For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Friday, January 22, 2021 USDL-21-0081 

Technical information: cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

UNION MEMBERS — 2020

In 2020, the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of unions—the union 

membership rate—was 10.8 percent, up by 0.5 percentage point from 2019, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 

14.3 million in 2020, was down by 321,000, or 2.2 percent, from 2019. However, the decline in 

total wage and salary employment was 9.6 million (mostly among nonunion workers), or 6.7 

percent. The disproportionately large decline in total wage and salary employment compared 

with the decline in the number of union members led to an increase in the union membership 

rate. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership 

rate was 20.1 percent and there were 17.7 million union workers. 

Union membership data are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly 

sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households that obtains information on employment and 

unemployment among the nation’s civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For 

more information, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on 2020 Union Members Data 

Data on union members for 2020 reflect the impact on the labor market of the coronavirus 

(COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. Comparisons with union membership measures 

for earlier years, including metrics such as the union membership rate and the median usual 

weekly earnings of union members, should be interpreted with caution. The overall union 

membership rate and the rates by many demographic and employment characteristics increased 

despite declines in the number of union members. These increases reflect the disproportionately 

large decline in total wage and salary employment (mostly among nonunion workers) compared 

with the decline in the number of union members. Increases in median weekly earnings reflect 

the disproportionately large decline in employment in 2020, notably among lower-paid workers, 

such as those in the leisure and hospitality industry. More information on labor market 

developments in recent months is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-

pandemic-and-response-on-the-employment-situation-news-release.htm.
-2- 

Highlights from the 2020 data: 

• The union membership rate of public-sector workers (34.8 percent) continued to be more 

than five times higher than the rate of private-sector workers (6.3 percent). (See table 3.)

• The highest unionization rates were among workers in protective service occupations (36.6 

percent) and in education, training, and library occupations (35.9 percent). (See table 3.)

• Men continued to have a higher union membership rate (11.0 percent) than women (10.5 

percent). (See table 1.) 

• Black workers remained more likely to be union members than White, Asian, or Hispanic 

workers. (See table 1.) 

• Nonunion workers had median weekly earnings that were 84 percent of earnings for workers 

who were union members ($958 versus $1,144). (The comparisons of earnings in this news 

release are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in 

explaining earnings differences.) (See table 2.)

• Among states, Hawaii and New York continued to have the highest union membership rates 

(23.7 percent and 22.0 percent, respectively), while South Carolina and North Carolina 

continued to have the lowest (2.9 percent and 3.1 percent, respectively). (See table 5.)

Industry and Occupation of Union Members

In 2020, 7.2 million employees in the public sector and 7.1 million workers in the private 

sector belonged to unions. Union membership decreased by 428,000 in the private sector and 

showed little change in the public sector. The union membership rate increased over the year in 

the public sector by 1.2 percentage points to 34.8 percent, reflecting a decline in total publicsector wage and salary employment (-391,000). Within the public sector, the union membership 

rate was highest in local government (41.7 percent), which employs many workers in heavily 

unionized occupations, such as police officers, firefighters, and teachers. The unionization rate 

for private-sector workers increased by 0.1 percentage point to 6.3 percent in 2020, reflecting the 

net effect of declines in both the number of union members in the private sector and the steep 

drop in private-sector employment. Private-sector industries with high unionization rates 

included utilities (20.6 percent), transportation and warehousing (17.0 percent), and 

telecommunications (14.3 percent). Low unionization rates occurred in food services and 

drinking places (1.2 percent), finance (1.2 percent), and professional and technical services (1.3 

percent). (See table 3.) 

Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2020 were in protective service 

occupations (36.6 percent) and in education, training, and library occupations (35.9 percent). 

