For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, April 18, 2019 USDL-19-0666 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES — 2018

In 2018, 5.2 percent of families included an unemployed person, down from 5.8 percent in 2017, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Of the nation's 82.5 million families, 80.8 percent had at 

least one employed member in 2018. 

These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are collected as part of the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households. Data in this release are annual 

averages. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women 

or men without spouses present. Unless otherwise noted, families include those with and without 

children under age 18. For further information, see the Technical Note in this news release. 

Families and Unemployment

The number of families with at least one member unemployed decreased by 444,000 to 4.3 million in 

2018. The proportion of families with an unemployed person declined by 0.6 percentage point to 5.2 

percent. (This is the lowest proportion since 1994, the first year for which comparable data are 

available.) In 2018, this proportion was down for White (4.7 percent), Black (8.4 percent), Asian (4.7 

percent) and Hispanic (7.0 percent) families. Black and Hispanic families remained more likely to have 

an unemployed member than White or Asian families. (See table 1.) 

Seventy percent of families with an unemployed member also had at least one family member who was 

employed in 2018, up from 69.1 percent in the prior year. The proportion of families with an 

unemployed member that had at least one family member working full time grew to 61.3 percent in 

2018. 

Among families with an unemployed member, Black families remained less likely to also have at least 

one family member who was working (60.3 percent) than White (71.8 percent), Asian (84.5 percent), 

and Hispanic (71.5 percent) families. However, the likelihood of Black families with an unemployed 

member also having an employed family member did increase from 58.1 percent in 2017 to 60.3 percent 

in 2018. (See table 1.) 

In 2018, 4.2 percent of married-couple families had an unemployed member, less than the corresponding 

percentages of families maintained by women or families maintained by men (8.0 percent and 7.7 

percent, respectively). Among families with an unemployed family member, those maintained by 

women were less likely to also have an employed family member (51.4 percent) than families 

maintained by men and married-couple families (56.2 percent and 82.1 percent, respectively). (See 

tables 2 and 3.) 
 - 2 -

Families and Employment

In 2018, 80.8 percent of families had at least one employed family member, up from 80.5 percent in the 

prior year. From 2017 to 2018, the likelihood of having an employed family member increased among 

White (80.4 percent), Black (79.3 percent), and Hispanic (87.5 percent) families. The percentage of 

Asian families having at least one family member employed (88.3 percent) was little different from the 

prior year. (See table 1.) 

In 2018, families maintained by women remained less likely to have an employed member (77.7 

percent) than families maintained by men (84.3 percent) or married-couple families (81.2 percent). 

Among married-couple families, both the husband and wife were employed in 48.8 percent of families; 

in 19.1 percent of married-couple families only the husband was employed, and in 6.8 percent only the 

wife was employed. (See table 2.)

Families with Children

In 2018, 33.6 million families included children under age 18, about two-fifths of all families. (Children 

are sons, daughters, step-children, or adopted children living in the household who are under age 18. Not 

included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related and unrelated children, and children not 

living in the household.) At least one parent was employed in 90.8 percent of families with children, an 

increase of 0.6 percentage point from the previous year. Among married-couple families with children, 

97.4 percent had at least one employed parent, and 63.0 percent had both parents employed. Among 

families maintained by fathers, 84.2 percent of fathers were employed in 2018, a greater share than the 

74.1 percent of employed mothers in families maintained by mothers. (See tables 1 and 4.) 

Parents

The labor force participation rate—the percent of the population working or looking for work—for all 

women with children under age 18 was 71.5 percent in 2018, up from 71.1 percent in the prior year. 

Married mothers remained less likely to participate in the labor force, at 69.0 percent, than mothers with 

other marital statuses, at 76.7 percent. (Other marital status includes persons who are never married; 

widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.) 

The unemployment rate for married mothers was also considerably lower than for mothers with other 

marital statuses—2.5 percent, compared with 6.4 percent. (See table 5.) 

