Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-23-1689 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, August 4, 2023

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — JULY 2023 

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 187,000 in July, and the unemployment rate changed 

little at 3.5 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in health care, 

social assistance, financial activities, and wholesale trade.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.5 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 5.8 million, 

changed little in July. The unemployment rate has ranged from 3.4 percent to 3.7 percent since March 

2022. (See table A-1.) 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

July 2021 – July 2023

Percent Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, July 2021 – July 2023

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

Jul-21 Oct-21 Jan-22 Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23 Jul-23

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Jul-21 Oct-21 Jan-22 Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23 Jul-23
-2-

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Asians declined to 2.3 percent in July. 

The jobless rates for adult men (3.3 percent), adult women (3.1 percent), teenagers (11.3 percent), 

Whites (3.1 percent), Blacks (5.8 percent), and Hispanics (4.4 percent) showed little or no change over 

the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of persons on temporary layoff decreased by 175,000 to 667,000 

in July. The number of permanent job losers changed little at 1.4 million. (See table A-11.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed at 1.2 

million in July and accounted for 19.9 percent of all unemployed persons. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate was 62.6 percent for the fifth consecutive month. The employmentpopulation ratio, at 60.4 percent, remained little changed in July. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.0 million, changed little in July. 

These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time because 

their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 5.2 million in July, little 

changed from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were 

not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. 

(See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 

the labor force was essentially unchanged at 1.4 million in July. These individuals wanted and were 

available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for 

work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, changed little at 335,000 in July. 

(See Summary table A.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 187,000 in July, less than the average monthly gain of 

312,000 over the prior 12 months. In July, job gains occurred in health care, social assistance, financial 

activities, and wholesale trade. (See table B-1.) 

In July, health care added 63,000 jobs, compared with the average monthly gain of 51,000 in the prior 

12 months. Over the month, job growth occurred in ambulatory health care services (+35,000), hospitals 

(+16,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+12,000). 

Social assistance added 24,000 jobs in July, in line with the average monthly gain of 23,000 in the prior 

12 months. Individual and family services added 19,000 jobs over the month. 

Employment in financial activities increased by 19,000 in July. The industry had added an average of 

16,000 jobs per month in the second quarter of the year, after employment was essentially flat in the first 

quarter. Over the month, a job gain in real estate and rental and leasing (+12,000) was partially offset by 

a loss in commercial banking (-3,000). 
-3-

In July, employment in wholesale trade increased by 18,000, after showing little net change in recent 

months. 

Employment in the other services industry continued to trend up in July (+20,000), compared with the 

average monthly gain of 15,000 over the prior 12 months. Employment in personal and laundry services 

continued to trend up over the month (+11,000). Employment in other services remains below its prepandemic February 2020 level by 53,000, or 0.9 percent. 

Construction employment continued to trend up in July (+19,000), in line with the average monthly 

gain of 17,000 in the prior 12 months. Over the month, job growth occurred in residential specialty trade 

contractors (+13,000) and in nonresidential building construction (+11,000). 

In July, employment in leisure and hospitality was little changed (+17,000). The industry has shown 

little employment change in recent months, following average monthly gains of 67,000 in the first 

quarter of the year. Employment in leisure and hospitality remains below its February 2020 level by 

352,000, or 2.1 percent. 

Employment in professional and business services changed little in July (-8,000). Monthly job 

growth in the industry had averaged 38,000 in the prior 12 months. Employment in temporary help 

services continued to trend down over the month (-22,000) and is down by 205,000 since its peak in 

March 2022. Employment in professional, scientific, and technical services continued to trend up in July 

(+24,000).

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining, 

quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; retail trade; transportation and 

warehousing; information; and government. 

In July, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 14 cents, or 0.4 

percent, to $33.74. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.4 percent. In 

July, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 13 

cents, or 0.5 percent, to $28.96. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 34.3 

hours in July. In manufacturing, the average workweek remained unchanged at 40.1 hours, and overtime 

was unchanged at 3.0 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on 

private nonfarm payrolls remained at 33.8 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for May was revised down by 25,000, from +306,000 

to +281,000, and the change for June was revised down by 24,000, from +209,000 to +185,000. With 

these revisions, employment in May and June combined is 49,000 lower than previously reported. 

(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies 

since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

____________ 

The Employment Situation for August is scheduled to be released on Friday, September 1, 2023, at 

8:30 a.m. (ET). 
-4-

2023 Preliminary Benchmark Revision to Establishment Survey Data 

to be Released on August 23, 2023 

Each year, the establishment survey estimates are benchmarked to comprehensive counts of employment 

from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) for the month of March. These counts 

are derived from state unemployment insurance (UI) tax records that nearly all employers are required to 

file. At 10:00 a.m. (ET) on August 23, 2023, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) will release the 

preliminary estimate of the upcoming annual benchmark revision to the establishment survey data. This 

is the same day that the first-quarter 2023 data from QCEW will be issued. Preliminary benchmark 

revisions for all major industry sectors, as well as total nonfarm and total private employment, will be 

available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesprelbmk.htm.

The final benchmark revision will be issued with the publication of the January 2024 Employment 

Situation news release in February 2024. 
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category July

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Change from:

June 2023-

July 2023

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 264,012 266,618 266,801 267,002 201

Civilian labor force........................................................... 163,990 166,818 166,951 167,103 152

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.1 62.6 62.6 62.6 0.0

Employed................................................................... 158,272 160,721 160,994 161,262 268

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 59.9 60.3 60.3 60.4 0.1

Unemployed............................................................... 5,718 6,097 5,957 5,841 -116

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 -0.1

Not in labor force............................................................ 100,021 99,800 99,850 99,899 49

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 -0.1

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.3 -0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 0.0

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 11.4 10.3 11.0 11.3 0.3

White.......................................................................... 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 0.0

Black or African American.................................................. 6.0 5.6 6.0 5.8 -0.2

Asian.......................................................................... 2.6 2.9 3.2 2.3 -0.9

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.4 0.1

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8 -0.2

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.8 5.7 6.0 5.2 -0.8

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.4 -0.5

Some college or associate degree........................................ 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.1 0.0

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.0

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,616 2,960 2,900 2,620 -280

Job leavers...................................................................... 843 765 794 852 58

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,822 1,821 1,745 1,853 108

New entrants.................................................................... 465 508 558 503 -55

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,086 2,083 2,068 2,004 -64

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,769 1,865 1,889 1,698 -191

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 734 858 917 997 80

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,093 1,188 1,105 1,164 59

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 3,925 3,739 4,191 4,000 -191

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,699 2,582 2,890 2,717 -173

Could only find part-time work............................................. 911 824 948 1,014 66

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,143 21,864 21,267 21,971 704

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,542 1,508 1,435 1,398 -37

Discouraged workers........................................................ 426 422 310 335 25

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 281 185 187

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 255 128 172

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 24 31 18

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 -1 1

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 25 26 19

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 -4 6 -2

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3 16 8

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 5.3 5.0 -2.2

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -7 -10 -10

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 231 97 154

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 7.7 -8.2 17.9

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 20.9 -14.1 8.5

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 18.6 -8.7 -8.4

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 0.7 0.6 -0.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 -4 -5 -12

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 13 9 19

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 45 23 -8

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 -6.8 -20.2 -22.1

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 88 71 100

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.8 73.1 71.3 87.1

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 28 19 17

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 13 11 20

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 26 57 15

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 238 228 218

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 197 187 185

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.9

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 81.4 81.4 81.5

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 34.3 34.4 34.3

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32.33 $33.45 $33.60 $33.74

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,118.62 $1,147.34 $1,155.84 $1,157.28

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.6 114.8 115.3 115.1

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 -0.1 0.4 -0.2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.6 183.6 185.2 185.6

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.2 0.9 0.2

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2 57.4 58.8 57.2

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 45.1 59.7 53.5

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 666,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,012 266,801 267,002 264,012 266,272 266,443 266,618 266,801 267,002

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165,321 167,910 168,354 163,990 166,731 166,688 166,818 166,951 167,103

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 62.9 63.1 62.1 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,067 161,559 161,982 158,272 160,892 161,031 160,721 160,994 161,262

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 60.6 60.7 59.9 60.4 60.4 60.3 60.3 60.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,255 6,351 6,372 5,718 5,839 5,657 6,097 5,957 5,841

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,690 98,891 98,649 100,021 99,541 99,755 99,800 99,850 99,899

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,224 5,846 5,578 5,887 4,925 5,271 5,477 5,389 5,247

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,636 130,408 130,507 128,636 130,150 130,234 130,319 130,408 130,507

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,052 89,503 89,647 86,984 88,999 88,686 88,704 88,836 88,695

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.5 68.6 68.7 67.6 68.4 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,953 86,140 86,417 83,912 85,776 85,611 85,410 85,547 85,492

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.0 66.1 66.2 65.2 65.9 65.7 65.5 65.6 65.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,098 3,363 3,231 3,072 3,223 3,075 3,294 3,289 3,203