Unionization rates were lowest in farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (2.6 percent); sales 

and related occupations (3.2 percent); and food preparation and serving related occupations (3.4

percent). 
-3- 

Selected Characteristics of Union Members 

In 2020, the number of men who were union members decreased by 368,000, while the number 

of women who were union members was little changed. The union membership rate for women 

increased by 0.8 percentage point to 10.5 percent, and the rate for men was up by 0.2 percentage 

point to 11.0 percent. The large declines in nonunion employment among both men and women 

put upward pressure on their union membership rates. (See table 1.) The gap between their rates 

has narrowed considerably since 1983 (the earliest year for which comparable data are 

available), when rates for men and women were 24.7 percent and 14.6 percent, respectively. 

Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union 

membership rate in 2020 (12.3 percent) than White workers (10.7 percent), Asian workers (8.9 

percent), or Hispanic workers (9.8 percent). The number of White union members decreased by 

264,000, while the numbers of Black, Asian, and Hispanic union members showed little change. 

The union membership rate for Black workers (+1.1 percentage points), Hispanic workers (+0.9 

percentage point), and White workers (+0.4 percentage point) increased over the year, while the 

rate for Asian workers changed little. The increases in the union membership rates reflect 

declines in total wage and salary employment for these groups, principally among nonunion 

workers. 

By age, union membership rates continued to be highest among workers ages 45 to 64. In 2020, 

13.2 percent of workers ages 45 to 54 and 13.0 percent of those ages 55 to 64 were union 

members. 

In 2020, the union membership rate for full-time workers (11.8 percent) was about twice the 

rate for part-time workers (5.8 percent). 

Union Representation 

In 2020, 15.9 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union, 444,000 less than in 

2019. The percentage of workers represented by a union was 12.1 percent, an increase of 0.5 

percentage point from 2019, reflecting the disproportionately large decline in total wage and 

salary employment. Workers represented by a union include both union members (14.3 million)

and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contract (1.7 

million). (See table 1.) 

Earnings 

Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings

of $1,144 in 2020, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of 

$958. In addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, these earnings differences 

reflect a variety of influences, including variations in the distributions of union members and 

nonunion employees by occupation, industry, age, firm size, or geographic region, as well as 

pandemic-related labor market effects in 2020. (See tables 2 and 4.) 
-4- 

Union Membership by State 

In 2020, 30 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the 

U.S. average, 10.8 percent, while 20 states had rates above it. All states in both the East South 

Central and West South Central divisions had union membership rates below the national 

average, while all states in both the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions had rates above it. (See 

table 5 and the map.) 

Nine states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2020. South Carolina had the 

lowest rate (2.9 percent). The next lowest rates were in North Carolina and Utah (3.1 percent and 

3.7 percent, respectively). Two states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2020: 

Hawaii (23.7 percent) and New York (22.0 percent). 

Over half of the 14.3 million union members in the U.S. lived in just seven states (California, 2.4 

million; New York, 1.7 million; Illinois and Pennsylvania, 0.7 million each; and Michigan, New 

Jersey, and Ohio, 0.6 million each). However, these states accounted for about one-third of wage 

and salary employment nationally. 
Technical Note

 The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on 

the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is 

conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the 

U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national 

sample of about 60,000 eligible households. The union 

membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter 

of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary 

workers. All self-employed workers are excluded.

 Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised 

population controls used in the CPS. Additional information 

about population controls is available on the BLS website at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.

 Information in this release will be made available to sensory 

impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-

5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies 

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability 

is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about 

a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate 

based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard 

errors from the true population value because of sampling error. 

BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of

confidence. The state section of this release preserves the longtime practice of highlighting the state union membership rates 

and levels regardless of their statistical significance.

 The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the 

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain 

information for all respondents in the sample, inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, 

and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

 Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and 

guidance on estimating standard errors is available at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Union membership questions 

 Employed wage and salary workers are classified as union 

members if they answer “yes” to the following question: On this 

job, are you a member of a labor union or of an employee 

association similar to a union? If the response is “no” to that 

question, then the interviewer asks a second question: On this 

job, are you covered by a union or employee association 

contract? If the response is “yes,” then these persons, along 

with those who responded “yes” to being union members, are 

classified as represented by a union. If the response is “no” to 

both the first and second questions, then they are classified as 

nonunion.

