For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, June 10, 2015 USDL-15-1133 

Technical information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

 SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES, 2014

Labor productivity – defined as output per hour – rose in 60 percent of the 25 service-providing industries 

covered in 2014, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was equal to 2013, when labor 

productivity also rose in 60 percent of industries. Output and hours increased in more industries in 2014 

than in the previous year. (See chart 1.) Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to 

produce a unit of output, declined in 36 percent of the industries. Each of the nine industries with declines 

in unit labor costs also recorded increases in productivity. 

Radio and television broadcasting recorded the largest increase in labor productivity in 2014, followed by 

cable and other subscription programming. The largest decline in productivity was in engineering services. 

(See table 1.)

Chart 1. Number of selected service-providing industries with increases in labor productivity, output, 

and hours, 2013 and 2014

0

5

10

15

20

25

2013 2014

Number of Industries

Productivity Output Hours

2014 measures available for selected industries

Labor productivity and related measures are being released through 2014 for a group of 25 

detailed and 5 aggregate service-providing industries. These measures are based on trends in 

production and wages. Labor productivity measures for other service-providing industries are 

being released through 2013. 
Labor Productivity and Unit Labor Costs, 2014

Output per hour increased in 15 of the 25 industries studied in 2014. In each of these industries, 

productivity rose as output growth was accompanied by declines or more modest increases in hours. (See 

chart 2.) Productivity gains of over 7 percent occurred in three industries where output increases coincided 

with declines in hours: radio and television broadcasting, cable and other subscription programming, and 

drycleaning and laundry services. Two industries, air transportation and natural gas distribution, recorded 

output gains of greater than 2 percent and yet also had productivity declines because of larger increases in

hours. 

Chart 2. Percent change in productivity, output, and hours in selected service-providing industries,

2014 

Unit labor costs fell in nine industries in 2014. (See chart 3.) All unit labor cost declines occurred in 

industries where productivity rose. Conversely, each of the industries where productivity fell also 

recorded an increase in unit labor costs. Total labor compensation rose in 2014 in 23 of the 25 industries 

measured. Chart 4 shows the relationship between changes in compensation, output, and unit labor costs.

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Radio and television broadcasting

Cable and other subscription programming

Drycleaning and laundry services

Software publishers

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Wireless telecommunications carriers

General freight trucking, long-distance

Accounting and bookkeeping services

General freight trucking, local

Power generation and supply

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Water, sewage and other systems

Warehousing and storage

Gambling industries

Wired telecommunications carriers

Air transportation

Automotive repair and maintenance

Line-haul railroads

Natural gas distribution

Postal service

Periodical publishers

Newspaper publishers

Couriers and messengers

Engineering services

Percent Change

Productivity Output Hours

2
Chart 3. Percent change in labor productivity and unit labor costs in selected service-providing

industries, 2014

Chart 4. Percent change in labor compensation, output, and unit labor costs in selected serviceproviding industries, 2014 

-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Engineering services

Couriers and messengers

Newspaper publishers

Periodical publishers

Postal service

Natural gas distribution

Automotive repair and maintenance

Line-haul railroads

Air transportation

Wired telecommunications carriers

Gambling industries

Warehousing and storage

Water, sewage and other systems

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Power generation and supply

General freight trucking, local

Accounting and bookkeeping services

General freight trucking, long-distance

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Software publishers

Drycleaning and laundry services

Cable and other subscription programming

Radio and television broadcasting

Percent Change

Productivity Unit Labor Costs

-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Engineering services

Periodical publishers

Line-haul railroads

Couriers and messengers

Newspaper publishers

Automotive repair and maintenance

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Postal service

Air transportation

Warehousing and storage

Natural gas distribution

Software publishers

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Radio and television broadcasting

Wired telecommunications carriers

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Power generation and supply

Water, sewage and other systems

Drycleaning and laundry services

General freight trucking, long-distance

Gambling industries

Accounting and bookkeeping services

General freight trucking, local

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Cable and other subscription programming

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs Output Labor Compensation
Labor Productivity and Unit Labor Costs, 2013 

In 2013, productivity rose in just over half of the service-providing industries studied. Output 

increased in about 64 percent of the industries, as did hours. (See table 2.) Three industries recorded 

double-digit growth in productivity in 2013: book publishers, wireless telecommunications carriers, 

and coin-operated laundries and drycleaners. Each of these three industries experienced growth in 

output along with a decline in hours. 