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,584 40,905 40,859 41,652 41,151 41,548 41,616 41,572 41,811

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,977 121,646 121,735 119,977 121,415 121,488 121,565 121,646 121,735

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,270 85,895 86,062 83,905 85,696 85,439 85,487 85,774 85,739

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.2 70.6 70.7 69.9 70.6 70.3 70.3 70.5 70.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,610 83,068 83,320 81,185 82,816 82,661 82,526 82,868 82,922

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 68.3 68.4 67.7 68.2 68.0 67.9 68.1 68.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,660 2,827 2,743 2,720 2,880 2,778 2,961 2,906 2,817

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,707 35,750 35,673 36,072 35,718 36,049 36,078 35,871 35,997

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,376 136,393 136,496 135,376 136,122 136,209 136,299 136,393 136,496

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,270 78,407 78,706 77,006 77,732 78,002 78,114 78,115 78,408

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 57.5 57.7 56.9 57.1 57.3 57.3 57.3 57.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,114 75,419 75,565 74,360 75,115 75,420 75,311 75,448 75,769

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.7 55.3 55.4 54.9 55.2 55.4 55.3 55.3 55.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,156 2,987 3,141 2,646 2,617 2,582 2,803 2,668 2,638

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.8 4.0 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,106 57,986 57,790 58,370 58,390 58,207 58,185 58,277 58,088

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,951 127,932 128,028 126,951 127,684 127,761 127,845 127,932 128,028

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,607 74,722 74,856 73,956 74,612 74,868 75,005 74,927 75,205

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 58.4 58.5 58.3 58.4 58.6 58.7 58.6 58.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,900 72,171 72,120 71,659 72,284 72,575 72,518 72,567 72,877

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 56.4 56.3 56.4 56.6 56.8 56.7 56.7 56.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,708 2,551 2,737 2,297 2,328 2,293 2,486 2,360 2,328

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.4 3.7 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,344 53,210 53,171 52,995 53,072 52,893 52,840 53,005 52,822

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,084 17,223 17,239 17,084 17,173 17,194 17,208 17,223 17,239

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,444 7,293 7,435 6,129 6,423 6,382 6,326 6,250 6,159

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.6 42.3 43.1 35.9 37.4 37.1 36.8 36.3 35.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,557 6,320 6,542 5,428 5,792 5,796 5,676 5,559 5,462

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.4 36.7 38.0 31.8 33.7 33.7 33.0 32.3 31.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 973 893 701 631 586 650 691 696

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 13.3 12.0 11.4 9.8 9.2 10.3 11.0 11.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,640 9,931 9,804 10,955 10,750 10,813 10,882 10,973 11,080

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,229 204,433 204,536 203,229 204,186 204,261 204,345 204,433 204,536

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,611 127,942 128,184 125,736 126,933 127,174 127,273 127,306 127,329

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 62.6 62.7 61.9 62.2 62.3 62.3 62.3 62.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,376 123,760 123,917 121,851 122,831 123,224 123,112 123,389 123,393

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 60.5 60.6 60.0 60.2 60.3 60.2 60.4 60.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,235 4,182 4,267 3,885 4,102 3,950 4,161 3,917 3,936

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,618 76,491 76,352 77,493 77,253 77,087 77,072 77,127 77,207

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,662 66,596 66,599 65,458 66,304 66,299 66,433 66,543 66,414

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 70.4 70.3 69.8 70.2 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,763 64,668 64,674 63,500 64,287 64,363 64,343 64,545 64,423

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 68.3 68.3 67.7 68.0 68.1 68.0 68.2 68.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,899 1,928 1,925 1,958 2,018 1,936 2,089 1,998 1,991

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,243 55,784 55,899 55,543 55,656 55,882 55,950 55,994 56,188

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 57.3 57.4 57.3 57.3 57.5 57.5 57.6 57.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,489 54,176 54,099 54,095 53,994 54,304 54,323 54,536 54,690

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 55.7 55.6 55.8 55.6 55.9 55.9 56.1 56.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,754 1,608 1,800 1,448 1,661 1,578 1,627 1,458 1,498

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.9 3.2 2.6 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.7

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,706 5,562 5,686 4,735 4,973 4,993 4,890 4,769 4,727

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.7 44.4 45.4 37.9 39.8 39.9 39.1 38.1 37.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,124 4,916 5,145 4,256 4,550 4,557 4,445 4,308 4,281

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.0 39.3 41.1 34.1 36.4 36.4 35.5 34.4 34.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 646 542 480 423 436 445 461 447

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 11.6 9.5 10.1 8.5 8.7 9.1 9.7 9.5

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,138 34,644 34,678 34,138 34,550 34,583 34,613 34,644 34,678

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,418 21,886 21,993 21,174 22,152 21,790 21,874 21,695 21,751

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 63.2 63.4 62.0 64.1 63.0 63.2 62.6 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,027 20,495 20,596 19,900 21,037 20,766 20,641 20,402 20,496

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.7 59.2 59.4 58.3 60.9 60.0 59.6 58.9 59.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,391 1,392 1,396 1,274 1,114 1,025 1,234 1,292 1,255

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.0 5.0 4.7 5.6 6.0 5.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,720 12,757 12,686 12,964 12,399 12,793 12,738 12,949 12,927

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,853 10,128 10,197 9,766 10,400 10,005 10,084 10,053 10,114

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 68.5 68.9 67.3 70.5 67.8 68.2 68.0 68.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,297 9,547 9,656 9,213 9,860 9,556 9,519 9,465 9,576

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.1 64.5 65.2 63.5 66.8 64.7 64.4 64.0 64.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 581 542 553 539 449 565 588 538

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.2 4.5 5.6 5.9 5.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,664 10,881 10,905 10,683 10,986 11,054 11,051 10,886 10,922

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 62.8 62.9 62.3 63.6 63.9 63.9 62.9 63.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,032 10,260 10,265 10,110 10,522 10,573 10,469 10,300 10,353

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.5 59.2 59.2 59.0 60.9 61.1 60.5 59.5 59.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 621 640 573 464 481 582 586 569

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 5.7 5.9 5.4 4.2 4.4 5.3 5.4 5.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 877 890 726 766 732 740 756 715

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.3 34.6 35.1 29.2 30.4 29.0 29.2 29.8 28.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 688 676 577 655 637 653 638 568

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.1 27.1 26.6 23.3 26.0 25.2 25.8 25.1 22.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 189 215 148 111 95 87 118 148

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 21.6 24.1 20.4 14.5 12.9 11.7 15.6 20.7

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,920 17,491 17,600 16,920 17,545 17,557 17,511 17,491 17,600

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,050 11,495 11,636 10,976 11,390 11,396 11,408 11,435 11,556

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 65.7 66.1 64.9 64.9 64.9 65.1 65.4 65.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,731 11,104 11,343 10,691 11,067 11,073 11,073 11,073 11,288

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 63.5 64.4 63.2 63.1 63.1 63.2 63.3 64.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 391 294 285 323 323 335 363 267

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.2 2.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,870 5,997 5,964 5,944 6,154 6,162 6,104 6,056 6,044

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 46,200 47,473 47,569 46,200 47,194 47,288 47,380 47,473 47,569

Civilian labor force................................ 30,455 32,063 32,116 30,390 31,517 31,589 31,690 31,943 32,052

Participation rate............................... 65.9 67.5 67.5 65.8 66.8 66.8 66.9 67.3 67.4

Employed....................................... 29,191 30,684 30,668 29,172 30,071 30,185 30,407 30,571 30,637

Employment-population ratio............... 63.2 64.6 64.5 63.1 63.7 63.8 64.2 64.4 64.4

Unemployed.................................... 1,265 1,379 1,448 1,218 1,446 1,404 1,283 1,372 1,416

Unemployment rate......................... 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.0 4.6 4.4 4.0 4.3 4.4

Not in labor force................................. 15,745 15,410 15,453 15,810 15,677 15,699 15,690 15,530 15,517

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,450 17,212 17,271 16,469 16,969 16,956 17,123 17,224 17,290

Participation rate............................... 78.6 79.8 79.9 78.7 79.1 78.9 79.5 79.8 80.0

Employed....................................... 15,911 16,647 16,660 15,864 16,293 16,260 16,434 16,576 16,599

Employment-population ratio............... 76.0 77.2 77.1 75.8 76.0 75.7 76.3 76.8 76.8

Unemployed.................................... 540 565 611 605 676 696 690 649 691

Unemployment rate......................... 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.8 4.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,433 13,191 13,179 12,522 13,069 13,111 13,150 13,182 13,271

Participation rate............................... 59.2 61.3 61.1 59.6 61.1 61.2 61.2 61.3 61.6

Employed....................................... 11,992 12,618 12,617 12,118 12,482 12,576 12,700 12,638 12,745

Employment-population ratio............... 57.1 58.6 58.5 57.7 58.4 58.7 59.1 58.7 59.1

Unemployed.................................... 441 572 562 403 587 534 450 544 525