Definitions

 The principal definitions used in this release are described 

briefly below.

 Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an 

employee association similar to a union.

 Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of total 

wage and salary workers who are union members.

 

 Represented by unions. Data refer to both union members and 

workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are 

covered by a union or an employee association contract.

 Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members of 

a union nor represented by a union on their job.

 Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes 

and other deductions and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the 

case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were 

asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 

1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way 

for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice 

monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually 

earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis 

other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The 

term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent 

asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to 

define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during 

the past 4 or 5 months.

 Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a 

given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having 

earnings above the median and the other having earnings below 

the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or 

calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which 

are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is 

estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in 

which the median lies.

 Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, 

salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The 

group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. 

Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed 

workers, both those with incorporated businesses as well as 

those with unincorporated businesses.

 Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or 

more per week at their sole or principal job.

 Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 

hours per week at their sole or principal job.

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified 

themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, 

Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as 

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2019-2020 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2019 2020

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,737 14,574 10.3 16,383 11.6 132,174 14,253 10.8 15,939 12.1

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,869 827 4.4 977 5.2 16,744 741 4.4 865 5.2

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,868 13,747 11.2 15,406 12.5 115,430 13,512 11.7 15,074 13.1

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,718 2,973 8.8 3,464 10.3 31,444 3,071 9.8 3,455 11.0

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,898 3,515 11.8 3,906 13.1 28,473 3,475 12.2 3,836 13.5

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,191 3,543 12.6 3,918 13.9 26,364 3,469 13.2 3,868 14.7

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,207 2,952 12.7 3,266 14.1 21,838 2,842 13.0 3,175 14.5

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,854 764 9.7 852 10.9 7,311 656 9.0 740 10.1

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,349 7,950 10.8 8,845 12.1 68,711 7,582 11.0 8,432 12.3

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,449 495 5.2 574 6.1 8,463 433 5.1 488 5.8

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,899 7,455 11.7 8,271 12.9 60,249 7,149 11.9 7,944 13.2

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,892 1,648 9.2 1,922 10.7 16,648 1,662 10.0 1,865 11.2

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,811 1,958 12.4 2,136 13.5 15,073 1,836 12.2 2,016 13.4

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,363 1,923 13.4 2,088 14.5 13,591 1,847 13.6 2,035 15.0

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,777 1,520 12.9 1,674 14.2 11,125 1,473 13.2 1,649 14.8

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,056 406 10.0 451 11.1 3,812 331 8.7 379 10.0

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,388 6,624 9.7 7,538 11.0 63,462 6,672 10.5 7,507 11.8

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,420 332 3.5 403 4.3 8,281 308 3.7 377 4.6

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,969 6,292 10.7 7,135 12.1 55,181 6,363 11.5 7,129 12.9

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,826 1,326 8.4 1,541 9.7 14,796 1,409 9.5 1,590 10.7

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,086 1,557 11.1 1,770 12.6 13,401 1,639 12.2 1,820 13.6

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,828 1,620 11.7 1,830 13.2 12,773 1,622 12.7 1,833 14.3

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,430 1,431 12.5 1,592 13.9 10,713 1,370 12.8 1,526 14.2

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,797 357 9.4 401 10.6 3,499 324 9.3 360 10.3

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,132 11,208 10.3 12,583 11.5 102,142 10,944 10.7 12,221 12.0

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,537 6,280 10.9 6,965 12.1 54,042 5,950 11.0 6,597 12.2

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,594 4,928 9.6 5,618 10.9 48,100 4,994 10.4 5,624 11.7

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . 18,231 2,043 11.2 2,310 12.7 16,726 2,055 12.3 2,321 13.9