Mothers with young children are less likely to be in the labor force than those with older children. In 

2018, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under age 6, at 65.1 percent, was lower 

than the rate of those whose youngest child was age 6 to 17, at 76.4 percent. Among mothers with 

children under age 3, the participation rate of married mothers was lower than the rate of mothers with 

other marital statuses—59.6 percent versus 67.2 percent. The unemployment rate of mothers who were 

married and had children under age 3, at 2.6 percent, was substantially lower than the rate for their 

counterparts with other marital statuses, at 8.7 percent. (See tables 5 and 6.) 

The labor force participation rate for all fathers with children under age 18 rose to 93.3 percent in 2018. 

The participation rate for married fathers, at 94.1 percent, continued to be higher than the rate of fathers 

with other marital statuses (88.4 percent). Married fathers also continued to have a lower unemployment 

rate (1.9 percent) than fathers with other marital statuses (5.7 percent). (See table 5.) 
 - 3 -

Employed fathers remained more likely to work full time than employed mothers in 2018; 96 percent of 

employed fathers worked full time, compared with 78 percent of employed mothers. Among employed 

mothers, those with older children were more likely to work full time than those with younger children. 

In 2018, 80 percent of employed mothers with children ages 6 to 17 worked full time, compared with 75 

percent of mothers with children under age 6. Employed fathers with younger and older children were 

about equally likely to work full time. (See table 5.) 
Technical Note

 The estimates in this release are based on 

annual average data from the Current Population 

Survey (CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by 

the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS), is a monthly survey of about 

60,000 eligible households that provides 

information on the labor force status, 

demographics, and other characteristics of the 

nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 

16 and over.

 The data presented in this release are not 

strictly comparable with data for earlier years due 

to the introduction of updated population 

estimates, or controls, used in the CPS. The 

population controls are updated each year in 

January to reflect the latest information about 

population change. Additional information is 

available from the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. 

 Upon request, the information in this release 

will be made available to individuals who are 

sensory impaired: Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; 

Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. 

Reliability of the estimates

 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both 

sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, 

rather than the entire population, is surveyed, 

there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling 

error, varies depending on the particular sample 

selected, and this variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. There is about a 

90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 

estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population 

value because of sampling error. BLS analyses 

are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. 

 The CPS data also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur 

for many reasons, including the failure to sample 

a segment of the population, inability to obtain 

information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information, and errors made in 

the collection or processing of the data.

 

 Information about the reliability of data 

from the CPS and guidance on estimating 

standard errors is available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability. 

Definitions

 Definitions of the principal terms used in this 

release are described briefly below. 

 Householder. The householder is the family

reference person. This is the person (or one of the 

persons) in whose name the housing unit is 

owned or rented. The relationship of other 

individuals in the household is defined in terms 

of their relationship to the householder. The race 

or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of 

the householder.

 Family. A family is a group of two or more 

persons residing together who are related by 

birth, marriage, or adoption; all such individuals 

are considered members of one family. The count 

of families is for "primary" families only. A 

primary family consists of a householder and all 

other persons related to and residing with the 

householder. Sub-families are excluded from the 

count of families. A sub-family is a family that 

does not maintain their own household, such as a 

married couple living in the home of a friend and 

their family. In this example, the report would 

include only one family (the householder’s or 

primary family), not two. 

 Families include those with and without 

children under age 18. Families are further 

categorized as follows:

• Married-couple familiesrefer to opposite-sex 

married couples residing together and any of 

their family members residing in the 

household. 

• Families maintained by women or men are 

made up of householders residing with one or 

more family members, but not an oppositesex spouse. The household may or may not 

include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried 

domestic partner of either sex.

 This release presents data for two marital 

status categories, defined below. Marital status is 

based on a person's status at the time of the 

survey. 

 Married, spouse present. Married, spouse 

present, includes persons in opposite-sex 
marriages living together in the same household, 

even though one may be temporarily absent on 

business, on vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or 

for other reasons.

