For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, February 1, 2023 USDL-23-0148 

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – DECEMBER 2022 

The number of job openings increased to 11.0 million on the last business day of December, the U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations 

changed little at 6.2 million and 5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (4.1 million) and 

layoffs and discharges (1.5 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number and 

rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 

establishment size class. 

Job Openings

On the last business day of December, the number and rate of job openings increased to 11.0 million

and 6.7 percent, respectively. In December, the largest increases in job openings were in accommodation 

and food services (+409,000), retail trade (+134,000), and construction (+82,000). The number of job 

openings decreased in information (-107,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In December, the number and rate of hires changed little at 6.2 million and 4.0 percent, respectively. 

Hires changed little in all industries. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 

voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 

workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 

by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 

to other locations of the same firm.

 3.0

 3.4

 3.8

 4.2

 4.6

 5.0

 5.4

 5.8

 6.2

 6.6

 7.0

 7.4

Dec-19 Jun-20 Dec-20 Jun-21 Dec-21 Jun-22 Dec-22

Percent

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted,

December 2019 - December 2022

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

Dec-19 Jun-20 Dec-20 Jun-21 Dec-21 Jun-22 Dec-22

Hires

Separations

Percent

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,

December 2019 - December 2022
- 2 - 

In December, the number of total separations changed little at 5.9 million, and the rate remained

unchanged at 3.8 percent. The number of total separations decreased in transportation, warehousing, and 

utilities (-67,000). (See table 3.) 

In December, the number of quits was little changed at 4.1 million, and the rate was unchanged at 2.7 

percent. Quits decreased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-69,000) but increased in other 

services (+65,000). (See table 4.)

In December, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.5 million and 1.0 

percent, respectively. Layoffs and discharges decreased in finance and insurance (-43,000) but increased 

in federal government (+4,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in December at 336,000. Other separations 

increased in retail trade (+29,000) and in health care and social assistance (+19,000). Other separations 

decreased in state and local government, excluding education (-10,000) and in educational services 

(-6,000). (See table 6.) 

Establishment Size Class

In December, the job openings rate increased in establishments with 50 to 249 employees but decreased 

in establishments with 5,000 or more employees. The total separations rate increased in establishments 

with 10 to 49 employees but decreased in establishments with 50 to 249 employees and 250 to 999 

employees. The quits rate increased in establishments with 10 to 49 employees but decreased in 

establishments with 50 to 249 employees and 250 to 999 employees. For a more in-depth description of 

the JOLTS establishment size class estimates, please visit www.bls.gov/jlt/sizeclassmethodology.htm. 

____________ 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for January 2023 are scheduled to be 

released on Wednesday, March 8, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Upcoming Changes to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data

Effective with the release of January 2023 data on March 8, 2023, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover 

Survey (JOLTS) estimates will be revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment 

Statistics employment data and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data and 

seasonally adjusted data from January 2018 forward are subject to revision. In accordance with annual 

practice, additional historical data may be revised as a result of the benchmark process. Also effective

with this release, JOLTS is adopting the 2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System (NAICS), which has a minimal impact on the published JOLTS data series. For more 

information on the 2022 NAICS, visit www.census.gov/naics. 

Also effective with the release of January data, JOLTS will begin publishing two new tables presenting 

annual average job openings levels and rates. (Annual estimates of levels and rates are published each 

year with January data.) In addition, JOLTS will modify its method for calculating annual estimates for 

hires and separations rates. Annual rates will be computed as annual averages, instead of annual totals,

to make the estimates more helpful for data users and to be consistent with other Bureau of Labor 

Statistics programs.
- 3 - 

JOLTS will introduce several changes to the monthly news release tables beginning with the news 

release for January data. Two tables displaying JOLTS data by size class will be added to the news 

release: one for seasonally adjusted estimates and the other for not seasonally adjusted estimates. JOLTS 

will also introduce over-the-month change columns for levels and rates to tables 1 through 6. To 

accommodate the new tables, tables starting with table 7 will be renumbered. 

