For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, May 18, 2023 USDL-23-1013

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

FOREIGN-BORN WORKERS: LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS — 2022

The unemployment rate for foreign-born persons in the United States was 3.4 percent in 2022, 

down from 5.6 percent in 2021, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The jobless 

rate of native-born persons declined to 3.7 percent in 2022 from 5.3 percent in 2021. Both 

measures are down considerably from their highs in 2020. However, the jobless rate for the 

foreign born remains above its level of 3.1 percent prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) 

pandemic in 2019, while the rate for the native born is little changed from its pre-pandemic level 

of 3.8 percent.

Data on nativity are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample 

survey of approximately 60,000 households. The foreign born are persons who reside in the 

United States but who were not U.S. citizens at birth. Specifically, they were born outside the 

United States (or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam), and neither parent was 

a U.S. citizen. The foreign born include legally-admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary 

residents such as students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. However, the 

survey does not separately identify persons in these categories. For further information about the 

survey, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Highlights from the 2022 data:

• In 2022, the foreign born accounted for 18.1 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force, up from 

17.4 percent in 2021. (See table 1.)

• From 2021 to 2022, the unemployment rate of the foreign born declined from 5.6 percent to 

3.4 percent, and the jobless rate for the native born decreased from 5.3 percent to 3.7 percent.

(See table 1.)

• Hispanics continued to account for nearly one-half of the foreign-born labor force in 2022, 

and Asians accounted for one-quarter. (See table 1.) (Data in this news release for persons

who are White, Black, or Asian do not include those of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Data on 

persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are presented separately.)

• Foreign-born men continued to participate in the labor force at a considerably higher rate in 

2022 (77.4 percent) than their native-born counterparts (66.0 percent). By contrast, 55.0
-2-

percent of foreign-born women were labor force participants, lower than the participation 

rate of 57.2 percent for native-born women. (See table 1.)

• In 2022, foreign-born workers were more likely than native-born workers to be employed in 

service occupations; natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations; and 

production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Foreign-born workers were less 

likely than native-born workers to be employed in management, professional, and related 

occupations and in sales and office occupations. (See table 4.)

• The median usual weekly earnings of foreign-born full-time wage and salary workers were 

$945 in 2022, compared with $1,087 for their native-born counterparts. (See table 5.) 

(Differences in earnings reflect a variety of factors, including variations in the distributions 

of foreign-born and native-born workers by educational attainment, occupation, industry, and 

geographic region.) 

Demographic Characteristics

The demographic composition of the foreign-born labor force differs from that of the native-born 

labor force. In 2022, men accounted for 57.2 percent of the foreign-born labor force, compared 

with 52.3 percent of the native-born labor force. By age, the proportion of the foreign-born labor 

force made up of 25- to 54-year-olds (71.1 percent) was higher than for the native-born labor 

force (62.2 percent). Labor force participation is typically highest among persons in that age 

bracket. (See table 1.)

In 2022, nearly one-half (47.6 percent) of the foreign-born labor force was Hispanic, and onequarter (24.7 percent) was Asian. Hispanics and Asians made up much lower percentages of the 

native-born labor force, at 12.2 percent and 2.4 percent, respectively. About 16.0 percent of the 

foreign-born labor force was White and 10.4 percent was Black, compared with 69.9 percent and 

12.4 percent, respectively, of the native-born labor force.

In terms of educational attainment, the proportion of the foreign-born labor force age 25 and over 

that had not completed high school was 18.3 percent in 2022, much higher than the figure for the 

native-born labor force, at 3.4 percent. The foreign born were less likely than the native born to 

have some college or an associate degree—15.5 percent versus 27.2 percent. The proportions of 

foreign-born and native-born high school graduates (25.5 percent versus 25.0 percent) and those 

with a bachelor's degree or higher (40.7 percent versus 44.5 percent) were more similar.

Labor Force

In 2022, the foreign born accounted for 18.1 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force, up from 

17.4 percent in 2021. In 2022, the labor force participation rate of the foreign born increased to

65.9 percent. The rate for foreign-born men changed little at 77.4 percent, while the rate for

foreign-born women increased to 55.0 percent. The labor force participation rate of the native 

born changed little at 61.5 percent. The rate for native-born men was little changed at 66.0 

percent, while the rate for native-born women increased to 57.2 percent. (See table 1.)
-3-

Labor force participation rates for the foreign born varied across the major race and ethnicity 

groups in 2022, ranging from 60.2 percent for foreign-born Whites to 72.7 percent for foreignborn Blacks. Participation rates for the native born showed less variation across major race and 

ethnicity groups, ranging from 60.5 percent for native-born Blacks to 65.4 percent for nativeborn Hispanics.

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, the labor force participation rate of foreign-born 

Blacks and Hispanics increased to 72.7 percent and 67.3 percent, respectively, from 2021 to 

2022. The rates for foreign-born Whites and Asians showed little or no change over the year. 

Among the native born, the participation rate of Blacks and Asians increased to 60.5 percent and 

to 63.9 percent, respectively. The rate for native-born Hispanics changed little from 2021 to 

2022. After adjusting for population controls, the participation rate for native-born Whites 

declined from 2021 to 2022.

