FIFTH DIVISION

MCFADDEN, P. J.,

BRANCH and BETHEL, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

March 16, 2018

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A17A1857. GONZALES v. THE STATE. 

MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.

On appeal from his conviction for aggravated sexual battery and child

molestation, Miguel Gonzales argues that histrial counsel was ineffective for failing

to ask the victim’s mother her opinion about the victim’s truthfulness. We agree and

we find that the deficient performance was prejudicial. So we reverse Gonzales’s

convictions. Because the evidence is legally sufficient to support the convictions,

Gonzales may be retried. Accordingly, we addressthree issues that could occur upon

retrial. We reject Gonzales’s arguments that the trial court erred by refusing to allow

counsel to ask the victim whether she always told the truth; by refusing to allow

counsel to ask prospective jurors whether they believed Gonzales was guilty; and in

instructing the jury.
1. Facts.

“On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict, with the defendant no longer enjoying a presumption of

innocence.” Reese v. State, 270 Ga. App. 522, 523 (607 SE2d 165) (2004) (citation

omitted). We neither weigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses, but

determine only whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B)

(99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).

So viewed, the record showsthat between 2004 and 2007, when the victimwas

between four and seven years old, she lived with her family and Gonzales. In the

spring of 2007, Gonzales would often pick up the victim from elementary school and

drive her to the family’s apartment. On one occasion, Gonzales picked up the victim,

took her home, and accompanied her into the bedroom, where the victim, her mother,

her sister, and Gonzales routinely slept in the same bed. Once in the bedroom,

Gonzales touched the victim’s vagina through and then underneath her clothing.

Unaware that Gonzales had picked up the victimfromschool on this day, the victim’s

mother called police. When the mother and the police arrived at the apartment, they

2
saw Gonzales’s taxi outside. According to the victim, Gonzalesstopped fondling her

only when her mother and police knocked on the door of the apartment. 

Gonzales soon moved out of the family’s apartment, but remained on good

terms with them, and would often pick the girls up, take them to his apartment, and

help them with their homework. On one such occasion, Gonzales was on his bed with

the two girls when he began taking off the victim’s pants and underwear, eventually

penetrating her vagina with his finger. Although Gonzales told the victim to “just [

] let him do what he was doing,” the victim screamed, awakening her sister, who saw

that Gonzales wastaking off the victim’s pants. Gonzalesstopped touching the victim

and ran out of the room. On another occasion in Gonzales’s bedroom, he took the

victim’s hand and placed it on his penis.

In March 2013, Gonzales picked the victim up from school and was taking her

to a dental appointment when he stopped at a red light or stop sign and put his hand

on the victim’s vagina. Although the victim removed his hand, Gonzales “kept

putting his hand back,” at which the victim began to cry. On March 28, 2013, the

victim told a school guidance counselor that a family friend named Miguel had “tried

to molest her in his taxi” on the way to a doctor’s appointment and that he had

molested her “in the past.” When the school principal notified the victim’s mother,

3
the victim told her “everything that had happened,” including that Gonzales had been

“molesting her since she was seven years old,” touching her “with [her] clothes [on]

and without.” 

Gonzales was arrested and charged with child molestation arising fromthe first

touching incident, which was alleged to have occurred between April 3, 2007, and

April 2, 2008 (Count 1); aggravated sexual battery arising from the incident

witnessed by the victim’s sister and child molestation arising from the incident of

Gonzales placing the victim’s hand on his penis, both of which were alleged to have

occurred between April 3, 2007, and March 21, 2013 (Counts 2 and 3); and child

molestation arising from the incident in Gonzales’s taxi, which was alleged to have

occurred “on or about” March 22, 2013 (Count 4). After a jury found Gonzales guilty

of Counts 1, 2, and 4,

1

he was convicted and sentenced to 25 years to serve. His

motions for new trial were denied. 

Although Gonzales does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence against

him, we have reviewed the record, and conclude that the evidence was sufficient to

sustain his conviction. See OCGA §§ 16-6-4 (a) (defining child molestation), 16-6-

22.2 (b) (defining aggravated sexual battery); Burke v. State, 208 Ga. App. 446, 446

1

 Gonzales was found not guilty of Count 3.

