For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 18, 2019 USDL-19-0079 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

UNION MEMBERS — 2018

The union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of unions—

was 10.5 percent in 2018, down by 0.2 percentage point from 2017, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

reported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.7 million in 2018, 

was little changed from 2017. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the 

union membership rate was 20.1 percent and there were 17.7 million union workers. 

 

The data on union membership are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly 

sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households that obtains information on employment and 

unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For more 

information, see the Technical Note in this news release. 

 

Highlights from the 2018 data: 

 

• The union membership rate of public-sector workers (33.9 percent) continued to be more than five 

times higher than that of private-sector workers (6.4 percent). (See table 3.) 

 

• The highest unionization rates were among workers in protective service occupations (33.9 

percent) and in education, training, and library occupations (33.8 percent). (See table 3.) 

 

• Men continued to have a higher union membership rate (11.1 percent) than women (9.9 percent). 

(See table 1.) 

 

• Black workers remained more likely to be union members than White, Asian, or Hispanic 

workers. (See table 1.) 

 

• Nonunion workers had median weekly earnings that were 82 percent of earnings for workers who 

were union members ($860 versus $1,051). (The comparisons of earnings in this release are on a 

broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings 

differences.) (See table 2.) 

 

• Among states, Hawaii and New York had the highest union membership rates (23.1 percent and 

22.3 percent, respectively), while North Carolina and South Carolina had the lowest (2.7 percent

each). (See table 5.) 
 - 2 - 

Industry and Occupation of Union Members 

 

In 2018, 7.2 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with 7.6 million 

workers in the private sector. Union membership rates for both public-sector and private-sector workers 

edged down in 2018. The unionization rate in the private sector (6.4 percent) remained substantially 

below that for public-sector workers (33.9 percent). Within the public sector, the union membership rate 

was highest in local government (40.3 percent), which employs many workers in heavily unionized 

occupations, such as police officers, firefighters, and teachers. Private-sector industries with high 

unionization rates included utilities (20.1 percent), transportation and warehousing (16.7 percent), and 

telecommunications (15.4 percent). Low unionization rates occurred in finance (1.3 percent), food 

services and drinking places (1.3 percent), and professional and technical services (1.5 percent). (See 

table 3.) 

 

Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2018 were in protective service 

occupations (33.9 percent) and in education, training, and library occupations (33.8 percent). 

Unionization rates were lowest in farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (2.4 percent); sales and 

related occupations (3.3 percent); computer and mathematical occupations (3.7 percent); and in food 

preparation and serving related occupations (3.9 percent). 

 

Selected Characteristics of Union Members 

 

In 2018, the union membership rate continued to be higher for men (11.1 percent) than for women (9.9 

percent). (See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983 (the earliest 

year for which comparable data are available), when rates for men and women were 24.7 percent and 

14.6 percent, respectively. 

 

Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union membership 

rate in 2018 (12.5 percent) than workers who were White (10.4 percent), Asian (8.4 percent), or 

Hispanic (9.1 percent). 

 

By age, union membership rates continued to be highest among workers ages 45 to 64. In 2018, 12.8 

percent of workers ages 45 to 54 and 13.3 percent of those ages 55 to 64 were union members. 

 

In 2018, the union membership rate for full-time workers (11.6 percent) was about twice the rate for 

part-time workers (5.4 percent). 

 

Union Representation 

 

In 2018, 16.4 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both 

union members (14.7 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered 

by a union contract (1.6 million). (See table 1.) 

 

Earnings 

 

Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of 

$1,051 in 2018, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $860. In 

addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, this earnings difference reflects a variety of 

influences, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by 

occupation, industry, age, firm size, or geographic region. (See tables 2 and 4.) 
 - 3 - 

Union Membership by State 

 

In 2018, 29 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S. 

average, 10.5 percent, while 20 states had rates above it and 1 state had the same rate. All states in both 

the East South Central and West South Central divisions had union membership rates below the national 

average, while all states in both the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions had rates above it. 

