For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Friday, September 23, 2011 USDL-11-1376

Technical Information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES, 2009

Multifactor productivity – defined as output per unit of combined inputs – increased in only 12 of the 86

four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries in 2009, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. 

(See table 1.) This was down from 2008, when multifactor productivity increased in 36 of those 86 

industries. (See chart 1.) Fewer manufacturing industries recorded multifactor productivity increases in 

2009 than in any year since the beginning of the measures in 1987. 

Chart 1. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in multifactor productivity 

Within the transportation sector in 2009, multifactor productivity declined 1.5 percent in air 

transportation and 8.6 percent in line-haul railroads. 

Multifactor productivity indexes relate the change in real output to the change in the combined inputs of 

labor, capital, and intermediate purchases consumed in producing that output. Multifactor productivity 

growth measures the extent to which output growth has exceeded the growth in inputs, and reflects the 

joint influences on economic growth of a variety of factors, including technological change, returns to 

scale, enhancements in managerial and staff skills, changes in the organization of production, and other 

efficiency improvements. 

43

21

60 61

73

44

48

44

36

12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

Number of industries (out of 86)
- 2 -

In 2009, outputs and inputs declined in most manufacturing industries. Most industries posted doubledigit percent declines in output that were accompanied by smaller reductions in the combined inputs of 

labor, capital, and intermediate goods. Output fell in 79 of 86 manufacturing industries in 2009, 

compared to 66 in 2008, and declined by double digit percentages in 68 industries. Combined inputs fell 

in more industries, 72 in 2009 compared to 70 in 2008. In 2009, labor hours fell in all but one 

manufacturing industry, while intermediate inputs fell in 73 industries and capital services fell in 47 

industries.

Chart 2 shows the percent change in multifactor productivity in 2009 in the largest manufacturing 

industries (those with employment over 200,000). Of those industries, multifactor productivity rose only 

in electronic instruments, and declined the most in machine shops and threaded products. 

Semiconductors and electronic components experienced the first decline in multifactor productivity 

since the beginning of the series in 1987. 

Chart 2. Percent change in multifactor productivity in the largest (by employment) manufacturing industries, 2008-2009 

From 1987 to 2009, multifactor productivity increased in 37 of 86 manufacturing industries (43 percent), 

more than in 2009. (See table 2.) Output increased in 36 industries while combined inputs increased in 

39 industries over the period. 

Chart 3 compares the distribution of multifactor productivity changes in 2009 with the distribution of the 

average annual compound changes from 1987 to 2009. The chart shows a broader and more negative 

distribution of multifactor productivity changes in the most recent year compared to the longer-term 

period. 

-15.2

-13.1

-13.1

-12.2

-10.5

-10.1

-8.6

-7.2

-7

-6.7

-5.7

-5.7

-4.6

-4.1

-3.9

-3.6

-2.5

-2.1

1.2

-18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

Machine shops and threaded products

Other fabricated metal products

Household and institutional furniture

Architectural and structural metals

Semiconductors and electronic components

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery

Other miscellaneous manufacturing

Other wood products

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing

Other general purpose machinery

Pharmaceuticals and medicines

Motor vehicle parts

Printing and related support activities

Aerospace products and parts

Plastics products

Medical equipment and supplies

Converted paper products

Animal slaughtering and processing

Electronic instruments

Percent change
- 3 -

Chart 3. Distribution of percent change in multifactor productivity for manufacturing industries, 2008-2009 and 1987-2009 

Table 3 presents the average annual compound rate of change in multifactor productivity by industry for 

1987 to 2009 and various subperiods. From 2007 to 2009, multifactor productivity grew in 16 of the 86 

manufacturing industries, the fewest in any of the subperiods shown. (See chart 4.) 

Chart 4. Number of manufacturing industries with increases in multifactor productivity, 1987-2009 and selected subperiods

In 2009, multifactor productivity declined in both of the transportation industries studied. Multifactor 

productivity fell 1.5 percent in air transportation, as output declined 6.5 percent and combined inputs 

dropped 5.1 percent. Multifactor productivity dropped 8.6 percent in line-haul railroads, as output 

declined 17.2 percent and combined inputs fell 9.4 percent. 

From 1987 to 2009, multifactor productivity rose for both transportation industries. Multifactor 

productivity in air transportation grew at an average annual rate of 0.9 percent as output increased 2.7 

percent annually and combined inputs grew 1.7 percent per year. In line-haul railroads, multifactor 

productivity increased at an average of 1.9 percent per year between 1987 and 2009, as output rose 1.4 

percent per year and combined inputs declined 0.4 percent per year. 