4
(1) (430 SE2d 816) (1993) (evidence including that the defendant penetrated the

victim’s vagina with his finger supported his conviction for aggravated child

molestation and aggravated sexual battery); Jackson,supra, 443 U. S. at 319 (III) (B).

2. Victim’s truthfulness; ineffective assistance of counsel.

Gonzales asserts that (a) the trial court erred when it refused his request to ask

the victim whether she alwaystold the truth, thus allegedly revealing a character trait

for untruthfulness and that (b) trial counsel was ineffective in failing to elicit

testimony on this subject from either (i) the victim or (ii) her mother. We find that the

trial court did not err by refusing to allow counsel to ask the victim whether she

always told the truth and that counsel was not ineffective in this regard. But we find

that counsel’s decision not to elicit testimony from the mother amounted to

ineffective assistance of counsel.

(a) OCGA § 24-6-608 (b) provides in relevant part:

Specific instances of the conduct of a witness[ ] for the purpose of

attacking or supporting the witness’s character fortruthfulness. . . may

not be proved by extrinsic evidence. Such instances may however, in the

discretion of the court, if probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be

inquired into on cross-examination of the witness: (1) [c]oncerning the

witness’s character for truthfulness or untruthfulness; or (2)

[c]oncerning the character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of another

5
witness as to which character the witness being cross-examined has

testified.

(Emphasis supplied.) “[A]s a general rule, admission of evidence is a matter resting

within the sound discretion of the trial court, and appellate courts will not disturb the

exercise of that discretion absent evidence of its abuse.” Anderson v. State, 337 Ga.

App. 739, 742 (1) (788 SE2d 831) (2016) (citation and punctuation omitted).

Although a defendant is entitled to a “thorough and sifting” cross-examination, for

example, a trial court has broad discretion in determining the scope and relevancy of

that examination. Morris v. State, 341 Ga. App. 568, 570-571 (1) (802 SE2d 13)

(2017). And this Court has noted that OCGA § 24-6-608 authorizes only “the use of

specific instances of conduct in order to attack (or support) a witness’s character for

truthfulness[.]” Gaskin v. State, 334 Ga. App. 758, 762 (1) (a) (780 SE2d 426) (2015)

(emphasis supplied). 

The victim’stherapy records, which the trial court reviewed but excluded from

evidence, included a therapist’s notes that the victim had “a history of lying to her

mother” and that the mother had told the therapist that she could not trust the victim

because the victim “constantly lies to her and does things to be vindictive.” When

Gonzales sought to ask the victim, “Do you always tell the truth?” the trial court

6
sustained the State’s objection to the question. Later in the trial, Gonzales asked the

court to reconsider its ruling and sought to ask whether the victim “tell[s] the truth to

figures of authority?” The trial court disallowed this question as well on the ground

that it was impermissible character evidence. 

Both of the questions Gonzales sought to ask of the victim — “Do you always

tell the truth?” and “[Do you] tell the truth to figures of authority?” — were so

broadly phrased as to have no other effect than to prove a general character trait for

untruthfulness. Because these questions did not seek to investigate any specific “act

probative of untruthfulness,” Gaskin, 334 Ga. App. at 763 (1) (a), there was no abuse

of discretion in barring these questions, which were designed to attack the victim’s

character. 

(b) (i) Given that the victim’s general propensity for untruthfulness was a

subject not properly for cross-examination, Gonzales’s trial counsel could not have

been ineffective for failing to convince the trial court that itsruling on the subject was

incorrect. Hall, 202 Ga. at 704 (4) (d) (trial counsel was not ineffective in failing to

object to the court’s limitation of questioning as to a witness’s reputation for

truthfulness when that limitation was not an abuse of the court’s discretion). 

(ii)

7
Gonzales arguesthat trial counsel wasineffective for failing to ask the victim’s

mother her opinion about the victim’s untruthfulness. We agree.

A misapprehension of the law wasthe basisfor trial counsel’s decision. So that

decision amounted to deficient performance. And the deficient performance was

prejudicial because Gonzales’s convictions depended entirely on questions of

credibility.