Eight states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2018. North Carolina and South Carolina 

had the lowest rate (2.7 percent each). The next lowest rates were in Utah (4.1 percent) and Texas and 

Virginia (4.3 percent each). Two states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2018: Hawaii 

(23.1 percent) and New York (22.3 percent). (See table 5 and the map.) 

 

The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.4 million) and New York (1.9 million). 

Over half of the 14.7 million union members in the U.S. lived in just seven states (California, 2.4 

million; New York, 1.9 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.7 million; and Michigan, Ohio, and 

Washington, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and 

salary employment nationally. 

 
Technical Note

 The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on 

the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is 

conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the 

U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national 

sample of about 60,000 eligible households. The union 

membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter 

of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary 

workers. All self-employed workers are excluded.

 Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised 

population controls used in the CPS. Additional information 

about population controls is available on the BLS website at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.

 Information in this release will be made available to sensory 

impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-

5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies 

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability 

is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about 

a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate 

based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard 

errors from the true population value because of sampling error. 

BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of

confidence. The state section of this release preserves the longtime practice of highlighting the state union membership rates 

and levels regardless of their statistical significance.

 The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the 

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain 

information for all respondents in the sample, inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, 

and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

 Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and 

guidance on estimating standard errors is available at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Union membership questions 

 Employed wage and salary workers are classified as union 

members if they answer “yes” to the following question: On this 

job, are you a member of a labor union or of an employee 

association similar to a union? If the response is “no” to that 

question, then the interviewer asks a second question: On this 

job, are you covered by a union or employee association 

contract? If the response is “yes,” then these persons, along 

with those who responded “yes” to being union members, are 

classified as represented by a union. If the response is “no” to 

both the first and second questions, then they are classified as 

nonunion.

Definitions

 The principal definitions used in this release are described 

briefly below.

 Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an 

employee association similar to a union.

 Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of total 

wage and salary workers who are union members.

 

 Represented by unions. Data refer to both union members and 

workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are 

covered by a union or an employee association contract.

 Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members of 

a union nor represented by a union on their job.

 Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes 

and other deductions and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the 

case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were 

asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 

1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way 

for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice 

monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually 

earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis 

other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The 

term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent 

asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to 

define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during 

the past 4 or 5 months.

 Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a 

given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having 

earnings above the median and the other having earnings below 

the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or 

calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which 

are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is 

estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in 

which the median lies.

 Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, 

salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The 

group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. 

Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed 

workers, both those with incorporated businesses as well as 

those with unincorporated businesses.

 Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or 

more per week at their sole or principal job.

 Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 

hours per week at their sole or principal job.

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified 

themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, 

Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as 

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2017-2018 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2017 2018

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,890 14,817 10.7 16,444 11.9 140,099 14,744 10.5 16,380 11.7

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,757 877 4.7 1,014 5.4 18,698 823 4.4 966 5.2

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,133 13,940 11.7 15,430 13.0 121,401 13,921 11.5 15,415 12.7

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,407 3,061 9.4 3,426 10.6 33,232 3,084 9.3 3,452 10.4

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,729 3,421 11.9 3,806 13.2 29,433 3,445 11.7 3,802 12.9

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,655 3,771 13.2 4,145 14.5 28,525 3,664 12.8 4,029 14.1

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,382 3,032 13.5 3,329 14.9 22,839 3,041 13.3 3,355 14.7

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,960 655 9.4 723 10.4 7,372 687 9.3 777 10.5

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,469 8,166 11.4 8,930 12.5 72,632 8,082 11.1 8,868 12.2

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,486 529 5.6 609 6.4 9,366 513 5.5 587 6.3

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,983 7,637 12.3 8,321 13.4 63,266 7,569 12.0 8,281 13.1

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,199 1,755 10.2 1,940 11.3 17,710 1,781 10.1 1,957 11.0

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,220 1,900 12.5 2,088 13.7 15,617 1,884 12.1 2,057 13.2

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,693 2,040 13.9 2,189 14.9 14,593 1,934 13.3 2,109 14.5