Unemployment rate......................... 3.5 4.3 4.3 3.2 4.5 4.1 3.4 4.1 4.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,572 1,660 1,667 1,400 1,479 1,522 1,417 1,537 1,492

Participation rate............................... 36.8 37.9 37.9 32.7 34.0 34.9 32.4 35.0 33.9

Employed....................................... 1,288 1,419 1,391 1,190 1,296 1,349 1,273 1,357 1,292

Employment-population ratio............... 30.1 32.4 31.6 27.8 29.8 30.9 29.1 31.0 29.4

Unemployed.................................... 284 242 276 210 183 174 144 180 200

Unemployment rate......................... 18.1 14.5 16.5 15.0 12.4 11.4 10.1 11.7 13.4

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,739 9,391 8,741 8,919 9,203 9,082 9,140 9,184 8,926

Participation rate.................................. 45.3 47.7 46.7 46.2 46.6 46.3 45.7 46.6 47.7

Employed.......................................... 8,248 8,884 8,303 8,402 8,762 8,595 8,621 8,632 8,459

Employment-population ratio................. 42.7 45.1 44.3 43.5 44.3 43.8 43.1 43.8 45.2

Unemployed....................................... 491 507 438 518 441 487 519 552 467

Unemployment rate............................ 5.6 5.4 5.0 5.8 4.8 5.4 5.7 6.0 5.2

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,154 35,780 35,766 35,371 35,680 35,752 36,022 36,038 35,980

Participation rate.................................. 55.8 56.5 56.2 56.1 56.1 56.4 56.8 57.0 56.5

Employed.......................................... 33,890 34,441 34,572 34,094 34,246 34,345 34,611 34,638 34,763

Employment-population ratio................. 53.8 54.4 54.3 54.1 53.8 54.2 54.6 54.7 54.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,264 1,339 1,193 1,277 1,433 1,407 1,411 1,400 1,217

Unemployment rate............................ 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.4

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,489 35,572 35,640 35,592 35,944 35,668 35,407 35,564 35,730

Participation rate.................................. 62.4 62.5 62.6 62.6 63.6 63.0 63.1 62.5 62.7

Employed.......................................... 34,416 34,475 34,452 34,575 34,877 34,650 34,273 34,472 34,612

Employment-population ratio................. 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.8 61.8 61.2 61.1 60.5 60.7

Unemployed....................................... 1,072 1,096 1,188 1,016 1,067 1,018 1,134 1,092 1,118

Unemployment rate............................ 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 62,997 63,652 64,525 63,345 63,632 64,077 64,201 64,274 64,817

Participation rate.................................. 72.5 72.7 73.1 72.9 73.1 73.3 73.1 73.4 73.4

Employed.......................................... 61,521 62,310 63,032 62,063 62,355 62,835 62,879 63,010 63,522

Employment-population ratio................. 70.8 71.2 71.4 71.4 71.6 71.8 71.6 72.0 71.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,476 1,342 1,494 1,282 1,278 1,241 1,322 1,264 1,295

Unemployment rate............................ 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.0

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

July

2022

July

2023

July

2022

July

2023

July

2022

July

2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,358 17,898 16,330 15,857 2,028 2,041

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,686 8,583 7,482 7,462 1,204 1,121

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.3 48.0 45.8 47.1 59.4 54.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,449 8,333 7,295 7,271 1,153 1,062

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.0 46.6 44.7 45.9 56.9 52.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 250 187 191 50 59

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.6 4.2 5.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,672 9,315 8,848 8,395 824 920

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,944 4,946 4,100 4,047 844 898

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,972 3,870 3,319 3,255 653 615

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 78.3 80.9 80.4 77.4 68.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,839 3,737 3,220 3,145 619 592

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.6 75.6 78.5 77.7 73.3 65.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 133 99 110 35 24

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.4 5.3 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 1,075 782 792 191 283

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,200 3,057 2,673 2,587 527 471

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,242 2,201 1,928 1,883 314 318

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.1 72.0 72.2 72.8 59.6 67.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,209 2,140 1,896 1,843 313 297

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 70.0 70.9 71.3 59.4 63.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 61 33 40 1 21

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 2.8 1.7 2.1 0.3 6.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 856 744 703 213 153

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,226 5,964 5,978 5,711 248 253

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 805 775 771 51 34

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 13.5 13.0 13.5 20.6 13.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795 784 750 756 45 29

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 13.2 12.6 13.2 18.0 11.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 21 24 15 6 5

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 2.5 3.1 2.0 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,400 5,159 5,203 4,940 197 219

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,988 3,931 3,579 3,512 409 419

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,646 1,707 1,460 1,553 185 153

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 43.4 40.8 44.2 45.3 36.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,606 1,672 1,429 1,527 177 145

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.3 42.5 39.9 43.5 43.2 34.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 35 32 26 8 9

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.0 2.2 1.7 4.6 5.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,342 2,224 2,119 1,959 224 266

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,695 239,940 107,787 110,050 128,908 129,890

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,737 156,857 79,198 80,821 74,540 76,036

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.0 65.4 73.5 73.4 57.8 58.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,061 151,109 76,417 77,979 71,644 73,131

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 63.0 70.9 70.9 55.6 56.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,676 5,748 2,781 2,842 2,896 2,905

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.9 3.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,957 83,083 28,589 29,228 54,368 53,854

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

July

2022

July

2023

July

2022

July

2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 32,619 33,894 231,392 233,109

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,371 8,330 157,951 160,023

Participation rate..................................................................... 22.6 24.6 68.3 68.6

Employed............................................................................. 6,796 7,756 152,271 154,226

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 20.8 22.9 65.8 66.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 575 574 5,680 5,798

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.8 6.9 3.6 3.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 25,249 25,563 73,442 73,085

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,115 3,596 78,935 79,971

Participation rate..................................................................... 38.2 42.3 83.4 83.7

Employed............................................................................. 2,871 3,358 76,277 77,126

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 35.2 39.5 80.6 80.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 244 238 2,658 2,845

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.8 6.6 3.4 3.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,044 4,914 15,676 15,583

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,982 3,267 69,570 70,285

Participation rate..................................................................... 36.4 38.5 72.3 73.1

Employed............................................................................. 2,747 2,982 66,838 67,597

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 33.5 35.2 69.4 70.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 234 285 2,732 2,688

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.9 8.7 3.9 3.8

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,208 5,212 26,705 25,838

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,274 1,467 9,445 9,768

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.8 8.7 23.3 23.6

Employed............................................................................. 1,178 1,416 9,156 9,503

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.2 8.4 22.6 22.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 96 51 290 265

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.6 3.5 3.1 2.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,997 15,438 31,061 31,664

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

July

2022

July

2023

July

2022

July

2023

July

2022

July

2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 44,856 46,107 22,016 22,508 22,840 23,599

Civilian labor force.................................................. 29,644 30,870 17,131 17,630 12,513 13,240

Participation rate.................................................. 66.1 67.0 77.8 78.3 54.8 56.1

Employed.......................................................... 28,683 29,728 16,579 17,069 12,104 12,659

Employment-population ratio................................. 63.9 64.5 75.3 75.8 53.0 53.6

Unemployed....................................................... 961 1,142 552 561 409 581

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.2 3.7 3.2 3.2 3.3 4.4

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,212 15,237 4,885 4,878 10,327 10,360

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 219,155 220,895 106,620 107,999 112,535 112,897

Civilian labor force.................................................. 135,677 137,484 70,920 72,018 64,757 65,466

Participation rate.................................................. 61.9 62.2 66.5 66.7 57.5 58.0

Employed.......................................................... 130,384 132,254 68,374 69,348 62,010 62,906

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.5 59.9 64.1 64.2 55.1 55.7

Unemployed....................................................... 5,293 5,230 2,547 2,669 2,747 2,561

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.7 4.2 3.9

Not in labor force.................................................... 83,478 83,412 35,699 35,981 47,779 47,430

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,562 2,398 2,392 2,412 2,226 2,301 2,301 2,311 2,261

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,724 1,650 1,633 1,600 1,509 1,536 1,569 1,591 1,519

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 785 712 719 750 666 715 672 674 688

Unpaid family workers........................... 53 36 40 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 156,505 159,161 159,590 155,975 158,318 158,639 158,416 158,853 159,099

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 147,354 150,021 150,596 146,706 149,479 149,383 149,512 149,632 149,974

Government..................................... 20,462 21,022 20,293 21,278 21,467 21,678 21,434 21,552 21,161

Private industries............................... 126,892 128,999 130,303 125,447 127,750 127,655 128,050 128,110 128,778

Private households.......................... 729 641 689 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 126,163 128,358 129,614 124,822 127,055 126,942 127,337 127,470 128,166

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,108 9,055 8,930 8,975 9,173 9,100 8,731 8,917 8,814

Unpaid family workers........................... 43 84 63 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,084 4,403 4,158 3,925 4,102 3,903 3,739 4,191 4,000

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,726 2,955 2,743 2,699 2,873 2,760 2,582 2,890 2,717