In 2022, foreign-born mothers with children under age 18 were less likely to be labor force 

participants than native-born mothers—63.0 percent versus 76.0 percent. Labor force 

participation differences between foreign-born and native-born mothers were greater among 

those with younger children than among those with older children. Among women with children 

under age 3, the participation rate for foreign-born mothers was 52.7 percent, 16.2 percentage 

points below that for native-born mothers, at 68.9 percent. By comparison, the labor force 

participation rate of foreign-born mothers with children ages 6 to 17 (68.2 percent) was 11.3

percentage points lower than that for native-born mothers with children ages 6 to 17 (79.5

percent). The labor force participation rates of foreign-born and native-born fathers with children 

under age 18 were more similar, at 93.4 percent and 92.7 percent, respectively. (See table 2.)

By region, the foreign born made up a larger share of the labor force in the West

(23.5 percent) and in the Northeast (21.6 percent) in 2022 than for the nation as a whole (18.1

percent). The foreign born made up a smaller share of the labor force than for the nation as a 

whole in the South (17.5 percent) and the Midwest (10.2 percent). (See table 6.) 

Employment

In 2022, the employment population ratio of the foreign born increased to 63.6 percent. The rates 

for foreign-born men and women increased to 74.9 percent and 53.0 percent, respectively. The 

employment population ratio of the native born rose to 59.2 percent. The population ratios for 

native-born men and women increased to 63.5 percent and 55.1 percent, respectively. (See table 

1.) 

Unemployment

The unemployment rate of the foreign born declined from 5.6 percent to 3.4 percent from 2021

to 2022, and the jobless rate for the native born decreased from 5.3 percent to 3.7 percent. The 

jobless rate for the foreign born remained higher than its 2019 level (3.1 percent), prior to the 

coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, while the rate for the native born was little changed from its 

pre-pandemic level (3.8 percent). The over-the-year declines in the unemployment rates of the 

foreign born and the native born reflected declines in the rates for both men and women. In 2022, 
-4-

the unemployment rates for foreign-born men and women fell by 1.8 percentage points and 2.5

percentage points to 3.3 percent and 3.6 percent, respectively. The unemployment rates for 

native-born men and women fell by 1.7 percentage points and 1.4 percentage points to 3.8

percent and 3.6 percent, respectively. (See table 1.)

For both the foreign born and the native born, jobless rates vary considerably by race and 

ethnicity. Among the foreign born, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate in 2022 (4.8

percent), followed by Hispanics (3.7 percent), Whites (3.4 percent), and Asians (2.4 percent). 

Among the native born, jobless rates were highest for Blacks (6.4 percent), followed by 

Hispanics (4.8 percent), Asians (3.6 percent), and Whites (2.9 percent).

Occupation

In 2022, foreign-born workers continued to be more likely than native-born workers to be 

employed in service occupations (21.6 percent versus 14.8 percent); natural resources, 

construction, and maintenance occupations (13.9 percent versus 7.9 percent); and production, 

transportation, and material moving occupations (15.2 percent versus 12.1 percent). Foreign-born 

workers were less likely than native-born workers to be employed in management, professional, 

and related occupations (35.7 percent versus 44.7 percent) and in sales and office occupations 

(13.6 percent versus 20.5 percent). (See table 4.)

Among employed men, the disparity was especially great in natural resources, construction, and 

maintenance occupations—22.6 percent of the foreign born worked in this occupational field in 

2022, versus 14.4 percent of the native born. The occupational disparity for women was 

pronounced in service occupations—30.0 percent of the foreign born worked in that occupation 

group, compared with 17.5 percent of the native born. By contrast, employed native-born men 

and women were more likely than their foreign-born counterparts to work in management, 

professional, and related occupations and in sales and office occupations.

Earnings

In 2022, median usual weekly earnings of foreign-born full-time wage and salary workers ($945) 

were 86.9 percent of the earnings of their native-born counterparts ($1,087). Among men, 

median weekly earnings for the foreign born ($1,000) were 84.4 percent of the earnings of the 

native born ($1,185). Median earnings for foreign-born women ($861) were 88.3 percent of the 

earnings of native-born women ($975). (See table 5.) Differences in earnings reflect a variety of 

factors, including variations in the distributions of foreign-born and native-born workers by 

educational attainment, occupation, industry, and geographic region. 

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanic foreign-born full-time wage and salary 

workers earned 83.3 percent as much as their native-born counterparts in 2022. For Black and 

Asian workers, earnings for the foreign born were slightly higher than for their native-born 

counterparts (by 8.3 percent and 2.6 percent, respectively), while White foreign-born workers 

earned 13.4 percent more than their native-born counterparts. 
-5-

The earnings of both foreign-born and native-born workers increase with education. In 2022, 

foreign-born workers age 25 and over with less than a high school diploma earned $663 per 

week, while those with a bachelor's degree and higher earned 2.4 times as much—$1,581 per 

week. Among the native born, those with a bachelor's degree and higher earned 2.2 times as 

much as those with less than a high school diploma—$1,537 per week versus $708 per week.

