For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, May 17, 2023 USDL-23-1012

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

STATE JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – MARCH 2023

Job openings rates decreased in 15 states and increased in 1 state and the District of Columbia on the last 

business day of March, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires rates decreased in 5

states and increased in 2 states. Total separations rates increased in 5 states and decreased in 2 states.

Nationally, the job openings, hires, and total separations rates showed little or no change in March.

This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, total separations, quits, and 

layoffs and discharges for the total nonfarm sector and for all states and the District of Columbia.

Job Openings

In March, job openings rates decreased in 15 states, increased in 1 state and the District of Columbia,

and were little changed in 34 states. The largest decreases in job openings rates occurred in Colorado, 

Kansas, and Maryland (-1.4 percentage points each). The increases occurred in the District of Columbia 

(+0.9 point) and Florida (+0.5 point). Over the month, the national job openings rate was little changed. 

(See table A.)

The number of job openings decreased in 18 states, increased in 4 states and the District of Columbia,

and was little changed in 28 states in March. The largest decreases in the job openings level occurred in

California (-74,000) and Texas (-52,000), as well as in Colorado and Illinois (-48,000 each). The largest

increases occurred in Florida (+55,000), Ohio (+23,000), and Massachusetts (+17,000). Nationally, the

number of job openings decreased over the month (-384,000). (See table A.)

Hires

In March, hires rates decreased in 5 states, increased in 2 states, and were little changed in 43 states and 

the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in the hires rates occurred in Nebraska (-1.3 percentage

points), Mississippi (-0.9 point), and Kansas (-0.8 point). The increases occurred in New Jersey

(+1.5 points) and Maine (+1.3 points). The national hires rate was unchanged over the month. (See table 

B.)

The number of hires decreased in 4 states, increased in 2 states, and was little changed in 44 states and 

the District of Columbia in March. The decreases in the hires level occurred in North Carolina 

(-32,000), Nebraska (-13,000), as well as in Kansas and Mississippi (-11,000 each). The increases

occurred in New Jersey (+63,000) and Maine (+8,000). Nationally, the number of hires changed little

over the month. (See table B.)
- 2 - 

Total Separations

In March, total separations rates increased in 5 states, decreased in 2 states, and were little changed in

43 states and the District of Columbia. The largest increases in total separations rates occurred in New 

Hampshire (+1.2 percentage points), Tennessee (+0.9 point), and Montana (+0.8 point). The decreases 

occurred in Georgia (-0.6 point) and Texas (-0.5 point). Over the month, the national total separations 

rate was unchanged. (See table C.)

In March, the number of total separations increased in 8 states, decreased in 2 states, and was little 

changed in 40 states and the District of Columbia. The largest increases in the total separations level 

occurred in Michigan and Tennessee (+32,000 each), as well as in Pennsylvania (+27,000). The 

decreases occurred in Texas (-71,000) and Georgia (-30,000). Nationally, the number of total 

separations was little changed over the month. (See table C.) 

 

Quits

In March, quits rates decreased in 4 states and the District of Columbia, increased in 3 states, and were 

little changed in 43 states. The largest decreases in quits rates occurred in Georgia (-0.9 percentage 

point), the District of Columbia (-0.7 point), and Alaska (-0.6 point). The increases occurred in New 

Hampshire (+0.8 point), Maryland (+0.5 point), and Pennsylvania (+0.4 point). Over the month, the 

national quits rate changed little. (See table D.)

The number of quits decreased in 4 states and the District of Columbia, increased in 4 states, and was

little changed in 42 states in March. The largest decreases in the quits level occurred in Texas

(-63,000), Georgia (-45,000), and North Carolina (-17,000). The largest increases occurred in 

Pennsylvania (+25,000), as well as in Maryland and Michigan (+13,000 each). Nationally, the number 

of quits was little changed over the month. (See table D.) 

 

Layoffs and Discharges

In March, layoffs and discharges rates increased in 5 states and were little changed in 45 states and the 

District of Columbia. The largest increases in layoffs and discharges rates occurred in Tennessee 

(+1.3 percentage points), Massachusetts (+0.9 point), and Michigan (+0.5 point). Over the month, the 

national layoffs and discharges rate increased (+0.2 point). (See table E.) 

The number of layoffs and discharges increased in 11 states and was little changed in 39 states and the 

District of Columbia in March. The largest increases in the layoffs and discharges levels occurred in 

California (+47,000), Tennessee (+45,000), and Massachusetts (+33,000). Nationally, the number of 

layoffs and discharges increased over the month (+248,000). (See table E.) 

For more information, please see the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) interactive 

charts at www.bls.gov/charts/state-job-openings-and-labor-turnover/state-job-openings-rates.htm#. 

State Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for April 2023 are scheduled to be 

released on Wednesday, June 21, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
- 3 -

Upcoming Changes to State Estimates from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover

Survey

Effective with the release of May 2023 data on July 26, 2023, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover 

Survey (JOLTS) state estimates will be benchmarked, or revised, to incorporate the annual updates to 

the Current Employment Statistics state employment estimates, Quarterly Census of Employment and 

Wages (QCEW) updates through fourth quarter 2022, revised JOLTS national data, and revised JOLTS 

seasonal adjustment factors. In 2022, state estimates were benchmarked in June with the release of April

data. The change in the release date from June to July is being made to incorporate QCEW data through 

the fourth quarter of 2022. Not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January 2018 

forward are subject to revision. Additional historical data may also be revised due to benchmarking. 

JOLTS will introduce several changes to the monthly news release tables beginning with the May 2023 

news release. Significance tables A through E will be removed from the news release and provided as 

supplemental tables on the JOLTS website. JOLTS will also introduce over-the-month change columns 

for levels and rates to tables 1 through 5. Also, two tables will be added to present annual average job 

openings levels and rates. (Annual estimates of levels and rates are published each year with the annual

benchmark.) 

Also effective with the release of May 2023 data, JOLTS will modify its estimation methodology to 

reduce variance. State data from January 2018 forward is subject to revision. 

Additional information about these changes is available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm. 
- 4 - 

February

2023

March

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

February

2023

March

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S.................................................................................... 9,974 9,590 -384 6.0 5.8 -0.2

Arkansas........................................................................................ 105 89 -16 7.2 6.2 -1.0

California....................................................................................... 985 911 -74 5.2 4.8 -0.4

Colorado........................................................................................ 242 194 -48 7.7 6.3 -1.4

District of Columbia........................................................................ 39 47 8 4.8 5.7 0.9

Florida........................................................................................... 616 671 55 6.0 6.5 0.5

Georgia.......................................................................................... 424 395 -29 8.0 7.5 -0.5

Hawaii............................................................................................ 37 32 -5 5.5 4.8 -0.7*

Illinois............................................................................................ 408 360 -48 6.3 5.6 -0.7

Iowa............................................................................................... 100 86 -14 5.9 5.1 -0.8

Kansas........................................................................................... 92 70 -22 6.0 4.6 -1.4

Maryland........................................................................................ 210 165 -45 7.1 5.7 -1.4

Massachusetts............................................................................... 256 273 17 6.4 6.8 0.4*

Missouri......................................................................................... 195 164 -31 6.2 5.2 -1.0