36

4

8

4

7

10

3

2

3

1

8

11

35

31

6

3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Number of industries

Percent change

2008-2009 Percent change

1987-2009 Average annual compound rate of change

37 33

58

36

57

16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1987-2009 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2009

Period

Number of industries (out of 86)
- 4 -

Technical Note

Multifactor Productivity: Multifactor productivity measures for detailed industries are derived by 

dividing an index of real industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and 

intermediate purchases. The multifactor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions 

of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs. Rather, they are designed to reflect the joint influences on 

economic growth of a number of factors, including technological change, returns to scale, improved 

skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements. 

Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real 

terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is 

derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry 

transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal 

value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air 

transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight 

ton-miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses. 

Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic 

censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air 

transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of 

Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S. 

Department of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American 

Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, and several other sources. 

Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of 

capital, labor, and intermediate purchases. The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated 

using their relative cost shares in total industry value of production as weights. The labor weight is based 

on labor compensation including fringe benefits. The weight for intermediate purchases is based on the 

total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services. The capital weight is calculated as the 

value of sectoral production minus the values of labor compensation and intermediate purchases. 

Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets. 

Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be 

proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of 

separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land. 

For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 26 categories of equipment, 2 categories 

of structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry 

are estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by 

asset type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the 

economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, in combination with benchmark 

capital flow tables and annual detailed asset investment by industry from the Bureau of Economic 

Analysis (BEA). Price changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks. 

Price deflators for each asset category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS 

Producer Price Indexes) with weights that reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities. 

The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental 

prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate 
- 5 -

of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the 

specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. 

For air transportation, a weighted index of 44 types of airframes and 34 types of engines is derived from 

quantities and purchase prices from BTS. For assets other than airframes and engines, capital stocks are 

calculated as is done for manufacturing industries. Inventories of parts and supplies are also included; 

the current dollar series is deflated with a weighted cost index based on data from the Air Transport 

Association (ATA) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies 

inventories are aggregated using cost share weights to derive an overall measure of capital input. 

For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of 

structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA 

data. The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated as is done for manufacturing industries. 

Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and 

AMTRAK were deflated with price indexes from BEA. 

Labor Input: For manufacturing industries, the primary source of industry employment and hours data 

is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES provides monthly data on the number 

of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, as well 

as data on the average weekly hours of production workers in those establishments. CES data are 

supplemented with data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to estimate employment and hours of 

self-employed and unpaid family workers in each industry. Data from the CPS, together with the CES 

data, are also used to estimate the historical average weekly hours of nonproduction workers for each 

industry. CES and CPS data are supplemented or further disaggregated for some industries using data 

from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Bureau of the Census, or other 

sources. Hours of all persons in an industry are treated as homogeneous and are directly aggregated.

For air transportation and line-haul railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from DOT data. 

For air transportation, annual estimates are based on monthly data from BTS. For line-haul railroads, 

total labor hours for supervisory and nonsupervisory workers are derived from STB data and 

supplemented with data from AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an 

adjustment to remove capitalized labor hours in order to avoid double-counting because some 

capitalized labor costs are embedded in the railroad investment data. 

Intermediate Purchases Input: The index of intermediate purchases is a Törnqvist index of separate 

quantities of materials, services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for electricity 

consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are derived by 

deflating current-dollar values with appropriate price deflators. 

For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of 

electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the 

Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to 

exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using 

annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA. 

Constant-dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current-dollar industry purchases by 

a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each industry 

by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed commodities. The 

deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark inputoutput tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar 
- 6 -

manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by BEA. The value of fuels 

consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on PPIs for individual fuel 

categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy Information 

Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy. 

For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS were 

deflated using cost indexes from ATA. For line-haul railroads, intermediate purchases data from STB 

were supplemented with data from other sources including AAR, AMTRAK, EIA, and the Edison 

Electric Institute. The nominal values were deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit 

price deflators calculated from BEA investment data. 

Revisions: This news release incorporates data from the 2009 Annual Survey of Manufactures and the 

November 2010 Subject Series Revision to the 2007 Economic Census, both published by the Census 

Bureau. This news release also incorporates the annual benchmark revisions of the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey published in February, 2011. 