Could only find part-time work.................. 938 974 1,078 911 882 817 824 948 1,014

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 19,792 20,354 20,648 21,143 21,433 21,796 21,864 21,267 21,971

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,067 4,337 4,082 3,890 4,037 3,841 3,725 4,095 3,913

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,715 2,910 2,693 2,677 2,822 2,715 2,566 2,835 2,657

Could only find part-time work.................. 933 970 1,073 910 872 807 821 943 1,012

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 19,367 20,004 20,202 20,721 21,069 21,400 21,496 20,913 21,539

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,067 161,559 161,982 158,272 160,892 161,031 160,721 160,994 161,262

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,557 6,320 6,542 5,428 5,792 5,796 5,676 5,559 5,462

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,557 2,451 2,539 2,082 2,227 2,209 2,240 2,177 2,083

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000 3,868 4,003 3,347 3,589 3,594 3,450 3,372 3,353

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,510 155,239 155,439 152,844 155,100 155,236 155,045 155,435 155,799

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,435 15,130 15,080 13,898 14,896 14,843 14,816 14,741 14,559

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,075 140,110 140,359 138,946 140,372 140,452 140,314 140,612 141,160

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,049 103,108 102,940 101,670 103,121 103,220 103,209 103,384 103,539

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,190 35,712 35,997 35,391 35,780 35,866 35,814 35,755 36,168

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,422 35,267 35,173 34,619 35,492 35,285 35,257 35,391 35,379

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,436 32,130 31,771 31,660 31,849 32,069 32,138 32,238 31,992

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,027 37,002 37,418 37,276 37,250 37,232 37,105 37,228 37,620

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,953 86,140 86,417 83,912 85,776 85,611 85,410 85,547 85,492

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,343 3,072 3,097 2,727 2,961 2,951 2,884 2,679 2,570

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,241 1,142 1,167 988 1,134 1,079 1,043 972 943

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,102 1,930 1,930 1,743 1,850 1,878 1,844 1,695 1,606

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,610 83,068 83,320 81,185 82,816 82,661 82,526 82,868 82,922

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,390 7,784 7,789 7,027 7,687 7,491 7,509 7,541 7,435

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,221 75,284 75,531 74,168 75,249 75,207 75,088 75,233 75,462

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,256 55,342 55,437 54,195 55,232 55,184 55,174 55,263 55,358

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,715 19,161 19,365 18,709 19,140 19,134 19,145 19,130 19,338

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,685 19,169 19,155 18,633 19,115 18,997 18,998 19,143 19,103

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,855 17,012 16,918 16,853 16,977 17,053 17,031 16,990 16,917

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,965 19,942 20,094 19,973 20,017 20,023 19,914 19,971 20,104

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,114 75,419 75,565 74,360 75,115 75,420 75,311 75,448 75,769

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,214 3,248 3,445 2,701 2,831 2,845 2,793 2,880 2,892

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,316 1,309 1,372 1,094 1,093 1,130 1,196 1,205 1,140

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,897 1,939 2,073 1,605 1,738 1,716 1,606 1,677 1,746

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,900 72,171 72,120 71,659 72,284 72,575 72,518 72,567 72,877

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,046 7,345 7,291 6,871 7,209 7,353 7,307 7,201 7,125

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,854 64,826 64,828 64,779 65,123 65,245 65,226 65,378 65,697

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,793 47,766 47,504 47,475 47,889 48,036 48,035 48,121 48,181

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,475 16,551 16,632 16,682 16,640 16,732 16,669 16,625 16,830

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,737 16,097 16,018 15,986 16,377 16,288 16,259 16,248 16,276

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,581 15,118 14,853 14,808 14,872 15,016 15,107 15,248 15,075

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,061 17,060 17,325 17,303 17,234 17,209 17,191 17,258 17,516

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,240 45,696 45,587 45,494 46,341 46,124 45,647 45,844 45,886

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,203 36,422 36,768 36,897 36,759 37,140 36,964 36,847 37,413

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,852 9,950 9,869 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,844 135,860 135,494 132,565 134,339 134,500 134,477 134,859 134,274

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,223 25,699 26,488 25,852 26,747 26,663 26,443 26,181 27,153

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,572 7,880 8,091 7,634 7,979 7,707 7,762 7,995 8,113

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,643 6,836 7,158 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,893 9,767 9,649 9,725 9,839 9,815 9,403 9,591 9,502

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,718 5,957 5,841 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 701 691 696 11.4 9.8 9.2 10.3 11.0 11.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 237 274 262 10.2 9.1 9.4 9.5 11.2 11.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 461 394 432 12.1 10.3 9.4 10.6 10.5 11.4

20 years and over................................ 5,017 5,266 5,145 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 949 952 1,046 6.4 6.5 5.4 6.3 6.1 6.7

25 years and over.............................. 4,057 4,326 4,079 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.8

25 to 54 years............................... 3,079 3,322 3,181 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 1,320 1,467 1,333 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.6

35 to 44 years............................. 972 1,070 1,093 2.7 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0

45 to 54 years............................. 786 785 754 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.3

55 years and over........................... 956 978 881 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.3

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,072 3,289 3,203 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 353 383 386 11.4 10.4 9.1 10.4 12.5 13.0

16 to 17 years.................................. 96 159 144 8.8 9.5 8.6 8.0 14.1 13.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 255 200 238 12.8 10.6 10.1 11.5 10.5 12.9

20 years and over................................ 2,720 2,906 2,817 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 555 545 573 7.3 6.9 6.0 7.1 6.7 7.2

25 years and over.............................. 2,159 2,334 2,223 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 1,647 1,707 1,775 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 681 792 760 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.8

35 to 44 years............................. 543 482 554 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.8

45 to 54 years............................. 423 433 460 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.6

55 years and over........................... 512 627 449 2.5 2.8 2.3 2.9 3.0 2.2

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,646 2,668 2,638 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 348 308 310 11.4 9.3 9.2 10.2 9.7 9.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 141 115 118 11.4 8.7 10.2 10.7 8.7 9.4

18 to 19 years.................................. 206 195 194 11.4 9.9 8.7 9.5 10.4 10.0

20 years and over................................ 2,297 2,360 2,328 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1

20 to 24 years.................................. 394 407 473 5.4 6.1 4.7 5.4 5.3 6.2

25 years and over.............................. 1,898 1,992 1,856 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.7

25 to 54 years............................... 1,432 1,615 1,406 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.2 2.8

25 to 34 years............................. 639 675 573 3.7 3.4 3.5 4.0 3.9 3.3

35 to 44 years............................. 429 588 540 2.6 2.3 3.0 3.1 3.5 3.2

45 to 54 years............................. 364 352 293 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.3 1.9

55 years and over........................... 418 373 408 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.3

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 836 830 803 1.8 1.9 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.7

Married women, spouse present1................. 806 810 782 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.0

Women who maintain families2.................... 482 501 466 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.5

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,609 4,875 4,702 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.4

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,130 1,086 1,150 4.2 3.9 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.1

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,776 2,817 2,801 2,616 2,949 2,642 2,960 2,900 2,620

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,037 850 873 802 833 709 767 842 667

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 1,739 1,968 1,928 1,814 2,117 1,933 2,193 2,058 1,953

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,185 1,439 1,381 1,225 1,552 1,445 1,588 1,493 1,372

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 554 528 547 589 564 488 605 565 581

Job leavers........................................... 880 772 891 843 845 790 765 794 852

Reentrants............................................ 1,938 1,934 1,989 1,822 1,665 1,761 1,821 1,745 1,853

New entrants......................................... 661 828 691 465 492 531 508 558 503

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 44.4 44.4 44.0 45.5 49.6 46.2 48.9 48.4 44.9

On temporary layoff.............................. 16.6 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.0 12.4 12.7 14.0 11.4

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 27.8 31.0 30.3 31.6 35.6 33.8 36.2 34.3 33.5

Job leavers........................................... 14.1 12.2 14.0 14.7 14.2 13.8 12.6 13.2 14.6

Reentrants............................................ 31.0 30.4 31.2 31.7 28.0 30.8 30.1 29.1 31.8

New entrants......................................... 10.6 13.0 10.8 8.1 8.3 9.3 8.4 9.3 8.6

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,373 2,788 2,283 2,086 2,272 1,866 2,083 2,068 2,004

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 2,179 1,667 2,048 1,769 1,733 1,915 1,865 1,889 1,698

15 weeks and over.................................. 1,703 1,896 2,041 1,827 1,838 1,835 2,046 2,021 2,161

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 557 845 820 734 734 679 858 917 997

27 weeks and over............................... 1,145 1,051 1,221 1,093 1,104 1,156 1,188 1,105 1,164

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 21.0 19.3 19.6 22.1 19.5 20.9 21.2 20.7 20.6

Median duration, in weeks......................... 7.5 6.4 8.1 8.3 8.1 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 37.9 43.9 35.8 36.7 38.9 33.2 34.8 34.6 34.2

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 34.8 26.2 32.1 31.1 29.7 34.1 31.1 31.6 29.0