Nebraska....................................................................................... 64 56 -8 5.8 5.1 -0.7

Nevada.......................................................................................... 107 88 -19 6.5 5.4 -1.1

New Jersey..................................................................................... 269 246 -23 5.9 5.4 -0.5

Ohio............................................................................................... 316 339 23 5.4 5.7 0.3*

Pennsylvania................................................................................. 432 398 -34 6.6 6.1 -0.5

South Carolina............................................................................... 176 189 13 7.2 7.6 0.4*

South Dakota................................................................................. 31 27 -4 6.3 5.5 -0.8

Texas............................................................................................. 881 829 -52 6.0 5.7 -0.3*

Washington.................................................................................... 200 178 -22 5.2 4.7 -0.5

West Virginia.................................................................................. 59 54 -5 7.8 7.2 -0.6*

* Not significant

Table A. States with significant changes in job openings from February 2023 to March 2023, seasonally 

adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

p Preliminary

February

2023

March

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

February

2023

March

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S.................................................................................... 6,150 6,149 -1 4.0 4.0 0.0

Kansas........................................................................................... 59 48 -11 4.1 3.3 -0.8

Kentucky........................................................................................ 103 93 -10* 5.2 4.6 -0.6

Maine............................................................................................. 24 32 8 3.7 5.0 1.3

Mississippi...................................................................................... 58 47 -11 4.9 4.0 -0.9

Nebraska....................................................................................... 49 36 -13 4.7 3.4 -1.3

New Jersey..................................................................................... 152 215 63 3.5 5.0 1.5

North Carolina................................................................................ 221 189 -32 4.5 3.9 -0.6

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table B. States with significant changes in hires from February 2023 to March 2023, seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate
- 5 - 

February

2023

March

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

February

2023

March

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S.................................................................................... 5,841 5,932 91 3.8 3.8 0.0

Georgia.......................................................................................... 253 223 -30 5.2 4.6 -0.6

Maryland........................................................................................ 125 143 18 4.6 5.2 0.6*

Massachusetts............................................................................... 104 129 25 2.8 3.4 0.6

Michigan........................................................................................ 135 167 32 3.1 3.8 0.7

Montana......................................................................................... 25 29 4 4.8 5.6 0.8

New Hampshire.............................................................................. 24 32 8 3.4 4.6 1.2

Pennsylvania................................................................................. 171 198 27 2.8 3.2 0.4*

Tennessee..................................................................................... 154 186 32 4.7 5.6 0.9

Texas............................................................................................. 566 495 -71 4.1 3.6 -0.5

Washington.................................................................................... 122 138 16 3.4 3.8 0.4*

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table C. States with significant changes in total separations from February 2023 to March 2023, seasonally 

adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

February

2023

March

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

February

2023

March

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S.................................................................................... 3,980 3,851 -129 2.6 2.5 -0.1

Alaska............................................................................................ 12 10 -2 3.7 3.1 -0.6

District of Columbia........................................................................ 20 15 -5 2.6 1.9 -0.7

Georgia.......................................................................................... 199 154 -45 4.1 3.2 -0.9

Maryland........................................................................................ 85 98 13 3.1 3.6 0.5

Michigan........................................................................................ 85 98 13 1.9 2.2 0.3*

New Hampshire.............................................................................. 15 20 5 2.1 2.9 0.8

North Carolina................................................................................ 136 119 -17 2.8 2.4 -0.4

Pennsylvania................................................................................. 101 126 25 1.7 2.1 0.4

Texas............................................................................................. 432 369 -63 3.1 2.7 -0.4

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table D. States with significant changes in quits from February 2023 to March 2023, seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate
- 6 - 

February

2023

March

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

February

2023

March

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S.................................................................................... 1,557 1,805 248 1.0 1.2 0.2

California....................................................................................... 189 236 47 1.1 1.3 0.2

Georgia.......................................................................................... 44 56 12 0.9 1.1 0.2*

Massachusetts............................................................................... 30 63 33 0.8 1.7 0.9

Michigan........................................................................................ 42 65 23 1.0 1.5 0.5

Montana......................................................................................... 7 10 3 1.4 1.9 0.5*

Nevada.......................................................................................... 17 23 6 1.1 1.5 0.4*

New Hampshire.............................................................................. 7 10 3 1.0 1.4 0.4*

New Jersey..................................................................................... 41 53 12 1.0 1.2 0.2*

Tennessee..................................................................................... 35 80 45 1.1 2.4 1.3

Virginia........................................................................................... 33 46 13 0.8 1.1 0.3*

Washington.................................................................................... 36 50 14 1.0 1.4 0.4

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table E. States with significant changes in layoffs and discharges from February 2023 to March 2023, 

seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate
Technical Note 

 This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. State estimates are published for 

job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and 

total separations. The JOLTS program covers all 

private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 

federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 

states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data 

for January 2023, industries are classified in 

accordance with the 2022 North American Industry 

Classification System. 

 Definitions 

 Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements. 

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can be 

full-time or part-time, and it can be permanent, 

short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether or 

not the employer can find a suitable candidate 

during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers from 

outside the establishment to fill the position. 

Active recruiting means that the establishment is 

taking steps to fill a position. It may include 

advertising in newspapers, on television, or on 

the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking, or making “word-ofmouth” announcements; accepting applications; 

interviewing candidates; contacting employment 

agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, 

state or local employment offices, or similar 

sources. 

 Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future; 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work; and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

 Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily, with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer, such as layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 

discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Other separations comprise 

less than 8 percent of total separations. Other 

separations rates are generally very low, and other 

separations variance estimates are relatively high. 

Consequently, the other separations component is not 

published for states. 

Excluded from separations are transfers within the 

same location; employees on strike; employees of 

temporary help agencies, employee leasing 

companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The 

separations rate is computed by dividing the number 

of separations by employment and multiplying that 

quotient by 100. The quits and layoffs and discharges 

rates are computed similarly. 

State Estimation Method 

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business 

and government establishments. The sample is 

stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and 

establishment size class. The JOLTS sample of 

21,000 establishments does not directly support the 

production of sample-based state estimates. However, 

state estimates have been produced by combining the 

available sample with model-based estimates. 

 The state estimates consist of four major 

estimating models; the Composite Regional model 

(an unpublished intermediate model), the Synthetic 

model (an unpublished intermediate model), the 

Composite Synthetic model (published historical 

series through the most current benchmark year), and 

the Extended Composite Synthetic model (published 

current-year monthly series). The Composite 

Regional model uses JOLTS microdata, JOLTS 

regional published estimates, and Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) employment data. The 

Composite Synthetic model uses JOLTS microdata 

and Synthetic model estimates derived from monthly 

employment changes in microdata from the Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), and 

JOLTS published regional data. The Extended 

Composite Synthetic model extends the Composite 

Synthetic estimates by ratio-adjusting the Composite 

Synthetic model by the ratio of the current Composite 

Regional model estimate to the Composite Regional 

model estimate from the previous year. 