Native-born workers earn more than the foreign born at most educational attainment levels. For 

example, among high school graduates (no college), full-time workers who were foreign born 

($767) earned 87.3 percent as much as their native-born counterparts ($879) in 2022. However, 

among those with a bachelor's degree and higher, the earnings of foreign-born workers ($1,581) 

were slightly higher than the earnings of native-born workers ($1,537).
Technical Note

The estimates in this release are based on annual 

average data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The 

CPS, which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is a monthly survey of 

about 60,000 eligible households that provides information 

on the labor force status, demographics, and other 

characteristics of the nation's civilian noninstitutional 

population age 16 and over. In response to the increased 

demand for statistical information about the foreign born, 

questions on nativity, citizenship, year of entry into the 

United States, and the parental nativity of respondents were 

added to the CPS beginning in January 1994. Prior to 1994, 

the primary sources of data on the foreign born were the 

decennial census, two CPS supplements (conducted in April 

1983 and November 1989), and, to some extent, information 

collected by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 

(formerly known as the Immigration and Naturalization 

Service). 

The foreign- and native-born data presented in this 

release are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years 

due to the introduction of updated population estimates, or 

controls, used in the CPS. The population controls are 

updated each year in January to reflect the latest information 

about population change. Additional information is available 

from the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.

Reliability of the estimates 

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values they 

represent. The component of this difference that occurs 

because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, 

and its variability is measured by the standard error of the 

estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of 

confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by 

no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population 

value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the 

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to 

obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability 

or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct 

information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of the data. 

Additional information about the reliability of data from 

the CPS and estimating standard errors is available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability. 

Definitions 

Definitions of the principal terms used in this release are 

presented below. 

Foreign born. The foreign born are persons residing in 

the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. 

Specifically, they were born outside the United States (or one 

of its outlying areas such as Guam or Puerto Rico), and 

neither parent was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born 

population includes legally-admitted immigrants, refugees, 

temporary residents such as students and temporary workers, 

and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do 

not separately identify the number of persons in these 

categories. 

Native born. The native born are persons born in the 

United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico 

or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who 

was a U.S. citizen. 

Race and ethnicity groups. In this release, the data are 

presented for non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks, and Asians and 

for persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. These four groups 

are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive. Other race groups 

(including persons who selected more than one race category) 

are included in the overall totals but are not shown separately 

because the number of survey respondents is too small to 

develop statistically reliable estimates. The presentation of 

data on race and ethnicity in this release differs from that 

which appears in most analyses of CPS labor force data 

because persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are separated 

from the race groups. Because persons of Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity can be of any race, they are usually included in the 

race groups as well as shown separately in the Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity group. The reason for the difference in the 

data presentation in this release is because about half of the 

foreign born are of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity and they have 

somewhat different labor force characteristics than the nonHispanic foreign born. 

Employed. Employed persons are all those who, during 

the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all as paid 

employees; (b) worked in their own business, profession, or 

on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid 

workers in a family member's business. Persons who were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor dispute, or another reason also are 

counted as employed. 
Unemployed. The unemployed are those who had no 

employment during the reference week, were available for 

work at that time, and had made specific efforts to find 

employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with 

the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled 

to a job from which they had been laid off need not be looking 

for work to be classified as unemployed. 

Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises 

all persons classified as employed or unemployed. 

Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the 

number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. 

Labor force participation rate. The labor force 

participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the 

population. 

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before 

taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the 

case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis 

other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. 

Full-time wage and salary workers. These are workers 

who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or 

principal job and receive wages, salaries, and other types of 

compensation. The group includes employees in both the 

private and public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings

series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of 

whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 

Median earnings. The median earnings is the amount 

which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal 

groups, one having earnings above the median and the other 

having earnings below the median. 
Table 1. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations by selected characteristics,

2021-2022 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2021 2022

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Total Participation rate

Employed

Unemployed

Total Participation rate

Employed

Unemployed

Number

Unemployment

rate

Number

Unemployment

rate

TOTAL

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,445 161,204 61.7 152,581 8,623 5.3 263,973 164,287 62.2 158,291 5,996 3.6

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,487 85,505 67.6 80,829 4,676 5.5 128,617 87,421 68.0 84,203 3,218 3.7

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,958 75,699 56.1 71,752 3,948 5.2 135,356 76,866 56.8 74,089 2,778 3.6

FOREIGN BORN

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,226 27,987 64.7 26,431 1,556 5.6 45,150 29,755 65.9 28,737 1,017 3.4

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,922 16,069 76.8 15,245 823 5.1 21,998 17,031 77.4 16,475 556 3.3

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,304 11,918 53.4 11,186 733 6.1 23,152 12,724 55.0 12,262 462 3.6