The State stipulated that, had the mother been asked, she would have testified

on cross-examination consistently with what she had said to a counselor: that in her

opinion, the victim was untruthful. At the motion for new trial hearing, trial counsel

explained her rationale for not asking the mother her opinion of the victim’s

untruthfulness. Counsel testified that her strategy was to ask the victim whether she

alwaystold the truth, and if the victimanswered thatshe was alwaystruthful, counsel

would “bring in the evidence of the mother who had [told a counselor] that she was

not truthful.” That strategy failed when the trial court sustained an objection to the

question. So counsel did not ask the mother for her opinion of her daughter’s

truthfulness or lack of truthfulness. Counsel explained that, without the victim’s

testimony on the issue, she anticipated a meritorious objection on the basis of “facts

not in evidence. . . . [She] didn’t think that that was the way you laid a foundation;

8
that you had to ask the person, the person tells you – tells the lie. You impeach the

person with the third person. . . . [I]t [did not] ever occur[] to [her] to skip . . . one

person.” 

Trial counsel was mistaken. The mother’s opinion about the victim’s

untruthfulness was admissible, regardless of whether the victim testified about her

own truthfulness, under OCGA § 24-6-608 (a) (1). That statute provides in relevant

part, “The credibility of a witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the

form of opinion or reputation, subject to the following limitations: The evidence may

refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness.” Id. “[O]pinion testimony

is a personal assessment of character. The opinion witness is not relating community

feelings, the testimony is solely the impeachment witness’ own impression of an

individual’s character for truthfulness.” United States v. Watson, 669 F2d 1374, 1382

(11th Cir. 1982). 

Since counsel’s decision not to question the mother was based on a

misapprehension of the law, it cannot be deemed effective assistance on the basisthat

it was a strategic choice. “[B]ecause counsel’s failure to [ask the mother’s opinion]

was due to a misapprehension of the law rather than any unwise choices of trial

tactics and strategy, . . . trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard

9
of reasonableness.” Owens v. State, 317 Ga. App. 821, 825 (1) (733 SE2d 16) (2012)

(citation omitted).

So the question becomes whether “there is a reasonable probability that, butfor

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.Areasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence

in the outcome.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 694 (III) (B) (104 SCt

2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984). “In close cases, where the evidence presented by the state

is thin, mistakes made by trial counsel take on greater significance.” Zant v. Moon,

264 Ga. 93, 99 (2) (440 SE2d 657) (1994). In this case, there is a reasonable

probability that the outcome would have been different absent trial counsel error

because the victim’s credibility was a critical point as to all of the counts, and in fact,

as to two of the three convictions it was the only evidence.

The evidence was not overwhelming. The victim’s statements were not

completely consistent. On cross-examination, she testified that she did not “want to

answer” questions about the allegations of the aggravated sexual battery. The state

presented no medical evidence to support the charges. Gonzales testified at trial,

denying the charges and describing what he believed was the victim’s motive for

accusing him. Two of the three convictions depended exclusively on the testimony

10
of the victim and witnesses to whom she made statements. The third, while further

supported by the testimony of the victim’s sister that the act was in her presence, also

turns entirely on credibility. Indeed, in its closing statement, the State argued that the

victimwas “not impeached in any way”; that her “testimony st[ood] uncontroverted”;

and that “we know the victim in this case is truthful [because] she has no motive to

lie.” 

“[The victim’s] credibility was critical to the [State’s] case. The [mother’s

opinion that the victim was untruthful] would certainly be essential to a jury’s

decision whether to believe [the victim’s]testimony, without which the [State] would

have no case.” United States v. Watson, 669 F2d at 1383 (citation and punctuation

omitted). “Since the evidence against (Gonzales) was not overwhelming, resting

largely upon the testimony of one witness, a reasonable probability exists that the

presence of (the mother’s testimony that in her opinion, the victim was untruthful)

would have affected the result.” State v. Crapp, 317 Ga. App. 744, 748 (2) (732 SE2d

806) (2012) (citations and punctuation omitted). In other words, there is reasonable

probability that the outcome would have been different had counsel correctly

understood the law and asked the mother her opinion of the victim’s untruthfulness.