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,318 1,617 14.3 1,745 15.4 11,575 1,611 13.9 1,752 15.1

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,554 324 9.1 359 10.1 3,771 360 9.5 405 10.8

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,421 6,651 10.0 7,514 11.3 67,467 6,662 9.9 7,512 11.1

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,271 348 3.8 405 4.4 9,332 310 3.3 379 4.1

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,150 6,303 11.0 7,109 12.4 58,135 6,352 10.9 7,134 12.3

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,208 1,306 8.6 1,486 9.8 15,521 1,303 8.4 1,495 9.6

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,509 1,521 11.3 1,718 12.7 13,817 1,561 11.3 1,744 12.6

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,962 1,731 12.4 1,956 14.0 13,932 1,730 12.4 1,920 13.8

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,065 1,415 12.8 1,584 14.3 11,264 1,430 12.7 1,603 14.2

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,406 330 9.7 364 10.7 3,601 327 9.1 372 10.3

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,121 11,358 10.6 12,589 11.8 108,164 11,215 10.4 12,471 11.5

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,545 6,432 11.4 7,025 12.4 57,132 6,311 11.0 6,920 12.1

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,576 4,926 9.7 5,564 11.0 51,032 4,904 9.6 5,551 10.9

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . 17,498 2,210 12.6 2,459 14.1 17,994 2,258 12.5 2,487 13.8

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,042 1,101 13.7 1,205 15.0 8,330 1,111 13.3 1,221 14.7

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,456 1,109 11.7 1,254 13.3 9,664 1,147 11.9 1,266 13.1

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,561 763 8.9 843 9.8 8,973 758 8.4 855 9.5

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,457 365 8.2 402 9.0 4,652 375 8.1 416 8.9

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,105 398 9.7 441 10.7 4,321 383 8.9 439 10.2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . 23,656 2,201 9.3 2,476 10.5 24,591 2,239 9.1 2,482 10.1

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,342 1,261 9.5 1,410 10.6 13,775 1,304 9.5 1,443 10.5

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,315 940 9.1 1,067 10.3 10,815 934 8.6 1,039 9.6

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3

Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,272 13,396 11.8 14,812 13.1 115,567 13,415 11.6 14,844 12.8

Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,433 1,403 5.7 1,611 6.6 24,346 1,313 5.4 1,518 6.2

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal

job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected

characteristics, 2017-2018 annual averages

Characteristic

2017 2018

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $860 $1,041 $1,028 $829 $886 $1,051 $1,042 $860

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 663 652 514 548 676 668 536

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907 1,065 1,054 883 932 1,077 1,070 910

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 921 909 756 808 921 913 791

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 1,122 1,111 935 986 1,154 1,146 959

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 1,113 1,103 953 1,002 1,144 1,144 978

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 1,112 1,106 947 994 1,107 1,107 972

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 1,058 1,054 888 944 1,059 1,053 928

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941 1,102 1,094 914 973 1,123 1,121 948

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 701 683 533 575 694 691 560

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996 1,128 1,124 976 1,026 1,146 1,146 1,007

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 964 953 803 862 971 966 844

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,062 1,195 1,183 1,038 1,101 1,211 1,207 1,071

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,103 1,184 1,180 1,080 1,137 1,224 1,221 1,120

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,098 1,160 1,166 1,073 1,137 1,176 1,191 1,122

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,016 1,140 1,132 1,004 1,050 1,093 1,117 1,042

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 970 954 746 789 968 958 764

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 606 600 496 522 632 630 518

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 988 974 784 830 984 976 804

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 864 854 705 750 856 846 736

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 1,037 1,026 831 876 1,063 1,052 845

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 1,018 1,002 827 876 1,026 1,030 847

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 1,025 1,011 831 853 989 982 825

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 991 986 751 811 1,022 1,010 783

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890 1,089 1,076 860 916 1,098 1,090 889

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971 1,141 1,135 942 1,002 1,157 1,154 978

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795 1,014 997 766 817 1,007 1,001 786

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 823 813 659 694 826 815 673