 The Extended Composite Synthetic model (and 

its major component—the Composite Regional 

model) is used to extend the Composite Synthetic 

estimates because all of the inputs required by this 

model are available at the time monthly estimate are 

produced. In contrast, the Composite Synthetic model 

(and its major component—the Synthetic model) can 

only be produced when the latest QCEW data are 

available. The Extended Composite Synthetic model 

estimates are used to extend the Composite Synthetic 

model estimates during the annual JOLTS retabulation process. The extension of the Composite 

Synthetic model using current data-based Composite 

Regional model estimates ensures that the Composite 

Synthetic model estimates reflect current economic 

trends. 

 The Composite Regional approach calculates 

state-level JOLTS estimates from JOLTS microdata 

using sample weights and the adjustments for nonresponse. The Composite Regional estimate is then 

benchmarked to CES state-supersector employment 

to produce state-supersector estimates. The JOLTS 

sample, by itself, cannot ensure a reasonably sized 

sample for each state-supersector cell. The small 

JOLTS sample results in several state-supersector 

cells that lack enough data to produce a reasonable 

estimate. To overcome this issue, the state-level 

estimates derived directly from the JOLTS sample 

are augmented using JOLTS regional estimates when 

the number of respondents is low (that is, less than 

30). This approach is known as a composite estimate, 

which leverages the small JOLTS sample to the 

greatest extent possible and supplements that with a 

model-based estimate. Previous research has found 

that regional industry estimates are a good proxy at 

finer levels of geographical detail. That is, one can 

make a reliable prediction of JOLTS estimates at the 

regional-level using only national industry-level 

JOLTS rates. The assumption in this approach is that 

one can make a good prediction of JOLTS estimates 

at the state-level using only regional industry-level 

JOLTS rates.) 

 In this approach, the JOLTS microdata-based 

estimate is used, without model augmentation, in all 

state-supersector cells that have 30 or more 

respondents. The JOLTS regional estimate will be 

used, without a sample-based component, in all statesupersector cells that have fewer than five 

respondents. In all state-supersector cells with 5 to 30 
respondents, an estimate is calculated that is a 

composition of a weighted estimate of the microdatabased estimate and a weighted estimate of the JOLTS 

regional estimate. The weight assigned to the JOLTS 

data in those cells is proportional the number of 

JOLTS respondents in the cell (weight=n∕30, where n 

is the number of respondents). The sum of state 

estimates within a region is made equal to the aligned 

regional JOLTS published regional estimates.

 Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses the seasonal 

adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) to 

seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all 

relevant data, up to and including the current month, 

to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving 

averages are used as seasonal filters in seasonal 

adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes 

both additive and multiplicative models, as well as 

regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) 

modeling, to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. 

 Annual estimates and benchmarking. The 

JOLTS state estimates utilize and leverage data from 

three BLS programs; JOLTS, CES, and QCEW. 

These state estimates are published as a historical 

series made up of a historical annually revised 

benchmark component ofthe Composite Synthetic 

model and a current component of the Extended 

Composite Synthetic model that provides monthly 

"real-time" estimates between lagged benchmarks.

 The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted 

to the CES employment levels, and the resulting 

ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. 

 The seasonally adjusted estimates are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual 

updates result in revisions to both the seasonally 

adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data 

series for the period since the last benchmark was 

established. 

 Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

 Annual average levels for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels by 12. 

 Annual average rates for hires, total separations 

quits, and layoffs and discharges are calculated by 

dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 

levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

 Annual average rates for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels plus the 

sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.) 

Reliability of the estimates 

 JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of 

error: sampling error and nonsampling error. 

 Sampling error can result when a sample, rather 

than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a 

chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample 

selected, and this variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are 

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent 

chance that the true population mean will fall into the 

interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 

1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard 

errors are released monthly as part of the significant 

change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard 

errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 

years of data. For sampling error estimates, see 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm. 

 Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to include a segment of the 

population, the inability to obtain data from all units 

in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of 

respondents to provide data on a timely basis, 

mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the 

collection or processing of the data, and errors from 

the employment benchmark data used in estimation. 

The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures 

to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design. 

 The JOLTS state variance estimates account for 

both sampling error and the error attributable to 

modeling. A small area domain model uses a 

Bayesian approach to develop estimates of JOLTS 

state variance. The small area model uses QCEWbased JOLTS synthetic model data to generate a 

Bayesian prior distribution, then updates the prior 
distribution using JOLTS microdata and samplebased variance estimates at the state and US Census 

regional level to generate a Bayesian posterior 

distribution. Once the Bayesian posterior distribution 

has been generated, estimates of JOLTS state 

variances are made by drawing 2,500 estimates from 

the Bayesian posterior distribution. This Bayesian 

approach thus indirectly accounts for sampling error 

and directly for model error. 

Other information

 If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services. 
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 12,027 11,234 10,563 9,974 9,590 7.4 6.8 6.4 6.0 5.8

Alabama.......................................... 152 161 155 145 141 6.9 7.1 6.8 6.3 6.2

Alaska............................................ 34 31 29 28 27 9.7 8.7 8.2 7.9 7.7

Arizona........................................... 259 214 211 189 197 7.9 6.4 6.3 5.7 5.9

Arkansas......................................... 102 103 105 105 89 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 6.2

California......................................... 1,298 1,219 1,021 985 911 6.9 6.4 5.4 5.2 4.8

Colorado......................................... 217 213 200 242 194 7.1 6.9 6.5 7.7 6.3

Connecticut...................................... 115 110 92 98 104 6.5 6.2 5.2 5.5 5.8

Delaware......................................... 37 38 34 36 36 7.5 7.6 6.6 7.0 6.9

District of Columbia............................. 47 55 46 39 47 5.8 6.6 5.6 4.8 5.7

Florida............................................ 765 647 686 616 671 7.7 6.3 6.6 6.0 6.5

Georgia........................................... 419 388 420 424 395 8.1 7.4 7.9 8.0 7.5

Hawaii............................................ 45 39 39 37 32 7.0 5.9 5.8 5.5 4.8

Idaho............................................. 61 65 55 55 56 7.0 7.3 6.1 6.1 6.2

Illinois............................................. 489 474 461 408 360 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.3 5.6

Indiana........................................... 239 221 202 173 171 7.0 6.4 5.9 5.1 5.0

Iowa............................................... 117 135 103 100 86 7.0 7.8 6.1 5.9 5.1

Kansas........................................... 99 100 97 92 70 6.6 6.6 6.3 6.0 4.6

Kentucky......................................... 213 153 151 137 144 9.9 7.2 7.1 6.4 6.7

Louisiana......................................... 149 181 172 152 153 7.2 8.5 8.1 7.2 7.3

Maine............................................. 50 48 39 43 45 7.3 6.9 5.7 6.2 6.5

Maryland......................................... 223 203 212 210 165 7.6 6.9 7.2 7.1 5.7

Massachusetts.................................. 304 281 276 256 273 7.7 7.0 6.9 6.4 6.8

Michigan......................................... 350 369 291 262 247 7.5 7.8 6.2 5.6 5.3

Minnesota........................................ 239 231 203 190 179 7.6 7.2 6.4 6.0 5.7

Mississippi....................................... 91 88 88 84 79 7.3 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.3