Additional information about these changes, including the annual average calculation method and 

sample table shells for all news release tables, is available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm. 
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 11,448 10,440 11,012 6,450 6,034 6,165 6,042 5,831 5,890

Total private....................................... 10,343 9,380 9,931 6,062 5,612 5,741 5,648 5,459 5,501

Mining and logging............................. 34 38 41 20 22 23 17 19 20

Construction.................................... 359 331 413 361 323 357 329 293 324

Manufacturing.................................. 746 803 764 457 405 405 434 400 386

Durable goods............................... 422 502 473 258 217 233 244 216 203

Nondurable goods........................... 324 301 291 199 188 172 190 185 183

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,942 1,571 1,746 1,377 1,251 1,281 1,330 1,276 1,277

Wholesale trade............................. 295 211 284 170 169 171 142 155 160

Retail trade................................... 1,036 883 1,017 901 729 774 916 735 798

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 611 476 445 306 353 336 272 386 319

Information...................................... 232 216 109 111 119 97 112 92 87

Financial activities.............................. 470 568 581 229 233 195 206 234 190

Finance and insurance..................... 355 389 424 145 152 121 135 161 129

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 115 179 157 84 80 74 70 73 61

Professional and business services......... 2,021 1,952 1,956 1,212 1,110 1,129 1,150 1,143 1,128

Education and health services............... 2,187 2,099 2,119 846 852 916 800 792 836

Educational services........................ 217 161 187 102 96 96 84 84 92

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,970 1,938 1,932 744 756 820 716 708 744

Leisure and hospitality........................ 1,990 1,505 1,935 1,192 1,093 1,100 1,029 1,037 1,044

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 205 172 192 165 158 163 123 148 135

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 1,785 1,334 1,743 1,027 935 937 906 889 909

Other services.................................. 362 298 266 256 204 239 241 173 209

Government....................................... 1,105 1,060 1,080 388 422 423 395 372 390

Federal.......................................... 167 137 152 45 40 47 57 40 45

State and local................................. 938 923 928 344 381 376 338 332 345

State and local education.................. 361 353 353 183 189 181 174 157 166

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 577 570 575 161 193 195 163 175 179

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 7.1 6.4 6.7 4.3 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.8

Total private....................................... 7.5 6.7 7.0 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.2

Mining and logging............................. 5.5 5.7 6.0 3.5 3.4 3.5 2.9 2.9 3.0

Construction.................................... 4.6 4.1 5.0 4.8 4.2 4.6 4.4 3.8 4.2

Manufacturing.................................. 5.6 5.8 5.6 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.5 3.1 3.0

Durable goods............................... 5.1 5.9 5.5 3.3 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.5

Nondurable goods........................... 6.4 5.8 5.7 4.2 3.8 3.5 4.0 3.8 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 6.4 5.2 5.7 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.4

Wholesale trade............................. 4.9 3.4 4.6 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.7

Retail trade................................... 6.2 5.3 6.1 5.8 4.6 4.9 5.9 4.7 5.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 8.2 6.4 6.0 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.0 5.5 4.5

Information...................................... 7.4 6.6 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.2 3.8 3.0 2.8

Financial activities.............................. 5.0 5.9 6.1 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.1

Finance and insurance..................... 5.1 5.5 6.0 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 4.8 7.0 6.2 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.5

Professional and business services......... 8.5 8.0 8.0 5.6 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.1 5.0

Education and health services............... 8.4 7.8 7.8 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.4

Educational services........................ 5.5 4.0 4.6 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.4

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 8.9 8.5 8.4 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.5

Leisure and hospitality........................ 11.7 8.6 10.8 7.9 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.5 6.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 8.6 6.9 7.5 7.5 6.8 6.9 5.6 6.4 5.7

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 12.2 8.9 11.3 8.0 6.9 6.9 7.0 6.5 6.6

Other services.................................. 6.1 4.9 4.4 4.6 3.5 4.1 4.3 3.0 3.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Government....................................... 4.8 4.5 4.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7

Federal.......................................... 5.5 4.6 5.0 1.6 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.5

State and local................................. 4.6 4.5 4.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8

State and local education.................. 3.4 3.3 3.3 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 6.0 5.9 5.9 1.8 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.0

p Preliminary
Technical Note 

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Industries are classified in accordance 

with the North American Industry Classification 

System. 

Definitions 

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements. 

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work

available for that position. The position can

be full-time or part-time, and it can be

permanent, short-term, or seasonal.

 The job could start within 30 days, whether

or not the employer can find a suitable

candidate during that time.

 The employer is actively recruiting workers

from outside the establishment to fill the

position. Active recruiting means that the

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting Internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar 

sources. 

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future, 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work, and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Excluded from separations are 

transfers within the same location; employees on 

strike; employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly. 

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 

establishments. The sample is stratified by 

ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment 

size class. The establishments are drawn from a 

universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled 

by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) program which includes all employers 

subject to state unemployment insurance laws and 

federal agencies subject to the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees program. 

