 4,649.6 4,378.9 4,605.9 4,623.6 4,644.8 21.2

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,912.0 3,094.5 3,110.4 3,116.9 2,913.6 3,087.2 3,098.0 3,115.1 17.1

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 211.1 220.4 223.2 223.9 208.9 221.0 221.6 221.1 -0.5

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 274.1 284.8 286.3 285.2 275.1 283.7 284.9 285.0 0.1

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981.9 1,018.3 1,026.2 1,023.6 981.3 1,014.0 1,019.1 1,023.6 4.5

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,947 16,693 16,482 16,450 16,316 16,730 16,742 16,782 40

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,241.7 2,477.2 2,369.1 2,372.7 2,397.8 2,503.8 2,501.6 2,513.7 12.1

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.5 583.4 556.5 557.1 513.4 571.3 568.8 575.3 6.5

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.8 176.3 173.1 171.1 164.8 174.7 175.6 175.9 0.3

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,592.4 1,717.5 1,639.5 1,644.5 1,719.6 1,757.8 1,757.2 1,762.5 5.3

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,705.5 14,215.8 14,112.6 14,077.2 13,918.1 14,225.9 14,240.2 14,268.6 28.4

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,770.5 1,878.0 1,835.0 1,828.4 1,846.2 1,891.0 1,892.0 1,898.3 6.3

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,935.0 12,337.8 12,277.6 12,248.8 12,071.9 12,334.9 12,348.2 12,370.3 22.1

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,778 5,888 5,893 5,877 5,798 5,883 5,896 5,895 -1

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,410.8 1,465.8 1,462.5 1,459.1 1,417.7 1,459.3 1,462.0 1,465.0 3.0

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,520.9 1,552.2 1,552.2 1,545.6 1,521.6 1,548.0 1,550.0 1,545.2 -4.8

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,846.4 2,869.8 2,878.5 2,872.2 2,859.1 2,876.1 2,884.3 2,885.1 0.8

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,598 23,267 23,402 23,298 22,331 22,914 22,951 23,003 52

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,890 2,962 2,970 2,972 2,874 2,956 2,958 2,965 7

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,277.9 2,356.3 2,363.0 2,358.4 2,278.8 2,348.9 2,355.3 2,362.4 7.1

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611.7 605.4 607.0 613.3 595.5 606.6 602.9 602.4 -0.5

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,167 5,481 5,508 5,433 5,087 5,314 5,318 5,326 8

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,511.3 2,743.0 2,771.2 2,693.7 2,421.5 2,576.4 2,577.3 2,579.0 1.7

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,655.5 2,737.8 2,736.5 2,738.8 2,665.8 2,738.0 2,740.4 2,746.8 6.4

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,541 14,824 14,924 14,893 14,370 14,644 14,675 14,712 37

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,114.9 8,208.6 8,299.3 8,288.0 7,868.1 7,993.9 8,008.3 8,027.5 19.2

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,426.5 6,615.1 6,624.7 6,604.6 6,501.6 6,650.3 6,666.5 6,684.2 17.7

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.4 34.3 34.4 34.3

Goods-producing.................................................................... 39.7 39.8 39.8 39.7

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.5 44.8 45.1 45.5

Construction....................................................................... 38.6 39.2 39.3 39.1

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.1 40.0 39.9 39.8

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.6 40.5 40.3 40.2

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.4 39.2 39.3 39.0

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.3 33.3 33.3 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 33.9 34.0 33.9

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.7 38.6 38.8 38.9

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.2 29.8 30.1 29.7

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.4 38.3 38.1 38.4

Utilities........................................................................... 41.8 42.0 41.8 42.0

Information......................................................................... 36.5 36.2 36.1 36.7

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.4

Professional and business services............................................ 36.4 36.4 36.5 36.4

Private education and health services......................................... 33.3 33.3 33.2 33.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.3 25.5 25.5 25.6

Other services..................................................................... 32.3 32.3 32.3 32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0

Nondurable goods................................................................... 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Total private............................................... $32.92 $34.00 $34.12 $34.27 $1,132.45 $1,166.20 $1,173.73 $1,175.46

Goods-producing....................................... 33.11 34.58 34.78 34.90 1,314.47 1,376.28 1,384.24 1,385.53