Additional Information: The industries included in this release are classified according to the 2007 

NAICS. While the rates of change reported by BLS in this news release are rounded to one decimal 

place, all industry productivity percent changes are calculated using index numbers rounded to three 

decimal places. 

Year-to-year movements in industry multifactor productivity measures may be erratic, particularly in 

smaller industries. The annual measure based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a 

census of establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output, labor, capital, and 

intermediate purchases may reflect cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a 

result, long-term multifactor productivity changes tend to be more reliable indicators of industry 

performance than year-to-year changes. 

Industry multifactor productivity and related indexes and rates can be accessed by visiting the 

Multifactor Productivity and Costs website at http://www.bls.gov/mfp. Additional data are available 

upon request by calling the Division of Industry Productivity Studies at 202-691-5618 or by sending a 

request by e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. Information in this report will be made available to sensoryimpaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 

1-800-877-8339. 

To subscribe to the industry productivity program’s electronic notification service, send an e-mail to 

dipsnews@bls.gov with the word “subscribe” in the subject line. 
2009 

NAICS Industry Employment Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate

code (thousands) productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases

 Manufacturing

3111 Animal food 53 -3.4 3.5 7.2 -2.3 2.7 10.0

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 60 4.5 6.4 1.8 -1.8 0.5 2.7

3113 Sugar and confectionery products 73 -7.0 -4.6 2.6 -7.4 0.1 7.2

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 175 -9.1 -3.3 6.3 2.2 1.2 9.1

3115 Dairy products 133 0.9 1.9 1.0 -4.1 3.1 1.4

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 500 -2.1 0.6 2.8 -2.4 3.2 3.8

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 38 -1.1 5.7 6.9 -10.6 5.7 11.0

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 296 -7.0 -1.4 6.1 -3.0 0.4 10.5

3119 Other food products 163 -5.3 -1.1 4.4 -5.5 1.7 8.2

3121 Beverages 176 -5.2 -1.9 3.4 -10.1 1.3 7.3

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 19 -19.6 -22.2 -3.2 -20.7 -2.2 -2.3

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 31 -3.6 -24.4 -21.6 -18.5 -5.5 -24.6

3132 Fabric mills 60 -0.1 -14.9 -14.8 -17.9 -3.0 -17.3

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 44 -3.8 -20.4 -17.3 -17.6 -4.8 -18.1

3141 Textile furnishings mills 69 -15.3 -27.9 -14.9 -15.5 -5.9 -17.9

3149 Other textile product mills 75 -11.3 -19.3 -9.1 -14.3 2.3 -9.6

3151 Apparel knitting mills 24 -1.8 -25.8 -24.4 -25.6 -5.7 -29.8

3152 Cut and sew apparel 153 -6.8 -23.1 -17.5 -10.6 -6.0 -25.2

3159 Accessories and other apparel 15 4.1 -12.0 -15.5 -12.1 -5.1 -18.4

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 4 -2.2 -29.2 -27.6 -14.8 -3.2 -36.0

3162 Footwear 15 -7.7 -19.1 -12.4 -14.4 -3.5 -14.8

3169 Other leather products 14 -14.0 -23.4 -10.9 -9.7 -4.5 -15.2

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 84 4.7 -14.3 -18.1 -20.1 -4.3 -17.8

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 68 -4.0 -28.2 -25.3 -26.6 -3.9 -25.7

3219 Other wood products 237 -7.2 -26.1 -20.3 -21.1 -1.9 -21.1

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 118 -2.7 -9.2 -6.6 -7.9 -3.6 -7.9

3222 Converted paper products 290 -2.5 -11.3 -9.0 -12.7 -1.7 -9.6

3231 Printing and related support activities 550 -4.6 -14.9 -10.8 -11.3 -2.2 -11.9

3241 Petroleum and coal products 117 -2.5 -2.6 -0.2 -5.3 9.2 -1.0

3251 Basic chemicals 146 -5.4 -16.7 -12.0 -5.3 2.5 -16.7

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 92 2.9 -17.3 -19.7 -10.9 -1.3 -22.3

3253 Agricultural chemicals 37 11.6 12.3 0.7 -1.5 8.2 -4.1

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 285 -5.7 -6.7 -1.1 -2.3 -0.5 -1.4

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 57 -10.8 -17.1 -7.1 -11.5 0.5 -6.9

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 103 -5.7 -7.6 -2.0 -7.1 1.6 -3.0