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,440 1,002 11.9 1,132 13.4 7,704 990 12.9 1,123 14.6

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,791 1,042 10.6 1,178 12.0 9,022 1,065 11.8 1,198 13.3

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,291 817 8.8 932 10.0 8,573 766 8.9 855 10.0

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,795 384 8.0 438 9.1 4,551 375 8.2 421 9.3

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,496 433 9.6 494 11.0 4,021 392 9.7 434 10.8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . 25,417 2,258 8.9 2,590 10.2 23,562 2,315 9.8 2,586 11.0

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,100 1,312 9.3 1,490 10.6 13,270 1,336 10.1 1,485 11.2

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,317 947 8.4 1,099 9.7 10,291 980 9.5 1,101 10.7

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3

Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,584 13,224 11.2 14,822 12.6 110,387 12,987 11.8 14,486 13.1

Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,946 1,329 5.5 1,540 6.4 21,616 1,247 5.8 1,430 6.6

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal

job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected

characteristics, 2019-2020 annual averages

Characteristic

2019 2020

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $917 $1,095 $1,082 $892 $984 $1,144 $1,138 $958

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 692 684 575 606 717 711 601

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969 1,121 1,110 944 1,029 1,160 1,155 1,007

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846 980 970 827 904 1,008 1,003 888

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,035 1,203 1,196 1,007 1,106 1,241 1,232 1,073

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,033 1,174 1,160 1,008 1,129 1,243 1,234 1,102

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017 1,136 1,132 999 1,096 1,167 1,168 1,072

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 1,006 1,016 920 999 1,112 1,097 987

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,007 1,147 1,139 986 1,082 1,216 1,210 1,051

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 710 703 602 622 723 724 615

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,070 1,172 1,165 1,048 1,144 1,240 1,234 1,129

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897 1,008 998 883 952 1,072 1,070 934

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,149 1,243 1,242 1,131 1,205 1,344 1,337 1,178

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,169 1,271 1,254 1,156 1,260 1,325 1,320 1,248

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,166 1,199 1,200 1,159 1,228 1,250 1,250 1,222

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,066 1,069 1,079 1,064 1,115 1,140 1,117 1,114

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 1,018 1,004 792 891 1,067 1,057 862

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 656 652 534 589 711 698 583

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 1,043 1,026 837 929 1,082 1,074 905

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 944 932 767 852 957 949 836

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 1,140 1,129 890 978 1,140 1,135 945

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 1,086 1,066 878 977 1,151 1,139 947

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 1,031 1,016 855 955 1,079 1,082 931

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 949 961 784 897 1,086 1,078 877

RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,

AND SEX

White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945 1,127 1,115 917 1,003 1,165 1,157 978

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,036 1,181 1,173 1,012 1,110 1,243 1,237 1,080

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 1,044 1,023 810 905 1,085 1,070 877

Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 905 901 711 794 965 971 766

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 948 930 746 830 1,020 1,022 798

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 874 875 683 764 917 923 742

Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,174 1,173 1,158 1,179 1,310 1,240 1,247 1,326

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,336 1,151 1,135 1,357 1,447 1,247 1,237 1,477

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,025 1,216 1,180 995 1,143 1,233 1,256 1,124

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 954 926 686 758 1,016 1,011 730

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 1,009 992 722 797 1,076 1,064 770

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 875 845 622 705 955 947 684

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All

self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2019-2020 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2019 2020

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,495 6,277 11.1 7,211 12.8 55,873 6,311 11.3 7,265 13.0

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,991 957 4.4 1,183 5.4 22,134 962 4.3 1,194 5.4

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,753 614 4.2 748 5.1 14,350 611 4.3 761 5.3

Business and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,238 343 4.7 435 6.0 7,785 351 4.5 433 5.6

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 34,504 5,319 15.4 6,028 17.5 33,738 5,349 15.9 6,070 18.0