Missouri.......................................... 226 220 207 195 164 7.2 7.0 6.5 6.2 5.2

Montana.......................................... 46 44 40 38 36 8.3 8.0 7.2 6.8 6.5

Nebraska......................................... 79 73 74 64 56 7.1 6.5 6.6 5.8 5.1

Nevada........................................... 112 114 108 107 88 7.2 7.2 6.6 6.5 5.4

New Hampshire................................. 58 51 53 46 49 7.9 6.8 7.0 6.2 6.5

New Jersey...................................... 282 266 268 269 246 6.3 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.4

New Mexico..................................... 70 70 58 61 59 7.6 7.6 6.3 6.6 6.4

New York........................................ 588 473 451 419 430 5.9 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2

North Carolina................................... 424 367 340 366 372 8.2 7.0 6.5 7.0 7.1

North Dakota.................................... 34 35 28 27 29 7.4 7.5 6.1 5.9 6.3

Ohio............................................... 407 409 375 316 339 6.9 6.9 6.3 5.4 5.7

Oklahoma........................................ 148 135 136 122 121 8.1 7.3 7.3 6.6 6.5

Oregon........................................... 158 153 133 122 120 7.5 7.1 6.3 5.8 5.7

Pennsylvania.................................... 514 458 441 432 398 8.0 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.1

Rhode Island.................................... 43 37 36 33 32 8.0 6.9 6.7 6.2 6.0

South Carolina.................................. 209 188 177 176 189 8.7 7.7 7.2 7.2 7.6

South Dakota.................................... 34 33 37 31 27 7.1 6.7 7.5 6.3 5.5

Tennessee....................................... 265 263 236 254 245 7.6 7.4 6.7 7.1 6.9

Texas............................................. 1,003 1,033 943 881 829 7.1 7.0 6.4 6.0 5.7

Utah............................................... 123 112 106 102 102 6.9 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.6

Vermont.......................................... 26 22 24 20 20 8.0 6.7 7.3 6.1 6.1

Virginia........................................... 340 344 337 335 347 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.7

Washington...................................... 244 242 241 200 178 6.6 6.4 6.3 5.2 4.7

West Virginia.................................... 61 69 72 59 54 8.0 8.9 9.4 7.8 7.2

Wisconsin........................................ 221 236 235 173 171 7.0 7.4 7.3 5.5 5.4

Wyoming......................................... 25 22 20 19 20 8.1 7.1 6.5 6.2 6.5

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 6,577 6,251 6,327 6,150 6,149 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0

Alabama.......................................... 106 103 98 97 91 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.2

Alaska............................................ 21 22 21 19 19 6.6 6.8 6.4 5.8 5.9

Arizona........................................... 157 135 156 137 138 5.2 4.3 5.0 4.4 4.4

Arkansas......................................... 73 67 64 65 59 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.8 4.4

California......................................... 631 542 665 593 606 3.6 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.4

Colorado......................................... 134 116 115 122 112 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.2 3.9

Connecticut...................................... 58 58 55 54 60 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.6

Delaware......................................... 24 24 22 25 24 5.3 5.2 4.6 5.2 5.0

District of Columbia............................. 27 28 23 25 28 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.2 3.6

Florida............................................ 468 371 372 364 371 5.1 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8

Georgia........................................... 275 248 258 238 237 5.8 5.1 5.3 4.9 4.9

Hawaii............................................ 31 24 26 27 24 5.2 3.9 4.1 4.3 3.8

Idaho............................................. 42 37 42 37 39 5.2 4.5 5.0 4.4 4.6

Illinois............................................. 263 257 254 253 237 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9

Indiana........................................... 148 149 141 150 136 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.2

Iowa............................................... 65 64 62 62 58 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.6

Kansas........................................... 53 59 57 59 48 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.1 3.3

Kentucky......................................... 123 96 96 103 93 6.3 4.9 4.8 5.2 4.6

Louisiana......................................... 99 102 100 105 99 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.1

Maine............................................. 27 28 25 24 32 4.2 4.3 3.9 3.7 5.0

Maryland......................................... 124 113 116 116 117 4.6 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.3

Massachusetts.................................. 126 126 133 128 137 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.6

Michigan......................................... 202 175 173 162 163 4.7 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.7

Minnesota........................................ 108 126 98 102 111 3.7 4.3 3.3 3.4 3.7

Mississippi....................................... 57 58 59 58 47 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.0

Missouri.......................................... 105 147 109 108 108 3.6 5.0 3.7 3.6 3.6

Montana.......................................... 29 29 29 29 28 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.4

Nebraska......................................... 43 40 41 49 36 4.2 3.8 3.9 4.7 3.4

Nevada........................................... 69 74 75 64 71 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.2 4.6

New Hampshire................................. 28 30 28 28 32 4.1 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.6

New Jersey...................................... 178 141 141 152 215 4.3 3.3 3.3 3.5 5.0

New Mexico..................................... 40 40 37 36 36 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.2 4.2

New York........................................ 309 323 299 315 313 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.2

North Carolina................................... 250 239 210 221 189 5.3 4.9 4.3 4.5 3.9

North Dakota.................................... 19 19 15 18 19 4.5 4.4 3.5 4.2 4.4

Ohio............................................... 211 195 220 200 211 3.9 3.5 3.9 3.6 3.8

Oklahoma........................................ 95 85 85 82 76 5.7 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.4

Oregon........................................... 93 85 88 81 83 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.1 4.2

Pennsylvania.................................... 199 183 211 180 193 3.4 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.2

Rhode Island.................................... 23 22 20 21 24 4.7 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.8

South Carolina.................................. 120 113 110 112 102 5.5 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.5

South Dakota.................................... 20 20 24 21 20 4.5 4.4 5.2 4.6 4.3

Tennessee....................................... 159 161 160 145 149 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.4 4.5

Texas............................................. 605 608 589 604 605 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4

Utah............................................... 82 79 78 70 74 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.3

Vermont.......................................... 14 12 14 12 13 4.7 4.0 4.6 3.9 4.2

Virginia........................................... 197 177 176 183 188 4.9 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5

Washington...................................... 148 138 157 135 121 4.3 3.9 4.4 3.7 3.3

West Virginia.................................... 35 37 39 35 38 5.0 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.4

Wisconsin........................................ 115 112 124 110 101 3.9 3.8 4.1 3.7 3.4

Wyoming......................................... 17 16 16 16 17 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.9

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 6,194 5,906 5,900 5,841 5,932 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8

Alabama.......................................... 101 99 100 96 90 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.2

Alaska............................................ 22 18 21 19 17 6.9 5.6 6.4 5.8 5.2

Arizona........................................... 158 125 122 127 135 5.2 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.3

Arkansas......................................... 61 55 65 63 67 4.7 4.2 4.8 4.7 5.0

California......................................... 656 598 579 603 631 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.5

Colorado......................................... 134 128 117 120 120 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.2

Connecticut...................................... 53 56 52 50 55 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.3

Delaware......................................... 21 21 22 23 22 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.6

District of Columbia............................. 24 24 22 28 22 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.6 2.8

Florida............................................ 519 373 397 415 397 5.6 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.1