Productivity and cost measures are published in this release for the first time for three industries: 

accounting and bookkeeping services (NAICS 5412), other accounting services (NAICS 541219), and 

gambling industries (NAICS 7132). Productivity rose in each of these three industries in 2013. 

Output rose in two-thirds of the 12 largest (by employment) service-providing industries studied, while 

hours grew in all but two. (See chart 5.) Productivity growth was greatest in hotels and motels, except 

casino hotels, where moderate output growth outpaced the increase in hours. Productivity fell the most 

in engineering services, where growth in hours coincided with a decline in output. Unit labor costs 

increased in all but one industry, general warehousing and storage. 

Chart 5. Percent change in productivity, output, and hours in the largest (by employment)

service-providing industries, 2013

3.1

1.3

0.7

-2.6

-0.1 -1.1

-1.2

-2.4

-5.6

-0.3 -3.5

-2.6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Percent Change in Output

Percent Change in Hours

Industries with increasing productivity

Industries with decreasing productivity

Commercial banking

Hotels and motels, 

except casino hotels

General freight trucking,

long distance

Hair, nail, and 

skin care services

Engineering Services

Special food services

Full-service 

restaurants

Wired telecommunications 

carriers

Limited-service 

eating places General warehousing 

and storage

Note: Bubble size represents industry 

employment. Value in the bubble indicates 

percent change in labor productivity.

Janitorial

services

Automotive repair 

and maintenance

4
Productivity Trends in Selected Time Periods

Chart 6 displays the number of industries with increases in productivity, output, and hours for selected 

time periods through 2013, the latest year for which data are available for all service-providing 

industries covered. 

Productivity rose in approximately 76 percent of the service-providing industries studied over the long 

term, which for the majority of industries covers the period 1987 to 2013. Median productivity growth 

among these industries was approximately 1.7 percent per year. (See table 3.) Productivity growth 

over the long term was associated with rising output in many industries, while hours increased in 

slightly more than half. 

Productivity also increased in 60 percent of the industries studied between 2007 and 2013, despite the 

fact that the period encompassed a severe recession. However, only 36 percent of the industries saw 

increases in output, while just over a quarter experienced growth in hours. 

Chart 6. Number of industries with increases in labor productivity, output, and hours, 1987-2013, 

2007-2013, and 2012-2013 

0

10

20

30

40

50

1987-2013* 2007-2013 2012-2013

Number of Industries

Productivity Output Hours

* Note: 1987-2013 measures encompass 44 industries, while measures for 11 additional industries begin in later years.

5
 

Additional Information

This release updates productivity measures to 2014 for 25 detailed service-providing industries.

Additionally, productivity measures for a larger group of 55 detailed service-providing industries 

have been updated through 2013. Output estimates for 2014 are based on trends in industrial

production from the Quarterly Service Survey (QSS) from the U.S. Census Bureau, along with data on 

price changes from BLS. Labor compensation in 2014 is based on trends in industry wages from the

BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). Data in this release for 2013 and 2014 

are preliminary and subject to revision. 

For the first time, the industries included in this news release are classified according to the 2012 

NAICS. Indexes have been rebased from 2002=100 to 2007=100 starting with this release. While the

rates of change reported by BLS in this release are rounded to one decimal place, all percent changes are

calculated using index numbers rounded to three decimal places.

Year-to-year movements in industry productivity may be erratic, particularly in smaller industries. The

annual measures based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a census of 

establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output and use of labor may reflect

cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a result, long-term productivity trends

tend to be more reliable indicators of industry performance than year-to-year changes.

Want to know more?

Find more detailed data at www.bls.gov/lpc for:

-Additional industries and sectors

-Additional data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and 

levels of industry employment, hours, nominal value of production, and labor 

compensation. 

-Additional years and long term data

Questions? 

Additional information can be obtained by calling the industry productivity program (202) 691-5618 

or by sending a message via http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/forms/ips?/lpc/contact.htm Information in 

this report will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. TDD message 

referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 

Subscribe to Newsletter 

Customers can subscribe to the industry productivity program’s news releases on the BLS website at 

https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

6
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the 

labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in 

the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity 

measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not 

measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects

of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity,

energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment

services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and 

managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of 

output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor 

compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship 

between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly 

compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation 

increases and lower unit labor costs.

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various 

products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually 

derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some 

industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. 

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and 

annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information 

Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Transportation; the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior; the 

U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 

Industrial production data from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census Bureau are used to 

construct advance output for 2014 for some industries. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours reflect annual hours worked by all employed persons in an industry. 

Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment

Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total 

and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are

supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry 

employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on 

the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, selfemployed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data

from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data

are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. Additional sources of 

employment and hours data for certain service industries include the Association of American 

Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service. Hours worked are

estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly aggregated; no 

adjustments for labor composition are made.

7
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries,

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in 

kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for 

voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of Federal old age and

survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for 

voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the 

employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2014 are constructed using 

data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).

8
Table 1. Percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2013-2014

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2014

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2013-2014

Labor

productivity Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 553.0 1.5 2.9 1.4 2.8 -0.1

Utilities.............................................................. 221 553.0 1.5 2.9 1.4 2.8 -0.1

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 392.1 1.5 1.9 0.4 1.7 -0.2

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 113.1 -1.5 2.8 4.3 6.6 3.7

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 47.8 0.8 4.5 3.6 3.9 -0.6

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 422.8 -0.2 2.7 2.9 6.7 4.0

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 187.4 -1.2 0.3 1.5 7.3 7.0

Truck transportation............................................... 484 1,631.0 3.5 7.5 3.9 6.3 -1.1

General freight trucking........................................... 4841 1,163.7 3.2 7.2 3.9 5.4 -1.7

General freight trucking, local.................................... 48411 303.7 2.5 9.5 6.9 4.8 -4.4

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 860.0 3.8 6.7 2.8 5.6 -1.0

Postal service...................................................... 491 593.0 -1.6 -2.4 -0.7 1.8 4.3

Postal service...................................................... 4911 593.0 -1.6 -2.4 -0.7 1.8 4.3

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 603.9 -6.5 -1.4 5.4 4.8 6.3

Warehousing and storage........................................ 493 740.7 0.6 2.0 1.3 6.0 3.9

Warehousing and storage........................................ 4931 740.7 0.6 2.0 1.3 6.0 3.9

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 751.3 5.7 3.2 -2.3 6.8 3.4

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 228.9 -4.1 -6.5 -2.4 -1.3 5.6

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 109.9 -2.8 -4.8 -2.1 2.1 7.2

Software publishers............................................... 5112 312.5 6.7 8.4 1.5 11.2 2.7

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 290.7 8.9 5.6 -3.0 1.4 -4.0

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 226.8 9.5 6.1 -3.1 7.5 1.3

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 63.9 8.3 5.3 -2.8 -11.4 -15.8

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 5171 614.3 -0.1 0.8 0.9 1.3 0.5

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 5172 159.1 4.2 9.7 5.3 4.3 -4.9

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 64.5 1.0 8.8 7.7 9.1 0.3

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 5412 1,108.8 2.7 7.9 5.1 5.8 -1.9

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 54121 1,108.8 2.7 7.9 5.1 5.8 -1.9

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 951.8 -8.3 -6.7 1.8 3.3 10.6

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services.................. 5615 214.1 6.2 1.9 -4.1 6.6 4.6

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories............................. 6215 261.8 1.3 1.8 0.4 3.4 1.6

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Gambling industries............................................... 7132 139.9 0.4 3.1 2.7 1.3 -1.8

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,113.8 -1.2 0.8 2.0 6.0 5.2

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 317.2 7.1 6.3 -0.7 5.4 -0.9

9
Table 2. Percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2012-2013

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2013

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2012-2013

Labor

productivity Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 551.9 -1.2 0.5 1.7 3.4 2.9

Utilities.............................................................. 221 551.9 -1.2 0.5 1.7 3.4 2.9

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 393.7 -2.5 -0.6 1.8 3.4 4.1

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 110.7 3.1 6.1 2.9 3.2 -2.7

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 47.5 -0.7 -2.6 -1.9 4.6 7.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 417.7 5.9 1.4 -4.2 1.8 0.4

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 183.3 3.0 2.7 -0.3 1.8 -0.9

Truck transportation............................................... 484 1,572.5 0.3 1.9 1.6 2.3 0.4

General freight trucking........................................... 4841 1,117.5 0.8 1.4 0.6 1.4 0.1

General freight trucking, local.................................... 48411 290.0 1.0 2.0 0.9 1.7 -0.2

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 827.5 0.7 1.3 0.5 1.3 0.1

Used household and office goods moving...................... 48421 96.4 -2.4 5.4 8.0 5.9 0.5

Postal service...................................................... 491 594.9 -0.3 -1.9 -1.6 -6.3 -4.5

Postal service...................................................... 4911 594.9 -0.3 -1.9 -1.6 -6.3 -4.5

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 573.3 -7.5 -2.0 6.0 -5.8 -3.9