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 869 856 687 735 890 879 714

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 784 773 636 654 782 766 635

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,043 1,112 1,126 1,034 1,095 1,119 1,121 1,092

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,207 1,169 1,176 1,212 1,241 1,196 1,228 1,243

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 1,007 1,023 887 937 1,033 999 929

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 897 880 629 680 912 900 657

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 952 929 669 720 978 962 698

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 810 801 583 617 836 824 601

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2017-2018 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2017 2018

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,442 6,155 11.5 6,972 13.0 55,258 6,183 11.2 7,069 12.8

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,617 902 4.4 1,097 5.3 21,196 916 4.3 1,130 5.3

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,894 596 4.3 727 5.2 14,299 607 4.2 750 5.2

Business and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,723 307 4.6 370 5.5 6,897 309 4.5 379 5.5

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 32,824 5,253 16.0 5,876 17.9 34,062 5,267 15.5 5,939 17.4

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . 4,544 178 3.9 225 4.9 4,937 181 3.7 227 4.6

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . 3,053 220 7.2 250 8.2 3,124 232 7.4 263 8.4

Life, physical, and social science

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,360 138 10.2 154 11.3 1,436 141 9.8 160 11.1

Community and social service occupations. . . . 2,555 392 15.3 426 16.7 2,614 360 13.8 395 15.1

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 119 7.9 134 8.9 1,585 94 6.0 121 7.6

Education, training, and library occupations. . . 8,949 2,996 33.5 3,327 37.2 9,140 3,089 33.8 3,435 37.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,314 157 6.8 173 7.5 2,417 161 6.6 187 7.7

Healthcare practitioners and technical

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,548 1,054 12.3 1,186 13.9 8,810 1,008 11.4 1,152 13.1

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,207 2,392 9.9 2,623 10.8 24,320 2,389 9.8 2,613 10.7

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,412 286 8.4 314 9.2 3,507 284 8.1 314 8.9

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,119 1,082 34.7 1,152 37.0 3,193 1,081 33.9 1,135 35.5

Food preparation and serving related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,220 314 3.8 359 4.4 8,052 314 3.9 373 4.6

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,864 441 9.1 492 10.1 4,990 453 9.1 510 10.2

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . 4,592 268 5.8 305 6.6 4,577 256 5.6 282 6.2

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,018 1,944 6.3 2,207 7.1 30,767 1,993 6.5 2,223 7.2

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,682 432 3.2 513 3.7 13,694 455 3.3 538 3.9

Office and administrative support occupations. . . 17,337 1,511 8.7 1,694 9.8 17,073 1,538 9.0 1,685 9.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,238 2,015 16.5 2,129 17.4 12,319 1,865 15.1 1,978 16.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . 1,090 37 3.4 42 3.8 1,024 24 2.4 31 3.0

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . 6,529 1,262 19.3 1,318 20.2 6,776 1,158 17.1 1,217 18.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,619 716 15.5 770 16.7 4,518 682 15.1 730 16.2

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,985 2,311 13.6 2,514 14.8 17,435 2,315 13.3 2,497 14.3

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,143 1,006 12.4 1,092 13.4 8,272 985 11.9 1,062 12.8

Transportation and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,842 1,304 14.8 1,422 16.1 9,163 1,330 14.5 1,435 15.7

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,935 7,601 6.5 8,494 7.3 118,968 7,578 6.4 8,512 7.2

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,337 28 2.1 30 2.3 1,344 29 2.2 35 2.6

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,598 7,573 6.6 8,463 7.3 117,624 7,548 6.4 8,477 7.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 735 32 4.4 35 4.8 721 34 4.7 38 5.3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,844 1,102 14.0 1,156 14.7 8,169 1,048 12.8 1,125 13.8

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,670 1,328 9.1 1,461 10.0 14,861 1,340 9.0 1,444 9.7

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,194 836 9.1 913 9.9 9,401 850 9.0 917 9.8

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,477 492 9.0 548 10.0 5,460 490 9.0 527 9.6

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,778 839 4.5 940 5.0 18,736 805 4.3 928 5.0