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . 5,145 196 3.8 254 4.9 5,312 202 3.8 269 5.1

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . 3,137 220 7.0 264 8.4 3,039 190 6.2 229 7.5

Life, physical, and social science

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,392 120 8.6 138 9.9 1,539 148 9.6 185 12.0

Community and social service occupations. . . . 2,617 408 15.6 454 17.4 2,576 402 15.6 452 17.5

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,598 78 4.9 110 6.9 1,526 105 6.9 121 7.9

Education, training, and library occupations. . . 9,233 3,057 33.1 3,381 36.6 8,639 3,104 35.9 3,440 39.8

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,259 165 7.3 180 8.0 2,103 131 6.2 151 7.2

Healthcare practitioners and technical

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,123 1,076 11.8 1,247 13.7 9,004 1,069 11.9 1,224 13.6

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,547 2,294 9.3 2,539 10.3 20,486 2,170 10.6 2,404 11.7

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,605 265 7.4 298 8.3 4,641 373 8.0 434 9.4

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,073 1,038 33.8 1,100 35.8 3,006 1,101 36.6 1,165 38.8

Food preparation and serving related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,306 294 3.5 351 4.2 6,429 219 3.4 268 4.2

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,962 433 8.7 483 9.7 4,104 394 9.6 435 10.6

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . 4,600 264 5.7 307 6.7 2,306 82 3.6 102 4.4

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,700 1,879 6.1 2,155 7.0 27,111 1,733 6.4 1,937 7.1

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,371 374 2.8 467 3.5 12,117 387 3.2 441 3.6

Office and administrative support occupations. . . 17,329 1,505 8.7 1,688 9.7 14,994 1,346 9.0 1,496 10.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,427 1,854 14.9 1,991 16.0 11,433 1,750 15.3 1,871 16.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . 1,060 22 2.1 36 3.4 926 24 2.6 27 2.9

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . 6,859 1,192 17.4 1,269 18.5 6,243 1,105 17.7 1,167 18.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,508 640 14.2 686 15.2 4,264 620 14.5 676 15.8

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,567 2,269 12.9 2,487 14.2 17,270 2,290 13.3 2,463 14.3

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,304 976 11.8 1,067 12.8 7,324 870 11.9 943 12.9

Transportation and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,263 1,294 14.0 1,420 15.3 9,946 1,420 14.3 1,520 15.3

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,714 7,508 6.2 8,562 7.1 111,542 7,080 6.3 8,018 7.2

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,352 23 1.7 38 2.8 1,281 21 1.7 25 1.9

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,362 7,485 6.3 8,524 7.1 110,260 7,059 6.4 7,994 7.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 710 28 4.0 33 4.7 656 37 5.6 43 6.6

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,352 1,055 12.6 1,133 13.6 7,829 993 12.7 1,050 13.4

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,070 1,291 8.6 1,423 9.4 13,887 1,181 8.5 1,289 9.3

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,502 835 8.8 912 9.6 8,705 754 8.7 821 9.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,568 455 8.2 510 9.2 5,182 427 8.2 468 9.0

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,113 741 4.1 863 4.8 17,407 787 4.5 874 5.0

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,186 143 4.5 160 5.0 3,116 133 4.3 146 4.7

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,927 598 4.0 704 4.7 14,292 655 4.6 728 5.1

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,745 1,166 17.3 1,259 18.7 6,441 1,135 17.6 1,213 18.8

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,659 912 16.1 997 17.6 5,377 916 17.0 979 18.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,086 254 23.4 261 24.0 1,064 219 20.6 234 22.0

Information3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,352 242 10.3 263 11.2 2,160 200 9.3 222 10.3

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 12 3.3 13 3.8 338 8 2.4 9 2.6

Motion pictures and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 53 13.6 57 14.7 285 40 14.0 43 15.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2019-2020 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2019 2020

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Broadcasting (except internet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 53 11.0 57 11.9 398 30 7.6 35 8.7