 Other marital status. Other marital status 

includes persons who are never married; 

widowed; divorced; separated; and married, 

spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex 

marriages. Separated includes persons with legal 

separations, those living apart with intentions of 

obtaining a divorce, and other persons 

permanently or temporarily separated because of 

marital discord. Married, spouse absent, includes 

opposite-sex married persons living apart 

because either the husband or wife was employed 

and living at a considerable distance from home, 

was serving away from home in the Armed 

Forces, had moved to another area, or had a 

different place of residence for any other reason 

except separation as defined above.

 Children. Data on children refer to own 

children under age 18 that live in the household. 

Included are sons, daughters, step-children, and 

adopted children of the husband, wife, or person 

maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, 

nephews, grandchildren, other related children, 

and all unrelated children living in the household.

 Employed. Employed persons are all those 

who, during the survey reference week, (a) did 

any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in 

their own business, profession, or on their own 

farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid 

workers in an enterprise operated by a member of 

the family. Persons who were temporarily absent 

from their jobs because of illness, vacation, labor 

disputes, or another reason also are counted as 

employed. 

 Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 

35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

 Part-time workers. Workers who usually work 

fewer than 35 hours per week at all jobs.

 Unemployed. The unemployed are persons 

who had no employment during the reference 

week, were available for work at that time, and 

had made specific efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with 

the reference week. Persons who were waiting to 

be recalled to a job from which they had been laid 

off need not be looking for work to be classified 

as unemployed.

 Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force 

comprises all persons classified as employed or 

unemployed. 

 Labor force participation rate. The labor force 

participation rate is the labor force as a percent of 

the population.

 Employment-population ratio. The 

employment-population ratio is the employed as 

a percent of the population.

 Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate 

is the number unemployed as a percent of the 

civilian labor force.

 

 
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017-2018 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic 2017 2018

EMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families............................................................................................................ 82,015 82,502

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 66,027 66,655

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 80.5 80.8

With at least one family member employed full time1........................................................ 60,395 61,159

With no family member employed................................................................................. 15,988 15,847

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 19.5 19.2

White

Total families............................................................................................................ 64,910 65,042

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 52,016 52,264

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 80.1 80.4

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 47,621 47,973

With no family member employed................................................................................. 12,894 12,778

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 19.9 19.6

Black or African American

Total families............................................................................................................ 10,017 10,008

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 7,886 7,934

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 78.7 79.3

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 7,053 7,149

With no family member employed................................................................................. 2,131 2,074

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 21.3 20.7

Asian

Total families............................................................................................................ 4,735 4,977

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 4,195 4,393

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 88.6 88.3

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 3,978 4,159

With no family member employed................................................................................. 539 584

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 11.4 11.7

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families............................................................................................................ 12,936 13,194

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 11,244 11,546

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 86.9 87.5

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 10,383 10,706

With no family member employed................................................................................. 1,692 1,649

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 13.1 12.5

UNEMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families............................................................................................................ 82,015 82,502

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 4,744 4,300

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 5.8 5.2

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 3,277 3,012

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 69.1 70.0

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 2,870 2,636

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 60.5 61.3

White

Total families............................................................................................................ 64,910 65,042

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 3,343 3,042

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 5.2 4.7

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 2,385 2,184

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 71.3 71.8

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 2,098 1,917

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 62.8 63.0

Black or African American

Total families............................................................................................................ 10,017 10,008

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 951 837

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 9.5 8.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017-2018 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic 2017 2018

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 553 504

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 58.1 60.3

Some family member employed full time1................................................................... 469 437

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 49.4 52.3

Asian

Total families............................................................................................................ 4,735 4,977

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 255 233

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 5.4 4.7

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 214 197

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 84.0 84.5

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 194 175

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 76.1 75.1

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families............................................................................................................ 12,936 13,194

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 994 918

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 7.7 7.0

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 715 657

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 71.9 71.5

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 634 584

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 63.8 63.6

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

NOTE: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is

owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not

presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2017-2018 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2017 2018 2017 2018

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES1

Total........................................................................................ 59,910 60,094 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 48,525 48,791 81.0 81.2

Husband only........................................................................ 11,425 11,469 19.1 19.1

Wife only.............................................................................. 4,265 4,085 7.1 6.8