Georgia........................................... 263 220 248 253 223 5.5 4.5 5.1 5.2 4.6

Hawaii............................................ 22 23 20 21 21 3.7 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.3

Idaho............................................. 37 47 39 39 36 4.6 5.7 4.6 4.6 4.3

Illinois............................................. 232 210 218 215 221 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.6

Indiana........................................... 144 154 126 139 126 4.5 4.8 3.9 4.3 3.9

Iowa............................................... 57 67 55 58 56 3.6 4.2 3.5 3.6 3.5

Kansas........................................... 48 59 52 52 56 3.4 4.2 3.6 3.6 3.9

Kentucky......................................... 100 93 97 93 94 5.2 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.7

Louisiana......................................... 87 100 104 104 105 4.6 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.4

Maine............................................. 24 29 25 28 27 3.8 4.5 3.9 4.3 4.2

Maryland......................................... 103 90 105 125 143 3.8 3.3 3.8 4.6 5.2

Massachusetts.................................. 100 109 108 104 129 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.4

Michigan......................................... 158 160 157 135 167 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.1 3.8

Minnesota........................................ 99 89 106 97 105 3.4 3.0 3.6 3.3 3.5

Mississippi....................................... 57 53 53 54 52 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.4

Missouri.......................................... 99 124 106 101 104 3.4 4.2 3.6 3.4 3.5

Montana.......................................... 26 28 27 25 29 5.1 5.5 5.2 4.8 5.6

Nebraska......................................... 40 38 39 34 36 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.4

Nevada........................................... 62 69 70 64 67 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.2 4.3

New Hampshire................................. 29 32 31 24 32 4.3 4.6 4.4 3.4 4.6

New Jersey...................................... 185 141 183 129 142 4.4 3.3 4.2 3.0 3.3

New Mexico..................................... 32 37 36 37 37 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3

New York........................................ 269 280 267 263 255 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6

North Carolina................................... 241 175 213 196 183 5.1 3.6 4.4 4.0 3.7

North Dakota.................................... 17 18 16 17 17 4.0 4.2 3.7 3.9 3.9

Ohio............................................... 196 209 198 198 196 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.5

Oklahoma........................................ 74 75 74 80 76 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.4

Oregon........................................... 79 81 80 78 80 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.0

Pennsylvania.................................... 181 200 189 171 198 3.1 3.3 3.1 2.8 3.2

Rhode Island.................................... 21 22 22 19 20 4.3 4.4 4.4 3.8 4.0

South Carolina.................................. 115 111 113 101 105 5.2 4.9 5.0 4.4 4.6

South Dakota.................................... 17 18 17 18 17 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.7

Tennessee....................................... 154 150 144 154 186 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.7 5.6

Texas............................................. 584 573 567 566 495 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.6

Utah............................................... 81 82 70 65 65 4.9 4.9 4.1 3.8 3.8

Vermont.......................................... 14 12 13 12 13 4.7 4.0 4.2 3.9 4.2

Virginia........................................... 160 153 149 161 181 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.9 4.4

Washington...................................... 132 126 123 122 138 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.8

West Virginia.................................... 33 34 34 36 33 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 4.7

Wisconsin........................................ 111 102 97 94 98 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.3

Wyoming......................................... 16 17 15 15 15 5.6 5.9 5.2 5.2 5.2

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 4,452 4,091 3,878 3,980 3,851 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5

Alabama.......................................... 69 70 64 71 64 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.0

Alaska............................................ 17 13 13 12 10 5.4 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.1

Arizona........................................... 130 94 87 89 87 4.3 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8

Arkansas......................................... 43 40 45 47 47 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.5

California......................................... 456 399 404 381 363 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.0

Colorado......................................... 100 93 81 81 73 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.5

Connecticut...................................... 34 35 33 33 33 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0

Delaware......................................... 15 15 14 16 15 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.3 3.1

District of Columbia............................. 16 16 14 20 15 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.6 1.9

Florida............................................ 383 287 265 289 281 4.1 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.9

Georgia........................................... 168 162 166 199 154 3.5 3.3 3.4 4.1 3.2

Hawaii............................................ 17 16 14 14 14 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.2

Idaho............................................. 29 34 28 25 22 3.6 4.1 3.3 3.0 2.6

Illinois............................................. 167 141 136 129 132 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2

Indiana........................................... 110 99 84 94 89 3.5 3.1 2.6 2.9 2.7

Iowa............................................... 42 43 38 38 39 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.4

Kansas........................................... 36 38 34 35 37 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.6

Kentucky......................................... 70 69 70 67 67 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3

Louisiana......................................... 63 66 68 75 73 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.7

Maine............................................. 16 17 14 18 17 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.6

Maryland......................................... 68 55 69 85 98 2.5 2.0 2.5 3.1 3.6

Massachusetts.................................. 72 65 59 67 60 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6

Michigan......................................... 110 111 96 85 98 2.5 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.2

Minnesota........................................ 72 60 70 64 69 2.5 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.3

Mississippi....................................... 38 37 36 39 36 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.1

Missouri.......................................... 70 76 74 67 72 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4

Montana.......................................... 20 20 18 16 17 4.0 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.3

Nebraska......................................... 30 26 23 22 24 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.3

Nevada........................................... 47 49 48 44 41 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.7

New Hampshire................................. 17 17 16 15 20 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.9

New Jersey...................................... 111 77 76 82 84 2.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9

New Mexico..................................... 25 26 24 24 23 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7

New York........................................ 181 183 162 168 165 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7

North Carolina................................... 154 127 129 136 119 3.3 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.4

North Dakota.................................... 11 12 11 11 10 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.3

Ohio............................................... 145 148 135 128 138 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.5

Oklahoma........................................ 53 49 49 54 52 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.0

Oregon........................................... 58 62 55 51 50 3.0 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.5

Pennsylvania.................................... 131 124 121 101 126 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.7 2.1

Rhode Island.................................... 14 12 12 12 13 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6

South Carolina.................................. 86 79 75 76 75 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3

South Dakota.................................... 13 13 12 11 11 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.4

Tennessee....................................... 102 105 103 108 100 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.0

Texas............................................. 439 440 394 432 369 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.1 2.7

Utah............................................... 66 63 50 46 41 4.0 3.8 2.9 2.7 2.4

Vermont.......................................... 9 7 8 8 7 3.0 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.3

Virginia........................................... 105 109 95 117 125 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.8 3.0

Washington...................................... 106 89 87 81 79 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2

West Virginia.................................... 23 23 23 26 24 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.4

Wisconsin........................................ 79 67 66 63 65 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2

Wyoming......................................... 13 12 10 10 9 4.6 4.2 3.5 3.5 3.1

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 1,395 1,475 1,719 1,557 1,805 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2

Alabama.......................................... 24 23 23 19 21 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0

Alaska............................................ 4 4 6 6 6 1.3 1.2 1.8 1.8 1.8

Arizona........................................... 21 22 28 32 37 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2

Arkansas......................................... 15 13 17 13 17 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3

California......................................... 164 163 152 189 236 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.3

Colorado......................................... 27 23 28 32 36 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3

Connecticut...................................... 15 17 14 15 20 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.2

Delaware......................................... 5 5 7 6 6 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.2