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 115 14.1 125 15.3 778 111 14.3 122 15.7

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,364 182 1.9 237 2.5 9,107 169 1.9 244 2.7

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,982 87 1.2 125 1.8 6,977 96 1.4 152 2.2

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,390 49 1.1 74 1.7 4,492 53 1.2 92 2.0

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,592 37 1.4 51 2.0 2,484 43 1.7 60 2.4

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . 2,382 95 4.0 112 4.7 2,131 74 3.5 93 4.3

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . 15,720 339 2.2 471 3.0 14,938 323 2.2 442 3.0

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . 10,280 143 1.4 227 2.2 10,153 132 1.3 208 2.1

Management, administrative, and waste

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,440 197 3.6 244 4.5 4,785 191 4.0 233 4.9

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,690 1,885 8.0 2,182 9.2 22,365 1,876 8.4 2,174 9.7

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,922 608 12.3 693 14.1 4,507 607 13.5 697 15.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . 18,768 1,278 6.8 1,489 7.9 17,858 1,269 7.1 1,478 8.3

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,097 384 2.9 457 3.5 10,127 223 2.2 280 2.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . 2,498 164 6.6 184 7.4 1,810 86 4.8 106 5.9

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . 10,599 220 2.1 274 2.6 8,317 137 1.6 174 2.1

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,427 93 6.5 100 7.0 916 52 5.7 59 6.5

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . 9,172 128 1.4 173 1.9 7,401 85 1.2 114 1.5

Other services3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,150 172 2.8 202 3.3 5,344 134 2.5 162 3.0

Other services, except private households.. . 5,327 163 3.1 193 3.6 4,669 130 2.8 159 3.4

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,023 7,066 33.6 7,821 37.2 20,632 7,173 34.8 7,921 38.4

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,798 974 25.6 1,158 30.5 3,892 1,014 26.0 1,167 30.0

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,958 2,043 29.4 2,249 32.3 6,980 2,085 29.9 2,350 33.7

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,267 4,050 39.4 4,414 43.0 9,760 4,074 41.7 4,404 45.1

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well

as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data,

occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Data for

2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system,

derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry, 2019-2020 annual averages

Occupation and industry

2019 2020

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . $1,309 $1,254 $1,246 $1,327 $1,356 $1,313 $1,294 $1,366

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,415 1,365 1,366 1,420 1,461 1,386 1,378 1,468

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,478 1,446 1,430 1,481 1,541 1,445 1,440 1,546

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . 1,285 1,217 1,247 1,290 1,363 1,253 1,254 1,369

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,237 1,239 1,227 1,240 1,270 1,294 1,271 1,269

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,579 1,392 1,394 1,592 1,633 1,461 1,424 1,649

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,550 1,492 1,490 1,557 1,575 1,723 1,652 1,568

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 1,334 1,538 1,552 1,286 1,336 1,378 1,417 1,327

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 1,178 1,159 928 1,003 1,166 1,148 966

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,562 1,569 1,566 1,561 1,540 1,464 1,515 1,541

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,057 1,173 1,157 972 1,096 1,244 1,224 982

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,151 1,389 1,356 1,139 1,179 1,349 1,341 1,169

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . 1,180 1,275 1,272 1,162 1,227 1,376 1,381 1,200

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 874 848 573 621 931 911 599

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 684 680 584 606 689 682 600

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900 1,243 1,234 739 982 1,263 1,258 806

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . 522 624 604 519 530 613 607 524

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 706 692 567 603 709 711 589

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 620 620 559 616 710 617 616

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 867 854 750 809 947 944 797

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 798 783 833 880 860 897 879

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 885 875 717 781 965 956 764

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 1,207 1,185 810 905 1,227 1,215 844

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 – – 572 589 – – 583

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 1,201 1,183 801 906 1,237 1,221 830

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . 939 1,236 1,215 902 984 1,235 1,219 933