15 weeks and over.................................. 27.2 29.8 32.0 32.2 31.5 32.7 34.1 33.8 36.9

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 8.9 13.3 12.9 12.9 12.6 12.1 14.3 15.3 17.0

27 weeks and over............................... 18.3 16.6 19.2 19.2 18.9 20.6 19.8 18.5 19.9

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

July

2022

July

2023

July

2022

July

2023

July

2022

July

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 159,067 161,982 6,255 6,372 3.8 3.8

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 67,874 69,662 1,650 1,701 2.4 2.4

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 29,786 30,488 466 589 1.5 1.9

Professional and related occupations.......................... 38,088 39,174 1,184 1,112 3.0 2.8

Service occupations................................................ 25,812 27,173 1,192 1,335 4.4 4.7

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,466 30,623 1,186 1,049 3.7 3.3

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,213 14,569 605 564 4.1 3.7

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,253 16,054 581 486 3.5 2.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,430 14,444 498 499 3.3 3.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,178 1,153 56 39 4.6 3.2

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,388 8,341 349 363 4.0 4.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,864 4,949 93 97 1.9 1.9

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 20,484 20,080 1,058 1,069 4.9 5.1

Production occupations.......................................... 8,464 8,278 326 350 3.7 4.1

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 12,021 11,801 732 719 5.7 5.7

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

July

2022

July

2023

July

2022

July

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 6,255 6,372 3.8 3.8

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,475 4,673 3.4 3.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 6 17 0.8 2.7

Construction.......................................................................... 359 410 3.5 3.9

Manufacturing........................................................................ 491 420 3.2 2.7

Durable goods..................................................................... 276 261 2.9 2.6

Nondurable goods................................................................ 215 159 3.7 2.9

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 804 758 4.1 3.8

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 310 374 3.7 4.5

Information............................................................................ 62 64 2.4 2.4

Financial activities................................................................... 162 197 1.6 1.9

Professional and business services............................................... 628 688 3.3 3.5

Education and health services..................................................... 785 722 3.2 2.8

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 677 836 4.8 5.8

Other services........................................................................ 194 187 2.8 2.7

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 82 63 4.7 3.8

Government workers................................................................... 802 657 3.8 3.1

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 234 288 2.3 2.9

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July

2022

June

2023

July

2023

July

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.7

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.5 4.4 4.3

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 7.2 7.2 7.1 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.9 6.7

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

July

2022

July

2023

July

2022

July

2023

July

2022

July

2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 98,690 98,649 40,584 40,859 58,106 57,790

Persons who currently want a job................................ 6,224 5,578 2,856 2,514 3,368 3,064

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,614 1,467 814 740 800 726

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 472 381 292 268 181 112

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,142 1,086 523 472 619 614

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,572 8,091 3,863 3,945 3,709 4,146

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.6 5.0 5.5

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,312 4,556 2,376 2,356 1,936 2,200

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,747 2,003 657 820 1,090 1,183

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 433 421 304 214 129 207

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 995 1,022 483 520 513 502

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Change

from:

June2023

-

July2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,875 156,279 156,945 156,126 152,980 155,970 156,155 156,342 187

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,804 133,378 134,376 134,558 130,795 133,341 133,469 133,641 172

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,541 21,564 21,848 21,882 21,246 21,550 21,581 21,599 18

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 641 648 651 613 643 642 643 1

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 44.4 46.0 48.5 45.3 46.6 46.2 47.3 1.1

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 575.6 596.8 601.6 602.6 568.0 596.8 595.4 595.7 0.3

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.9 117.9 118.4 119.2 122.9 119.0 118.0 118.0 0.0

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187.6 188.7 190.6 191.4 183.6 186.9 187.2 187.7 0.5

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.9 41.3 41.7 41.7 40.8 41.3 41.6 41.7 0.1

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.5 44.0 44.2 44.3 42.9 43.9 43.7 43.7 0.0

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2 103.4 104.7 105.4 99.9 101.8 102.0 102.3 0.3

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.1 290.2 292.6 292.0 261.5 290.9 290.2 290.0 -0.2

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,992 7,971 8,139 8,189 7,773 7,926 7,952 7,971 19

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,793.9 1,787.8 1,828.8 1,841.7 1,753.2 1,791.0 1,797.2 1,802.2 5.0

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 945.9 928.6 947.0 944.5 924.1 927.8 930.0 924.5 -5.5

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 848.0 859.2 881.8 897.2 829.1 863.2 867.2 877.7 10.5

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,126.8 1,132.2 1,160.6 1,166.3 1,078.6 1,105.2 1,113.9 1,116.1 2.2

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,071.3 5,051.2 5,149.5 5,180.9 4,941.3 5,029.7 5,041.2 5,052.4 11.2

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,363.1 2,347.3 2,397.7 2,422.1 2,304.6 2,335.8 2,349.3 2,362.6 13.3

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,708.2 2,703.9 2,751.8 2,758.8 2,636.7 2,693.9 2,691.9 2,689.8 -2.1

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,927 12,952 13,061 13,042 12,860 12,981 12,987 12,985 -2

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,011 8,094 8,175 8,151 7,987 8,108 8,124 8,132 8

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.8 424.2 426.9 423.9 430.9 423.7 423.5 421.8 -1.7

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426.2 430.4 437.1 437.1 420.1 427.6 430.8 431.8 1.0

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.7 367.1 369.9 371.6 363.3 368.9 370.1 371.8 1.7

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,442.9 1,449.5 1,461.7 1,457.0 1,434.2 1,450.3 1,452.4 1,449.7 -2.7

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,116.5 1,125.6 1,140.8 1,139.3 1,106.1 1,126.8 1,129.5 1,130.1 0.6

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,098.3 1,099.0 1,110.2 1,114.0 1,091.5 1,102.4 1,104.4 1,106.9 2.5

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.0 167.3 169.1 169.2 163.2 168.3 168.5 168.6 0.1

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.9 84.7 86.4 86.6 86.1 84.9 85.3 85.6 0.3

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.0 387.4 389.7 391.5 389.0 389.3 387.7 388.0 0.3

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.1 426.0 431.3 432.5 421.0 426.1 429.5 431.0 1.5

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 33.6 33.7 34.2 32.0 33.8 33.3 33.8 0.5

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.6 404.9 405.3 404.8 403.3 405.7 402.1 402.2 0.1

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,706.4 1,803.2 1,825.2 1,804.4 1,726.1 1,810.5 1,817.9 1,823.5 5.6

Motor vehicles and parts2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990.7 1,062.5 1,070.6 1,045.7 1,013.0 1,066.4 1,071.4 1,069.2 -2.2

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.7 362.6 365.2 364.2 381.0 363.6 363.7 362.7 -1.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635.1 627.7 633.0 635.0 630.5 628.8 630.0 631.3 1.3

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,916 4,858 4,886 4,891 4,873 4,873 4,863 4,853 -10

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,721.3 1,709.2 1,721.8 1,731.2 1,702.9 1,724.2 1,719.8 1,716.6 -3.2

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.1 93.8 94.4 94.3 98.8 93.8 93.8 93.9 0.1

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.7 101.0 99.2 98.3 104.1 100.6 99.3 98.3 -1.0

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.2 93.2 94.5 91.6 93.8 93.0 93.0 91.6 -1.4

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.3 350.8 350.8 348.9 362.0 351.3 350.2 349.5 -0.7

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 384.4 378.2 376.8 375.7 383.3 378.5 376.1 375.1 -1.0

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.1 107.5 108.4 108.3 106.2 106.0 106.0 105.4 -0.6

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914.7 918.9 923.2 918.6 908.8 920.4 918.0 913.4 -4.6

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761.2 745.4 748.5 749.8 759.2 746.1 745.9 746.8 0.9

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Change

from:

June2023

-

July2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.2 359.8 368.7 373.9 354.1 359.2 360.4 362.2 1.8

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,263 111,814 112,528 112,676 109,549 111,791 111,888 112,042 154

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,641 28,725 28,820 28,805 28,717 28,898 28,867 28,885 18

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,018.2 6,057.9 6,077.6 6,098.4 5,982.3 6,054.1 6,045.9 6,063.8 17.9

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,318.0 3,347.3 3,356.2 3,365.7 3,299.5 3,345.5 3,340.1 3,348.7 8.6

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,177.4 2,187.2 2,197.2 2,205.2 2,162.1 2,184.4 2,182.6 2,189.8 7.2

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 522.8 523.4 524.2 527.5 520.7 524.2 523.2 525.3 2.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,503.6 15,463.8 15,539.5 15,567.3 15,476.7 15,548.1 15,534.0 15,542.5 8.5

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,023.0 2,036.4 2,049.5 2,051.1 2,011.3 2,030.6 2,034.7 2,038.7 4.0

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,254.9 1,256.7 1,261.6 1,261.2 1,252.1 1,255.7 1,257.0 1,258.6 1.6

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.7 182.7 186.3 186.1 177.1 177.5 177.3 177.6 0.3