Age

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,174 1,683 53.0 1,521 161 9.6 3,409 1,846 54.2 1,691 155 8.4

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,987 5,397 77.2 5,099 298 5.5 7,255 5,671 78.2 5,484 187 3.3

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,419 7,472 79.3 7,118 354 4.7 9,898 7,918 80.0 7,678 240 3.0

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,949 7,125 79.6 6,762 363 5.1 9,353 7,570 80.9 7,358 212 2.8

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,020 4,798 68.3 4,505 292 6.1 7,338 5,128 69.9 4,963 166 3.2

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,678 1,512 19.7 1,425 87 5.8 7,897 1,621 20.5 1,564 58 3.6

Race and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity1

White non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,555 4,545 60.2 4,310 234 5.2 7,915 4,768 60.2 4,608 160 3.4

Black non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000 2,777 69.4 2,579 198 7.1 4,245 3,086 72.7 2,939 147 4.8

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,915 6,994 64.1 6,651 344 4.9 11,354 7,345 64.7 7,168 178 2.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,170 13,308 66.0 12,545 763 5.7 21,048 14,168 67.3 13,650 519 3.7

Educational attainment

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,052 26,304 65.7 24,909 1,395 5.3 41,741 27,908 66.9 27,047 862 3.1

Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . 8,972 5,037 56.1 4,708 330 6.5 9,076 5,100 56.2 4,878 222 4.4

High school graduates, no college2

. . . . . . . 10,497 6,530 62.2 6,115 414 6.3 10,990 7,109 64.7 6,874 235 3.3

Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . 6,129 4,071 66.4 3,849 222 5.4 6,391 4,328 67.7 4,189 139 3.2

Bachelor’s degree and higher3

. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,455 10,666 73.8 10,237 429 4.0 15,284 11,371 74.4 11,105 266 2.3

NATIVE BORN

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218,219 133,217 61.0 126,150 7,067 5.3 218,823 134,533 61.5 129,554 4,979 3.7

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,565 69,436 65.8 65,584 3,852 5.5 106,619 70,390 66.0 67,727 2,663 3.8

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,654 63,781 56.6 60,566 3,215 5.0 112,204 64,143 57.2 61,827 2,316 3.6

Age

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,088 19,005 55.8 17,153 1,851 9.7 34,548 19,246 55.7 17,687 1,559 8.1

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,764 31,273 82.8 29,479 1,794 5.7 36,913 31,054 84.1 29,816 1,238 4.0

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,423 26,848 82.8 25,616 1,232 4.6 33,101 27,753 83.8 26,946 806 2.9

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,566 24,752 81.0 23,792 960 3.9 30,641 24,871 81.2 24,295 576 2.3

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,865 22,252 63.8 21,407 845 3.8 34,807 22,332 64.2 21,798 534 2.4

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,513 9,088 18.7 8,703 385 4.2 48,813 9,276 19.0 9,011 266 2.9

Race and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity1

White non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154,513 93,561 60.6 89,674 3,886 4.2 154,438 94,061 60.9 91,292 2,769 2.9

Black non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,576 16,390 59.4 14,939 1,451 8.9 27,612 16,698 60.5 15,636 1,062 6.4

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,047 3,159 62.6 2,993 166 5.2 5,019 3,207 63.9 3,091 116 3.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,733 16,115 65.2 14,884 1,232 7.6 25,123 16,433 65.4 15,650 783 4.8

Educational attainment

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,131 114,213 62.0 108,997 5,216 4.6 184,275 115,286 62.6 111,866 3,420 3.0

Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . 11,031 3,970 36.0 3,556 414 10.4 10,713 3,888 36.3 3,620 268 6.9

High school graduates, no college2

. . . . . . . 52,736 28,465 54.0 26,706 1,759 6.2 52,717 28,810 54.6 27,623 1,186 4.1

Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . 50,526 31,617 62.6 30,006 1,611 5.1 50,149 31,316 62.4 30,334 982 3.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher3

. . . . . . . . . . . . 69,838 50,162 71.8 48,729 1,432 2.9 70,697 51,273 72.5 50,289 984 1.9

1 Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.

2

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

3

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by presence

and age of youngest child and sex, 2021-2022 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2021 2022

Total Men Women Total Men Women

FOREIGN BORN

With own children under 18

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 14,986 7,039 7,948 15,547 7,295 8,251

Civilian labor force.................................................. 11,349 6,574 4,775 12,011 6,816 5,196

Participation rate.................................................. 75.7 93.4 60.1 77.3 93.4 63.0

Employed.......................................................... 10,800 6,306 4,494 11,662 6,651 5,012

Employment-population ratio................................. 72.1 89.6 56.5 75.0 91.2 60.7

Unemployed....................................................... 549 268 281 349 165 184

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.8 4.1 5.9 2.9 2.4 3.5

With own children 6 to 17, none younger

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 8,850 4,101 4,749 9,210 4,250 4,960

Civilian labor force.................................................. 6,940 3,809 3,131 7,313 3,933 3,381