Warehousing and storage........................................ 493 717.5 -2.0 5.8 7.9 4.2 -1.5

Warehousing and storage........................................ 4931 717.5 -2.0 5.8 7.9 4.2 -1.5

General warehousing and storage.............................. 49311 609.4 -2.6 6.5 9.4 5.1 -1.4

Refrigerated warehousing and storage......................... 49312 52.1 1.6 -2.0 -3.5 -0.1 1.9

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 764.6 5.6 3.4 -2.1 1.4 -1.9

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 464.0 4.5 -3.1 -7.3 -5.5 -2.4

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 230.9 -2.2 -5.4 -3.2 -4.6 0.9

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 113.5 8.9 -2.7 -10.6 -6.7 -4.2

Book publishers................................................... 51113 71.2 11.8 3.2 -7.7 -5.4 -8.3

Software publishers............................................... 5112 300.6 1.3 7.3 5.9 6.8 -0.5

Motion picture and video exhibition............................. 51213 131.8 3.9 3.6 -0.3 4.0 0.4

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 294.9 2.7 2.4 -0.2 6.2 3.7

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 223.6 0.7 1.2 0.5 6.0 4.8

Radio broadcasting................................................ 51511 95.5 -4.5 -1.4 3.3 6.9 8.4

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 71.3 5.7 3.7 -1.9 6.6 2.8

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 5171 614.7 -3.5 -0.2 3.4 2.4 2.6

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 5172 157.5 14.0 4.7 -8.2 4.0 -0.7

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,313.9 1.3 -0.4 -1.7 1.2 1.6

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental.............................................. 532111 110.2 -0.3 2.8 3.2 -0.8 -3.5

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 61.7 -4.3 1.0 5.6 4.0 3.0

Video tape and disc rental....................................... 53223 22.8 9.7 -9.4 -17.4 -10.5 -1.1

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 5412 1,092.7 0.8 3.0 2.2 1.7 -1.3

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 54121 1,092.7 0.8 3.0 2.2 1.7 -1.3

Offices of certified public accountants........................... 541211 439.3 1.3 2.9 1.6 3.3 0.5

Tax preparation services......................................... 541213 137.8 6.3 2.9 -3.1 1.3 -1.5

Other accounting services........................................ 541219 339.8 3.6 2.5 -1.0 -1.3 -3.7

Architectural services............................................. 54131 174.8 1.1 1.0 -0.1 1.5 0.4

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 938.2 -5.6 -4.5 1.2 1.3 6.1

Advertising agencies.............................................. 54181 202.6 1.4 1.9 0.5 4.8 2.8

Photography studios, portrait..................................... 541921 69.7 -3.4 -1.4 2.1 -0.7 0.7

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search................. 56131 294.3 -7.7 -3.2 4.9 -1.8 1.4

10
Table 2. Percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2012-2013 — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2013

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2012-2013

Labor

productivity Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Travel arrangement and reservation services.................. 5615 216.4 6.0 3.9 -2.0 3.0 -0.9

Travel agencies.................................................... 56151 97.7 -4.3 -3.0 1.4 -0.9 2.2

Janitorial services................................................. 56172 1,325.2 -0.1 2.3 2.4 2.8 0.5

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories............................. 6215 260.8 1.2 2.4 1.3 5.3 2.8

Medical laboratories............................................... 621511 181.0 4.4 5.2 0.8 6.8 1.6

Diagnostic imaging centers....................................... 621512 79.8 -4.7 -2.3 2.5 2.1 4.5

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement and theme parks.................................... 71311 167.2 -0.7 2.1 2.9 -0.6 -2.6

Gambling industries............................................... 7132 140.7 6.6 7.7 1.1 2.2 -5.1

Golf courses and country clubs.................................. 71391 371.8 -4.6 -0.3 4.5 3.4 3.8

Fitness and recreational sports centers......................... 71394 560.0 0.7 6.7 5.9 3.7 -2.8

Bowling centers.................................................... 71395 71.6 1.3 9.2 7.9 10.7 1.3

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services.............................. 72 12,473.0 -1.0 1.8 2.9 4.1 2.2

Accommodation................................................... 721 1,891.3 2.1 3.1 1.0 4.1 1.0

Traveler accommodation......................................... 7211 1,812.5 2.4 3.2 0.8 4.0 0.8

Hotels and motels, except casino hotels........................ 72111 1,511.7 3.1 3.9 0.8 4.1 0.2

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 10,581.7 -1.9 1.3 3.3 4.1 2.7