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio 

adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment 

is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data 

elements. 

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. 

Also within the first year, new businesses may go out 

of business, referred to as a death. Because not all 

births and deaths of establishments can be reflected 

on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS 

sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and 

separations from them during their early existence. 

BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses 

establishment birth and death activity from previous 

years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations. 

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences as well as sampling and nonsampling 

errors between the two surveys historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust 

again. 

Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses X-13 ARIMA 

for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal 

adjustment methodology is used in which new 

seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each 

month, using all relevant data up to and including 

current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally 

adjusted CES employment trends are applied to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment 

trends (hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the 

seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates. The JOLTS estimates are 

revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES 

employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal 

adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels 

are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and 

the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data 

elements. The seasonally adjusted data are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. These 

annual updates result in revisions to both the 

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series, for the period since the last 

benchmark was established. 

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual 

level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
annual average employment level, and multiplying 

that quotient by 100. This figure will be 

approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly 

rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates 

are published only for not seasonally adjusted data 

and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job 

openings because job openings are a stock, or pointin-time, measurement for the last business day of 

each month. 

Reliability of the estimates 

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs 

when a sample is surveyed rather than the entire 

population. There is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected. 

This variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that 

there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true 

population value because of sampling error. 

Sampling error estimates are available at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for 

many reasons including: the failure to include a 

segment of the population; the inability to obtain data 

from all units in the sample; the inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 

timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data; and 

errors from the employment benchmark data used in 

estimation. 

Other information 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access

telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total............................................... 11,448 10,280 10,687 10,512 10,440 11,012 7.1 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.7

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 10,343 9,240 9,627 9,528 9,380 9,931 7.5 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.7 7.0

Mining and logging......................... 34 24 29 46 38 41 5.5 3.7 4.4 6.8 5.7 6.0

Construction................................ 359 386 423 390 331 413 4.6 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.1 5.0

Manufacturing.............................. 746 846 835 722 803 764 5.6 6.2 6.1 5.3 5.8 5.6

Durable goods........................... 422 514 490 480 502 473 5.1 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.9 5.5

Nondurable goods....................... 324 332 346 242 301 291 6.4 6.4 6.6 4.7 5.8 5.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,942 1,576 1,620 1,647 1,571 1,746 6.4 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.7

Wholesale trade......................... 295 342 243 285 211 284 4.9 5.5 4.0 4.6 3.4 4.6

Retail trade............................... 1,036 792 855 850 883 1,017 6.2 4.8 5.1 5.1 5.3 6.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 611 442 521 512 476 445 8.2 5.9 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.0

Information.................................. 232 201 218 221 216 109 7.4 6.2 6.7 6.8 6.6 3.4

Financial activities......................... 470 557 472 604 568 581 5.0 5.8 5.0 6.3 5.9 6.1

Finance and insurance................. 355 363 282 419 389 424 5.1 5.2 4.1 6.0 5.5 6.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 115 194 190 185 179 157 4.8 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.0 6.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 2,021 1,812 1,940 1,814 1,952 1,956 8.5 7.5 8.0 7.5 8.0 8.0

Education and health services........... 2,187 2,168 2,277 2,159 2,099 2,119 8.4 8.1 8.5 8.0 7.8 7.8

Educational services.................... 217 187 194 159 161 187 5.5 4.6 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.6

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,970 1,981 2,083 1,999 1,938 1,932 8.9 8.7 9.1 8.7 8.5 8.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,990 1,397 1,578 1,637 1,505 1,935 11.7 8.1 9.1 9.3 8.6 10.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 205 193 213 209 172 192 8.6 7.7 8.4 8.2 6.9 7.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,785 1,204 1,365 1,428 1,334 1,743 12.2 8.2 9.2 9.5 8.9 11.3

Other services.............................. 362 274 234 289 298 266 6.1 4.6 3.9 4.8 4.9 4.4

Government................................... 1,105 1,040 1,060 984 1,060 1,080 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.6

Federal...................................... 167 139 181 120 137 152 5.5 4.6 5.9 4.0 4.6 5.0

State and local............................. 938 900 880 864 923 928 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.5

State and local education.............. 361 331 307 327 353 353 3.4 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 577 569 573 537 570 575 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.9 5.9

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 1,923 1,634 1,670 1,661 1,555 1,653 6.8 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.7