Participation rate.................................................. 78.4 92.9 65.9 79.4 92.5 68.2

Employed.......................................................... 6,621 3,660 2,961 7,103 3,836 3,267

Employment-population ratio................................. 74.8 89.3 62.3 77.1 90.2 65.9

Unemployed....................................................... 318 149 169 210 97 113

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.6 3.9 5.4 2.9 2.5 3.4

With own children under 6

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 6,136 2,938 3,198 6,337 3,045 3,291

Civilian labor force.................................................. 4,409 2,765 1,644 4,698 2,883 1,815

Participation rate.................................................. 71.9 94.1 51.4 74.1 94.7 55.1

Employed.......................................................... 4,179 2,646 1,533 4,559 2,815 1,744

Employment-population ratio................................. 68.1 90.1 47.9 72.0 92.4 53.0

Unemployed....................................................... 230 119 111 139 68 70

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.2 4.3 6.8 3.0 2.4 3.9

With own children under 3

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 3,216 1,559 1,656 3,298 1,596 1,703

Civilian labor force.................................................. 2,260 1,459 802 2,412 1,514 897

Participation rate.................................................. 70.3 93.6 48.4 73.1 94.9 52.7

Employed.......................................................... 2,137 1,394 742 2,336 1,473 864

Employment-population ratio................................. 66.4 89.4 44.8 70.8 92.3 50.7

Unemployed....................................................... 124 65 59 75 42 34

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.5 4.4 7.4 3.1 2.7 3.7

With no own children under 18

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 28,240 13,883 14,357 29,603 14,703 14,901

Civilian labor force.................................................. 16,638 9,494 7,143 17,743 10,215 7,528

Participation rate.................................................. 58.9 68.4 49.8 59.9 69.5 50.5

Employed.......................................................... 15,631 8,939 6,692 17,075 9,825 7,250

Employment-population ratio................................. 55.3 64.4 46.6 57.7 66.8 48.7

Unemployed....................................................... 1,007 555 452 668 390 278

Unemployment rate............................................ 6.1 5.8 6.3 3.8 3.8 3.7

NATIVE BORN

With own children under 18

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 47,272 20,951 26,321 47,482 21,128 26,354

Civilian labor force.................................................. 38,959 19,327 19,632 39,624 19,596 20,028

Participation rate.................................................. 82.4 92.2 74.6 83.5 92.7 76.0

Employed.......................................................... 37,291 18,606 18,685 38,551 19,193 19,358

Employment-population ratio................................. 78.9 88.8 71.0 81.2 90.8 73.5

Unemployed....................................................... 1,668 721 947 1,073 403 670

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.3 3.7 4.8 2.7 2.1 3.3

With own children 6 to 17, none younger

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 26,277 11,543 14,733 26,646 11,879 14,768

Civilian labor force.................................................. 22,079 10,500 11,579 22,622 10,877 11,744

Participation rate.................................................. 84.0 91.0 78.6 84.9 91.6 79.5

Employed.......................................................... 21,201 10,131 11,071 22,064 10,662 11,402

Employment-population ratio................................. 80.7 87.8 75.1 82.8 89.8 77.2
Table 2. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by presence

and age of youngest child and sex, 2021-2022 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2021 2022

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Unemployed....................................................... 878 370 508 558 215 343

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.0 3.5 4.4 2.5 2.0 2.9

With own children under 6

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 20,995 9,408 11,587 20,836 9,250 11,586

Civilian labor force.................................................. 16,879 8,827 8,053 17,002 8,719 8,284

Participation rate.................................................. 80.4 93.8 69.5 81.6 94.3 71.5

Employed.......................................................... 16,090 8,475 7,614 16,487 8,531 7,956

Employment-population ratio................................. 76.6 90.1 65.7 79.1 92.2 68.7

Unemployed....................................................... 790 351 438 516 188 328

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.7 4.0 5.4 3.0 2.2 4.0

With own children under 3

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 11,949 5,381 6,568 11,893 5,340 6,554

Civilian labor force.................................................. 9,437 5,052 4,385 9,565 5,050 4,515

Participation rate.................................................. 79.0 93.9 66.8 80.4 94.6 68.9

Employed.......................................................... 8,996 4,856 4,141 9,268 4,939 4,329

Employment-population ratio................................. 75.3 90.2 63.0 77.9 92.5 66.1

Unemployed....................................................... 441 197 244 298 111 186

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.7 3.9 5.6 3.1 2.2 4.1

With no own children under 18

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 170,947 84,614 86,333 171,342 85,491 85,850

Civilian labor force.................................................. 94,258 50,109 44,149 94,909 50,794 44,115

Participation rate.................................................. 55.1 59.2 51.1 55.4 59.4 51.4

Employed.......................................................... 88,859 46,978 41,881 91,003 48,534 42,469

Employment-population ratio................................. 52.0 55.5 48.5 53.1 56.8 49.5

Unemployed....................................................... 5,399 3,131 2,268 3,906 2,260 1,646