3259 Other chemical products and preparations 87 -2.8 -10.6 -8.0 -6.1 1.7 -8.9

3261 Plastics products 506 -3.9 -17.3 -13.9 -16.4 -1.0 -16.4

3262 Rubber products 124 -1.0 -16.8 -16.0 -16.4 -1.2 -18.0

3271 Clay products and refractories 51 -13.0 -28.1 -17.4 -15.9 -3.0 -19.6

3272 Glass and glass products 89 -5.5 -14.4 -9.4 -17.0 -2.1 -7.1

3273 Cement and concrete products 186 -11.3 -27.6 -18.4 -19.2 -0.5 -22.4

3274 Lime and gypsum products 15 -12.4 -22.1 -11.1 -16.2 -0.4 -12.8

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 69 -10.8 -18.3 -8.4 -13.4 -1.1 -9.7

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 86 -2.8 -34.7 -32.8 -15.8 1.1 -39.6

3312 Steel products from purchased steel 51 -9.4 -31.6 -24.5 -19.0 -1.1 -29.4

3313 Alumina and aluminum production 56 6.0 -21.8 -26.2 -17.5 -1.4 -29.8

3314 Other nonferrous metal production 58 0.3 -24.6 -24.8 -11.8 8.1 -36.4

3315 Foundries 114 0.2 -26.2 -26.3 -27.5 -0.1 -26.7

Table 1. Industry multifactor productivity and related data, percent change, 2008-2009

Percent change
2009 

NAICS Industry Employment Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate

code (thousands) productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases

3321 Forging and stamping 89 -16.9 -26.7 -11.8 -21.3 0.0 -9.9

3322 Cutlery and hand tools 45 -13.2 -19.5 -7.2 -8.7 -1.0 -7.5

3323 Architectural and structural metals 351 -12.2 -23.5 -13.0 -15.8 2.3 -14.0

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 89 -17.1 -16.4 0.9 -12.6 0.5 5.6

3325 Hardware 25 -12.4 -27.6 -17.4 -16.7 -3.1 -18.9

3326 Spring and wire products 44 -15.0 -22.2 -8.4 -18.7 -1.1 -4.8

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 323 -15.2 -25.7 -12.4 -15.9 1.1 -13.6

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 123 -16.9 -26.5 -11.5 -21.6 1.4 -9.9

3329 Other fabricated metal products 255 -13.1 -21.4 -9.5 -15.2 -0.1 -11.0

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 215 -10.1 -23.5 -14.9 -13.8 4.6 -20.7

3332 Industrial machinery 103 -4.8 -27.5 -23.9 -20.8 -2.7 -26.5

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 97 -2.2 -13.3 -11.4 -10.6 0.7 -13.7

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 129 -7.6 -17.5 -10.7 -18.3 0.9 -10.9

3335 Metalworking machinery 160 -10.1 -29.9 -22.1 -23.4 -1.4 -22.4

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 95 -12.3 -24.5 -14.0 -13.3 1.4 -16.0

3339 Other general purpose machinery 238 -6.7 -20.7 -15.0 -18.0 0.7 -18.0

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 168 -3.0 -10.3 -7.5 -10.0 0.3 -9.5

3342 Communications equipment 122 -9.1 -18.8 -10.6 -4.0 5.1 -14.6

3343 Audio and video equipment 24 -3.6 -45.6 -43.6 -18.5 -9.5 -50.2

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 381 -10.5 -17.2 -7.4 -13.8 1.9 -10.5

3345 Electronic instruments 422 1.2 -6.1 -7.2 -7.1 0.2 -9.3

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 29 2.2 -12.5 -14.4 -21.0 -5.5 -11.8

3351 Electric lighting equipment 49 -8.7 -19.8 -12.1 -19.1 1.5 -12.2

3352 Household appliances 60 -2.7 -17.2 -14.9 -18.2 -3.8 -17.0

3353 Electrical equipment 146 -9.1 -19.9 -11.8 -14.4 -1.1 -14.4

3359 Other electrical equipment and components 122 -8.0 -21.1 -14.2 -15.1 -0.2 -16.7

3361 Motor vehicles 147 -6.0 -30.2 -25.8 -27.1 -4.5 -28.7

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 106 -4.4 -30.9 -27.7 -25.6 -3.6 -29.0