See Johnson v. State, 266 Ga. 380, 383 (2) (467 SE2d 542) (1996) (defendant showed

11
a reasonable probability of a different outcome arising from ineffective failure to

elicit evidence of victim’s prior act of violence where, “[a]lthough the jury heard

evidence that, just prior to his death, the victim was drunk, enraged and threatening

to kill appellant with a knife or gun, all but one of those witnesses also testified that

they saw nothing in the victim’s hands”); Gaskin supra, 334 Ga. App. at 764 (1) (b)

(in “he said, she said” child molestation case with OCGA § 24-6-608 (b) issue,

harmful error occurred when state questioned victim’s mother about defendant’s prior

arrests, after the mother had testified that knowing defendant’s reputation for

truthfulness, she would believe his testimony under oath); Johnson v. State, 284 Ga.

App. 147, 151-152 (2) (643 SE2d 556) (2007) (in aggravated child molestation case

based solely on the testimony of the two alleged victims, defendant showed a

reasonable probability that the outcome of the case would have been different but for

trial counsel’s deficient performance in, inter alia, failing to impeach victims). See

also State v. Mayfield, 822 NW2d 122 (Iowa Ct. App. 2012) (in child endangerment

case involving application of evidentiary rule consistent with OCGA § 24-6-608 (a)

(1), improper exclusion of witnesses’ opinions that victim was untruthful was

prejudicial, given that case hinged on the victim’s testimony). Cf. Cowart v. State,

294 Ga. 333, 342 (5) (751 SE2d 399) (2013) (admission of improper evidence

12
bolstering witness’s testimony harmful error when witness’s testimony was the only

evidence against defendant); Mann v. State, 252 Ga. App. 70, 555 SE2d 527 (2001)

(in aggravated sodomy case in which the only evidence against defendant came

through the testimony of the victim and witnesses to whom he made statements, trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to object to two witnesses’ testimony that they

believed the victim).

Gonzales has “carried his burden to show that his trial counsel provided

ineffective assistance as defined in Strickland.” Kennebrew v. State, 299 Ga. 864, 874

(2) (c) (792 SE2d 695) (2016).

3. Jury selection.

Gonzales argues that the trial court erred when it barred him from asking

prospective jurors whether they believed that he was guilty of “something,” which

counsel explained as meaning the crime of child molestation. We disagree. 

The conduct of voir dire “is within the discretion of the trial court,” and “the

court’s rulings are presumed proper in the absence of some manifest abuse of

discretion.” Ridgeway v. State, 174 Ga. App. 663, 665 (3) (330 SE2d 916) (1985)

(citation omitted); Ganas v. State, 245 Ga. App. 645, 647 (2) (537 SE2d 758) (2000);

13
see also Uniform Superior Court Rule 10.1 (“the form, time required and number” of

questions asked of prospective jurors “is within the discretion of the court”). 

The record showsthat during voir dire, the trial court asked the venire whether

any of them had “formed or expressed any opinion” as to Gonzales’s guilt or

innocence, whether any of them had “any prejudice or bias” for or against him, and

whether their minds were “perfectly impartial [as] between the State and the

accused.” Shortly afterward, when Gonzales asked the venire “how many here, as you

sit here right now, believe [he] is guilty of something,” the trial court called a bench

conference during which counsel explained thatshe wanted to ask the jurors whether

they believed that Gonzales was “guilty of child molestation.” The trial court

responded that it was “not going to allow you to ask that question,” and that although

Gonzales could inquire about the prospective jurors’ “leaning” or “biases,” he could

not ask about the ultimate issue of “guilt or innocence.” When Gonzales again asked

the court whether he could ask whether the prospective jurors had “made a decision”

about Gonzales “as you sit here today,” the trial court barred the question, explaining

again that counsel could ask whether they would “presume him innocent” as

instructed and whether they had any “bias against [Gonzales]” as opposed to a “bias

14
against child molestation.” The court explained that jurors might find such questions,

which tended to conflate these subjects, “confusing.” 

The relevant test asto a question for the venire is whether the prospective juror

hasformed an opinion on the guilt or innocence of the accused which is “so fixed and

definite that the juror will be unable to set the opinion aside and decide the case based

upon the evidence or the court’s charge upon the evidence.” McClain v. State, 267

Ga. 378, 380 (1) (a) (477 SE2d 814) (1996) (citation and punctuation omitted).