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.7 6.2 5.1 4.1 4.4 3.7

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 25 years and over by educational

attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021-2022 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2021 2022

Less than

a high

school

diploma

High

school

graduates,

no

college1

Some

college or

associate

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

and

higher2

Less than

a high

school

diploma

High

school

graduates,

no

college1

Some

college or

associate

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

and

higher2

FOREIGN BORN

White non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 494 1,663 1,321 3,589 549 1,678 1,375 3,807

Civilian labor force..................................... 174 795 763 2,571 209 840 803 2,670

Participation rate.................................... 35.2 47.8 57.8 71.6 38.0 50.1 58.4 70.1

Employed............................................. 162 747 724 2,464 197 811 779 2,600

Employment-population ratio.................... 32.8 44.9 54.8 68.7 35.9 48.3 56.6 68.3

Unemployed.......................................... 12 48 39 106 11 29 24 70

Unemployment rate.............................. 6.6 6.0 5.2 4.1 5.5 3.5 3.0 2.6

Black non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 376 1,034 825 1,415 376 1,055 900 1,503

Civilian labor force..................................... 185 684 596 1,135 206 734 674 1,266

Participation rate.................................... 49.2 66.2 72.3 80.2 54.8 69.6 74.9 84.3

Employed............................................. 169 625 558 1,073 192 698 639 1,234

Employment-population ratio.................... 44.9 60.5 67.7 75.8 51.2 66.1 71.0 82.1

Unemployed.......................................... 16 59 38 62 13 36 35 33

Unemployment rate.............................. 8.7 8.6 6.3 5.5 6.5 4.9 5.2 2.6

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 849 1,916 1,239 6,190 901 1,927 1,309 6,445

Civilian labor force..................................... 330 1,008 787 4,554 321 1,090 817 4,749

Participation rate.................................... 38.9 52.6 63.6 73.6 35.6 56.6 62.4 73.7

Employed............................................. 307 923 745 4,391 312 1,063 799 4,654

Employment-population ratio.................... 36.1 48.1 60.1 70.9 34.6 55.2 61.1 72.2

Unemployed.......................................... 24 85 43 163 9 27 17 95

Unemployment rate.............................. 7.2 8.4 5.4 3.6 2.8 2.5 2.1 2.0

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 7,200 5,762 2,624 3,025 7,197 6,208 2,687 3,290

Civilian labor force..................................... 4,327 3,971 1,845 2,238 4,341 4,377 1,949 2,506

Participation rate.................................... 60.1 68.9 70.3 74.0 60.3 70.5 72.5 76.2

Employed............................................. 4,049 3,752 1,749 2,148 4,155 4,237 1,888 2,441

Employment-population ratio.................... 56.2 65.1 66.6 71.0 57.7 68.3 70.3 74.2

Unemployed.......................................... 278 219 96 91 186 140 60 64

Unemployment rate.............................. 6.4 5.5 5.2 4.0 4.3 3.2 3.1 2.6

NATIVE BORN

White non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 6,350 37,125 36,296 55,629 6,171 36,913 35,927 56,190

Civilian labor force..................................... 2,207 19,132 21,891 39,006 2,172 19,161 21,542 39,816

Participation rate.................................... 34.7 51.5 60.3 70.1 35.2 51.9 60.0 70.9

Employed............................................. 2,030 18,200 20,969 38,009 2,058 18,523 20,971 39,115

Employment-population ratio.................... 32.0 49.0 57.8 68.3 33.4 50.2 58.4 69.6

Unemployed.......................................... 176 932 922 997 114 638 571 701

Unemployment rate.............................. 8.0 4.9 4.2 2.6 5.2 3.3 2.7 1.8

Black non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 2,093 7,923 6,795 6,072 2,054 7,907 6,824 6,122

Civilian labor force..................................... 598 4,395 4,448 4,579 650 4,476 4,482 4,667

Participation rate.................................... 28.6 55.5 65.5 75.4 31.7 56.6 65.7 76.2

Employed............................................. 488 3,946 4,103 4,391 576 4,171 4,260 4,529

Employment-population ratio.................... 23.3 49.8 60.4 72.3 28.1 52.8 62.4 74.0

Unemployed.......................................... 110 450 345 187 74 305 222 138

Unemployment rate.............................. 18.4 10.2 7.7 4.1 11.4 6.8 5.0 3.0

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 142 580 642 2,335 149 499 643 2,365

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 25 years and over by educational

attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021-2022 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2021 2022

Less than

a high

school

diploma

High

school

graduates,

no

college1

Some

college or

associate

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

and

higher2

Less than

a high

school

diploma

High

school

graduates,

no

college1

Some

college or

associate

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

and

higher2

Civilian labor force..................................... 52 329 425 1,833 59 296 450 1,869

Participation rate.................................... 36.8 56.7 66.2 78.5 39.7 59.3 70.0 79.0

Employed............................................. 48 302 398 1,777 58 287 434 1,826