3363 Motor vehicle parts 420 -5.7 -25.6 -21.1 -25.2 -6.0 -20.3

3364 Aerospace products and parts 496 -4.1 0.8 5.2 -2.1 1.8 10.0

3365 Railroad rolling stock 23 -8.7 -25.9 -18.8 -27.4 2.9 -18.7

3366 Ship and boat building 132 2.3 -14.3 -16.3 -18.4 4.2 -15.8

3369 Other transportation equipment 40 -15.5 -18.6 -3.7 -3.8 4.6 -5.5

3371 Household and institutional furniture 273 -13.1 -28.3 -17.4 -20.1 -5.0 -17.1

3372 Office furniture and fixtures 108 -15.4 -29.2 -16.3 -18.6 -2.7 -19.8

3379 Other furniture-related products 39 -1.2 -10.5 -9.4 -7.9 -3.4 -11.6

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 321 -3.6 -2.1 1.5 -1.4 3.3 2.0

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 328 -8.6 -16.4 -8.5 -15.8 -1.5 -6.8

Transportation

481 Air Transportation 399 -1.5 -6.5 -5.1 -6.6 -2.6 -5.4

482111 Line-Haul Railroads 172 -8.6 -17.2 -9.4 -13.8 1.7 -13.3

Percent change

Table 1. Industry multifactor productivity and related data, percent change, 2008-2009-Continued
NAICS Industry Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate

code productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases

 Manufacturing

3111 Animal food 0.3 2.2 1.9 -0.8 2.0 2.2

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 0.2 1.5 1.2 -0.9 0.8 1.5

3113 Sugar and confectionery products -0.3 -0.5 -0.2 -1.2 1.0 -0.7

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty -0.1 1.1 1.3 -0.2 1.4 1.5

3115 Dairy products -0.3 1.1 1.4 -0.7 1.8 1.6

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.5 2.2 1.7 1.2 2.6 1.7

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging -0.5 0.3 0.8 -1.2 1.6 1.0

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.3 0.2 1.6 -0.3 1.5 2.4

3119 Other food products 0.3 1.9 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.8

3121 Beverages 0.4 1.3 0.8 -0.9 0.7 1.1

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.9 -4.1 -2.2 -4.5 -2.2 -3.4

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.4 -2.8 -3.2 -6.0 -1.4 -2.6

3132 Fabric mills 1.1 -3.1 -4.1 -7.6 -1.8 -3.2

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills -0.3 -4.4 -4.1 -4.8 -1.7 -4.2

3141 Textile furnishings mills -0.8 -2.9 -2.1 -2.9 -0.7 -2.5

3149 Other textile product mills -0.2 -1.1 -0.9 -2.4 1.4 -0.7

3151 Apparel knitting mills -0.8 -7.8 -7.1 -7.3 -2.4 -8.3

3152 Cut and sew apparel -2.0 -8.7 -6.9 -7.3 -2.3 -8.5

3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.6 -7.3 -5.8 -4.6 -1.6 -6.8

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -0.7 -6.6 -5.9 -6.0 -2.0 -6.8

3162 Footwear 0.3 -6.3 -6.6 -8.2 -3.1 -6.4

3169 Other leather products -0.4 -4.5 -4.1 -5.0 -1.1 -5.2

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.1 -0.6 -0.7 -3.2 -0.5 0.6

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products -0.4 -1.6 -1.2 -2.1 1.2 -0.8

3219 Other wood products -0.9 -1.3 -0.4 -2.0 1.5 0.2

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills -0.3 -0.6 -0.2 -3.3 -0.6 1.0

3222 Converted paper products -0.2 -0.1 0.1 -1.6 1.2 0.3

3231 Printing and related support activities -0.4 -0.6 -0.2 -1.8 1.9 0.3

3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.2 1.0 0.8 -1.5 1.7 0.9

3251 Basic chemicals -1.3 -0.4 1.0 -2.3 1.2 1.6

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers -0.1 -0.4 -0.3 -2.1 1.2 -0.2

3253 Agricultural chemicals 0.8 0.8 0.0 -2.0 -0.4 0.6

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.7 2.5 4.3 2.1 5.0 4.5

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.8 -1.2 0.6 -1.8 0.8 1.2

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries -0.3 1.8 2.1 -1.0 2.4 2.6