Husband and wife................................................................... 28,944 29,317 48.3 48.8

Other employment combinations.................................................. 3,891 3,921 6.5 6.5

With no family member employed................................................... 11,386 11,302 19.0 18.8

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN2

Total........................................................................................ 15,438 15,452 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 11,861 12,003 76.8 77.7

Householder only.................................................................... 6,333 6,250 41.0 40.4

Householder and other member(s)................................................ 3,372 3,484 21.8 22.5

Other member(s), not householder................................................ 2,156 2,269 14.0 14.7

With no family member employed................................................... 3,577 3,449 23.2 22.3

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN2

Total........................................................................................ 6,666 6,956 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 5,641 5,861 84.6 84.3

Householder only.................................................................... 2,564 2,703 38.5 38.9

Householder and other member(s)................................................ 2,101 2,173 31.5 31.2

Other member(s), not householder................................................ 976 985 14.6 14.2

With no family member employed................................................... 1,025 1,096 15.4 15.7

1 Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

2 No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Unemployment in families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type,

2017-2018 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2017 2018 2017 2018

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES1

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 2,783 2,528 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 2,245 2,075 80.7 82.1

No family member employed......................................................... 537 452 19.3 17.9

Unemployment of family members

Husband unemployed2

................................................................ 1,009 877 36.3 34.7

Wife employed....................................................................... 632 558 22.7 22.1

Wife unemployed, husband employed or not in labor force...................... 850 766 30.6 30.3

Husband employed.................................................................. 700 654 25.1 25.9

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 923 885 33.2 35.0

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN3

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 1,389 1,233 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 691 633 49.8 51.4

No family member employed......................................................... 697 600 50.2 48.6

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed............................................................. 644 559 46.4 45.4

Other member(s) employed........................................................ 165 154 11.9 12.5

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 744 673 53.6 54.6

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN3

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 573 539 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 340 303 59.4 56.2

No family member employed......................................................... 233 236 40.6 43.8

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed............................................................. 312 306 54.5 56.7

Other member(s) employed........................................................ 132 125 23.1 23.2

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 260 233 45.5 43.3

1 Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

2 Total families with unemployed husbands, including those with unemployed wives.

3 No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2017-2018 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2017 2018 2017 2018

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Total families.............................................................................. 33,615 33,632 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 30,318 30,522 90.2 90.8

No parent employed................................................................... 3,297 3,109 9.8 9.2

Married-couple families1

Total...................................................................................... 22,855 22,883 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 22,158 22,296 96.9 97.4

Mother employed................................................................. 15,389 15,545 67.3 67.9

Both parents employed........................................................ 14,151 14,407 61.9 63.0

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 1,238 1,138 5.4 5.0

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 6,769 6,751 29.6 29.5

Neither parent employed........................................................... 697 586 3.1 2.6

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 8,259 8,125 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 6,043 6,018 73.2 74.1

Mother not employed................................................................ 2,216 2,108 26.8 25.9

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 2,500 2,624 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 2,117 2,209 84.7 84.2

Father not employed................................................................ 383 416 15.3 15.8

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Total families.............................................................................. 19,621 19,377 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 17,742 17,627 90.4 91.0

No parent employed................................................................... 1,879 1,751 9.6 9.0

Married-couple families1

Total...................................................................................... 13,032 12,859 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 12,595 12,488 96.6 97.1

Mother employed................................................................. 9,362 9,384 71.8 73.0

Both parents employed........................................................ 8,553 8,643 65.6 67.2

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 810 741 6.2 5.8

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 3,233 3,104 24.8 24.1

Neither parent employed........................................................... 437 370 3.4 2.9

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 5,093 5,028 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 3,890 3,887 76.4 77.3

Mother not employed................................................................ 1,204 1,141 23.6 22.7

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 1,496 1,491 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 1,257 1,251 84.1 83.9

Father not employed................................................................ 239 240 15.9 16.1

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Total families.............................................................................. 13,994 14,254 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 12,576 12,896 89.9 90.5