District of Columbia............................. 6 5 6 6 5 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6

Florida............................................ 104 68 117 108 97 1.1 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.0

Georgia........................................... 77 47 69 44 56 1.6 1.0 1.4 0.9 1.1

Hawaii............................................ 4 5 4 6 6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.9

Idaho............................................. 6 10 8 12 11 0.7 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.3

Illinois............................................. 55 61 73 71 83 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4

Indiana........................................... 26 49 36 39 35 0.8 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.1

Iowa............................................... 11 19 15 16 16 0.7 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0

Kansas........................................... 9 17 14 15 17 0.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2

Kentucky......................................... 24 19 23 21 22 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1

Louisiana......................................... 18 21 32 25 27 0.9 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.4

Maine............................................. 6 9 9 7 9 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.4

Maryland......................................... 28 29 29 32 37 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4

Massachusetts.................................. 21 37 39 30 63 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.7

Michigan......................................... 33 43 49 42 65 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.5

Minnesota........................................ 21 24 30 28 32 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.1

Mississippi....................................... 16 13 14 12 12 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0

Missouri.......................................... 21 42 27 30 29 0.7 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.0

Montana.......................................... 5 7 6 7 10 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.9

Nebraska......................................... 7 10 13 10 11 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1

Nevada........................................... 12 15 18 17 23 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.5

New Hampshire................................. 8 13 13 7 10 1.2 1.9 1.9 1.0 1.4

New Jersey...................................... 60 58 98 41 53 1.4 1.4 2.3 1.0 1.2

New Mexico..................................... 6 8 8 11 12 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.4

New York........................................ 67 74 89 83 76 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8

North Carolina................................... 65 42 76 51 53 1.4 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.1

North Dakota.................................... 5 5 5 5 5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Ohio............................................... 40 52 57 61 52 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9

Oklahoma........................................ 16 20 21 21 20 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Oregon........................................... 17 13 18 22 23 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2

Pennsylvania.................................... 34 60 60 64 67 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1

Rhode Island.................................... 5 8 9 6 7 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.4

South Carolina.................................. 23 24 33 20 24 1.0 1.1 1.4 0.9 1.1

South Dakota.................................... 3 5 5 6 5 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1

Tennessee....................................... 43 35 35 35 80 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.4

Texas............................................. 123 114 154 107 110 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.8

Utah............................................... 13 15 16 16 20 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.2

Vermont.......................................... 4 4 4 4 5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6

Virginia........................................... 42 35 45 33 46 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.1

Washington...................................... 20 30 26 36 50 0.6 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.4

West Virginia.................................... 7 7 9 8 7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0

Wisconsin........................................ 25 30 26 25 29 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0

Wyoming......................................... 3 4 4 4 4 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

p Preliminary
Table 6. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 11,979 9,617 9,356 7.4 5.9 5.7

Alabama................................................................. 151 139 135 6.8 6.1 5.9

Alaska................................................................... 29 26 22 8.7 7.6 6.6

Arizona.................................................................. 240 188 182 7.3 5.6 5.5

Arkansas................................................................ 110 96 93 7.8 6.6 6.4

California................................................................ 1,277 939 886 6.9 5.0 4.7

Colorado................................................................ 219 255 195 7.2 8.2 6.4

Connecticut............................................................. 105 95 92 6.1 5.4 5.2

Delaware................................................................ 34 29 33 7.1 5.8 6.4

District of Columbia.................................................... 46 38 45 5.8 4.7 5.6

Florida................................................................... 765 612 665 7.6 5.9 6.4

Georgia.................................................................. 425 418 384 8.2 7.9 7.3

Hawaii................................................................... 45 37 31 6.9 5.5 4.6

Idaho.................................................................... 60 54 54 7.0 6.1 6.1

Illinois.................................................................... 483 393 363 7.5 6.1 5.7

Indiana.................................................................. 237 158 171 7.0 4.7 5.0

Iowa..................................................................... 117 91 86 7.0 5.5 5.2

Kansas.................................................................. 101 87 73 6.8 5.7 4.9

Kentucky................................................................ 217 126 142 10.1 6.0 6.7

Louisiana................................................................ 152 145 148 7.4 7.0 7.0

Maine.................................................................... 43 41 38 6.5 6.1 5.6

Maryland................................................................ 243 198 186 8.3 6.8 6.4

Massachusetts......................................................... 297 250 261 7.7 6.4 6.6

Michigan................................................................ 345 243 236 7.5 5.3 5.1

Minnesota............................................................... 232 179 172 7.5 5.8 5.6

Mississippi.............................................................. 95 80 79 7.6 6.4 6.3

Missouri................................................................. 235 190 172 7.5 6.1 5.5

Montana................................................................. 42 33 33 7.8 6.0 6.1

Nebraska................................................................ 78 61 55 7.1 5.5 5.0

Nevada.................................................................. 115 104 91 7.4 6.4 5.6

New Hampshire........................................................ 53 45 43 7.2 6.1 5.8

New Jersey............................................................. 265 267 224 6.0 5.9 5.0

New Mexico............................................................ 67 58 57 7.3 6.3 6.2

New York............................................................... 591 432 408 6.0 4.3 4.1

North Carolina.......................................................... 430 357 373 8.4 6.8 7.1

North Dakota........................................................... 32 25 28 7.1 5.5 6.1

Ohio..................................................................... 416 305 345 7.1 5.2 5.9

Oklahoma............................................................... 150 109 116 8.2 6.0 6.3

Oregon.................................................................. 158 123 116 7.6 5.9 5.5

Pennsylvania........................................................... 500 425 387 7.9 6.6 6.0

Rhode Island........................................................... 42 35 30 7.9 6.6 5.7

South Carolina......................................................... 196 169 180 8.2 6.9 7.3

South Dakota........................................................... 34 27 27 7.2 5.7 5.6

Tennessee.............................................................. 262 245 238 7.6 6.9 6.7

Texas.................................................................... 999 821 808 7.0 5.6 5.5

Utah..................................................................... 117 99 97 6.6 5.5 5.4

Vermont................................................................. 23 19 16 7.1 5.8 5.1

Virginia.................................................................. 327 315 324 7.5 7.1 7.3

Washington............................................................. 241 196 181 6.5 5.2 4.8

West Virginia........................................................... 65 53 56 8.5 7.1 7.5

Wisconsin............................................................... 211 171 165 6.8 5.5 5.3

Wyoming................................................................ 20 16 17 6.7 5.4 5.5

p Preliminary
Table 7. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 6,079 5,054 5,603 4.0 3.3 3.6

Alabama................................................................. 95 83 79 4.6 3.9 3.7

Alaska................................................................... 15 15 14 5.0 4.6 4.3

Arizona.................................................................. 141 117 121 4.6 3.7 3.9

Arkansas................................................................ 69 57 54 5.2 4.2 4.0

California................................................................ 550 506 516 3.2 2.8 2.9

Colorado................................................................ 121 99 98 4.3 3.4 3.4

Connecticut............................................................. 56 41 58 3.5 2.4 3.5

Delaware................................................................ 21 18 21 4.6 3.8 4.4

District of Columbia.................................................... 23 21 25 3.0 2.8 3.2