3259 Other chemical products and preparations -1.1 -0.4 0.7 -2.5 0.8 1.8

3261 Plastics products 0.0 1.1 1.1 -0.7 2.9 1.3

3262 Rubber products 0.5 -0.4 -0.8 -2.4 0.2 -0.1

3271 Clay products and refractories -0.8 -2.5 -1.7 -3.0 -0.6 -1.0

3272 Glass and glass products 0.5 -0.2 -0.7 -2.2 0.3 -0.1

3273 Cement and concrete products -0.9 -0.5 0.4 -0.4 1.1 0.6

3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.9 -1.1 -0.2 -1.8 1.1 -0.3

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 0.4 0.5 0.1 -0.8 0.3 0.5

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 0.6 0.4 -0.2 -3.3 -1.7 1.5

3312 Steel products from purchased steel -1.0 -3.2 -2.2 -1.6 -1.7 -2.3

3313 Alumina and aluminum production -0.1 -1.2 -1.1 -3.2 -0.4 -0.4

3314 Other nonferrous metal production -1.3 -2.1 -0.9 -2.8 -0.1 -0.7

3315 Foundries -0.3 -1.3 -1.0 -3.2 0.0 0.6

Percent change

Table 2. Industry multifactor productivity and related data, average annual compound rates of change, 1987-2009
NAICS Industry Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate

code productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases

3321 Forging and stamping 0.1 0.3 0.2 -2.1 1.7 1.1

3322 Cutlery and hand tools -1.1 -1.9 -0.8 -2.6 0.1 0.2

3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.8 0.5 1.3 -0.1 1.4 2.1

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -1.1 -0.1 0.2

3325 Hardware -1.5 -4.0 -2.5 -4.4 -0.4 -2.0

3326 Spring and wire products 0.1 -0.5 -0.6 -2.8 1.0 0.2

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 0.4 1.8 1.4 0.0 2.6 2.4

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 0.5 1.7 1.3 -0.8 2.1 2.2

3329 Other fabricated metal products -0.5 -0.2 0.3 -1.5 0.7 1.3

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.3 2.2 1.9 -0.1 0.8 2.7

3332 Industrial machinery 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -1.9 2.2 0.7

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.7 -0.9 -0.2 -2.1 0.6 0.8

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.2 0.7 0.5 -1.3 1.7 0.9

3335 Metalworking machinery 0.3 -1.1 -1.4 -2.6 1.1 -0.5

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.8 0.4 1.2 -0.9 1.4 2.0

3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.1 0.8 0.7 -1.6 0.9 1.8

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 16.2 18.3 1.7 -4.1 1.2 3.2

3342 Communications equipment 1.3 2.5 1.1 -2.8 3.2 2.9

3343 Audio and video equipment 1.4 -2.5 -3.8 -4.2 0.3 -4.3

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 12.8 13.6 0.7 -2.0 6.5 -1.3

3345 Electronic instruments 0.2 1.7 1.5 -2.1 1.2 4.2

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.6 1.0 -2.5 -1.4 1.5 -3.3

3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 -2.6 0.5 -0.1

3352 Household appliances 1.4 -0.1 -1.4 -3.7 -0.3 -1.0

3353 Electrical equipment -0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -2.7 -0.5 1.4

3359 Other electrical equipment and components -0.4 -0.9 -0.4 -2.4 0.5 0.1

3361 Motor vehicles 0.1 -0.6 -0.6 -3.5 1.0 -0.6

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.6 -0.6 0.0 -1.4 1.8 0.3

3363 Motor vehicle parts 0.6 0.6 0.0 -2.1 1.3 0.7

3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.9 -0.2 0.7 -2.2 0.6 2.6

3365 Railroad rolling stock 0.6 4.2 3.6 -0.8 0.4 5.4

3366 Ship and boat building -0.3 0.6 0.9 -1.7 0.5 2.5

3369 Other transportation equipment 1.4 6.4 5.0 0.2 4.5 6.3

3371 Household and institutional furniture -0.6 -1.2 -0.7 -2.4 0.8 0.1

3372 Office furniture and fixtures -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 -1.8 1.2 0.1

3379 Other furniture-related products 0.6 1.1 0.5 -0.9 0.2 1.0

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.5 4.6 3.1 1.2 5.0 3.2

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.1 0.4 0.3 -1.7 1.5 0.9

Transportation

481 Air Transportation 0.9 2.7 1.7 -0.1 4.2 2.3

482111 Line-Haul Railroads 1.9 1.4 -0.4 -2.4 -0.2 1.5

Percent change 

Table 2. Industry multifactor productivity and related data, average annual compound rates of change, 1987-2009-Continued
NAICS Industry 1987-2009 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2009 2008-2009

code

 Manufacturing

3111 Animal food 0.3 0.6 0.3 -0.7 1.7 -2.5 -3.4

3112 Grain and oilseed milling 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.4 -0.1 0.7 4.5

3113 Sugar and confectionery products -0.3 -0.4 0.4 1.9 0.1 -7.9 -7.0

3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty -0.1 -2.6 1.3 1.0 1.0 -6.3 -9.1