No parent employed................................................................... 1,418 1,359 10.1 9.5

Married-couple families1

Total...................................................................................... 9,823 10,024 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 9,562 9,808 97.3 97.8

Mother employed................................................................. 6,027 6,161 61.4 61.5

Both parents employed........................................................ 5,598 5,764 57.0 57.5

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 428 396 4.4 4.0

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 3,536 3,647 36.0 36.4

Neither parent employed........................................................... 261 216 2.7 2.2

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 3,166 3,097 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 2,154 2,130 68.0 68.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2017-2018 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2017 2018 2017 2018

Mother not employed................................................................ 1,013 967 32.0 31.2

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 1,005 1,133 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 860 957 85.6 84.5

Father not employed................................................................ 145 176 14.4 15.5

1 Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

2 No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January

data.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children

under 18, 2017-2018 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2017 2018

Total Men Women Total Men Women

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 64,188 28,740 35,448 64,235 28,913 35,321

Civilian labor force.................................................. 51,875 26,662 25,213 52,206 26,967 25,239

Participation rate.................................................. 80.8 92.8 71.1 81.3 93.3 71.5

Employed.......................................................... 50,036 25,920 24,117 50,590 26,316 24,274

Full-time workers1.............................................. 43,433 24,807 18,626 44,177 25,231 18,946

Part-time workers2

............................................. 6,604 1,113 5,491 6,414 1,085 5,328

Employment-population ratio.................................... 78.0 90.2 68.0 78.8 91.0 68.7

Unemployed....................................................... 1,838 742 1,096 1,616 651 965

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.5 2.8 4.3 3.1 2.4 3.8

Married, spouse present3

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 48,974 24,779 24,195 49,007 24,809 24,198

Civilian labor force.................................................. 39,781 23,172 16,609 40,043 23,341 16,703

Participation rate.................................................. 81.2 93.5 68.6 81.7 94.1 69.0

Employed.......................................................... 38,775 22,633 16,142 39,183 22,895 16,288

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 34,081 21,746 12,334 34,625 22,044 12,581

Part-time workers2

............................................. 4,695 887 3,808 4,558 851 3,707

Employment-population ratio.................................... 79.2 91.3 66.7 80.0 92.3 67.3

Unemployed....................................................... 1,006 539 467 860 445 415

Unemployment rate............................................ 2.5 2.3 2.8 2.1 1.9 2.5

Other marital status4

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 15,213 3,961 11,253 15,228 4,104 11,123

Civilian labor force.................................................. 12,093 3,490 8,603 12,163 3,627 8,536

Participation rate.................................................. 79.5 88.1 76.5 79.9 88.4 76.7

Employed.......................................................... 11,261 3,287 7,975 11,407 3,421 7,987

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 9,352 3,061 6,291 9,552 3,187 6,365

Part-time workers2............................................. 1,909 226 1,683 1,856 234 1,622

Employment-population ratio.................................... 74.0 83.0 70.9 74.9 83.3 71.8

Unemployed....................................................... 832 203 629 755 206 550

Unemployment rate............................................ 6.9 5.8 7.3 6.2 5.7 6.4

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 36,286 16,153 20,133 35,880 15,995 19,886

Civilian labor force.................................................. 30,060 14,812 15,248 29,936 14,753 15,183

Participation rate.................................................. 82.8 91.7 75.7 83.4 92.2 76.4

Employed.......................................................... 29,063 14,428 14,635 29,097 14,429 14,668

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 25,391 13,830 11,561 25,604 13,860 11,744

Part-time workers2............................................. 3,672 598 3,074 3,493 569 2,924

Employment-population ratio.................................... 80.1 89.3 72.7 81.1 90.2 73.8

Unemployed....................................................... 997 384 612 840 324 515

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.3 2.6 4.0 2.8 2.2 3.4

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 27,902 12,587 15,315 28,354 12,919 15,436

Civilian labor force.................................................. 21,815 11,849 9,965 22,270 12,214 10,056

Participation rate.................................................. 78.2 94.1 65.1 78.5 94.5 65.1