Florida................................................................... 453 331 369 4.9 3.4 3.8

Georgia.................................................................. 241 206 205 5.1 4.2 4.2

Hawaii................................................................... 25 21 19 4.1 3.2 2.9

Idaho.................................................................... 37 30 35 4.5 3.6 4.1

Illinois.................................................................... 255 211 228 4.3 3.5 3.8

Indiana.................................................................. 134 125 124 4.2 3.9 3.9

Iowa..................................................................... 59 46 52 3.8 2.9 3.3

Kansas.................................................................. 49 51 45 3.6 3.5 3.1

Kentucky................................................................ 115 81 85 6.0 4.1 4.3

Louisiana................................................................ 93 92 95 4.9 4.7 4.9

Maine.................................................................... 19 17 24 3.1 2.7 3.8

Maryland................................................................ 110 93 108 4.1 3.5 4.0

Massachusetts......................................................... 106 91 116 3.0 2.5 3.1

Michigan................................................................ 182 138 147 4.3 3.2 3.4

Minnesota............................................................... 89 73 93 3.1 2.5 3.2

Mississippi.............................................................. 53 48 43 4.6 4.1 3.7

Missouri................................................................. 104 90 105 3.6 3.1 3.5

Montana................................................................. 23 20 22 4.7 3.9 4.2

Nebraska................................................................ 40 40 34 3.9 3.8 3.2

Nevada.................................................................. 67 54 63 4.7 3.5 4.1

New Hampshire........................................................ 23 21 27 3.4 3.0 3.9

New Jersey............................................................. 164 124 213 4.0 2.9 5.0

New Mexico............................................................ 35 29 31 4.2 3.4 3.6

New York............................................................... 274 247 282 3.0 2.6 2.9

North Carolina.......................................................... 239 188 179 5.1 3.9 3.7

North Dakota........................................................... 17 14 17 4.0 3.3 3.9

Ohio..................................................................... 198 151 193 3.7 2.7 3.5

Oklahoma............................................................... 89 65 72 5.3 3.8 4.2

Oregon.................................................................. 86 65 75 4.4 3.3 3.8

Pennsylvania........................................................... 198 135 193 3.4 2.2 3.2

Rhode Island........................................................... 20 18 22 4.2 3.6 4.5

South Carolina......................................................... 109 98 92 5.0 4.3 4.1

South Dakota........................................................... 17 15 17 3.9 3.3 3.9

Tennessee.............................................................. 152 122 140 4.8 3.7 4.2

Texas.................................................................... 548 513 553 4.2 3.7 4.0

Utah..................................................................... 65 58 60 3.9 3.4 3.5

Vermont................................................................. 11 9 11 3.6 2.9 3.5

Virginia.................................................................. 175 141 177 4.4 3.4 4.3

Washington............................................................. 141 105 115 4.1 2.9 3.2

West Virginia........................................................... 32 25 36 4.6 3.7 5.1

Wisconsin............................................................... 101 90 88 3.5 3.0 3.0

Wyoming................................................................ 12 9 11 4.1 3.3 3.8

p Preliminary
Table 8. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 5,532 4,766 5,230 3.7 3.1 3.4

Alabama................................................................. 101 76 88 4.9 3.6 4.1

Alaska................................................................... 15 10 11 5.0 3.3 3.5

Arizona.................................................................. 151 103 124 5.0 3.3 3.9

Arkansas................................................................ 54 54 60 4.1 4.0 4.4

California................................................................ 568 502 552 3.3 2.8 3.1

Colorado................................................................ 112 92 101 4.0 3.2 3.5

Connecticut............................................................. 41 37 46 2.5 2.2 2.8

Delaware................................................................ 18 19 19 4.0 4.1 4.0

District of Columbia.................................................... 22 24 18 2.9 3.1 2.4

Florida................................................................... 496 359 378 5.3 3.7 3.9

Georgia.................................................................. 267 209 218 5.6 4.3 4.5

Hawaii................................................................... 19 17 18 3.1 2.7 2.8

Idaho.................................................................... 31 28 30 3.9 3.4 3.5

Illinois.................................................................... 204 179 200 3.4 3.0 3.3

Indiana.................................................................. 123 108 109 3.9 3.4 3.4

Iowa..................................................................... 46 47 45 3.0 3.0 2.9

Kansas.................................................................. 41 44 48 2.9 3.1 3.3

Kentucky................................................................ 89 78 84 4.6 3.9 4.2

Louisiana................................................................ 84 92 102 4.4 4.7 5.2

Maine.................................................................... 18 19 20 2.8 3.0 3.2

Maryland................................................................ 84 106 121 3.1 3.9 4.4

Massachusetts......................................................... 83 78 95 2.3 2.1 2.6

Michigan................................................................ 123 103 131 2.9 2.4 3.0

Minnesota............................................................... 85 75 91 3.0 2.6 3.1

Mississippi.............................................................. 62 45 54 5.4 3.8 4.6

Missouri................................................................. 91 85 95 3.1 2.9 3.2

Montana................................................................. 20 19 21 4.1 3.7 4.0

Nebraska................................................................ 34 27 30 3.3 2.6 2.9

Nevada.................................................................. 59 53 60 4.1 3.5 3.9

New Hampshire........................................................ 25 17 28 3.7 2.5 4.1

New Jersey............................................................. 147 95 122 3.6 2.3 2.9

New Mexico............................................................ 28 29 31 3.3 3.3 3.5

New York............................................................... 205 203 206 2.2 2.1 2.1

North Carolina.......................................................... 232 177 170 4.9 3.6 3.5

North Dakota........................................................... 14 13 14 3.4 3.0 3.2

Ohio..................................................................... 164 161 164 3.0 2.9 3.0

Oklahoma............................................................... 66 73 66 4.0 4.3 3.9

Oregon.................................................................. 66 63 65 3.4 3.2 3.3

Pennsylvania........................................................... 143 128 158 2.4 2.1 2.6

Rhode Island........................................................... 17 13 18 3.5 2.7 3.7

South Carolina......................................................... 115 80 108 5.2 3.5 4.7

South Dakota........................................................... 15 14 14 3.3 3.1 3.2

Tennessee.............................................................. 148 127 173 4.6 3.8 5.2

Texas.................................................................... 562 473 462 4.3 3.4 3.3

Utah..................................................................... 72 50 57 4.4 2.9 3.3

Vermont................................................................. 12 8 11 3.9 2.6 3.5

Virginia.................................................................. 145 128 167 3.6 3.1 4.1

Washington............................................................. 115 104 110 3.3 2.9 3.1

West Virginia........................................................... 29 33 29 4.2 4.8 4.2

Wisconsin............................................................... 91 76 80 3.2 2.6 2.7

Wyoming................................................................ 12 11 11 4.4 4.0 3.7

p Preliminary
Table 9. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 4,092 3,174 3,475 2.7 2.1 2.2

Alabama................................................................. 71 55 63 3.4 2.6 3.0

Alaska................................................................... 12 7 7 3.9 2.1 2.2

Arizona.................................................................. 127 70 85 4.2 2.2 2.7

Arkansas................................................................ 38 38 41 2.9 2.8 3.0