3115 Dairy products -0.3 -0.3 -0.6 -0.7 0.4 -0.7 0.9

3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.5 -0.9 0.9 1.3 1.2 -2.8 -2.1

3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging -0.5 -1.2 0.0 -0.4 1.5 -7.2 -1.1

3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.3 -4.4 0.3 -0.7 -0.2 -6.4 -7.0

3119 Other food products 0.3 -0.1 0.7 -0.1 1.4 -2.5 -5.3

3121 Beverages 0.4 0.3 1.0 -1.0 2.5 -3.8 -5.2

3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.9 -1.1 -0.7 0.6 -1.2 -13.9 -19.6

3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.4 0.1 0.3 -0.1 2.0 -3.0 -3.6

3132 Fabric mills 1.1 -0.1 1.3 -0.1 2.7 -0.4 -0.1

3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 1.1 0.4 -6.8 -3.8

3141 Textile furnishings mills -0.8 -0.6 1.2 -1.0 0.3 -9.0 -15.3

3149 Other textile product mills -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 0.4 1.3 -6.6 -11.3

3151 Apparel knitting mills -0.8 0.8 2.0 -2.6 -2.3 -0.2 -1.8

3152 Cut and sew apparel -2.0 -1.4 0.5 -1.7 -2.4 -8.7 -6.8

3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.6 0.9 0.5 -4.7 -2.6 1.5 4.1

3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing -0.7 -3.2 -2.1 3.6 -2.4 1.8 -2.2

3162 Footwear 0.3 -1.9 0.2 -0.8 1.4 2.6 -7.7

3169 Other leather products -0.4 0.0 -2.3 1.7 2.7 -11.1 -14.0

3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.1 1.6 -1.4 -2.0 0.9 4.2 4.7

3212 Plywood and engineered wood products -0.4 -0.6 -0.4 -0.8 0.4 -2.1 -4.0

3219 Other wood products -0.9 -0.8 -1.0 -0.7 0.0 -4.2 -7.2

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills -0.3 -1.6 -1.1 -0.3 1.4 -2.6 -2.7

3222 Converted paper products -0.2 -0.5 -0.2 -0.3 0.8 -2.6 -2.5

3231 Printing and related support activities -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -1.3 0.4 -1.6 -4.6

3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.2 -1.9 2.2 2.0 -1.1 -1.5 -2.5

3251 Basic chemicals -1.3 -1.0 -3.3 -1.2 1.8 -7.5 -5.4

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers -0.1 -0.9 1.0 -0.9 0.6 -1.6 2.9

3253 Agricultural chemicals 0.8 2.1 1.0 -1.3 2.1 -0.7 11.6

3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.7 -1.9 -2.5 -2.2 -0.1 -4.0 -5.7

3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.8 -2.1 -0.8 -2.1 -0.9 -5.9 -10.8

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries -0.3 -1.5 0.1 -2.0 3.1 -6.9 -5.7

3259 Other chemical products and preparations -1.1 -1.7 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 0.4 -2.8

3261 Plastics products 0.0 -0.8 1.0 0.5 0.4 -4.2 -3.9

3262 Rubber products 0.5 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.1 -2.5 -1.0

3271 Clay products and refractories -0.8 0.7 1.1 0.9 -2.0 -7.7 -13.0

3272 Glass and glass products 0.5 -0.2 1.7 1.9 -1.1 0.4 -5.5

3273 Cement and concrete products -0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 -0.8 -8.8 -11.3

3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.9 -1.4 -2.5 0.7 0.0 -3.3 -12.4

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 0.4 -1.4 2.0 -0.4 1.9 -3.4 -10.8

3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 0.6 1.3 2.0 1.9 -0.7 -2.2 -2.8