South........................................... 4,330 4,092 4,227 4,150 4,187 4,306 7.2 6.7 6.9 6.8 6.8 7.0

Midwest........................................ 2,530 2,175 2,342 2,177 2,207 2,504 7.3 6.2 6.6 6.1 6.2 7.0

West............................................ 2,664 2,379 2,448 2,524 2,491 2,549 7.1 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.5 6.6

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total............................................... 6,450 6,334 6,096 6,111 6,034 6,165 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,062 5,919 5,716 5,719 5,612 5,741 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4

Mining and logging......................... 20 20 22 21 22 23 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.5

Construction................................ 361 349 359 337 323 357 4.8 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.6

Manufacturing.............................. 457 461 401 434 405 405 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.1 3.1

Durable goods........................... 258 267 219 230 217 233 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.9

Nondurable goods....................... 199 194 183 204 188 172 4.2 4.0 3.7 4.2 3.8 3.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,377 1,303 1,236 1,252 1,251 1,281 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5

Wholesale trade......................... 170 164 158 159 169 171 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9

Retail trade............................... 901 794 756 748 729 774 5.8 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 306 345 322 345 353 336 4.5 4.9 4.6 4.9 5.0 4.8

Information.................................. 111 106 102 100 119 97 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.2

Financial activities......................... 229 233 234 210 233 195 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.2

Finance and insurance................. 145 158 148 136 152 121 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.3 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 84 75 86 74 80 74 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,212 1,192 1,137 1,159 1,110 1,129 5.6 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.9 5.0

Education and health services........... 846 878 840 801 852 916 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.7

Educational services.................... 102 105 96 97 96 96 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Health care and social assistance. . .. 744 773 745 704 756 820 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,192 1,132 1,140 1,178 1,093 1,100 7.9 7.2 7.2 7.4 6.8 6.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 165 156 158 151 158 163 7.5 6.8 6.8 6.5 6.8 6.9

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,027 976 982 1,027 935 937 8.0 7.3 7.3 7.6 6.9 6.9

Other services.............................. 256 244 244 227 204 239 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.0 3.5 4.1

Government................................... 388 415 380 391 422 423 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9

Federal...................................... 45 38 43 43 40 47 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.6

State and local............................. 344 377 337 348 381 376 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9

State and local education.............. 183 185 156 177 189 181 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 161 191 181 171 193 195 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 999 898 893 859 875 870 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2

South........................................... 2,650 2,618 2,547 2,536 2,542 2,564 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5

Midwest........................................ 1,396 1,397 1,268 1,286 1,281 1,433 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.8 4.3

West............................................ 1,406 1,422 1,388 1,430 1,336 1,298 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.6

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total............................................... 6,042 6,058 5,665 5,756 5,831 5,890 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,648 5,692 5,270 5,385 5,459 5,501 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2

Mining and logging......................... 17 21 20 18 19 20 2.9 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.0

Construction................................ 329 338 343 318 293 324 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.1 3.8 4.2

Manufacturing.............................. 434 417 374 388 400 386 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0

Durable goods........................... 244 231 203 200 216 203 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.5

Nondurable goods....................... 190 186 170 187 185 183 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,330 1,319 1,212 1,221 1,276 1,277 4.7 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4

Wholesale trade......................... 142 152 136 147 155 160 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7

Retail trade............................... 916 803 752 769 735 798 5.9 5.1 4.8 4.9 4.7 5.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 272 364 324 305 386 319 4.0 5.1 4.6 4.3 5.5 4.5

Information.................................. 112 99 93 78 92 87 3.8 3.3 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.8

Financial activities......................... 206 238 225 208 234 190 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.1

Finance and insurance................. 135 159 145 134 161 129 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.4 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 70 79 80 74 73 61 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.1 2.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,150 1,115 1,043 1,108 1,143 1,128 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.0

Education and health services........... 800 777 737 733 792 836 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.4

Educational services.................... 84 80 87 90 84 92 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4

Health care and social assistance. . .. 716 696 650 643 708 744 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,029 1,144 1,032 1,086 1,037 1,044 6.8 7.3 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 123 159 145 143 148 135 5.6 6.9 6.2 6.1 6.4 5.7

Accommodation and food services. .. 906 986 887 943 889 909 7.0 7.3 6.6 6.9 6.5 6.6

Other services.............................. 241 224 193 228 173 209 4.3 3.9 3.4 4.0 3.0 3.6

Government................................... 395 365 395 371 372 390 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7