Special food services............................................. 7223 734.3 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 1.0 1.3

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages........................... 7224 371.6 -5.5 -2.0 3.6 0.3 2.4

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 9,475.8 -1.9 1.6 3.6 4.6 2.9

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 4,956.1 -2.6 0.9 3.7 5.2 4.3

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 4,519.7 -1.1 2.4 3.5 3.7 1.3

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,097.7 -1.2 1.0 2.3 4.0 2.9

Reupholstery and furniture repair................................ 81142 20.3 4.5 2.7 -1.7 2.8 0.1

Personal care services........................................... 8121 1,207.5 -3.8 3.0 7.0 8.5 5.3

Hair, nail, and skin care services................................ 81211 986.5 -2.4 3.1 5.6 7.5 4.3

Funeral homes and funeral services............................ 81221 108.2 -5.7 1.7 7.9 8.3 6.4

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 319.1 7.9 3.8 -3.8 -0.4 -4.0

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners....................... 81231 42.7 32.9 0.9 -24.0 -6.8 -7.7

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 81232 151.3 3.7 -0.2 -3.8 -4.1 -3.9

Linen and uniform supply......................................... 81233 125.1 4.6 7.6 2.9 3.6 -3.8

Photofinishing...................................................... 81292 13.0 4.3 5.3 0.9 6.5 1.1

11
Table 3. Average annual percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-2013

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2013

Labor

productivity Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Utilities

Utilities................................................................................. 22 2.4 1.5 -0.9 2.9 1.4

Utilities................................................................................. 221 2.4 1.5 -0.9 2.9 1.4

Power generation and supply....................................................... 2211 3.4 2.2 -1.1 2.7 0.5

Natural gas distribution.............................................................. 2212 0.8 -0.5 -1.2 3.3 3.8

Water, sewage and other systems................................................. 2213 -1.7 0.7 2.5 5.7 5.0

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation..................................................................... 481 3.3 2.6 -0.8 2.9 0.3

Line-haul railroads................................................................... 482111 3.7 2.0 -1.7 1.5 -0.5

Truck transportation1

................................................................. 484 0.6 1.9 1.3 2.7 0.8

General freight trucking1............................................................. 4841 1.2 2.3 1.1 3.1 0.8

General freight trucking, local1...................................................... 48411 2.7 3.6 0.8 3.6 0.1

General freight trucking, long-distance............................................. 48412 1.2 2.2 1.0 2.4 0.2

Used household and office goods moving......................................... 48421 -1.4 -0.6 0.9 2.2 2.8

Postal service......................................................................... 491 0.7 -0.6 -1.3 2.5 3.2

Postal service......................................................................... 4911 0.7 -0.6 -1.3 2.5 3.2

Couriers and messengers........................................................... 492 -1.7 0.4 2.1 4.5 4.1

Warehousing and storage1

.......................................................... 493 2.9 6.3 3.3 5.3 -0.9

Warehousing and storage1

.......................................................... 4931 2.9 6.3 3.3 5.3 -0.9

General warehousing and storage1................................................ 49311 4.2 7.7 3.3 5.8 -1.7

Refrigerated warehousing and storage1........................................... 49312 0.0 2.9 2.9 4.2 1.3

Information

Publishing............................................................................. 511 3.8 3.3 -0.4 4.8 1.4

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers....................................... 5111 -0.3 -2.5 -2.2 1.8 4.3

Newspaper publishers............................................................... 51111 -1.5 -4.3 -2.8 0.3 4.7

Periodical publishers................................................................. 51112 -0.2 -1.3 -1.1 3.4 4.7

Book publishers...................................................................... 51113 0.0 -0.8 -0.8 4.0 4.8

Software publishers.................................................................. 5112 12.2 18.9 5.9 11.1 -6.5

Motion picture and video exhibition................................................ 51213 1.6 1.6 0.0 3.4 1.8

Broadcasting, except Internet....................................................... 515 2.4 2.7 0.3 4.5 1.8

Radio and television broadcasting.................................................. 5151 1.7 1.2 -0.4 3.3 2.1

Radio broadcasting.................................................................. 51511 3.1 2.3 -0.8 3.9 1.6

Cable and other subscription programming....................................... 5152 3.7 6.9 3.1 10.0 2.8

Wired telecommunications carriers................................................. 5171 3.7 2.8 -0.8 1.9 -0.9

Wireless telecommunications carriers.............................................. 5172 11.1 19.8 7.8 11.8 -6.6

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking................................................................. 52211 3.5 3.4 -0.1 5.4 1.9