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582.4 597.0 601.6 603.8 582.1 597.4 600.4 602.5 2.1

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,455.5 1,430.7 1,428.0 1,404.7 1,412.8 1,377.0 1,373.1 1,372.3 -0.8

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,215.8 3,228.4 3,250.8 3,266.5 3,196.3 3,244.8 3,243.7 3,249.6 5.9

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.9 850.1 845.2 840.1 908.9 859.0 854.1 850.0 -4.1

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 454.8 433.4 433.7 428.2 460.4 436.8 435.9 432.5 -3.4

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 443.1 416.7 411.5 411.9 455.3 423.5 420.6 419.8 -0.8

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,083.2 3,111.9 3,129.2 3,137.0 3,147.1 3,180.8 3,181.1 3,180.4 -0.7

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932.6 928.1 931.7 931.2 963.7 966.5 962.7 957.3 -5.4

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,150.6 2,183.8 2,197.5 2,205.8 2,183.4 2,214.3 2,218.4 2,223.1 4.7

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,080.7 1,095.4 1,097.9 1,092.3 1,093.4 1,105.5 1,107.2 1,106.7 -0.5

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,050.9 1,066.6 1,080.7 1,088.3 1,039.3 1,068.3 1,071.6 1,075.3 3.7

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,140.5 1,114.4 1,121.2 1,139.6 1,131.1 1,144.9 1,135.9 1,136.5 0.6

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,556.1 1,529.9 1,537.0 1,547.7 1,536.5 1,537.2 1,532.6 1,533.0 0.4

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,560.8 6,647.1 6,643.0 6,577.3 6,703.6 6,738.6 6,729.9 6,721.5 -8.4

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.6 539.0 546.5 548.9 509.7 537.9 541.0 543.7 2.7

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.3 150.5 150.5 150.5 146.2 150.4 150.2 150.4 0.2

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.6 69.6 71.8 71.0 66.1 68.7 68.6 66.9 -1.7

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,614.2 1,606.5 1,618.5 1,619.7 1,597.0 1,609.2 1,607.2 1,604.3 -2.9

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360.9 450.6 425.3 379.3 416.4 436.5 436.7 436.0 -0.7

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.8 47.5 47.6 47.5 50.2 47.4 47.2 47.1 -0.1

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 39.6 35.2 41.4 44.6 31.7 35.6 36.2 37.0 0.8

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 786.5 808.9 809.8 814.3 789.7 815.1 816.9 819.2 2.3

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,055.5 1,053.7 1,059.0 1,038.4 1,139.6 1,126.0 1,120.8 1,117.4 -3.4

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,921.8 1,885.6 1,872.6 1,863.1 1,957.0 1,911.8 1,905.1 1,899.5 -5.6

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558.5 555.9 560.0 561.6 554.2 556.7 557.3 557.1 -0.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,130 3,077 3,107 3,097 3,102 3,091 3,086 3,074 -12

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480.8 475.4 480.3 477.3 465.1 472.4 469.2 463.0 -6.2

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956.4 924.8 942.4 936.9 948.6 933.9 934.9 931.2 -3.7

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 355.9 354.2 352.4 349.2 357.1 354.6 351.8 351.3 -0.5

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671.7 643.2 648.5 644.7 668.8 647.0 646.8 642.5 -4.3

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471.2 489.8 492.8 496.5 470.4 490.5 492.2 496.1 3.9

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.3 189.7 190.7 191.9 192.2 192.9 190.6 190.0 -0.6

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,126 9,105 9,186 9,230 9,057 9,135 9,144 9,163 19

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,710.8 6,692.6 6,732.2 6,752.7 6,683.7 6,715.9 6,718.6 6,724.9 6.3

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 21.9 22.2 22.4 21.4 22.0 22.1 22.1 0.0

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Change

from:

June2023

-

July2023p

Finance and insurance - Continued

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700.1 2,665.3 2,675.8 2,675.4 2,690.6 2,670.6 2,669.4 2,667.5 -1.9

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,770.5 1,780.0 1,791.8 1,793.9 1,761.5 1,783.4 1,786.7 1,786.4 -0.3

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,373.4 1,370.7 1,379.6 1,378.6 1,365.8 1,373.4 1,375.3 1,372.5 -2.8

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 600.7 569.8 570.3 568.8 599.6 572.0 569.0 567.4 -1.6

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 328.9 315.5 313.7 312.7 329.6 315.2 313.7 313.7 0.0

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,069.8 1,074.6 1,090.9 1,100.2 1,056.4 1,081.7 1,086.2 1,086.1 -0.1

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,919.1 2,930.8 2,943.3 2,954.7 2,915.3 2,941.6 2,940.9 2,949.2 8.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,415.0 2,412.4 2,454.0 2,477.1 2,373.6 2,419.2 2,425.4 2,437.8 12.4

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,838.3 1,841.1 1,861.8 1,872.8 1,817.8 1,849.9 1,850.8 1,855.3 4.5

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.8 548.8 569.5 581.6 533.3 546.7 552.3 560.2 7.9

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 22.5 22.7 22.7 22.5 22.6 22.3 22.3 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,735 22,997 23,098 23,094 22,659 23,017 23,040 23,032 -8

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,604.6 10,818.4 10,887.7 10,955.3 10,568.6 10,873.5 10,897.3 10,921.4 24.1

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,197.6 1,171.5 1,194.7 1,191.5 1,187.9 1,178.6 1,183.7 1,182.5 -1.2

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,084.3 1,135.6 1,125.2 1,125.7 1,120.4 1,160.7 1,161.6 1,161.2 -0.4

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,639.5 1,670.5 1,703.6 1,709.0 1,615.0 1,677.1 1,683.6 1,684.4 0.8

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.7 158.8 161.1 160.3 154.4 158.7 159.9 159.8 -0.1

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,472.9 2,504.4 2,501.4 2,524.0 2,462.3 2,504.0 2,508.3 2,514.8 6.5

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,795.1 1,864.8 1,875.5 1,895.7 1,791.8 1,874.3 1,884.3 1,894.0 9.7

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919.3 931.9 945.1 955.1 903.5 935.6 935.1 937.8 2.7

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.0 493.5 497.4 500.1 491.4 494.9 496.2 497.2 1.0

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847.2 887.4 883.7 893.9 841.9 889.6 884.5 889.7 5.2

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,516.1 2,513.0 2,538.1 2,546.7 2,497.9 2,521.6 2,523.8 2,527.8 4.0

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,614.3 9,665.9 9,672.0 9,591.5 9,592.6 9,621.9 9,618.6 9,582.5 -36.1

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 9,129.9 9,173.2 9,173.2 9,090.3 9,112.6 9,126.9 9,123.1 9,086.7 -36.4

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 606.3 620.9 623.4 622.6 599.1 618.8 619.5 618.2 -1.3

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157.4 160.5 163.4 166.9 158.3 163.8 165.1 165.7 0.6

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,794.7 3,782.8 3,717.5 3,630.7 3,896.0 3,800.3 3,780.8 3,746.4 -34.4

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,026.2 3,010.8 2,942.1 2,869.7 3,119.9 3,014.3 2,994.1 2,972.0 -22.1

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780.3 754.0 749.9 746.4 794.7 759.7 759.9 759.0 -0.9

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.7 182.4 184.8 186.2 171.7 181.2 181.6 183.3 1.7

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 954.6 980.1 984.7 975.6 955.7 979.9 985.0 978.2 -6.8

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,322.6 2,347.6 2,405.5 2,416.9 2,200.9 2,279.0 2,287.7 2,293.2 5.5

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339.3 344.9 344.0 345.0 336.3 344.2 343.4 342.7 -0.7

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.4 492.7 498.8 501.2 480.0 495.0 495.5 495.8 0.3

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 24,119 25,260 25,089 25,113 24,404 25,237 25,308 25,408 100

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,540.9 3,971.3 3,721.8 3,662.2 3,813.1 3,938.5 3,938.2 3,951.7 13.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,578.3 21,288.3 21,367.0 21,450.9 20,590.7 21,298.0 21,369.3 21,456.4 87.1

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,331.6 16,772.3 16,847.2 16,929.4 16,320.2 16,808.5 16,853.7 16,916.7 63.0

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,135.6 8,370.3 8,388.3 8,430.8 8,139.4 8,377.4 8,399.1 8,434.5 35.4

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,811.6 2,882.2 2,889.0 2,905.6 2,810.4 2,885.5 2,895.2 2,903.5 8.3

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,023.2 1,038.7 1,037.1 1,043.0 1,023.3 1,038.9 1,034.2 1,042.5 8.3

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,089.9 1,130.8 1,133.2 1,134.5 1,089.6 1,130.9 1,134.7 1,135.2 0.5

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,037.2 1,054.9 1,055.5 1,062.4 1,036.9 1,058.3 1,059.7 1,062.9 3.2

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 321.3 322.9 322.8 323.2 321.2 323.0 323.1 323.6 0.5