3312 Steel products from purchased steel -1.0 1.1 2.3 -0.1 -2.9 -7.7 -9.4

3313 Alumina and aluminum production -0.1 -0.2 -0.7 -0.2 -0.4 3.1 6.0

3314 Other nonferrous metal production -1.3 -1.6 1.5 0.1 -5.3 3.5 0.3

3315 Foundries -0.3 -0.2 1.5 0.1 -1.1 -3.3 0.2

Percent change

Table 3. Industry multifactor productivity, average annual compound rates of change, 1987-2009 and selected subperiods
NAICS Industry 1987-2009 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2009 2008-2009

code

3321 Forging and stamping 0.1 -0.6 0.9 0.9 1.8 -8.3 -16.9

3322 Cutlery and hand tools -1.1 -1.4 0.9 -0.4 -0.8 -7.6 -13.2

3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.8 -1.2 0.8 -0.6 0.1 -7.3 -12.2

3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers -0.4 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.1 -8.5 -17.1

3325 Hardware -1.5 -2.2 0.6 -0.1 -2.2 -6.6 -12.4

3326 Spring and wire products 0.1 0.4 1.5 0.5 0.7 -6.7 -15.0

3327 Machine shops and threaded products 0.4 1.0 3.2 0.1 0.5 -7.4 -15.2

3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 0.5 0.8 2.0 -0.6 2.3 -7.0 -16.9

3329 Other fabricated metal products -0.5 -1.8 0.2 -0.8 1.0 -5.0 -13.1

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.3 2.6 -0.2 -1.1 2.0 -4.4 -10.1

3332 Industrial machinery 0.0 0.2 1.5 -0.5 0.6 -4.7 -4.8

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.7 0.9 -0.9 -1.7 -0.9 0.6 -2.2

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.2 -0.2 0.6 0.6 0.9 -2.9 -7.6

3335 Metalworking machinery 0.3 0.1 1.2 -0.8 1.9 -4.0 -10.1

3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.8 -0.5 -0.2 0.8 -0.9 -5.9 -12.3

3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.1 0.5 -0.1 -0.2 1.4 -3.5 -6.7

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 16.2 5.4 11.8 21.7 21.4 13.5 -3.0

3342 Communications equipment 1.3 3.7 3.6 1.3 2.6 -11.1 -9.1

3343 Audio and video equipment 1.4 3.7 1.8 0.2 3.6 -7.7 -3.6

3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 12.8 7.2 18.1 22.7 9.4 -2.2 -10.5

3345 Electronic instruments 0.2 1.6 -0.3 -4.3 3.3 0.2 1.2

3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.6 1.2 5.8 -1.1 5.2 8.4 2.2

3351 Electric lighting equipment 0.0 -1.8 0.1 0.2 1.4 -3.2 -8.7

3352 Household appliances 1.4 -0.1 2.4 0.9 2.6 -2.1 -2.7

3353 Electrical equipment -0.3 0.4 1.6 -2.4 0.9 -4.5 -9.1

3359 Other electrical equipment and components -0.4 -1.8 0.9 0.3 -0.5 -3.5 -8.0

3361 Motor vehicles 0.1 0.2 -1.5 0.3 2.7 -5.7 -6.0

3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.6 -3.0 2.0 -2.0 0.5 -3.6 -4.4

3363 Motor vehicle parts 0.6 -0.8 1.9 -0.3 1.6 -1.5 -5.7

3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.9 -2.8 -1.7 -0.6 0.0 0.1 -4.1

3365 Railroad rolling stock 0.6 2.2 -1.4 4.0 -1.6 2.6 -8.7

3366 Ship and boat building -0.3 -0.2 -2.1 -0.4 0.0 2.6 2.3

3369 Other transportation equipment 1.4 -1.8 4.1 -1.0 4.1 -3.6 -15.5

3371 Household and institutional furniture -0.6 -0.5 0.7 -0.5 0.3 -6.5 -13.1

3372 Office furniture and fixtures -0.4 -2.6 0.2 1.9 0.8 -8.1 -15.4

3379 Other furniture-related products 0.6 0.1 0.6 -0.2 2.1 -2.4 -1.2

3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.5 2.8 0.2 2.2 1.9 -0.2 -3.6

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.1 1.3 0.6 -0.1 0.9 -4.8 -8.6

Transportation

481 Air Transportation 0.9 -1.5 0.7 0.4 3.0 -0.6 -1.5

482111 Line-Haul Railroads 1.9 4.4 4.1 1.1 1.1 -2.8 -8.6

Percent change

Table 3. Industry multifactor productivity, average annual compound rates of change, 1987-2009 and selected subperiods -Continued