Mining and logging.................................. 36.64 38.60 38.60 38.81 1,667.12 1,729.28 1,740.86 1,765.86

Construction.......................................... 35.60 37.00 37.20 37.24 1,374.16 1,450.40 1,461.96 1,456.08

Manufacturing........................................ 31.47 32.89 33.09 33.25 1,261.95 1,315.60 1,320.29 1,323.35

Durable goods.................................... 32.96 34.53 34.74 34.97 1,338.18 1,398.47 1,400.02 1,405.79

Nondurable goods................................ 28.92 30.06 30.24 30.25 1,139.45 1,178.35 1,188.43 1,179.75

Private service-providing.............................. 32.88 33.86 33.97 34.13 1,094.90 1,127.54 1,131.20 1,136.53

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 28.23 29.23 29.32 29.49 962.64 990.90 996.88 999.71

Wholesale trade.................................. 35.87 36.95 37.09 37.13 1,388.17 1,426.27 1,439.09 1,444.36

Retail trade........................................ 23.45 24.05 24.13 24.33 708.19 716.69 726.31 722.60

Transportation and warehousing............... 28.17 29.60 29.67 29.84 1,081.73 1,133.68 1,130.43 1,145.86

Utilities............................................. 48.44 50.13 50.37 49.78 2,024.79 2,105.46 2,105.47 2,090.76

Information........................................... 47.74 48.62 49.03 49.44 1,742.51 1,760.04 1,769.98 1,814.45

Financial activities................................... 42.42 44.20 44.38 44.54 1,586.51 1,653.08 1,659.81 1,665.80

Professional and business services.............. 39.53 40.89 41.08 41.29 1,438.89 1,488.40 1,499.42 1,502.96

Private education and health services............ 32.58 33.26 33.28 33.38 1,084.91 1,107.56 1,104.90 1,111.55

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 20.78 21.41 21.52 21.60 525.73 545.96 548.76 552.96

Other services....................................... 29.37 30.29 30.33 30.51 948.65 978.37 979.66 985.47

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Total private..................................... 114.2 115.3 115.8 115.6 -0.2 179.7 187.5 188.9 189.4 0.3

Goods-producing............................. 97.1 98.1 98.2 98.1 -0.1 145.3 153.3 154.4 154.7 0.2

Mining and logging........................ 89.8 90.7 91.0 91.6 0.7 132.1 140.5 141.0 142.8 1.3

Construction................................ 104.6 108.5 108.9 108.6 -0.3 161.8 174.5 176.0 175.7 -0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 93.6 93.2 93.2 93.0 -0.2 137.0 142.6 143.4 143.8 0.3

Durable goods........................... 92.5 92.5 92.4 92.3 -0.1 135.5 141.8 142.6 143.3 0.5

Nondurable goods...................... 95.9 94.8 94.9 94.1 -0.8 140.8 144.6 145.6 144.4 -0.8

Private service-providing.................... 118.7 120.4 120.5 120.7 0.2 189.7 198.1 199.0 200.2 0.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 107.2 106.9 107.2 106.8 -0.4 163.2 168.6 169.4 169.9 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 102.9 103.7 104.3 104.7 0.4 154.4 160.2 161.8 162.5 0.4

Retail trade.............................. 95.1 94.3 95.1 94.0 -1.2 147.5 150.0 151.8 151.2 -0.4

Transportation and warehousing...... 147.9 146.8 145.9 146.6 0.5 212.0 221.0 220.2 222.5 1.0

Utilities.................................... 100.4 102.2 101.7 102.1 0.4 160.7 169.2 169.2 167.9 -0.8

Information................................. 104.0 99.9 100.1 102.3 2.2 176.8 173.0 174.8 180.0 3.0

Financial activities......................... 111.5 112.0 112.1 112.1 0.0 184.5 193.2 194.0 194.7 0.4

Professional and business services..... 129.9 130.7 131.0 130.7 -0.2 208.0 216.5 217.9 218.6 0.3

Private education and health services... 135.0 139.7 139.9 140.7 0.6 211.6 223.6 224.0 226.0 0.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 117.8 121.7 121.8 122.6 0.7 197.5 210.3 211.5 213.6 1.0

Other services............................. 108.0 109.6 109.8 109.8 0.0 173.8 181.9 182.5 183.6 0.6