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,291 147 4.5 160 4.9 3,351 137 4.1 158 4.7

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,487 692 4.5 780 5.0 15,385 669 4.3 769 5.0

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,232 1,139 18.3 1,225 19.7 6,467 1,116 17.3 1,185 18.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,205 903 17.3 978 18.8 5,410 904 16.7 968 17.9

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,028 237 23.0 247 24.1 1,057 212 20.1 217 20.5

Information3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,464 242 9.8 264 10.7 2,536 244 9.6 260 10.3

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 17 3.6 19 4.1 437 17 3.9 18 4.2

Motion pictures and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 43 11.4 45 11.8 395 49 12.5 50 12.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2017-2018 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2017 2018

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Radio and television broadcasting and

cable subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . 544 42 7.8 47 8.7 526 41 7.7 45 8.6

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814 131 16.1 138 17.0 851 131 15.4 138 16.2

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,067 217 2.4 278 3.1 9,148 192 2.1 253 2.8

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,720 101 1.5 142 2.1 6,770 99 1.5 137 2.0

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,156 46 1.1 67 1.6 4,244 55 1.3 81 1.9

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,563 55 2.1 76 2.9 2,526 43 1.7 56 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . 2,348 117 5.0 135 5.8 2,379 94 3.9 115 4.8

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,739 335 2.3 407 2.8 15,228 390 2.6 481 3.2

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . 9,328 162 1.7 210 2.2 9,718 148 1.5 203 2.1

Management, administrative, and waste

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,412 173 3.2 198 3.7 5,510 242 4.4 278 5.0

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,324 1,798 8.1 2,077 9.3 22,982 1,853 8.1 2,144 9.3

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,600 526 11.4 621 13.5 4,828 632 13.1 748 15.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . 17,724 1,272 7.2 1,456 8.2 18,154 1,221 6.7 1,396 7.7

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,748 374 2.9 428 3.4 12,582 367 2.9 436 3.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . 2,424 144 5.9 157 6.5 2,390 136 5.7 159 6.6

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . 10,324 230 2.2 271 2.6 10,193 231 2.3 277 2.7

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454 106 7.3 114 7.8 1,369 113 8.3 127 9.3

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . 8,870 124 1.4 158 1.8 8,823 118 1.3 150 1.7

Other services3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,994 167 2.8 192 3.2 6,192 159 2.6 184 3.0

Other services, except private households.. . 5,390 164 3.0 186 3.5 5,431 155 2.9 179 3.3

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,956 7,216 34.4 7,951 37.9 21,131 7,167 33.9 7,868 37.2

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,652 972 26.6 1,131 31.0 3,707 977 26.4 1,128 30.4

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,103 2,153 30.3 2,371 33.4 7,109 2,035 28.6 2,259 31.8

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,201 4,091 40.1 4,449 43.6 10,315 4,155 40.3 4,481 43.4

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated

businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry, 2017-2018 annual averages

Occupation and industry

2017 2018

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . $1,224 $1,215 $1,206 $1,227 $1,246 $1,229 $1,222 $1,250

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,327 1,276 1,276 1,329 1,355 1,318 1,334 1,356

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,392 1,349 1,361 1,395 1,429 1,401 1,425 1,430

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . 1,174 1,188 1,163 1,174 1,216 1,159 1,164 1,221

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,160 1,199 1,187 1,154 1,176 1,210 1,193 1,173

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,465 1,375 1,371 1,473 1,539 1,458 1,460 1,543

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,478 1,479 1,473 1,479 1,484 1,516 1,529 1,479

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 1,286 1,297 1,338 1,276 1,270 1,331 1,323 1,262

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900 1,035 1,035 866 913 1,076 1,083 880

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,443 1,550 1,577 1,428 1,467 1,593 1,503 1,464

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002 1,157 1,144 900 1,002 1,151 1,136 909

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,066 1,354 1,334 1,041 1,086 1,277 1,205 1,074

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . 1,124 1,244 1,239 1,103 1,140 1,292 1,288 1,122