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,531.2 1,604.3 1,616.0 1,624.3 1,535.9 1,603.9 1,615.5 1,627.5 12.0

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Change

from:

June2023

-

July2023p

Ambulatory health care services -

Continued

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321.2 336.5 334.7 337.8 322.1 336.8 336.7 339.2 2.5

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,167.8 5,275.0 5,301.8 5,323.8 5,165.6 5,295.0 5,305.9 5,322.0 16.1

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,028.2 3,127.0 3,157.1 3,174.8 3,015.2 3,136.1 3,148.7 3,160.2 11.5

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,361.0 1,398.2 1,415.8 1,425.9 1,355.4 1,405.1 1,411.6 1,417.9 6.3

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611.1 630.6 635.1 638.2 608.8 630.8 633.8 635.7 1.9

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903.5 942.9 947.9 953.9 899.4 943.9 945.9 950.6 4.7

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 152.6 155.3 158.3 156.8 151.7 156.3 157.3 156.0 -1.3

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,246.7 4,516.0 4,519.8 4,521.5 4,270.5 4,489.5 4,515.6 4,539.7 24.1

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,843.5 3,002.7 3,021.6 3,044.1 2,835.0 2,995.2 3,014.5 3,033.1 18.6

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 201.7 215.1 218.0 217.9 202.7 215.8 218.1 218.8 0.7

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 271.1 279.0 283.7 283.0 266.4 279.0 280.0 278.8 -1.2

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930.4 1,019.2 996.5 976.5 966.4 999.5 1,003.1 1,009.0 5.9

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,712 16,779 17,286 17,371 15,887 16,557 16,576 16,593 17

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,652.1 2,505.4 2,750.0 2,798.4 2,297.8 2,443.3 2,458.3 2,458.6 0.3

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.5 561.0 571.9 564.2 513.6 528.4 533.4 530.8 -2.6

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.0 174.3 184.9 188.3 159.4 171.8 171.9 172.3 0.4

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,931.6 1,770.1 1,993.2 2,045.9 1,624.8 1,743.1 1,753.0 1,755.5 2.5

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,060.0 14,274.0 14,535.6 14,572.4 13,588.7 14,113.2 14,117.7 14,133.9 16.2

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,948.9 1,861.6 1,971.2 2,015.3 1,781.6 1,852.1 1,856.6 1,859.4 2.8

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 12,111.1 12,412.4 12,564.4 12,557.1 11,807.1 12,261.1 12,261.1 12,274.5 13.4

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,800 5,871 5,942 5,966 5,723 5,856 5,867 5,887 20

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,405.0 1,450.1 1,461.5 1,467.3 1,395.4 1,445.4 1,449.3 1,455.9 6.6

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,508.4 1,545.2 1,558.6 1,563.6 1,496.5 1,533.6 1,539.1 1,549.8 10.7

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,886.6 2,875.7 2,921.9 2,934.9 2,831.5 2,876.7 2,879.0 2,880.8 1.8

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,071 22,901 22,569 21,568 22,185 22,629 22,686 22,701 15

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,878 2,920 2,927 2,942 2,867 2,919 2,922 2,929 7

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,273.9 2,315.5 2,323.0 2,337.0 2,263.7 2,311.7 2,314.9 2,323.9 9.0

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.3 604.8 603.7 605.3 603.3 607.7 607.4 605.3 -2.1

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,799 5,226 5,009 4,927 5,103 5,216 5,246 5,235 -11

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,130.7 2,533.6 2,290.5 2,199.2 2,448.5 2,523.0 2,544.5 2,524.8 -19.7

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,668.4 2,692.0 2,718.9 2,728.1 2,654.5 2,692.8 2,701.7 2,710.4 8.7

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,394 14,755 14,633 13,699 14,215 14,494 14,518 14,537 19

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,757.2 8,186.7 7,849.3 6,847.4 7,807.4 7,914.3 7,920.1 7,919.8 -0.3

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,636.3 6,568.0 6,783.5 6,851.4 6,407.7 6,579.5 6,598.0 6,616.9 18.9

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.6 34.3 34.4 34.3

Goods-producing.................................................................... 39.9 39.8 39.8 39.8

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.2 45.6 45.6 44.8

Construction....................................................................... 38.7 38.8 38.9 38.9

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.4 40.1 40.1 40.1

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.8 40.6 40.7 40.6

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.7 39.2 39.1 39.1

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.6 33.3 33.3 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.3 33.8 34.0 33.9

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.1 38.9 39.0 38.9

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.3 29.8 29.9 29.8

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.7 37.9 38.1 38.2

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 42.3 42.7 42.8

Information......................................................................... 36.7 36.1 36.3 36.3

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.5

Professional and business services............................................ 36.6 36.4 36.5 36.5

Private education and health services......................................... 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.7 25.3 25.4 25.3

Other services..................................................................... 32.3 32.3 32.3 32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.7

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Total private............................................... $32.33 $33.45 $33.60 $33.74 $1,118.62 $1,147.34 $1,155.84 $1,157.28

Goods-producing....................................... 32.53 33.84 34.04 34.26 1,297.95 1,346.83 1,354.79 1,363.55

Mining and logging.................................. 36.35 38.04 37.95 38.09 1,679.37 1,734.62 1,730.52 1,706.43

Construction.......................................... 34.78 36.26 36.36 36.67 1,345.99 1,406.89 1,414.40 1,426.46

Manufacturing........................................ 31.02 32.17 32.44 32.61 1,253.21 1,290.02 1,300.84 1,307.66

Durable goods.................................... 32.56 33.74 33.95 34.12 1,328.45 1,369.84 1,381.77 1,385.27

Nondurable goods................................ 28.43 29.47 29.82 29.99 1,128.67 1,155.22 1,165.96 1,172.61

Private service-providing.............................. 32.29 33.37 33.50 33.62 1,084.94 1,111.22 1,115.55 1,119.55

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 27.73 28.86 28.98 29.03 951.14 975.47 985.32 984.12

Wholesale trade.................................. 35.17 36.58 36.84 36.82 1,375.15 1,422.96 1,436.76 1,432.30

Retail trade........................................ 23.01 23.83 23.88 23.94 697.20 710.13 714.01 713.41

Transportation and warehousing............... 27.77 28.95 29.05 29.12 1,074.70 1,097.21 1,106.81 1,112.38

Utilities............................................. 47.53 49.68 49.96 50.05 2,005.77 2,101.46 2,133.29 2,142.14

Information........................................... 46.49 48.13 48.04 48.24 1,706.18 1,737.49 1,743.85 1,751.11

Financial activities................................... 41.67 43.00 43.32 43.50 1,558.46 1,608.20 1,620.17 1,631.25

Professional and business services.............. 38.83 40.23 40.41 40.61 1,421.18 1,464.37 1,474.97 1,482.27

Private education and health services............ 32.09 32.81 32.92 33.01 1,071.81 1,095.85 1,099.53 1,099.23

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 20.18 21.14 21.24 21.31 518.63 534.84 539.50 539.14

Other services....................................... 28.86 29.68 29.73 29.69 932.18 958.66 960.28 956.02

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Percent

change

from:

June

2023 -

July

2023p

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Percent

change

from:

June

2023 -

July

2023p

Total private..................................... 113.6 114.8 115.3 115.1 -0.2 175.6 183.6 185.2 185.6 0.2

Goods-producing............................. 96.6 97.7 97.9 97.9 0.0 142.0 149.5 150.6 151.7 0.7

Mining and logging........................ 89.0 92.1 92.0 90.5 -1.6 129.9 140.7 140.2 138.4 -1.3

Construction................................ 103.7 106.0 106.6 106.9 0.3 156.7 167.0 168.5 170.3 1.1

Manufacturing.............................. 93.5 93.6 93.7 93.7 0.0 134.8 140.1 141.3 142.1 0.6

Durable goods........................... 91.7 92.7 93.1 93.0 -0.1 132.7 138.9 140.4 140.9 0.4

Nondurable goods...................... 96.6 95.3 94.9 94.7 -0.2 139.3 142.6 143.6 144.1 0.3

Private service-providing.................... 118.5 119.8 120.0 120.1 0.1 186.0 194.4 195.3 196.3 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 107.6 106.7 107.2 107.0 -0.2 160.9 166.1 167.6 167.5 -0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 103.2 103.9 104.0 104.0 0.0 151.8 159.0 160.3 160.3 0.0

Retail trade.............................. 95.4 94.3 94.5 94.3 -0.2 145.2 148.6 149.3 149.2 -0.1

Transportation and warehousing...... 149.1 146.7 147.3 147.5 0.1 210.6 216.1 217.7 218.6 0.4

Utilities.................................... 101.2 101.9 103.0 103.2 0.2 158.9 167.2 170.0 170.6 0.4

Information................................. 104.0 101.9 102.3 101.9 -0.4 172.1 174.7 175.0 175.1 0.1

Financial activities......................... 111.0 111.9 112.0 112.6 0.5 180.3 187.7 189.3 191.0 0.9