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Total nonfarm............................................. 76,965 78,188 78,282 78,412 49.8 49.9 49.9 49.9

Total private............................................ 63,943 64,839 64,904 65,002 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,965 4,993 5,002 5,005 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1

Mining and logging............................... 81 84 85 84 12.9 13.0 13.2 13.1

Construction....................................... 1,111 1,145 1,149 1,154 14.1 14.3 14.3 14.3

Manufacturing..................................... 3,773 3,764 3,768 3,767 29.1 29.1 29.0 29.0

Durable goods.................................. 2,018 2,021 2,026 2,035 24.9 24.9 24.9 25.0

Nondurable goods............................. 1,755 1,743 1,742 1,732 36.0 36.0 36.0 35.8

Private service-providing........................... 58,978 59,846 59,902 59,997 53.3 53.3 53.3 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,327 11,283 11,269 11,287 39.4 39.1 39.1 39.1

Wholesale trade................................ 1,845.6 1,866.8 1,859.3 1,859.2 30.6 30.7 30.5 30.5

Retail trade..................................... 7,514.4 7,487.5 7,483.5 7,490.7 48.5 48.2 48.2 48.2

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,823.3 1,779.9 1,776.5 1,787.8 27.2 26.7 26.7 26.9

Utilities........................................... 144.0 148.5 149.2 149.3 25.9 26.4 26.5 26.6

Information......................................... 1,265 1,229 1,229 1,232 40.5 40.7 40.5 40.4

Financial activities................................ 5,071 5,096 5,099 5,098 55.7 55.7 55.8 55.7

Professional and business services............ 10,502 10,568 10,544 10,537 46.0 46.0 46.0 45.9

Private education and health services......... 19,106 19,747 19,815 19,873 77.0 76.9 76.8 76.8

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,599 8,768 8,784 8,800 52.7 52.4 52.5 52.4

Other services..................................... 3,108 3,155 3,162 3,170 53.6 53.6 53.6 53.8

Government............................................. 13,022 13,349 13,378 13,410 58.3 58.3 58.3 58.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Total private............................................................................... 107,475 108,968 109,134 109,338

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,393 15,442 15,478 15,494

Mining and logging.................................................................. 471 497 497 500

Construction.......................................................................... 5,798 5,880 5,888 5,900

Manufacturing........................................................................ 9,124 9,065 9,093 9,094

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,624 5,571 5,601 5,601

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,500 3,494 3,492 3,493

Private service-providing.............................................................. 92,082 93,526 93,656 93,844

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 24,212 24,353 24,321 24,352

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,793.8 4,803.1 4,801.6 4,797.6

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,148.2 13,265.8 13,244.7 13,267.9

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,828.6 5,836.0 5,826.6 5,838.7

Utilities.............................................................................. 441.4 448.5 448.0 448.1

Information............................................................................ 2,484 2,419 2,426 2,438

Financial activities................................................................... 6,845 6,867 6,874 6,877

Professional and business services............................................... 18,140 18,131 18,120 18,116

Private education and health services............................................ 21,594 22,363 22,457 22,548

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,088 14,594 14,650 14,712

Other services........................................................................ 4,719 4,799 4,808 4,801

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.7

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.3 40.6 40.6 40.4

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.7 47.8 48.2 48.0

Construction....................................................................... 39.3 39.9 40.0 39.7

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.6 40.7 40.5 40.4

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.9 40.9 40.7 40.6

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.0 40.3 40.2 40.1

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.8 32.6 32.6 32.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.0 33.9 34.0 33.8

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.7 38.5 38.7 38.6

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.1

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.0 37.8 37.7 37.8

Utilities........................................................................... 42.7 42.1 42.0 41.9

Information......................................................................... 36.0 36.0 35.7 36.4

Financial activities................................................................ 37.1 36.6 36.8 36.7

Professional and business services............................................ 36.3 36.2 36.3 36.2

Private education and health services......................................... 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.4 24.3 24.2 24.3

Other services..................................................................... 31.3 31.2 31.2 31.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.5

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Total private............................................... $28.21 $29.19 $29.32 $29.42 $953.50 $986.62 $991.02 $991.45

Goods-producing....................................... 28.72 29.98 30.23 30.38 1,157.42 1,217.19 1,227.34 1,227.35