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 792 774 518 569 802 781 541

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 577 573 539 561 618 618 552

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852 1,163 1,146 713 848 1,137 1,132 715

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . 484 594 583 479 501 609 598 496

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 638 629 511 551 679 670 533

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 624 609 516 544 590 587 541

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 829 814 710 742 835 828 735

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 806 813 761 798 774 766 800

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 834 815 688 717 850 843 703

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 1,146 1,132 750 824 1,181 1,176 782

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 – – 533 581 – – 581

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796 1,136 1,124 734 808 1,178 1,172 759

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . 878 1,187 1,176 822 934 1,208 1,204 891

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 922 902 662 707 924 913 680

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 895 878 678 723 935 923 699

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . 681 949 926 640 689 913 902 657

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 984 971 816 861 999 989 848

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 – – 599 619 – – 619

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 986 974 820 865 1,001 991 853

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,257 – – 1,263 1,291 – – 1,269

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 1,163 1,155 797 868 1,220 1,210 819

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 943 927 878 917 992 992 908

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 968 955 904 951 1,025 1,023 941

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 892 871 830 858 923 931 843

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 758 753 702 722 759 743 721

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 979 986 899 917 896 917 917

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656 721 714 653 671 719 700 669

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888 1,147 1,121 828 901 1,106 1,091 864

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 1,053 1,016 781 838 1,024 1,014 808

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,325 1,432 1,432 1,254 1,292 1,329 1,327 1,271

Information4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,154 1,344 1,330 1,142 1,169 1,355 1,336 1,157

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,171 – – 1,167 1,153 – – 1,151

Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . 1,189 – – 1,134 1,114 – – 1,027

Radio and television broadcasting and cable

subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973 – – 959 1,056 – – 1,051

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,197 1,195 1,201 1,195 1,170 1,331 1,325 1,150

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,009 943 945 1,012 1,047 937 940 1,052

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,076 980 964 1,081 1,130 909 948 1,134

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,125 – 1,010 1,126 1,155 914 940 1,159

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,027 – 931 1,032 1,071 – 953 1,078

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 918 931 833 897 979 921 896

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,037 1,005 1,016 1,038 1,094 888 906 1,105

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,347 1,231 1,252 1,349 1,364 1,264 1,205 1,367

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry, 2017-2018 annual averages — Continued

Occupation and industry

2017 2018

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . $629 $873 $842 $622 $664 $711 $711 $661

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 978 964 831 860 984 978 845

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 1,026 1,018 942 985 1,068 1,053 968

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 928 914 800 822 920 921 813

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 676 669 538 584 700 695 579

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 750 766 710 732 772 791 726

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 636 620 510 551 666 655 546

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 685 678 588 615 715 702 604

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 586 564 500 536 621 619 535

Other services4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 913 874 699 735 1,165 1,186 725

Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . 722 924 890 717 764 1,171 1,195 754

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986 1,104 1,096 917 999 1,099 1,094 936

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,176 1,138 1,146 1,213 1,166 1,076 1,112 1,228

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 1,061 1,050 907 967 1,074 1,058 916

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949 1,121 1,106 832 969 1,114 1,106 859

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

4

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well

as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2017-2018 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

State

2017 2018

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,869 138 7.4 152 8.1 1,950 180 9.2 196 10.1

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 55 18.1 59 19.4 299 55 18.5 60 20.0

Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,805 111 4.0 145 5.2 2,943 156 5.3 191 6.5

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,209 62 5.1 74 6.1 1,176 56 4.8 62 5.3

California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,064 2,491 15.5 2,708 16.9 16,399 2,405 14.7 2,587 15.8

Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,494 238 9.6 273 11.0 2,564 281 11.0 307 12.0

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,645 278 16.9 295 17.9 1,677 268 16.0 280 16.7

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 45 10.7 48 11.2 434 45 10.3 47 10.8

District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 34 9.8 40 11.5 354 35 9.9 41 11.6

Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,573 480 5.6 570 6.6 8,702 484 5.6 588 6.8

Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,342 173 4.0 217 5.0 4,466 201 4.5 249 5.6

Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 129 21.3 139 22.9 601 139 23.1 146 24.3

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 35 4.8 42 5.8 733 34 4.7 41 5.6

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,516 827 15.0 872 15.8 5,694 786 13.8 839 14.7

Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,987 266 8.9 289 9.7 3,049 269 8.8 283 9.3

Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,475 104 7.0 127 8.6 1,461 113 7.7 129 8.8

Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,296 101 7.8 131 10.1 1,283 90 7.0 129 10.1

Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,810 174 9.6 232 12.8 1,812 161 8.9 207 11.4

Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,780 78 4.4 96 5.4 1,785 89 5.0 104 5.8

Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 66 11.4 81 14.0 573 74 12.9 85 14.8

Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,772 299 10.8 326 11.8 2,784 307 11.0 336 12.1

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,231 401 12.4 431 13.3 3,397 464 13.7 493 14.5

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,230 658 15.6 711 16.8 4,320 625 14.5 663 15.4

Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,693 411 15.2 428 15.9 2,634 395 15.0 421 16.0

Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,106 59 5.3 77 7.0 1,121 58 5.1 80 7.1

Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,613 226 8.7 265 10.1 2,675 251 9.4 283 10.6

Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 50 11.9 57 13.6 427 50 11.8 60 14.0

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 70 8.2 78 9.1 882 59 6.6 71 8.0

Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,290 164 12.7 189 14.6 1,376 191 13.9 216 15.7

New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 72 11.3 83 13.0 664 68 10.2 77 11.6

New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,898 630 16.2 665 17.1 3,935 587 14.9 639 16.2

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 52 6.7 63 8.3 812 56 6.8 67 8.2

New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,472 2,017 23.8 2,148 25.3 8,404 1,872 22.3 2,027 24.1

North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,305 145 3.4 171 4.0 4,331 118 2.7 174 4.0

North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 18 5.1 24 6.8 343 18 5.2 23 6.7

Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,062 635 12.5 688 13.6 5,054 639 12.6 722 14.3

Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,536 84 5.5 108 7.1 1,583 90 5.7 117 7.4

Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,763 262 14.9 277 15.7 1,738 242 13.9 256 14.7

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,543 665 12.0 723 13.0 5,575 701 12.6 748 13.4

Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 78 16.1 84 17.2 479 83 17.4 89 18.5

South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,986 52 2.6 78 3.9 2,016 55 2.7 72 3.6

South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 20 5.4 25 6.7 387 22 5.6 28 7.1

Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,728 155 5.7 176 6.4 2,816 155 5.5 179 6.4

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,626 543 4.7 669 5.8 11,989 512 4.3 653 5.4

Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,375 54 3.9 74 5.4 1,343 56 4.1 76 5.7

Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 32 11.0 35 12.1 291 31 10.5 34 11.6

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,801 176 4.6 222 5.8 3,875 168 4.3 213 5.5

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,112 584 18.8 630 20.2 3,270 649 19.8 671 20.5

West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 75 11.0 82 11.9 684 68 10.0 74 10.8

Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,778 230 8.3 250 9.0 2,700 219 8.1 233 8.6

Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 15 6.0 16 6.7 235 15 6.5 18 7.7

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated

businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
TEXAS

N.M.

CALIF.

MONT.

NEV.

ARIZ.

ORE.

S.D.

WYO.

COLO. KAN. MO.

N.D.

NEB.

UTAH

GA.

ILL.

MINN.

LA.

IDAHO

FLA.

PA.

WIS.

N.Y.

OKLA.

N.C.

KY.

ALA.

VA.

ARK.

WASH.

IOWA

MISS.

IND.

OHIO

S.C.

MICH.

TENN.

W.VA.

VT

MD.

HAWAII

ALASKA

Pacific

Mountain

West

North Central

East

North Central

New Englan

Middle

Atlantic

East

South Central

West

South Central

Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2018 

(U.S. rate = 10.5 percent)

Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2018 annu

(U.S. rate = 10.5 percent)