Accordingly, this Court has long held that “no question should be framed so as to

require a response from a prospective juror which might amount to a prejudgment of

the case.” Thrasher v. State, 197 Ga. App. 593, 595 (1) (398 SE2d 850) (1990);

Atlanta Joint Terminals v. Knight, 98 Ga. App. 482, 488 (4) (106 SE2d 417) (1958);

see also Evans v. State, 222 Ga. 392, 400-401 (13) (150 SE2d 240) (1966) (citing

Knight with approval, but overruled on other grounds, Harris v. State, 255 Ga. 464,

464 (2) (339 SE2d 712) (1986)). 

Here, the trial court had already asked the venire whether any of them had

formed or expressed any opinion as to Gonzales’s guilt or innocence, whether any of

them had “any prejudice or bias” for or against him, and whether their minds were

“perfectly impartial [as] between the State and the accused.” In light of the

15
prospective jurors’ responses to these questions, which showed that they were

impartial, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it barred Gonzales from

asking the further and potentially confusing question whether, before having heard

any evidence, the prospective jurors believed him “guilty of something.” Thrasher,

197 Ga. App. at 595 (1) (a question whether or not prospective jurors “believed” a

defendant to be “innocent” was “improper”); Evans, 222 Ga. at 400-401 (13) (no

abuse of discretion in refusing to permit counsel to ask prospective jurors whether

defendant, “at this time, right now,” was “an innocent man”). 

4. Jury instructions; ineffective assistance of counsel.

Gonzales also argues that (a) the trial court erred when it charged the jury that

the State need only prove that the offenses occurred “within seven years prior to the

filing of the indictment regardless of the date listed in the indictment” because the

charge vitiated his alibi defense, and (b) counsel was ineffective for failing to object

to this portion of the charge. We disagree.

Before trial, the State requested a charge that

the indictment in this case does not state that the date of the offense is

a material averment or element; therefore it is sufficient that the State

showsthat the offense occurred within the seven years prior to the filing

of the indictment regardless of the date listed in the indictment. 

16
During the charge conference, Gonzales’s trial counsel objected to this charge as

“misleading because there is one charge where there is a specific date averred” –

March 22, 2013, as stated in Count 4,

2

as to which Gonzales sought to prove via cell

phone records that he was not in the area on that date. The trial court responded that

it would give the pattern charge, and counsel did not object. The trial court later

charged the jury that the indictments for child molestation and aggravated sexual

battery “[did] not state that the date of the offense is a material averment or element”

of the offenses of child molestation or aggravated sexual battery, and that as a result,

“it issufficient that the State show[]that the offense occurred within seven years prior

to the filing of the indictment regardless of the date listed in the indictment.” 

In the absence of any explicit objection to the trial court’s resolution of this

issue at the charge conference, we review the given instruction only for plain error.

State v. Kelly, 290 Ga. 29, 33 (2) (a) (718 SE2d 232) (2011). 

First, there must be an error or defect . . . that has not been intentionally

relinquished or abandoned, i.e., affirmatively waived, by the appellant.

Second, the legal error must be clear or obvious, rather than subject to

2 Count 4 stated, however, that the attack in the taxi was alleged to have

occurred “on or about” that date. The “on or about” language “was sufficient to put

(Gonzales) on notice that the exact date might vary from the date contained in the

(indictment).” Jacoway v. State, 225 Ga. App. 712, 713 (484 SE2d 757) (1997).

17
reasonable dispute. Third, the error must have affected the appellant’s

substantialrights, which in the ordinary case means he must demonstrate

that it “affected the outcome of the trial court proceedings.” Fourth and

finally, if the above three prongs are satisfied, the appellate court hasthe

discretion to remedy the error — discretion which ought to be exercised

only if the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public

reputation of judicial proceedings.

Id. at 33 (2) (a) (citations and punctuation omitted). 

As authority for the charge at issue, the State cited our decision in Norman v.