Employment-population ratio.................... 33.6 52.1 62.0 76.1 38.9 57.6 67.5 77.2

Unemployed.......................................... 5 27 27 55 1 8 16 44

Unemployment rate.............................. 8.9 8.1 6.3 3.0 1.9 2.8 3.5 2.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 2,079 5,701 5,227 4,407 1,970 5,876 5,190 4,566

Civilian labor force..................................... 977 3,751 3,809 3,642 872 3,951 3,812 3,795

Participation rate.................................... 47.0 65.8 72.9 82.6 44.3 67.2 73.5 83.1

Employed............................................. 871 3,470 3,560 3,504 809 3,779 3,687 3,721

Employment-population ratio.................... 41.9 60.9 68.1 79.5 41.0 64.3 71.0 81.5

Unemployed.......................................... 106 281 249 138 64 172 125 74

Unemployment rate.............................. 10.9 7.5 6.5 3.8 7.3 4.3 3.3 2.0

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Employed foreign-born and native-born persons 16 years and over by occupation and sex, 2022

annual averages

[Percent distribution]

Occupation

Foreign born Native born

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Total employed (in thousands)....................................... 28,737 16,475 12,262 129,554 67,727 61,827

Occupation as a percent of total employed

Total employed......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 35.7 33.3 38.8 44.7 40.6 49.0

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 13.8 13.8 13.9 19.6 20.6 18.5

Management occupations.................................... 9.6 10.5 8.3 13.5 15.2 11.6

Business and financial operations occupations............ 4.3 3.2 5.7 6.1 5.4 6.9

Professional and related occupations.......................... 21.8 19.6 24.9 25.1 20.1 30.5

Computer and mathematical occupations.................. 5.7 7.1 3.8 3.5 4.9 1.9

Architecture and engineering occupations.................. 2.4 3.3 1.1 2.1 3.5 0.7

Life, physical, and social science occupations............. 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.1

Community and social service occupations................ 1.1 0.8 1.5 2.0 1.2 2.9

Legal occupations............................................. 0.5 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.2 1.4

Education, training, and library occupations................ 3.8 2.2 5.9 6.3 3.1 9.8

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations.................................................. 1.6 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.3 2.4

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations....... 5.2 2.9 8.3 6.4 2.8 10.4

Service occupations................................................ 21.6 15.4 30.0 14.8 12.4 17.5

Healthcare support occupations................................ 4.1 1.1 8.1 2.9 0.8 5.1

Protective service occupations................................. 0.9 1.2 0.5 2.2 3.2 1.0

Food preparation and serving related occupations.......... 6.4 5.9 7.0 4.7 4.0 5.4

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations..................................................... 7.4 6.2 9.0 2.7 3.3 2.0

Personal care and service occupations....................... 2.8 1.0 5.3 2.4 1.1 3.9

Sales and office occupations...................................... 13.6 10.2 18.3 20.5 14.9 26.5

Sales and related occupations.................................. 6.8 6.1 7.8 9.5 9.2 9.9

Office and administrative support occupations............... 6.8 4.1 10.5 10.9 5.7 16.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 13.9 22.6 2.2 7.9 14.4 0.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1.3 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.2

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 9.9 16.4 1.1 4.3 7.9 0.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 2.7 4.5 0.2 3.2 5.8 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 15.2 18.5 10.7 12.1 17.7 6.0

Production occupations.......................................... 6.7 7.1 6.2 4.9 6.8 2.7

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 8.5 11.5 4.5 7.2 10.9 3.3

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers for the foreign born and native

born by selected characteristics, 2021-2022 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2021 2022

Foreign born Native born

Earnings

of

foreign

born as

percent

of

native

born

Foreign born Native born

Earnings

of

foreign

born as

percent

of

native

born

Number

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

Median

weekly

earnings

Total, 16 years and over.................. 19,975 $898 94,341 $1,017 88.3 21,929 $945 96,940 $1,087 86.9

Men........................................ 11,934 957 50,994 1,131 84.6 12,974 1,000 52,580 1,185 84.4

Women.................................... 8,041 804 43,347 927 86.7 8,955 861 44,360 975 88.3

AGE

16 to 24 years.............................. 998 621 9,394 624 99.5 1,049 683 9,677 691 98.8

25 to 34 years.............................. 4,126 889 24,570 938 94.8 4,477 962 24,820 998 96.4

35 to 44 years.............................. 5,538 957 20,911 1,159 82.6 6,049 992 22,016 1,233 80.5

45 to 54 years.............................. 5,184 936 19,134 1,205 77.7 5,730 983 19,567 1,250 78.6

55 to 64 years.............................. 3,284 921 16,008 1,169 78.8 3,676 933 16,467 1,202 77.6

65 years and over.......................... 845 806 4,325 1,020 79.0 949 889 4,393 1,082 82.2

RACE AND HISPANIC OR

LATINO ETHNICITY1

White non-Hispanic or Latino............. 3,027 1,276 66,221 1,106 115.4 3,294 1,318 67,524 1,162 113.4