Employed.......................................................... 20,973 11,492 9,481 21,494 11,888 9,606

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 18,041 10,977 7,064 18,573 11,371 7,201

Part-time workers2

............................................. 2,932 515 2,417 2,921 516 2,405

Employment-population ratio.................................... 75.2 91.3 61.9 75.8 92.0 62.2

Unemployed....................................................... 841 358 484 776 327 449

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.9 3.0 4.9 3.5 2.7 4.5

WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 190,891 94,535 96,356 193,556 95,765 97,791

Civilian labor force.................................................. 108,445 58,483 49,962 109,869 59,129 50,740

Participation rate.................................................. 56.8 61.9 51.9 56.8 61.7 51.9

Employed.......................................................... 103,301 55,482 47,819 105,171 56,382 48,789

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children

under 18, 2017-2018 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2017 2018

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Full-time workers1.............................................. 82,535 46,764 35,770 84,396 47,704 36,692

Part-time workers2............................................. 20,766 8,718 12,048 20,775 8,678 12,096

Employment-population ratio.................................... 54.1 58.7 49.6 54.3 58.9 49.9

Unemployed....................................................... 5,144 3,001 2,143 4,698 2,747 1,951

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.7 5.1 4.3 4.3 4.6 3.8

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

2 Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.

3 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

4

Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January

data.
Table 6. Employment status of mothers with own children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest

child and marital status, 2017-2018 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2017 2018

With own children under 3 years old With own children under 3 years old

Total 2 years 1 year Under 1

year

Total 2 years 1 year Under 1

year

TOTAL MOTHERS

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 8,877 2,804 3,208 2,865 8,825 2,842 3,133 2,849

Civilian labor force..................................... 5,528 1,835 2,016 1,677 5,462 1,858 1,956 1,648

Participation rate.................................... 62.3 65.4 62.8 58.5 61.9 65.4 62.4 57.8

Employed............................................. 5,250 1,742 1,923 1,585 5,210 1,775 1,866 1,569

Full-time workers1

................................ 3,837 1,315 1,385 1,138 3,827 1,323 1,347 1,157

Part-time workers2

................................ 1,413 427 538 447 1,383 452 519 412

Employment-population ratio...................... 59.1 62.1 59.9 55.3 59.0 62.5 59.6 55.1

Unemployed.......................................... 277 93 93 92 251 83 90 78

Unemployment rate.............................. 5.0 5.1 4.6 5.5 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.8

Married, spouse present3

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 6,193 1,951 2,253 1,989 6,195 1,996 2,195 2,004

Civilian labor force..................................... 3,716 1,207 1,354 1,155 3,694 1,221 1,328 1,145

Participation rate.................................... 60.0 61.9 60.1 58.1 59.6 61.2 60.5 57.1

Employed............................................. 3,618 1,167 1,324 1,128 3,597 1,187 1,294 1,116

Full-time workers1................................ 2,660 871 970 819 2,656 881 945 831

Part-time workers2

................................ 958 296 353 309 940 306 349 285

Employment-population ratio...................... 58.4 59.8 58.8 56.7 58.1 59.4 59.0 55.7

Unemployed.......................................... 98 40 30 27 97 35 33 29

Unemployment rate.............................. 2.6 3.3 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.5

Other marital status4

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 2,684 853 956 876 2,630 846 938 845

Civilian labor force..................................... 1,812 628 662 522 1,768 637 628 503

Participation rate.................................... 67.5 73.6 69.3 59.6 67.2 75.2 67.0 59.5

Employed............................................. 1,632 575 600 457 1,614 589 572 453

Full-time workers1................................ 1,177 443 415 319 1,170 442 402 327

Part-time workers2

................................ 455 131 185 138 443 147 170 127

Employment-population ratio...................... 60.8 67.4 62.7 52.2 61.4 69.5 60.9 53.6

Unemployed.......................................... 180 53 62 64 154 48 57 50

Unemployment rate.............................. 9.9 8.5 9.4 12.3 8.7 7.6 9.0 9.8

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

2 Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.

3 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

4

Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January

data.