Professional and business services..... 129.7 131.1 131.6 131.5 -0.1 204.1 213.6 215.4 216.4 0.5

Private education and health services... 133.1 137.6 138.0 138.2 0.1 205.5 217.2 218.6 219.4 0.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 116.5 119.5 120.1 119.8 -0.2 189.7 203.8 205.9 205.9 0.0

Other services............................. 106.6 109.1 109.3 109.3 0.0 168.6 177.4 178.0 177.9 -0.1

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Total nonfarm............................................. 76,169 77,678 77,794 77,937 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.9

Total private............................................ 63,241 64,472 64,548 64,675 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,898 4,988 4,995 5,000 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1

Mining and logging............................... 78 83 83 83 12.7 12.9 12.9 12.9

Construction....................................... 1,091 1,119 1,127 1,135 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.2

Manufacturing..................................... 3,729 3,786 3,785 3,782 29.0 29.2 29.1 29.1

Durable goods.................................. 1,980 2,025 2,027 2,028 24.8 25.0 25.0 24.9

Nondurable goods............................. 1,749 1,761 1,758 1,754 35.9 36.1 36.2 36.1

Private service-providing........................... 58,343 59,484 59,553 59,675 53.3 53.2 53.2 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,328 11,355 11,345 11,336 39.4 39.3 39.3 39.2

Wholesale trade................................ 1,832.1 1,857.6 1,863.0 1,863.5 30.6 30.7 30.8 30.7

Retail trade..................................... 7,542.3 7,523.8 7,514.0 7,513.8 48.7 48.4 48.4 48.3

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,813.0 1,827.9 1,821.8 1,813.3 27.0 27.1 27.1 27.0

Utilities........................................... 140.8 145.7 145.9 145.3 25.4 26.2 26.2 26.1

Information......................................... 1,240 1,253 1,251 1,251 40.0 40.5 40.5 40.7

Financial activities................................ 5,054 5,086 5,087 5,091 55.8 55.7 55.6 55.6

Professional and business services............ 10,458 10,589 10,590 10,597 46.2 46.0 46.0 46.0

Private education and health services......... 18,807 19,388 19,459 19,541 77.1 76.8 76.9 76.9

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,398 8,674 8,675 8,711 52.9 52.4 52.3 52.5

Other services..................................... 3,058 3,139 3,146 3,148 53.4 53.6 53.6 53.5

Government............................................. 12,928 13,206 13,246 13,262 58.3 58.4 58.4 58.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Total private............................................................................... 106,649 108,539 108,676 108,917

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,243 15,443 15,464 15,466

Mining and logging.................................................................. 462 490 491 495

Construction.......................................................................... 5,745 5,825 5,841 5,847

Manufacturing........................................................................ 9,036 9,128 9,132 9,124

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,534 5,618 5,630 5,627

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,502 3,510 3,502 3,497

Private service-providing.............................................................. 91,406 93,096 93,212 93,451

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 24,228 24,362 24,335 24,354

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,754.5 4,790.6 4,777.1 4,792.8

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,186.3 13,249.5 13,234.1 13,244.3

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,842.0 5,878.8 5,880.5 5,874.4

Utilities.............................................................................. 445.2 443.2 443.0 442.4

Information............................................................................ 2,468 2,472 2,467 2,462

Financial activities................................................................... 6,820 6,861 6,871 6,880

Professional and business services............................................... 18,135 18,244 18,251 18,249

Private education and health services............................................ 21,221 21,948 22,013 22,093

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 13,879 14,448 14,506 14,620

Other services........................................................................ 4,655 4,761 4,769 4,793

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.0 33.8 33.8 33.8

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.7 40.5 40.5 40.4

Mining and logging................................................................ 48.2 48.0 47.5 47.2

Construction....................................................................... 39.5 39.5 39.6 39.5

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.1 40.7 40.7 40.6

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.5 41.1 41.1 41.0

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.4 40.2 40.0 40.1

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.9 32.7 32.7 32.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 33.9 34.1 34.0

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.2 38.8 39.0 38.9

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.4 30.2 30.4 30.3

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.8 37.6 37.6 37.7

Utilities........................................................................... 42.5 42.6 42.9 43.4

Information......................................................................... 36.3 35.6 35.7 35.9

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.1 37.1 37.0

Professional and business services............................................ 36.4 36.2 36.3 36.3

Private education and health services......................................... 32.6 32.7 32.6 32.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.6 24.2 24.1 24.1

Other services..................................................................... 31.1 31.3 31.3 31.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.7

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.9

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.5

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Total private............................................... $27.64 $28.72 $28.83 $28.96 $939.76 $970.74 $974.45 $978.85

Goods-producing....................................... 28.05 29.33 29.53 29.65 1,141.64 1,187.87 1,195.97 1,197.86

Mining and logging.................................. 32.89 34.30 34.53 34.72 1,585.30 1,646.40 1,640.18 1,638.78

Construction.......................................... 32.36 33.97 34.06 34.24 1,278.22 1,341.82 1,348.78 1,352.48

Manufacturing........................................ 25.12 26.15 26.39 26.46 1,032.43 1,064.31 1,074.07 1,074.28

Durable goods.................................... 26.20 27.32 27.55 27.62 1,087.30 1,122.85 1,132.31 1,132.42

Nondurable goods................................ 23.37 24.23 24.49 24.56 944.15 974.05 979.60 984.86

Private service-providing.............................. 27.56 28.59 28.69 28.82 906.72 934.89 938.16 942.41

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 24.06 25.10 25.18 25.31 820.45 850.89 858.64 860.54

Wholesale trade.................................. 29.34 30.28 30.47 30.50 1,150.13 1,174.86 1,188.33 1,186.45

Retail trade........................................ 19.71 20.40 20.48 20.54 599.18 616.08 622.59 622.36

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.91 27.62 27.63 27.88 979.40 1,038.51 1,038.89 1,051.08

Utilities............................................. 42.42 44.33 44.33 44.79 1,802.85 1,888.46 1,901.76 1,943.89

Information........................................... 37.71 39.41 39.35 39.45 1,368.87 1,403.00 1,404.80 1,416.26

Financial activities................................... 32.48 33.60 33.76 33.84 1,214.75 1,246.56 1,252.50 1,252.08

Professional and business services.............. 32.59 34.05 34.11 34.31 1,186.28 1,232.61 1,238.19 1,245.45

Private education and health services............ 29.13 29.95 30.09 30.25 949.64 979.37 980.93 986.15

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 17.89 18.68 18.80 18.87 440.09 452.06 453.08 454.77

Other services....................................... 25.03 25.49 25.61 25.72 778.43 797.84 801.59 802.46

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Percent

change

from:

June

2023 -

July

2023p

July

2022

May

2023

June

2023p

July

2023p

Percent

change

from:

June

2023 -

July

2023p

Total private..................................... 120.8 122.2 122.4 122.7 0.2 223.2 234.7 235.9 237.4 0.6

Goods-producing............................. 94.8 95.6 95.7 95.5 -0.2 162.8 171.6 173.0 173.3 0.2

Mining and logging........................ 118.3 125.0 123.9 124.2 0.2 226.4 249.3 248.9 250.7 0.7

Construction................................ 113.6 115.2 115.8 115.6 -0.2 198.5 211.3 213.0 213.8 0.4

Manufacturing.............................. 85.3 85.3 85.3 85.0 -0.4 140.1 145.8 147.2 147.1 -0.1

Durable goods........................... 86.3 86.7 86.9 86.7 -0.2 141.1 147.9 149.5 149.4 -0.1

Nondurable goods...................... 83.4 83.1 82.5 82.6 0.1 137.7 142.3 142.8 143.4 0.4

Private service-providing.................... 128.1 129.7 129.9 130.2 0.2 242.2 254.4 255.6 257.4 0.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 115.6 115.6 116.2 115.9 -0.3 198.9 207.4 209.0 209.7 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 110.6 110.3 110.6 110.7 0.1 191.5 197.1 198.8 199.2 0.2

Retail trade.............................. 101.6 101.5 102.0 101.7 -0.3 171.8 177.5 179.1 179.2 0.1

Transportation and warehousing...... 167.1 167.3 167.3 167.6 0.2 275.6 294.1 294.3 297.4 1.1

Utilities.................................... 96.8 96.6 97.2 98.2 1.0 171.3 178.7 179.8 183.6 2.1

Information................................. 102.3 100.4 100.5 100.9 0.4 190.9 196.0 195.8 197.0 0.6

Financial activities......................... 120.0 119.8 120.0 119.8 -0.2 239.9 247.6 249.2 249.4 0.1

Professional and business services..... 147.4 147.4 147.9 147.9 0.0 285.6 298.6 300.1 301.8 0.6

Private education and health services... 147.5 153.0 153.0 153.6 0.4 283.6 302.5 303.9 306.6 0.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 125.1 128.1 128.1 129.1 0.8 254.1 271.7 273.4 276.6 1.2

Other services............................. 101.5 104.5 104.7 104.9 0.2 185.2 194.1 195.3 196.5 0.6

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.