Black non-Hispanic or Latino............. 2,003 859 11,809 799 107.5 2,360 943 12,391 871 108.3

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino............. 5,168 1,371 2,304 1,272 107.8 5,584 1,435 2,359 1,398 102.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................ 9,531 713 11,310 846 84.3 10,408 758 11,819 910 83.3

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Total, 25 years and over.................. 18,977 921 84,947 1,091 84.4 20,881 968 87,263 1,150 84.2

Less than a high school diploma. . . . .. 3,538 610 2,495 669 91.2 3,748 663 2,454 708 93.6

High school graduates, no college2

. .. 4,495 735 20,365 826 89.0 5,157 767 21,277 879 87.3

Some college or associate degree. . .. 2,842 846 22,982 934 90.6 3,083 889 23,193 981 90.6

Bachelor’s degree and higher3

......... 8,102 1,521 39,105 1,440 105.6 8,893 1,581 40,338 1,537 102.9

1 Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.

2

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

3

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 6. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by census

region and division, 2021-2022 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Census region and

division

2021 2022

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Total Participation rate

Employed

Unemployed

Total Participation rate

Employed

Unemployed

Number

Unemployment

rate

Number

Unemployment

rate

FOREIGN BORN

Northeast................... 8,878 5,680 64.0 5,288 392 6.9 9,443 6,201 65.7 5,962 240 3.9

New England............ 1,996 1,345 67.4 1,263 83 6.2 2,111 1,440 68.2 1,390 49 3.4

Middle Atlantic.......... 6,882 4,335 63.0 4,025 309 7.1 7,332 4,762 64.9 4,571 190 4.0

South....................... 15,471 10,230 66.1 9,753 477 4.7 16,072 10,774 67.0 10,449 325 3.0

South Atlantic........... 9,010 5,944 66.0 5,684 260 4.4 9,343 6,318 67.6 6,147 171 2.7

East South Central. . . .. 892 598 67.0 574 24 4.0 926 617 66.6 599 18 3.0

West South Central. . .. 5,570 3,689 66.2 3,496 193 5.2 5,802 3,839 66.2 3,703 136 3.5

Midwest..................... 4,852 3,324 68.5 3,184 140 4.2 5,164 3,552 68.8 3,437 116 3.3

East North Central. . . .. 3,654 2,453 67.1 2,347 106 4.3 3,899 2,641 67.7 2,552 89 3.4

West North Central..... 1,198 871 72.7 838 34 3.9 1,265 911 72.0 885 26 2.9

West........................ 14,025 8,752 62.4 8,205 547 6.2 14,471 9,227 63.8 8,890 337 3.7

Mountain................. 2,781 1,788 64.3 1,693 95 5.3 2,776 1,799 64.8 1,743 56 3.1

Pacific.................... 11,244 6,964 61.9 6,512 452 6.5 11,695 7,429 63.5 7,148 281 3.8

NATIVE BORN

Northeast................... 36,101 22,034 61.0 20,664 1,370 6.2 36,639 22,502 61.4 21,594 908 4.0

New England............ 10,167 6,453 63.5 6,106 347 5.4 10,318 6,556 63.5 6,326 230 3.5

Middle Atlantic.......... 25,934 15,581 60.1 14,558 1,023 6.6 26,321 15,945 60.6 15,268 677 4.2

South....................... 84,604 50,224 59.4 47,824 2,400 4.8 84,813 50,751 59.8 49,000 1,751 3.5

South Atlantic........... 44,216 26,171 59.2 24,992 1,179 4.5 44,238 26,303 59.5 25,445 858 3.3

East South Central. . . .. 14,306 8,190 57.2 7,836 354 4.3 14,498 8,320 57.4 8,037 283 3.4

West South Central. . .. 26,082 15,863 60.8 14,996 867 5.5 26,077 16,128 61.8 15,518 609 3.8

Midwest..................... 49,100 30,896 62.9 29,457 1,439 4.7 49,363 31,264 63.3 30,174 1,090 3.5

East North Central. . . .. 33,488 20,624 61.6 19,565 1,059 5.1 33,634 20,861 62.0 20,035 826 4.0

West North Central..... 15,612 10,272 65.8 9,892 379 3.7 15,730 10,403 66.1 10,139 264 2.5

West........................ 48,414 30,064 62.1 28,205 1,858 6.2 48,008 30,016 62.5 28,787 1,230 4.1

Mountain................. 17,295 10,936 63.2 10,387 549 5.0 17,403 11,080 63.7 10,677 403 3.6

Pacific.................... 31,120 19,128 61.5 17,819 1,309 6.8 30,604 18,937 61.9 18,110 826 4.4

NOTE: The states (plus the District of Columbia) that comprise the census divisions are: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New

Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont); Middle Atlantic (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania); South Atlantic (Delaware, District of Columbia,

Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia); East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and

Tennessee); West South Central (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas); East North Central (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin);

West North Central (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota); Mountain (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,

Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming); Pacific (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington). Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.