Federal...................................... 57 40 43 40 40 45 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5

State and local............................. 338 325 352 331 332 345 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8

State and local education.............. 174 159 169 167 157 166 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 163 166 183 164 175 179 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 815 879 789 781 773 849 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.1

South........................................... 2,507 2,645 2,346 2,454 2,374 2,362 4.5 4.7 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.1

Midwest........................................ 1,341 1,168 1,270 1,233 1,239 1,281 4.1 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8

West............................................ 1,380 1,366 1,259 1,288 1,445 1,398 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.6 4.0 3.9

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total............................................... 4,403 4,184 4,060 4,047 4,102 4,087 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 4,164 3,965 3,819 3,817 3,879 3,851 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9

Mining and logging......................... 13 14 14 13 12 12 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9

Construction................................ 185 208 158 158 138 158 2.5 2.7 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.0

Manufacturing.............................. 322 286 250 271 269 258 2.6 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.0

Durable goods........................... 180 159 135 141 143 130 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6

Nondurable goods....................... 141 127 115 130 126 128 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,082 940 908 918 992 922 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.2

Wholesale trade......................... 113 96 101 98 101 97 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6

Retail trade............................... 786 591 588 617 614 617 5.0 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.9

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 183 254 219 203 277 208 2.7 3.6 3.1 2.9 3.9 3.0

Information.................................. 61 56 57 27 42 42 2.1 1.8 1.9 0.9 1.4 1.4

Financial activities......................... 130 149 156 142 136 133 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5

Finance and insurance................. 81 96 95 92 87 88 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 49 53 60 49 49 45 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.1 1.9

Professional and business services. . . .. 760 671 707 709 721 700 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1

Education and health services........... 597 580 558 573 619 630 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5

Educational services.................... 57 53 53 55 51 56 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4

Health care and social assistance. . .. 540 527 505 518 568 575 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 856 912 856 855 839 819 5.7 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 81 75 80 70 79 74 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 776 837 776 784 760 745 6.0 6.2 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.4

Other services.............................. 159 150 155 151 111 176 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 1.9 3.0

Government................................... 238 219 241 230 224 236 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1

Federal...................................... 23 22 21 19 19 20 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

State and local............................. 215 196 220 211 205 217 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

State and local education.............. 108 99 107 106 99 103 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 107 97 113 105 105 113 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 601 588 539 512 512 546 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0

South........................................... 1,820 1,890 1,734 1,815 1,757 1,718 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.0

Midwest........................................ 998 800 899 838 853 856 3.1 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6

West............................................ 985 907 888 883 980 967 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total............................................... 1,262 1,490 1,329 1,445 1,418 1,468 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,183 1,405 1,247 1,372 1,344 1,378 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Mining and logging......................... 4 5 5 5 6 6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9

Construction................................ 133 120 173 151 141 153 1.8 1.6 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.0

Manufacturing.............................. 90 97 92 97 103 105 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

Durable goods........................... 49 51 46 47 57 58 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Nondurable goods....................... 41 46 46 50 47 46 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 192 301 253 260 241 273 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9

Wholesale trade......................... 20 42 24 39 44 50 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.8

Retail trade............................... 102 174 149 131 100 131 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 70 85 80 90 97 92 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3

Information.................................. 38 38 31 45 41 38 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.2

Financial activities......................... 44 58 52 59 83 34 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.4

Finance and insurance................. 24 35 37 38 63 20 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 19 23 16 21 20 14 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.6

Professional and business services. . . .. 306 370 293 347 353 373 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7

Education and health services........... 166 148 161 135 145 165 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7

Educational services.................... 20 23 30 28 22 32 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8

Health care and social assistance. . .. 147 124 131 107 122 132 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 141 205 157 205 174 206 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 37 81 63 71 68 57 1.7 3.5 2.7 3.1 2.9 2.4

Accommodation and food services. .. 104 124 94 133 107 149 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.1

Other services.............................. 69 64 30 68 57 25 1.2 1.1 0.5 1.2 1.0 0.4

Government................................... 79 85 82 73 73 90 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4

Federal...................................... 19 7 9 7 7 11 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4

State and local............................. 60 78 73 66 66 79 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4

State and local education.............. 33 35 36 33 26 35 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 26 43 38 33 40 44 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 156 222 209 236 210 240 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9

South........................................... 550 598 499 552 514 525 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9

Midwest........................................ 271 301 318 326 326 365 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1