California................................................................ 387 303 315 2.2 1.7 1.8

Colorado................................................................ 84 61 62 3.0 2.1 2.1

Connecticut............................................................. 29 25 29 1.8 1.5 1.8

Delaware................................................................ 13 13 13 2.8 2.7 2.7

District of Columbia.................................................... 14 16 12 1.9 2.1 1.6

Florida................................................................... 382 240 268 4.1 2.5 2.8

Georgia.................................................................. 168 161 145 3.5 3.3 3.0

Hawaii................................................................... 14 11 12 2.4 1.8 1.8

Idaho.................................................................... 25 18 19 3.1 2.1 2.3

Illinois.................................................................... 151 108 122 2.6 1.8 2.0

Indiana.................................................................. 95 72 79 3.0 2.2 2.5

Iowa..................................................................... 35 31 31 2.2 2.0 2.0

Kansas.................................................................. 31 28 33 2.2 2.0 2.3

Kentucky................................................................ 63 54 60 3.3 2.7 3.0

Louisiana................................................................ 62 65 72 3.2 3.4 3.7

Maine.................................................................... 12 12 12 1.9 1.9 2.0

Maryland................................................................ 58 70 83 2.2 2.6 3.1

Massachusetts......................................................... 63 53 49 1.8 1.4 1.3

Michigan................................................................ 89 62 81 2.1 1.4 1.8

Minnesota............................................................... 64 52 63 2.3 1.8 2.2

Mississippi.............................................................. 41 32 38 3.6 2.7 3.2

Missouri................................................................. 64 55 67 2.2 1.9 2.3

Montana................................................................. 16 12 13 3.1 2.4 2.5

Nebraska................................................................ 26 17 21 2.6 1.7 2.0

Nevada.................................................................. 46 34 38 3.2 2.2 2.5

New Hampshire........................................................ 15 12 19 2.3 1.7 2.7

New Jersey............................................................. 91 64 71 2.2 1.5 1.7

New Mexico............................................................ 22 18 20 2.6 2.1 2.3

New York............................................................... 153 132 145 1.6 1.4 1.5

North Carolina.......................................................... 149 119 106 3.2 2.5 2.2

North Dakota........................................................... 10 8 9 2.4 1.9 2.2

Ohio..................................................................... 126 101 125 2.3 1.8 2.3

Oklahoma............................................................... 48 47 46 2.9 2.7 2.7

Oregon.................................................................. 52 40 43 2.7 2.1 2.2

Pennsylvania........................................................... 108 75 106 1.8 1.2 1.7

Rhode Island........................................................... 12 9 11 2.4 1.8 2.2

South Carolina......................................................... 88 57 79 4.0 2.5 3.5

South Dakota........................................................... 11 8 10 2.6 1.8 2.2

Tennessee.............................................................. 99 87 91 3.1 2.6 2.7

Texas.................................................................... 433 344 350 3.3 2.5 2.5

Utah..................................................................... 59 34 36 3.6 2.0 2.1

Vermont................................................................. 8 5 6 2.7 1.7 2.1

Virginia.................................................................. 98 89 116 2.5 2.2 2.8

Washington............................................................. 94 67 70 2.7 1.9 1.9

West Virginia........................................................... 20 23 21 2.9 3.4 3.0

Wisconsin............................................................... 68 52 56 2.4 1.7 1.9

Wyoming................................................................ 10 7 7 3.5 2.5 2.4

p Preliminary
Table 10. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 1,116 1,317 1,500 0.7 0.9 1.0

Alabama................................................................. 23 16 20 1.1 0.7 1.0

Alaska................................................................... 2 3 3 0.7 0.9 0.9

Arizona.................................................................. 18 28 30 0.6 0.9 1.0

Arkansas................................................................ 12 12 16 1.0 0.9 1.2

California................................................................ 147 172 202 0.8 1.0 1.1

Colorado................................................................ 21 26 29 0.7 0.9 1.0

Connecticut............................................................. 8 10 15 0.5 0.6 0.9

Delaware................................................................ 4 5 5 0.9 1.1 1.1

District of Columbia.................................................... 7 6 5 0.9 0.7 0.6

Florida................................................................... 87 98 95 0.9 1.0 1.0

Georgia.................................................................. 82 36 61 1.7 0.7 1.2

Hawaii................................................................... 3 5 5 0.5 0.8 0.8

Idaho.................................................................... 5 9 8 0.6 1.1 0.9

Illinois.................................................................... 45 61 72 0.8 1.0 1.2

Indiana.................................................................. 20 30 27 0.6 0.9 0.8

Iowa..................................................................... 8 13 12 0.5 0.8 0.8

Kansas.................................................................. 7 13 13 0.5 0.9 0.9

Kentucky................................................................ 21 19 20 1.1 1.0 1.0

Louisiana................................................................ 17 22 26 0.9 1.1 1.3

Maine.................................................................... 4 4 7 0.7 0.7 1.1

Maryland................................................................ 21 27 31 0.8 1.0 1.2

Massachusetts......................................................... 14 20 43 0.4 0.5 1.1

Michigan................................................................ 22 36 47 0.5 0.8 1.1

Minnesota............................................................... 15 18 25 0.5 0.6 0.8

Mississippi.............................................................. 17 10 12 1.5 0.9 1.1

Missouri................................................................. 17 27 24 0.6 0.9 0.8

Montana................................................................. 4 6 6 0.7 1.1 1.1

Nebraska................................................................ 5 8 9 0.5 0.8 0.8

Nevada.................................................................. 11 16 18 0.8 1.0 1.2

New Hampshire........................................................ 7 5 9 1.0 0.7 1.3

New Jersey............................................................. 43 28 47 1.1 0.7 1.1

New Mexico............................................................ 4 9 8 0.5 1.0 0.9

New York............................................................... 33 61 46 0.4 0.6 0.5

North Carolina.......................................................... 59 49 52 1.3 1.0 1.1

North Dakota........................................................... 3 4 4 0.8 1.0 0.9

Ohio..................................................................... 29 52 35 0.5 0.9 0.6

Oklahoma............................................................... 14 21 17 0.8 1.2 1.0

Oregon.................................................................. 11 19 17 0.5 1.0 0.8

Pennsylvania........................................................... 20 49 48 0.3 0.8 0.8

Rhode Island........................................................... 4 4 6 0.8 0.8 1.3

South Carolina......................................................... 22 17 24 1.0 0.8 1.1

South Dakota........................................................... 2 5 3 0.5 1.1 0.8

Tennessee.............................................................. 41 29 77 1.3 0.9 2.3

Texas.................................................................... 111 103 99 0.8 0.7 0.7

Utah..................................................................... 10 13 15 0.6 0.8 0.9

Vermont................................................................. 3 2 4 0.8 0.8 1.3

Virginia.................................................................. 34 28 43 0.9 0.7 1.1

Washington............................................................. 13 32 31 0.4 0.9 0.9

West Virginia........................................................... 6 7 7 0.9 1.1 1.0

Wisconsin............................................................... 17 20 21 0.6 0.7 0.7

Wyoming................................................................ 2 3 3 0.6 1.2 0.9

p Preliminary