State, 278 Ga. App. 497 (629 SE2d 489) (2006), in which we noted that “[w]here the

exact date of the commission of a crime is not a material allegation in the indictment,

it may be proved as of any time within the statute of limitation.” Id. at 499 (4), citing

Frazier v. State, 252 Ga. App. 627, 629 (2) (557 SE2d 12) (2001) (punctuation

omitted). When an indictment does not make the specific date of an offense a material

allegation, a defendant’s ability to present a defense is not affected as long as the

indictment alleges a range of dates and “the evidence showed that the acts of

molestation occurred between such dates.” Frazier, 252 Ga. App. at 630 (2). It

follows that the charge given by this trial court was proper, and no error, plain or

otherwise, has been shown. Norman, 278 Ga. App. at 499 (4) (affirming charge on

18
allowing State to prove a crime’s date “as of any time within the statute of limitation”

when the exact date was not a material allegation in the indictment). 

(b) Because no error has been shown as to the jury charge, counsel could not

have been ineffective in failing to object to it. Hayes v. State, 262 Ga. 881, 884-885

(3) (d) (426 SE2d 886) (1993). 

Judgment reversed. Bethel, J., concurs. Branch, J., dissents.*

*THIS OPINION IS PHYSICAL PRECEDENT ONLY. COURT OF

APPEALS RULE 33.2.

19
A17A1857. GONZALES v. THE STATE. 

BRANCH, Judge, dissenting. 

Although Gonzales argues that he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to elicit

testimony from the mother that her daughter was untruthful, counsel testified at the

hearing on Gonzales’s motion for new trial that counsel chose not to do so because

in the absence of testimony from the child herself as to her truthfulness, the mother’s

opinion on the subject would have been based on facts not in evidence. The trial

court concluded that declining to extend cross-examination of the mother to the

subject of the victim’s untruthfulness was a reasonable legal strategy. Because we

are not entitled to substitute our judgment for that of counsel and the trial court on

this issue, I dissent. 

In the landmark case of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (104 SCt 2052,

80 LE2d 674) (1984), the United States Supreme Court noted that 
[a] fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be

made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the

circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the

conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time. Because of the

difficulties inherent in making the evaluation, a court must indulge a

strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range

of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must

overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged

action might be considered sound trial strategy.

Id. at 689-690 (III) (A); see also Arnold v. State, 292 Ga. 268, 270 (2) (a) (737 SE2d

98) (2013). This Court has thus held that “which witnesses to call and all other

strategies and tactical decisions are the exclusive province of the lawyer after

consultation with his client, and whether an attorney’s trial tactics are reasonable is

a question of law, not fact.” Howard v. State, 340 Ga. App. 133, 140 (2) (a) (796

SE2d 757) (2017) (footnote and punctuation omitted); see also Perdue v. State, 298

Ga. 841, 845 (3) (785 SE2d 291) (2016) (the decision as to which defense witnesses

to call is a matter of trial strategy and tactics). 

At the hearing on Gonzales’s motion for new trial, his counsel testified that

Gonzales was “adamant about being involved” in his own defense “from beginning

to end,” including the decision whether to obtain testimony from the victim’s mother

2
as to the victim’s untruthfulness even in the absence of the victim’s own testimony

on the subject. Counsel also testified that Gonzales’s strategic goal was to elicit the

victim’s own testimony concerning her truthfulness “out of the [victim’s own]

mouth,” and only then to show that her own mother told a treating psychologist that

the child “[told] lies to get what she wants.” Later at the same hearing, however,

counsel testified that the defense team had found the mother’s opinion that the victim

was “vindictive,” “not truthful,” and “a liar” to be the “best evidence” with which to

impeach the victim’s credibility, and that there had been no strategic reason for

failing to obtain this opinion on cross-examination. 

Even if counsel later, with the benefit of the hindsight provided by appellate

counsel, found fault with the decision not to extend cross-examination of the victim’s

mother to the subject of the victim’s truthfulness, that decision was undertaken after

consultation with Gonzales, and the trial court, resolving contradictory testimony

from counsel, explicitly found it to be part of a reasonable trial strategy. See Jarvis

v. State, 269 Ga. App. 415, 415 (3) (604 SE2d 258) (2004) (counsel’s failure to call

victim’s mother to testify as to the mother’s “longstanding grudge” against a child

molestation defendant was not deficient performance). Because we are not justified

under these facts to substitute our judgment for that of counsel and the trial court on

3
this issue, I dissent to the reversal of Gonzales’s conviction on the ground that trial

counsel was ineffective in this regard. 

4