West............................................ 286 369 303 331 367 338 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total............................................... 377 383 276 264 311 336 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 300 322 204 197 236 272 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 1 2 1 1 1 2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3

Construction................................ 12 11 12 8 13 13 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 22 34 31 20 28 23 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods........................... 15 21 22 12 16 15 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods....................... 7 13 9 8 12 8 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 56 78 51 42 43 83 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 9 14 11 9 9 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Retail trade............................... 28 38 15 21 21 50 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 19 26 25 12 13 19 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3

Information.................................. 13 5 5 6 10 6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Financial activities......................... 32 31 17 7 14 22 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Finance and insurance................. 30 28 13 4 10 21 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 2 3 4 3 4 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 83 75 42 52 70 54 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Education and health services........... 37 49 19 25 29 41 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Educational services.................... 8 4 4 7 10 4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 29 45 14 18 18 37 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 31 28 18 26 23 19 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 5 3 2 1 2 4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 26 25 17 25 22 15 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1

Other services.............................. 13 10 9 9 4 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Government................................... 77 61 72 67 76 63 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 14 11 13 14 14 14 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

State and local............................. 63 50 59 53 62 49 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local education.............. 33 25 26 28 31 28 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 30 26 33 25 31 21 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 59 69 41 33 50 63 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

South........................................... 137 157 113 88 102 119 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest........................................ 72 67 53 70 60 60 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West............................................ 109 89 69 73 99 93 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment..

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total..................................................................... 10,353 9,727 9,957 6.4 5.9 6.0

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 9,313 8,712 8,916 6.8 6.2 6.3

Mining and logging............................................... 31 37 38 5.0 5.5 5.5

Construction....................................................... 301 284 359 3.9 3.5 4.5

Manufacturing..................................................... 725 795 730 5.5 5.8 5.3

Durable goods.................................................. 413 499 456 5.0 5.8 5.3

Nondurable goods............................................. 313 296 274 6.2 5.7 5.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,755 1,429 1,561 5.7 4.7 5.0

Wholesale trade................................................ 256 189 253 4.3 3.1 4.1

Retail trade..................................................... 916 770 905 5.4 4.6 5.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 583 470 403 7.5 6.1 5.2

Information........................................................ 242 204 109 7.6 6.2 3.4

Financial activities................................................ 448 544 550 4.8 5.7 5.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 334 375 407 4.8 5.3 5.8

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 114 170 143 4.7 6.7 5.6

Professional and business services............................ 1,863 1,799 1,810 7.8 7.3 7.4

Education and health services.................................. 2,083 1,989 1,996 8.0 7.3 7.4

Educational services.......................................... 197 152 170 4.9 3.6 4.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,886 1,836 1,826 8.5 8.0 8.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,516 1,357 1,521 9.3 7.9 8.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 144 131 141 6.6 5.5 6.0

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,371 1,226 1,380 9.7 8.3 9.2

Other services.................................................... 350 273 242 5.9 4.5 4.0

Government.......................................................... 1,040 1,016 1,040 4.4 4.2 4.4

Federal............................................................. 153 136 147 5.0 4.5 4.8

State and local.................................................... 887 880 893 4.3 4.2 4.3

State and local education..................................... 320 322 317 2.9 2.9 2.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 567 558 576 6.0 5.8 6.0

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,817 1,470 1,563 6.4 5.1 5.4

South................................................................. 3,899 3,884 3,882 6.5 6.3 6.3

Midwest............................................................... 2,264 2,083 2,238 6.5 5.8 6.3

West.................................................................. 2,374 2,291 2,274 6.3 6.0 5.9

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total..................................................................... 4,825 5,568 4,556 3.2 3.6 2.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 4,593 5,230 4,298 3.6 4.0 3.3

Mining and logging............................................... 15 18 16 2.5 2.8 2.5

Construction....................................................... 221 247 217 3.0 3.2 2.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 315 343 275 2.5 2.7 2.1

Durable goods.................................................. 179 187 162 2.3 2.3 2.0

Nondurable goods............................................. 136 156 113 2.9 3.2 2.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,132 1,568 1,076 3.9 5.4 3.6

Wholesale trade................................................ 125 138 128 2.2 2.3 2.2

Retail trade..................................................... 701 837 622 4.4 5.2 3.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 306 593 326 4.2 8.2 4.4

Information........................................................ 79 113 63 2.7 3.7 2.0

Financial activities................................................ 160 211 123 1.8 2.3 1.4

Finance and insurance........................................ 103 142 73 1.6 2.1 1.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 57 69 50 2.4 2.9 2.1