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental................................................................. 532111 2.1 2.6 0.5 4.7 2.0

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing.......................................... 53212 2.5 2.2 -0.3 3.1 1.0

Video tape and disc rental.......................................................... 53223 6.3 -0.2 -6.1 -2.0 -1.8

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services2

............................................ 5412 2.8 3.2 0.4 4.3 1.0

Accounting and bookkeeping services2

............................................ 54121 2.8 3.2 0.4 4.3 1.0

Offices of certified public accountants2

............................................ 541211 2.1 2.7 0.5 5.2 2.5

Tax preparation services............................................................ 541213 0.8 2.5 1.7 4.3 1.8

Other accounting services2.......................................................... 541219 5.0 4.9 -0.1 2.5 -2.3

Architectural services................................................................ 54131 1.4 2.0 0.6 4.2 2.1

Engineering services................................................................. 54133 1.2 2.9 1.7 6.1 3.1

Advertising agencies................................................................. 54181 2.2 2.6 0.4 4.6 2.0

Photography studios, portrait....................................................... 541921 0.2 1.0 0.8 3.4 2.3

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search1

................................... 56131 4.3 5.3 0.9 5.5 0.1

See footnotes at end of table.

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Table 3. Average annual percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data,

1987-2013 — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2013

Labor

productivity Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Travel arrangement and reservation services2

.................................... 5615 5.7 2.7 -2.8 1.7 -1.0

Travel agencies...................................................................... 56151 4.3 2.9 -1.4 3.2 0.3

Janitorial services.................................................................... 56172 1.9 3.6 1.6 5.1 1.5

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories3

............................................... 6215 2.4 5.7 3.2 5.9 0.3

Medical laboratories3

................................................................ 621511 2.4 5.5 3.0 5.6 0.1

Diagnostic imaging centers3........................................................ 621512 2.3 5.9 3.5 6.8 0.8

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement and theme parks....................................................... 71311 -1.3 1.7 3.1 6.1 4.3

Gambling industries2

................................................................. 7132 2.1 1.9 -0.1 4.8 2.8

Golf courses and country clubs4

.................................................... 71391 -1.2 -0.1 1.0 4.1 4.3

Fitness and recreational sports centers4.......................................... 71394 4.4 4.0 -0.4 2.7 -1.2

Bowling centers...................................................................... 71395 -0.1 -1.4 -1.3 1.5 3.0

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services................................................. 72 0.8 2.2 1.4 5.0 2.7

Accommodation...................................................................... 721 2.2 2.7 0.6 4.5 1.7

Traveler accommodation............................................................ 7211 2.2 2.8 0.6 4.6 1.7

Hotels and motels, except casino hotels.......................................... 72111 1.5 2.1 0.6 4.6 2.5

Food services and drinking places................................................. 722 0.4 2.0 1.6 5.1 3.1

Special food services................................................................ 7223 1.3 2.3 1.0 3.7 1.3

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages.............................................. 7224 -0.4 -0.7 -0.4 2.5 3.3

Restaurants and other eating places............................................... 72251 0.4 2.1 1.7 5.5 3.3

Full-service restaurants.............................................................. 722511 0.4 2.1 1.7 6.0 3.8

Limited-service eating places....................................................... 722513,4,5 0.3 2.1 1.8 4.9 2.8

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance................................................ 8111 0.9 1.2 0.3 3.6 2.4

Reupholstery and furniture repair................................................... 81142 -0.6 -3.0 -2.4 0.6 3.7

Personal care services.............................................................. 8121 2.0 3.3 1.2 5.3 1.9

Hair, nail, and skin care services................................................... 81211 2.1 3.0 0.9 5.0 2.0

Funeral homes and funeral services............................................... 81221 -0.6 -0.4 0.2 3.9 4.3

Drycleaning and laundry services.................................................. 8123 1.7 0.7 -1.0 2.5 1.8

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners.......................................... 81231 2.6 0.3 -2.3 2.4 2.1

Drycleaning and laundry services.................................................. 81232 0.7 -1.2 -1.8 1.1 2.2

Linen and uniform supply........................................................... 81233 1.7 2.4 0.7 4.0 1.5

Photofinishing......................................................................... 81292 1.9 -4.8 -6.6 -2.6 2.4

1 For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, average annual percent changes are for 1992-2013.

2 For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615,and 7132, average annual percent changes are for 1997-2013.

3 For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994-2013.

4 For NAICS industries 71391 and 71394, average annual percent changes are for 2002-2013.

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