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 924 918 705 746 954 938 720

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 910 907 722 775 923 911 753

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . 711 943 926 685 719 979 967 691

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 1,025 1,013 881 959 1,089 1,084 948

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 – – 610 640 – – 638

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897 1,027 1,015 886 964 1,090 1,086 954

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,423 – – 1,410 1,444 – – 1,449

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 1,257 1,240 868 961 1,254 1,234 920

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 962 962 933 1,008 1,016 1,012 1,008

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973 982 983 972 1,049 1,076 1,081 1,043

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 914 912 879 946 914 900 953

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 790 779 746 768 791 780 768

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 937 944 964 980 1,116 1,062 973

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 744 730 699 721 731 728 721

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906 1,184 1,151 862 963 1,215 1,197 912

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 1,103 1,066 799 893 1,138 1,117 849

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,329 1,461 1,449 1,273 1,405 1,533 1,535 1,343

Information4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,182 1,265 1,214 1,174 1,356 1,403 1,390 1,348

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,159 – – 1,168 1,431 – – 1,439

Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . 1,042 1,453 1,398 1,018 1,149 – – 1,053

Broadcasting (except internet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,061 1,371 1,345 1,019 1,118 – – 1,077

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,213 1,257 1,206 1,217 1,321 1,388 1,350 1,306

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,125 950 980 1,128 1,187 1,012 1,112 1,194

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,167 1,033 1,062 1,169 1,266 1,003 1,125 1,270

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,225 – 1,030 1,227 1,337 1,108 1,138 1,340

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,124 – – 1,123 1,171 – 1,077 1,173

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948 941 937 949 1,001 1,081 1,105 999

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,149 903 918 1,155 1,220 960 993 1,228

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,452 1,179 1,230 1,455 1,487 1,394 1,362 1,492

Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . $698 $770 $769 $694 $726 $781 $770 $724

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and

industry, 2019-2020 annual averages — Continued

Occupation and industry

2019 2020

Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3 Total

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Nonunion3

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896 1,059 1,051 879 968 1,129 1,130 949

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,015 1,129 1,116 994 1,059 1,171 1,166 1,026

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 1,008 1,006 851 937 1,079 1,094 923

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 722 698 597 624 741 772 620

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 819 823 752 849 850 892 845

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 656 615 571 592 723 723 589

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 704 685 616 671 – 813 643

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 611 595 560 582 690 660 580

Other services4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 1,091 1,098 752 823 1,174 1,143 812

Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . 796 1,114 1,117 785 852 1,178 1,148 838

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,043 1,147 1,141 973 1,100 1,186 1,173 1,022

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,222 1,151 1,183 1,241 1,326 1,223 1,226 1,374

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,015 1,138 1,126 959 1,051 1,157 1,151 979

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999 1,150 1,136 888 1,054 1,196 1,174 939

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.

4

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well

as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data,

occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Data for

2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system,

derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet

publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2019-2020 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

State

2019 2020

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,041 173 8.5 199 9.8 1,896 151 8.0 164 8.7

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 48 17.1 53 18.7 280 49 17.7 55 19.5

Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,028 174 5.7 214 7.1 2,909 155 5.3 207 7.1

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,200 62 5.2 71 5.9 1,158 55 4.7 69 5.9

California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,485 2,504 15.2 2,726 16.5 15,069 2,441 16.2 2,655 17.6

Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,631 237 9.0 259 9.8 2,470 182 7.4 202 8.2

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,680 244 14.5 269 16.0 1,533 262 17.1 282 18.4

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 38 8.7 43 9.9 424 41 9.7 44 10.3

District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 34 9.3 37 10.2 343 30 8.6 33 9.5

Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,827 551 6.2 667 7.6 8,155 524 6.4 644 7.9

Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,422 180 4.1 223 5.0 4,173 194 4.6 271 6.5

Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 135 23.5 147 25.5 508 120 23.7 130 25.7