Professional and business services............................ 980 1,011 884 4.5 4.5 3.9

Education and health services.................................. 640 713 684 2.7 2.8 2.7

Educational services.......................................... 61 68 46 1.6 1.7 1.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 579 645 638 2.9 3.1 3.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 870 850 785 5.9 5.4 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 95 103 97 4.7 4.6 4.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 775 748 688 6.1 5.5 5.1

Other services.................................................... 181 156 175 3.2 2.7 3.0

Government.......................................................... 232 338 258 1.0 1.5 1.1

Federal............................................................. 39 51 44 1.3 1.8 1.5

State and local.................................................... 193 288 214 1.0 1.4 1.1

State and local education..................................... 91 131 90 0.9 1.2 0.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 102 156 124 1.1 1.7 1.4

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 722 771 616 2.7 2.8 2.2

South................................................................. 1,995 2,337 1,900 3.6 4.0 3.3

Midwest............................................................... 1,071 1,209 1,112 3.3 3.6 3.3

West.................................................................. 1,037 1,251 928 3.0 3.5 2.6

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total..................................................................... 5,645 5,173 5,565 3.8 3.3 3.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,311 4,903 5,234 4.2 3.7 4.0

Mining and logging............................................... 16 15 19 2.7 2.4 3.0

Construction....................................................... 350 298 352 4.7 3.8 4.6

Manufacturing..................................................... 355 329 316 2.8 2.5 2.4

Durable goods.................................................. 194 169 164 2.5 2.1 2.0

Nondurable goods............................................. 160 160 152 3.4 3.3 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,303 1,195 1,322 4.5 4.1 4.5

Wholesale trade................................................ 122 140 142 2.1 2.4 2.4

Retail trade..................................................... 869 687 794 5.4 4.3 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 313 368 386 4.3 5.1 5.2

Information........................................................ 111 80 90 3.8 2.6 2.9

Financial activities................................................ 166 202 145 1.9 2.2 1.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 108 138 95 1.6 2.1 1.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 58 65 49 2.5 2.7 2.1

Professional and business services............................ 1,153 1,063 1,129 5.2 4.7 5.0

Education and health services.................................. 690 643 735 2.9 2.6 2.9

Educational services.......................................... 63 51 73 1.7 1.3 1.8

Health care and social assistance........................... 626 592 662 3.1 2.8 3.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 935 922 933 6.3 5.8 5.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 122 174 116 5.9 7.8 5.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 813 748 817 6.4 5.5 6.0

Other services.................................................... 232 156 194 4.2 2.7 3.4

Government.......................................................... 334 269 331 1.5 1.2 1.5

Federal............................................................. 65 34 54 2.2 1.2 1.9

State and local.................................................... 269 235 277 1.4 1.2 1.4

State and local education..................................... 126 86 124 1.2 0.8 1.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 143 150 153 1.6 1.6 1.7

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 789 706 841 3.0 2.6 3.1

South................................................................. 2,359 2,065 2,192 4.2 3.6 3.8

Midwest............................................................... 1,244 1,134 1,228 3.8 3.4 3.7

West.................................................................. 1,254 1,269 1,305 3.6 3.5 3.6

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total..................................................................... 3,826 3,501 3,530 2.5 2.3 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,644 3,334 3,350 2.8 2.5 2.5

Mining and logging............................................... 10 9 9 1.7 1.5 1.4

Construction....................................................... 161 103 125 2.2 1.3 1.6

Manufacturing..................................................... 240 206 190 1.9 1.6 1.5

Durable goods.................................................. 131 105 92 1.7 1.3 1.1

Nondurable goods............................................. 109 102 99 2.3 2.1 2.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,007 922 881 3.5 3.2 3.0

Wholesale trade................................................ 93 87 75 1.6 1.5 1.3

Retail trade..................................................... 707 572 564 4.4 3.6 3.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 208 263 241 2.9 3.6 3.3

Information........................................................ 53 34 36 1.8 1.1 1.2

Financial activities................................................ 104 120 98 1.2 1.3 1.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 64 72 61 1.0 1.1 0.9

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 40 48 37 1.7 2.0 1.5

Professional and business services............................ 675 643 601 3.1 2.8 2.7

Education and health services.................................. 508 505 549 2.1 2.0 2.2

Educational services.......................................... 41 33 41 1.1 0.8 1.0

Health care and social assistance........................... 467 471 508 2.3 2.2 2.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 754 704 714 5.1 4.5 4.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 67 67 61 3.3 3.0 2.7