Mining and logging.................................. 33.41 34.82 34.91 35.31 1,560.25 1,664.40 1,682.66 1,694.88

Construction.......................................... 33.22 34.64 34.94 34.92 1,305.55 1,382.14 1,397.60 1,386.32

Manufacturing........................................ 25.67 26.70 26.91 27.16 1,042.20 1,086.69 1,089.86 1,097.26

Durable goods.................................... 26.85 27.90 28.09 28.49 1,098.17 1,141.11 1,143.26 1,156.69

Nondurable goods................................ 23.73 24.76 24.97 24.99 949.20 997.83 1,003.79 1,002.10

Private service-providing.............................. 28.10 29.03 29.14 29.22 921.68 946.38 949.96 952.57

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 24.53 25.44 25.50 25.62 834.02 862.42 867.00 865.96

Wholesale trade.................................. 29.93 30.61 30.71 30.81 1,158.29 1,178.49 1,188.48 1,189.27

Retail trade........................................ 20.09 20.64 20.72 20.83 606.72 625.39 629.89 626.98

Transportation and warehousing............... 26.38 28.18 28.19 28.25 1,002.44 1,065.20 1,062.76 1,067.85

Utilities............................................. 43.38 44.84 45.02 45.28 1,852.33 1,887.76 1,890.84 1,897.23

Information........................................... 38.81 39.96 40.29 40.37 1,397.16 1,438.56 1,438.35 1,469.47

Financial activities................................... 32.91 34.50 34.77 34.70 1,220.96 1,262.70 1,279.54 1,273.49

Professional and business services.............. 33.31 34.53 34.69 34.83 1,209.15 1,249.99 1,259.25 1,260.85

Private education and health services............ 29.65 30.42 30.41 30.49 963.63 988.65 985.28 990.93

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 18.39 19.04 19.23 19.24 448.72 462.67 465.37 467.53

Other services....................................... 25.30 26.07 26.13 26.26 791.89 813.38 815.26 821.94

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023p

Dec.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Total private..................................... 121.1 122.7 122.9 122.8 -0.1 228.2 239.4 240.9 241.4 0.2

Goods-producing............................. 94.8 95.8 96.0 95.7 -0.3 166.7 175.9 177.7 177.9 0.1

Mining and logging........................ 116.9 126.2 127.3 127.5 0.2 227.1 255.7 258.5 261.9 1.3

Construction................................ 114.1 117.5 117.9 117.3 -0.5 204.7 219.7 222.5 221.1 -0.6

Manufacturing.............................. 85.0 84.7 84.5 84.3 -0.2 142.8 147.9 148.8 149.8 0.7

Durable goods........................... 86.4 85.6 85.6 85.4 -0.2 144.8 149.1 150.2 151.9 1.1

Nondurable goods...................... 82.5 83.0 82.7 82.5 -0.2 138.3 145.2 145.9 145.7 -0.1

Private service-providing.................... 128.7 129.9 130.1 130.3 0.2 248.0 258.7 260.0 261.2 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 115.2 115.6 115.8 115.2 -0.5 202.0 210.1 210.9 211.0 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 110.1 109.7 110.3 109.9 -0.4 194.5 198.3 199.9 199.9 0.0

Retail trade.............................. 100.7 101.9 102.1 101.3 -0.8 173.4 180.4 181.4 180.9 -0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 167.6 167.0 166.2 167.0 0.5 281.5 299.5 298.3 300.3 0.7

Utilities.................................... 96.4 96.6 96.2 96.0 -0.2 174.5 180.7 180.8 181.5 0.4

Information................................. 102.1 99.4 98.9 101.3 2.4 196.1 196.6 197.2 202.4 2.6

Financial activities......................... 119.5 118.3 119.1 118.8 -0.3 242.0 251.1 254.7 253.6 -0.4

Professional and business services..... 147.0 146.5 146.8 146.4 -0.3 291.2 300.9 303.0 303.3 0.1

Private education and health services... 149.6 155.0 155.1 156.2 0.7 292.8 311.1 311.4 314.4 1.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 125.9 129.9 129.9 131.0 0.8 263.0 280.9 283.6 286.1 0.9

Other services............................. 103.6 105.0 105.2 105.4 0.2 191.0 199.5 200.3 201.6 0.6

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.