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 37 4.9 46 6.0 732 41 5.6 47 6.4

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,658 771 13.6 832 14.7 5,178 739 14.3 788 15.2

Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,007 249 8.3 296 9.8 2,838 235 8.3 270 9.5

Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,543 97 6.3 122 7.9 1,401 93 6.6 128 9.1

Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,280 112 8.7 130 10.1 1,282 114 8.9 144 11.2

Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,786 144 8.0 169 9.5 1,694 127 7.5 160 9.4

Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,784 94 5.3 108 6.1 1,682 99 5.9 113 6.7

Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 69 11.8 81 13.7 559 82 14.7 93 16.7

Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,912 330 11.3 371 12.8 2,690 351 13.1 380 14.1

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,397 406 12.0 449 13.2 2,982 357 12.0 383 12.8

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,323 589 13.6 648 15.0 3,974 604 15.2 661 16.6

Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,662 364 13.7 381 14.3 2,515 398 15.8 427 17.0

Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,105 70 6.3 93 8.4 1,034 74 7.1 86 8.3

Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,661 297 11.1 333 12.5 2,525 238 9.4 254 10.1

Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 46 10.5 52 12.0 419 50 12.0 54 13.0

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 75 8.4 86 9.6 890 85 9.6 94 10.5

Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,379 201 14.6 222 16.1 1,208 161 13.4 186 15.4

New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 69 10.3 79 11.6 629 62 9.8 70 11.1

New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,094 642 15.7 712 17.4 3,719 600 16.1 660 17.8

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 58 7.1 72 8.8 743 53 7.1 64 8.6

New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,253 1,732 21.0 1,877 22.7 7,552 1,661 22.0 1,784 23.6

North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,396 102 2.3 150 3.4 4,128 129 3.1 161 3.9

North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 21 6.0 27 7.5 338 21 6.2 25 7.4

Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,127 610 11.9 673 13.1 4,815 637 13.2 686 14.2

Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554 96 6.2 123 7.9 1,501 90 6.0 114 7.6

Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,772 255 14.4 277 15.7 1,694 275 16.2 293 17.3

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,642 676 12.0 740 13.1 5,307 717 13.5 775 14.6

Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 83 17.4 90 19.0 455 81 17.8 87 19.1

South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,140 47 2.2 59 2.7 2,036 59 2.9 77 3.8

South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 22 5.6 26 6.7 385 17 4.3 21 5.5

Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,947 135 4.6 162 5.5 2,678 117 4.4 137 5.1

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,334 497 4.0 642 5.2 11,607 563 4.9 693 6.0

Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,409 62 4.4 83 5.9 1,403 51 3.7 75 5.4

Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 33 11.2 35 12.0 265 31 11.8 36 13.8

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,881 156 4.0 201 5.2 3,703 164 4.4 201 5.4

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,393 638 18.8 684 20.2 3,201 557 17.4 596 18.6

West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 72 10.2 78 11.1 666 71 10.7 75 11.3

Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,698 218 8.1 245 9.1 2,592 227 8.7 264 10.2

Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 18 7.3 21 8.7 240 18 7.6 22 9.3

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated

businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
TEXAS

N.M.

CALIF.

MONT.

NEV.

ARIZ.

ORE.

S.D.

WYO.

COLO. KAN. MO.

N.D.

NEB.

UTAH

GA.

ILL.

MINN.

LA.

IDAHO

FLA.

PA.

WIS.

N.Y.

OKLA.

N.C.

KY.

ALA.

VA.

ARK.

WASH.

IOWA

MISS.

IND.

OHIO

S.C.

MICH.

TENN.

W.VA.

VT

MD.

HAWAII

ALASKA

Pacific

Mountain

West

North Central

East

North Central

New Englan

Middle

Atlantic

East

South Central

West

South Central

Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2020 

(U.S. rate = 10.8 percent)

Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2020 annu

(U.S. rate = 10.8 percent)