Accommodation and food services.......................... 687 638 653 5.4 4.7 4.8

Other services.................................................... 131 87 147 2.3 1.5 2.6

Government.......................................................... 182 167 180 0.8 0.7 0.8

Federal............................................................. 24 17 19 0.8 0.6 0.7

State and local.................................................... 158 150 161 0.8 0.7 0.8

State and local education..................................... 74 62 69 0.7 0.6 0.6

State and local, excluding education........................ 85 88 91 1.0 1.0 1.0

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 518 433 464 1.9 1.6 1.7

South................................................................. 1,636 1,513 1,505 2.9 2.6 2.6

Midwest............................................................... 831 724 722 2.6 2.2 2.2

West.................................................................. 841 831 839 2.4 2.3 2.3

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total..................................................................... 1,441 1,420 1,700 1.0 0.9 1.1

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 1,367 1,366 1,616 1.1 1.0 1.2

Mining and logging............................................... 6 5 8 1.0 0.8 1.3

Construction....................................................... 178 182 215 2.4 2.3 2.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 89 99 101 0.7 0.8 0.8

Durable goods.................................................. 45 52 55 0.6 0.6 0.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 44 47 46 0.9 1.0 0.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 244 235 365 0.8 0.8 1.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 19 45 51 0.3 0.8 0.9

Retail trade..................................................... 139 96 188 0.9 0.6 1.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 86 94 126 1.2 1.3 1.7

Information........................................................ 45 38 48 1.5 1.2 1.6

Financial activities................................................ 38 72 29 0.4 0.8 0.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 23 58 18 0.3 0.9 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 16 14 11 0.7 0.6 0.5

Professional and business services............................ 387 356 471 1.8 1.6 2.1

Education and health services.................................. 147 120 147 0.6 0.5 0.6

Educational services.......................................... 16 13 28 0.4 0.3 0.7

Health care and social assistance........................... 131 107 118 0.6 0.5 0.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 145 193 197 1.0 1.2 1.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 49 106 50 2.4 4.7 2.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 96 87 147 0.7 0.6 1.1

Other services.................................................... 87 66 36 1.6 1.1 0.6

Government.......................................................... 74 55 84 0.3 0.2 0.4

Federal............................................................. 22 6 14 0.8 0.2 0.5

State and local.................................................... 52 48 70 0.3 0.2 0.4

State and local education..................................... 31 11 34 0.3 0.1 0.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 21 37 36 0.2 0.4 0.4

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 209 235 307 0.8 0.9 1.1

South................................................................. 593 468 579 1.1 0.8 1.0

Midwest............................................................... 331 364 441 1.0 1.1 1.3

West.................................................................. 308 354 373 0.9 1.0 1.0

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022p

Total..................................................................... 378 251 335 0.3 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 300 203 268 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging............................................... 0 1 2 0.1 0.1 0.3

Construction....................................................... 11 13 12 0.1 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 25 24 25 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 18 12 17 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 8 11 8 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 52 38 76 0.2 0.1 0.3

Wholesale trade................................................ 10 8 16 0.2 0.1 0.3

Retail trade..................................................... 23 19 42 0.1 0.1 0.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 19 11 19 0.3 0.2 0.3

Information........................................................ 12 8 6 0.4 0.3 0.2

Financial activities................................................ 24 10 18 0.3 0.1 0.2

Finance and insurance........................................ 22 8 16 0.3 0.1 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 2 3 2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Professional and business services............................ 91 63 57 0.4 0.3 0.3

Education and health services.................................. 35 19 39 0.1 0.1 0.2

Educational services.......................................... 7 5 3 0.2 0.1 0.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 28 14 35 0.1 0.1 0.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 36 24 22 0.2 0.2 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 5 2 5 0.2 0.1 0.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 31 22 17 0.2 0.2 0.1

Other services.................................................... 14 3 10 0.2 0.0 0.2

Government.......................................................... 78 48 68 0.3 0.2 0.3

Federal............................................................. 20 11 21 0.7 0.4 0.7

State and local.................................................... 59 37 47 0.3 0.2 0.2

State and local education..................................... 22 13 21 0.2 0.1 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 37 24 26 0.4 0.3 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 61 38 70 0.2 0.1 0.3

South................................................................. 130 84 108 0.2 0.1 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 82 46 65 0.3 0.1 0.2

West.................................................................. 104 84 93 0.3 0.2 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.